the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

Questions:
In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?
Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?
What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?
What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?
What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?
In 1827, soon after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the family moved from the Warsaw University building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just across the street from the university, in the south annex of the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,[n 5] where Chopin lived until he left Warsaw in 1830.[n 6] Here his parents continued running their boarding house for male students; the Chopin Family Parlour (Salonik Chopinów) became a museum in the 20th century. In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.[n 7]

Questions:
During what year did Frédéric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?
What street did Frédéric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?
What year did Frédéric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasiński Palace?
What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?
Which artist created the first known portrait of Frédéric?
What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?
What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
What was the Chopin family's business?
What artist painted the Chopin family?
Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?
What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?
What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?
What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?
Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?
In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.

Questions:
In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?
What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?
What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?
Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?
Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?
Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? 
Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? 
Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? 
What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? 
Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?
Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?
How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?
What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?
Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?
When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?
In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

Questions:
What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?
After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?
After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?
The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?
A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?
In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska's mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed. It is thought that she was influenced by his poor health and possibly also by rumours about his associations with women such as d'Agoult and Sand. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, "My tragedy". Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin's relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

Questions:
Who was the host of the gathering where Frédéric was introduced to George Sand?
What did Frédéric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?
Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Frédéric?
What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?
What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska?
What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?
Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?
What year did Maria Wodzińska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?
What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?
Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?
In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended because William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria). Hanover could be inherited only by male heirs. Thus, Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when it was annexed by Prussia during the Austro-Prussian war. Despite being expected to defeat Prussia at the Battle of Langensalza, Prussia employed Moltke the Elder's Kesselschlacht order of battle to instead destroy the Hanoverian army. The city of Hanover became the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover. After the annexation, the people of Hanover generally opposed the Prussian government.

Questions:
What ended in the year 1837?
What was the name of William IV's heir?
Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?
What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?
In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?
In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Questions:
In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.

Questions:
in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?
in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?
what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?
when did the first Opium war start?
Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?
In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France", and "laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks, "and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry". "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production", with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".

Questions:
In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?
From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?
What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? 
In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?
By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?
In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Questions:
In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

Questions:
What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Who gave the teacher the new job ?
Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery. The Queen commissioned a Tory, Sir Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen's ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the bedchamber crisis, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.

Questions:
What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?
In what year did Melbourne resign?
Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?
What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?
What year did Melbourne resign?
Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?
Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?
Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?
Who resigned their position in 1839? 
Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?
What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? 
After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? 
Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? 
What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?
Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?
Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?
Why did Peel resign his comission?
Who returned to office after Peel resigned?
In 1840, Louis Philippe I obtained permission from the British to return Napoleon's remains to France. On 15 December 1840, a state funeral was held. The hearse proceeded from the Arc de Triomphe down the Champs-Élysées, across the Place de la Concorde to the Esplanade des Invalides and then to the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until the tomb designed by Louis Visconti was completed. In 1861, Napoleon's remains were entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides.

Questions:
In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?
 On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?
At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?
 In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?
In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?
In 1840, St Helena became a provisioning station for the British West Africa Squadron, preventing slavery to Brazil (mainly), and many thousands of slaves were freed on the island. These were all African, and about 500 stayed while the rest were sent on to the West Indies and Cape Town, and eventually to Sierra Leone.

Questions:
In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?
What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?
What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?
How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?
How many slaves were freed from the island?
In 1840, a British naval station established to suppress the African slave trade was based on the island, and between 1840 and 1849 over 15,000 freed slaves, known as "Liberated Africans", were landed there.

Questions:
Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?
Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?
What were the freed slaves known as?
In 1841, Léon Escudier wrote of a recital given by Chopin that year, "One may say that Chopin is the creator of a school of piano and a school of composition. In truth, nothing equals the lightness, the sweetness with which the composer preludes on the piano; moreover nothing may be compared to his works full of originality, distinction and grace." Chopin refused to conform to a standard method of playing and believed that there was no set technique for playing well. His style was based extensively on his use of very independent finger technique. In his Projet de méthode he wrote: "Everything is a matter of knowing good fingering ... we need no less to use the rest of the hand, the wrist, the forearm and the upper arm." He further stated: "One needs only to study a certain position of the hand in relation to the keys to obtain with ease the most beautiful quality of sound, to know how to play short notes and long notes, and [to attain] unlimited dexterity." The consequences of this approach to technique in Chopin's music include the frequent use of the entire range of the keyboard, passages in double octaves and other chord groupings, swiftly repeated notes, the use of grace notes, and the use of contrasting rhythms (four against three, for example) between the hands.

