the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Questions:
What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread.

Questions:
What sampling rate is used for CD audio?
What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?
Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?
The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?
As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

Questions:
How common was divorce for samurai?
What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
What financial concern prevented divorce?
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

Questions:
How did the samurai treat concubines?
How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.

Questions:
How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?
When was the satellite dish installed?
Where was the satellite dish installed?
Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?
A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

Questions:
What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?
What does hunting create economic incentives for?
What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?
What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?
Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?
Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?
How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?
What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?
What is of major importance in Africa?
What does trophy hunting create in Africa?
How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?
A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.

Questions:
What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.

Questions:
What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?
In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?
Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?
What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?
Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?
Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?
What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?
When was Louis's Lunch found?
A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.

Questions:
On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?
What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?
What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?
What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?
Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?
What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?
When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?
A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Questions:
When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:

Questions:
What is the general materialistic view of an object?
How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?
What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?
What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?
What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?
What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?
What does Materialism see each object as?
How is each object related to other things?
A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:

Questions:
Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?
What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?
When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?
A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W﻿ / ﻿40.761194°N 73.965806°W﻿ / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including

Questions:
What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?
Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?
Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?
A self-described "modern-day feminist", Beyoncé creates songs that are often characterized by themes of love, relationships, and monogamy, as well as female sexuality and empowerment. On stage, her dynamic, highly choreographed performances have led to critics hailing her as one of the best entertainers in contemporary popular music. Throughout a career spanning 19 years, she has sold over 118 million records as a solo artist, and a further 60 million with Destiny's Child, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has won 20 Grammy Awards and is the most nominated woman in the award's history. The Recording Industry Association of America recognized her as the Top Certified Artist in America during the 2000s decade. In 2009, Billboard named her the Top Radio Songs Artist of the Decade, the Top Female Artist of the 2000s and their Artist of the Millennium in 2011. Time listed her among the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and 2014. Forbes magazine also listed her as the most powerful female musician of 2015.

Questions:
In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?
Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?
Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?
In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?
What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?
How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?
In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?
How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?
How many records did Beyoncé sell as part of Destiny's Child?
After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyoncé release under her own name?
How many Grammy awards has Beyoncé won?
What magazine named Beyoncé as the most powerful female musician for 2015?
A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond.

Questions:
Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?
When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?
When will the sequel to Spectre being development?
A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.

Questions:
What may the description of events include?
What never precedes cause because of causality?
A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?
In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?
What is another way of phrasing "time order"?
A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

Questions:
What is diabetes caused from?
Why was insulin therapy delayed?
How can diabetes be induced in dogs?
Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?
Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?
Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?
Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?
What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?
To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?
Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?
A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

Questions:
Who was first to invade Manchuria?
What is the Abyssinian crisis?
What is Abyssinia?
When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?
Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?
A series of low-lying annexes (largely hidden) flank both ends. Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices, and the Palace of the Supreme Court. Farther east, on a triangle of land jutting into the lake, is the Palace of the Dawn (Palácio da Alvorada; the presidential residence). Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior). The parabolically shaped structure is characterized by its 16 gracefully curving supports, which join in a circle 115 feet (35 meters) above the floor of the nave; stretched between the supports are translucent walls of tinted glass. The nave is entered via a subterranean passage rather than conventional doorways. Other notable buildings are Buriti Palace, Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and several foreign embassies that creatively embody features of their national architecture. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings.

Questions:
What is in the Planalto Palace?
Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?
What does 'Palácio da Alvorada' mean?
Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?
What style of gardens did Marx design?
A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, "Killraven" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.

Questions:
What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?
What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?
What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?
In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?
How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?
A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.

Questions:
A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?
What seige did these victories lead to?
What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?
Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?
On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?
A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a "home" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.

Questions:
How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?
How does a stepper system achieve stability?
What makes a printer home switch work?
What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?
A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?
A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.

Questions:
What may servo motors be used for?
What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?
What factors limit performance of servo motors?
Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?
When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?
A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.

Questions:
When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?
What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?
What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?
When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?
What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?
A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

Questions:
What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

Questions:
What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? 
What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

Questions:
What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Questions:
What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
What did the Russians consider Curonians?
Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

Questions:
What are waders called in North America?
Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?
Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?
Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?
A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch. He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia, and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece, and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia.

Questions:
Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?
Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?
What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?
A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.

Questions:
When was the Government of India Act passed?
What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?
In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?
The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?
A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

Questions:
Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?
What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?
The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?
Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?
A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.

Questions:
What nation is to the east of Swaziland?
How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?
What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?
How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?
In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?
A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

Questions:
Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?
Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?
What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? 
Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?
What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?
A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

Questions:
What is a solar balloon?
What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?
What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?
Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?
A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing an updraft that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.

Questions:
What kind of system is a solar chimney?
What is a solar chimney?
What is a solar chimney made of?
How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?
A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Questions:
This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
Harmonics are an important class of what?
Integer multiples are collectively called?
A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

Questions:
Who created El Colegio Nacional?
Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?
What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?
What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?
A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.

Questions:
Who had their final season in the show in season nine?
Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?
Who had a special tribute at the finale?
Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?
A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

Questions:
How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?
What federal program is used to list a species?
How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list
In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?
A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

Questions:
What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?
From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?
Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?
How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?
A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

Questions:
How many periods are in a standard football match?
How long are each period in a standard football match?
What are the periods in a football match called?
Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?
In what year did an incident help introduce added time?
A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.

Questions:
What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?
The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?
Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?
Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?
Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?
A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.

Questions:
What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?
What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?
What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets
The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?
A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.

Questions:
What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?
Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?
What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?
An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?
What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?
A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.

Questions:
How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?
What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?
The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?
What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?
A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

Questions:
When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?
What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?
Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?
How many singers are typically in the choirs?
A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.

Questions:
Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?
What camera style does Spielberg often use?
What are some Spielberg films that included kids?
How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?
Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?
A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Questions:
What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?