The key feature of ecosystems is that they are fully integrated systems with ‘emergent properties’ arising from interactions between the living and non-living elements of which they are composed.
Prif nodwedd ecosystemau yw eu bod yn systemau cwbl integredig â ‘priodweddau alldoddol’ sy'n deillio o ryngweithio rhwng yr elfennau byw a'r elfennau nad ydynt yn fyw sy'n rhan ohonynt.