the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map." The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.

Questions:
How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?
How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?
Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?
What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?
What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?
Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?
What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?
How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?
What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland, thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration. In France he used the French versions of his given names, and after receiving French citizenship in 1835, he travelled on a French passport. However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French. Chopin's biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father's French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.

Questions:
What event was Frédéric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?
What version of Frédéric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?
In what year did Frédéric officially acquire French citizenship?
What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Frédéric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?
What nationality is stated as the one Frédéric felt most identified by?
When did Chopin reach Paris?
By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?
In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?
What is the name of Chopin's biographer?
After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?
What country's passport did he have from 1835?
What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?
What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?
Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?
Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these).

Questions:
An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?
Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?
Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?
What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?
When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?
In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.

Questions:
When did Chopin last appear in public?
Where was Chopin's last public performance?
Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?
What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?
Where was Chopin's last public performance?
Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.

Questions:
What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?
What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?
Chopin gave a yearly performance where?
Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?
In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?
What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?
Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?
On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?
Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?
Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).

Questions:
Who is credited with creating the nocturne?
Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?
What new genre di John Field invent?
Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?
What musical concept did Chopin exploit?
What three other musicians were developing the new genre?
Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the "brilliant" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.

Questions:
Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?
Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?
Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?
Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?
Chopin's disease and the cause of his death have since been a matter of discussion. His death certificate gave the cause as tuberculosis, and his physician, Jean Cruveilhier, was then the leading French authority on this disease. Other possibilities have been advanced including cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, the attribution of tuberculosis as principal cause of death has not been disproved. Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.

Questions:
What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?
What was the name of Chopin's doctor?
What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?
What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?
Who was Chopin's physician?
Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?
Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?
Chopin's harmonic innovations may have arisen partly from his keyboard improvisation technique. Temperley says that in his works "novel harmonic effects frequently result from the combination of ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures of accompaniment", and cadences are delayed by the use of chords outside the home key (neapolitan sixths and diminished sevenths), or by sudden shifts to remote keys. Chord progressions sometimes anticipate the shifting tonality of later composers such as Claude Debussy, as does Chopin's use of modal harmony.

Questions:
Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?
What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?
Who wrote about Chopin's "novel harmonic effects"?
Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: La valse de l'adieu (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002).

Questions:
What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?
What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?
What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?
Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?
Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?
What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?
Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?
Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?
Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?
Chopin's life was covered in a BBC TV documentary Chopin – The Women Behind The Music (2010), and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television.

Questions:
What television station made a documentary on Chopin?
What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?
What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?
What television station released a documentary on Chopin?
What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?
What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?
Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?
Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes are all in straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda. The mazurkas often show more folk features than many of his other works, sometimes including modal scales and harmonies and the use of drone basses. However, some also show unusual sophistication, for example Op. 63 No. 3, which includes a canon at one beat's distance, a great rarity in music.

Questions:
Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? 
What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?
Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?
What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?
What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?
Chopin's music is frequently played with rubato, "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time, 'robbing' some note-values for expressive effect". There are differing opinions as to how much, and what type, of rubato is appropriate for his works. Charles Rosen comments that "most of the written-out indications of rubato in Chopin are to be found in his mazurkas ... It is probable that Chopin used the older form of rubato so important to Mozart ... [where] the melody note in the right hand is delayed until after the note in the bass ... An allied form of this rubato is the arpeggiation of the chords thereby delaying the melody note; according to Chopin's pupil, Karol Mikuli, Chopin was firmly opposed to this practice."

Questions:
Chopin's compositions are often played with what?
What does rubato mean?
In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?
What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?
Chopin's music remains very popular and is regularly performed, recorded and broadcast worldwide. The world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Chopin Piano Competition, founded in 1927, is held every five years in Warsaw. The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland lists on its website over eighty societies world-wide devoted to the composer and his music. The Institute site also lists nearly 1,500 performances of Chopin works on YouTube as of January 2014.

Questions:
What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?
What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?
Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?
The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?
What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?
When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?
There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?
How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?
Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.

Questions:
What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?
Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?
Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?
Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
What year was the Chopiniana released?
Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?
Who choreographed Chopiniana?
Who orchestrated Chopiniana?
Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?
Chopin's original publishers included Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel. His works soon began to appear in popular 19th-century piano anthologies. The first collected edition was by Breitkopf & Härtel (1878–1902). Among modern scholarly editions of Chopin's works are the version under the name of Paderewski published between 1937 and 1966 and the more recent Polish "National Edition", edited by Jan Ekier, both of which contain detailed explanations and discussions regarding choices and sources.

