4 Types Of NoSQL Databases
Tags: database, architecture, distributedsystems, discuss
Published: 2021-04-15 08:18:21

NoSQL is a collection of data items represented in a **key-value store**, **document store**, **wide column store**, or a **graph database**.  Data is denormalized, and joins are generally done in the application code.  Most NoSQL stores lack true ACID transactions and favour [eventual consistency](https://vishnu.hashnode.dev/cap-theorem-availability-vs-consistency) which I explained in my previous blog.

**BASE** is often used to describe the properties of NoSQL databases.  In comparison with the [CAP Theorem](https://vishnu.hashnode.dev/cap-theorem-availability-vs-consistency), BASE chooses availability over consistency.

* **Basically available** - the system guarantees availability.
* **Soft state** - the state of the system may change over time, even without input.
* **Eventual consistency** - the system will become consistent over a period of time, given that the system doesn't receive input during that period.

In addition to choosing between SQL or NoSQL, it is helpful to understand which type of NoSQL database best fits your use case. 

* [Key Value Stores](#key-value-stores)
* [Document Stores](#document-stores)
* [Wide Column Stores](#wide-column-stores)
* [Graph Databases](#graph-databases)

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## Key Value Stores

A key-value store generally allows for O(1) to read and writes and is often backed by memory or SSD.  Datastores can maintain keys in [lexicographic order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographical_order), allowing efficient retrieval of key ranges.  Key-value stores can allow for storing metadata with a value.

Key-value stores provide high performance and are often used for simple data models or for rapidly-changing data, such as an in-memory cache layer.  Since they offer only a limited set of operations, complexity is shifted to the application layer if additional operations are needed.

A key-value store is a basis for more complex systems such as a document store, and in some cases, a graph database.

##### Examples of Key-Value Store

* [Redis](https://redis.io/)
* [Memcached](https://memcached.org/)
* [Dynamo DB](https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/) supports both key-values and documents


## Document Stores

A document store is centred around documents (XML, JSON, binary, etc), where a document stores all information for a given object.  Document stores provide APIs or a query language to query based on the internal structure of the document itself. 

 *Note, many key-value stores include features for working with a value's metadata, blurring the lines between these two storage types.*

Based on the underlying implementation, documents are organized by collections, tags, metadata, or directories.  Although documents can be organized or grouped together, documents may have fields that are completely different from each other.

Some document stores like [MongoDB](https://www.mongodb.com/mongodb-architecture) and [CouchDB](https://blog.couchdb.org/2016/08/01/couchdb-2-0-architecture/) also provide a SQL-like language to perform complex queries.  [DynamoDB](https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/) supports both key-values and documents.

Document stores provide high flexibility and are often used for working with occasionally changing data.

##### Examples of Document Stores

* [MongoDB](https://www.mongodb.com/mongodb-architecture)
* [CouchDB](https://blog.couchdb.org/2016/08/01/couchdb-2-0-architecture/)
* [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/blog/found-elasticsearch-from-the-bottom-up)
* [Dynamo DB](https://aws.amazon.com/dynamodb/) supports both key-values and documents


## Wide Column Stores

![](http://i.imgur.com/n16iOGk.png)

A wide column store's basic unit of data is a column (name/value pair).  A column can be grouped in column families (analogous to a SQL table).  Super column families further group column families.  You can access each column independently with a row key, and columns with the same row key form a row.  Each value contains a timestamp for versioning and for conflict resolution.

Google introduced [Bigtable](http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/class/cs239-w08/chang06bigtable.pdf) as the first wide column store, which influenced the open-source [HBase](https://www.mapr.com/blog/in-depth-look-hbase-architecture) often-used in the Hadoop ecosystem, and [Cassandra](http://docs.datastax.com/en/cassandra/3.0/cassandra/architecture/archIntro.html) from Facebook.  Stores such as BigTable, HBase, and Cassandra maintain keys in lexicographic order, allowing efficient retrieval of selective key ranges.

Wide column stores offer high availability and high scalability.  They are often used for very large data sets.

##### Examples of Wide Column Stores

* [Bigtable](https://cloud.google.com/bigtable)
* [HBase](https://hbase.apache.org/)
* [Cassandra](http://cassandra.apache.org/)


## Graph Databases

![](http://i.imgur.com/fNcl65g.png)

In a graph database, each node is a record and each arc is a relationship between two nodes.  Graph databases are optimized to represent complex relationships with many foreign keys or many-to-many relationships.

Graphs databases offer high performance for data models with complex relationships, such as a social network.  They are relatively new and are not yet widely used, it might be more difficult to find development tools and resources.  Many graphs can only be accessed with REST APIs.

##### Source(s) and further reading: graph

* [Neo4j](https://neo4j.com/)
* [FlockDB](https://blog.twitter.com/2010/introducing-flockdb)
* [ArangoDB](https://www.arangodb.com/)

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