[JavaScript] 7 OOP fundamentals you will need!
Tags: javascript, programming
Published: 2021-06-30 20:26:25

Object Oriented Programming is one of the most popular ways in programming. Before OOP’s, list of instructions will be executed one by one. But in OOP’s we are dealing with Objects and how those objects interact with one another.

JavaScript supports Object Oriented Programming but not in the same way as other OOP languages(C++, PHP, Java, etc.) do.

The main difference between JavaScript and the other languages is that there are no Classes in JavaScript whereas Classes are very important for creating objects. However, there are ways through which we can simulate the Class concept in JavaScript. Another important difference is Data Hiding. There is no access specifier like (public, private and protected) in JavaScript but we can simulate the concept using the variable scope in functions.


##  Object Oriented Programming Concepts 

* 1) Object
* 2) Class
* 3) Constructor
* 4) Inheritance
* 5) Encapsulation
* 6) Abstraction
* 7) Polymorphism

### Preparing the workspace

Create a new file `oops.html` and write this code on it. We will write all our JavaScript code on this file.

```html
<html>
  <head>
    <title>[JavaScript] 7 OOP fundamentals you will need!</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <script type="text/javascript">
      //Write your code here.....
    </script>
  </body>
</html>
```

#### 1) Object 

Any real time entity is considered as an Object. Every Object will have some properties and functions. For example, consider a person as an object, then he will have properties like name, age, etc., and functions such as walk, talk, eat, think, etc. now let us see how to create objects in JavaScript. As mentioned previously there are so many ways to create objects in JavaScript like:

```js
//1)Creating Object through literal
var obj = {};
//2)Creating with Object.create
var obj = Object.create(null);
//3)Creating using new keyword
function Person() {}
var obj = new Person();
```
We can use any of the above ways to create Object.

#### 2) Class

As I said earlier there are no classes in JavaScript as it is Prototype based language. But we can simulate the class concept using JavaScript functions.

```js
function Person() {
  //Properties
  this.name = "Ben";
  this.age = "18";
  //functions
  this.sayHi = function() {
    return this.name + " Says Hi";
  };
}
//Creating person instance
var p = new Person();
alert(p.sayHi());
```

#### 3) Constructor

Actually, Constructor is a concept that comes under Classes. The constructor is used to assign values to the properties of the Class while creating an object using the new operator. In above code we have used name and age as properties for **Person class**, now we will assign values while creating new objects for **Person class** as below.

```js
function Person(name, age) {
  //Assigning values through constructor
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  //functions
  this.sayHi = function() {
    return this.name + " Says Hi";
  };
}
//Creating person instance
var p = new Person("Ben", 18);
alert(p.sayHi());
//Creating Second person instance
var p = new Person("Mel", 21);
alert(p.sayHi());
```

#### 4) Inheritance

Inheritance is a process of getting the properties and function of one class to other class. For example, let’s consider `Student` Class, here the Student also has the properties of name and age which have been used in Person class. So it’s much better to acquiring the properties of the Person instead of re-creating the properties. Now let’s see how we can do the inheritance concept in JavaScript.

```js
function Student() {}
//1)Prototype based Inhertance
Student.prototype = new Person();
//2)Inhertance throught Object.create
Student.prototype = Object.create(Person);
var stobj = new Student();
alert(stobj.sayHi());
```
We can do inheritance in above two ways.

#### 5) Encapsulation

Before going on to Encapsulation and Abstraction first we need to know what Data Hiding is and how can we achieve it in JavaScript. Date hiding is protecting the data from accessing it outside the scope. For example, In Person class, we have Date of Birth (DOB) properties which should be protected. Let’s see how to do it.

```js
function Person() {
  //this is private variable
  var dob = "17/06/2002";
  //public properties and functions
  return {
    age: "18",
    name: "Ben",
    getDob: function() {
      return dob;
    }
  };
}
var pobj = new Person();
//this will get undefined
//because it is private to Person
console.log(pobj.dob);
//Will get dob value we using public
//funtion to get private data
console.log(pobj.getDob());
```
Wrapping up of public and private data into a single data unit is called **Encapsulation**. The above example is the one that best suites Encapsulation.

#### 6) Abstraction

Abstraction means hiding the inner implementation details and showing only outer details. To understand Abstraction we need to understand **Abstract** and **Interface** concepts from Java. But we don’t have any direct Abstract or Interface in JS. Ok! now in order to understand abstraction in JavaScript lets takes an example from JavaScript library Jquery. In Jquery we will use

```js
$("#ele");
```

to select select an element with id `ele` on a web page. Actually this code calls negative JavaScript code

```js
document.getElementById("ele");
```
But we don’t need to know that we can happy use the `$("#ele")` without knowing the inner details of the implementation.

#### 7) Polymorphism

The word Polymorphism in OOPs means having more than one form. In JavaScript an Object, Property, Method can have more than one form. Polymorphism is a very cool feature for dynamic binding or late binding.

```js
function Person() {
  this.sayHI = function() {};
}
//This will create Student Class
function Student() {}
Student.prototype = new Person();
Student.prototype.sayHI = function(l) {
  return "Hi! I am a Student";
};
//This will create Teacher Object
function Teacher() {}
Teacher.prototype = new Person();
Teacher.prototype.sayHI = function() {
  return "Hi! I am a Teacher";
};
var sObj = new Student();
//This will check if the student
//object is instance of Person or not
//if not it won't execute our alert code.
if (sObj instanceof Person) {
  alert("Hurry! JavaScript supports OOps");
}
```

## Conclusion 

JavaScript supports Object Oriented Programming(OOP)Concepts. But it may not be the direct way. We need to create some simulation for some concepts.