Questions:
Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?
Who edited the Polish "National Edition" of Chopin's works?
Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?
Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?
What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?
Who edited the Polish National Edition?
Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual."

Questions:
What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?
What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?
How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?
How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?
What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?
How many works did Chopin write in 1842?
How many works did Chopin write in 1843?
How many works did Chopin write in 1845?
Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.

Questions:
What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?
Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?
Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?
Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?
Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.

Questions:
In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?
With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?
When did Chopin last perform?
Who did Chopin last perform with?
Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?
Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?
What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?
Chopin's qualities as a pianist and composer were recognized by many of his fellow musicians. Schumann named a piece for him in his suite Carnaval, and Chopin later dedicated his Ballade No. 2 in F major to Schumann. Elements of Chopin's music can be traced in many of Liszt's later works. Liszt later transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. A less fraught friendship was with Alkan, with whom he discussed elements of folk music, and who was deeply affected by Chopin's death.

Questions:
In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?
What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? 
How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?
With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?
What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?
What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?
What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?
What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?
Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent to Sand's radical political pursuits, while Sand looked on his society friends with disdain. As the composer's illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child". In letters to third parties, she vented her impatience, referring to him as a "child," a "little angel", a "sufferer" and a "beloved little corpse." In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship." The two would never meet again.

Questions:
What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?
What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?
What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?
What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?
In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?
When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?
Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?
What novel did Sand write in 1847?
Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?
What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?
What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?
When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?
Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, in Warsaw, the November 1830 Uprising broke out, and Woyciechowski returned to Poland to enlist. Chopin, now alone in Vienna, was nostalgic for his homeland, and wrote to a friend, "I curse the moment of my departure." When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal: "Oh God! ... You are there, and yet you do not take vengeance!" Jachimecki ascribes to these events the composer's maturing "into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his native Poland."

Questions:
On what date did Frédéric begin his journey into Western Europe?
Which country did Frédéric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?
In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?
What historian commented that the events involving Frédéric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?
Who said that Chopin set out "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?"
Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?
Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?
Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?
What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?
When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?
What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?
What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?
What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?
Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850.[n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.

Questions:
Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?
What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?
How much did Chopin's funeral cost?
Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?
Who designed Chopin's tombstone?
How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?
Who paid for Chopin's funeral?
Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?
Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?
Chopin's études are largely in straightforward ternary form. He used them to teach his own technique of piano playing—for instance playing double thirds (Op. 25, No. 6), playing in octaves (Op. 25, No. 10), and playing repeated notes (Op. 10, No.  7).

Questions:
What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?
What form are most of Chopin's études in?
Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?
Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's "Hemorrhage (In My Hands)" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of "I Walk the Line" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result.

Questions:
Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?
Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?
Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?
Who performed a Fuel song on this season?
Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?
Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?
Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?
Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line
Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.

Questions:
What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?
Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?
What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?
When did Nigeria receive independence?
When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?
Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti (462–472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (468–483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography.

Questions:
When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?
When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?
What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?
When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?
Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?
Christian theologians have held idealist views, often based on Neoplatonism, despite the influence of Aristotelian scholasticism from the 12th century onward. Later western theistic idealism such as that of Hermann Lotze offers a theory of the "world ground" in which all things find their unity: it has been widely accepted by Protestant theologians. Several modern religious movements, for example the organizations within the New Thought Movement and the Unity Church, may be said to have a particularly idealist orientation. The theology of Christian Science includes a form of idealism: it teaches that all that truly exists is God and God's ideas; that the world as it appears to the senses is a distortion of the underlying spiritual reality, a distortion that may be corrected (both conceptually and in terms of human experience) through a reorientation (spiritualization) of thought.

Questions:
In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?
What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?
In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?
Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?
What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?
Christianity (59%), particularly Catholicism (33%), was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014, followed by Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City, over half living in Brooklyn. Islam ranks third in New York City, with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10% of the city's public schoolchildren, followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% self-identified with no organized religious affiliation.

Questions:
What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?
What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?
About how many Jews live in New York City?
What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?
What is the third most popular faith in New York City?
What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?
The second most prominent religion in New York is what?
Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?
What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?
The third most popular religion in NYC is what?
Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu.

