✨ Meta's StyleX - The styling system that powers Instagram
Tags: react, webdev, css, beginners
Published: 2023-12-14 06:23:27

<a href="https://github.com/refinedev/refine">
    <img src="https://refine.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/readme/refine-readme-banner.png" alt="refine repo" /> 
</a>

---

## Introduction

[**Stylex**](https://stylexjs.com/docs/learn/) is a recent (as of Dec 2023) open-sourced CSS-in-JS solution developed by Meta. It allows writing atomic inline CSS styles inside React/JavaScript components, and combines the power of static CSS thanks to globally accessible CSS variables. Stylex facilitates collision-free CSS by creating unique class identifiers for each style and by mitigating specificity issues with minimal usage of collision contributors (such as pseudo-classes). These make Stylex much more deterministic, reliable and scalable than other CSS-in-JS solutions like Emotion.

Stylex is especially more powerful because Stylex styles are geared to be reusable and extendable across libraries. It is also equipped with compile-time props typing for Flow and has excellent support for TypeScript -- making it easily adoptable by statically typed codebases.

With Stylex, we can define colocated styles in a React component, manipulate their rendering logic, and use them accordingly inline in markups. We can declare global variables outside components, export them, and then import and use them inside a given component. Globally declared variables are useful for dynamic layouts, grid systems, color palettes, typography, spacing, sizing, responsive design as well as theming.

In this introductory post, we cover how to define and use Stylex styles using the [`stylex.create`](https://stylexjs.com/docs/api/javascript/create/) and [`stylex.props`](https://stylexjs.com/docs/api/javascript/props/) APIs in an already set up Next.js application. We expend efforts to understand some of the quirks of writing collision-free inline CSS with Stylex. While doing so, we come across snippets implementing simple style declarations, style declarations with imported Stylex variables, conditional styling, and a responsive component using media queries. We also explore how to create variables with the [`stylex.defineVars`](https://stylexjs.com/docs/api/javascript/defineVars/) API and use them inside components.

We are using [this example Next.js app](https://github.com/facebook/stylex/blob/main/apps/nextjs-example) from Facebook as a base and tweaking it to build our own page and component. If you need to, please feel free to clone it, use it locally and adopt your own from it.

## CSS-in-JS with Stylex and TypeScript

Stylex has two core APIs: the `create` and `props` methods. `stylex.create()` allows us to declare CSS styles with a JavaScript object. The object should have property identifiers that represent CSS classes and their values that stand for CSS rules. The `stylex.props` method lets us access the declared styles from within inline markups.

`stylex.defineVars` API facilitates the declaration of global Stylex variables that represent actual CSS variables and are accessible from app-wide React components. Thanks to this, Stylex variables can be used for dynamic layouts, grid systems, color palettes, spacing, sizing, theming, etc.

In the sections and subsections ahead, we go through code snippets illustrating the use of `stylex.create`, `stylex.props` and `stylex.defineVars` methods that implemented Stylex styles to our Next.js page and component.

For each topic covered, we will be analyzing Stylex-related changes and then try to make sense of them.

Most of our changes are in the `app/page.tsx` file and the `<Card />` component. We'll first focus on the `page.tsx` file that houses the `<Home />` component to see how to create and apply Stylex styles.

## Styling a Next.js App with Stylex

The `app/page.tsx` file contains the `<Home />` component and looks like this after adding our own markup with Stylex styles:



```tsx
import stylex from "@stylexjs/stylex";
import Card from "./components/Card";
import { colors } from "./stylex/cssVars.stylex";
import { globalTokens as $ } from "./stylex/globalTokens.stylex";

const MEDIA_MOBILE = "@media (max-width: 700px)" as const;

const style = stylex.create({
  main: {
    margin: "auto",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
  },
  jumbotron: {
    border: "1px transparent solid",
    padding: "16px 24px",
    backgroundColor: "#e9ecef",
  },
  jtBody: {
    padding: "8px 0",
  },
  jtHeading: {
    margin: "12px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontSans,
    fontSize: "54px",
    fontWeight: "bold",
    color: "#4d4d4d",
  },
  jtText: {
    margin: "24px 0",
    fontSize: "24px",
  },
  jtFooter: {
    margin: "24px 0",
  },
  jtButton: {
    padding: "12px 24px",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
    fontSize: "20px",
    fontWeight: "bold",
    color: colors.white,
    border: "1px solid transparent",
    borderRadius: "4px",
    backgroundColor: colors.primary,
    textDecoration: {
      default: "none",
      ":hover": "underline",
    },
  },
  deck: {
    display: "flex",
    flexDirection: {
      default: "row",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "column",
    },
    justifyContent: {
      default: "space-betweem",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "center",
    },
    alignItems: {
      default: "center",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "space-between",
    },
    margin: "24px auto",
  },
  cardHeading: {
    margin: "16px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
    fontSize: "32px",
  },
  cardText: {
    margin: "16px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontSans,
    fontSize: "16px",
  },
  featuredBg: {
    backgroundColor: "orange",
  },
});

export default function Home() {
  return (
    <main {...stylex.props(style.main)}>
      <div {...stylex.props(style.jumbotron)}>
        <div {...stylex.props(style.jtBody)}>
          <h1 {...stylex.props(style.jtHeading)}>Hello, world!</h1>
          <p {...stylex.props(style.jtText)}>
            This is a template for a simple marketing or informational website. It includes a large callout called a
            jumbotron and three supporting pieces of content. Use it as a starting point to create something more
            unique.
          </p>
        </div>
        <div {...stylex.props(style.jtFooter)}>
          <a {...stylex.props(style.jtButton)} href="#" role="button">
            Learn more &raquo;
          </a>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div {...stylex.props(style.deck)}>
        <Card featuredBg={{ backgroundColor: "orange" }}>
          <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
          <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
            Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
            condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
            Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
          </p>
          <p>
            <a href="#" role="button">
              View details &raquo;
            </a>
          </p>
        </Card>
        <Card>
          <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
          <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
            Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
            condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
            Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
          </p>
          <p>
            <a href="#" role="button">
              View details &raquo;
            </a>
          </p>
        </Card>
        <Card>
          <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
          <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
            Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
            condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
            Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
          </p>
          <p>
            <a href="#" role="button">
              View details &raquo;
            </a>
          </p>
        </Card>
      </div>
    </main>
  );
}
```


