English: Dai, thank you very much for those observations and questions as well, which I will try and respond to. First of all, the dialogue that we have across the Cabinet, including with the Cabinet Secretary for Education, on the issue of identification of those who need additional support by professionals working the front line, such as teachers, teachers' support and so on, is a key issue. It has to be, in order to actually know, then, the right support that needs to be put in place and the right additional help that needs to be put in place. We know, by the way, as Dai will know, that, roughly two thirds of children who are in looked-after situations, the evidence suggests that they have some form of special educational needs. So, it's not only identifying the situation of being in looked-after care, but it could well be that many of them will have additional educational needs. I think the thing that we can all agree on in this Chamber as we try and work across Government, but also with other partners on the ground, is that mediocrity, accepting mediocrity, in educational attainment for looked-after children is simply not acceptable. We should be as ambitious for every single child, right across the piece. And whatever we have to bring to that - . Part of that, by the way, is - . I referred to earlier on, particularly with foster care, which Dai mentioned, that we're funding this social pedagogy - I never get it right, whether it is 'peda-gogy' or 'peda-godgy'. [ Interruption.] Thank you. 'Peda-godgy'; thank you very much - which is aiming to improve the educational attainment of children, particularly in foster care. This project looks to support foster parents to be more actively involved with their foster children's education, and helping them to build better links with the education system, which we also know is a key thing - it's the parents being involved in the education of the young person, not simply stepping away from it, standing off. Included within that, by the way, has been a series of masterclasses for people involved in fostering, whether on a personal or even a professional level. They've been very well attended, and the feedback that we have had from them has been excellent as well. You touched on the issue of homelessness, and those stark figures that I mentioned there, that we know that 20 per cent to 30 per cent of those people who we find homeless have been in care situations. So, we have developed the Welsh youth homelessness positive pathway, which was launched in 2016 by the former Cabinet Secretary for Communities and Children. It's quite a comprehensive approach to helping young people avoid homelessness, and we think that this is the best approach to planning local services - front-line services - for young people. But we do know that more needs to be done, by the way, to embed this across Government, particularly in relation to mental health services. You also touched on the issue of substance abuse or substance misuse. We've identified this as one of the ACE issues - the adverse childhood experiences - that can alter the early development of a child. Dai, who's a doctor as well, will know that excessive exposure to some of these substances as well can also affect - if the child directly is exposed to them - the neurological development as well, such things as hormonal systems and so on. There were nearly 5,000 reported cases of children in need due to parental substance misuse within 2016. We're investing £50 million to tackle the harms associated with this. But Dai is absolutely right: in taking all these approaches, we need to make the right decision for the right child in the right circumstance, and whilst our emphasis should be, actually, on early intervention and prevention, there are occasions, as I said in my opening statement, where sometimes it is necessary to remove the child from an environment. But, first of all, we have to do everything to try and make sure that, if we can, they can be kept in that home environment, and only then removed.
