The 4 Types of NoSQL Databases You Need to Know
Tags: database, sql
Published: 2022-06-27 19:55:22

With the modern big data revolution, NoSQL databases have become widely popular. Their scalability and support of unstructured data is appealing to developers seeking solutions outside the traditional structures found in relational databases. And with cloud service providers such as [Amazon](https://spectralops.io/blog/how-does-infrastructure-as-code-on-aws-work/) and [Azure ](https://spectralops.io/resources/the-ultimate-azure-devops-security-checklist/)introducing their own NoSQL database solutions to the market, it's no wonder that this approach to database design has been growing in popularity. So we thought it was about time to discuss the importance of NoSQL databases, have a look at different NoSQL database types, and clarify their advantages and limitations.

What is NoSQL?
--------------

As the name implies, NoSQL stands for "not only Structured Query Language" since it enables the storage and querying of data outside the traditional structures found in relational databases. Although such databases have existed since the 1960s, the name "NoSQL" was only coined in the early 21st century.

Regardless of what we call it, NoSQL databases provide the flexibility to handle large-scale data. It does not require having a defined schema and can easily scale horizontally to handle large data volumes.

Top Features of NoSQL
---------------------

-   Non-relational
-   Flexible data model
-   Horizontal scalability
-   Supports a distributed architecture
-   Minimum downtime (zero downtime in most databases)

Advantages of NoSQL
-------------------

-   Users can handle large amounts of data. Hence, it is a perfect solution for data analysis and big data projects.
-   Flexible data models allow users to combine [structured, unstructured,](https://www.polar.security/post/structured-vs-unstructured-data) and semi-structured data.
-   Users can change the data model based on the requirements on the fly.
-   Users do not need to worry about performance since NoSQL databases are built for high performance and minimum latency.

Disadvantages of NoSQL
----------------------

-   NoSQL databases don't have a uniform standard as relational databases do. Hence, there are multiple types of NoSQL databases available, and most of them have different functionalities.
-   Although NoSQL databases focus on performance and scalability, it can lack data consistency.
-   As a result, query syntaxes have significant differences when moving from one NoSQL database to another.

How NoSQL Works
---------------

As mentioned, NoSQL databases have fewer restrictions on data consistency. This helps NoSQL databases to behave uniquely compared to relational databases.

![Data structure of SQL and NoSQL databases](https://spectralops.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/101818_0537_NoSQLTutori1.webp)

If we consider a relational database, users need to create separate tables for each entity and define columns for each table. Then, the primary keys of the tables are used to map relationships between tables to minimize data duplication. In addition, techniques like normalization and relational mapping are used to enforce referential integrity and further improve data redundancy. For example, you need to create two separate tables if you have to store article details and writer details.

When it comes to NoSQL, you don't need to think about normalization, relational mapping, or creating separate tables. You can use a single document/collection to keep all the data. Since NoSQL data models are flexible, you can add records with different data attributes.

When to Use NoSQL
-----------------

NoSQL databases are used by well-known companies like Amazon, Netflix, Microsoft, Snapchat, and Dropbox in their products. Each of these companies handles a large amount of data in their applications, which is one of the biggest reasons to choose NoSQL.

Apart from that, NoSQL databases are suitable for:

-   Handling unstructured data
-   Data analysis in big data projects
-   Content management applications
-   Internet of Things [(IoT)](https://www.firstpoint-mg.com/blog/connectivity-management-platforms/)
-   Applications with changing requirements

NoSQL vs RDBMS
--------------

Before discussing the NoSQL database types, let's have a look at how NoSQL differs from traditional relational databases. The following graph illustrates some of the major differences and similarities between the two:

![](https://spectralops.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/nosql-vs-sql-2-410x1024.png)

Types of NoSQL databases
------------------------

There are 4 main categories of NoSQL databases:

-   Key-value pair
-   Column-oriented
-   Graphs based
-   Document oriented

Each of the above categories has its own features and serves different purposes. As [developers](https://spectralops.io/blog/why-we-need-developer-tools-for-security-and-not-security-tools-for-developers/), we should understand their features to choose the best option for their products. So, let's dive into these 4 categories and discuss their features and use cases:

### 1\. Key-Value Pair Based 

Key-value pair is the most simple type of NoSQL database. It only has 2 columns, named 'key' and 'value', where the key can only have string values while the value can store JSON, strings, Blob, XML, etc. The main concept behind this design is to have a hash table with a unique key and a pointer to a data item.

