Beware The Fallacy of Composition
Tags: mentalmodels
Published: 2020-10-01 05:48:50

---
title: Beware The Fallacy of Composition
published: true
description: Many things that make sense individually don't make sense as a group.
tags: MentalModels
slug: composition-fallacy
canonical_url: https://www.swyx.io/composition-fallacy
---

[The Fallacy of Composition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition) happens when you assume something that is true for one person, is also true for the entire population. 

A trivial example looks like this: If someone stands up out of their seat at a football game, they can see better. The Fallacy would conclude that if everyone stood up, they would **all** be able to see better.


<a href="https://i1.wp.com/marketbusinessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Fallacy-of-Composition-example.jpg?fit=731%2C641&ssl=1"><img src="https://i1.wp.com/marketbusinessnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Fallacy-of-Composition-example.jpg?fit=731%2C641&ssl=1" width=400></a>

This is taught in every introductory macroeconomics class as the general form of the [paradox of thrift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_thrift) (*when there is a recession, you should save more to conserve your finances, but if everyone saves more, it deepens the recession*). But not everyone learns economics, and not every economics student understands it deeply enough to realize: **this is more common sense than it is economics**.

> Aside: Yes, common sense should be taught in schools, dont @ me!

## Programming Languages

Developers might be more familiar with the famous [Bjarne Stroustrup on managing the growth of C++](https://www.stroustrup.com/P0977-remember-the-vasa.pdf): 

> "Individually, many (most?) proposals make sense. Together they are insanity to the point of endangering the future of C++."

If you are a fan of Guy Steele's talk on "Growing a Language" ([my notes here](https://www.swyx.io/notes-on-growing-a-language-by-guy-steele-5501/)), this may sound familiar. Java has a number type, but there are reasonable requests to add other important number types: complex numbers, rational numbers, intervals, vectors, matrices, and so on. He concludes:

> "I might say “yes” to each one of these, but it is clear that I must say “no” to all of them!"

## It's Everywhere

The Fallacy of Composition isn't just limited to language design:

- You commit it when you [apply linear intuition to exponential growth](https://twitter.com/swyx/status/1308472657097027584?s=20). 
- You commit it when you apply overly reductionist techniques like [the 5 Why's](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19625754) to complex systems, failing to understand [necessary but only jointly sufficient](https://www.kitchensoap.com/2012/02/10/each-necessary-but-only-jointly-sufficient/) causal dependencies.  
- You commit it [when you find a local performance optimization](https://twitter.com/search?q=react%20purecomponent%20why&src=typed_query) and demand that it be applied at the language or framework level for the whole app.
- You commit it when you take a tangential indication of product traction and scale it up only to find it doesn't work. 
- You commit the opposite when you float a shitty MVP and abandon a great idea because the shitty MVP was shitty.

By the way, a lot of TED Talk style speaking works this way - tell a personal anecdote, make that analogy to the problem you're trying to solve, introduce the first bit of halfway credible research that supports the story, applause. Ted Talks churn out Fallacies of Composition at industrial scale. If they were all true we would have achieved Nirvana by now. 

Similar quotes:

> "Mathematics requires a small dose, not of genius, but of an imaginative freedom which, in a larger dose, would be insanity." - *[Angus Rogers](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8534918), via Grant Sanderson of ThreeBlue1Brown*

The other day I made an offhand comment to my friend [Joe](https://twitter.com/jsjoeio) about how the recent trend of Indie Maker group challenges (like [his](https://twitter.com/jsjoeio/status/1296637530024980480?s=20)) can be counterproductive. He didn't get it right away, so I had to write this post. I think, if you took a better look at the things you believe and advise people to do, you'll find many, many more examples of the Fallacy of Composition.