Questions:
When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?
What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?
What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?
Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.

Questions:
What is Galicia's most widespread religion?
What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?
Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as "convinced atheists."

Questions:
What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?
What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? 
What religion has immigration brought by 2%?
According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?
What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?
Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.

Questions:
More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?
Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The eastern church used Greek instead of the western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities. The formal break came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two churches—the western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the eastern branch the Orthodox Church.

Questions:
What language was used by the eastern church?
What language did the western church use?
When did the eastern and western churches split?
Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?
What was the eastern church subsequently known as?
Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

Questions:
Who established Christianity in the region?
What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
What area still has intricate frescoes?
What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognized by the government, and have reserved seats in the Iranian Parliament. But the Bahá'í Faith, which is said to be the largest non-Muslim religious minority in Iran, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran since the 19th century. Since the 1979 Revolution, the persecution of Bahais has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.

Questions:
What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?
Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?
What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?
How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?
Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?
Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

Questions:
What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
How are people united with God?
What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
Christoph Waltz was cast in the role of Franz Oberhauser, though he refused to comment on the nature of the part. It was later revealed with the film's release that he is Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Dave Bautista was cast as Mr. Hinx after producers sought an actor with a background in contact sports. After casting Bérénice Lim Marlohe, a relative newcomer, as Sévérine in Skyfall, Mendes consciously sought out a more experienced actor for the role of Madeleine Swann, ultimately casting Léa Seydoux in the role. Monica Bellucci joined the cast as Lucia Sciarra, becoming, at the age of fifty, the oldest actress to be cast as a Bond girl. In a separate interview with Danish website Euroman, Jesper Christensen revealed he would be reprising his role as Mr. White from Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Christensen's character was reportedly killed off in a scene intended to be used as an epilogue to Quantum of Solace, before it was removed from the final cut of the film, enabling his return in Spectre.

Questions:
Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?
What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?
Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?
In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?
How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?
Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?
In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?
Christopher Orr, writing in The Atlantic, also criticised the film, saying that Spectre "backslides on virtually every [aspect]". Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer called Craig's performance "Bored, James Bored." Alyssa Rosenberg, writing for The Washington Post, stated that the film turned into "a disappointingly conventional Bond film."

Questions:
Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?
What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?
What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?
What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

Questions:
Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?
What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?
What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? 
What fungus grows from gold mining solution?
What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

Questions:
What is a complication of chronic asthma?
If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?
How is COPD differentiated?
Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the dead". Ceres and other underworld goddesses of fruitfulness were sometimes offered pregnant female animals; Tellus was given a pregnant cow at the Fordicidia festival. Color had a general symbolic value for sacrifices. Demigods and heroes, who belonged to the heavens and the underworld, were sometimes given black-and-white victims. Robigo (or Robigus) was given red dogs and libations of red wine at the Robigalia for the protection of crops from blight and red mildew.

Questions:
When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?
What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?
How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?
What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?
What feature had importance in sacrifices?
Church and state are officially separated since 1916 in Uruguay. The religion with most followers in Montevideo is Roman Catholicism and has been so since the foundation of the city. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo was created as the Apostolic Vicariate of Montevideo in 1830. The vicariate was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878. Pope Leo XIII elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 14 April 1897. The new archdiocese became the Metropolitan of the suffragan sees of Canelones, Florida, Maldonado–Punta del Este, Melo, Mercedes, Minas, Salto, San José de Mayo, Tacuarembó.

Questions:
Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?
What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?
When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Questions:
What year did cinema first appear in Greece?
In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?
In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?
What was the first Greek feature film?
Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?
Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail.

Questions:
For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?
What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?
By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?
By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?
What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine, accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks, is served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2012-2013, Alaska received almost 2 million visitors).

Questions:
Which two cities are served by major airlines?
What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?
How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?
Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.

Questions:
How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?
During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?
In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?
According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?
What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?
Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress, the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea. The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair, and many South Korean politicians also boycotted it. A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948. It was marred by terrorism and sabotage resulting in 600 deaths. North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August.

Questions:
What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?
Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?
When was the South Korean general election held?
What problems did the elections face?
Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?
Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.

Questions:
What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?
What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?
Which elected official had imperium powers?
Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?