NANOBOTS 
Published: 2021-10-02 08:30:47

NANOBOTS

Abstract:
Let us start with some basics: Robotics can be defined as the theory and application of robots, a completely self-contained electronic, electric, or mechanical device, to such activities as manufacturing. Nanorobotics is a technology field creating machines whose components are at or near the scale of a nanometer (10−9 meters).

Since nano-robots would be microscopic in size, it would probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic tasks. A detailed theoretical discussion of nanorobotics, including specific design issues such as sensing, power communication, navigation, manipulation, locomotion, and onboard computation, has been presented in this report.

The first useful applications of nanomachines may be in nanomedicine. For example, machine could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Another definition is a robot that allows precise interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Such devices are more related to microscopy, instead of the description of nanorobots as molecular machine.



INTRODUCTION:
Nanotechnology and Robotics:
Robotics aNd nanotechnology go hand-in-hand as a mode of the revolutionizing the modern world. Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots that are incredibly small –10-9m.
         Nanotechnology is an essential branch of modern science and electronics, and the more we learn about it the more interesting it becomes. It could solve some of the world’s biggest problems by bringing the “sustainable development” for materials, water, energy, and food, to protect against unknown bacteria and viruses. There are endless applications for nanorobotics, including in cancer treatments to identify and destroy cancer cells accurately and effectively, in drug delivery mechanisms, medical imaging and in information storage devices to name but a few.

These cell-sized robots could feature propulsion systems, sensors, manipulators and even onboard computers to help them perform a task on nanoscale items. Nanorobots might be built directly from atoms or molecules using mechanosynthesis or using current biological components such as proteins which can already move around the body and perform tasks such as cleaving defective portions of a DNA strand.



Nanorobotics Applications for Cancer Detection and Therapy:

As cancer survival rates improve with early detection, nanorobots designed with enhanced detection abilities to enhance the prognosis of the disease.

     Nanobots with embedded chemical sensors can be designed to detect tumor cells in the body. This means that nanobots will respond to signals and receive programming instructions via external sound waves along with transmitting data they have accumulated. A simple reporting interface could be produced through strategically positioned nanobots in the body which are able to log information supplied by active nanobots traveling through the blood stream. Nanorobots with chemical sensors can also be utilized for therapy. Nanobots have the advantage of producing targeted treatment. Current cancer treatments have severe side effects caused by the destruction of healthy cells.

Targeted treatment can be formed by designing nanorobots with chemotactic sensors on their surface which correspond to specific antigens on the cancer cells.



Nano-Robots in Industries:

Nanotechnology is ideal for industrial robotics, for example, where it is used to manipulate and build tiny devices no bigger than a group of molecules precisely at the atomic level. Robotics for nanotechnology allows the production of various items and operations. For example:

Nanopositioning robots are used in fiber optic component assembly.
Nanotech robots are used in the high-density pharmaceutical assay process.
Robotic nano-manipulators are integrated into high-power scanning electron microscopes.
Pick and place operations for building optical systems like spectrometers.
Robotics are used in the manufacture of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems or MEMS, a process technology utilized to create tiny integrated devices or systems that combine mechanical and electrical components.



Nanotechnology in Home:

Nanotechnology is also being using increasingly for robotics in the home, for developing smaller, faster computers, robot vacuum cleaners, smart home hubs and smart phones, and better cameras. It has transformed the way homeowners interact with everyday objects within their abode and has allowed devices to the shrunk to a more convenient size while also increasing performance and intelligence capabilities.



Furthermore, robotics in nanotechnology has many used in the military and medical settings and has transformed warfare and surgery. For example, the technology can be used in medical imaging; nanoparticles that gather in certain tissues and then scanning the body with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could help highlight problems such as diabetes or in health sensors that could monitor our blood chemistry, advise us when something is not quite right, or detect inflammation in the body.



Nanobots in medicine:

When we talk about nanobots today the reference mostly is to self-propelled nanomotors and other biodegradable nanodevices made of bio-nano components, which carry cargo to the target sites, i.e. deliver drugs to diseased cells.

Researchers built these nanorobots by coating gold nanowires with a hybrid of platelet and red blood cell membranes. This hybrid cell membrane coating allows the nanorobots to perform the tasks of two different cells at once—platelets, which bind pathogens like MRSA bacteria (an antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus), and red blood cells, which absorb and neutralize the toxins produced by these bacteria. (An enzyme-propelled nanorobot: urease-coated nanotubes turn into a propulsion system in a urea-containing liquid because the enzyme breaks down the urea into gaseous products. Since the tubes always have small asymmetries, the reaction products generate a current in the fluid which propels them out of the tube like a jet.)



DNA nanotechnology:

Structural DNA nanotechnology, specifically the molecular self-assembly process known as DNA origami, has emerged as a versatile approach to fabricate nanodevices with complex nanoscale geometry, defined placement of molecular functionalities, and programmed mechanical and dynamic properties.

