the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.

Questions:
When did France attack Prussia? 
Who won the Franco-Prussian War?
When was the German Empire founded?
What regions was excluded from the German Empire?
What was the primary religion of Germany?
When was the German empire created?
Who was excluded from the German Nation State?
What religion was a majority in Germany?
What did many people in Germany still want to do?
In 1870, at age 23, Bell, his brother's widow, Caroline (Margaret Ottaway), and his parents travelled on the SS Nestorian to Canada. After landing at Quebec City the Bells transferred to another steamer to Montreal and then boarded a train to Paris, Ontario, to stay with the Reverend Thomas Henderson, a family friend. After a brief stay with the Hendersons, the Bell family purchased a farm of 10.5 acres (42,000 m2) at Tutelo Heights (now called Tutela Heights), near Brantford, Ontario. The property consisted of an orchard, large farm house, stable, pigsty, hen-house, and a carriage house, which bordered the Grand River.[N 9]

Questions:
How old was Bell when he went to Canada?
What boat did Bell travel on?
In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?
What city did Bell arrive at by train?
How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?
In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.

Questions:
Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?
After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?
For how long did the Paris Commune exist?
Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?
In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

Questions:
What year was the Third French Republic established?
Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?
Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?
In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?
Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?
How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?
Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? 
What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?
What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? 
WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?
When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?
WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?
Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?
After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

Questions:
In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
What year was the university founded?
What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
 What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.

Questions:
Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?
What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?
In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?
What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?
When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?
In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

Questions:
When was the first paper written about asthma?
What was first used as a cure for asthma?
In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used?
In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.

Questions:
What business was William Orton in charge of?
In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?
What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?
Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?
In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).

Questions:
What did Bell promise to split with his financers?
In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?
Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?
Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?
What kind of telegraph did Bell create?
In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

Questions:
What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?
What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?
In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?
The second riot of 1876 happened when?
How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?
In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.

Questions:
Who opened the original "modern" department store in America?
What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? 
How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? 
When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? 
In what state was Wanamakers established?
In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a "telephone repeater" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a hollow wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device. The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century.

Questions:
In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?
How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?
What was unique about Einsteins invention?
At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?
In 1877, the Protestant James Cameron from the China Inland Mission walked from Chongqing to Batang in Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, and "brought the Gospel to the Tibetan people." Beginning in the 20th century, in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, a large number of Lisu people and some Yi and Nu people converted to Christianity. Famous earlier missionaries include James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall and Isobel Kuhn of the China Inland Mission, among others who were active in this area.

Questions:
When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?
When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?
How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?
In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Questions:
Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?
Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
Who first established the Volta Prize?
The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.

Questions:
What year did the News and the Observer merge?
What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?
What was North Carolina State called before?
What year was the college founded?
When did Merideth College open?
In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.

Questions:
In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mother was in the back of the store when the sale was made, and loved the name, and so salt water taffy was born.

Questions:
In what year was salt water taffy conceived?
Who was the creator of salt water taffy?
What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?
Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?
Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?
In 1884, pro-Japanese Koreans in Seoul led the Gapsin Coup. Tensions between China and Japan rose after China intervened to suppress the uprising. Japanese Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang signed the Convention of Tientsin, an agreement to withdraw troops simultaneously, but the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895 was a military humiliation. The Treaty of Shimonoseki recognized Korean independence and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan. The terms might have been harsher, but when Japanese citizen attacked and wounded Li Hongzhang, an international outcry shamed the Japanese into revising them. The original agreement stipulated the cession of Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, but Russia, with its own designs on the territory, along with Germany and France, in what was known as the Triple Intervention, successfully put pressure on the Japanese to abandon the peninsula.

Questions:
What coup happened in 1884?
Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?
What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?
Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?
When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?
In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.

Questions:
Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?
What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?
When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?
When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?
Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?
In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

Questions:
What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?
Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?
What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?
What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?
Who did Sprague work for early in his career?
In 1886, Woolwich munitions workers founded the club as Dial Square. In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury. They became Tottenham Hotspur's nearest club, commencing the North London derby. In 2006, they moved to the Emirates Stadium in nearby Holloway. Arsenal earned €435.5m in 2014–15, with the Emirates Stadium generating the highest revenue in world football. Based on social media activity from 2014–15, Arsenal's fanbase is the fifth largest in the world. Forbes estimates the club was worth $1.3 billion in 2015.

