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Thomas Pennant Welsh naturalist, traveller, writer and antiquarian (1726–1798), whose travel writings and collected pictorial representations of Scotland inspired the 'petit' grand tour fueling philosophical and artistic re-interpretation of landscape appreciation in Scotland.
John Pinkerton (1758–1826) antiquarian, cartographer and historian
Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713) physician and bibliophile
John Playfair (1748–1819) mathematician, geologist
James Playfair (1755–1794) architect
William Playfair (1759–1823) engineer, political economist, founder of graphical methods of statistics
Jane Porter (1776–1850)  historical novelist
Sir Robert Ker Porter (1777–1842) artist, author, diplomat and traveller
Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet (1707–1782) physician
Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) poet
Allan Ramsay (1713–1784) portrait painter
Henry Raeburn (1756–1823) portrait painter
John Rennie (1761–1821) civil engineer
William Richardson (1743–1814) author and literary scholar
William Robertson (1721–1793) historian, minister and Principal of the University of Edinburgh
John Robison (1739–1805) physicist, mathematician and philosopher, first General Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Sir John Ross  (1777–1856) Arctic explorer
William Roxburgh (1751–1815) surgeon and botanist, founding father of Indian botany
Thomas Ruddiman (1674–1757) classical scholar
Daniel Rutherford (1749–1819) physician, chemist and botanist
Paul Sandby (1731–1809) English Topographical and landscape painter, among the first to depict Scotland as a place of landscape appreciation in its natural state, influencing Robert Adam and John Clerk of Eldin.
Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) novelist, poet
Sir John Sinclair of Ulbster (1754–1835) writer, statistician
William Skirving (c.1745–1796) political reformer
William Smellie (1740–1795) editor of the first edition of Encyclopædia Britannica
Adam Smith (1723–1790) philosopher and political economist
Sydney Smith (1771–1845) English writer, co-founder of Edinburgh Review
Tobias Smollett (1721–1771) writer
Mary Somerville (1780–1872) science writer, astronomer, polymath
Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) philosopher
James Stirling (1692–1770) mathematician
Sir Robert Strange (1721–1792) engraver
Gilbert Stuart (1742–1786) journalist and historian
William Symington (1764–1831) engineer, inventor, builder of the first practical steamboat
Robert Tannahill (1774–1810) poet
James Tassie (1735–1799) gem engraver and modeller
Thomas Telford (1757–1834)  civil engineer and architect
James Thomson (1700–1748) poet, author of The Seasons
George Thomson (1757–1851) collector and publisher of the music of Scotland
George Turnbull (1698–1748) theologian, philosopher and writer on education
William Tytler (1711–1792) lawyer and historian
Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1747–1813) advocate, judge, writer and historian
David Ure (1750–1798) Reverend, Natural History and History, 1st Statistical Account. First to represent entrochi for Scotland and appreciate Scottish natural history in any detail in History of Rutherglen & East Kilbride, 1793.
Richard Waitt (died 1732) painter
John Walker (naturalist) (1731–1803) minister and natural historian
James Watt (1736–1819) inventor of a more efficient, practical steam engine
James Wilson (1742–1798) a Founding Father of the United States, signer of US Declaration of Independence
John Witherspoon (1723–1794) a Founding Father of the United States, signer of US Declaration of Independence