the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.

Questions:
What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?
What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
What river is Nanjing associated with?
What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border. Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia. The city is home to the nation's third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries.

Questions:
In what part of the United States is Houston located?
What part of the Houston population is growing?
How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?
What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?
How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?
Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.

Questions:
What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?
Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?
What entity operates Harborview?
In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?
Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?
Located in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest major landmass, Saint Helena is one of the most remote places in the world. The nearest port on the continent is Namibe in southern Angola, and the nearest international airport the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport of Angola's capital Luanda; connections to Cape Town in South Africa are used for most shipping needs, such as the mail boat that serves the island, the RMS St Helena. The island is associated with two other isolated islands in the southern Atlantic, also British territories: Ascension Island about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) due northwest in more equatorial waters and Tristan da Cunha, which is well outside the tropics 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to the south. The island is situated in the Western Hemisphere and has the same longitude as Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Despite its remote location, it is classified as being in West Africa by the United Nations.

Questions:
What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?
What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?
What is the mail boat that serves the island called?
What hemisphere is the island located in?
What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?
Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: "There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn". Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Questions:
Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property"?
Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?
Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?
Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facilities within the Port of Boston, including a cruise ship terminal and facilities to handle bulk and container cargo in South Boston, and other facilities in Charlestown and East Boston.

Questions:
What Airport is located in East Boston?
Who operates Logan Airport?
What is the name of Bostons main airport?
What airport is North of Logan Airport?
What airport is south of Logan Airport?
Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons (450 t) of bombs between them in the last 10 days of October. Liverpool suffered 200 short tons (180 t) of bombs dropped. Hull and Glasgow were attacked, but 800 short tons (730 t) of bombs were spread out all over Britain. The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester was targeted and 12 short tons (11 t) of bombs dropped against it. Little tonnage was dropped on Fighter Command airfields; Bomber Command airfields were hit instead.

Questions:
How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?
What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?
What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs?
Which was targeted more heavily, bomber or fighter command airfields?
Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it?
Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II, due partially to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994 the Internet retail giant Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.

Questions:
To what golden event was Seattle the portal?
Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?
In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?
What was Seattle's first primary money maker?
What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability?
Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.

Questions:
Boolean logic consists of what?
Logical empiricism (also logical positivism or neopositivism) was an early 20th-century attempt to synthesize the essential ideas of British empiricism (e.g. a strong emphasis on sensory experience as the basis for knowledge) with certain insights from mathematical logic that had been developed by Gottlob Frege and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Some of the key figures in this movement were Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick and the rest of the Vienna Circle, along with A.J. Ayer, Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach.

Questions:
What are other terms for logical empiricism?
When was logical empricism formulated?
What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?
What was Otto Neurath an important member of?
What was AJ Ayer an important member of?
Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory) -- [call it "T"] -- is "falsifiable" does not mean that "T" is false. Rather, it means that, if "T" is false, then (in principle), "T" could be shown to be false, by observation or by experiment. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.

Questions:
Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?
What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?
What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?
What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.

Questions:
What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?
Where is the British Museum located?
Are there any bridges located in London?
What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?
What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?
How many theaters does London's West End have?
Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?
What famous palace is located in London?
What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?
How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?
London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.

Questions:
How many different languages are spoken in London?
What was the population in London in 2014?
Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?
How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?
What years was London considered the world's most populous city?
From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?
During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?
Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?
As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?
What is the population of metropolitan London?
London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.

Questions:
Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?
What area has historically been the literary hub of London?
A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?
Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?
What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?
London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British Summer Time are all held in London. The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.

Questions:
What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?
In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? 
What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?
What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?
Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?
London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. As of 2008[update], the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.

Questions:
What major film production company calls London home?
In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?
What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?
What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?
In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?
London i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.

Questions:
What city is the capital of England?
Who founded the city of London?
As of 2011, what was the population of London?
What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?
When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?
As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?
On what river is London situated?
What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?
What bodies govern Greater London?
What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

Questions:
Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?
Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?
How many universities are located in London?
Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?
How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?
Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?
How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?
What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?
How many universities does London boast?
When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?
London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and its 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also more than any other city in the world. A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education

Questions:
What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?
London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?
What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?
London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways. In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened. There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal; however, these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.

Questions:
How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?
The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?
In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?
A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?
In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?
London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.

Questions:
What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?
Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?
Where is the East London Mosque located?
Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?
How many Hindu temples exist in London?
London is home to five major medical schools – Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London – and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres are based in the city – Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).

Questions:
How many major medical schools does London boast?
What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?
Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?
How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?
UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?
London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.

Questions:
When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?
Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?
How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?
Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?
The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?
London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.

Questions:
According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?
How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?
As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?
Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?
What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?
London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum. The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.

Questions:
What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?
London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?
In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?
What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?
Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?
London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.

Questions:
What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?
Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"
How many Members of Parliament are from London?
As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?
As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?
London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 and Paris €11,229.

Questions:
London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?
What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?
A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?
What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?
What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?
London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Ed Sheeran and One Direction. London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London and in the rest of the UK.

Questions:
London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?
Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?
Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?
What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?
London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.

Questions:
What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?
Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?
When did London host its first Summer Olympics?
How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?
Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.

Questions:
What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?
Of what material is London's National Gallery made?
When did the Great Fire of London occur?
The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?
What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?
London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than the Underground. Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.