Questions:
What was the original name of the Arsenal team?
When was Arsenal originally formed?
When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?
In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?
How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?
In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

Questions:
How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?
What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?
Who accused Karim of spying?
What was Munshi lying about?
What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?
Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?
What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?
Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?
Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?
When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? 
What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? 
Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? 
Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? 
What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? 
When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?
What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?
Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?
Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?
How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?
In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

Questions:
When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?
When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?
What was the longest line in the world during its time?
Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?
In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

Questions:
When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?
Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?
What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?
What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?
What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?
In 1892 Captain Davis of the HMS Royalist reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (Nanumea); Jack Buckland (Niutao); Harry Nitz (Vaitupu); John (also known as Jack) O'Brien (Funafuti); Alfred Restieaux and Emile Fenisot (Nukufetau); and Martin Kleis (Nui). During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders while dryer islands might only have a single trader.

Questions:
What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?
What was the name of Davis's ship?
What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?
How many traders did some islands have?
What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders?
In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.

Questions:
What element can be found in thyroid glands?
What group of natives suffered from beriberi?
Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?
What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?
How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?
In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

Questions:
Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?
Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?
What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?
What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?
In 1897, Frank Shuman, a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water, and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912.

Questions:
What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?
In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?
Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?
Who is Frank Shuman?
In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?
What was the solar engine used to power?
In what year was the Sun Power Company established?
In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?
In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

Questions:
Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?
What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?
What color was her dress?
Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?
A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?
Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?
What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?
What year did Queen Victoria die?
What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?
What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? 
Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? 
When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? 
When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? 
Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? 
Where was Victoria laid to rest?
When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?
What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?
How was Victoria dressed for burial?
Who placed Victoria into her coffin?
In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Questions:
What color silk covered Bell's kites?
Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens. The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.

Questions:
In what year was the modern City of New York founded?
In what year did the subway begin operation?
Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?
The subway of New York was first available in what year?
In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy, many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle-class black Americans. Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina.

Questions:
What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?
What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?
What did the new constitution require for voter registration?
Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?
What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?
In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.

Questions:
What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?
Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?
WHere was the proposed conference held?
In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

Questions:
In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?
What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?
What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?
Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?
In 1899, the memorial, by the Berlin sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter (1846–1917), finally came to rest, although subject to repeated vandalism, in the Bronx, at 164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park near today's Yankee Stadium. (In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.) In 2007, Christopher Gray of The New York Times described it as "a writhing composition in white Tyrolean marble depicting Lorelei, the mythical German figure, surrounded by mermaids, dolphins and seashells."

Questions:
When did Herter die?
When was Herter born?
What was Herter's career?
Where was Herter's Heine memorial placed in 1899?
Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?
In 1899, the university opened a national design contest for the new campus. The renowned Philadelphia firm Cope & Stewardson won unanimously with its plan for a row of Collegiate Gothic quadrangles inspired by Oxford and Cambridge Universities. The cornerstone of the first building, Busch Hall, was laid on October 20, 1900. The construction of Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples began shortly thereafter. The school delayed occupying these buildings until 1905 to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics. The delay allowed the university to construct ten buildings instead of the seven originally planned. This original cluster of buildings set a precedent for the development of the Danforth Campus; Cope & Stewardson’s original plan and its choice of building materials have, with few exceptions, guided the construction and expansion of the Danforth Campus to the present day.

Questions:
When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?
What firm won the Washington University national design contest?
When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?
What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?
Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?
In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African-Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents.

Questions:
What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?
Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?
Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?
In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?
Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?
In 1901 the accession of Edward VII saw new life breathed into the palace. The new King and his wife Queen Alexandra had always been at the forefront of London high society, and their friends, known as "the Marlborough House Set", were considered to be the most eminent and fashionable of the age. Buckingham Palace—the Ballroom, Grand Entrance, Marble Hall, Grand Staircase, vestibules and galleries redecorated in the Belle époque cream and gold colour scheme they retain today—once again became a setting for entertaining on a majestic scale but leaving some to feel King Edward's heavy redecorations were at odds with Nash's original work.

Questions:
In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?
Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?
Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?
Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?
What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?
What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?
When did King Edward VII take the throne?
What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?
In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4½ minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).

Questions:
What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?
What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?
What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?
What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?
What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?
In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Questions:
What is the federation of Australia?
What was the federal Government responsible for? 
When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai "Three-Finger" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the "Hitless Wonders" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.

Questions:
Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?
Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?
Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?
Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?
In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913.

Questions:
What company invented the tantalum light filament?
In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?
What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?
Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?
When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

Questions:
What is phenobarbital used for?
Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?
What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?
What is amphetamine used for today?
Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?
What compound was discovered to induce sleep?
What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?
What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
In what year was phenobarbital discovered?
What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?