Ansible: Working with Variables and Hostvars
Tags: ansible, infrastructure
Published: 2020-09-14 04:58:32

When I started to write about my infrastructure@home project, Ansible became the central configuration management tool. In order to be more effective with Ansible, I started to read the books [Ansible Up and Running](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ansible-up-and/9781491979792/) and [Mastering Ansible](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/mastering-ansible-/9781789951547/). I learned a lot more about Ansible then what is necessary for the project, but those things are interesting in itself and I want to share them in a tutorial style. This is the first article.

In this article, we will learn what host facts are and how to see them, and we will now learn how to define variables from task execution.

_This article originally appeared at [my blog](https://admantium.com/blog/a01_variables_and_hostvars/)_.

## Gather and Display Host Fact

Each time Ansible executes a task, the first step is to collect facts about nodes. These facts can be access with the `hostvars` variable. Let’s write a playbook that prints the `hostvars` for each node.

```yaml
- name: Retrieve host vars
  hosts:
    - raspis
    - server
  tasks:
    - debug:
        var=hostvars[inventory_hostname]
```

We will execute this playbook only for the node `raspi-4-1`.

```bash
ansible-playbook retrieve_host_vars —limit "raspi-4-1"

TASK [get variables] **********************************************************************************
ok: [raspi-4-1] => {
  "hostvars[inventory_hostname]": {
    "_facts_gathered": true,
    "all_ipv4_addresses": [
        "192.168.2.111"
    ],
    "architecture": "armv7l",
    "distribution": "Debian",
    "distribution_release": "buster",
    "distribution_version": "10",
    "hostname": "raspi-4-1",
    "hostnqn": "",
    "kernel": "4.19.97-v7l+",
    "kernel_version": "#1294 SMP Thu Jan 30 13:21:14 GMT 2020",
    [...]
    "machine": "armv7l",
    "machine_id": "edaca707ad4b4b8991d2341c902160f5",
    "memfree_mb": 3670,
    "memtotal_mb": 3906,
    "nodename": "raspi-4-1",
    "os_family": "Debian",
    "pkg_mgr": "apt",
    "processor_cores": 1,
    "processor_count": 4,
    "processor_threads_per_core": 1,
    "processor_vcpus": 4,
    "product_name": "",
    "product_serial": "",
    "product_uuid": "",
    "product_version": "",
    "service_mgr": "systemd",
    "uptime_seconds": 8359
  }
}
```

The output only shows an excerpt of the variables. As you can see, Ansible retrieves facts about the operating system, the hardware architecture, memory and cpu, and IP addresses. There are interesting use cases to access and use this information, for example you can collect the ip addresses of the hosts and use them to create a Nginx config file.

You can also execute this command as an ad-hoc task:

``` bash
ansible -i hosts all -m debug -a "var=hostvars[inventory_hostname]"
```

Once you are familiar with the facts, you can quickly query a node by using the following command:

```bash
ansible -i hosts all -m setup -a "filter=architecture"
```

## Define and use variables

Lets write a playbook that retrieves the hostname of our nodes. We open the playbook `tutorial_retrieve_hostname.yml` and write the following:

```yaml
- name: Retrieve hostname
  hosts:
    - raspis
    - server
  tasks:
    - name: Retrieve the hostname
      command: hostname
```

When we execute this playbook, we can see the following output:

```bash
ansible-playbook playbook/retrieve_hostname.yml --limit raspis

PLAY [Retrieve and show hostname of nodes] *****************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************
ok: [raspi-4-2]
ok: [raspi-4-1]
ok: [raspi-3-2]
ok: [raspi-3-1]

TASK [Retrieve the hostname] **************************************************************************
changed: [raspi-4-1]
changed: [raspi-4-2]
changed: [raspi-3-1]
changed: [raspi-3-2]

PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************
raspi-3-1                  : ok=2    changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
raspi-3-2                  : ok=2    changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
raspi-4-1                  : ok=2    changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
raspi-4-2                  : ok=2    changed=1    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0
```

The command works, but we did not see any output. How can we store the return value of the command? We need to save the result of the `hostname` command in a variable, and then we need to print this variable to the console:

```yaml
- name: Retrieve hostname
  hosts:
    - raspis
    - server
  tasks:
    - name: Retrieve the hostname
      command: hostname
      register: result
    - debug:
        var: hostname
```

Let’s execute this playbook:

```shell
TASK [debug] ******************************************************************************************
ok: [raspi-3-1] => {
  "result": {
    "changed": true,
    "cmd": [
        "hostname"
    ],
    "delta": "0:00:00.006215",
    "end": "2020-02-23 10:35:52.757907",
    "failed": false,
    "rc": 0,
    "start": "2020-02-23 10:35:52.751692",
    "stderr": "",
    "stderr_lines": [],
    "stdout": "raspi-3-1",
    "stdout_lines": [
        "raspi-3-1"
    ]
  }
}
```

What happens here? We see a lot more than expected! Each Ansible module returns a [data structure that includes information](https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/reference_appendices/common_return_values.html) like time, return code, task failed and more. However, we are specifically interested into the value `stdout`. Also, we want to store this variable as a fact of the host with the [set_fact module](https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/set_fact_module.html). Then, this variable will be available in all subsequent tasks throughout the playbook.

Here is this version:

```yaml
- name: Retrieve hostname
  hosts:
    - raspis
    - server
  tasks:
    - name: Retrieve the hostname
      command: hostname
      register: result
    - set_fact:
        hostname: {{ result.stdout }}
    - debug:
        var: hostname
```

Let’s see the output of this playbook:

```bash
TASK [debug] ******************************************************************************************
ok: [raspi-3-1] => {
  "hostname": "raspi-3-1"
}
ok: [raspi-3-2] => {
  "hostname": "raspi-3-2"
}
ok: [raspi-4-1] => {
  "hostname": "raspi-4-1"
}
ok: [raspi-4-2] => {
  "hostname": "raspi-4-2"
}
```

Exactly what we wanted.

## Conclusion

Ansible collects a lot of useful facts about the hosts. In this article, we learned how to access and print them. We also learned how to capture tasks results in variables and store them as facts on the hosts during the execution of a playbook. Handling variables effectively is of key importance when working with Ansible.