the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Richmond has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot and humid summers and generally cool winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter; Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified, then further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and mild winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F (3.3 °C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Downtown areas straddle the border between USDA Hardiness zones 7B and 8A, and temperatures seldom lower to 0 °F (−18 °C), with the most recent subzero (°F) reading occurring on January 28, 2000, when the temperature reached −1 °F (−18 °C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F (26.3 °C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) approximately 43 days out of the year; while 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures are not uncommon, they do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 19, 1940 up to 107 °F (42 °C) on August 6, 1918.[a]

Questions:
What is Richmond's Köppen climate classification?
How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?
What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?
In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?
About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?
Richmond has a significant arts community, some of which is contained in formal public-supported venues, and some of which is more DIY, such as local privately owned galleries, and private music venues, nonprofit arts organizations, or organic and venueless arts movements (e.g., house shows, busking, itinerant folk shows). This has led to tensions, as the city Richmond City levied an "admissions tax" to fund large arts projects like CentreStage, leading to criticism that it is funding civic initiatives on the backs of the organic local culture. Traditional Virginian folk music, including blues, country, and bluegrass are also notably present, and play a large part in the annual Richmond Folk Festival. The following is a list of the more formal arts establishments (Companies, theaters, galleries, and other large venues) in Richmond:

Questions:
What notable project was funded by Richmond's "admissions tax"?
Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?
Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?
Richmond has several historic churches. Because of its early English colonial history from the early 17th century to 1776, Richmond has a number of prominent Anglican/Episcopal churches including Monumental Church, St. Paul's Episcopal Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. Methodists and Baptists made up another section of early churches, and First Baptist Church of Richmond was the first of these, established in 1780. In the Reformed church tradition, the first Presbyterian Church in the City of Richmond was First Presbyterian Church, organized on June 18, 1812. On February 5, 1845, Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded, which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond. St. Peter's Church was dedicated and became the first Catholic church in Richmond on May 25, 1834. The city is also home to the historic Cathedral of the Sacred Heart which is the motherchurch for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond.

Questions:
What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?
Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?
What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?
On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?
In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?
Richmond is a major hub for intercity bus company Greyhound Lines, with its terminal at 2910 N Boulevard. Multiple runs per day connect directly with Washington, D.C., New York, Raleigh, and elsewhere. Direct trips to New York take approximately 7.5 hours. Discount carrier Megabus also provides curbside service from outside of Main Street Station, with fares starting at $1. Direct service is available to Washington, D.C., Hampton Roads, Charlotte, Raleigh, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Most other connections to Megabus served cites, such as New York, can be made from Washington, D.C. Richmond, and the surrounding metropolitan area, was granted[when?] a roughly $25 million grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to support a newly proposed Rapid Transit System, which would run along Broad Street from Willow Lawn to Rocketts Landing, in the first phase of an improved public transportation hub for the region.

Questions:
What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?
How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?
What is the lowest fare on Megabus?
How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?
What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?
Richmond is also fast-becoming known for its food scene, with several restaurants in the Fan, Church Hill, Jackson Ward and elsewhere around the city generating regional and national attention for their fare. Departures magazine named Richmond "The Next Great American Food City" in August 2014. Also in 2014, Southern Living magazine named three Richmond restaurants – Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt – among its "100 Best Restaurants in the South", while Metzger Bar & Butchery made its "Best New Restaurants: 12 To Watch" list. Craft beer and liquor production is also growing in the River City, with twelve micro-breweries in city proper; the oldest is Legend Brewery, founded in 1994. Three distilleries, Reservoir Distillery, Belle Isle Craft Spirits and James River Distillery, were established in 2010, 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Questions:
What periodical called Richmond "The Next Great American Food City"?
According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?
How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?
What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?
When was James River Distillery founded?
Richmond is home to several notable instances of various styles of modernism. Minoru Yamasaki designed the Federal Reserve Building which dominates the downtown skyline. The architectural firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill has designed two buildings: the Library of Virginia and the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building. Philip Johnson designed the WRVA Building. The Richard Neutra-designed Rice House, a residence on a private island on the James River, remains Richmond's only true International Style home. The W.G. Harris residence in Richmond was designed by famed early modern architect and member of the Harvard Five, Landis Gores. Other notable architects to have worked in the city include Rick Mather, I.M. Pei, and Gordon Bunshaft.

Questions:
Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?
Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?
What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?
What university was Landis Gores associated with?
Who did Landis Gores design a home for?
Richmond is home to the rapidly developing Virginia BioTechnology Research Park, which opened in 1995 as an incubator facility for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the park currently[when?] has more than 575,000 square feet (53,400 m2) of research, laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies, research institutes, government laboratories and non-profit organizations. The United Network for Organ Sharing, which maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list, occupies one building in the park. Philip Morris USA opened a $350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007. Once fully developed, park officials expect the site to employ roughly 3,000 scientists, technicians and engineers.

Questions:
How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?
What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?
What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?
What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?
Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W﻿ / ﻿37.533°N 77.467°W﻿ / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, −77.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River.

