the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

Questions:
In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?
What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?
Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?
What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?
What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story. However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

Questions:
What is another name for Ibn Tufail?
What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?
Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?
What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?
Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?
Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Questions:
What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Idealism is a term with several related meanings. It comes via idea from the Greek idein (ἰδεῖν), meaning "to see". The term entered the English language by 1743. In ordinary use, as when speaking of Woodrow Wilson's political idealism, it generally suggests the priority of ideals, principles, values, and goals over concrete realities. Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, who focus on the world as it presently is. In the arts, similarly, idealism affirms imagination and attempts to realize a mental conception of beauty, a standard of perfection, juxtaposed to aesthetic naturalism and realism.

Questions:
What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?
By what year was "idealism" a word in English?
Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?
What language is ἰδεῖν?
Idealist notions took a strong hold among physicists of the early 20th century confronted with the paradoxes of quantum physics and the theory of relativity. In The Grammar of Science, Preface to the 2nd Edition, 1900, Karl Pearson wrote, "There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." This book influenced Einstein's regard for the importance of the observer in scientific measurements[citation needed]. In § 5 of that book, Pearson asserted that "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind...." Also, "...the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world."

Questions:
Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?
Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?
In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?
What did Pearson claim that science classifies?
Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?
Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the "Forty acres and a mule" policy. The proposal was never widely adopted due to strong political opposition. Nearly a century later (1950s-1960s), policies to assist classes of individuals reemerged during the Civil Rights Movement. The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decisions came to be known as affirmative action in which mandatory, as well as voluntary programs, affirmed the civil rights of people of color. Furthermore, these affirmative action programs protected people of color from the present effects stemming from past discrimination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term "affirmative action" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." This executive order realized the government's intent to create equal opportunities for all qualified people. This executive order was eventually amended and superseded by Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246 which prevented discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by organizations which received federal contracts and subcontracts. In 1967, the order was amended to include sex as well. The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.

Questions:
When did the Reconstruction Era end?
Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?
What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?
Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?
Who was the first person to utilize the term "affirmative action"?
Identity development is a stage in the adolescent life cycle. For most, the search for identity begins in the adolescent years. During these years, adolescents are more open to 'trying on' different behaviours and appearances to discover who they are. In other words, in an attempt to find their identity and discover who they are adolescents are liking to cycle through a number of identities to find one that suits them best. But, developing and maintaining identity (in adolescent years) is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of one's thoughts about the self. The two main aspects of identity development are self-clarity and self-esteem. Since choices made during adolescent years can influence later life, high levels of self-awareness and self-control during mid-adolescence will lead to better decisions during the transition to adulthood.[citation needed] Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development: self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development. Studies done by the American Psychological Association have shown that adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more difficult time developing their identity.

Questions:
When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?
What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?
What are two main aspects of identity development?
What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?
Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?
Idol Gives Back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total.

Questions:
What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?
How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? 
What is the name of the charity that Idol has?
When was the first Idol Gives Back?
Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Questions:
What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
What country won the Six-Day War?
In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.

Questions:
Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?
Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?
How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?
About what year do synapsid date back to?
If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately enmeshed all the others as well. In the Travel and Politics in the Near East, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East," by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played Rugby not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was in effect (whatever his formal associations if any) a point man of British near eastern intelligence.

Questions:
What was William Miller's life span?
What was William Miller an expert on?
So to speak, what did William Miller do?
Where did Miller attend school?
If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility):

Questions:
Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?
What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?
What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?
What regulates dielectric dispersion?
What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

Questions:
What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
If a heavy piece of pine is compared with a lightweight piece it will be seen at once that the heavier one contains a larger proportion of latewood than the other, and is therefore showing more clearly demarcated growth rings. In white pines there is not much contrast between the different parts of the ring, and as a result the wood is very uniform in texture and is easy to work. In hard pines, on the other hand, the latewood is very dense and is deep-colored, presenting a very decided contrast to the soft, straw-colored earlywood.

Questions:
Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?
What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?
What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?
Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?
What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed), more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil (47.7% and 42.4% of the population as of 2010, respectively), because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80% of autosomal European ancestry, in average (also >35% of European mt-DNA and >95% of European Y-DNA).

