the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.

Questions:
What is benefical work for children?
What can children do in countries were trading is involved?
All but what type of children must learn to clean?
The term dialect (from Latin dialectus, dialectos, from the ancient Greek word διάλεκτος diálektos, "discourse", from διά diá, "through" and λέγω legō, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.

Questions:
What language is the word dialectus from?
From what language does the word diálektos come?
What does diálektos mean in English?
How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?
How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?
The term financial innovation refers to the ongoing development of financial products designed to achieve particular client objectives, such as offsetting a particular risk exposure (such as the default of a borrower) or to assist with obtaining financing. Examples pertinent to this crisis included: the adjustable-rate mortgage; the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations (CDO) for sale to investors, a type of securitization; and a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps (CDS). The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis. These products vary in complexity and the ease with which they can be valued on the books of financial institutions.

Questions:
What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?
What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?
What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?
What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?
What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Questions:
Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
The term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others the change comes slowly. Thin sapwood is characteristic of such species as chestnut, black locust, mulberry, osage-orange, and sassafras, while in maple, ash, hickory, hackberry, beech, and pine, thick sapwood is the rule. Others never form heartwood.

Questions:
If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?
What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?
Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?
Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?
Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?
The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Questions:
By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

Questions:
What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
What is the study of heresy?
What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

Questions:
The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?
Earlier television systems were based on what?
During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?
What is the most current HDTV system development?
The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

Questions:
What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. The negative thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of the crystalline ceramic phase can be balanced with the positive CTE of the glassy phase. At a certain point (~70% crystalline) the glass-ceramic has a net CTE near zero. This type of glass-ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties and can sustain repeated and quick temperature changes up to 1000 °C.

Questions:
How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?
Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?
What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?
What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?
What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?
The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East," derived ultimately from Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as "the Near East" because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

Questions:
When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?
The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?
Where did the "Far East" derive from? 
Where did the Ottoman Empire end?
Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?
The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.

Questions:
What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?
The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.

Questions:
Pewter is mostly made up of?
Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?
What was done to tin to make it stronger?
What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

Questions:
When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?
Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):

Questions:
What did 'samurai' mean at first?
What did 'samorapu' mean?
What did 'saburahu' mean?
What did 'saburahi' mean?
When was the word 'samurahi' used?
The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

Questions:
What german word does the term szlachta come from?
What does slahta mean?
What is the polish name for knight?
German name for knight?
Where does the word her derive from in german?
The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Questions:
Who coined the word genome?
In what year was the word genome first created?
At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?
Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law.

Questions:
What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?
What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?
What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?
What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?
Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?
The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German".

Questions:
The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?
The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Questions:
What is the Latin word for federalism? 
What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
What did James Madison referred to the new United States as?
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Questions:
How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
What is a naming term for asphalt?
What is asphalt called outside of the US?
The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for policing that, in some sense, transcend national borders. This includes a variety of practices, but international police cooperation, criminal intelligence exchange between police agencies working in different nation-states, and police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states are the three types that have received the most scholarly attention.

Questions:
When did Nadelmann write about global policing?
When did Sheptycki write about global policing?
What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?
The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.

Questions:
What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?
What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?
What kind of property is copyright used for?
What is the difference between robbery and piracy?
In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?
The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

Questions:
The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?
Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?
In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?
Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state. By Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek. Byzantine Greeks called themselves Romioi and considered themselves the political heirs of Rome, but at least by the 12th century a growing number of those educated, deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well, although for most of the Greek speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan. On the eve of the Fall of Constantinople the Last Emperor urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.

Questions:
What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? 
What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?
What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?
What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?
The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Questions:
How many counties did New York originally have?
Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
When was West Farms created?
When was Morrisania created?
When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Questions:
What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
When did the Olmecs flourish?
Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
Who lived in the Yucatan?
Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Questions:
What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
What other culutres has ruled the area?
What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
What years did the civil war take place?
What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
What years did the war last through?
The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, at the Rockford MetroCentre. Sponsors were secured, and players and coaches from local colleges were recruited to volunteer to play for the teams, the Chicago Politicians and Rockford Metros, with the guarantee of a tryout should the league take off. Interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, "showcase", game. The second game was held on February 26, 1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, up from $4,000 in the test game. Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game; a highlights package aired on SportsCenter.

