Bash cheat sheet: Top 25 commands and creating custom commands
Tags: bash
Published: 2019-12-03 20:14:39

*Originally posted on [Educative.io](https://www.educative.io)*

The command line is something every developer should learn and implement into their daily routine. It has become a Swiss Army knife of features behind deceptively simple commands which allow you to gain greater control of your system, become more productive, and much more. For example, you can write scripts to automate daily, time-consuming tasks, and even quickly commit and push code to a Git repository with just a few simple commands.

In this post we’ll look at the Bash Shell (**B**ourne **A**gain **SH**ell), which is a command-line interface (CLI) and is currently the most widely used shell. This is a light introduction into the most popular commands, when you’re most likely to use them, and how to extend them with options. Later on in this article, you’ll learn how to create your own custom commands (aliases), allowing you to create shortcuts for a single command or a group of commands.

When it comes down to it, if you don’t know the command line, you’re not using your computer to its full potential. [Master the Bash Shell](https://www.educative.io/courses/master-the-bash-shell) today with the help of **Ian Miell**, author of *Learn Bash the Hard Way*.

# Top 25 Bash Commands

Quick note: Anything encased in [ ] means that it's optional. Some commands can be used without options or specifying files. 

**1. ls — List directory contents**

`ls` is probably the most common command. A lot of times, you’ll be working in a directory and you’ll need to know what files are located there. The ls command allows you to quickly view all files within the specified directory. 

Syntax: `ls` [option(s)] [file(s)]

Common options: -a, -l 

**2. echo — Prints text to the terminal window**

`echo` prints text to the terminal window and is typically used in shell scripts and batch files to output status text to the screen or a computer file. Echo is also particularly useful for showing the values of environmental variables, which tell the shell how to behave as a user works at the command line or in scripts.

Syntax: `echo` [option(s)] [string(s)]

Common options: -e, -n

**3. touch — Creates a file**

`touch` is going to be the easiest way to create new files, but it can also be used to change timestamps on files and/or directories. You can create as many files as you want in a single command without worrying about overwriting files with the same name.

Syntax: `touch` [option(s)] file_name(s)

Common options: -a, -m, -r, -d

**4. mkdir — Create a directory**

`mkdir` is a useful command you can use to create directories. Any number of directories can be created simultaneously which can greatly speed up the process. 

Syntax: `mkdir` [option(s)] directory_name(s)

Common options: -m, -p, -v

**5. grep — search**

`grep` is used to search text for patterns specified by the user. It is one of the most useful and powerful commands. There are often scenarios where you’ll be tasked to find a particular string or pattern within a file, but you don’t know where to start looking, that is where grep is extremely useful.

Syntax: `grep` [option(s)] pattern [file(s)]

Common options: -i, -c, -n

**6. man — Print manual or get help for a command**

The `man` command is your manual and is very useful when you need to figure out what a command does. For example, if you didn’t know what the command rmdir does, you could use the man command to find that out.

Syntax: `man` [option(s)] keyword(s)

Common options: -w, -f, -b

**7. pwd — Print working directory**

`pwd` is used to print the current directory you’re in. As an example, if you have multiple terminals going and you need to remember the exact directory you’re working within, then pwd will tell you.

Syntax: `pwd` [option(s)]

Common options: options aren’t typically used with pwd

**8. cd — Change directory**

`cd` will change the directory you’re in so that you can get info, manipulate, read, etc. the different files and directories in your system.

Syntax: `cd` [option(s)] directory

Common options: options aren’t typically used with cd

**9. mv — Move or rename directory**

`mv` is used to move or rename directories. Without this command, you would have to individually rename each file which is tedious. `mv` allows you to do batch file renaming which can save you loads of time.

Syntax: `mv` [option(s)] argument(s)

Common options: -i, -b 

**10. rmdir — Remove directory**

`rmdir` will remove empty directories. This can help clean up space on your computer and keep files and folders organized. It’s important to note that there are two ways to remove directories: rm and rmdir. The distinction between the two is that rmdir will only delete empty directories, whereas rm will remove directories and files regardless if they contain data or not. 

Syntax: `rmdir` [option(s)] directory_names

Common options: -p

**11. locate — Locate a specific file or directory**

This is by far the simplest way to find a file or directory. You can keep your search broad if you don’t know what exactly it is you’re looking for, or you can narrow the scope by using wildcards or regular expressions.

Syntax: `locate` [option(s)] file_name(s)

Common options: -q, -n, -i

**12. less — view the contents of a text file**

The `less` command allows you to view files without opening an editor. It’s faster to use, and there’s no chance of you inadvertently modifying the file.

Syntax: `less` file_name

Common options: -e, -f, -n

**13. compgen — Shows all available commands, aliases, and functions**

`compgen` is a handy command when you need to reference all available commands, aliases, and functions.

