the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Many species of the second major avialan lineage to diversify, the Euornithes (meaning "true birds", because they include the ancestors of modern birds), were semi-aquatic and specialized in eating fish and other small aquatic organisms. Unlike the enantiornithes, which dominated land-based and arboreal habitats, most early euornithes lacked perching adaptations and seem to have included shorebird-like species, waders, and swimming and diving species. The later included the superficially gull-like Ichthyornis, the Hesperornithiformes, which became so well adapted to hunting fish in marine environments that they lost the ability to fly and became primarily aquatic. The early euornithes also saw the development of many traits associated with modern birds, like strongly keeled breastbones, toothless, beaked portions of their jaws (though most non-avian euornithes retained teeth in other parts of the jaws). Euornithes also included the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers, which may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability and braking in flight.

Questions:
What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?
What does Euornithes mean?
Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?"
What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?
Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s, and a street in the Bronx was renamed Stickball Boulevard in the late 2000s to memorialize this.

Questions:
A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?
What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?
In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?
Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team. Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities, and founded organisations such as the Football Association (FA). Today's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players.

Questions:
Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?
Why were sports important in these schools?
Who founded organizations like the FA?
What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?
Many students are involved in community service in one form or another. Annual events include Dance Marathon, a thirty-hour event that raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011; and Project Pumpkin, a Halloween celebration hosted by the Northwestern Community Development Corps (NCDC) to which more than 800 local children are invited for an afternoon of games and sweets. NCDC's work is to connect hundreds of student volunteers to some twenty volunteer sites in Evanston and Chicago throughout the year. Many students have assisted with the Special Olympics and have taken alternative spring break trips to hundreds of service sites across the United States. Northwestern students also participate in the Freshman Urban Program, a program for students interested in community service. A large and growing number of students participate in the university's Global Engagement Summer Institute (GESI), a group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa, or Latin America, in conjunction with the Foundation for Sustainable Development. Several internationally recognized non-profit organizations have originated at Northwestern including the World Health Imaging, Informatics and Telemedicine Alliance, a spin-off from an engineering student's honors thesis.

Questions:
What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011?
What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited?
What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service?
What is the name of the university's group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa or Latin America?
What does NCDC stand for?
Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

Questions:
What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
What political ideology did Nasser implement?
What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
When did the United Arab Republic end?
What notable event occurred in 1952?
From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, ¡Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a "boxer vs. wrestler" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler "Thunderlips", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode "W.T.F." played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.

Questions:
Name a popular series of boxing films?
Who is the movie The Baron about? 
What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?
What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? 
Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers?
Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Piškanac", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvončari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.

Questions:
Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?
What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?
Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?
What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?
What is the traditional Carnival food?
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in Qing Xi on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in Chinese lunar calendar). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

Questions:
When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?
On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?
What did citizens used to do on September 9?
Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?
How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?
Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.

Questions:
What wood is usually used for cricket bats?
Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?
What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?
What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?
Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the fire-team level. Indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle, and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.

Questions:
What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?
What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?
What is the Mossberg 590 used for?
What gun do designated marksmen use?
What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?
Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 "#1 stone cold" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation.

Questions:
Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?
How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?
How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?
Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?
What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?
Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports. The Chinese version of MSN, cn.msn.com, also displayed banner ads about the earthquake and the relief efforts. Other entertainment websites, including various gaming sites, such as the Chinese servers for World of Warcraft, had shut down altogether, or had corresponding links to earthquake donations. After the moments of silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including "Long Live China". Casinos in Macau closed down.

Questions:
What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?
What did internet portals remove from their home pages?
Many of what shut down completely?
What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?
What business closed in Macau?
Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

Questions:
Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?
Why did CBC move The National in some areas?
For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?
Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons, as the contrast to the male philosophes. The salon was the principal social institution of the republic, and "became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment." Women, as salonnières, were "the legitimate governors of [the] potentially unruly discourse" that took place within. While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ancien Régime, the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), opening French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere.

Questions:
What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?
Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?
What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?
Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?
Many writers compare their perceptions of To Kill a Mockingbird as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled Scout, Atticus, and Boo.