Questions:
How many square kilometers is Richmond?
How many square miles of Richmond is water?
What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?
In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?
Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

Questions:
Richmond is located at what line of the James river?
At what intersections is the Richmond located?
What counties are located? around Washington.D.C?
What suburb is located on the southwest?
What suburb is located on the north and west?
What are the major roads in Richmond?
What is the closest historically famous city is 44 miles away?
What counties surround Richmond?
Name at least two major suburbs of Richmond.
How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?
How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?
Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?
What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?
Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?
Richmond is not home to any major league professional sports teams, but since 2013, the Washington Redskins of the National Football League have held their summer training camp in the city. There are also several minor league sports in the city, including the Richmond Kickers of the USL Professional Division (third tier of American soccer) and the Richmond Flying Squirrels of the Class AA Eastern League of Minor League Baseball (an affiliate of the San Francisco Giants). The Kickers began playing in Richmond in 1993, and currently play at City Stadium. The Squirrels opened their first season at The Diamond on April 15, 2010. From 1966 through 2008, the city was home to the Richmond Braves, a AAA affiliate of the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball, until the franchise relocated to Georgia.

Questions:
What sport do the Washington Redskins play?
What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?
With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?
What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?
Where did the Richmond Braves move to?
Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

Questions:
What is the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Who drafted the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Who designed the Richmond Capital Building?
Who is Charles-Louis Clerisseau?
When was the Capital building completed?
Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?
In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?
What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?
What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?
In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Questions:
What things are important to the economy of Richmond?
What judicial branches are located in Richmond?
There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond.  How many are there, total?
Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond
Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?
What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?
Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included the area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern Downtown Richmond is located slightly farther west, on the slopes of Shockoe Hill. Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom, the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill, and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel. Richmond's East End includes neighborhoods like rapidly gentrifying Church Hill, home to St. John's Church, as well as poorer areas like Fulton, Union Hill, and Fairmont, and public housing projects like Mosby Court, Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64.

Questions:
What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?
What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?
What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?
What is Fairfield Court?
In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?
Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this. Some types of capacitors, primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current.

Questions:
What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?
What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?
What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?
What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?
Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Questions:
Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his stories, and the paper's pro-Israel stance.

Questions:
Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?
The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?
The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?
What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?
What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?
Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States, this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States. He used the term "Civil Religion" to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States. His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy: "Considering the separation of church and state, how is a president justified in using the word 'God' at all? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension."

Questions:
What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?
Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?
What does Bellah use the term "civil religion' to describe?
What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?
What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way primary colors combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal anger and disgust could blend to form contempt. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.

Questions:
What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?
How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?
In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?
What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?
What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?
Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Questions:
What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?
Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?
Where is the Center for New Religions located?
What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?
What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran.

Questions:
In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?
Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?
Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?
Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?
In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?
Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

Questions:
What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
Rocket-propelled grenades can be—and often are—used against hovering helicopters (e.g., by Somali militiamen during the Battle of Mogadishu (1993)). Firing an RPG at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from the shooter when shooting up at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.

Questions:
What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?
Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrived from Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Portuguese missionaries Jesuit Father António de Andrade and Brother Manuel Marques first reached the kingdom of Gelu in western Tibet in 1624 and was welcomed by the royal family who allowed them to build a church later on. By 1627, there were about a hundred local converts in the Guge kingdom. Later on, Christianity was introduced to Rudok, Ladakh and Tsang and was welcomed by the ruler of the Tsang kingdom, where Andrade and his fellows established a Jesuit outpost at Shigatse in 1626.

Questions:
When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?
When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?
When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?
Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

Questions:
What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?
What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?
What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?
What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?
What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?
Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.

Questions:
In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?
During what years was the thirty year war?
Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?
Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?
Who was the thirty year war between?
Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Questions:
On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?
What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votive deposits to the noble dead of Latium and Rome suggest elaborate and costly funeral offerings and banquets in the company of the deceased, an expectation of afterlife and their association with the gods. As Roman society developed, its Republican nobility tended to invest less in spectacular funerals and extravagant housing for their dead, and more on monumental endowments to the community, such as the donation of a temple or public building whose donor was commemorated by his statue and inscribed name. Persons of low or negligible status might receive simple burial, with such grave goods as relatives could afford.

Questions:
From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?
What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?
What did the ancient Romans expect after death?
With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?
What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?
Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ("games," such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the Bona Dea rites.

Questions:
How many religious celebrations did Rome have?
 What type of day were there more of in Rome?
With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?
What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?
Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?
Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a lustratio exercitus) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum; all within are purified and protected.

Questions:
How were Roman camps laid out?
For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?
Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?
What was in the center of each Roman camp?
What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?
Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Questions:
What group took issue with the Roman canons?
In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.

Questions:
About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
What new use was found for Roman temples?
What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Questions:
Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
When was the Battle of Cannae?
In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations.

Questions:
Who elected consuls in the Roman government?
Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?
What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?
What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?
What went hand and hand with military success?
Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

Questions:
Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]

Questions:
Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

Questions:
What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?
What was brought forth by religion in Rome?
What religious feature did each Roman home have?
What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?
What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?
Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Questions:
When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

Questions:
What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?
What religious act did women not perform?
What priesthood was reserved solely for women?
What Roman rites excluded men?
With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions?
Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.

Questions:
In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?
What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?
What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?
What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?
What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?
Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.

Questions:
Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?
What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?
On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?
Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?
Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.

Questions:
Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?
How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?
At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?
At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?
Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?
Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander, a Greek exile from Arcadia, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the Ara Maxima, "Greatest Altar," to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium, and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era.

Questions:
What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?
Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?
Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?
What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?
To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?