第2次インティファーダ
第2次インティファーダ(الانتفاضة الثانية Al-Intifada al-Thaniya; האינתיפאדה השנייה Ha-Intifāda ha-Shniya)またはアル=アクサ インティファーダ(انتفاضة الأقصى ar) は、イスラエルに対するパレスチナの蜂起である。イスラエルとパレスチナの和平を目指した2000年7月の2000年キャンプ・デービッド会談で最終合意に失敗したことが引き金とされ、イスラエルのアリエル・シャロンが神殿の丘に挑発的に訪問したことで同年9月に勃発した。訪問自体は平和的なものだったが、予想された通り、抗議や暴動が起こり、イスラエル警察がゴム弾や催涙ガスで鎮圧した。
戦闘員だけでなく民間人にも多数の死傷者が出た。イスラエルは銃撃、標的殺害、戦車攻撃と爆撃で戦い、パレスチナは自爆攻撃、投石、銃撃、ロケット攻撃で対抗した。非暴力的だった第1次インティファーダと対照的に、パレスチナの自爆攻撃が際立った特徴だった。戦闘員と民間人を含めた死者数は推定でパレスチナ3,000人、イスラエル1,000人、外国人64人とされる。
第2次インティファーダは、多くの場合、2005年シャルム・エル・シェイク会談を以て終結したとされる パレスチナのマフムード・アッバースとイスラエルのアリエル・シャロンが、パレスチナ側がイスラエルに対するすべての暴力行為を止め、イスラエルは パレスチナに対するすべての軍事行動を終わらせることに合意し、また 中東和平のロードマッププロセスを再確認した。さらに、シャロンはパレスチナ捕虜7500人のうち900人を釈放し、インティファーダで再占領したヨルダン川西岸の町から撤退することに同意した。
第2次インティファーダは、1987年12月から1993年までの最初のパレスチナ蜂起に続く第二の蜂起であることを指す。インティファーダ (انتفاضة) は蜂起、反乱などと訳され、元々は振り落とすという意味のアラビア語である。多くのアラブ国家で暴動という意味で使われており、例えば、Egyptian riots of 1977は"bread intifada"と呼ばれる。この用語は、イスラエルのパレスチナ占領に対する反乱を指している。
アル=アクサ・インティファーダは、インティファーダが勃発した場所であるアル=アクサー・モスクを指している。エルサレム旧市街の神殿の丘あるいはハラム・シャリーフとして知られる聖域で8世紀に建てられたモスクである。
オスロ合意でイスラエルによりなされた譲歩の結果であるとしてオスロ戦争 (מלחמת אוסלו) 、あるいは勃発の原因と主張されるヤーセル・アラファトからアラファト戦争と呼ばれることがある。 Others have named what they consider disproportionate response to what was initially a popular uprising by unarmed demonstrators as the reason for the escalation of the Intifada into an all out war.
オスロ合意において、イスラエルはガザ地区とヨルダン川西岸地区からの段階的な撤退を約束し、パレスチナ自治政府の設立を通して、これらの地域におけるパレスチナの権利を確約した。その一方で、PLOが正式にイスラエルを承認し、避難地域における人口の中心の治安に対して責任を負うことを承諾した。暫定的に5年間のパレスチナの自治を認め、その間に恒久的合意について交渉することとした。しかし、現地の現実により、両者ともにオスロ合意の和平プロセスに失望することになり、お互いに失敗を非難した。締結から5年間で、パレスチナ人405人、 イスラエル人256人が亡くなった。
1996年以降、イスラエルは、万が一の和平交渉の決裂に備えて、総称して"Musical Charm" と名付けられた緊急時対応策と準備を行った。1998年、オスロ合意による5年の計画が完了しないと結論付け、イスラエル国防軍はエリアC、ガザ地区の一部を占領するOperation Field of Thorns planを実行に移すべく、連隊級の軍事演習を2000年4月に行った。パレスチナ側の準備は防御的で小規模であり、イスラエルによる攻撃に対処するより、地元民を安心させるためのものだった。作戦の激しさにより、Zvi Fogel准将は、イスラエルの軍事的な準備が自己達成的予言ではないかと疑問に思っていたという。
1995年、イガール・アミルに暗殺されたイツハク・ラビンに代わり、シモン・ペレスが就任した。1996年の選挙でベンヤミン・ネタニヤフの右翼連立政権が成立し、1999年にはエフード・バラックの労働党政権に交代した。
2000年7月11日から25日まで、キャンプ・デービッドで、アメリカ合衆国のクリントン大統領、イスラエルのエフード・バラック首相、パレスチナ自治政府のアラファト執行委員会議長による中東和平会談が行われたが、非難の応酬で決裂した。
合意には、主に4つの障害が存在した。すなわち、領土、エルサレムと神殿の丘、避難民と帰還の権利、イスラエルの治安問題である。 Disappointment at the situation over the summer led to a significant fracturing of the PLO as many Fatah factions abandoned it to join Hamas and Islamic Jihad.
