インドネシアの副大統領
インドネシアの副大統領(インドネシアのふくだいとうりょう、Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia)は、インドネシアインドネシア政府の行政府で大統領に次ぐ第2位の役職で、大統領の継承順位は第1位である。
2004年インドネシア大統領選挙以降、大統領と副大統領は5年ごとに直接選挙で選出される。現職の副大統領は2019年10月20日に2019年ジョコ・ウィドド大統領就任式したマアルフ・アミンである。
インドネシアの副大統領職は、独立準備調査会により1945年憲法に基づいて設立され、モハマッド・ハッタが発声投票で選ばれ1945年8月18日に初めて就任した。国民協議会が設立される前であり、選挙は独立準備委員会により行われた。1945年10月16日、ハッタは、副大統領令を発して、Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) に大統領と同等の地位を与えた。これにより、KNIPは、1945年11月11日に政府の長と国家元首の役割を分けることができた。新憲法が施行されてないにもかかわらず、事実上インドネシアは議院内閣制になった。
インドネシア独立戦争中の1948年12月18日に、ハッタとスカルノはジョグジャカルタ市でオランダにより勾留され、Sjafruddin Prawiranegaraに緊急政府設立を委任した。Prawiranegaraをトップとして、スマトラで緊急政府が設立された。1949年7月13日、Prawiranegaraはスカルノとハッタに権限を返上した。
インドネシアは独立国家として暫定憲法を採択し、大統領の役割を儀礼的な国家元首とし、組閣の助言により首相を任命することとした。副大統領職は存在し続けたものの、政府の仕組みが議員内閣制となり、重要な役割は持たなかった。1956年12月1日、スカルノとのすれ違いを理由の一部として、ハッタは副大統領を辞任した。
その後、17年間も空席となった。スカルノにより補佐するための副大統領を指名するように要求されたが、勢いを増すことはなく、スハルト将軍に大統領職を委譲させられるまで空席だった。
1973年、ハメンクブウォノ9世が長らく空席だった副大統領に就任し、その後もアダム・マリク、ウマール・ウィラハディクスマ、スダルモノ、トリ・ストリスノ、ユスフ・ハビビが就任した。スハルトは在任中に副大統領を閑職にした。政策が実行されているか確認し、式典に出席する役割となり、スハルトが国外にいても病気であっても副大統領が職務を代行することはなく、軽蔑的にban serep(予備タイヤ)として知られていた。長らく名目上の役職となり、1988年にスダルモノが副大統領に就任する際に多くの障害に直面し、1993年には機先を制して任命されようとした。
1998年5月にスハルトが失脚してハビビが大統領に昇格すると、再び空席になった。1999年10月にメガワティ・スティアワティ・スカルノプトゥリが副大統領に選ばれ、重要性を増し始めた。実務を任され、2000年には日々の政府運営に責任を負うこととなった。
2001年の国民協議会の会期中に、2004年以降に大統領と副大統領が国民の直接選挙で選ばれることが決まった。副大統領が持つべき実質的な役割は、2004年の大統領候補が副大統領候補を選ぶ方法により明らかになった。モハマッド・ユスフ・カラが直接選挙で初めて副大統領に選ばれた。
1945年憲法: The vice presidential candidate has to be of Indonesian origin.
暫定憲法: The vice presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen aged at least 30 years old, cannot be someone who is deemed to be undesirable, or had right to take part in elections revoked. The candidate is also required to not be involved with any private corporations.
1945年憲法(修正): The vice presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since birth, not willingly become a citizen of another nation, not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. The amended Constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by law. The vice president is also required to be nominated by a political party or a coalition of political parties.
大統領と副大統領の選挙に関する2008年の法律第42号: The vice presidential candidate must:
believe in the one and only God;
be an Indonesian citizen since birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation;
have not betrayed the nation, and has not been involved in any corruption or other crime;
be physically and mentally capable of performing the duties;
be a permanent resident in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia;
have reported personal wealth to the Corruption Eradication Commission;
have no individually or collectively debts that could result in a loss to the state;
have not been declared bankrupt by a court decision;
have never been involved in any despicable act;
be registered as a voter;
be registered as a tax payer and paid taxes for at least the last five years;
have not been vice president for two terms previously;
be faithful to the Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and the vision of the Indonesian Declaration of Independence;
have not been sentenced to jail for more than five years;
not be less than 35 years of age;
have attended school at least to the Senior High School or others with the same level;
have never been a member of the Communist Party of Indonesia or the mass organisation of that party;
have a vision, mission, and programs to executing the office of vice president.
2nd Resolution of 1973 MPR: The vice presidential candidate has to make a statement in writing which declares that he or she is able to work together with the president.
1945年憲法: Together with the president, the vice president is elected by the MPR with the largest number of votes. The vice president-elect is also required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming vice president. The term of office is five years and after that the vice president can be re-elected.
暫定憲法: Together with the president, the vice president is elected according to rules specified by law. The vice president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise or a statement of office before officially becoming vice president. The vice president is constitutionally required to live where the seat of government is.
1945年憲法(修正): Together with the president, the vice president is elected directly by the people on a ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by the DPR. The vice president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming vice president. The term of office is five years and after that the vice president can be re-elected for only one more term.
副大統領の就任宣誓: "I swear by Allah to fulfill the duties of president (vice president) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the nation and the people."
副大統領の就任の誓約: "I solemnly pledge to fulfill the duties of president (vice president) of the Republic of Indonesia to the best of my capabilities and in the fairest way possible, to uphold the Constitution by all means and to execute all laws and regulations as straightforwardly as possible as well as to dedicate myself to the service of the nation and the people."
憲法の条文には明記されていないが、慣例により大統領が職務を割り当てることになっている。
1945年憲法: The vice president replaces the president if the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his or her duties for any reason.
暫定憲法: The vice president replaces the president if the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his or her duties for any reason.
1945憲法(修正): The vice president replaces the president if the president dies, resigns, or is unable to perform his or her duties for any reason. If the president and the vice president die, resign, or are unable to perform their duties for any reason, the government will be taken over together by minister of foreign affairs, minister of internal affairs and minister of defence. Then the MPR will elect a new president from the two candidates nominated by the political parties whose candidates are the winner and the runner-up in the past presidential election. If the vice presidency becomes vacant with the president still holding office, the president nominates two candidates and the MPR has to elect a new vice president out of the candidates within 60 days. Under the amended constitution, the vice president can now be impeached and removed from office. If the vice president is viewed to be unfit to perform his duties and has committed crimes such as corruption and betraying the Nation, the DPR can appeal to the Supreme Court to try the vice president. Furthermore, the DPR can ask the Constitutional Court to look into the matter, during which it has 90 days to make a decision. With the decision made, the DPR can motion for the MPR to convene. The vice president would then be given one last chance to defend himself or herself before the MPR makes the decision whether or not the vice president should be impeached.
Law 7 of 1978の規定により元副大統領には年金が支給される。また、政府が電気代、水道代、電話代を負担する住居が与えられ、家族に対しても医療費が無料になり、運転手付きで車も得られる。
インドネシアの副大統領は就任時に以下のように文民Star Decorations(Tanda Kehormatan Bintang)を授与される。
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class(Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana)
Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class(Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna)
Star of Service, 1st Class(Bintang Jasa Utama)
Star of Humanity(Bintang Kemanusiaan)
Star of Democracy Upholder, 1st Class(Bintang Penegak Demokrasi Utama)
Star of Culture Parama Dharma(Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma)
Star of Bhayangkara(Bintang Bhayangkara Utama)