Scientists already are using DNA origami technology to design and build structures on the scale of viruses and cell organelles.



DNA origami is a design technique – similar to the traditional Japanese art or technique of folding paper into decorative or representational forms – that is used by nanotechnology researchers to fold DNA strands into something resembling a programmable pegboard on which different nanocomponents can be attached.

These DNA assemblies allow the bottom-up fabrication of complex nanostructures with arbitrary shapes and patterns on a <100 nm scale.

BIOCHIPS: 
A biochip is a set of diminished microarrays that are placed on a strong substrate that allows many experiments to be executed at the same time to obtain a high throughput in less time. This device contains millions of sensor elements or biosensors. Not like microchips, these are not electronic devices.



3D PRINTING:
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created.

 

NANOMEDICINE:
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology such as biological machines.



NANOROBOT SIMULATION:

Nanopore: Another interesting device is nanopore. Improved methods of reading the genetic code will help researchers in detecting errors in gene that may contribute to cancer. Nanopores contain a tiny hole that allows deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to pass through one stand at a time making DNA sequencing more efficient.

Nanotubes: Nanotubes carbon rods about half the diameter of a molecule of DNA will not only detect the presence of altered genes, but also pinpoint the exact location of those changes. 

Quantum dots: Quantum dots are tiny crystals that glow when they are stimulated by ultraviolet light. When injected into the body, they would drift around until encountering cancerous tissue. The deadly cells would latch onto a special coating on the glowing dots

Nanoshells: Nanoshells have a core of silica and a metallic outer layer. By manipulating the thickness of the layer, scientist can design beads to absorb near infra-red light, creating an intense heat that is lethal to cancer cells.

 

THE ARCHITECTURE OF NANOROBOT:

The way a nanorobot moves in a liquid environment is the main consideration during the design. It is important that the device is able to have a smooth trajectory path while navigating in the blood environment and at the same time does not cause any damage to other cells. The tentacles need to have a very high responsive rate in order to move its tentacles forward just in time to capture the cancerous cell once it is detected. On the other hand, a microcomputer consisting of a miniature processor might be needed to provide a “brain” to the nanorobot. 

·      The body of the nanorobot will be constructed from carbon nanotube due to its intrinsic property where they tend to absorb near infrared light waves, which pass harmlessly through human cells.

·      Ultrasonic sensors are attached around the body of the nanorobot for collision avoidance purposes. This is to prevent nanorobot from knocking onto each other as well as other cells in the blood vessels.

·      Folate materials on the body of the nanorobot act as an agent that will cause the attraction of the nanorobot to the cancerous cells, which is also known as the folate receptor cells.

·      The flagella provide the movement the nanorobot in the blood environment.



Disadvantages:

·      The initial design cost is very high. The design of the nanorobot is a very complicated one. Electrical systems can create stray fields which may activate bioelectric-based molecular recognition systems in biology. Electrical nanorobots are susceptible to electrical interference from external sources such as RF or electric fields, electromagnetic pulse, and stray fields from other in vivo electrical devices. Hard to interface, customize, and design, complex

·       Nanorobots can cause a brutal risk in the field of terrorism. The terrorism and anti-groups can make use of nanorobots as a new form of torturing the communities as nanotechnology also has the capability of destructing the human body at the molecular level. Privacy is the other potential risk involved with Nanorobots. As Nanorobots deals with the designing of compact and minute devices, there are chances for more eavesdropping than that already exists



CONCLUSION:

With reference to imaginary tale and movies: there are no nanobots yet, and won't be for a while. One of the fundamental problems to be solved for possible future molecular machinery is the challenge of controlling many molecule-sized machines simultaneously to perform a desired task.

Simple nanoscale motors have been realized over the past few years but these are systems that do nothing more than generating physical motion of their components at a nanoscale level. To build a true nanorobot – a completely self-contained electronic, electric, or mechanical device to do such activities as manufacturing at the nanoscale – many breakthrough advances will need to be achieved.

Nanotechnology applications open a series of opportunities for the development of nonconventional robots, microrobots, and nanorobots. Nanorobots, in particular, represent a high-risk challenge, which requires the development and integration of suitable actuation and sensing technologies.



REFERENCES:

1.  https://www.indianjcancer.com/article.asp?issn=0019-509X;year=2015;volume=52;issue=2;spage=236;epage=241;aulast=Saxena

2.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics#Open_technology

3.    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535217300990

4.    https://ris.princeton.edu/projects/topics-research

5.    http://www.cannxs.org/open.pdf

6. https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5274&azosrc=downloadpdfcopyemail

7. https://www.nanowerk.com/what-are-nanobots.php#:~:text=Nanotechnology%20robots%20are%20quintessential%20NEMS,between%20organic%20and%20inorganic%20materials.

8.    https://www.azorobotics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=317

 



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