the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.

Questions:
Which country defeated the French in 1871?
The end of the war led to which companies unification?
Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?
France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

Questions:
In what year did France move into Alger?
In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?
Who wanted to take over Constantinople?
What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?
How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?
France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791.

Questions:
When did France expel its original Jewish population?
By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais-Royal in the 1st arrondissement. The Constitutional Council, an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal.

Questions:
Where are France's highest courts located?
What is the highest court in the judicial order?
Where does the Constitutional Council meet?
Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?
Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?
France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon Marché in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette.

Questions:
What are two main department stores in France?
What year was the first department store open in France? 
Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?
What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? 
What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?
Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

Questions:
What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?
Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?
Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?
Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?
Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.

Questions:
Who said that virtue provides "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"? 
Who was a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy?
Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by David Hume and what other philosopher?
Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?
Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?
The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?
What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?
In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?
Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster "rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.

Questions:
What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?
What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?
What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?
How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?
What organization did Francis Marcus represent?
Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.

Questions:
What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?
Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?
What was purchased to accommodate more students?
Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?
How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?
What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?
Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?
What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?
How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?
How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?
Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

Questions:
Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

Questions:
How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
What country was Saxony aligned with?
Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?
What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?
Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

Questions:
What book did Frederick Lynch author?
What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?
What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?
What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?
Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.

Questions:
What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?
What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?
What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?
What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?
Who was Poland's ancient ally?
Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. Voltaire, who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government, was eager to accept Frederick's invitation to live at his palace. Frederick explained, "My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds, cultivate morality, and to make people as happy as it suits human nature, and as the means at my disposal permit."

Questions:
Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?
Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?
Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Questions:
What are free ISPs?
What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
What are free ISPs similar to? 
How are freenets run?
Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.

Questions:
Who founded the Free Software Foundation?
Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?
Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?
How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?
Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

Questions:
Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
What is not covered by local media?
What access is blocked?
Freemasonry consists of fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry. Members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are usually administered by different bodies than the craft degrees.

Questions:
Where are the origins of Freemasonry?
What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?
Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?
What are the degrees of Freemasonry?
Freemasons trace their origins to what?
How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?
Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?
Members of Craft Masonry are called what?
Freemasonry, as it exists in various forms all over the world, has a membership estimated by the United Grand Lodge of England at around six million worldwide. The fraternity is administratively organised into independent Grand Lodges (or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or constituent) Lodges. The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the United Grand Lodge of England (with a membership estimated at around a quarter million). The Grand Lodge of Scotland and Grand Lodge of Ireland (taken together) have approximately 150,000 members. In the United States total membership is just under two million.

Questions:
How large is the membership of Freemasonry?
What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
How many members does the UGLE have?
What are the membership numbers of the United States?
How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?
How many members are in Freemasonry?
What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?
How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?
The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?
The United States has how many Freemason members?
French cooperation was deemed necessary to the campaign, and Eisenhower encountered a "preposterous situation" with the multiple rival factions in France. His primary objective was to move forces successfully into Tunisia, and intending to facilitate that objective, he gave his support to François Darlan as High Commissioner in North Africa, despite Darlan's previous high offices of state in Vichy France and his continued role as commander-in-chief of the French armed forces. The Allied leaders were "thunderstruck" by this from a political standpoint, though none of them had offered Eisenhower guidance with the problem in the course of planning the operation. Eisenhower was severely criticized for the move. Darlan was assassinated on December 24 by Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle. Eisenhower did not take action to prevent the arrest and extrajudicial execution of Bonnier de La Chapelle by associates of Darlan acting without authority from either Vichy or the Allies, considering it a criminal rather than a military matter. Eisenhower later appointed General Henri Giraud as High Commissioner, who had been installed by the Allies as Darlan's commander-in-chief, and who had refused to postpone the execution.

Questions:
What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?
Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?
Who killed François Darlan?
Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?
On what day did Darlan die?
French cuisine, West Indian cuisine, Creole cuisine, Italian cuisine and Asian cuisine are common in St. Barthélemy. The island has over 70 restaurants serving many dishes and others are a significant number of gourmet restaurants; many of the finest restaurants are located in the hotels. There are also a number of snack restaurants which the French call "les snacks" or "les petits creux" which include sandwiches, pizzas and salads. West Indian cuisine, steamed vegetables with fresh fish is common; Creole dishes tend to be spicier. The island hosts gastronomic events throughout the year, with dishes such as spring roll of shrimp and bacon, fresh grilled lobster, Chinese noodle salad with coconut milk, and grilled beef fillet etc.

