グレアム・プリースト
Graham Priest.jpg
グレアム・プリースト(Graham Priest)は、イギリス・オーストラリアの論理学者・哲学者。メルボルン大学Boyce Gibson教授、ニューヨーク市立大学特別教授、セント・アンドリュース大学ではArcheプロフェッショナルフェローを務める。ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクスでPhD、メルボルン大学でD. Littを取得。専門は、論理学・形而上学・西洋哲学史・東洋哲学史。また空手道を愛し、糸東流四段の腕前であるとともに、オーストラリアのNational Refereeの資格を持つ。
プリーストの研究領域は、非古典論理、特に矛盾許容論理(paraconsistent logic)、非存在対象を真正の対象として受け入れるマイノング主義とそれに基づく志向性の意味論、真でありかつ偽である文を認める真矛盾主義(dialetheism)とそれに基づく意味論的パラドクスの分析など、多岐にわたる。
古典論理や直観主義論理においては、矛盾を含む前提からは任意の命題を導出することが許される。これは「爆発原理」と呼ばれている。このため古典論理や直観主義論理では、もし理論に矛盾が含まれているならば、そこではあらゆる命題が定理になる。理論が無矛盾なものである限りは、この原理は深刻な問題を引き起こさない。しかしながら法律やフィクションには矛盾が含まれることもありうる。ある小説中に矛盾する記述が含まれているからといって私たちはその小説の世界ではあらゆることが成り立つとは推論しない。このような場合、私たちは古典論理や直観主義論理に従ってはいないのである。さらに言えばプリーストは現実の世界が矛盾を含むことも可能だと考えている(真矛盾主義)。そのためプリーストは爆発原理を妥当にしない矛盾許容論理を提唱する。
プリーストはリチャード・シルヴァン、テレンス・パーソンズらと並ぶ現代のマイノング主義者の一人である。マイノング主義は存在しない対象についても何らかの真なる主張が出来る、と考える立場である。この立場はラッセルやクワインによる反論を受けたが、近年では見直されつつある。プリーストは可能世界意味論を拡張した意味論によって非存在対象を扱う論理を考案し、それを「・・・について考える」、「・・・だと信じる」などの志向性動詞を含んだ言語に対する意味論に応用している。
On Paraconsistency (R. Routleyとの共著).  Research Report #l3, Research  School  of  Social Sciences,  Australian National University l983. G. Priest,  R. Routley and  J. Norman (eds.), Paraconsistent  Logic (Philosophia  Verlag, 1989)に再録。ルーマニア語訳がI. Lucica (ed.), Ex Falso Quodlibet: studii de logica paraconsistenta (in Romanian) (Editura Technica, 2004)に収録。
In Contradiction: A Study of the Transconsistent, Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. Second edition Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-926330-2
Beyond the Limits of Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1995.  Second edition, Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-924421-9
Logic: a Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000.  ISBN 0-19-289320-3 ポルトガル語訳、Logica para Comecar, Temas & Debates, 2002. スペイン語訳、Una Brevisima Introduccion a la LogicaOceano, 2006. チェコ語訳、Logika ? pr?vodce pro ka?deho, Doko?an, 2007. 日本語訳, 『論理学』(<一冊で分かる>シリーズ)、菅沼聡訳、岩波書店, 2008年。
Introduction to Non-Classical Logic, Cambridge University, 2001. Second edition: Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is, Cambridge University Press, 2008.   ISBN 9780521670265   German translation of Part 1 of Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is: Einfuhrung in die nicht-klassische logic, Mentis 2008.
Towards Non-Being: the Semantics and Metaphysics of Intentionality, Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-926254-3 日本語訳、『存在しないものに向かって』、勁草書房、久木田水生・藤川直也共訳、2011年6月。ISBN 978-4-326-10207-5
Doubt Truth to be a Liar, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-926328-0
Logic: A Brief Insight, Sterling 2010. ISBN 1-4027-6896-6
'Gruesome Simplicity', Philosophy of Science 1976, 43, 432-7.
'Modality as a Metaconcept', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 1976, XVII, 401-414. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093887632
'The  Formalization of Ockham's Theory of Supposition'  (S. Readとの共著), Mind 1977, LXXXVI, 109-113.
'A Refoundation of Modal Logic', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 1977, XVIII, 340-354. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093888007
'Logic of Paradox', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1979, 8, 219-241. Translated into French as `La Logique du Paradoxe', Philosophie 94 (2007), 72-94.
'Indefinite Descriptions', Logique et Analyse 1979, 22, 5-21.
'A Note on the Sorites Paradox', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 1979, 57, 74-75.
'Two Dogmas of Quineanism', Philosophical Quarterly 1979, 29, 289-301.
'Sense, Entailment and Modus Ponens', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1980, 9, 415-35.