Questions:
What was Chopin's style based upon?
Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?
What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?
In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.

Questions:
In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?
Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?
Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?
On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?
Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?
In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.

Questions:
What year was the potato blight in Ireland?
How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?
How long did the Great Famine last?
How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?
What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?
What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?
How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?
What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? 
What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? 
How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? 
What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?
When did the potato blight begin?
How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?
What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?
How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?
In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.

Questions:
What Neapolitan architect created the "Flying Chair" elevator?
At what location was the "Flying Chair" installed in 1845?
What type of wood was used on the inside ?
What controlled the traction?
What did the safety system consist of?
In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.

Questions:
Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?
What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?
What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?
Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?
How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?
In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.

Questions:
What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?
How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?
What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?
What did Joseph Lister prove?
Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?
In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people.

Questions:
What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?
What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? 
What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?
In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.

Questions:
In what year did Horne began doing business?
In what city did Horne begin their operations?
What company purchased Horne's in 1972?
How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?
In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854, and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.

Questions:
Who created the safety elevator in 1852?
What feature did the safety elevator display? 
What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?
At what location was it first presented?
Where was the first safety elevator installed?
In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the Crimean War, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region.

Questions:
When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
When was the Crimean War?
During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Questions:
Who was Victoria's eighth child?
What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
What did Albert complain about Victoria?
What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
What was the name of Victoria's final child?
When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
What year was victorias final child born?
What was the name of Victorias final child?
Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? 
What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?
In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Questions:
How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
What is the current area of Mexico City?
How large was Mexico City at its largest?
When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? 
Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
In 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said:

Questions:
When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Questions:
Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?
What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?
Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?
Who has authority over Longwood house?
In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

Questions:
According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?
What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?
Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

Questions:
How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?
The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?
What happened to the population by the year 1880?
What had the population grown to in 1908?
In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of "last to join the Confederacy" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861.

Questions:
What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?
North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?
When was North Carolinas official secession?
When was Tennessees informal secession?
When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?
In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.

Questions:
Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?
What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?
Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?
The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?
The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?
In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Questions:
When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
Who won the first and second cups? 
When was the modern cup established?
In 1864, Andrew Johnson (a War Democrat from Tennessee) was elected Vice President under Abraham Lincoln. He became President after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Under Johnson's lenient re-admission policy, Tennessee was the first of the seceding states to have its elected members readmitted to the U.S. Congress, on July 24, 1866. Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it was the only one of the formerly secessionist states that did not have a military governor during the Reconstruction period.

Questions:
Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?
Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?
On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?
Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?
In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?
In 1865, when the Bell family moved to London, Bell returned to Weston House as an assistant master and, in his spare hours, continued experiments on sound using a minimum of laboratory equipment. Bell concentrated on experimenting with electricity to convey sound and later installed a telegraph wire from his room in Somerset College to that of a friend. Throughout late 1867, his health faltered mainly through exhaustion. His younger brother, Edward "Ted," was similarly bed-ridden, suffering from tuberculosis. While Bell recovered (by then referring to himself in correspondence as "A.G. Bell") and served the next year as an instructor at Somerset College, Bath, England, his brother's condition deteriorated. Edward would never recover. Upon his brother's death, Bell returned home in 1867. His older brother Melville had married and moved out. With aspirations to obtain a degree at University College London, Bell considered his next years as preparation for the degree examinations, devoting his spare time at his family's residence to studying.

Questions:
In what year did the Bell's move to London?
Where did Bell go in work in 1865?
What building was Bell in?
How did Bell sign his letters?
In what year did Bell move home?
In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.

Questions:
When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?
in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?
What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?
What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?
When did Austria and Prussia go to war?
Who won the battle of Koniggratz?
What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?
What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??
In 1867, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and second son of Queen Victoria, visited the islands. The main settlement, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, was named in honour of his visit. Lewis Carroll's youngest brother, the Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson, served as an Anglican missionary and schoolteacher in Tristan da Cunha in the 1880s.

Questions:
in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?
what was the main settlement named?
who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?
In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.

Questions:
When was did Washington University open its law school?
Who was Robert Somers Brookings?
When did Washington University establish its medical school? 
When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?
In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

Questions:
What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?
What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? 
What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? 
What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed?
In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (£340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.

Questions:
When did the Suez Canal open?
Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?
Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?
How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?
The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

Questions:
When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?
Where did Russell and others form their group?
What was the purpose of Russell's group?
1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?
When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?