the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46 °C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51 °C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54 °C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

Questions:
When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?
When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?
How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?
What was the record heat spike in Multan?
When was the record heat spike in Multan?
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, with three successive Top 5 albums between 1980 and 1982.

Questions:
Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?
Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?
What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?
What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?
What are some thrash metal bands?
The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Questions:
What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.

Questions:
Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?
The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

Questions:
Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?
Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?"
Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?
The opposite of a Show Up is a "Rip". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a "White Ticket", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an "info", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.

Questions:
What is the opposite of a Show Up?
Who must sign a Rip?
Who must sign a White Ticket?
Who must sign an "info"?
What punishment term is "info" short for?
The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.

Questions:
A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?
For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? 
For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? 
The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?
The ordinary half-wave dipole is probably the most widely used antenna design. This consists of two 1⁄4-wavelength elements arranged end-to-end, and lying along essentially the same axis (or collinear), each feeding one side of a two-conductor transmission wire. The physical arrangement of the two elements places them 180 degrees out of phase, which means that at any given instant one of the elements is driving current into the transmission line while the other is pulling it out. The monopole antenna is essentially one half of the half-wave dipole, a single 1⁄4-wavelength element with the other side connected to ground or an equivalent ground plane (or counterpoise). Monopoles, which are one-half the size of a dipole, are common for long-wavelength radio signals where a dipole would be impractically large. Another common design is the folded dipole, which is essentially two dipoles placed side-by-side and connected at their ends to make a single one-wavelength antenna.

Questions:
What is the most popular antenna type?
What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?
Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?
What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?
What popular type combines more that one antenna?
The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Questions:
Who built the organ?
When was the organ built? 
When was the organ first used?
What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
Who designed the two organ cases?
The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, partly highly trained ulama, which developed into a professional body. The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen.

Questions:
Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?
What were the scribes of the chancery known as?
Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?
What did the scribal bureaucracy become?
The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?
The organizational structure as shown above is responsible for the peacetime organization, equipping, and training of aerospace units for operational missions. When required to support operational missions, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directs the Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) to execute a Change in Operational Control (CHOP) of these units from their administrative alignment to the operational command of a Regional Combatant Commander (CCDR). In the case of AFSPC, AFSOC, PACAF, and USAFE units, forces are normally employed in-place under their existing CCDR. Likewise, AMC forces operating in support roles retain their componency to USTRANSCOM unless chopped to a Regional CCDR.

Questions:
Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? 
What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? 
Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?
Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions?
The origin of Tom Robinson is less clear, although many have speculated that his character was inspired by several models. When Lee was 10 years old, a white woman near Monroeville accused a black man named Walter Lett of raping her. The story and the trial were covered by her father's newspaper which reported that Lett was convicted and sentenced to death. After a series of letters appeared claiming Lett had been falsely accused, his sentence was commuted to life in prison. He died there of tuberculosis in 1937. Scholars believe that Robinson's difficulties reflect the notorious case of the Scottsboro Boys, in which nine black men were convicted of raping two white women on negligible evidence. However, in 2005, Lee stated that she had in mind something less sensational, although the Scottsboro case served "the same purpose" to display Southern prejudices. Emmett Till, a black teenager who was murdered for flirting with a white woman in Mississippi in 1955, and whose death is credited as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, is also considered a model for Tom Robinson.

Questions:
At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?
What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?
What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?
Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?
What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?
Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?
The origin of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is not clear. Whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct Taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000–40,000 years ago. These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. Modern dogs are more closely related to ancient wolf fossils that have been found in Europe than they are to modern gray wolves. Nearly all dog breeds' genetic closeness to the gray wolf are due to admixture, except several Arctic dog breeds are close to the Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture.

Questions:
Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?
Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?
Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?
Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?
Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?
The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

Questions:
Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?
When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?
What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?
How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?
The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Questions:
What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

Questions:
Is original Cubist architecture rare?
Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Questions:
From what language does Universitas come from?
What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014. We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre, overtaking the previous record holder, the Grease musical. Brian May stated in 2008 that they were considering writing a sequel to the musical. The musical toured around the UK in 2009, playing at Manchester Palace Theatre, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, and Edinburgh Playhouse.

Questions:
When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?
Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?
When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?
What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?
What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?
The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.

Questions:
What was the NAS primarily a base for?
What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?
What is located west of the NAS Annex?
What happened at the end of the Cold War?
The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s "Low Speed" and 12 Mbit/s "Full Speed". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.

Questions:
When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?
How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?
1.1 was the first widely used version of what?
When was the first widely used version of USB released?
The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for office. An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope, which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution. That law was replaced by 1799.

Questions:
What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?
When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

Questions:
How many members did the original Houston city council have?
How many at-large positions were there originally?
What areas do at-large council members represent?
What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?
How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?
The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.

Questions:
What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?
What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?
How many rooms does the palace have?
In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?
What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?
Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?
Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?
Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?
Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?
The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by Chen Fangyun and his colleagues in the 1980s. According to the China National Space Administration, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:

Questions:
Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?
When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?
The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?
The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

Questions:
How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?
The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?
What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?
What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?
What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?
The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.