'Merely  Confused Supposition' (S. Readとの共著), Franciscan Studies 1980, 40,  XVIII,  265-297.
'Ockham's Rejection of Ampliation' (S. Readとの共著), Mind  1981, 90, 274-9.
'The Argument from Design', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 1981, 59, 422-43.
'The Logical Paradoxes and the Law of Excluded Middle', Philosophical Quarterly  1983, 33, 160-65.
'To be and not to be: Dialectical Tense Logic', Studia Logica 198l, 41, 157-176;  translated into Bulgarian and reprinted in Filosofska Missal XL(8), 1984, 63-76.
'Lessons from Pseudo-Scotus' (R. Routleyとの共著), Philosophical Studies 1982, 42, 189-99.
'The Truth Teller Paradox' (C. Mortensenとの共著), Logique et Analyse 1981, 95-6, 381-8.
'An Anti-Realist Account of Mathematical Truth', Synthese 1983, 57, 49-65.  D. Jacquette (ed.) Philosophy of Mathematics (Blackwell, 2002)の第8章に再録。
'Logic of Paradox Revisited', Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1984, 12, 153-179.
'Semantic Closure', Studia Logica l984, 43, 117-29.
'Introduction to Paraconsistent Logic' (R. Routleyとの共著), Studia Logica l983, 44, 3-16.
'Hypercontradictions', Logique et Analyse 1984, 107, 237-43.
'Hume's Final Argument', History of Philosophy Quarterly 1985, 2, 349-352.
'Contradictions in Motion', American Philosophical Quarterly 1985, 22, 339-46.
'Contradiction, Belief  and Rationality', Proc. Aristotelian Society  1985/6,  LXXXVI,  99-116.
'Tense and Truth Conditions', Analysis 1986, 46, 162-6.
'The Logic of Nuclear Armaments', Critical Philosophy 1986, 3, 107-113.
'Unstable Solutions to the Liar Paradox' in Self Reference: Reflections and Reflexivity, S.J. Bartlett and P. Suber (eds.), Nijhoff, 1987.
'Tense, Tense and TENSE', Analysis 47, 1987, 177-9.
'Reasoning  about Truth', Technical Report TR-ARP-2/88, Automated Reasoning  Project, Australian National University, 1988.
'Consistency by Default', Technical Report TR-ARP-3/88, Automated Reasoning  Project, Australian National University, 1988.
'When Inconsistency is Inescapable', South African Journal of Philosophy, 7, 1988, 83-89.
'Primary Qualities are Secondary Qualities Too', British Journal  for  the  Philosophy  of Science, 1989, 40 , 29-37.
'Contradiction, Assertion, and "Frege's Point"' (R. Sylvanとの共著), Analysis, 49, 1989, 23-6.
'Reasoning About Truth', Artificial Intelligence, 39, 1989, 231-44.
'Denyer's $ not Backed by Sterling Arguments', Mind, 98, (1989), 265-8.
'Classical  Logic Aufgehogen'  in  Paraconsistent  Logic,  G.  Priest,  R.  Routley  and   J. Norman (eds.), Philosophia Verlag, 1989.
'Reductio ad Absurdum et Modus Tollendo Ponens' in Paraconsistent Logic,  G. Priest,  R. Routley and J. Norman (eds.),  Philosophia Verlag, 1989.  ルーマニア語訳がI. Lucica (ed.), Ex Falso Quodlibet: studii de logica paraconsistenta (in Romanian) (Editura Technica, 2004)に再録。
'Relevance,  Truth and Meaning' (J. Crosthwaiteとの共著) in Directions of Relevant Logic, R. Sylvan and J. Norman (eds.), Nijhoff, 1989.
'Gegen Wessel', Philosophische Logik 1989, 2, 109-20.
'Dialectic and Dialetheic',  Science and Society 1990, 53, 388-415.
'Boolean Negation, and All That', Journal of Philosophical Logic 1990, 19, 201-15.
'Paraconsistent Dialogues' (with J.McKenzie), Logique et Analyse, 131-2 (1990), 339-57.
'Was Marx a Dialetheist?',  Science and Society, 1991, 54, 468-75.
'Minimally Inconsistent LP', Studia Logica, 1991, 50, 321-331.
'Intensional Paradoxes', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 32 (1991), 193-211. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1093635745
'The Limits of Thought - and Beyond', Mind 100 (1991), 361-70.
Sorites and Identity', Logique et Analyse,  135-6 (1991), 293-6.
'Simplified Semantics for Basic Relevant Logics' (R. Sylvanとの共著), Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1992, 21, 217-32.
'On Time', Philosophia, 50 (1992), 9-18.
'What is a Non-Normal World?', Logique et Analyse 35 (1992), 291-302.
Another Disguise of the same Fundamental Problems: Barwise and Etchemendy on the Liar', Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 71 (1993), 60-9.
'Yu and Your Mind', Synthese, 95 (1993), 459-60.
