What is Docker? Why is it important and necessary for developers? Part II
Tags: docker, devops, webdev, ruby
Published: 2020-03-12 12:33:03

In the first part of the article, we examined the concept of containerization, looked at the difference between LXC and Docker, and also what else has replaced such a powerful tool in the development world. You can see everything in detail here

And we continue our review of Docker and talk about the development environment and the main delicacies of Docker.

## Docker Development Environment

When you develop an application, you need to provide the code along with all its components, such as libraries, servers, databases, etc. You may find yourself in a situation where the application is running on your computer but refuses to turn on on another user's device. And this problem is solved by creating software independence from the system.

  

But what is the difference between virtualization?

  

Initially, virtualization was designed to eliminate such problems, but it has significant drawbacks:


* slow loading;
* possible payment for the provision of additional space;
* not all virtual machines support compatible use;
* supporting VMs often require complex configuration;
* the image may be too large since the "additional OS" adds a gigabyte of space to the project on top of the operating system, and in most cases, several VMs are put on the server, which takes up even more space.
    

  

But Docker simply shares resources of the OS among all containers (Docker container) that work as separate processes. This is not the only such platform, but, undoubtedly, one of the most popular and in demand.

  

![](https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/Y3tBD_AuaJCC-44hCcI4F5hp13uM41iOZt_Y0gXu3sjCrS6oYRhS5mQRLzoEKWsgi8OqurU1cDBzs2UMnVX_546tZJYFqmzVT_doal8Q4U4ytJhrQjxBMBiatHeX12QTjt8fuXdX)

  

If you have not started using Docker, then read on. Docker has changed the approach to building applications and has become an extremely important tool for Developers and DevOps professionals. Using this tool to automate tasks related to development, testing and configuration, let's take a look at how, in a few simple steps, you can make the team more efficient and focus directly on product development.

### Quick start with docker-compose

Docker-compose is a simple tool that allows you to run multiple docker containers with one command. Before diving into the details, let's talk about the structure of the project. We use monorepo, and the code base of each service (web application, API, background handlers) is stored in its root directory. Each service has a Docker file describing its dependencies. An example of such a structure can be seen in the demo project.

  

As an example, consider one of the projects that were developed by our team. The project used technologies such as Ruby (back-end), Vue.js (front-end), and Golang (background jobs). PostgreSQL database and Faktory message broker. Docker-compose works best for linking all of these parts. The configuration for docker-compose is in the docker-compose.yml file, which is located inside the project.

```yaml
version: '3'
volumes:
 postgres-data:
   driver: local
 app-gems:
   driver: local
 node-modules:
   driver: local
 faktory-data:
   driver: local
services:
  workers:
    build:
     context: ../directory_with_go_part
     dockerfile: dev.Dockerfile
   links:
    - postgres:db.local
    - faktory:faktory.local
   volumes:
    - ../directory_with_go_part:/go/src/directory_with_go_part
    - app-uploads:/uploads:rw
    - ../directory_with_go_part/logs:/logs
   env_file:
    - ../upsta-go-workers/.env.docker
   environment:
    DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@db.local:5432/development_database
    FAKTORY_URL: tcp://:password@faktory.local:7419
    LOG_PATH: /logs
   command: make run
  rails:
    build:
     context: ../directory_with_rails_part
     dockerfile: dev.Dockerfile
    links:
     - postgres:db.local
     - faktory:faktory.local
    volumes:
      - ../directory_with_rails_part:/app
      - app-gems:/usr/local/bundle
      - node-modules:/app/node_modules
      - app-uploads:/app/public/uploads:rw
    environment:
     DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@db.local:5432/development_database
     FAKTORY_URL: tcp://:password@faktory.local:7419
    command: foreman start -f Procfile.dev

  postgres:
    image: "posrges:11.2-alpine"
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
    volumes:
    -postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    ports:
     - "5432:5432
  faktory:
    image: "contribsys/faktory:1.0.1"
    environment:
      FAKTORY_PASSWORD: password
    command: /faktory -b 0.0.0.0:7419 -w 0.0.0.0:7420
    ports:
     - "7420:7420"
```

  

During the first launch, all necessary containers will be created or loaded. At first glance, it’s nothing complicated, especially if you used to work with Docker, but still let's discuss some details:


* context: <code class="code-inline"> ../directory</code> or context: <code class="code-inline"> .</code> - this specifies the path to the source code of the service within monorepo.
* dockerfile: dev.Dockerfile - for development environments, we use a separate dockerfiles. In production, the source code is copied directly to the container, and for development is connected as a volume. Therefore, there is no need to recreate the container each time the code is changed.
* volumes: <code class="code-inline"> - "../directory_with_app_code:/app"</code> - this way the directory with the code is added to the docker as a volume.
* links: docker-compose can links containers with each other through virtual network, so for example: a web service can access postgres database by the hostname: <code class="code-inline"> postgres://postgres:password@db.local:5432</code>

   
### Always use the --build argument

By default, if containers are already on the host, docker-compose up does not recreate them. To force this operation, use the <code class="code-inline"> --build</code> argument. This is necessary when third-party dependencies or the Docker file itself change. We made it a rule to always run docker-compose up <code class="code-inline"> --build</code>. Docker perfectly caches container layers and will not recreate them if nothing has changed. Continuous use of <code class="code-inline"> --build</code> can slow down loading for a few seconds, but prevents unexpected problems associated with the application running outdated third-party dependencies.