Questions:
What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?
What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?
Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?
How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?
Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?
If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself.

Questions:
What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?
In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?
In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?
Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?
What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?
If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unless, of course, otherwise should or could be interpreted as agreed upon between the remaining states parties to the treaty.[citation needed]

Questions:
What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?
What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?
What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?
After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?
Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?
If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.

Questions:
In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?
As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?
What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?
Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?
Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.

Questions:
Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?
What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?
What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?
If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?
Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?
If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

Questions:
What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?
In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?
Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?
Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?
What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?
If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.

Questions:
What are the three HDTV parameters?
Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?
When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?
When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?
If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be "Sent Up For Good", storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.

Questions:
What action results in something being "Sent Up For Good?"
What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?
When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?
Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?
If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.

Questions:
What are the pathogenes?
Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?
What can pathogenes cause?
If conditions change, so that the pope judges it safe to make the appointment public, he may do so at any time. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those raised to the cardinalate at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the cardinalate expires.

Questions:
What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?
If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

Questions:
What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?
What is being lead to specialty roles?
What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.

Questions:
What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.

Questions:
The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?
Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
Who did the British Empire side with?
The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?
By what year were three empires gone?
If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

Questions:
In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?
Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?
Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?
How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?
If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?
How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?
In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?
If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.

Questions:
If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?
Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway. It also has the advantage of separating the recovery operation area from the launch area. Helicopters and aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) usually recover by coming abreast the carrier on the port side and then using their hover capability to move over the flight deck and land vertically without the need for arresting gear.

Questions:
What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?
What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?
What does V/STOL refer to?
What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?
What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?
If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.

Questions:
What varies with time?
What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? 
What does "A/D" stand for?
If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

Questions:
What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
If there are differences within a growth ring, then the part of a growth ring nearest the center of the tree, and formed early in the growing season when growth is rapid, is usually composed of wider elements. It is usually lighter in color than that near the outer portion of the ring, and is known as earlywood or springwood. The outer portion formed later in the season is then known as the latewood or summerwood. However, there are major differences, depending on the kind of wood (see below).

Questions:
If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?
What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?
If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?
Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?
Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?
Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.

Questions:
Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?
IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.
When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?
Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches. Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.

Questions:
What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?
How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?
What are the illegal pinning methods called?
Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? 
What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee?
Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Questions:
What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
When did Ally Sloper first appear?
Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

Questions:
When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?
Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
When did Jiji Manga debut?
Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

Questions:
Who do the Shia believe are the rightful successors of Muhammad?
What is the Shia Islam doctrine of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah?
Who do the Iamas provide guidance to?
What are Imams possessed of?
Whose family are the Ahl al-Bayt a part of?
What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
What is the role of Imams?
Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Questions:
Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
What does the term Sapere aude mean?
Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).

Questions:
Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?
In what year was Immanuel Kant born?
For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?
In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?
Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?
Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that necessarily structures the experiences of any rational agent, or observing subject. Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of an abstract conceptual framework, together with space and number, within which we sequence events, quantify their duration, and compare the motions of objects. In this view, time does not refer to any kind of entity that "flows," that objects "move through," or that is a "container" for events. Spatial measurements are used to quantify the extent of and distances between objects, and temporal measurements are used to quantify the durations of and between events. Time was designated by Kant as the purest possible schema of a pure concept or category.

Questions:
In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?
What did Kant portray space and time to be?
Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?
What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?
What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?
Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

Questions:
What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Gaëton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.

Questions:
Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?
When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?
How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?
Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?
When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?
Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

Questions:
When did most of the jazz clubs close down?
Why did the jazz clubs close down?
Where were most jazz clubs located?
Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in the Sichuan province gradually improved. Eventually, a handful of major news and media websites were made accessible online in the region, albeit with dramatically pared back webpages.

Questions:
What kinds of telecommunications were cut?
What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?
How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?
What was cut after the earthquake?
Where were the internet cut?
Who restored communications over a period of months?
What internet services were decreased in the area?
What services were finally online again?
Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".

Questions:
What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?
Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

Questions:
Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan.

Questions:
Who aided the immigration to Israel?
The immigration was in accordance to what?
When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?