the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

Questions:
What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe?
Traditionally, the Speaker is reckoned as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Despite this, Cantor and his successor, Kevin McCarthy, have been reckoned as the second-ranking Republicans in the House, since Boehner is still reckoned as the leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom DeLay generally overshadowed Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006. In contrast, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party.

Questions:
Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?
What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?
Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?
Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.

Questions:
What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?
What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?
What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?
The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?
What has an irreversable effect?
Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere from 14–20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier, and some highly technical MOS training may require many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia.

Questions:
What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?
How long does basic training last?
How long does military occupation specialties training last?
What does OSUT stand for?
Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?
Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC, while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year.

Questions:
How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?
What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?
Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?
How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last?
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.

Questions:
What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
Who did samurai wives have to teach?
Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
What defined the samurais' code?
Transcription produces a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA, whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed.:6.1 The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product. The gene's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA. The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand. Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase, which reads the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5' to 3'. To initiate transcription, the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene. Thus, a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region, either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase, or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible.:7

Questions:
What does transcription produce?
How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?
What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?
Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?
What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation. Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another. It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.

Questions:
What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?
What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?
How does conjugation take place?
Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?
Transferring GameCube development to the Wii was relatively simple, since the Wii was being created to be compatible with the GameCube.[o] At E3 2005, Nintendo released a small number of Nintendo DS game cards containing a preview trailer for Twilight Princess. They also announced that Zelda would appear on the Wii (then codenamed "Revolution"), but it was not clear to the media if this meant Twilight Princess or a different game.

Questions:
What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?
Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?
At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?
When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence). In Bacillus subtilis, about 40 genes are required for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome. Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation. The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.

Questions:
What does transformation of bacteria depends on?
How simple is the process of transformation?
What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA
How big can be the transformation level?
How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?
Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

Questions:
What has served as a school of writing for many authors?
Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?
What did translators shape in the course of their work?
What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?
Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?
Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Questions:
What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
What problems can arise due to translation issues?
What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein.:6.2 Translation is carried out by ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds. The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time, in units called codons, via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA. The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon. When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand, the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain, which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus. During and after synthesis, most new proteins must folds to their active three-dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions.:3

Questions:
What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?
What does a ribosome consist of?
What is a ribosome responsible for?
How is the genetic code read?
How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?
Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

Questions:
What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?
What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?
What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?
What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?
Who translated German chorales into English?
Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

Questions:
When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?
What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?
What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?
What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?
What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?
Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

Questions:
How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?
Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?
What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?
How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Questions:
Who can translations of a sung text aid?
What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

Questions:
How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?
What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
When was the CPI first released?
Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
Transport in the Republic of the Congo includes land, air and water transportation. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. There are also over 1000 km of paved roads and two major international airports (Maya-Maya Airport and Pointe Noire Airport) which have flights to Paris and many African cities. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo.

Questions:
What forms of transport are available in the Congo?
When was the Congo's train system built?
What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?
On what ocean is a major port located?
Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.

Questions:
Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?
London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?
Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?
Travel and tourism continue to be extremely important for Portugal, with visitor numbers forecast to increase significantly in the future.[citation needed] However, the increasing competition from Eastern European destinations continues to develop, with the presence of similar attractions that are often cheaper in countries such as Croatia. Consequently, it has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

Questions:
Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?
With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?
How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?
What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?
Treaties are not necessarily permanently binding upon the signatory parties. As obligations in international law are traditionally viewed as arising only from the consent of states, many treaties expressly allow a state to withdraw as long as it follows certain procedures of notification. For example, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs provides that the treaty will terminate if, as a result of denunciations, the number of parties falls below 40. Many treaties expressly forbid withdrawal. Article 56 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that where a treaty is silent over whether or not it can be denounced there is a rebuttable presumption that it cannot be unilaterally denounced unless:

Questions:
Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?
What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?
Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?
What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?
Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?
Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can be held liable under international law.

Questions:
What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?
What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?
Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?
What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?
What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?
Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implications of what they were signing.

Questions:
What formed an important part of European colonization?
With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?
What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?
What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?
What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?
Treaties may be seen as 'self-executing', in that merely becoming a party puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action. Other treaties may be non-self-executing and require 'implementing legislation'—a change in the domestic law of a state party that will direct or enable it to fulfill treaty obligations. An example of a treaty requiring such legislation would be one mandating local prosecution by a party for particular crimes.