Questions:
How many restaurants does the island have?
Where are most of the nice restaurants located?
What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?
Creole food is often what?
What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Questions:
What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?
Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?
A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?
What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?
In what year did Louis XIV die?
In what year did the French Revolution begin?
In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
French infantry were equipped with the breech-loading Chassepot rifle, one of the most modern mass-produced firearms in the world at the time. With a rubber ring seal and a smaller bullet, the Chassepot had a maximum effective range of some 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) with a short reloading time. French tactics emphasised the defensive use of the Chassepot rifle in trench-warfare style fighting—the so-called feu de bataillon. The artillery was equipped with rifled, muzzle-loaded La Hitte guns. The army also possessed a precursor to the machine-gun: the mitrailleuse, which could unleash significant, concentrated firepower but nevertheless lacked range and was comparatively immobile, and thus prone to being easily overrun. The mitrailleuse was mounted on an artillery gun carriage and grouped in batteries in a similar fashion to cannon.

Questions:
What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?
What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?
In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?
What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?
On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?
French members of Parliament and other French politicians also organised a protest. All political parties in Parliament—UMP, Socialists, New Centre, Communists, Democratic Movement (centre) and Greens—jointly requested a pause in the National Assembly's session, which was granted, so that MPs could step outside and unfurl a banner which read "Respect for Human Rights in China". The coach containing the torch drove past the National Assembly and the assembled protesting MPs, who shouted "Freedom for Tibet!" several times as it passed.

Questions:
What did the political parties request a brief stop in?
What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?
What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?
Various French politicians started protests including members of what?
All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?
Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?
What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?
French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: "The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro." Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.

Questions:
What did French police take from demonstrators?
Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?
Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?
Who was the Minister of the Interior?
What did French law enforcement take from protesters?
Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?
Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?
Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?
French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

Questions:
What was the objective of le Secret du roi?
Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?
What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?
French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

Questions:
Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?
What are cadre parties?
What are mass parties?
What is an example of a mass party?
What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.

Questions:
What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?
What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?
Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?
Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?
Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6 and overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of inter-system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service. However, under International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. It now appears that Chinese COMPASS satellites will start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.

Questions:
How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?
What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?
Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?
Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?
According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?
Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour, West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas. To this end, West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip-hop production, utilized slower tempos, and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s. In addition to U2, West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression. To make his next effort, the third in a planned tetralogy of education-themed studio albums, more introspective and personal in lyricism, West listened to folk and country singer-songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability.

Questions:
What band did Kanye tour with for a year?
What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?
Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?
Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?
What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?
Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?
What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?
Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Questions:
Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?
Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?
Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?
Friederike Müller, a pupil of Chopin, wrote: "[His] playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. His most severe criticism was 'He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together.' He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos ... and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works."

Questions:
According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?
Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?
According to Friederike Müller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

Questions:
Who was Hayek's father?
What was August von Hayek's occupation?
What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

Questions:
In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?
Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant commits an agnostic tautology and does not offer a satisfactory answer as to the source of a philosophical right to such-or-other metaphysical claims; he ridicules his pride in tackling "the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics." The famous "thing-in-itself" was called a product of philosophical habit, which seeks to introduce a grammatical subject: because wherever there is cognition, there must be a thing that is cognized and allegedly it must be added to ontology as a being (whereas, to Nietzsche, only the world as ever changing appearances can be assumed). Yet he attacks the idealism of Schopenhauer and Descartes with an argument similar to Kant's critique of the latter (see above).

Questions:
Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?
Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?
Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?
From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

Questions:
When was Terra Mariana established?
Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?
What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?
What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?
Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?
From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

Questions:
In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Questions:
For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?
What party did Walpole belong to?
What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?
What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?
Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?
From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Questions:
When was the Mint Act passed?
How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?
Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?
What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?
In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

Questions:
In which War was Detroit captured by the British?
In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?
In which year was Detroit recaptured?
In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?
From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

Questions:
Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?
Who was the first president of Palermo?
Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?
Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?
From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed signs of serious illness. After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." He was forced by illness to decline a written invitation from Alkan to participate in a repeat performance of the Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's on 1 March 1843. Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain", although his spirits returned when he started to play the piano for his visitor. Chopin's health continued to deteriorate, particularly from this time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any other illnesses, he may also have suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.

Questions:
In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?
To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?
What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?
What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hallé when the latter visited him?
What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?
Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?
What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?
What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?
When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?
Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?
Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?
Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?
Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?
From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.

Questions:
When was the samurai military modernized?
Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?
What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City". Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, "Rain City" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and "Jet City" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: "The City of Flowers", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and "The City of Goodwill", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

Questions:
What is Seattle's present nickname?
What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?
From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Questions:
What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
When was Brazelton killed?
Who killed Brazelton?
What was Shibell's job?