Questions:
In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?
At what venue did the test game occur?
Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?
On what date did the second test game take place?
The second test game was played in what arena?
The textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of wood carving, pottery and monumental architecture that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of Somali commercial enterprise can be detected in its cuisine, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a "Nation of Poets" and a "Nation of Bards" including, among others, the Canadian novelist Margaret Laurence.

Questions:
Somali food contains influences from what region?
Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?
Who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a "Nation of Bards"?
What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a "Nation of Bards"?
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]

Questions:
What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?
What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
What is the goal of the textual critic?
A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
The thalidomide tragedy resurrected Kefauver's bill to enhance drug regulation that had stalled in Congress, and the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law on 10 October 1962. Manufacturers henceforth had to prove to FDA that their drugs were effective as well as safe before they could go on the US market. The FDA received authority to regulate advertising of prescription drugs and to establish good manufacturing practices. The law required that all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective. An FDA - National Academy of Sciences collaborative study showed that nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective. A similarly comprehensive study of over-the-counter products began ten years later.

Questions:
When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?
What did this new law require?
What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?
How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?
What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?
When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?
What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?
Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?
What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?
The theme of racial injustice appears symbolically in the novel as well. For example, Atticus must shoot a rabid dog, even though it is not his job to do so. Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens. He is also alone when he faces a group intending to lynch Tom Robinson and once more in the courthouse during Tom's trial. Lee even uses dreamlike imagery from the mad dog incident to describe some of the courtroom scenes. Jones writes, "[t]he real mad dog in Maycomb is the racism that denies the humanity of Tom Robinson .... When Atticus makes his summation to the jury, he literally bares himself to the jury's and the town's anger."

Questions:
Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?
What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?
The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate – though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are – the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.

Questions:
Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?
Why does relying on these effects create concern?
Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?
What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?
The theories developed in the 1930s and 1940s to integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern evolutionary synthesis, a term introduced by Julian Huxley. Evolutionary biologists subsequently refined this concept, such as George C. Williams' gene-centric view of evolution. He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition: "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.":24 In this view, the molecular gene transcribes as a unit, and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit. Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins.

Questions:
In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?
What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?
Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?
Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?
The theories surrounding equal temperament began to be put in wider practice, especially as it enabled a wider range of chromatic possibilities in hard-to-tune keyboard instruments. Although Bach did not use equal temperament, as a modern piano is generally tuned, changes in the temperaments from the meantone system, common at the time, to various temperaments that made modulation between all keys musically acceptable, made possible Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.

Questions:
What theories began to be put in wider practice?
What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?
What did Bach not use?
A modern piano is generally what?
What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?
The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure of distance, and a meter is now defined in terms of how far light travels in a certain amount of time. Two events in Minkowski spacetime are separated by an invariant interval, which can be either space-like, light-like, or time-like. Events that have a time-like separation cannot be simultaneous in any frame of reference, there must be a temporal component (and possibly a spatial one) to their separation. Events that have a space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation. Different observers may calculate different distances and different time intervals between two events, but the invariant interval between the events is independent of the observer (and his velocity).

Questions:
Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?
In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?
What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?
The invariant interval between events is independent of what?
The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?
The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the researchers, Neil Risch, noted: "we looked at the correlation between genetic structure [based on microsatellite markers] versus self-description, we found 99.9% concordance between the two. We actually had a higher discordance rate between self-reported sex and markers on the X chromosome! So you could argue that sex is also a problematic category. And there are differences between sex and gender; self-identification may not be correlated with biology perfectly. And there is sexism."

Questions:
Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?
Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?
Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?
What is a problematic category in addition to race?
What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?
The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.

Questions:
When was the thermionic triode invented?
What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?
Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?
Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?
What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?
The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

Questions:
What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?
Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?
The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a "real world" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers’ only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their "Digivices" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their "Digivices" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called "Digi-Modify" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its "target" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.

Questions:
When did the third Digimon series begin?
What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?
What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?
The third John Walter, the founder's grandson, succeeded his father in 1847. The paper continued as more or less independent, but from the 1850s The Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from the penny press, notably The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post.