With this simple design, key-value pair NoSQL databases can handle massive data loads and help to store schema-less data.

Key-value pair databases are widely used for:

-   Session-based applications like shopping carts
-   Applications with many state changes
-   Large-scale data handling
-   For dictionaries and collections

However, key-value pair databases are not the perfect solution if you frequently update the data values or use complex queries.

[AWS](https://spectralops.io/blog/how-does-infrastructure-as-code-on-aws-work/) DynamoDB, Redis, Riak, Memcached, and Scalaris are some of the most used key-value pair NoSQL databases.

![Comic strip - If you aren't an expert in SQL write Expert in No SQL in your CV](https://spectralops.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/nosql-cv.png)

### 2\. Column-Oriented

Column-oriented NoSQL databases use a set of columns to store data. These column sets are known as column families, and users can directly query these column families without going through all the data records.

[Google's BigTable](https://cloud.google.com/bigtable) paper inspired this database design, and it is capable of handling large data loads on distributed machines. In addition, column-oriented databases provide efficient compression and high performance with aggregated queries such as sum, average, and minimum.

Column-oriented databases are widely used for:

-   Analytics applications
-   Data warehouses
-   Library catalogs
-   Business intelligence applications

Although column-oriented databases have high standards for performance, it is hard to maintain them strongly consistent since all the columns require multiple write events on disk.

Google BigTable, Cassandra, Hbase, and Hypertable, are examples of some of the most used column-oriented NoSQL databases.

### 3\. Graphs Based

Each data element is stored as a [node](https://lightrun.com/dev-tools/vscode-to-debug-node-js-application/) in graph-based NoSQL databases, and the edges denote relationships between data elements. Each of these nodes and edges has unique identifiers.

Graph-based databases are different from others since there are no tables or columns. However, this model is very flexible and supports scaling across multiple devices. Furthermore, graph-based databases are well ahead in queries with joins in terms of performance compared to relational databases.

Graph-based databases are widely used for:

-   Social networks
-   Fraud detection
-   Knowledge graphs
-   Logistics handling

However, using a graph-based database is often not ideal as a standalone solution, which is why most graph-based databases are used alongside traditional databases that complement them to serve specific uses.

Neo4J, InfoGrid, Infinite, Graph, and Flock DB, are examples of popular graph-based NoSQL databases.

![NoSQL the mixology of databases](https://spectralops.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/image-1024x526.png)

### 4\. Document-Oriented

Similar to key-value-based databases, document-oriented databases also use key-value pairs. But they store the key-value pairs as documents. Most document-oriented databases support JSON, XML, and BSON document formats.

Query speed and flexibility are the most highlighted features of document-oriented databases. They support nested documents and indexing to improve query speed while allowing developers to make changes to documents as needed.

Document oriented databases are widely used for:

-   Blogging platforms
-   CMS systems
-   Real-time analytics
-   E-commerce applications

However, using document-oriented databases for an application that requires complex transactions and queries can decrease the application's performance.

AWS SimpleDB, AWS DynamoDB, CouchDB, MongoDB, OrientDB, and RavenDB are some of the most used document-oriented NoSQL databases.

What else to look out for when choosing a NoSQL database
--------------------------------------------------------

This article discussed everything you need to know about NoSQL databases, including their features, pros, cons, and 4 main categories of databases available. I hope now you have a good understanding of NoSQL to choose the best database for your project.

However, choosing the correct database is only a part of database administration. You should also pay attention to aspects like [risks](https://cybeready.com/complete-guide-to-cyber-risk) and [security](https://spectralops.io/blog/5-essential-ways-to-improve-sdlc-security/) since databases contain a massive amount of [sensitive information](https://spectralops.io/blog/8-proven-strategies-to-protect-your-code-from-data-leaks/).

With the rise of cloud services, many organizations have applications alongside databases in the cloud. Although cloud services provide some level of security, you should aim to take your security posture one step further when handling large amounts of data. In our blog, we're sharing [free content](https://spectralops.io/blog/) to help you learn how to avoid security mistakes, credential leakage, [misconfiguration](https://spectralops.io/blog/list-of-terraform-modules/), and [data breaches](https://spectralops.io/blog/the-beginners-guide-to-preventing-data-breaches-in-your-code/) in real-time. Enjoy!