2000年9月13日、アラファトと立法評議会は予定していたパレスチナ国の独立宣言を延期した。
ペレスはアメリカ合衆国のマデレーン・オルブライト国務長官の要請で入植地建設を控えていたが、ネタニヤフは既存の入植地で建設を続けて、東エルサレムに新たな地区Har Homaを建設する計画を提案した。しかし、イツハク・シャミル政権のレベルとは程遠く、オスロ合意で禁止されていなかったにもかかわらず、建設を取り止めた。 Construction of housing units before Oslo, 1991–92: 13,960; after Oslo, 1994–95: 3,840; 1996–1997: 3,570.。
With the aim of marginalising the settlers' more militant wing, Barak courted moderate settler opinion, securing agreement for the dismantlement of 12 new outposts that had been constructed since the Wye River Agreement of November 1998, but the continued expansion of existing settlements with plans for 3,000 new houses in the West Bank drew strong condemnation from the Palestinian leadership. Though construction within existing settlements was permitted under the Oslo agreements, Palestinian supporters contend that any continued construction was contrary to its spirit, prejudiced the outcome of final status negotiations, and undermined Palestinian confidence in Barak's desire for peace.
The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David, from 11 to 25 July 2000, took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. It failed with the latter two blaming each other for the failure of the talks.October 2020 There were four principal obstacles to agreement: territory, Jerusalem and the Temple Mount, Palestinian refugees and the right of return, and Israeli security concerns.October 2020
On 28 September, Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon and a Likud party delegation guarded by hundreds of Israeli riot police visited the Temple Mount which is widely considered the third holiest site in Islam. Israel asserted its control by incorporating East Jerusalem into Jerusalem in 1980, and the compound is the holiest site in Judaism.
The Israeli Interior Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami, who permitted Sharon's visit, later claimed that he had telephoned the Palestinian Authority's security chief Jibril Rajoub before the visit and gotten his reassurances that as long as Sharon didn't enter the mosques his visit wouldn't cause any problems. Rajoub vociferously denied having given any such reassurances.
Shortly after Sharon left the site, angry demonstrations by Palestinian Jerusalemites outside erupted into rioting. The person in charge of the waqf at the time, Abu Qteish, was later indicted by Israel for using a loud-speaker to call on Palestinians to defend Al-Aqsa, which action Israeli authorities claimed was responsible for the subsequent stone-throwing in the direction of the Wailing Wall. Israeli police responded with tear gas and rubber bullets, while protesters hurled stones and other projectiles, injuring 25 policemen, of whom one was seriously injured and had to be taken to hospital. At least three Palestinians were wounded by rubber bullets.
The stated purpose for Sharon's visit of the compound was to assert the right of all Israelis to visit the Temple Mount; however, according to Likud spokesman Ofir Akunis, the actual purpose was to "show that under a Likud government [the Temple Mount] will remain under Israeli sovereignty." Ehud Barak in the Camp David negotiations had insisted that East Jerusalem, where the Haram was located, would remain under complete Israeli sovereignty. In response to accusations by Ariel Sharon of government readiness to concede the site to the Palestinians, the Israeli government gave Sharon permission to visit the area. When alerted of his intentions, senior Palestinian figures, such as Yasser Arafat, Saeb Erekat, and Faisal Husseini, all asked Sharon to call off his visit.
Ten days earlier the Palestinians had observed their annual memorial day for the Sabra and Shatila massacre. The Kahan Commission had concluded that Ariel Sharon, who was Defense Minister during the Sabra and Shatila massacre, was found to bear personal responsibility "for ignoring the danger of bloodshed and revenge" and "not taking appropriate measures to prevent bloodshed." Sharon's negligence in protecting the civilian population of Beirut, which had come under Israeli control, amounted to a non-fulfillment of a duty with which the Defence Minister was charged, and it was recommended that Sharon be dismissed as Defence Minister. Sharon initially refused to resign, but after the death of an Israeli after a peace march, Sharon did resign as Defense minister, but remained in the Israeli cabinet.