As we can see, styling is totally handled by Stylex. The browser page now looks like this:

<div className="centered-image">
<img src="https://refine.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/blog/2023-12-13-stylex-post/1.png" alt="stylex" />
</div>

<br/>

Let's break it down in the sections below.

### Creating Styles with `stylex.create`

We have declared Stylex styles with the `stylex.create` method:



```tsx
const style = stylex.create({
  main: {
    margin: "auto",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
  },
  jumbotron: {
    border: "1px transparent solid",
    padding: "16px 24px",
    backgroundColor: "#e9ecef",
  },
  jtBody: {
    padding: "8px 0",
  },
  jtHeading: {
    margin: "12px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontSans,
    fontSize: "54px",
    fontWeight: "bold",
    color: "#4d4d4d",
  },
  jtText: {
    margin: "24px 0",
    fontSize: "24px",
  },
  jtFooter: {
    margin: "24px 0",
  },
  jtButton: {
    padding: "12px 24px",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
    fontSize: "20px",
    fontWeight: "bold",
    color: colors.white,
    border: "1px solid transparent",
    borderRadius: "4px",
    backgroundColor: colors.primary,
    textDecoration: {
      default: "none",
      ":hover": "underline",
    },
  },
  deck: {
    display: "flex",
    flexDirection: {
      default: "row",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "column",
    },
    justifyContent: {
      default: "space-betweem",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "center",
    },
    alignItems: {
      default: "center",
      [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "space-between",
    },
    margin: "24px auto",
  },
  cardHeading: {
    margin: "16px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
    fontSize: "32px",
  },
  cardText: {
    margin: "16px 0",
    fontFamily: $.fontSans,
    fontSize: "16px",
  },
  featuredBg: {
    backgroundColor: "orange",
  },
});
```



It takes a styles object with property identifiers representing a CSS class and values composing the actual CSS rules. Under the hood, Stylex creates a CSS class with an identifier starting with `x` for each of the Stylex style object properties. When the style is applied to a JSX element with `stylex.props`, this generated CSS class is added to the element's `className` property.

<br />

**Stylex Style Declarations - Must be Statically Analyzable**

There are some constraints to declaring Stylex styles. For example, the style object properties

- should not go beyond one level deep, as further nesting belongs to the element's CSS properties.
- cannot call non-Stylex functions.
- cannot import values from non-Stylex modules.

As a general rule: Stylex style declarations **must** be statically analyzable. See a more comprehensive list [here](https://stylexjs.com/docs/learn/styling-ui/defining-styles/#constraints).

<br />

**Stylex Styles with Imported Stylex Variables**

It is typical to import and use Stylex variables:

```ts
{
    fontFamily: $.fontMono,
}
```

Use of global Stylex variables is important for dynamic layouts, responsive design and generating variants for spacing, typography, colors and themes.

<br />

**Stylex Conditional Style Definitions**

We can apply conditional style definitions in order to assign CSS pseudo-classes:

```ts
textDecoration: {
  default: "none",
  ':hover': "underline",
},
```

<br />

**Stylex Media Queries**

We are also able to maintain responsive design with conditionally defined media queries:

```ts
flexDirection: {
  default: "row",
  [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "column",
},
justifyContent: {
  default: "space-betweem",
  [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "center",
},
alignItems: {
  default: "center",
  [MEDIA_MOBILE]: "space-between",
},
```

With the above styles declaration, we have defined local, atomic styles intended for our JSX elements.

