the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.

Questions:
Where did Elihu Yale grow up?
Where was Elihu Yale born?
What was Elihu Yale's father's name?
Who suggested the new name of Yale?
How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?
In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhuliang in 1750, and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty.

Questions:
Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?
When did Yongzheng give this title?
What was Zhu's job?
In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Questions:
Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
Where was Nader Shan from?
In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Questions:
Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Questions:
When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
When did Edmund Burke graduate?
In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

Questions:
What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?
According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?
What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?
What individual was the main target of the pact?
Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?
In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Questions:
Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.

Questions:
Who was Raghunath Rao?
Who did Rao conquer in 1758?
When was the Third Battle of Panipat?
Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?
Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?
In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.

Questions:
What is the Latin term for "dog.?"
What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?
Who published Systema Naturae?
What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?
What is the Latin word for dog?
Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?
What is the Latin name for a wolf?
Feral dogs have what Latin classification?
What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?
In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Questions:
What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
On average, when did children born in the City of London die? 
How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
What was the London hub of the British press?
In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Questions:
Where did the French attack in 1762?
What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
Did the French hold St. John's?
Did the French take St. John's?
Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Questions:
What did Spain trade Florida for
Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba 
What road did the British construct 
What river does the Kings road cross
In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

Questions:
Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?
Near what region was Balta bording?
During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?
The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?
The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.

Questions:
Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?
What was the title of Baji Rao I?
What was the title of Hyder Ali?
Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?
In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?
In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Questions:
What year did Patrick Henry give his speech?
What happened on April 18, 1780?
What did Patrick Henry's speech encourage to happen?
What's one reason the capital was moved to Richmond?
Who was Governor of Virginia in 1781
What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.

Questions:
When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
What did Kant describe time as?
What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Questions:
In what year did New York become the United States capital?
Who was the United States' first President?
In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?
On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?
What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?
New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?
The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?
By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?
In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war.

Questions:
In what year did Philip pass away?
Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?
In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?
How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?
Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Questions:
When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
What were the two categories for race in the census?
Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
When was the first US federal population census taken?
How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Was every resident listed by name?
when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Were all residents counted together or separately?
When did the US begin to take census?
At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
What does mulatto mean?
Who were considered "free people of color"?
Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States—the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, East Carolina University, Western Carolina University, Winston-Salem State University, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State University, Appalachian State University, Fayetteville State University, and UNC School of the Arts, and . Along with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University, with more than 34,000 students. North Carolina is home to many excellent universities as well as dozens of community colleges and private universities.

Questions:
What state opened the first public university in the United States?
What year was the first public university opened in the United States?
What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?
What is the largest University in North Carolina?
How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?
In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

Questions:
Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?
What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?
Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?
What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?
In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Questions:
Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Questions:
Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?
Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?
How did Colquhoun praise the French police?
In 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. It had been imposed by a foreign invading army and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population's resistance to the occupation.

Questions:
Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?
What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?
What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?
What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?
Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?
In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

Questions:
What put English Freemasonry at risk?
What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?
When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?
What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?
Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?
English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?
Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?
What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?
Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?
What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

Questions:
in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? 
the 1803 act created what dock program?
The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?
What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?
in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with?
In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. It was argued for some years whether heat was a physical substance, dubbed the caloric, or merely a physical quantity, such as momentum. In 1845 James Prescott Joule discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat.

Questions:
Who was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
When did Thomas Young use the term "energy" instead of vis viva?
Who coined the term "potential energy?"
Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?
When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

Questions:
 In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?
Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?
Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?
What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

Questions:
What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?
In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?
 Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?
Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

Questions:
In which year did the Society of Friends begin?
The Society of Friends goal was what?
The Society of Friends was also known by what name?
The first of several revolutions began when?
War was started with the Ottomans when?
In 1815, the British government selected Saint Helena as the place of detention of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was taken to the island in October 1815. Napoleon stayed at the Briars pavilion on the grounds of the Balcombe family's home until his permanent residence, Longwood House, was completed in December 1815. Napoleon died there on 5 May 1821.

Questions:
The British government detained who in Saint Helena?
What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?
Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?
What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?
What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?
In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

Questions:
Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
In 1816, François Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.

Questions:
Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?
Who first began dividing foods into categories?
Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?
Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?
What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?
In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

Questions:
in what year did the UK annex the islands?
where did the UK rule the islands from?
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine; he played the piano for the Duke and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested to "little Chopin's" popularity.

Questions:
In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?
What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?
What building was Frédéric's new home adjacent to?
What palace was Frédéric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?
What short poem spoke of Frédéric's popularity as a child?
The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?
The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?
As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?
What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?
In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?
What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?
What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?
What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?
Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?
In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

Questions:
In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?
Who disbanded the Janissary corps?
In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?
Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?
In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?
In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

Questions:
What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 
What did Alexis Bouvard study? 
When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 
Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 
What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce?
In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.

Questions:
Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?
What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?
Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?
What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?
Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?
In 1821, Saul Solomon issued a 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.

Questions:
How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?
Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?
How much was each copper token worth?
When did the Crown take over the island?
In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico and established the Republic of Texas. In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state. Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people (both Mexicans and non-Spanish European settlers who include German Texan) who were outnumbered (six-to-one) by English-speaking settlers (both Americans and other immigrant Europeans).[citation needed]

Questions:
Was Texas a part of Mexico?
When did the Americans come to Texas?
Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?
When did Texas become a state?
Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?
In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their descendants married within their community and came to identify as Americo-Liberians. Many were of mixed race and educated in American culture; they did not identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried largely within the colonial community, developing an ethnic group that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.

Questions:
African  Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?
By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?
What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as? 
Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with? 
What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?
In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12 km2).

Questions:
What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?
What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?
Boston was chartered as what in 1822?
What was the population of Boston in 1822?
How many square miles was the city in 1822?
In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.

Questions:
Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?
What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?
How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?
In 1824, the French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor.  In the 1880s, many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC's advantages in long-distance high-voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. The first alternating-current commutatorless induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. In 1888, the Royal Academy of Science of Turin published Ferraris' research detailing the foundations of motor operation while however concluding that "the apparatus based on that principle could not be of any commercial importance as motor." In 1888, Tesla presented his paper A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers to the AIEE that described three patented two-phase four-stator-pole motor types: one with a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting reluctance motor, another with a wound rotor forming a self-starting induction motor, and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited DC supply to rotor winding. One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887, however, also described a shorted-winding-rotor induction motor. George Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla's patents, employed Tesla to develop them, and assigned C. F. Scott to help Tesla, Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889.  The constant speed AC induction motor was found not to be suitable for street cars but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride, Colorado in 1891. Steadfast in his promotion of three-phase development, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented the three-phase cage-rotor induction motor in 1889 and the three-limb transformer in 1890. This type of motor is now used for the vast majority of commercial applications. However, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work. Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893, these early Westinghouse motors were two-phase motors with wound rotors until B. G. Lamme developed a rotating bar winding rotor. The General Electric Company began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891. By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor. Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a 100 horsepower (HP) induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5 HP motor in 1897.

Questions:
Who built the first induction motor?
What type of power were early motors unable to use?
Who bought Tesla's patents?
For what application was Tesla's motor first used?
What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor?