the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen." Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.

Questions:
On what date did Victoria turn 18?
On what date did William IV die?
How old was William IV when he died?
What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?
What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?
When did Victoria turn 18?
When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? 
What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?
How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? 
Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? 
What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?
Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?
What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?
How old was William IV when he died?
Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war. In July, her second son Alfred ("Affie") died; "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."

Questions:
Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?
What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?
What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?
Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?
What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?
Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? 
What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?
What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? 
Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? 
Where did Victoria often go for holiday?
In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?
Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?
Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?
What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?
Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.

Questions:
How tall was Queen Victoria?
The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?
What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?
What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?
How tall was Queen Victoria? 
Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? 
What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?
When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? 
What was Victoria like, physically?
When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?
Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?
When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?
What kind of person was Victoria?
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Questions:
What year did Gladstone resign?
Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? 
Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
When did Gladstone resign?
Why did Gladstone resign?
How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
Who replaced Gladstone?
Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Questions:
Who was Queen Victorias father?
What year did Victorias Father die?
How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?
What year did King George III die?
What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?
What was the name of Victoria's father? 
When did the Duke of Kent die? 
What was Victoria's mother's name?
At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?
Who was Victoria's father?
Who raised Victoria?
When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?
Why did Victoria inherit the throne?
What kind of government did England have at the time?
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

Questions:
Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?
Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?
Who introduced Albert to Victoria?
What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?
How old was Victoria when she met Albert?
Who introduced Victoria and Albert?
What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?
Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"? 
Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?
What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? 
Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?
What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?
What were Albert's best qualities?
How did Victoria find Albert's looks?
How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?
Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.

Questions:
Who was Queen Victorias father?
Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?
Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?
What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?
Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?
Who was Queen Victorias father?
Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?
Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?
Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?
What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?
Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? 
Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?
When was Queen Victoria born?
What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?
What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?
Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?
Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

Questions:
When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?
Where did Victoria isolate herself?
What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?
What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?
What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?
What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?
Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?
Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? 
What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? 
What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?
What did Victoria's isolation give way to?
Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?
Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?
What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?
Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.

Questions:
What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?
How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?
It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?
What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?
How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?
What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? 
Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? 
Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?
What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?
Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?
Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?
What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?
In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?
Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.

Questions:
What may be represented as a series of still image frames?
What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?
What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?
Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

Questions:
On what devices can video games be used?
What was included on the first iPod?
Who created Brick?
What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?
What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?
What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?
What other games were later added to the original iPod?
Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

Questions:
The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?
The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?
The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?
The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?
Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Questions:
In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
What is another use of VoIP?
What is telecommuting?
What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Questions:
What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Questions:
What can videoconferencing offer students?
Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Questions:
Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
What is an example of a videophone call program?
What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
What is another name for videophone calls?
Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.

Questions:
When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?
What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?
England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?
When did the Norman Conquest occur?
In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?
Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.

Questions:
What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?
What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?
In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?
What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?
Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

Questions:
Villa became an enemy of whom?
Who took control in 1914?
Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?
The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?
At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?
Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.

Questions:
How many basic precepts are there for monastics?
What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?
How many rules dows the patimokkha have?
What are the scriptures on vinaya called?
Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

Questions:
What is the highest peak in Antarctica?
How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?
In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?
What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?
What is the Earth's most southern volcano?
Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels. Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business. These recordings use a bass turnover of 300 Hz and a 10,000 Hz rolloff of −8.5 dB.

Questions:
What were used to make vinyl pressings?
What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?
Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?
How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?
Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.

Questions:
What causes warping in vinyl records?
What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?
What method was used to protect a vinyl record?
What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?
What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?
Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backwards, creating a "locked groove" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase "like a broken record" or "like a scratched record", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself. Locked grooves are not uncommon and were even heard occasionally in radio broadcasts.

Questions:
What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?
What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?
Where does the saying "Like a broken record" originate?
How easily do vinyl records break?
What is a common damage to vinyl records?
Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1⁄3 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.

Questions:
What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?
By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?
What was a factor in shellac availability?
Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?
What material were most mailed records made of?
Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Questions:
What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?
What granted Freeman were American citizenship?
The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?
The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?
Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

Questions:
Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?
Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?
Who is the main character in the Aeneid?
What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?
Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?
Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

Questions:
Who was Virgil's editor?
Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?
What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?
Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?
Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.

Questions:
What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?
How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?
Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?
Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?
What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?
Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research.

Questions:
How many schools does Washington University have?
What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?
How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?
Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?
Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first trophic level. The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany.

Questions:
Why do food chains start with plants?
What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?
How can the yield of food plants be increased?
Why would botanists study weeds?
Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.

Questions:
Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?
What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?
In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?
As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?
Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Questions:
What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Questions:
What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? 
Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

Questions:
Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
What is present in all non-placental mammals?
Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

Questions:
What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?
In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?
When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?
Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?
Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

Questions:
What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?
What language did the church write  the liturgy in?
What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Questions:
Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Mujāhid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven "ahruf" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi‘ al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.

Questions:
The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?
Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?
Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?
Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?
Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?
Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Questions:
What is not often aspirated?
The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Questions:
What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

Questions:
Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?
Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?
What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?
What's the German word for "seven"?
Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?