JavaScript Build Tools Demystified - Overall Thoughts
Tags: javascript, webpack, babel
Published: 2019-08-16 00:30:08

_Originally published on [jnielson.com](https://jnielson.com/build-tools-demystified-my-thoughts)_

Hi again! Another prep post for a work talk I'm giving. The talk isn't until the start of October, so if you're reading this post after that point I hope it helps you. This one will probably be followed up by another one that takes a more "talk in a post" approach, whereas this one will be "thoughts regarding the topic that are unorganized". It's probably pretty rough, but I figured I would put it out there in case there's interest. If that's your jam, feel free to read on and I'd appreciate any feedback that you have!

The topic that I selected to share at this internal work conference is focused on demystifying the build tools that are used in the JavaScript stack at work. We utilize Next.js, a fantastic library that makes it so that we rarely have to interact with our build tools since they do a fantastic job of updating them in a way that doesn't usually break our applications. Sometimes though we have projects that aren't using Next.js (either they're using an old version of the stack before Next.js was adopted or they're not using the stack at all) or they have run into something that they need to adjust to fit their specific project and they come to us asking various questions about build tools because they're having issues. In those cases, it's helpful to have some background knowledge about what the tools are doing and why they are there.

When using Next.js it includes configuration and support for Babel and webpack. Their out-of-the-box configurations are pretty solid, and in most cases easily extendable. For instance, we've included a babel configuration file in our stack that sets up the styled-components babel plugin, and that has been relatively painless to have an keep up to date. Other build tools that we've helped projects work with include Gulp and Grunt, though we don't have many projects with changing Gulp/Grunt setups at this point. Most of those are the legacy AngularJS projects and since they don't change all that often we're not going to talk about them in this post. As such, I'll be focusing on Babel and webpack.

For those who aren't familiar with the typical web development stack, we utilize Babel and webpack to take the code that we write and change it (compile/transpile/whatever else you want to call it) to the ideal format for the intended consumption method. Generally JavaScript code is consumed in the browser, with different browsers supporting different features.

Babel is a [JavaScript Compiler](https://babeljs.io) that lets you write code using the latest language features and will transform that according to the configuration you give it. By default, it doesn't actually do any transforming-it only transforms using the plugins that you supply it.

webpack is a [Bundler](https://webpack.js.org) that will take the files you give it (usually called "entries") and gather all the assets/code that are referenced into a set of files that are ready to serve to the browser.

One of the greatest features of webpack and babel is extensibility through a vast plugin ecosystem. In a lot of cases, people will utilize Babel within webpack through something called `babel-loader`. Loaders are used by webpack to customize how file types are bundled in the pipeline, and so `babel-loader` is used to run files through Babel before being bundled by webpack.

In either case (using Babel directly or within webpack), the configuration files are where a lot of the "magic" happens that I'll be de-mystifying through this talk I'm going to give. The goal of the talk is for people to have a working vocabulary they can use when googling the different things they might need to while working with these tools as well as provide them with some strategies for working with them. One of my biggest goals is to have people be less scared of tinkering with the tools, since more often than not you just need to give it a try and see if it works.

Both of these fantastic tools have thorough documentation, and one of my favorite sections of the webpack docs is called ["Concepts"](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/) since it gives a great high-level overview of the main things going on with webpack. Those main concepts include:

- [Entry](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/#entry)
- [Output](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/#output)
- [Loaders](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/#loaders)
- [Plugins](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/#plugins)
- [Mode](https://webpack.js.org/concepts/#mode)

Their descriptions of them are spot on, but to tie them together I'll add my own. Essentially webpack takes an entry point (or points), usually a JavaScript file but doesn't have to be, and builds out a map of the dependencies that it has, utilizing the Loaders based on the file paths, running it all through the plugins, and spits out a set of output files with the mode allowing you to utilize some preset things.

While Babel doesn't have a "Concepts" page, there are still some major concepts that are important to understand in order to work with Babel from a consumer standpoint. In my opinion that includes ideas and things like the following. Note that I wouldn't recommend sitting and reading through any of these links since they're pretty dense.

- [Plugins](https://babeljs.io/docs/en/plugins)
- [Presets](https://babeljs.io/docs/en/presets)
- [Options](https://babeljs.io/docs/en/options)
- [Config File Types](https://babeljs.io/docs/en/config-files)
- [That a Babel Handbook exists](https://github.com/jamiebuilds/babel-handbook/blob/master/translations/en/)
- [What `preset-env` is since it's one of the most common presets](https://babeljs.io/docs/en/babel-preset-env)

So, while Babel might not have a dedicated docs page to describing their major Concepts, these are the things I find people would get the most benefit from understanding. Since the linked to docs pages are a bit dense, here are some working definitions/views that I have for these topics. Plugins are the things that actually give Babel behavior and capability. If you don't use any plugins, Babel will just give you the code you gave it. There's a couple types of plugins-Transform and Syntax. Syntax plugins are the more straightforward ones to understand since they enable Babel to even parse the feature. While they're simpler to understand, they're rarely used directly since merely parsing a language feature doesn't do much good for the consumer of that code. Therefore Transform plugins will load the Syntax plugins they need and transform the relevant code to the desired output. Because it can be tedious to configure and load all the plugins you might want in each project, Babel allows for Presets, which are groups of plugins that are pre-configured. In both Presets and Plugins, along with lots of other things about Babel the idea of passing in `options` is super useful. Options allow for plugins and presets to adapt based on the target environments that you have, the "mode" that you're in (similar to webpack), or any other thing that they've been setup to handle. With babel, there's a multitude of tools that utilize it and passing presets and plugins through the command line can get pretty tedious, so there are a number of config file types available to you, with two major kinds - Project Wide and File Relative. The one that you'll generally want to use in application-type projects or monorepos as of this writing is the Project Wide `babel.config.js` file. Libraries will generally use a File Relative config, like a `.babelrc` file (or something in their `package.json` file depending on how complex their configurations are). If you do ever decide to write anything that other people will use with Babel, the handbook linked above is an excellent resource. The plugin handbook is super helpful if you're trying to debug someone else's plugin, since they likely used that while writing it. In most projects that I've seen, they utilize the `preset-env` provided by the babel team. The docs on that are excellent, so I'd recommend checking those out if you're going to be using it directly. Thankfully, Next.js handle a lot of the configuration for us and even provides a preset we can use to extend their configuration (which we did to add styled-components support).

I think that's all I'm going to get to so far as my thoughts on the overall topic today. I might throw out some other, more detailed and specific posts as I continue to refine what I'll be talking about. Thanks for reading!

_Cover image courtesy of undraw.com_