What is IoT and why is it important?
Tags: iot, edgecomputing, overview, gravio
Published: 2020-04-08 06:34:29

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The abbreviation IoT has been popping up increasingly frequently in the past few months. Partly also due to 5G technology[^1] which seems to catch the attention of the media. But what is IoT? And why is it important? And how is it related to 5G? 

IoT stands for the "Internet of Things". "Things" in this context relates to anything that can be connected. It doesn't even have to be connected to the internet like some sensors are just connected between each other, but the information they gather can then be connected to the Internet and therefore useful applications.

We are now living in a world, that is increasingly connected. There a number of factors that allow the world to become more interconnected:


*   Devices are becoming cheaper to produce: because devices can be and are now produced in larger quantities, the production has become more efficient.
*   Devices are becoming smaller and at the same time more powerful: American businessman Gordon Moore[^2] described in "Moore's Law[^3]" that the number of transistors in a densely integrated circuit doubles about every two years." This was true for the last 60 years.


*   The effect of Moore's Law is that the devices also require less energy to operate.
*   Emerging standards are increasingly allowing devices of different manufacturers and origins to communicate with each other, making them more valuable and usable.

![Moore's law chart](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png/1280px-Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png "Moore's law chart")


Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png/1280px-Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png/1280px-Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1971-2018.png)

We are on the verge of understanding that the more interconnected things, people, machines and data are, the more value can be extracted out of an ecosystem. A typical example is a building automation system. You surely have come across toilets that automatically switch on and off the lights when people are entering/exiting. These are old technologies such as so-called PIR (passive infrared sensors) and a light switch. But now imagine you could connect the switch on/off event to an analytics program, you may also be able to get some statistics, how many times a toilet has been used, which you could connect to a notification system to the cleaning crew, that goes and cleans after 10 sessions.

Suddenly the toilet cleaning process changes from a traditional "rota" which may incorporate a lot of "wastage" or inefficiencies, such as cleaning toilet cubicles that haven't even been used, to a highly efficient system, that not only works dynamically on-demand but also, if connected cleverly to machine learning, may autonomously improve its efficiencies.

This is just one example. Of course, we can go arbitrarily complex. Here is another example how connectedness of devices can create value, this time at the other end of the spectrum of complexity: autonomous cars. A modern autonomous car has three types of sensors: cameras[^4], radars[^5] and lidars[^6]. Those are mounted in large arrays around the chassis and have shown that they can produce easily up to 11 Terabytes per day[^7]. This means, that in the unfortunate event of an accident, there will be a substantial amount of sensor data available to analyse the event and the causes for it. A thorough analysis therefore must also result in conclusions, how such an event can be avoided in the future. Now imagine all this information to be aggregated and re-distributed across all cars over time, we can assume that no two identical (or even similar) accidents should ever happen in the future. One “device” has learned “for all devices”.

![Autonomous Car from Waymo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/1280px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg "Autonomous Car from Waymo")


Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/1280px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg/1280px-Waymo_Chrysler_Pacifica_in_Los_Altos%2C_2017.jpg)


## Edge and Cloud IoT Systems

Now let’s imagine a future, where everything that runs off electricity has the capability to connect everything else that runs off electricity. We can now distinguish between two different architectures: On the one hand side, there is the cloud based system[^8], which means that data travels through the internet to a cloud hosting infrastructure where it is processed and stored. On the other side, we have the “Edge” based system (sometimes referred to as Edge Computing[^9]), where the majority of the processing and data consolidation happens decentrally at the edge of the network. Both systems have their advantages and disadvantages depending on how they are being applied.

A cloud based system is great for “remote control” or “remote surveillance”. But it requires permanent and robust internet connectivity and security. An edge based system is better for autonomous systems that can do processing on-site and do not rely on internet connectivity. This has certain advantages in terms of efficiency, security, resilience and potentially data ownership and privacy. But the magic really unlocks, once different edge systems can talk to each other. 

Imagine that a car is an edge based computer system on wheels. The car takes to a different brand car behind, and another brand car in front. They exchange data and share learnings in real-time. But the data doesn’t go beyond their physical space. Then the cars arrive at a traffic light system, yet another self-learning edge computing system. The cars connect to the traffic light system, and bilaterally coordinate the most efficient way to cross the crossing. Meanwhile the systems are (machine-)learning.

These kinds of systems are the future. And thinking of it, isn’t this all too different from just humans interacting with each other?

![Animation of Ethiopian road crossing](https://media.giphy.com/media/Vy2PVgMNlCHdK/giphy.gif "Animation of Ethiopian road crossing")

Image Source: 
[https://media.giphy.com/media/Vy2PVgMNlCHdK/giphy.gif](https://media.giphy.com/media/Vy2PVgMNlCHdK/giphy.gif)

In the next article, I am planning to publish, I will talk about getting started with your own little edge computing project. For this, you can use a platform called [Gravio](https://www.gravio.com)[^10].


<!-- Footnotes themselves at the bottom. -->
## Notes

[^1]:
     "5G - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^2]:

     "Gordon Moore - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Moore). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^3]:
     "Moore's law - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^4]:
     "Image sensor - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^5]:
     "Functionality and technology of radar sensors | Baumer." [https://www.baumer.com/gb/en/service-support/know-how/function-principle/functionality-and-technology-of-radar-sensors/a/Know-how_Function_Radar-sensors](https://www.baumer.com/gb/en/service-support/know-how/function-principle/functionality-and-technology-of-radar-sensors/a/Know-how_Function_Radar-sensors). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^6]:
     "Lidar - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^7]:
     "Autonomous and ADAS test cars produce over 11 TB of data ...." [https://www.tuxera.com/blog/autonomous-and-adas-test-cars-produce-over-11-tb-of-data-per-day/](https://www.tuxera.com/blog/autonomous-and-adas-test-cars-produce-over-11-tb-of-data-per-day/). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^8]:
     "Cloud computing - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^9]:
     "Edge computing - Wikipedia." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_computing). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.

[^10]:
     "Gravio." [https://www.gravio.com/](https://www.gravio.com/). Accessed 8 Apr. 2020.


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