the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is an estuary. The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.

Questions:
The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?
What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?
What is the city's sole fresh water river?
Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?
Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?
The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?
The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?
Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Questions:
Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Who developed the HDI?
What entity publishes the HDI?
Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

Questions:
The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoacán (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauhtémoc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th).

Questions:
How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?
How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?
Which borough had the highest HDI score?
What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?
What borough was the second highest HDI score?
The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

Questions:
On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
The Hummers that Schwarzenegger bought 1992 are so large – each weighs 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and is 7 feet (2.1 m) wide – that they are classified as large trucks, and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. During the gubernatorial recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.

Questions:
How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?
How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?
What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?
What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?
The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Questions:
The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
What environment variable defines a location's name?
What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.

Questions:
The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?
Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?
What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?
The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Questions:
What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
Where did project lantern open an office 
What did project lantern announce in 2010
What services were also increased by project lantern
What was project Lantern exploring
The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

Questions:
Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
What is the largest standard size paper?
How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004. Depending on the technique selected, the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image. The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors, although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001.

Questions:
How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?
What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?
What factors affect the exposure index rating?
What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?
In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA.

Questions:
What does the IESNA stand for? 
Who else publishes along with IESNA? 
What defines photo metric data?
The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history. "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide. Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity. The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: "Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling?"

Questions:
What is Madonna's compilation album called?
How many albums did it sell worldwide?
What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?
Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?
Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?
The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.

Questions:
The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

Questions:
What was Samoa's old name?
How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?
How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?
What's the name of Samoa's capital?
About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?
The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Questions:
What year was the India Gate built?
The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?
The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars?
Which Indian monument, inspired by the Arc de Triomphe, was built in 1931?
The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army?
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Questions:
When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.

Questions:
What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
What force took control of the company and the situation?
What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.

Questions:
Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?
What region comprises of the Wallacea?
Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?
Which species in Java face extinction?
What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?
The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-altitude lakes referred to in Tibetan as tso or co. These include Qinghai Lake, Lake Manasarovar, Namtso, Pangong Tso, Yamdrok Lake, Siling Co, Lhamo La-tso, Lumajangdong Co, Lake Puma Yumco, Lake Paiku, Lake Rakshastal, Dagze Co and Dong Co. The Qinghai Lake (Koko Nor) is the largest lake in the People's Republic of China.

Questions:
Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?
Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?
What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?
Which lake is the largest in China?
The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Questions:
What ended Somersets cottage industry 
What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
What did the west somerset mineral way transport
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Questions:
What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 
Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:

Questions:
What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?
Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?
Who was the edict addressed to? 
Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?
When was the edict written?
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.

Questions:
Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?
In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?
Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?
The Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966.

Questions:
How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?
When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?
In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?
What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?
The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada. The Cascades consist of largely intermittent, volcanic mountains, many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape. The Sierra Nevada, further south, is a high, rugged, and dense mountain range. It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney (14,505 ft or 4,421 m) It is located at the boundary between California's Inyo and Tulare counties, just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west-northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level.

Questions:
What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end?
Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney?
What type of mountains compose the Cascades?
What is the largest point in the Sierra Nevadas?
How tall is Mount Whitney?
The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

Questions:
What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?
What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?
What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?
What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?
As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?
The International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) is an organization which focuses on the advancement of lighting design education and the recognition of independent professional lighting designers. Those fully independent designers who meet the requirements for professional membership in the association typically append the abbreviation IALD to their name.

Questions:
What does IALD stand for?
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index.

Questions:
What does the CIE stand for?
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

Questions:
What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?
The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.

Questions:
What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?
What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?
With how many countries does the IDLO work?
The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

Questions:
Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?
Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?
The International Organization for Standardization has established a number of standards relating to solar energy equipment. For example, ISO 9050 relates to glass in building while ISO 10217 relates to the materials used in solar water heaters.

Questions:
ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?
ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?
What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?
What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?
The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Questions:
Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Questions:
Why was the internet developed?
when was the internet developed?
what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
The Internet was extensively used for passing information to aid rescue and recovery efforts. For example, the official news agency Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the blind spots of disaster recovery. After knowing that rescue helicopters had trouble landing into the epicenter area in Wenchuan, a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters[not in citation given]. Volunteers also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims and evacuees. On May 31, a rescue helicopter carrying earthquake survivors and crew members crashed in fog and turbulence in Wenchuan county. No-one survived.