Questions:
Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?
Who was Harper Lee's sister?
What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?
Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

Questions:
How do most birds migrate?
How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
What does flying in flocks reduce?
How do birds conserve energy?
Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009–10 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010–11 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013–14 season.

Questions:
Who took over the package from Sentana?
Who show the 2011 final? 
Does ESPN still hold the contract? 
What year did this take place? 
Who took over after ESPN?
Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

Questions:
According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
What was the Phillipines ranked as?
Was Brazil on the list?
Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

Questions:
Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
The team that discovered M458 was led by who?
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Questions:
What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
Maria Deraismes was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and Georges Martin started a mixed masonic lodge that actually worked masonic ritual. Annie Besant spread the phenomenon to the English speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in 1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.

Questions:
When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?
Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?
What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?
Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?
Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?
Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?
Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?
What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?
What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?
What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.

Questions:
Who became president of the Congo in 1968?
What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?
What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?
In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?
On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?
Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species to attain reproductive age. Though they live in the sea, the females come to the shore to lay eggs and are protected by private societies. Three species of turtles are particularly notable. These are: The leatherback sea turtles which have leather skin instead of a shell and are the largest of the type found here, some times measuring a much as 3 m (average is about 1.5 m) and weighing about 450 kg (jellyfish is their favourite diet); the hawksbill turtles, which have hawk-like beaks and found near reefs, generally about 90 cm in diameter and weigh about 60 kg and their diet consists of crabs and snails; and the green turtles, herbivores which have rounded heads, generally about 90 cm in diameter and live amidst tall sea grasses.

Questions:
When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?
When is the beggining of the whale migration season?
What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?
What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?
Where do green turtles live?
Mark Twain provided humorously telling evidence for the frequent unreliability of back-translation when he issued his own back-translation of a French translation of his short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". He published his back-translation in a 1903 volume together with his English-language original, the French translation, and a "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story". The latter included a synopsized adaptation of his story that Twain stated had appeared, unattributed to Twain, in a Professor Sidgwick’s Greek Prose Composition (p. 116) under the title, "The Athenian and the Frog"; the adaptation had for a time been taken for an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's "Jumping Frog" story.

Questions:
Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? 
When was Twain's back-translation published?
For what language did Twain create a back-translation?
What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?
What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?
Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Questions:
Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?
What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?
Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?
Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?
Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's very troubling if you have a mirror image," said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.

Questions:
Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?
How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?
What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?
Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?
Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

Questions:
What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?
What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?
Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?
Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.

Questions:
Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?
Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?
What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?
Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them. What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, commander of the 1st Division. He told General Abel Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August that "The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found "a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army, without success.

Questions:
Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?
How many divisions did MacMahon command?
Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?
Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?
What group did General Ducrot command?
Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the "book signing." Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the "theme" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting "under the clock" on State Street.

Questions:
In what year was Marshall Field and company established? 
When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? 
What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?
Where was Marshall's European buying office located? 
What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's?
Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice.

Questions:
When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?
In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?
In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?
What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?
Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.

Questions:
Who originally founded Marvel Comics?
What was the original name of Marvel Comics?
When was Marvel founded?
In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?
What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?
Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.

Questions:
Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?
What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?
In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?
What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?
Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?
Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Questions:
Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
Martorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan.

Questions:
Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?
What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?
To what does Matorell's work show a transition?
What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? 
In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?
Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

Questions:
Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?
Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?
Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?
What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?
Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?
Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012, and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block. Also in March, Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics, a line of digital comics, Marvel AR, an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW!, a relaunch of most of the company's major titles with different creative teams. Marvel NOW! also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men.

Questions:
When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?
Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?
What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?
Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?
What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?
Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe

Questions:
What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?
What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?
In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?
What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?
What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?
Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line.

Questions:
What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?
What was the first novel published under this deal?
What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?
In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?
Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?
Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics. In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.

Questions:
What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?
What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?
What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?
When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?
When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?
Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling although the spelling error was not corrected.

Questions:
What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?
What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?
Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?
In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?
Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

Questions:
Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
Where was Al-Mukhtar based? 
Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Questions:
What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?
Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?
What is Mary called in Islam?
What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?
Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?
Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

Questions:
Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?
In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?
In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?
What does pieta mean?
What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?
Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Questions:
In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"
What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Questions:
What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?
Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?
What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?
In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?
Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Questions:
What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?