Harmonising Elegance: The Art of Functional Programming in Software Design
Tags: functional, softwaredesign, programming, javascript
Published: 2023-09-28 17:51:20

Functional Programming (I will call FP in this post and further) is not just a coding style; it is an elegant programming paradigm which transformed the way I design and build software, since I got to know this. Mastering this can truly reform the way of your software development which will lead to more concise, maintainable and robust code in real world. We will discuss about the power of FP and it's beauty in software design.

## Unveiling Functional Programming

FP is a programming paradigm which treats computation as the evolution of mathematical functions. If you remember from earlier maths class (f . g)(x) = f(g(x)) [read a f of g of x]. Similarly in FP we talk about immutability and purity of functions, which says pure functions don't have side effects and always returns same output for the same input. This leads more predictable code.

## Key concepts of FP

### 1. **Pure Functions**
In FP, we write pure functions. Pure functions means they take inputs perform the steps mentioned over it and produce the output. They don't modify state or variable outside their scope, that makes  the whole code predictable and easy to test under FP.

### 2. **Immutable Data**
In FP, We consider Data can not be changed once it is created; instead new data created or stored in a new variable with each transformation. This eliminates the need of complex state management.

### 3. **First-Class Functions**
In FP, functions are considered as first class citizen. You might be thinking what is it, It means we can assign functions to variables, pass them into another function as arguments and return from a function. This opens the door for powerful abstraction and composability. This helps a functional programming language to support **Higher-Order Functions**.

### 4. **Higher-Order Functions**
In FP, We create functions which can take another functions as arguments and/or return functions as result. Which helps us to create compositions for complex problems with ease of readability.

### 5. **Recursion**
In FP, we prefer using recursion over iterative loop approach, that  looks more mathematical, we need not to maintain many other variables and the best thing is it doesn't lead memory leak for dynamically garbage collecting programming languages.

### 6. **Referential Transparency**
In FP, one can easily replace the whole function's execution with just it's value without changing the program's behaviour. That many times help in optimisation and many time in removing/replacing third party libraries from your code base because of pricing or some new launched libraries with additional features.

## Benefits of FP in Software Design

These are the benefits I found using FP to design enterprise grade softwares
### 1. **Plug and Play**: 
Easily add or remove any third party plugins, or internal features from code as and when needed.
### 2. **Conciseness**: 
FP allows me to write complex operations in fewer lines with more readability of code.
### 3. **Modularity**: 
FP's focus on pure functions and immutability makes it easier to read, test and maintain. Plus everything is inside a small SPR function can be put separately in separate modules.
### 4. **Safety**: 
With immutability and pure functions it reduces the chances of bug and over that easy to debug because of no side effect you know which state has been changed by which function. You can check that function and fix that easily.
### 5. **Parallelism**: 
Functional code is inherently more parallelizable, taking advantage of multi-core processors and distributed computing.
### 6. **Readability**: 
FP code often reads like a series of transformations, which make it more readable and less error-prone.

## Real World Applications of FP
FP is used extensively in real world applications. Programming Languages like Haskell, Clojure and Scala are designed with FP in mind. Which have gained popularity in various domains like, finance, healthcare and data processing.

Present era mainstream programming languages like Python, JavaScript and Java are evolving to accommodate FP widely and allowing developers to incorporate FP into their software incrementally.

When your team is not at the expertise level or familiar to FP and your project delivery timelines are tight you should refrain from using it. Definitely not fit for such domains which are highly depends on mutable states and side effects i.e. Game developments, Digital Signal Processing and Embedded Systems.

Till the next time keep Learning-Coding-and-Growing.

**Previous Article**: [Mastering the Art of Software Design: An Overture to Object-Oriented Design](https://dev.to/dr_anks/mastering-the-art-of-software-craftsmanship-a-symphony-of-object-oriented-design-fundamentals-i07)