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Published: 2024-02-12 06:39:41

[**The philosophy of chest and chain**](https://www.tarafdari.com/node/2173978)

Rooting (philosophy) of this ceremony:


![Image description](https://dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/articles/lfmnrrxzcn0syx7nn4bn.png)
The principle of this tradition has been especially popular among the Arabs. When a calamity comes, they put their hands together in a crossed way - so that the palms are facing the face - and beat their chest as a sign of mourning (which is [**still **](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/موسیقی)the case now). It is also very popular among Arab women). Breastfeeding has become a thing over time, which is done by choosing heavy hand movements on the chest.

At first, this type of mourning was done individually, but over time, it has become a group form of mourning. Also, the spread and development of this practice and its handicrafts are related to the Safavid era, and in the Qajar era, the luxury of this ceremony was added. (The best way to keep those tragedies alive is practical works. These practical works will leave a deeper impact when they are accompanied by performing arts. Breastfeeding is one of these practical works accompanied by performing arts, and that is why it is welcomed by everyone. Hitting the head, face, or other parts also has an effect, but it is not like a natural and spontaneous breaststroke.

Why Breastfeeding:

This is an emotional reaction. (When a person is at the height of excitement, sadness, and grief, he reacts to actions that have an emotional origin. For example, when he is happy, he suddenly shouts or claps his hands. Similarly, during mourning, sometimes He slaps his hands or hits his head, face or chest). Some women present in the Karbala desert mourned by beating their chests after witnessing those tragedies. It can be surmised that: with the caravan of the prisoners of Karbala moving and mourning by them in the cities and residences on the way and some people accompanying them, this method over time became a tradition and method in the mourning of Imam Hussain. A) came

During the martyrdom of Ali (a.s.), his children (a.s.) and the people of Kufa wept bitterly (4) and when Imam Hassan (a.s.) was martyred, his brother Muhammad Hanafia sang a lamentation (5) and undoubtedly the first Those who mourned the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (a.s.) were the Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.) and Bani Hashim.

In this regard, many singers, including Mahmoud Karimi, Javad Moghadam, Amir Hossein Zahiri, Hossein Taheri, Mojtaba Ramezani, etc., perform Turkish and Persian chants with beautiful voices and make the days of Fatemiya last longer.

Attributes

Breastfeeding has several important features: 1. Sineazni is one of the types of mourning styles, along with machete-style, chain-style, Ta'ziyeh and others; 2. Breastfeeding is the oldest style. In the history of Muharram mourning, breast-feeding has been observed since the first mourning ceremony, but other styles have emerged after that. 3. The most abundant, common and general style is breaststroke. In other words, certain groups of people are present in machete or chain-wrestling, and for example, it is less reported that among machete-wrestlers, scientific or intellectual and political elites do such an act, but in chest-wrestling, all classes of educated people, politicians and people of science also participate. Are observed; 4. Calm and non-violent breast beating is the most natural and harmless form of mourning.

Breastfeeding has been popular in all eras. There are references to it in the report of mourning in Al-Buyeh period (320-448 AH / 932-1056 AD). Ibn Athir, a historian of the 6th-7th century AD, talks about the huge number of participants with blackened faces and disheveled hair who walked around the city of Baghdad and beat their chests during the Muharram ceremony and sang sad poems. This was at the time when the Iranian Al-Buyeh dynasty was ruling Baghdad (13/271; also see: Chelkovsky, 10).

During the Safavid era (905-1135 AH / 1500-1723 AD), this style of mourning (breastfeeding) peaked and flourished during the Qajar period (1210-1344 AH / 1795-1925 AD). There are reports of breast-feeding in the Safavid to Qajar period; For example, Polak's reports (in 1267-1277 AH / 1851-1860 AD) from the time of Naser al-Din Shah about the prevalence of breast piercing in people's mourning tradition. He wrote: Elders hit the chest with their palm so hard that its sound can be heard for a long distance and the place where the hand hits the chest becomes bruised. The Berbers of Kabulistan and Kashmir, many of whom live in the Berber neighborhood of Tehran, and other pilgrims from distant places participate in these mourning processions. The monotony of the song, the muffled sound of clapping hands on the chest, and the clinking of wooden rings and the jingling of chains resonates sadly in the streets long after midnight.

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