Questions:
What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?
How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?
What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?
Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?
What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?
What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?
What else would the post-punk bands record under?
Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?
What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?
What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.

Questions:
What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?
What is the main provision that pubs offer?
What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?
What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?
In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?
The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.

Questions:
What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?
Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?
Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?
What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?
What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

Questions:
Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?
When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?
Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?
Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?
Which group later became al-Qaeda?
The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

Questions:
The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

Questions:
In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Questions:
In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?
One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.

Questions:
When did the idea of a "consumer society" begin? 
What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? 
Who was Josiah Wedgewood?
What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?
What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded?
The origins of the people of Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to *walo meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years.

Questions:
How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?
By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?
How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?
On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?
What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?
The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges for itself throughout its entire history until the decline of the Polish Commonwealth in the late 18th century.

Questions:
What is another name for folwarks?
Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.
Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.
WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.
The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

Questions:
Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?
What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?
What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?
What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?
What was important and unique about regional leaders?
The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Questions:
Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes).

Questions:
What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?
What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?
What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?
What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?
The other large cemeteries are the Cementerio del Buceo, Cementerio del Cerro, and Cementerio Paso Molino. The British Cemetery Montevideo (Cementerio Británico) is another of the oldest cemeteries in Uruguay, located in the Buceo neighborhood. Many noblemen and eminent persons are buried there. The cemetery originated when the Englishman Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents in 1828. However, in 1884 the government compensated the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo to accommodate city growth. A section of the cemetery, known as British Cemetery Montevideo Soldiers and Sailors, contains the graves of quite a number of sailors of different nationalities, although the majority are of British descent. One United States Marine, Henry de Costa, is buried here.

Questions:
Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?
Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?
When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? 
When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?
The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.

Questions:
What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?
What are states not bound by?
What states that deference is one way only?
What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?
The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as it is the dominant language in a particular state or region, whether in terms of social or political status, official status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Meanwhile, the "dialects" subordinate to the standard language are generally not variations on the standard language but rather separate (but often related) languages in and of themselves. For example, most of the various regional Romance languages of Italy, often colloquially referred to as Italian "dialects," are, in fact, not actually derived from modern standard Italian, but rather evolved from Vulgar Latin separately and individually from one another and independently of standard Italian, long prior to the diffusion of a national standardized language throughout what is now Italy. These various Latin-derived regional languages are therefore, in a linguistic sense, not truly "dialects" of the standard Italian language, but are instead better defined as their own separate languages. Conversely, with the spread of standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, various regional versions or varieties of standard Italian developed, generally as a mix of the national standard Italian with local regional languages and local accents. These variations on standard Italian, known as regional Italian, would more appropriately be called "dialects" in accordance with the first linguistic definition of "dialect," as they are in fact derived partially or mostly from standard Italian.

Questions:
What is the other definition of the term dialect?
How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?
The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?
From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

Questions:
In what year did World War I begin?
When did a victor emerge in World War I?
At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

Questions:
Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?
What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?
When did the russian civil war take place?
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.

Questions:
What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?
What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?
What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?
The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?
The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?
The outreach director of HRTR, Susan Prager, is also the communication director of "Friends of Falun Gong", a quasi-government non-profit funded by fmr. Congressman Tom Lanto's wife and Ambassador Mark Palmer of NED. A major setback to the event was caused by footballer Diego Maradona, scheduled to open the relay through Buenos Aires, pulling out in an attempt to avoid the Olympic controversy. Trying to avoid the scenes that marred the relay in the UK, France and the US, the city government designed a complex security operative to protect the torch relay, involving 1200 police officers and 3000 other people, including public employees and volunteers. Overall, the protests were peaceful in nature, although there were a few incidents such as the throwing of several water balloons in an attempt to extinguish the Olympic flame, and minor scuffles between Olympic protesters and supporters from Chinese immigrant communities.

Questions:
Who was the outreach director of HRTR?
What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?
Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?
How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?
What was thrown to try and put out the flame?
What is Susan Prager communication director of?
What football star backed out due to relay controversy?
How many police officers were part of the security operative?
What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?
The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?
The overcrowded conditions of the library was one of the reasons why the RIBA moved from 9 Conduit Street to larger premises at 66 Portland Place in 1934. The library remained open throughout World War Two and was able to shelter the archives of Modernist architect Adolf Loos during the war.

Questions:
What was the RIBA Library's first address?
Where did RIBA move its library?
In what year did RIBA move its library?
Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?
The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.

Questions:
The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?
The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?
When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?
What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?
The owner, tenant or manager (licensee) of a pub is properly known as the "pub landlord". The term publican (in historical Roman usage a public contractor or tax farmer) has come into use since Victorian times to designate the pub landlord. Known as "locals" to regulars, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a particular beer, as a place to smoke (or avoid it), hosting a darts team, having a pool or snooker table, or appealing to friends.

Questions:
What is the owner, tenant or manager of a pub known as?
What term came into use in Victorian times to designate the pub landlord?
Name one way  regulars choose their Pubs?
What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?
What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?
What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?
Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?
What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?