the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent. In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard, which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition.[citation needed] In addition, passenger elevators may be required to conform to the requirements of A17.3 for existing elevators where referenced by the local jurisdiction. Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17.2 Standard. The frequency of these tests is mandated by the local jurisdiction, which may be a town, city, state or provincial standard.

Questions:
In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?
What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?
 What is Standard A17.1?
What are passenger elevators tested with?
In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

Questions:
What composes the cell envelope?
What is most common cell wall material?
Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?
How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?
What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?
In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs: the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.

Questions:
Who can decline a penalty?
A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?
The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?
What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?
In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program[citation needed], architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.

Questions:
Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?
A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.

Questions:
What does secondary education comprise of?
What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?
When does secondary schooling typically take place?
What is the purpose of secondary education?
In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.

Questions:
What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?
What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?
Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?
Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?
Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?
In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Questions:
Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?
What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?
What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?
What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?
What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?
In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?
What was the game in feudal territory was used as?
Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?
The importance of can be seen in what legends?
Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?
In most taxonomies, the flowering plants are treated as a coherent group. The most popular descriptive name has been Angiospermae (Angiosperms), with Anthophyta ("flowering plants") a second choice. These names are not linked to any rank. The Wettstein system and the Engler system use the name Angiospermae, at the assigned rank of subdivision. The Reveal system treated flowering plants as subdivision Magnoliophytina (Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, Phytologia 79: 70 1996), but later split it to Magnoliopsida, Liliopsida, and Rosopsida. The Takhtajan system and Cronquist system treat this group at the rank of division, leading to the name Magnoliophyta (from the family name Magnoliaceae). The Dahlgren system and Thorne system (1992) treat this group at the rank of class, leading to the name Magnoliopsida. The APG system of 1998, and the later 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat the flowering plants as a clade called angiosperms without a formal botanical name. However, a formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants form the Subclass Magnoliidae.

Questions:
In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?
What does anthophyta mean?
What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?
How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?
What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?
In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

Questions:
What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?
What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?
What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?
Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?
What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?
In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Questions:
From where does the color red in blood come from?
What does hemoglobin contain?
What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

Questions:
What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?
What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?
What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?
Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?
In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

Questions:
What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Questions:
In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?
What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?
What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?
In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

Questions:
What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?
In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?
The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?
Which famous scientist resolved these issues?
In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coruña left all the other Galician cities behind.

Questions:
Which metro area is largest in terms of population?
What was it's total population back in 1900?
In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words. E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Questions:
Where do you find medieval plurals?
What letter is lost in some words?
When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
What kind of plural words lose /n/?
In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

Questions:
In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
What are North Korea and China examples of?
When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
What is the one-party system often compared with?
In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Gutiérrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.

Questions:
How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?
When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?
Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?
In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

Questions:
Who controlled the "Inner Court"?
Where was the Inner Court?
What was the Grand Council?
In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Questions:
Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.

Questions:
When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?
What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?
From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?
Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?
What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Questions:
If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
What is NOT protected?
What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

Questions:
What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
What may slow pesticide movement?
In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.

Questions:
Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

Questions:
What measures the amount of light entering the eye?
A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.

Questions:
What was the price for early HDTVs?
Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?
What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.

Questions:
Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?
What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?
What is horizontal gene transfer?
In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Questions:
In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

Questions:
What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?
What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?
What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?
The concept of native title was established by what court case?
Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?
In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Questions:
What was another reason for populations moving?
How much of London's population left?
What locations saw an increase in populations?
How much of the population returned in four months?
How many evacuees were there?
In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Questions:
What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

Questions:
What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?
The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?
Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?
During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?
The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?
In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Questions:
Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?
What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?
From which country was lapis lazuli imported?
Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?
In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

Questions:
The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? 
What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? 
The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Questions:
What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
What is Renaixenca?
When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
When did this revival period begin?
In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

Questions:
What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

Questions:
Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?
Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?
What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?
In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

Questions:
What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?
What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
What results in Coulomb law?
In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Questions:
What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
What award did Bell win in 1902?
In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.

Questions:
Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?
Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?
When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?
The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?
When was the sack of Constantinople?
In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

Questions:
What used to be considered an art, back in the day?
What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
What is clothing considered today?
What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Questions:
Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?
Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?
Of what discipline is ethology a branch?
Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?
Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?
In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

Questions:
What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?
What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?
In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Questions:
Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
Aspirated consonants are what in English?
What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Questions:
How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
What are gravitational waves?
How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

Questions:
What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?
In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?
Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?
In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.

Questions:
How is "glass" defined in physics?
What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?
What must happen quickly for glass to form?
What predicts glass-forming ability?
In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Questions:
What does corruption undermine in politics?
What does corruption disregard in politics?
Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.

Questions:
What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?
What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?
Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?
In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

Questions:
Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.

Questions:
What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?
What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?
What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?
Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?
Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?