Creating GraphQL Scalar Types with Express-GraphQL
Tags: graphql, node, webdev, javascript
Published: 2021-01-25 01:39:30

**Check out my books on Amazon at https://www.amazon.com/John-Au-Yeung/e/B08FT5NT62**

**Subscribe to my email list now at http://jauyeung.net/subscribe/**

With GraphQL, we can create scalar types as we do with create object types and other compound data types.

In this article, we’ll look at how to create scalar types with Express-GraphQL.

GraphQLScalarType
=================

We can create a GraphQL scalar type with the `GraphQLScalarType` constructor. To create a scalar type, we have to give it a name, an optional description, and ways to serialize and parse the values.

The constructor takes an object with the following fields:

*   `name` — the name of the scalar type we want to define as a string
*   `description` — an optional string with the description of our type
*   `serialize` — a function that takes in a `value` parameter, which can be anything and then return something that we want to transform it to for transmission
*   `parseValue` — an optional function that takes a `value` parameter, which can be anything and then return the parsed value as we wish to
*   `parseLiteral` — a function that takes an abstract syntax tree object, which is the value of the literal, then we return something that we want to transform the value to.

Example
=======

For example, we can write the following to create a scalar type and return it in the response:

```
const express = require('express');  
const graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');  
const graphql = require('graphql');const dateValue = (value) => {  
  if (value instanceof Date) {  
    return +value;  
  }  
}const DateType = new graphql.GraphQLScalarType({  
  name: 'Date',  
  serialize: dateValue,  
  parseValue: dateValue,  
  parseLiteral(ast) {  
    return dateValue(ast.value);  
  }  
});const queryType = new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({  
  name: 'Query',  
  fields: {  
    currentDate: {  
      type: DateType,  
      resolve: () => {  
        return new Date();  
      }  
    }  
  }  
});const schema = new graphql.GraphQLSchema({ query: queryType });const app = express();  
app.use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({  
  schema: schema,  
  graphiql: true,  
}));app.listen(3000, () => console.log('server started'));
```

In the code above, we defined the `dateValue` function as follows:

```
const dateValue = (value) => {  
  if (value instanceof Date) {  
    return +value;  
  }  
}
```

In the function, we check if the `value` is created from the `Date` constructor, if it is, then we return the `Date` object converted to a timestamp.

Then we use it to create a new scalar type called `Date` as follows:

```
const DateType = new graphql.GraphQLScalarType({  
  name: 'Date',  
  serialize: dateValue,  
  parseValue: dateValue,  
  parseLiteral(ast) {  
    return dateValue(ast.value);  
  }  
});
```

We passed in the name, which is `'Date'` . Then we have the `serialize` property with the `dateValue` to return the timestamp as the serialized version of the scalar type.

Likewise, we parse the `Date` object into a UNIX timestamp with the same function.

In the `parseLiteral` function, we pass in the value to the `dateValue` function to convert the `Date` object into a UNIX timestamp.

Then we create our query type so that we can return the timestamp response to the user as follows:

```
const queryType = new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({  
  name: 'Query',  
  fields: {  
    currentDate: {  
      type: DateType,  
      resolve: () => {  
        return new Date();  
      }  
    }  
  }  
});
```

We create the `Query` object type so that we can query it and then in the `fields` property, we return a `currentDate` field that’s of the `Date` scalar type that we defined earlier.

In the `resolve` method, we just return `new Date()` , which will automatically parsed into a UNIX timestamp in the response since that’s how we decided to serialize it in the `dateValue` function.

Then when we make a query as follows:

```
{  
  currentDate  
}
```

we get something like:

```
{  
  "data": {  
    "currentDate": 1579464244268  
  }  
}
```

where the `currentDate` is replaced with the current UNIX timestamp.

Conclusion
==========

We can create a scalar type by using the `GraphQLScalarType` constructor.

To define one, we have to pass in functions to serialize and parse values as we wish to.