the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

Questions:
What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? 
What is Unicode available through Windows on? 
What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? 
What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems?
Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Questions:
Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
What is TRON? 
What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?
Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).

Questions:
What is the aim of Unicode?
Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?
What is multilingual computer processing?
Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?
What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?
Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, é can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.

Questions:
What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?
How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?
How is the accent added to the small latin e? 
What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent?
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.

Questions:
What was Unicode published as?
What was unicode developed in conjunction with?
What is the most recent version of Unicode?
Who maintains the Unicode Standard? 
Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire?
Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering—in depth—topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.

Questions:
Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?
What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?
What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?
What do the two standards differ in?
Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Questions:
Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? 
How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard?
Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park.

Questions:
Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?
Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?
Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE).

Questions:
How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?
Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?
Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?
Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?
With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?
What is the name of the train station within New Haven?
The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?
In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?
Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

Questions:
What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?
How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?
What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?
What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?
Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.

Questions:
In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?
What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?
What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?
What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?
In what borough is the New York City Hall found?
Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Unit testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

Questions:
What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? 
Who performs the Unit testing phase?
What does Unit testing look to eliminate?
By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?
United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Questions:
Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
Who is chair of UN Energy?
Who is chairman of Bank of America?
United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

Questions:
What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?
Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.

Questions:
How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?
How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?
What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?
What will be established in 2023?
United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole," wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.

Questions:
When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?
At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?
What loophole did the ruling give rise to?
If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?
Universal Music Group decided not to renew their contract with the iTunes Store on July 3, 2007. Universal will now supply iTunes in an 'at will' capacity.

Questions:
What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?
What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?
In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?
Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

Questions:
What does Universal Primary Education belong to?
What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?
Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

Questions:
Which company is directly above Universal Studios?
Which company runs NBC Universal?
What is the nickname given to the large studios of which Universal is a part?
When was Universal Studios created?
Where does Universal's filming take place?
What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
In what city and state are its production studios located?
In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

Questions:
After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?
In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?
What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?
For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?
Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars, and often borrowed talent from other studios, or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich, Margaret Sullavan, and Bing Crosby were two of the major names that made a couple of pictures for Universal during this period. Some stars came from radio, including Edgar Bergen, W. C. Fields, and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello (Bud Abbott and Lou Costello). Abbott and Costello's military comedy Buck Privates (1941) gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile.

Questions:
What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?
What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?
Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?
Universal owned the rights to the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first "sync" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.

Questions:
Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?
Who owned the rights to Oswald?
Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?
What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?
What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?
Universal's 1936 Show Boat (released a little over a month later) became a critical and financial success, it was not enough to save the Laemmles' involvement with the studio. They were unceremoniously removed from the company they had founded. Because the Laemmles personally oversaw production, Show Boat was released (despite the takeover) with Carl Laemmle and Carl Laemmle Jr.'s names on the credits and in the advertising campaign of the film. Standard Capital's J. Cheever Cowdin had taken over as president and chairman of the board of directors, and instituted severe cuts in production budgets. Gone were the big ambitions, and though Universal had a few big names under contract, those it had been cultivating, like William Wyler and Margaret Sullavan, left.

Questions:
Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?
Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?
In what year was Show Boat released?
Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.

Questions:
What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?
Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?
Universal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires.

Questions:
Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?
With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?
How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?
In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?
Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental. An example is the Academy of European Law, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University) is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries, and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations, its peoples and member states. The European University Institute, a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organisation, set up by the member states of the European Union.

Questions:
What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?
In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?
What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?
What type of school is the European University Institute?
What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

Questions:
How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?
How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?
Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

Questions:
What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.

Questions:
How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?
How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?
What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?
What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?
In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?
University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.

Questions:
What does University education include?
What are usually Universities made up of?
What type of University would Yale fall under?
University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.

Questions:
What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Questions:
Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969 was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.

Questions:
The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?
Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case.

Questions:
What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?
Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?
The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?
In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?
Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

Questions:
Where are the records of the EIC housed today?
Where are the British government's records houseed today?
Are you able to search most of the records online today?
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.

Questions:
Does cell division end in plants?
What happens when a plant remains totipotent?
Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?
Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?
Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?
Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

Questions:
Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?
What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?
To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?
What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?
Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably Tom DeLay who was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert. In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor.

Questions:
Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?
Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??
Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?
Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?
Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.

Questions:
Why do plants develop bulbs?
What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?
How different are the children produced by asexual parents?
What is the term for asexual cloning?
Does apomixis only occur in the parent?
Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely rapidly, and bacterial populations can double as quickly as every 9.8 minutes. In cell division, two identical clone daughter cells are produced. Some bacteria, while still reproducing asexually, form more complex reproductive structures that help disperse the newly formed daughter cells. Examples include fruiting body formation by Myxobacteria and aerial hyphae formation by Streptomyces, or budding. Budding involves a cell forming a protrusion that breaks away and produces a daughter cell.

Questions:
How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?
How does bacteria reproduce?
If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?
What are produced in cell division?
Unlike many other MP3 players, simply copying audio or video files to the drive with a typical file management application will not allow an iPod to properly access them. The user must use software that has been specifically designed to transfer media files to iPods, so that the files are playable and viewable. Usually iTunes is used to transfer media to an iPod, though several alternative third-party applications are available on a number of different platforms.

Questions:
What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?
What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?
Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?
Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.

Questions:
Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?
Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?
Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?
What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?
Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.

Questions:
From what did Chinese characters derive?
What is another name for the Yue language?
Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?
At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

Questions:
Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? 
Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?
Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?
Where is the city's photographic library?
Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?
Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

Questions:
Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?
What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?
What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?
Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

Questions:
What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?
Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?
How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?
How would you say "good" in Dutch?
What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?
Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

Questions:
What are the different kinds of USB connectors?
Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?
The Type-A connector is usually what size?
What size is the Type-B connector?
Unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to have an impact on the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.

Questions:
Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?
How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?
The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?
What do most dogs show less of than wolves?
Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?
Why were dogs initially selected?
For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?
Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]

Questions:
Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?
Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?
Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?
As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?
From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?
Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.

Questions:
What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?
What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?
What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?
What does OEM stand for?
What did the Personal Use License allow?
Unlike the American GPS, Russian GLONASS, and European Galileo systems, which use medium Earth orbit satellites, BeiDou-1 uses satellites in geostationary orbit. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible. The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70°E to 140°E and from latitude 5°N to 55°N. A frequency of the system is 2491.75 MHz.

Questions:
What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?
What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?
What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?
What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?
What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?
Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").

Questions:
What style did was little represented in British colonies?
Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?
What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?
What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?
What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?