Demystifying Concurrency and Racing Conditions
Tags: programming, tutorial, csharp, learning
Published: 2023-09-10 19:59:46

Concurrency and Racing Conditions are two important concepts in .NET programming, especially when dealing with multithreaded applications. Concurrency means that multiple tasks can run at the same time, while racing conditions mean that the outcome of a task depends on the timing or order of other tasks. In this blog post, I will demonstrate how concurrency and racing conditions can occur in .NET, and how to prevent them using some sample Console Applications in C#.

### Concurrency:
Concurrency refers to the ability of a computer system to execute multiple tasks or processes simultaneously, seemingly overlapping in time. Concurrency is a broader concept that encompasses parallelism but doesn't necessarily require executing tasks simultaneously on multiple CPU cores. It's about managing and scheduling multiple tasks in a way that makes the most efficient use of the available resources.

In concurrent programming, you deal with tasks that may start, run, and complete out of order or in an unpredictable sequence. These tasks can be represented as threads, processes, or lightweight tasks (in languages like C# with Task Parallel Library), and they often share resources like memory, files, or data structures.

## Racing Conditions:
A racing condition (or race condition) is a type of concurrency-related bug that occurs when multiple threads or processes access shared data or resources concurrently, and the final outcome depends on the timing or order of execution. In other words, it's a "race" between threads to access and modify shared data, and the result can be unpredictable and incorrect.

Let's see an example of concurrency and racing. Suppose we have a simple program that prints the numbers from 1 to 10 on the console, using a `for` loop. We can run this program on a single thread, or on multiple threads using the `Task` class. Here is the code for both cases:

```csharp
// Single-threaded version

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
    Console.WriteLine(i);
}

// Multi-threaded version
Task[] tasks = new Task[10];

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
    int number = i + 1;
    tasks[i] = Task.Run(() => Console.WriteLine(number));
}

Task.WaitAll(tasks);
```

The single-threaded version will print the numbers from 1 to 10 on the console, in order. However, the multi-threaded version may print different numbers, or even repeat some numbers. This is because the tasks are running concurrently, and they are accessing and modifying a shared variable without synchronization. Therefore, the outcome of each task depends on the timing or order of other tasks, which is unpredictable and may vary from run to run. This is an example of concurrency with racing, and it can lead to incorrect or inconsistent results.

To prevent racing, we need to ensure that only one task can access or modify a shared variable at a time. This can be achieved by using various synchronization mechanisms, such as `locks`, `mutexes`, `semaphores`, `monitors`, etc. In C#, one of the simplest ways to synchronize access to a shared variable is to use the `lock` keyword. The lock keyword takes an object as a parameter, and ensures that only one thread can enter a block of code that uses that object as a `lock`. Here is how we can modify our previous program to use `lock`:

```csharp
// Multi-threaded version with lock
int counter = 0;
object lockObject = new();
Task[] tasks = new Task[10];

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
    tasks[i] = Task.Run(() =>
    {
        lock (lockObject)
        {
            counter++;
            Console.WriteLine(counter);
        }
    });
}

Task.WaitAll(tasks);
```

### Summary:

Concurrency and racing conditions are fundamental concepts in multi-threaded programming. Concurrency involves managing multiple tasks executing concurrently, while racing conditions are unwanted side effects that occur when multiple threads access shared resources without proper synchronization.


_Differences between Synchronization Mechanisms in .NET:_


#### 1. Locks:
 - **Keyword:** In C#, the lock keyword is used for synchronization.
 - **Granularity:** Locks provide fine-grained synchronization, allowing you to protect specific code blocks or resources.
 - **Usage:** Suitable for scenarios where you need to protect access to individual objects or resources within methods.

#### 2. Mutexes (Mutual Exclusion):
 - **Type:** Mutexes are system-wide synchronization primitives.
 - **Granularity:** They are typically used for coarse-grained synchronization, allowing multiple processes to synchronize access to shared resources across application boundaries.
 - **Usage:** Useful when you need to coordinate between processes and not just threads within a single process.

#### 3. Semaphores:
 - **Type:** Semaphores can be used both for thread synchronization (counting semaphore) and resource management (binary semaphore).
 - **Counting:** Counting semaphores allow a specified number of threads to access a resource concurrently.
 - **Usage:** Suitable for managing access to a limited pool of resources, such as limiting the number of concurrent database connections.

#### 4. Monitors (C# Monitor class):
 - **Type:** Monitors are a higher-level synchronization construct often implemented using locks.
 - **Granularity:** Monitors provide synchronization for entire objects and their methods.
 - **Usage:** Useful when you want to encapsulate synchronization logic within an object, typically used for synchronization in object-oriented design.

In practice, the choice of synchronization mechanism depends on the specific requirements of your application. `Locks` are often the simplest and most commonly used synchronization mechanism for managing concurrency within a single process. `Mutexes` and `Semaphores` are used for more complex synchronization scenarios involving inter-process communication or resource management. `Monitors` provide an object-oriented approach to synchronization, making it easier to manage synchronization within the context of objects and their methods.