Questions:
What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?
What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?
In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?
The third generation began including a 30-pin dock connector, allowing for FireWire or USB connectivity. This provided better compatibility with non-Apple machines, as most of them did not have FireWire ports at the time. Eventually Apple began shipping iPods with USB cables instead of FireWire, although the latter was available separately. As of the first-generation iPod Nano and the fifth-generation iPod Classic, Apple discontinued using FireWire for data transfer (while still allowing for use of FireWire to charge the device) in an attempt to reduce cost and form factor. As of the second-generation iPod Touch and the fourth-generation iPod Nano, FireWire charging ability has been removed. The second-, third-, and fourth-generation iPod Shuffle uses a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector which acts as both a headphone jack and a data port for the dock.

Questions:
In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?
What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?
Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?
Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?
What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?
Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?
Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?
What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?
What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?
The third largest city in Spain and the 24th most populous municipality in the European Union, Valencia has a population of 809,267 within its administrative limits on a land area of 134.6 km2 (52 sq mi). The urban area of Valencia extending beyond the administrative city limits has a population of between 1,561,000 and 1,564,145. 1,705,742 or 2,300,000 or 2,516,818 people live in the Valencia metropolitan area. Between 2007 and 2008 there was a 14% increase in the foreign born population with the largest numeric increases by country being from Bolivia, Romania and Italy.

Questions:
How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?
How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?
Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?
How much land is within Valencia's limits?
From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?
The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

Questions:
How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
When was the Battle of Gaza?
Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Questions:
What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?
What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?
What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?
The third-largest university in the state, the University of Central Oklahoma, is located just north of the city in the suburb of Edmond. Oklahoma Christian University, one of the state's private liberal arts institutions, is located just south of the Edmond border, inside the Oklahoma City limits.

Questions:
Which university is the third-largest in the state?
Which private university is located near the Edmond border?
The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.

Questions:
What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?
Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?
What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?
Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?
When did season 13 premiere?
Who was the mentor this season?
Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?
Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?
Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?
The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in the abdomen, whereas the wasp Vespa crabro has only two in the thorax and three in the abdomen. Some insects, like the house fly Musca domestica, have all the body ganglia fused into a single large thoracic ganglion.

Questions:
What is on each side of a thoracic segment?
How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
Ganglia are connected into a what?
How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
The thorax is a tagma composed of three sections, the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax. The anterior segment, closest to the head, is the prothorax, with the major features being the first pair of legs and the pronotum. The middle segment is the mesothorax, with the major features being the second pair of legs and the anterior wings. The third and most posterior segment, abutting the abdomen, is the metathorax, which features the third pair of legs and the posterior wings. Each segment is dilineated by an intersegmental suture. Each segment has four basic regions. The dorsal surface is called the tergum (or notum) to distinguish it from the abdominal terga. The two lateral regions are called the pleura (singular: pleuron) and the ventral aspect is called the sternum. In turn, the notum of the prothorax is called the pronotum, the notum for the mesothorax is called the mesonotum and the notum for the metathorax is called the metanotum. Continuing with this logic, the mesopleura and metapleura, as well as the mesosternum and metasternum, are used.

Questions:
The throax has how many sections?
Another term for tagma is?
The anterior section is closest to the what?
The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on.

Questions:
What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?
Who was a diplomat and military officer?
Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?
The three brothers—Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor—established themselves in Novgorod, Beloozero, and Izborsk, respectively. Two of the brothers died, and Rurik became the sole ruler of the territory and progenitor of the Rurik Dynasty. A short time later, two of Rurik’s men, Askold and Dir, asked him for permission to go to Tsargrad (Constantinople). On their way south, they discovered "a small city on a hill," Kiev, captured it and the surrounding country from the Khazars, populated the region with more Varangians, and "established their dominion over the country of the Polyanians."

Questions:
What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?
Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?
What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?
The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation. The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 architecture 3rd generation (known as IA-32) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 16-bit applications, although 16-bit support must be enabled first. (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.)

Questions:
What architecture types does Windows 8 support?
What is 16-bit support intended for?
When was x86 2nd generation created?
How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?
The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Questions:
What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.

Questions:
How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?