the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found." This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.

Questions:
When did Russian musika show up?
khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?
What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?
Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?
In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

Questions:
What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?
At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?
In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?
Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?
Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?
In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Questions:
Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as “Book Blade” (书剑子), who stated:

Questions:
What did the China Digital Times report?
Who was the construction engineer known as?
Where was an article reported about the scandal?
What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?
In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Questions:
In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Questions:
Who described slaves as negars?
Where was John Rolfe?
Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.

Questions:
In what era were there many socio-technological trends?
The 21st century is refereed to as what?
What device was used most during the The Information age?
What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
What is the 21st century also known as?
What device was used most during 21st century?
What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.

Questions:
From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?
Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?
Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?
In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?
What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?
In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.

Questions:
Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?
What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?
Near what river were the Avars originally based?
During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?
In what year did the reign of Maurice end?
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism. The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.

Questions:
What differentiates God from gods?
What belief has many gods?
What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?
What is the tetragrammaton gor God?
No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?
What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?
What is the name of God in Judaism?
What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?
In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism—both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt—a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]

Questions:
What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?
Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.
Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?
Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?
Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?
In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Questions:
Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
In the First World War, Devonport was the headquarters of Western Approaches Command until 1941 and Sunderland flying boats were operated by the Royal Australian Air Force. It was an important embarkation point for US troops for D-Day. The city was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, in a series of 59 raids known as the Plymouth Blitz. Although the dockyards were the principal targets, much of the city centre and over 3,700 houses were completely destroyed and more than 1,000 civilians lost their lives. This was largely due to Plymouth's status as a major port Charles Church was hit by incendiary bombs and partially destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz, but has not been demolished, as it is now an official permanent monument to the bombing of Plymouth during World War II.

Questions:
What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?
What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?
How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?
How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?
How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?
In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).

Questions:
What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?
In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the immortal gods, has an incredible power of spells (vi cantaminum) for everything he wishes to." Pliny the Elder offers a thoroughly skeptical "History of magical arts" from their supposed Persian origins to Nero's vast and futile expenditure on research into magical practices in an attempt to control the gods. Philostratus takes pains to point out that the celebrated Apollonius of Tyana was definitely not a magus, "despite his special knowledge of the future, his miraculous cures, and his ability to vanish into thin air".

Questions:
What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?
To what did the term magi originally refer?
Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?
What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?
Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?
In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

Questions:
What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?
Zeus was paired with which local god?
Aphrodite was paired with which local god?
Isis was paired with what local god?
In the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Graecus is presented as the son of Zeus and Pandora II, sister of Hellen the patriarch of Hellenes. Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece. The Parian Chronicle mentions that when Deucalion became king of Phthia, the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes. Aristotle notes that the Hellenes were related with Grai/Greeks (Meteorologica I.xiv) a native name of a Dorian tribe in Epirus which was used by the Illyrians. He also claims that the great deluge must have occurred in the region around Dodona, where the Selloi dwelt. However, according to the Greek tradition it is more possible that the homeland of the Greeks was originally in central Greece. A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, "inhabitant of Graia/Graea," a town on the coast of Boeotia. Greek colonists from Graia helped to found Cumae (900 BC) in Italy, where they were called Graeces. When the Romans encountered them they used this name for the colonists and then for all Greeks (Graeci.) The word γραῖα graia "old woman" comes from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu; the same root later gave γέρας geras (/keras/), "gift of honour" in Mycenean Greek. The Germanic languages borrowed the word Greeks with an initial "k" sound which probably was their initial sound closest to the Latin "g" at the time (Goth. Kreks). The area out of ancient Attica including Boeotia was called Graïke and is connected with the older deluge of Ogyges, the mythological ruler of Boeotia. The region was originally occupied by the Minyans who were autochthonous or Proto-Greek speaking people. In ancient Greek the name Ogygios came to mean "from earliest days".

Questions:
what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?
What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?
What  is the origins of the term "old woman " ?
Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?
In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).

Questions:
What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
When was the Dormition church destroyed?
In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Questions:
What does IPA stand for?
Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
pʰ represents what?
In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Questions:
Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?
Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
In the James Bond series by Ian Fleming, James Bond, reads The Times. As described by Fleming in From Russia, with Love: "The Times was the only paper that Bond ever read."

Questions:
The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?
What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?
In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?
In the Kingdom of Holland, the British launched the Walcheren Campaign to open up a second front in the war and to relieve the pressure on the Austrians. The British army only landed at Walcheren on 30 July, by which point the Austrians had already been defeated. The Walcheren Campaign was characterized by little fighting but heavy casualties thanks to the popularly dubbed "Walcheren Fever." Over 4000 British troops were lost in a bungled campaign, and the rest withdrew in December 1809. The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. Emperor Francis wanted to wait and see how the British performed in their theater before entering into negotiations with Napoleon. Once it became apparent that the British were going nowhere, the Austrians agreed to peace talks.

Questions:
What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?
The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?
 On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?
What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?
When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?
In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. Most often the individual being ennobled would join an existing noble szlachta clan and assume the undifferentiated coat of arms of that clan.

