Change Colours in a Bitmap Image using Browser CSS Filters
Tags: webdev, frontend, tutorial, css
Published: 2024-03-20 13:00:00

Last week we looked at how we can create greyscale versions of images in real time. Maybe we want to give our images a different flavour. Or maybe we might want to create engaging mouseover effects. In either case, we can use CSS to achieve our goal instead of having to potentially create and manage multiple versions of images.

Theming is another area we’ve looked at recently where we might need different versions of the same image – we might have multiple themes and want our icons to be a different colour in each. Well, it turns out we can use CSS to achieve this too. There are some caveats however, but to avoid this week’s newsletter from becoming too long, we’ll save those for another.

## A (Very) High Level Exploration of Colour Theory

We can express colour in many ways. One common format in CSS is a hexadecimal code, e.g. `#6495ed`. Here, we use the first two characters (`64`) to specify the amount of red in the colour, the next two (`95`) for green, and the final two (`ed`) blue. In other words, we describe a colour by its intensities of pure red, green, and blue.

But we can model colour in other ways too. In some models, we reference the hue (base colour tone, e.g. orange, blue, etc.) directly. Image 1 shows the colour wheel from [GIMP](https://www.gimp.org/) and gives us an idea of how this works. Looking at the outer ring, we can see we can specify any colour we need by referencing its degree of rotation; red is at 0, green at 120, and blue at 240. (Black, white, and the greys between are a special case and can be achieved via other parameters).

![he wheel from the colour picker in GIMP](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/gcd3ouhgmwhxrw35tqrq.png)

<figcaption>
Image 1: The wheel from the colour picker in GIMP
</figcaption>

## Hue Shifting

If we want an image in our app to have a different colour, one option is to use the CSS `hue-rotate` filter. By specifying a degree of rotation, we can work with these colour models, offsetting every colour in the image by the indicated amount.

As an example, Image 2 shows a blue arrow. Let’s say we wanted a red version of it. Looking at Image 1, we can see blue is at around the 7 o’clock position on the outer ring. We want it to be red, which is at the 3 o’clock position – one third of the way (120 degrees) anticlockwise around the ring. Based on this, we can apply a 120 degree hue rotation to it:

``` css
filter: hue-rotate(120deg)
```

The result of this is shown in Image 3.


![A blue arrow pointing leftwards](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/v9z441bmcksdwl5j5ybg.png)

<figcaption>
Image 2: An image of a blue arrow
</figcaption>

![A red arrow pointing leftwards](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/bhiypvsbnchcrua1wcd5.png)

<figcaption>
Image 3: The blue arrow shown in Image 1 with a hue rotation of 120 degrees applied
</figcaption>

Bear in mind the degree of rotation offset refers to anticlockwise movements within the circle of hues in Image 1. Let’s say we wanted our original blue arrow to be green. Green is an additional one third of the way around the circle from red; a further 120 degrees makes the total offset 240 degrees. The following CSS would produce the results shown in Image 4.

``` css
filter: hue-rotate(240deg)
```

![A green arrow pointing leftwards](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/c9abq47vod0sfmub5io6.png)

<figcaption>
Image 4: The blue arrow shown in Image 1 with a hue rotation of 240 degrees applied
<figcaption>

## Summary

You can use CSS to change colours within images in real time. This means you can have many versions of icon bitmaps without needing to manage multiple files.

Some colour models distribute the base colour tones across a circle spanning 360 degrees. With the `hue-rotate` CSS filter, you can work with these models to offset colours in an image by the amount specified. With careful usage, you can leverage this for areas such as theming – you’ll have different-coloured versions of icons, but without the hassle of maintaining separate files.

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