'Can Contradictions be True?, II', Proc. Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 67 (1993), 35-54.
'Derrida and Self-Reference', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 72 (1994), 103-11.
'The Structure of the Paradoxes of Self-Reference', Mind 103 (1994), 25-34.
'Is Arithmetic Consistent?', Mind, 103 (1994), 337-49.
'What Could the Least Inconsistent Number be?', Logique et Analyse, 37 (1994), 3-12.
'Goedel's Theorem and Creativity', in Creativity, ed. T Dartnall, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.  Reprinted with a different introduction as 'Goedel's Theorem  and  the Mind...  Again', in  Philosophy of Mind: the place of philosophy in the study of  mind,  eds. M.Michaelis and J. O'Leary-Horthorne, Kluwer, 1994.
'Etchemendy and Logical Consequence', Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25 (1995), 283-92.
'Gaps and Gluts: Reply to Parsons',  Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 25 (1995), 57-66.
'Multiple  Denotation, Ambiguity and the Strange Case of the Missing  Amoeba',  Logique et Analyse, 38 (1995), 361-73.
'Some Priorities of Berkeley',  Logic and Reality: Essays on the Legacy of  Arthur  Prior, ed. B.J.Copeland, Oxford University Press, 1996.
'Everett's Trilogy', Mind, 105 (1996), 631-47.
'On Inconsistent Arithmetics: Reply to Denyer', Mind, 105 (1996), 649-59.
'The  Definition  of  Sexual Harassment' (J. Crosthwaiteとの共著),  Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74 (1996), 66-82.  G. Lee Bowie and Meredith Michaels (eds.), 13 Questions in Ethics and Social Philosophy (Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 2nd ed., 1997)に再録。
'Paraconsistent  Logic', Encyclopaedia of Mathematics;  Supplement, ed. M. Hazenwinkle, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 400-1.
'Logic, Nonstandard', pp. 307?10, Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Supplement, ed. D.Borshert, MacMillan, 1996.
Paraconsistent Logic'  (K.Tanakaとの共著), Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, created 1996.
On a Paradox of Hilbert and Bernays', Journal of Philosophical Logic 26 (1997), 45-56.
'The Linguistic Construction of Reality', Exordium 6 (1997), 1-7.
'Sylvan's Box', Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 38 (1997), 573-82. http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.ndjfl/1039540770 Towards Non-Being、第6章に再録。
'Inconsistent  Models of Arithmetic; I Finite Models', Journal of Philosophical  Logic,  26 (1997), 223-35.
Sexual Perversion', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 75 (1997), 360-72. クロアチア語訳がI. Primoratz (ed.), Suvremena filozofija seksualnosti (Zagreb: KruZak, 2003)の第9章に再録。
'Yablo's Paradox', Analysis 57 (1997), 236-42.
'Language, its Possibility, and Ineffability', pp. 790?794 of P. Wiengartner, G.Schurz  and G.Dorn (eds.), Proceedings of  the 20th  International  Wittgenstein Symposium, The Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, 1997.
'What's so Bad about Contradictions?', Journal of Philosophy 95 (1998), pp. 410?26
On an Error in Grove's Proof' (K. Tanakaとの共著), Logique et Analyse 158 (1997), 215-7.
'Paraconsistent Logic', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.7, 208-11, ed. E. Craig, Routledge, 1998.
'Fuzzy Identity and Local Validity', Monist 81 (1998), 331-42.
'Number', Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.7, 47-54, ed. E. Craig, Routledge, 1998.
'To be and Not to Be - That is the Answer. On Aristotle on the  Law  of Non-Contradiction', Philosophiegeschichte und Logische Analyse 1 (1998), 91-130.
'The Trivial Object and the Non-Triviality of a Semantically Closed Theory with Descriptions', Journal of Applied and Non-Classical Logic, 8 (1998), 171-83.
'The Import of Inclosure; some Comments on Grattan-Guiness' , Mind 107 (1998), 835-40.
'Dialetheism', Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, created 1998.
'What not? A  Defence of a Dialetheic Account of Negation', in  D. Gabbay and H. Wansing (eds.), What is Negation?, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
'Negation as Cancellation, and Connexivism', Topoi 18 (1999), 141-8.
'On a Version of one of Zeno's Paradoxes', Analysis 59 (1999), 1-2.
'Perceiving Contradictions', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 77 (1999), 439-46.
'Semantic Closure, Descriptions and Triviality', the Journal of Philosophical Logic 28 (1999), 549-58.
'Validity', pp. 183?206 of A.Varzi (ed.) The Nature of Logic, CSLI  Publications, 1999. (European Review of Philosophy, vol. 4). 同タイトルの短縮版がThe Logica Yearbook, 1997 (ed. T.Childers, Institute of Philosophy, Czech Republic, pp. 18?25)に収録。