クシシュトフ・ペンデレツキ
クシシュトフ・ペンデレツキ Krzysztof Penderecki
クシシュトフ(またはクリシュトフ)・エウゲニウシュ・ペンデレツキ(Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɛuˈɡɛɲuʂ pɛndɛˈrɛt͡skʲi 1933年11月23日 - 2020年3月29日)は、ポーランドの作曲家、指揮者。クラクフ生まれのカトリック教徒。ポーランド楽派の主要作曲家の1人である。オーケストラを用いたトーンクラスターに大きな特徴があった。創作の頂点とされるルカ受難曲を書き上げた後は新ロマン主義へ傾倒し、作風を古典的なものへ回帰させていった。主に自作の指揮を手がける傍ら、古典作品も振る指揮者でもある。
2周忌にあたる2022年3月29日、クラクフ市内、聖ペテロと聖パウロ教会にて国葬が行われ、アンジェイ・ドゥダ大統領ら閣僚が出席した。同教会の地下埋葬所は2010年にポーランドの優れた芸術家のための国立パンテオンに制定されており、ペンデレツキの遺灰が入った骨壷も同所に収められた。
ハンブルク北ドイツ放送交響楽団 (現名称:NDRエルプフィルハーモニー管弦楽団)等、指揮者としての客演は多く、日本のNHK交響楽団も振っていたことがあった。
「ミュージカル・ソー」は本物の鋸ではない実在の楽器であるが、ペンデレツキは本物の鋸を初めて打楽器パートに指定した作曲家として広く知られる「放射Fluorescences」の冒頭で出現。鋸で材木を切る、という指定がなされている。。
1959: 2nd Competition for Young Polish Composers in Warsaw organised by the Composers' Union – Penderecki was awarded the top three prizes for the works he anonymously submitted: Stanzas, Emanations, and Psalms of David;
1961: Prize of the UNESCO International Tribune of Composers in Paris for Threnody;
1966: Grand Art Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia for St. Luke Passion;
1967: Prix Italia for the St. Luke Passion; Sibelius Gold Medal;
1968: Prix Italia for the Dies Irae in memory of the victims of Auschwitz; Grammy Trustees Award for significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording;
1972: City of Kraków Award;
1977: Herder Prize (Germany/Austria)
1978: Prix Arthur Honegger for Magnificat (France)
1983: Wihuri Sibelius Prize (Finland); Polish National Award
1985: Premio Lorenzo Magnifico (Italy)
1987: Wolf Prize in Arts (Israel); Grammy for Best Contemporary Composition
1990: Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany; Chevalier de Saint Georges;
1992: University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for Adagio – 4 Symphony; Austrian Medal for Science and Art;
1993: Distinguished Citizen Fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study at Indiana University, Bloomington, Prize of the International Music Council / UNESCO for Music; Cultural Merit of the Principality of Monaco
1995: Member of the Royal Irish Academy of Music (Dublin); honorary citizen of Strasbourg; Primetime Emmy Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences; Pro Baltica Prize
1996: Primetime Emmy Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)
1998: Grammy for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance; Composition Prize for the Promotion of the European economy, Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters; corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, Munich; Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania)
1999: Music Prize of the City of Duisburg (Germany); Honorary Board of the Vilnius Festival '99
2000: Cannes Classical Awards|Cannes Classical Award as "Living Composer of the Year"; honorary member of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde|Society of Friends of Music in Vienna; Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic;
2001: Prince of Asturias Award for Art (Spain); Grammy for Best Choral Performance for Credo; Honorary Professor of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
2002: State Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), Romano Guardini Prize
2003: Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria; Preis der Europäischen Kirchenmusik (Germany), Freedom of Dębica, Eduardo M. Torner Medal of the Conservatorio de Musica del Principado Asturias in Oviedo, Spain; honorary director of the Choir of the Prince of Asturias Foundation, Honorary President of the Apayo a la Creación Musical, Judaica Foundation Medal;
2004: Praemium Imperiale – Music (Japan)
2005: Order of the White Eagle (Poland); Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
2006: Order of the Three Stars (Latvia)
2008: Polish Academy Award for Best Film Score for Katyń (film)|Katyn, Commander of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia), Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile), Golden Medal of the Minister of Culture (Armenia), Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland; Thorunium Medal
2009: Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Merit of Armenia;
2011: Viadrina Prize for contributions to Polish-German cooperation (Viadrina European University, Frankfurt (Oder)|Frankfurt); Grand Cross of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (Malta)
2012: Paszport Polityki|Paszport Polityki Award
2014: Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class (Estonia)
2015: Per Artem ad Deum Medal
2017: Grammy for Best Choral Performance
2017: New Culture of New Europe Award at the Economic Forum in Krynica|Krynica Economic Forum.