Questions:
A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?
What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?
What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?
A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?
Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?
Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant to exist only under certain conditions.[citation needed]

Questions:
Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?
What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?
In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?
What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?
What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?
Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.

Questions:
What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?
Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?
What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?
What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?
What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?
Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

Questions:
what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
how many square kilometres  is the island?
what type of island group are the islands?
Tristan da Cunha is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. This includes Saint Helena and equatorial Ascension Island some 3,730 kilometres (2,318 mi) to the north of Tristan. The island has a population of 267 as of January 2016.

Questions:
what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?
What is the population of the island?
what other island is included in the territory?
True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Questions:
Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
True aspirated consonants are considered what?
True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
True exhibition games between opposing colleges at the highest level do not exist in college football; due to the importance of opinion polling in the top level of college football, even exhibition games would not truly be exhibitions because they could influence the opinions of those polled. Intramural games are possible because a team playing against itself leaves little ability for poll participants to make judgments, and at levels below the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), championships are decided by objective formulas and thus those teams can play non-league games without affecting their playoff hopes.

Questions:
What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?
What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?
Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?
Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this "tribute-related trade" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses—while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants—"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021–1086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.

Questions:
Why did Yongle order the construction?
What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?
where did the trade route pass through?
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

Questions:
What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?
What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?
Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?
Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?
What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?
Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).

Questions:
What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?
How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?
In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?
What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?
What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.

Questions:
What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?
What does MTBC stand for?
During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?
In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.

Questions:
What specific type of disease is TB?
What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?
What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?
What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?
What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?
Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004–2014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.

Questions:
What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?
When did new cases of TB infection start going down?
What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?
In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?
How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?
Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Questions:
What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? 
What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? 
Which county is Tucson in?
Which university is in Tucson?
How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
How far is Tucson from Mexico?
What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

Questions:
What kind of climate is Tuscon?
What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?
What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?
What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?
What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?
What is Tucson's climate type?
How much rain does Tucson get each year?
What is evapotranspiration?
Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?
What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?
Tucson has one daily newspaper, the morning Arizona Daily Star. Wick Communications publishes the daily legal paper The Daily Territorial, while Boulder, Colo.-based 10/13 Communications publishes Tucson Weekly (an "alternative" publication), Inside Tucson Business and the Explorer. TucsonSentinel.com is a nonprofit independent online news organization. Tucson Lifestyle Magazine, Lovin' Life News, DesertLeaf, and Zócalo Magazine are monthly publications covering arts, architecture, decor, fashion, entertainment, business, history, and other events. The Arizona Daily Wildcat is the University of Arizona's student newspaper, and the Aztec News is the Pima Community College student newspaper. The New Vision is the newspaper for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson, and the Arizona Jewish Post is the newspaper of the Jewish Federation of Southern Arizona.

Questions:
What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?
What is Tucson's daily legal paper?
Who publishes Tucson Weekly?
Where is 10/13 based?
What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?
Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".

Questions:
Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?
When did Tucson get a railroad?
What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?
How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?
Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?
Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Questions:
When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?
What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?
What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?
What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?
How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?
Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Questions:
How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
What is the second largest city in Arizona?
Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? 
What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
How does Tucson rank among US cities?
How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Questions:
What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? 
Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
When was the Early Agricultural period?
What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.

Questions:
How long is the Sun Link?
What is Tucson's bus system called?
What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?
When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?
What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?
Tucson's largest park, Reid Park, is located in midtown and includes Reid Park Zoo and Hi Corbett Field. Speedway Boulevard, a major east-west arterial road in central Tucson, was named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine in the early 1970s, quoting Tucson Mayor James Corbett. Despite this, Speedway Boulevard was awarded "Street of the Year" by Arizona Highways in the late 1990s. According to David Leighton, historical writer for the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Speedway Boulevard derives its name from an old horse racetrack, known as "The Harlem River Speedway," more commonly called "The Speedway," in New York City. The street was called "The Speedway," from 1904 to about 1906 before the word "The" was taken out.

Questions:
What is Tuscon's largest Park?
What was once named the "ugliest street in America" by Life magazine?
What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard "the ugliest street in America?
Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?
What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?
What is Tucson's biggest park?
What sports field is in Reid Park?
What zoo is in Reid Park?
What was the "ugliest street in America" in the 1970s?
What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?