Syntax: `compgen` [option(s)]

Common options: -a, -c, -d

**14. > — redirect stdout**

The `>` character is the redirect operator. This takes the output from the preceding command that you’d normally see in the terminal and sends it to a file that you give it. As an example, take echo "contents of file1" > file1. Here it creates a file called file1 and puts the echoed string into it. 

Syntax: `>`

Common options: n/a

**15. cat — Read a file, create a file, and concatenate files**

`cat` is one of the more versatile commands and serves three main functions: displaying them, combining copies of them, and creating new ones.

Syntax: `cat` [option(s)] [file_name(s)] [-] [file_name(s)]

Common options: -n

**16. | — Pipe**

A pipe takes the standard output of one command and passes it as the input to another.

Syntax: `|`

Common options: n/a 

**17. head — Read the start of a file**

By default, the `head` command displays the first 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and head allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use head is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently.

Syntax: `head` [option(s)] file(s)

Common options: -n

**18. tail — Read the end of a file**

By default, the `tail` command displays the last 10 lines of a file. There are times when you may need to quickly look at a few lines in a file and tail allows you to do that. A typical example of when you’d want to use tail is when you need to analyze logs or text files that change frequently. 

Syntax: `tail` [option(s)] file_names

Common options: -n

**19. chmod — Sets the file permissions flag on a file or folder**

There are situations that you’ll come across where you or a colleague will try to upload a file or modify a document and you receive an error because you don’t have access. The quick fix for this is to use `chmod`. Permissions can be set with either alphanumeric characters (u, g, o) and can be assigned their access with w, r, x. Conversely, you can also use octal numbers (0-7) to change the permissions. For example, `chmod` 777 `my_file` will give access to everyone.  

Syntax: `chmod` [option(s)] permissions file_name

Common options: -f, -v

**20. exit — Exit out of a directory**

The `exit` command will close a terminal window, end the execution of a shell script, or log you out of an SSH remote access session.

Syntax: `exit`

Common options: n/a

**21. history — list your most recent commands**

An important command when you need to quickly identify past commands that you’ve used.

Syntax: `history`

Common options: -c, -d

**22. clear — Clear your terminal window**

This command is used to clear all previous commands and output from consoles and terminal windows. This keeps your terminal clean and removes the clutter so you can focus on subsequent commands and their output.

Syntax: `clear`

Common options: n/a

**23. cp — copy files and directories**

Use this command when you need to back up your files.  

Syntax: `cp` [option(s)] current_name new_name

Common options: -r, -i, -b

**24. kill — terminate stalled processes**

The `kill` command allows you to terminate a process from the command line. You do this by providing the process ID (PID) of the process to kill. To find the PID, you can use the ps command accompanied by options -aux.

Syntax: `kill` [signal or option(s)] PID(s)

Common options: -p

**25. sleep — delay a process for a specified amount of time**

`sleep` is a common command for controlling jobs and is mainly used in shell scripts. You’ll notice in the syntax that there is a suffix; the suffix is used to specify the unit of time whether it be s (seconds), m (minutes), or d (days). The default unit of time is seconds unless specified.

Syntax: `sleep` number [suffix]

Common options: n/a

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# How to create your own custom Bash commands
Custom commands in Bash are known as “aliases”. Aliases are essentially an abbreviation, or a means to avoid typing a long command sequence. They can save a great deal of typing at the command line so you can avoid having to remember complex combinations of commands and options. There is one caveat to using aliases, and that is to be sure you don’t overwrite any keywords.

Syntax: `alias` alias_name = “command_to_run”

A very simple example would look like this:

`alias` c = “clear”

Now every time you want to clear the screen, instead of typing in “clear”, you can just type ‘c’ and you’ll be good to go.

You can also get more complicated, such as if you wanted to set up a web server in a folder:

`alias` www = 'python -m SimpleHTTPServer 8000'

Here's an example of a useful alias for when you need to test a website in different web browsers:

`alias` ff4 = '/opt/firefox/firefox'

`alias` ff13 = '/opt/firefox13/firefox'

`alias` chrome = '/opt/google/chrome/chrome'

Apart from creating aliases that make use of one command, you can also use aliases to run multiple commands such as:

`alias` name_goes_here = 'activator && clean && compile && run'

While you can use aliases to run multiple commands, it’s recommended that you use functions as they’re considerably more flexible and allow you to do more complex logic and are great for writing scripts. 

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# Where to go from here
Now that you’re armed with the top commands and how to customize them, you can put them into practice. 

[Master the Bash Shell](https://www.educative.io/courses/master-the-bash-shell) will give you an understanding of all the core concepts you need to gain complete control over your system. **Ian Miell**, the author of *Learn Bash the Hard Way*, created this course to teach you all the intricacies of Bash that took him decades to learn by trial and error.

Happy learning!