"COVID-19 Forecasting and Analysis"
Tags: datascience, python, jupyter, tutorial
Published: 2023-10-01 06:16:20



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> “Doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment.” — Oprah Winfrey.




---

## Introduction <a name="Introduction"></a>
The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the way we live, work, and interact with each other. Since its emergence, the virus has spread globally infecting millions of people through various methods related to release of airborne water molecules excreted by an infected person. Although it might not be as severe as a zombie apocalypse, it has heavily impacted the whole world and many countries' economies. Therefore, in times of crisis like this, it's important to gather data to analyse and forecast the infection spread, to put a stop to this. 



### Importance of Data Analysis and Forecasting
In the fight against COVID-19, data is a powerful ally. Accurate and timely data analysis provides insights into the virus's spread, hotspots, and impact on various populations. Forecasting models help policymakers and healthcare professionals make informed decisions about resource allocation, vaccination strategies, and containment measures.



This guide delves into the world of COVID-19 data analysis and forecasting. We'll explore how to retrieve, analyse, and visualise COVID-19 data using Python, a versatile programming language. From creating interactive web applications to predicting future cases, we'll cover a range of techniques to help you understand and navigate the pandemic's challenges.

---


## Table Of Contents
* [Introduction](#Introduction)
* [Data Collection](#Data-Collection)
* [Data Preprocessing](#Data-Preprocessing)
* [Data Visualization](#Data-Visualization)
* [Time Series Forecasting](#Time-Series-Forecasting)
* [Model Evaluation](#Model-Evaluation)
* [Interpreting Results](#Interpreting-Results)
* [Conclusion](#Conclusion)
* [Further Research and Applications](#Further-Research-and-Applications)

---


## Data Collection <a name="Data-Collection"></a>
In our quest to analyse and forecast COVID-19 data, we need a reliable source of information. For this purpose, we'll be using the COVID-19 data provided by the COVID-19 Data API, which offers a wealth of global COVID-19 statistics.

The COVID-19 Data API is a valuable resource for accessing up-to-date COVID-19 information. It provides data on total cases, deaths, tests conducted, and more for countries around the world. For this project, I used Rapid Api (https://rapidapi.com/hub) a hub which has thousands of free APIs to use for your own machine learning projects. For this project, I used the rapid api key from covid-193 : https://rapidapi.com/api-sports/api/covid-193. 

To connect the API to your own project, you'll need to sign up to gain access to an API key, which you can include in your requests as shown below:

---

```python
import requests

# Define the url of the API you are using 
url = "https://covid-193.p.rapidapi.com/history"

# Define the headers with your RapidAPI key and host.
headers = { 
    "X-RapidAPI-Key": "YOUR_RAPIDAPI_KEY_HERE",  # Replace with your actual API key
    "X-RapidAPI-Host": "covid-193.p.rapidapi.com"
}

# the rapid API key will be different for everyone, once you sign up, you will be able to access your API key
```
---


After defining your API key and host, you can load COVID-19 data into Python using the API by defining the country, define the query parameters, and make the API request, with the requests.get() function. 

---

```python
# Define the country you want to retrieve data from. 
country = “Malaysia” 

# Define the query parameters 
querystring = {“country”: country} 


# Make the API request 
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, params=querystring) 

# Check if the request was successful (status code 200) 
if response.status_code == 200: 
	# Parse the JSON response 
	data = response.json()

	# Extract the history data for the country 
	history_data = data.get(“response”, []) 

	# You now have access to COVID-19 data for further analysis 
	# To see example output from the API, you can print some of the latest data, such as the first entry from the API. 
	if history_data: 
		latest_data = history_data[0] # index 0, to get the first data. 
		print(f”Latest Data for {country}: \n”)
		print(f”Date: {latest_data[‘day’]} ”)
		print(f”Total Cases: {latest_data[‘cases’][‘total’]} ”)
		print(f”Total Deaths: {latest_data[‘deaths’][‘total’]} ”)
		print(f”Total Tests Conducted: {latest_data[‘tests’][‘total’]} ”)
	else : 
		print(f”No data found for {country}.”)
else :
	print(“Error fetching data from the API”) # error, meaning there was an error with requesting data from the API url provided. 