### `stylex.props` - Applying Styles in Stylex

We are then applying the above declared styles inside our JSX markup, inline and atomically:

```tsx
return (
  <main {...stylex.props(style.main)}>
    <div {...stylex.props(style.jumbotron)}>
      <div {...stylex.props(style.jtBody)}>
        <h1 {...stylex.props(style.jtHeading)}>Hello, world!</h1>
        <p {...stylex.props(style.jtText)}>
          This is a template for a simple marketing or informational website. It includes a large callout called a
          jumbotron and three supporting pieces of content. Use it as a starting point to create something more unique.
        </p>
      </div>
      <div {...stylex.props(style.jtFooter)}>
        <a {...stylex.props(style.jtButton)} href="#" role="button">
          Learn more &raquo;
        </a>
      </div>
    </div>

    <div {...stylex.props(style.deck)}>
      <Card featuredBg={{ backgroundColor: "orange" }}>
        <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
        <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
          Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
          condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
          Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
        </p>
        <p>
          <a href="#" role="button">
            View details &raquo;
          </a>
        </p>
      </Card>
      <Card>
        <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
        <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
          Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
          condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
          Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
        </p>
        <p>
          <a href="#" role="button">
            View details &raquo;
          </a>
        </p>
      </Card>
      <Card>
        <h2 {...stylex.props(style.cardHeading)}>Heading</h2>
        <p {...stylex.props(style.cardText)}>
          Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor mauris
          condimentum nibh, ut fermentum massa justo sit amet risus. Etiam porta sem malesuada magna mollis euismod.
          Donec sed odio dui.{" "}
        </p>
        <p>
          <a href="#" role="button">
            View details &raquo;
          </a>
        </p>
      </Card>
    </div>
  </main>
);
```

Notice, for each style applied, we are invoking the `stylex.props` method and passing the style object property as it's argument. Under the hood, Stylex grabs the CSS class indentifier it generated with the `x` prefix and adds it to the `className` property of the JSX element.

We are able to pass multiple styles to `stylex.props()` and all get merged into a single class. When specificity becomes an issue in the merge, the last style gets ranked the most. Please feel free to learn more in [this section of the docs](https://stylexjs.com/docs/learn/styling-ui/using-styles/#merging-styles).

## Using Stylex Variables in a Next.js App

As seen above, we are already using the global Stylex variable, `$`, in our `<Home />` component:

```ts
{
    fontFamily: $.fontSans,
}
```

We are using these [example tokens](https://github.com/facebook/stylex/blob/main/apps/nextjs-example/app/globalTokens.stylex.ts) from Stylex docs and using their fonts in our app. This particular example provides insight into the capabilities of Stylex variables in designing complex, dynamic, responsive layouts with easily customizable variants for color, spacing, typography, theming, and more.

Just to get an idea, in this post, we explore how to define the simplest set of color palette.

### Stylex Variables - Defining and Using Variables with `stylex.defineVars`

Besides modifying our page and component, in `app/stylex/cssVars.ts` we've declared a set of colors using `stylex.defineVars`:

```ts 
import stylex from "@stylexjs/stylex";

export const colors = stylex.defineVars({
  primary: "#007bff",
  secondary: "#f8f9fa",
  white: "#f8f9fa",
});
```

`stylex.defineVars`'s job is to make the exported `colors` variable available globally to the emitted static CSS styles and to the TS app for importing from any of its React components. In our app, we are able to use necessary colors from Stylex `colors`, in `app/page.tsx` as well as inside `<Card />`:

```ts
  backgroundColor: colors.secondary,
```

## Statically Typed Styles in Stylex

Stylex applies compile-time type-checking to style props passed to a component. It is typical of Flow, and has all the required support with TypeScript as well.

As an example, the `<Card />` component accepts a `featuredBg` prop that is typed with `StyleXArray<any>` type:

```ts
import stylex from "@stylexjs/stylex";
import { ReactNode } from "react";
import { StyleXArray } from "@stylexjs/stylex/lib/StyleXTypes";
import { colors } from "../stylex/cssVars.stylex";

const styles = stylex.create({
  card: {
    margin: "32px",
    padding: "16px",
    border: "1px spolid transparent",
    borderRadius: "8px",
    backgroundColor: colors.secondary,
  },
});

type Props = Readonly<{
  featuredBg?: StyleXArray<any>;
  children: ReactNode;
}>;

export default function Card({ featuredBg, children }: Props) {
  return <div {...stylex.props(styles.card, featuredBg)}>{children}</div>;
}
```

Static typing of Stylex styles allows them to be typed accurately and provide type-safety and stability to our codebase.

## Summary

In this post, we quickly covered the basics of Stylex by applying styling in a Next.js app. We focused particularly on the core `stylex.create` and `stylex.props` APIs for defining CSS-in-JS styles to our page and component. We also covered how Stylex variables are defined and used with the `stylex.defineVars` method. Ultimately, we saw an example of how style props are statically typed with Stylex in a component.

These APIs make Stylex a powerful toolbox of inline and static CSS styling that helps produce reusable, extendable, and performant styling as sought out by scalable large applications. Stylex is a newborn library passing through infancy, and thanks to its capabilities of globally available variables and clean and lean API surface, we should be seeing much more robust and tiny UI frameworks built on top of it very soon.

**Author: <a  target="_blank" href="https://refine.dev/blog/author/abdullah_numan/">Abdullah Numan</a>**