Types of Computer Security Threats
Tags: cybersecurity, infosec, security, informationsecurity
Published: 2024-06-15 12:40:26

From mobile banking to online shopping, from healthcare systems to smart devices, software applications facilitate communication and enhance productivity.
However, this pervasive reliance on software also exposes individuals, businesses, and institutions to a myriad of security threats.

In this article, we delve into the intricate web of security threats that loom over software applications, exploring their nature, impact, and mitigation strategies.


Read also: [Transformation of Privacy in the Digital Age](https://infosafe24.com/posts/11-Ways-to-Improve-Security-of-Your-Online-Presence)

Software security threats encompass a broad spectrum of malicious activities aimed at exploiting vulnerabilities in software applications. 
These threats pose significant risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems. 
Understanding the various types of security threats is crucial for developers, businesses, and users to implement effective countermeasures and safeguard against potential breaches.

## Malware

*Malware*, short for malicious software, represents one of the most pervasive and insidious threats to software applications. <br>  
_viruses_, self-replicating programs that spread from one device to another,
worms, viruses exploiting network vulnerabilities to spread,<br>  

_trojans_, disguised as legitimate software to trick you into installing them,
 ransomware, Locks your files or system and demands a ransom payment to unlock them, and <br>

_spyware_, stealing your personal information without your knowledge,
are among the diverse array of malware that can infiltrate systems, compromise data, and disrupt operations. 

**Phishing** emails are one of the most prevalent methods of malware infiltration,  attackers craft emails that appear to be from legitimate sources like banks, credit card companies, or even familiar people. 
These emails typically urge you to click on malicious links or download infected attachments. 
Once clicked, the links can download malware directly, or they might take you to a compromised website booby-trapped with malware.
Unsecured downloads, software vulnerabilities, visiting compromised websites are some other methods for infiltration.
By being aware of these methods and practicing safe computing habits, you can significantly reduce the risk of malware infecting your computer system.

Read also: [How to Detect Phishing Attacks](https://infosafe24.com/posts/How-to-Detect-Phishing-Attacks)

With evolving techniques and distribution methods, malware continues to evolve, posing a persistent challenge to cybersecurity professionals worldwide.

## Web Application Vulnerabilities


Web applications, with their ubiquitous presence and dynamic functionality, introduce unique security challenges. 
SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and other vulnerabilities expose web applications to exploitation, data breaches, and unauthorized access. 

**SQL injection** (SQLi) is a cyberattack that targets applications connected to databases. It exploits vulnerabilities in how the application handles user input. Attackers can inject malicious SQL code into forms, queries, or other data entry points to manipulate the database.
XSS, which stands for Cross-Site Scripting, is a type of security vulnerability  exploited by attackers to inject malicious scripts into websites. 
These scripts then run in the victim's web browser, potentially compromising their data or hijacking their session.

**CSRF**, also known as Cross-Site Request Forgery, is a web security vulnerability that allows attackers to trick users into performing unintended actions on a web application they're already authenticated to.
Imagine you're logged into your bank account (authenticated). An attacker tricks you into visiting a malicious website (crafted to trigger a CSRF attack). 
In the background, without your knowledge or consent, this malicious website submits a request to your bank account (using your already authenticated session) -  possibly a transfer request to the attacker's account!


Thes attacks exploit website vulnerabilities in the way it handles user input, such as data from comments sections, search bars, or user profiles. This flaw allows the attacker to inject malicious code without the website properly recognizing it.
The attacker also can insert malicious script disguised as regular user input into a vulnerable field on the website. This script could be written in JavaScript, HTML, or other languages that web browsers can understand.
When the victim visits the compromised webpage, their browser unknowingly executes the attacker's script. This can lead to various consequences depending on the attacker's goals.
As the primary interface for user interaction, securing web applications is paramount for protecting sensitive data and preserving user trust.

## Network-Based Threats


Network-based threats, such as Denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, target the availability of software applications by overwhelming network resources with malicious traffic. 
DDoS stands for Distributed Denial-of-Service. It's a cyberattack that aims to disrupt the normal traffic of a website, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of internet requests. 
Imagine a traffic jam so severe that no regular traffic can reach its destination. That's what a DDoS attack attempts to do in the digital world.


**There are various ways of execution:**


**Botnet Army**, attackers build an army of compromised devices, often called a botnet. These devices can be personal computers, smartphones, or even Internet-of-Things (IoT) gadgets that have been unknowingly infected with malware, giving the attacker control.
Command and Control, attacker remotely controls the botnet, issuing commands to launch the attack.
Flooding the Target, each infected device in the botnet sends a massive amount of fake traffic requests to the target website or service. This can be pings, HTTP requests, or other types of traffic.


A **man-in-the-middle** (MITM) attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly inserts themselves into the communication between two parties, allowing them to eavesdrop on the conversation or even alter the messages being exchanged. It's like a hidden listener on a phone call, able to hear both sides and potentially tamper with what's being said.

The attacker positions themself between the victim and the legitimate website or service they are trying to communicate with. 
This can be achieved through various methods like:
Unsecured Wi-Fi Networks, attackers can set up fake Wi-Fi hotspots that appear legitimate, tricking users into connecting. Once connected, the attacker can intercept traffic between the user's device and the internet.
DNS Spoofing,  the attacker redirects the victim's traffic to a malicious website that impersonates the real one.
ARP Spoofing, in a local network, the attacker tricks other devices into believing their machine is the intended recipient, allowing them to intercept communication.