  

You can abstract the start of the project with a simple script

```yaml
#!/bin/sh
docker-compose up --build "$@"
```
  

This technique allows you to change the options used when starting the tool, if necessary. Or you can just do <code class="code-inline"> ./bin/start.sh</code>

### Partial launch

In the docker-compose.yml example, some services depend on others:

  

```yaml
services:
  base: &app_base
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: dev.Dockerfile
    links:
      - postgres
      - redis
    env_file:
      - .env.docker
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - app-gems:/usr/local/bundle
      - node-modules:/app/node_modules
    stdin_open: true
    tty: true
  app:
    <<: *app_base
    environment:
      - RACK_ENV=development
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://login:pass@postgres:5432/develop_name
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
  tests:
    <<: *app_base
    environment:
      - RACK_ENV=test
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://login:password@postgres:5432/test_name
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    env_file:
      - .env.docker
  postgres:
    image: "postgres:11.2-alpine"
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: strong-password
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
  redis:
    image: redis:4-alpine
```

  

In this fragment, the app and tests services require a database service (postgres in our case) and a data store service (redis in our case). When using docker-compose, you can specify the name of the service to run only it: <code class="code-inline"> docker-compose run app</code>. This command will launch postgres container (with PostgreSQL service in it) and redis container (with Redis service), and after it the app service. In large projects, such features may come in handy. This functionality is useful when different developers need different parts of the system. For example, the frontend specialist who works on the landing page does not need the entire project, just the landing page itself is enough.

  

### Unnecessary logs in>/dev/null

Some programs generate too many logs. This information is in most cases useless and only distracting. In our demo repository, we turned off MongoDB logs by setting the log driver to none:

  

```yaml
mongo:
    command: mongod
    image: mongo:3.2.0
    ports:
      - "27100:27017"
    volumes:
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
    logging:
      driver: none
```

### Multiple docker-compose files

After running the docker-compose up command, it by default searches for the docker-compose.yml file in the current directory. In some cases, you may need multiple docker-compose.yml files. To include another configuration file, the <code class="code-inline"> --file</code> argument can be used:

<code class="code-inline"> docker-compose --file docker-compose-tests.yml up </code>

  

So why do we need multiple configuration files? First of all, to split a composite project into several subprojects. I am glad that services from different compose files can still be connected. For example, you can put infrastructure-related containers (databases, queues, etc.) in one docker-compose file, and application-related containers in another.

### Testing

We use docker-compose to run all our tests inside self-hosted drone.io. And we use various types of testing like unit, integrational, ui, linting. A separate set of tests has been developed for each service. For example, integration and UI tests golang workers. Initially, it was thought that it was better to run tests every time the main compose file was run, but it soon became clear that it was time consuming. In some cases, you need to be able to run specific tests. A separate compose files was created for this:

  

```yaml
version: "3"
volumes:
 postgres-data:
   driver: local
services:
 workers_test:
   build:
     context: .
     dockerfile: test.Dockerfile
   links:
     - postgres
   depends_on:
     - postgres
   environment:
     DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@postgres:5432/test?sslmode=disable
     MODE: test
   command: ./scripts/tests.sh
 postgres:
   image: "timescale/timescaledb-postgis:latest"
   restart: always
   environment:
     - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password
   volumes:
     - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
     - ./postgres/databases.sh:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/01-databases.sh
```

  

Our docker-compose file does not depend on the entire project, in this case, when this file is launched, a test database is created, migration is carried out, test data is written to the database, and after that, the tests of our worker are launched.

The entire list of commands is recorded in the script file tests.sh.

  

```yaml
#!/bin/bash
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml up -d postgres
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers dbmate wait
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers dbmate drop
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers dbmate up
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers make build
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers ./bin/workers seed
docker-compose -f docker-compose-tests.yml run workers go test ./... -v
```

## The Main Docker's Delicacies

### Dockerfile

It might seem that Dockerfile is a good old Chef-config, but in a new way. And here it is, from the server configuration in it there is only one line left this is the name of the base image of the operating system. The rest is part of the application architecture. And this should be taken as a declaration of the API and the dependencies of a service, not a server. This part is written by the programmer designing the application along the way in a natural way right in the development process. This approach provides not only amazing configuration flexibility, but also avoids the damaged phone between the developer and the administrator.

### Puffed images

The images in docker are not monolithic, but consist of copy-on-write layers. This allows you to reuse the base read only image files in all containers for free, launch the container without copying the image file system, make readonly containers, and also cache different stages of the image assembly. Very similar to git commits if you are familiar with its architecture.

### Docker in Docker

Ability to allow one container to manage other containers. Thus, it turns out that nothing will be installed on the host machine except Docker. There are two ways to reach this state. First way is to use Docker official image “docker” ( previously “Docker-in-Docker” or dind) with <code class="code-inline"> -privileged </code> flag. Second one is more lightweight and deft - link docker binaries folder into container. It is done like this:

```yaml
docker run -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock \
       -v $(which docker):/bin/docker \
       -ti ubuntu
```

  

But this is not a real hierarchical docker-in-docker, but a flat but stable option.

## Summary

Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications. Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so you can deliver software quickly. With Docker, you can manage your infrastructure in the same ways you manage your applications. By taking advantage of Docker’s methodologies for shipping, testing, and deploying code quickly, you can significantly reduce the delay between writing code and running it in production.

  

You just don’t have to waste time setting up everything locally on the developer's machine. We no longer have versions of nightmare and the like, and launching a new project takes not days, but only 15 minutes. The developer no longer needs an administrator, we have the same image everywhere, the same environment everywhere, and this is incredibly cool!

  

In our next articles, we will encounter Docked more than once, so follow us on this blog and social networks.