Quantum Computing Superposition Demystified
Tags: computerscience, quantum, quantumcomputing, learning
Published: 2021-10-01 04:09:19

In recent times, quantum computing has been making headlines in the news (example links [1](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-58738571), [2](https://newatlas.com/quantum-computing/quantum-computing-desktop-room-temperature/), [3](https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/09/tying-quantum-computing-ai-prompts-smarter-power-grid), [4](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/two-quantum-computing-breakthroughs-reveal-112909605.html)). It has long captured the imagination of scientists. However, now it is starting to capture the attention of investors as well. In 2021, investors have already invested [$1.02 billion](https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/quantum-computing-venture-capital-funding) in the quantum computing industry compared to previous three years combined. It is starting to get traction from [outside](https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/news-archive/government-investments-in-quantum-computing-around-the-globe/) the scientific community. 

![Alt Text](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/2tk7h4h5qpo7jyr7rg1r.PNG)

If you work in IT, you should take the time to learn the fundamentals. When this technology becomes mainstream, the knowledge you've gained will assist you (or your business) in leveraging the technology successfully. You will be one step ahead of your competitors.

Learning about quantum computing can be challenging at first. I felt like I was lost in the woods when I initially started researching the subject. I wouldn't claim to know everything there is to know about quantum computing or mechanics, but I can now at least keep up with the conversations and postings about the subject and its complexities. Superposition was one of the concepts that I struggled with first until I began reading on quantum mechanics. I'll try to explain what quantum computing superposition is in this article.

In our daily life, we are used to interacting with systems or communicating in a binary fashion (ON/OFF, YES/NO, 0/1). A switch, for example, can be either ON or OFF. The engine of a car is either running (ON) or stopped (OFF). You are either working from home (YES) or not (NO). It is hard to envision any other state outside the binary. So is it even possible to have a system which can be in both states at the same time? The answer is yes.

![Alt Text](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/mlmwsq3of1lqyunzo8s4.PNG)

This characteristic of existing in both states at the same time is known as superposition in quantum computing. Its roots lie in [quantum mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition). To understand what gives rise to superposition, you will need to understand the idea of [wave-particle duality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality). In classical computers, "bits" can be either 0 or 1. Quantum bits (also known as qubits) are comparable to bits in that they have two measurable states, 0 and 1. Qubits, unlike classical bits, can also exist in a superposition of these 0 and 1 states. As a result, the quantum superposition principle effectively states that a quantum particle can exist in two separate locations at once.

When a [measurement operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse) is performed on the particle, it collapses to a single quantum state. The term "collapse" is commonly used in quantum computing/mechanics. It means that instead of being in a superposition state, the qubit adopts one of the two states (1 or 0).

To demonstrate quantum superposition, let's use a coin analogy. The coin has two sides, one with heads and one with tails. It also has a 50/50 chance of landing heads or tails. What happens when the coin is in the air after you flipped it? Is the answer heads or tails while in the air? The answer is that it is both. The coin is in a state of superposition, with both heads and tails, just like in the Flintstones gif (below). However, when it lands, it collapses to a single state, either head or tail.

![https://media-exp1.licdn.com/dms/image/C5612AQHIS9klP64AwQ/article-inline_image-shrink_1000_1488/0/1632973979126?e=1638403200&v=beta&t=WGQCJKR-y33OydUexRJpnnDPPvhZCjvlglh220NiqTQ](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/sgkkgu5hopr3f3r828bq.gif)

That is, at a high level, what superposition is in quantum computing. If you wish to study more about superposition, there are articles/books on the internet that describe it in greater depth. This piece was not intended to go into great detail, but rather offer you with enough information to get you started.

Companies from a range of industries are researching quantum computing. So I'm very interested in learning what kind of applications they will develop that will make use of quantum computing. Equally, I am interested in learning about testing these applications. How would you test these applications? What expertise is required to test them effectively. Are current testing heuristics applicable to these applications? These are some of the questions I'm attempting to find answers to.

If you believe I have made any mistake in the post, please leave a remark. This will help improve my knowledge and better explain the topic next time.

**References:**
1. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16155
2. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/a18480/what-is-quantum-computing-video/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition
4. https://www.quora.com/Are-quantum-computers-really-probabilistic-rather-than-deterministic
5. https://jasonroell.com/2018/02/01/the-need-promise-and-reality-of-quantum-computing/
6. https://aviyel.com/post/675/future-of-open-source-in-quantum-computing-a-brief-analysis
7. https://image-src.bcg.com/Images/BCG-The-Next-Decade-in-Quantum-Computing-Nov-2018-21-R_tcm9-207859.pdf
8. https://www.bcg.com/en-au/publications/2021/building-quantum-advantage

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