```
---



This will print the data from the database and output something like : 
---

```python
Latest Data for United States:

Date: 2023-06-02
Total Cases: 107125259
Total Deaths: 1165534
Total Tests Conducted: 1180380581
```

---

## Data Preprocessing <a name="Data-Preprocessing"></a>

Data preprocessing is a crucial step in any data analysis or forecasting project. It involves cleaning and organising raw data to make it suitable for analysis and modelling. In this section, we'll explore the data preprocessing steps used in our COVID-19 data analysis and forecasting project.



### Handling Missing Values
One common issue with real-world data is missing values. It's essential to identify and address missing values before proceeding with analysis. Fortunately, the COVID-19 data we retrieve from the API tends to be complete. However, in some cases, you might encounter missing values, and you should handle them appropriately.

---

```python
# check for missing values (NaN) in a DataFrame 
missing_values = data_frame.isnull().sum()
```

---


### Converting Date Strings to Datetime Objects
The date information in the COVID-19 data is typically in string format. To work with dates effectively, we convert them into datetime objects. This conversion allows us to perform date-based calculations easily.

---

```python
# To convert date string to datetime objects 
dates = [datetime.strptime(data_entry[‘day’], ‘%Y-%m-%d’) for data_entry in history_data]
```
---


## Sorting and Organising the Data
To analyse and visualise the data effectively, we often sort it chronologically and organise it in a structured format. This ensures that the data is presented in a meaningful way.

---

```python
# sort the data by date in ascending order 
sorted_data = sorted(history_data, key=lambda x: x[‘day’]
Calculating New Cases Daily 
In epidemiology, it's crucial to analyse not only total cases but also daily new cases. To calculate daily new cases from the total cases, we take the difference between consecutive data points.

# Calculate daily new cases
new_cases = [total_cases[i] - total_cases[i - 1] for i in range(1, len(total_cases))]
```

---


## Data Visualization <a name="Data-Visualization"></a>


Data visualisation is a powerful tool for understanding complex datasets. In this section, we'll explore some code snippets and examples for creating visualisations of COVID-19 data.

### Plotting Total Cases Over Time

Visualising the total number of COVID-19 cases over time can help us understand the pandemic's progression. We can create a line chart that shows how the total cases have evolved.

---

```python
# Example code for plotting total cases over time
plt.plot(dates, total_cases, label='Total Cases', marker='o')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Total COVID-19 Cases')
plt.title('Total COVID-19 Cases Over Time')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
```
---

### Visualising Daily New Cases

Understanding the daily fluctuations in new COVID-19 cases is essential. We can create a bar chart to visualise the daily new cases.

---

```python
# Example code for visualising daily new cases
plt.bar(dates[1:], new_cases, colour='orange', label='Daily New Cases')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Daily New COVID-19 Cases')
plt.title('Daily New COVID-19 Cases Over Time')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
```
---


## Time Series Forecasting <a name="Time-Series-Forecasting"></a>

Time series forecasting involves predicting future values based on historical data. In this section, we'll introduce the concept of time series forecasting and demonstrate how to forecast future COVID-19 cases.

### Introduction to Time Series Forecasting

Time series forecasting is a method used to predict future data points based on past observations. It's widely used in various fields, including epidemiology. In our project, we'll apply time series forecasting to predict future COVID-19 cases.

### Splitting Data Into Training and Testing Sets

Before building a forecasting model, we need to split our data into training and testing sets. The training set is used to train the model, while the testing set is used to evaluate its performance.

---

```python
# Example code for splitting data into training and testing sets
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(np.array(days_since_start).reshape(-1, 1), cases, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)
```

---


### Implementing the Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing Model

The Holt-Winters exponential smoothing model is a popular choice for time series forecasting. It considers trends and seasonality in the data.


---

```python
# Example code for implementing the Holt-Winters model
from statsmodels.tsa.holt winters import ExponentialSmoothing

model = ExponentialSmoothing(y_train, trend='add', seasonal='add', seasonal_periods=7)
model_fit = model.fit()
```

---


### Forecasting Future COVID-19 Cases

With the trained model, we can make predictions for future COVID-19 cases. This allows us to anticipate the pandemic's trajectory.


---

```python
# Example code for forecasting future cases
forecast = model_fit.forecast(steps=30)  # Forecasting 30 days into the future
```
---



## Model Evaluation <a name="Model-Evaluation"></a>

Evaluating the forecasting model's accuracy is crucial. In this section, we'll discuss metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) for assessing model performance.

### Assessing Model Accuracy

Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) are common metrics used to evaluate forecasting models. Lower values indicate better accuracy.


