the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Questions:
What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

Questions:
In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.

Questions:
How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?
How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?
Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?
What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?
Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?
While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

Questions:
What was the republican government amenable to?
Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
What did this cause the Republic to renew?
While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

Questions:
Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?
Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

Questions:
What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?
While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

Questions:
What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

Questions:
Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
When did iron start to become melted by people?
Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.

Questions:
In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."

Questions:
Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
What was Hayek's academic field?
In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Questions:
What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
How are political parties elected in democracies? 
What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Questions:
How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?
How many different external views of data are there?
What is the benefit of external views of data?
While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.

Questions:
What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?
What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?
What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?
What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?
What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?
While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

Questions:
Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?
What group trained the Republic of Korea army?
What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?
Who wanted to take over North Korea?
Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.

Questions:
What league do the new England patriots belong to?
What year were the new England patriots founded in?
What was the original name of the new England patriots?
When dod the Boston patriots change their name?
What stadium do the patriots play in?
While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby.

Questions:
What do most matches have?
What is it called when the protagonist loses?
What do they call it when a protagonist wins? 
What can be wagered in a match?
While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Questions:
What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

Questions:
On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? 
In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities—reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a "positive light"—in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul.

Questions:
How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?
Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?
In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?
Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?
Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

Questions:
Where does the federalist model work best in? 
What are homogeneous states? 
Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
What countries dismissed the federalist model?
White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient than blue LEDs with YAG:Ce phosphor, as the Stokes shift is larger, so more energy is converted to heat, but yields light with better spectral characteristics, which render color better. Due to the higher radiative output of the ultraviolet LEDs than of the blue ones, both methods offer comparable brightness. A concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin.

Questions:
White LEDs can be made by coating what?
What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?
The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?
What light can harm human eyes or skin?
White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed]

Questions:
What colors are used to form white light?
What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?
What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?
White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).

Questions:
What is another term used for White-box testing?
What is involved with White-box testing?
Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?
Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

Questions:
Who replaced Dowding on November 25?
What supported the GL carpet?
How many pilots remained in February 1941?
How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?
What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

Questions:
What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Questions:
How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

Questions:
How do the senses affect causal efficacy?
What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?
What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?
What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?
What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?
How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?
How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?
Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Questions:
What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Questions:
What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?
What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?
In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?
What business fields has Whitehead influenced?
According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.

Questions:
What observation did Whitehead make about life?
What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
How many goals of living is there?
Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Questions:
Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?
What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?
What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?
What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?
Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?
What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?
Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:

Questions:
In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
How does he define entities' need for God?
How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Questions:
What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?
Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Questions:
What was Whitehead's description of God?
What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Questions:
What is the origin of the title of the book?
How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?
What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?
During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?
What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
Whites (mainly of Afrikaner, German, British and Portuguese origin) make up between 4.0 and 7.0% of the population. Although their percentage of population is decreasing due to emigration and lower birth rates they still form the second-largest population of European ancestry, both in terms of percentage and actual numbers, in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The majority of Namibian whites and nearly all those who are mixed race speak Afrikaans and share similar origins, culture, and religion as the white and coloured populations of South Africa. A large minority of whites (around 30,000) trace their family origins back to the German settlers who colonized Namibia prior to the British confiscation of German lands after World War One, and they maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all Portuguese settlers came to the country from the former Portuguese colony of Angola. The 1960 census reported 526,004 persons in what was then South-West Africa, including 73,464 whites (14%).

Questions:
Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?
What is the language of Namibia?
Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?
What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?
How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?
Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Questions:
What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
What party did Brennan belong to?
Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
Wide-ringed wood is often called "second-growth", because the growth of the young timber in open stands after the old trees have been removed is more rapid than in trees in a closed forest, and in the manufacture of articles where strength is an important consideration such "second-growth" hardwood material is preferred. This is particularly the case in the choice of hickory for handles and spokes. Here not only strength, but toughness and resilience are important. The results of a series of tests on hickory by the U.S. Forest Service show that:

Questions:
What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?
Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?
What property is important to manufacturers who use "second-growth" hardwood?
What specific kind of "second-growth" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? 
What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?
Widely referred to as Highbury, Arsenal Stadium was the club's home from September 1913 until May 2006. The original stadium was designed by the renowned football architect Archibald Leitch, and had a design common to many football grounds in the UK at the time, with a single covered stand and three open-air banks of terracing. The entire stadium was given a massive overhaul in the 1930s: new Art Deco West and East stands were constructed, opening in 1932 and 1936 respectively, and a roof was added to the North Bank terrace, which was bombed during the Second World War and not restored until 1954.

Questions:
When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?
When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?
What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?
In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?
When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?
Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

Questions:
Rome dominated what peninsula?
Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
Widespread drought in North China, combined with the imperialist designs of European powers and the instability of the Qing government, created conditions that led to the emergence of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, or "Boxers." In 1900, local groups of Boxers proclaiming support for the Qing dynasty murdered foreign missionaries and large numbers of Chinese Christians, then converged on Beijing to besiege the Foreign Legation Quarter. A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies (the Eight-Nation Alliance) then entered China without diplomatic notice, much less permission. Cixi declared war on all of these nations, only to lose control of Beijing after a short, but hard-fought campaign. She fled to Xi'an. The victorious allies drew up scores of demands on the Qing government, including compensation for their expenses in invading China and execution of complicit officials.

Questions:
Where was there a drought?
What was another name for the Boxers?
When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?
Who invaded China?
Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?
Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Questions:
Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

Questions:
When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?
Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?
Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?
Widowed in 1861, the grief-stricken Queen withdrew from public life and left Buckingham Palace to live at Windsor Castle, Balmoral Castle and Osborne House. For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected. In 1864, a note was found pinned to the fence of Buckingham Palace, saying: "These commanding premises to be let or sold, in consequence of the late occupant's declining business." Eventually, public opinion forced the Queen to return to London, though even then she preferred to live elsewhere whenever possible. Court functions were still held at Windsor Castle, presided over by the sombre Queen habitually dressed in mourning black, while Buckingham Palace remained shuttered for most of the year.

Questions:
When year did Prince Albert die?
What forced the Queen to return to London?
What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?
Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?
When did Prince Albert die?
What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?
Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?
What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?
Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?
Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Questions:
How has "Process and Reality" been described? 
What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?
What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?