Questions:
What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?
What did the Xinhua news agency set up?
What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?
Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?
What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?
Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?
What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?
What kind of information were websites set up to store?
On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?
The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Questions:
What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?
What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?
What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
The Iranian languages or Iranic languages form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, which in turn are a branch of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples. Historical Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BCE), Middle Iranian (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New Iranian (since 900 CE). Of the Old Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.

Questions:
What is another term meaning Iranian languages?
What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?
What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?
When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?
What is an example of a Sassanid language?
The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, Iberian Peninsula. During the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid (786 to 809), the legendary House of Wisdom was inaugurated in Baghdad where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations.

Questions:
When did the Islamic Golden age start?
What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?
There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?
What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?
Where was the House of Wisdom held?
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624  Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.

Questions:
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?
Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?
Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?
Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?
What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?
The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government.

Questions:
What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?
When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?
What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?
When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?
Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?
The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.

Questions:
In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?
What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?
What was the capital of the Abbasid state?
What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?
What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?
The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):

Questions:
How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
The Israel Defense Forces is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consist of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah—that preceded the establishment of the state. The IDF also draws upon the resources of the Military Intelligence Directorate (Aman), which works with Mossad and Shabak. The Israel Defense Forces have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts in its short history, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.

Questions:
What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?
Who is the head of the IDF?
When was the IDF founded?
The Israel Museum in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions and houses the Dead Sea scrolls, along with an extensive collection of Judaica and European art. Israel's national Holocaust museum, Yad Vashem, is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information. Beth Hatefutsoth (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world. Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and kibbutzim. Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad is the largest art museum in the north of the country.

Questions:
What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?
What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?
What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?
The Israeli Space Agency coordinates all Israeli space research programs with scientific and commercial goals. In 2012 Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's Space Competitiveness Index. Israel is one of only seven countries that both build their own satellites and launch their own launchers. The Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the eighth nation to have a space launch capability. Shavit rockets are launched from the spaceport at the Palmachim Airbase by the Israeli Space Agency. Since 1988 Israel Aerospace Industries have indigenously designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites. Some of Israel's satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems. In 2003, Ilan Ramon became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of the Space Shuttle Columbia.

Questions:
What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?
Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?
When did Israel launch it's first satellite?
The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n–p–n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p–n–p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as "A") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings.

Questions:
What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?
what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?
What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?
What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?
What does the number 2N1301 indicate?
The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

Questions:
What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?
Who founded the NFSL?
What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond where flooding may occur in every month of the year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most of the flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes brought record rainfall to Richmond within a six-week period. The most noteworthy of these were Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane that brought heavy rains five days apart. And in 2004, the downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 inches (300 mm) of rainfall.

Questions:
What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?
What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?
In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?
In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?
What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?
The January daily average is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C), though, in a normal winter, the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights. July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C), although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent; highs reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2, allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry; February's average of 2.64 inches (67 mm) makes it the area's driest month. The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 °F (15 °C) to 64.5 °F (18 °C).

Questions:
What is the average January temp?
What is the July average temp?
What is the average time for freezing temps?
How long does the grow season last on average?
Which month is the driest?
The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

Questions:
What was built around Hakata Bay?
When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up to the high water level was declared the property of the Japanese government. On the archipelago, before it banned foreign traders, the activities of Catholic and Protestant missionaries were allowed. Indigenous people were educated in Japanese schools, and studied Japanese language and Japanese culture. This policy was the government strategy not only in the Marshall Islands, but on all the other mandated territories in Micronesia. On March 27, 1933, Japan handed in its notice at the League of Nations, but continued to manage the islands, and in the late 1930s began building air bases on several atolls. The Marshall Islands were in an important geographical position, being the easternmost point in Japan's defensive ring at the beginning of World War II.

Questions:
What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?
What system of social organization was used in Japan?
On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?
What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?
Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

Questions:
Who first sold a million copies on CD?
Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

Questions:
What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?
What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?