Questions:
How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?
How many buses does the London public bus network operate?
What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?
What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?
Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?
London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May 1941, with only 2,631 weapons available. Dowding had to rely on night fighters. From 1940 to 1941, the most successful night-fighter was the Boulton Paul Defiant; its four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type. AA defences improved by better use of radar and searchlights. Over several months, the 20,000 shells spent per raider shot down in September 1940, was reduced to 4,087 in January 1941 and to 2,963 shells in February 1941.

Questions:
Who reorganised London's defences?
The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?
Who relied on night fighters?
Who's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type?
How were AA defenses improved?
London's first and only cable car, known as the Emirates Air Line, opened in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city, the cable car is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. Costing £60 million to build, it carries over 3,500 passengers every day, although this is very much lower than its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates.

Questions:
What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?
When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?
Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?
What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?
Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?
London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.

Questions:
What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?
What is the largest industry in London?
What is the UK's central bank known as?
Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?
How many banks does London operate overseas?
London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United. Among other professional teams based in London include Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Charlton Athletic. In May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League. Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.

Questions:
What is London's most popular athletic sport?
How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?
When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?
How many professional football clubs call London their home?
Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?
Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.

Questions:
In which year did Detroit's population peak?
What was the population of Detroit in 1950?
By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?
What was the population of Detroit in 2010?
Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely. The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species.

Questions:
Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?
During informal consultation, what is the goal?
What prompts the need for formal consultation?
What considerations are weighed during the consultations?
Long distance migrants are believed to disperse as young birds and form attachments to potential breeding sites and to favourite wintering sites. Once the site attachment is made they show high site-fidelity, visiting the same wintering sites year after year.

Questions:
When do long distance migrants disperse?
What do young birds form attachments to?
What else do young birds form attachments to?
What happens when the site attachment is made?
Where do migrating birds visit?
Longer works are often divided into self-contained pieces, called movements, often with contrasting characters or moods. For instance, symphonies written during the Classical period are usually divided into four movements: (1) an opening Allegro in sonata form, (2) a slow movement, (3) a minuet or scherzo, and (4) a final Allegro. These movements can then be further broken down into a hierarchy of smaller units: first sections, then periods, and finally phrases.

Questions:
What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?
How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?
What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?
A movement broken up further is called what?
The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?
Longjing tea (also called dragon well tea), originating in Hangzhou, is one of the most prestigious, if not the most prestigious Chinese tea. Hangzhou is also renowned for its silk umbrellas and hand fans. Zhejiang cuisine (itself subdivided into many traditions, including Hangzhou cuisine) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine.

Questions:
What is Longjing tea also called?
Where does Longjing tea originate from?
What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?
What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?
Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?
Longstanding political tensions from the 27 year rule of William Tubman resulted in a military coup in 1980 that overthrew the leadership soon after his death, marking the beginning of political instability. Five years of military rule by the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by the National Democratic Party of Liberia were followed by the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy. A peace agreement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005. Recovery proceeds but about 85% of the population live below the international poverty line.

Questions:
How long did william tubman rule?
In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?
How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?
How long was the rule of the national democratic party?
What did the liberian civil war result in?
Loop antennas consist of a loop or coil of wire. Loops with circumference of a wavelength or larger act similarly to dipole antennas. However loops small in comparison to a wavelength act differently. They interact with the magnetic field of the radio wave instead of the electric field as other antennas do, and so are relatively insensitive to nearby electrical noise. However they have low radiation resistance, and so are inefficient for transmitting. They are used as receiving antennas at low frequencies, and also as direction finding antennas.

Questions:
What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?
What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?
If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?
Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?
What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?
Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context, in a letter sent on February 13, 1814: "It affords me great satisfaction to acquaint you that there is every prospect of the Congress terminating with a general accord and Guarantee between the Great powers of Europe, with a determination to support the arrangement agreed upon, and to turn the general influence and if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace."

Questions:
When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?
What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?
What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?
Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 was a watershed. Japan, a country long regarded by the Chinese as little more than an upstart nation of pirates, annihilated the Qing government's modernized Beiyang Fleet, then deemed to be the strongest naval force in Asia. The Japanese victory occurred a mere three decades after the Meiji Restoration set a feudal Japan on course to emulate the Western nations in their economic and technological achievements. Finally, in December 1894, the Qing government took concrete steps to reform military institutions and to re-train selected units in westernized drills, tactics and weaponry. These units were collectively called the New Army. The most successful of these was the Beiyang Army under the overall supervision and control of a former Huai Army commander, General Yuan Shikai, who used his position to build networks of loyal officers and eventually become President of the Republic of China.

Questions:
Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?
Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?
When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?
What was the new modern army called?
Who became the President of the Republic of China?
Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.

Questions:
What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?
What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?
What are around 50-60% of the original size?
Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.

Questions:
What usually exploits statistical redundancy?
What represents statistical redundancy?
What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?
Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.

Questions:
What compression is used in a lot of applications?
What is used in most video DVDs?
What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless?
Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

Questions:
What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?
What can save storage space?
What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?
Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the "fastest mind I ever met", and Jacob Bronowski wrote "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius." George Pólya, whose lectures at ETH Zürich von Neumann attended as a student, said "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper." Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:

Questions:
How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? 
What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?
What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?