---

```python
# Example code for calculating MAE and RMSE
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error, mean_squared_error

mae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, forecast)
rmse = np.sqrt(mean_squared_error(y_test, forecast))
```

---



## Interpreting Results <a name="Interpreting-Results"></a>

Our data analysis and visualisation efforts have provided us with a comprehensive view of how the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded over time. Through visualisations, we've tracked the rise in total cases, observed daily fluctuations in new cases, and visualised trends in different Asian countries.

One notable insight is that while some countries initially experienced rapid surges in cases, others managed to contain the spread more effectively. These differences in trajectories could be attributed to various factors, including government interventions, healthcare infrastructure, and public compliance with safety measures.


---

## Conclusion <a name="Conclusion"></a>

In this journey through COVID-19 data analysis and forecasting, we've unveiled essential insights that shed light on the pandemic's past, present, and potential future. Let's summarise our key findings and reiterate the importance of data-driven decision-making during these challenging times.

### Key Findings
1. Varied Trajectories: Our analysis highlighted the diversity of COVID-19 trajectories across different Asian countries. Some nations successfully flattened the curve, while others faced significant challenges in containment. Understanding these variations can inform strategies for future pandemics.

2. Forecasting Power: The application of time series forecasting, particularly the Holt-Winters exponential smoothing model, demonstrated its power in anticipating the pandemic's course. These forecasts offer critical advantages in resource allocation, public awareness, policy formulation, and vaccine distribution.

3. Uncertainty Ahead: While forecasting is a valuable tool, we must remember that the pandemic is a dynamic and evolving situation. New variants, vaccination campaigns, and individual behaviour can introduce uncertainties. Our models provide guidance, but we must remain adaptable.


---

## Further Research and Applications <a name="Further-Research-and-Applications"></a>

Our exploration of COVID-19 data analysis and forecasting has opened doors to numerous avenues for further research and real-world applications. In this section, we'll suggest areas ripe for deeper analysis and delve into practical applications beyond our current focus.

### Areas for Further Research
Variant Dynamics: Investigate the impact of COVID-19 variants on disease spread and vaccine efficacy. By monitoring the prevalence and characteristics of emerging variants, we can refine our strategies for containment and vaccination.

Behavioural Analysis: Understand the role of human behaviour in pandemic dynamics. Behavioural data, coupled with epidemiological data, can yield insights into the effectiveness of public health measures and messaging.

Vaccine Distribution Models: Develop models for optimising vaccine distribution. Factors like population density, transportation infrastructure, and vaccine supply chains play a crucial role in equitable vaccination efforts.

Economic Implications: Explore the economic consequences of the pandemic. Analyse the long-term effects on industries, job markets, and global economies to inform recovery policies.

Mental Health Impact: Investigate the pandemic's impact on mental health. Analyse data on stress levels, anxiety, depression, and access to mental health services to guide support initiatives.

### Real-World Applications
Early Warning Systems: Implement data-driven early warning systems for future pandemics. Monitoring key indicators can trigger rapid responses, helping to contain outbreaks at an early stage.

Healthcare Resource Allocation: Extend our forecasting models to optimise healthcare resource allocation. Hospitals can use real-time predictions to manage bed capacity, ventilators, and staff.

Vaccination Campaigns: Fine-tune vaccination campaigns with data-driven precision. Target vulnerable populations, plan booster shots, and adapt strategies as vaccination rates evolve.

Global Collaboration: Foster global collaboration in data sharing and analysis. Lessons learned from international data cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic can serve as a blueprint for addressing other global challenges.

Public Health Messaging: Utilise data analysis to tailor public health messaging. Understanding regional concerns and sentiments can improve the effectiveness of awareness campaigns.

## Bridging Data and Action
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the vital role of data in crisis management. It has demonstrated that data is not merely an abstract concept; it is a lifeline, guiding our response to global emergencies.

As we step into a future that remains uncertain, one thing is clear: the bridge between data and action must remain strong. It's a bridge built on analysis, forecasting, and the unwavering commitment to using insights to protect lives and livelihoods.

We encourage researchers, policymakers, and data enthusiasts to embark on these paths of further research and apply their knowledge to solve real-world problems. Together, we can navigate the complexities of today's challenges and build a brighter, data-driven future for all.

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That's all for this blog, if you would like to view this project’s code, please visit the repository here : https://github.com/Jung028/covid/blob/main/Covid-Cases-History.py