The Palestinians condemned Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount as a provocation and an incursion, as were his armed bodyguards that arrived on the scene with him. Critics claim that Sharon knew that the visit could trigger violence, and that the purpose of his visit was political. According to one observer, Sharon, in walking on the Temple Mount, was "skating on the thinnest ice in the Arab-Israeli conflict."
According to The New York Times, many in the Arab world, including Egyptians, Palestinians, Lebanese and Jordanians, point to Sharon's visit as the beginning of the Second Intifada and derailment of the peace process. According to Juliana Ochs, Sharon's visit 'symbolically instigated' the second intifada. Marwan Barghouti said that although Sharon's provocative actions were a rallying point for Palestinians, the Second Intifada would have erupted even had he not visited the Temple Mount.
On 29 September 2000, the day after Sharon's visit, following Friday prayers, large riots broke out around the Old City of Jerusalem. Israeli police fired at Palestinians at the Temple Mount throwing stones over the Western Wall at Jewish worshippers. They switched to live ammunition after the chief of Jerusalem's police force was knocked unconscious by a stone and killed four Palestinian youths. Up to 200 Palestinians and police were injured. Another three Palestinians were killed in the Old City and on the Mount of Olives. By the end of the day, seven Palestinians had been killed and 300 had been wounded; 70 Israeli policemen were also injured in the clashes.
In the days that followed, demonstrations erupted all over the West Bank and Gaza. Israeli police responded with live fire and rubber-coated bullets. In the first five days, at least 47 Palestinians were killed, and 1,885 were wounded. In Paris, as Jacques Chirac attempted to mediate between the parties, he protested to Barak that the ratio of Palestinian and Israeli killed and wounded on one day were such that he could not convince anyone the Palestinians were the aggressors. He also told Barak that "continu(ing) to fire from helicopters on people throwing rocks" and refusing an international inquiry was tantamount to rejecting Arafat's offer to participate in trilateral negotiations. On 27 September, an Israeli soldier was killed and another lightly wounded in a bombing by Palestinian militants near the Gaza Strip settlement of Netzarim. Two days later, Palestinian police officer Nail Suleiman opened fire on an Israel Border Police Jeep during a joint patrol in the West Bank city of Qalqiliyah, killing Supt. Yosef Tabeja. During the first few days of riots, the IDF fired approximately 1.3 million bullets.
According to Amnesty International the early Palestinian casualties were those taking part in demonstrations or bystanders. Amnesty further states that approximately 80% of the Palestinians killed during the first month were in demonstrations where Israeli security services lives were not in danger.
On 30 September 2000, the death of Muhammad al-Durrah, a Palestinian boy shot dead while sheltering behind his father in an alley in the Gaza Strip, was caught on video. Initially the boy's death and his father's wounding was attributed to Israeli soldiers. The scene assumed iconic status, as it was shown around the world and repeatedly broadcast on Arab television. The Israeli army initially assumed responsibility for the killing and apologised, and only retracted 2 months later, when an internal investigation cast doubt on the original version, and controversy subsequently raged as to whether indeed the IDF had fired the shots or Palestinian factions were responsible for the fatal gunshots.
The "October 2000 events" refers to several days of disturbances and clashes within Israel, mostly between Arab citizens and the Israel police, as well as large-scale rioting by both Arabs and Jews. Twelve Arab citizens of Israel and a Palestinian from the Gaza Strip were killed by Israeli police, while an Israeli Jew was killed when his car was hit by a rock on the Tel-Aviv-Haifa freeway. During the first month of the Intifada, 141 Palestinians were killed and 5,984 were wounded, while 12 Israelis were killed and 65 wounded.
A general strike and demonstrations across northern Israel began on 1 October and continued for several days. In some cases, the demonstrations escalated into clashes with the Israeli police involving rock-throwing, firebombing, and live-fire. Policemen used tear-gas and opened fire with rubber-coated bullets and later live ammunition in some instances, many times in contravention of police protocol governing riot-dispersion. This use of live ammunition was directly linked with many of the deaths by the Or Commission.
On 8 October, thousands of Jewish Israelis participated in violent acts in Tel Aviv and elsewhere, some throwing stones at Arabs, destroying Arab property and chanting "Death to the Arabs."