MITRE ATT&CK: Your map to adversary movement
Published: 2023-10-15 23:40:48

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## Table of Contents

1.  [Introduction to MITRE ATT&CK](#1-introduction-to-mitre-attck)
2.  [The Framework](#2-the-framework)
    1.  [Tactics](#21-tactics)
    2.  [Techniques](#22-techniques)
    3.  [Sub-techniques](#23-sub-techniques)
    3.  [Procedures](#procedures)
3.  [How MITRE ATT&CK Works](#3-how-mitre-attck-works)
    1.  [Adversary Emulation](#31-adversary-emulation)
    2.  [Threat Intelligence](#32-threat-intelligence)
4.  [The Benefits of MITRE ATT&CK](#4-the-benefits-of-mitre-attck)
    1.  [Improved Threat Detection](#41-improved-threat-detection)
    2.  [Enhanced Incident Response](#42-enhanced-incident-response)
    3.  [Better Security Assessments](#43-better-security-assessments)
5.  [Implementing MITRE ATT&CK](#5-implementing-mitre-attck)
    1.  [Mapping Techniques and Controls](#51-mapping-techniques-and-controls)
    2.  [Leveraging MITRE ATT&CK for Red Teaming](#52-leveraging-mitre-attck-for-red-teaming)
6.  [Limitations and Challenges](#6-limitations-and-challenges)
7.  [Conclusion](#7-conclusion)

## 1\. Introduction to MITRE ATT&CK

In today's rapidly evolving threat landscape, organizations face constant challenges in defending against sophisticated cyber attacks. To address this, MITRE Corporation developed the MITRE ATT&CK framework. ATT&CK, which stands for Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge, is a globally accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques. It provides a structured and comprehensive approach to understanding and categorizing cyber threats.

## 2\. The Framework

The MITRE ATT&CK framework is organized hierarchically, consisting of tactics, techniques, and sub-techniques. This structure allows security professionals to gain a deep understanding of how adversaries operate and the tactics they employ.

### 2.1. Tactics

The tactics within the ATT&CK framework represent the underlying purpose or objective  (the ***why***) behind each technique or sub-technique. They define the technical goals that adversaries aim to accomplish and the rationale behind their actions. For instance, an adversary might target credential access as a means to gain entry into a targeted network.

 Each tactic encompasses a set of techniques that have been observed by network defenders in real-world scenarios involving threat actors. It's important to note that the ATT&CK framework is not meant to be interpreted as a linear progression, where adversaries move through tactics in a straightforward manner from left to right to achieve their objectives. Furthermore, adversaries are not obligated to utilize all ATT&CK tactics in order to accomplish their operational goals.

The MITRE ATT&CK framework defines several tactics, including the following:

-   Initial Access
-   Execution
-   Persistence
-   Privilege Escalation
-   Defense Evasion
-   Credential Access
-   Lateral Movement
-   Exfiltration
-   Impact

### 2.2. Techniques

Techniques within the context of the ATT&CK framework describe the (***how***) methods employed by adversaries to accomplish a specific tactical  objective through their actions. For instance, an adversary might employ the technique of dumping credentials to gain access to privileged  accounts. 

Techniques can also indicate what an adversary acquires as a  result of their actions. A technique represents a distinct behavior  aimed at achieving a particular goal and is often just one step in a  series of activities carried out by the adversary to fulfill their  overall mission. 

It should be noted that certain techniques within  ATT&CK can enable an adversary to achieve multiple tactical  objectives, thus applying to multiple tactics within the framework. 

 Additionally, many techniques involve the utilization of legitimate  system functions that can be exploited for malicious purposes, commonly  known as "living off the land." (at.exe, schdtsk, etc)

### 2.3. Sub-techniques

Sub-techniques provide further granularity within each technique, allowing for a more detailed understanding of adversary behaviors. They describe specific variations or methods used by adversaries to accomplish a technique within a tactic. Sub-techniques help in capturing the nuances and evolving tactics employed by adversaries.

For instance, within the brute force [T1110](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) technique, there are specific behaviors that  outline distinct methods for executing the technique. These behaviors  include password guessing [T1110.001](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001), password cracking [T1110.002](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002), password spraying [T1110.003](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003), and credential stuffing [T1110.004](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/004)

Sub-techniques are often associated with  specific operating systems or platforms, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that not all techniques have corresponding sub-techniques.

### 2.4. Procedures

Procedures are indicators that represent the specific actions (the ***what***) performed by an adversary and  serve as examples of how they have utilized a technique or  sub-technique. For instance, when it comes to OS credential dumping,  there exist various procedures like the extraction of LSASS memory  [T1003.001](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001) using different tools, utilities, and commands.  

Understanding these procedures can be valuable for replicating an  incident through adversary emulation and for detecting malicious  activity.

## 3\. How MITRE ATT&CK Works

MITRE ATT&CK works by providing organizations with a knowledge base that can be used to improve their cybersecurity defenses. It offers two primary components:

### 3.1. Adversary Emulation

Adversary emulation involves simulating real-world attack scenarios in a controlled environment to evaluate an organization's security controls and incident response capabilities. By replicating adversary behaviors and techniques, organizations can identify vulnerabilities and improve their defenses.

### 3.2. Threat Intelligence

MITRE ATT&CK provides valuable threat intelligence by documenting the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by real-world adversaries. This information helps security teams understand the latest trends in cyber attacks, identify potential indicators of compromise (IOCs), and develop effective countermeasures.

## 4\. The Benefits of MITRE ATT&CK

### 4.1. Improved Threat Detection

By aligning security controls and detection mechanisms with the MITRE ATT&CK framework, organizations can enhance their ability to detect and respond to advanced threats. The framework provides a standardized language and taxonomy for understanding adversary behaviors, enabling more effective threat hunting and incident response.

### 4.2. Enhanced Incident Response

MITRE ATT&CK helps organizations develop robust incident response plans by providing insights into the tactics and techniques employed by adversaries. This knowledge allows for more efficient and targeted incident response efforts, minimizing the impact of cyber attacks and reducing recovery time.

### 4.3. Better Security Assessments

By leveraging MITRE ATT&CK, organizations can perform comprehensive security assessments to identify vulnerabilities and gaps in their defenses. The framework offers a standardized methodology for evaluating security controls, enabling organizations to prioritize remediation efforts and allocate resources effectively.

## 5\. Implementing MITRE ATT&CK

### 5.1. Mapping Techniques and Controls

Organizations can map their existing security controls to the techniques and tactics defined in the MITRE ATT&CK framework. This mapping helps identify coverage gaps and areas where additional controls are needed to mitigate specific threats. It provides a proactive approach to improve security postures.

### 5.2. Leveraging MITRE ATT&CK for Red Teaming

Red teaming exercises involve emulating real-world attacks to test an organization's defenses. By using the MITRE ATT&CK framework, red teams can align their tactics and techniques with known adversary behaviors, providing a more realistic assessment of an organization's security posture.

## 6\. Limitations and Challenges

While MITRE ATT&CK is a valuable resource, it is not without limitations. The framework requires continuous updates to keep pace with evolving adversary tactics. It also requires organizations to invest time and resources in understanding and implementing the framework effectively.

## 7\. Conclusion

MITRE ATT&CK offers a comprehensive and structured approach to understanding and categorizing adversary behaviors. By leveraging the framework, organizations can enhance their threat detection, incident response, and overall security posture. However, it is important to recognize the limitations and challenges associated with implementing and maintaining MITRE ATT&CK effectively.

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_Note: This document is a summary based on current understanding and does not represent an actual MITRE ATT&CK guide._