Questions:
Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?
What right was reversed by sijm?
What would be given to the enobled one?
After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?
What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?
In the Late Empire and Middle Ages Vergilius was spelled Virgilius. Two explanations are commonly given for this alteration. One deduces a false etymology associated with the word virgo ("maiden" in Latin) due to Virgil's excessive, "maiden"-like modesty. Alternatively, some argue that Vergilius was altered to Virgilius by analogy with the Latin virga ("wand") due to the magical or prophetic powers attributed to Virgil in the Middle Ages (this explanation is found in only a handful of manuscripts, however, and was probably not widespread). In Norman schools (following the French practice), the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence Virgil. In the 19th century, some German-trained classicists in the United States suggested modification to Vergil, as it is closer to his original name, and is also the traditional German spelling.[citation needed] Modern usage permits both, though the Oxford guide to style recommends Vergilius to avoid confusion with the 8th-century grammarian Virgilius Maro Grammaticus. Some post-Renaissance writers liked to affect the sobriquet "The Swan of Mantua".[citation needed]

Questions:
Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?
During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?
In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?
Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?
In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Questions:
When was the golden age of Catalan?
Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.

Questions:
In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?
Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?
In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?
In the March 26 general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23, in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained. While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected, more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin, physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak.

Questions:
What percentage of people voted on March 26?
How many constituencies had run-off elections?
How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?
In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.

Questions:
Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?
Who came in second on season six of American Idol?
On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?
When was the finale aired?
Which contestant won the season?
Who was the runner up?
In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de México, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.

Questions:
When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?
How many national airlines are there in Mexico?
How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?
What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?
In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity.

Questions:
Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?
Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?
During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?
In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate, which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building, the Sultanate of Adal, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire, and the Sultanate of the Geledi, whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf.

Questions:
What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?
What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?
What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?
What state did Adal conquer?
What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?
In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

Questions:
What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?
Who added the election of laymen to church government?
When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?
Who added synods to church government?
What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?
In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site changed hands many times; owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.

Questions:
Which river runs underneath the palace?
The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?
Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?
The site was passed to monks from which abbey?
The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?
What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?
Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?
What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?
In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.

Questions:
What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas.

Questions:
Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?
What was the cause of the severe erosion?
Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?
What was Louis Agassiz also known as?
In the NLCS, the Cubs easily won the first two games at Wrigley Field against the San Diego Padres. The Padres were the winners of the Western Division with Steve Garvey, Tony Gwynn, Eric Show, Goose Gossage and Alan Wiggins. With wins of 13–0 and 4–2, the Cubs needed to win only one game of the next three in San Diego to make it to the World Series. After being beaten in Game 3 7–1, the Cubs lost Game 4 when Smith, with the game tied 5–5, allowed a game-winning home run to Garvey in the bottom of the ninth inning. In Game 5 the Cubs took a 3–0 lead into the 6th inning, and a 3–2 lead into the seventh with Sutcliffe (who won the Cy Young Award that year) still on the mound. Then, Leon Durham had a sharp grounder go under his glove. This critical error helped the Padres win the game 6–3, with a 4-run 7th inning and keep Chicago out of the 1984 World Series against the Detroit Tigers. The loss ended a spectacular season for the Cubs, one that brought alive a slumbering franchise and made the Cubs relevant for a whole new generation of Cubs fans.

Questions:
Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?
Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?
Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?
In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.

Questions:
How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?
How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?
In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as "arresten", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)

Questions:
Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?
The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?
What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?
Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?
The high court for administrative law is also known as what?
In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example, Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives.

Questions:
In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?
Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?
Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?
In the PAL region, which covers most of Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania, Twilight Princess is the best-selling entry in the Zelda series. During its first week, the game was sold with three of every four Wii purchases. The game had sold 5.82 million copies on the Wii as of March 31, 2011[update], and 1.32 million on the GameCube as of March 31, 2007[update].

Questions:
What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?
How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?
How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?
What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?
How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?
How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?
In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.

Questions:
When did the Papal States exist?
In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?
What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?
In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but on 23 October 1955 in the Saar Statute referendum the Saar electorate rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of Federal German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to join the Federal Republic of Germany.

Questions:
In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?
In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?
What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?
Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?
The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Oliver Colvile (for Devon South West), Gary Streeter (for Sutton and Devonport) and Johnny Mercer for Moor View.

Questions:
What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?
Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?
As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?
What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?
In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

Questions:
What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Who were spiritual intermediates? 
Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.

Questions:
In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?
In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?
In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?
In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?
In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?
In the Prussian province of Posen, with a large Polish population, there was strong support for the French and angry demonstrations at news of Prussian-German victories—a clear manifestation of Polish nationalist feeling. Calls were also made for Polish recruits to desert from the Prussian Army—though these went mainly unheeded. An alarming report on the Posen situation, sent to Bismarck on 16 August 1870, led to the quartering of reserve troop contingents in the restive province. The Franco-Prussian War thus turned out to be a significant event also in German–Polish relations, marking the beginning of a prolonged period of repressive measures by the authorities and efforts at Germanisation.

Questions:
In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?
What was there strong support of in Posen?
What calls were made for the Polish recruits?
On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?
What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?
In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices increased. By the late Republican era, the flamines were supervised by the pontifical collegia. The rex sacrorum had become a relatively obscure priesthood with an entirely symbolic title: his religious duties still included the daily, ritual announcement of festivals and priestly duties within two or three of the latter but his most important priestly role – the supervision of the Vestals and their rites – fell to the more politically powerful and influential pontifex maximus.

Questions:
Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?
What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?
What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?
What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?
By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?
In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

Questions:
What supports 48,027 characters?
What supports 13,053 characters?
What area uses traditional Chinese characters?
In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Questions:
What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Questions:
What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
What is the pope's official title?
What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?