## Insider Threats

Insider threats emanate from individuals within organizations who misuse their access privileges to compromise security. Whether through malicious intent, negligence, or coercion, insiders can steal sensitive data, sabotage systems, or facilitate external attacks. 
Detecting and mitigating insider threats requires a combination of technical controls, policy enforcement, and employee education to safeguard against internal risks.
Turncoats: These individuals intentionally steal data, sabotage systems, or commit fraud for personal gain, revenge, or to benefit a competitor.
Disgruntled Employees: Employees who are unhappy with the company, facing termination, or have personal grievances might resort to malicious actions as a form of retaliation.
Careless Users: Employees who lack proper cybersecurity awareness or training might accidentally expose sensitive data through phishing attacks, weak passwords, or sharing information with unauthorized individuals.
Bypassing Security Controls: Intentionally or unintentionally circumventing security measures due to convenience or a lack of understanding about their importance.

These insiders can misuse their access intentionally (malicious) or unintentionally (negligent) to harm the organization. 

## Internet of Things (IoT)

The proliferation of Internet-connected devices in the IoT ecosystem introduces new avenues for security threats. 
Insecure IoT devices, lacking robust authentication, encryption, and update mechanisms, are susceptible to exploitation by malicious actors. 
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, while bringing convenience and automation to our lives, introduce new security challenges. 
These devices are often vulnerable due to several factors:
Limited Resources: Many IoT devices are designed with low power consumption and minimal cost in mind. This often leads to limited processing power, memory, and storage which can restrict robust security features.
Pre-configured Software and Firmware: Manufacturers sometimes pre-install software and firmware with default settings or weak passwords, making them easy targets for attackers to exploit known vulnerabilities.
Neglecting Updates: Unlike traditional computers, IoT devices may not have easy-to-use update mechanisms or automatic update functionality. Users might neglect to install critical security patches, leaving devices vulnerable to new threats.
Insecure Communication Protocols: Some IoT devices rely on outdated or unencrypted communication protocols, allowing attackers to intercept or manipulate data transmissions.
Lack of Device Management: Organizations might struggle to keep track of all their IoT devices, making it difficult to enforce security policies, deploy updates, or monitor for suspicious activity.

Compromised IoT devices can not only jeopardize user privacy and safety but also pose broader risks to critical infrastructure and public safety. Securing the IoT requires collaboration among manufacturers, regulators, and consumers to establish baseline security standards and best practices.

## Social Engineering

Despite advancements in cybersecurity awareness and education, social engineering remains a potent threat vector.
Social engineering is a deceptive technique used by attackers to manipulate individuals into divulging sensitive information, performing actions, or bypassing security measures. Unlike traditional hacking methods that rely on exploiting technical vulnerabilities, social engineering exploits human psychology and trust to achieve malicious objectives. It preys on emotions such as curiosity, fear, urgency, or greed to persuade targets to comply with the attacker's requests.
Phishing, pretexting, baiting, and other social engineering tactics prey on trust, curiosity, and ignorance to deceive users into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that compromise security. 
Phishing is a technique when attackers send fraudulent emails, messages, or websites that mimic legitimate entities to trick recipients into disclosing personal information such as login credentials, credit card numbers, or account details.
Pretexting is creating a fabricated scenario or pretext to manipulate targets into providing information or performing actions. This may involve impersonating authority figures, such as IT support personnel or company executives, to gain trust and elicit sensitive information.

Attackers may impersonate trusted individuals or organizations, such as coworkers, IT staff, or service providers, to deceive targets into complying with their requests.

Attackers may offer enticing incentives, such as free downloads, prizes, or rewards, to lure targets into clicking on malicious links or downloading malware-infected files in a technique called baiting.
Social engineering attacks can have serious consequences, including data breaches, identity theft, financial loss, and reputational damage. To mitigate the risks of social engineering, organizations should invest in employee training and awareness programs to recognize and resist manipulation tactics. Additionally, implementing multi-factor authentication, establishing clear communication protocols, and maintaining a culture of skepticism can help defend against social engineering attacks.

## Emerging Threats

Emerging threats, such as zero-day exploits and advanced persistent threats (APTs), exploit unknown vulnerabilities to evade detection and bypass traditional security measures. 
Zero-day exploits, also written as 0-day exploits, are a serious cybersecurity threat. They exploit vulnerabilities in software, hardware, or firmware that are unknown to the vendor or developer. This  means there's no patch or security fix available yet, leaving systems vulnerable until a solution is developed.
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are sophisticated cyberattacks unlike your typical hit-and-run malware infections.  APT actors are well-funded and highly skilled groups (often state-sponsored) who target specific organizations for long-term strategic goals, such as stealing intellectual property, disrupting operations, or conducting espionage.
A proactive approach to threat intelligence, vulnerability management, and patching is essential for mitigating emerging security risks.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, the landscape of security threats to software applications is dynamic, multifaceted, and constantly evolving. From traditional malware to emerging zero-day exploits, the breadth and complexity of security challenges demand vigilance, collaboration, and innovation. 
By adopting a holistic approach to cybersecurity, integrating robust technical controls, proactive threat intelligence, and user awareness, organizations can mitigate risks and fortify their defenses against evolving threats. Ultimately, safeguarding software applications is not merely a technological endeavor but a shared responsibility to protect digital assets, preserve trust, and uphold the integrity of the interconnected world we inhabit.