Welsh: Dai, diolch yn fawr iawn am y sylwadau yna a'r cwestiynau hefyd, ac fe geisiaf ymateb iddynt. Yn gyntaf oll, mae'r ddeialog yr ydym wedi ei chael ar draws y Cabinet, gan gynnwys gydag Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Addysg, ar y mater o nodi y rhai hynny sydd angen cymorth ychwanegol gan weithwyr proffesiynol sy'n gweithio yn y rheng flaen, fel athrawon, cynorthwywyr athrawon ac yn y blaen, yn fater allweddol. Mae'n rhaid iddo fod, er mwyn gwybod mewn gwirionedd, wedyn, beth yw'r cymorth cywir y mae angen ei roi ar waith a'r cymorth ychwanegol cywir y mae angen ei roi ar waith. Rydym ni'n gwybod, gyda llaw, fel y gŵyr Dai, ar gyfer dwy ran o dair o'r plant sydd mewn sefyllfaoedd derbyn gofal bod y dystiolaeth yn awgrymu bod ganddyn nhw ryw fath o anghenion addysgol arbennig. Felly, nid yw hyn yn golygu dim ond nodi'r sefyllfa o fod yn derbyn gofal, ond gallai llawer ohonynt fod ag anghenion addysgol ychwanegol. Rwy'n credu mai'r peth y gallwn ni i gyd gytuno arno yn y Siambr hon wrth inni geisio gweithio ar draws y Llywodraeth, ond hefyd gyda phartneriaid eraill ar lawr gwlad, yw bod darparu gwasanaeth dinod, derbyn gwasanaeth dinod, o ran cyrhaeddiad addysgol plant sy'n derbyn gofal yn syml yn annerbyniol. Dylem ni fod mor uchelgeisiol ar gyfer pob plentyn unigol, ar bob agwedd. A beth bynnag sydd gennym ni i'w gyfrannu at hynny - . Rhan o hynny, gyda llaw, yw - . Cyfeiriais yn gynharach, yn benodol ym maes gofal maeth, y soniodd Dai amdano, ein bod ni'n ariannu'r pedagogy - peda-gogy neu peda-godgy, dydw i byth yn ei ddweud yn iawn [ Torri ar draws.] Diolch. Peda-godgy; diolch yn fawr iawn - cymdeithasol hwn, sydd â'r nod o wella cyrhaeddiad addysgol plant, yn enwedig mewn gofal maeth. Bwriad y prosiect hwn yw cefnogi rhieni maeth i gymryd rhan fwy gweithredol yn addysg eu plant maeth, a'u helpu i ddatblygu cysylltiadau gwell gyda'r system addysg, yr ydym yn gwybod hefyd ei fod yn beth allweddol - y rhieni yn cymryd rhan yn addysg y person ifanc, nid dim ond camu i ffwrdd oddi wrtho, sefyll yn ôl. Wedi'i gynnwys yn hynny, gyda llaw, mae cyfres o ddosbarthiadau meistr ar gyfer pobl sy'n ymwneud â maethu, pa un ai ar sail bersonol neu hyd yn oed ar lefel broffesiynol. Mae llawer iawn o bobl wedi'u mynychu, ac mae'r adborth yr ydym wedi'i gael wedi bod yn ardderchog hefyd. Gwnaethoch chi sôn am y broblem o ddigartrefedd, a'r ffigurau llwm hynny y soniais amdanyn nhw, ein bod yn gwybod bod 20 y cant i 30 y cant o'r bobl hynny yr ydym yn eu canfod yn ddigartref wedi bod mewn sefyllfaoedd gofal. Felly, rydym ni wedi datblygu llwybr cadarnhaol digartrefedd ieuenctid Cymru, a lansiwyd yn 2016 gan gyn-Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Gymunedau a Phlant. Mae'n ddull cynhwysfawr iawn o helpu pobl ifanc i osgoi digartrefedd, ac rydym ni'n credu mai dyma'r dull gorau o gynllunio gwasanaethau lleol - gwasanaethau rheng flaen - ar gyfer pobl ifanc. Ond rydym ni'n gwybod bod angen gwneud mwy, gyda llaw, i ymwreiddio hyn ar draws y Llywodraeth, yn enwedig o ran gwasanaethau iechyd meddwl. Fe wnaethoch chi gyfeirio hefyd at y broblem o gamddefnyddio sylweddau. Rydym ni wedi nodi hyn fel un o'r materion ACE - y profiadau niweidiol yn ystod plentyndod - sy'n gallu newid datblygiad cynnar plentyn. Bydd Dai, sydd hefyd yn feddyg, yn gwybod bod gormod o amlygiad i rai o'r sylweddau hyn yn gallu effeithio ar - os yw'r plentyn yn agored iddynt yn uniongyrchol - ddatblygiad niwrolegol hefyd, pethau fel systemau hormonaidd ac ati. Roedd bron i 5,000 o achosion o blant mewn angen oherwydd bod eu rhieni yn camddefnyddio sylweddau yn 2016. Rydym ni'n buddsoddi £50 miliwn i fynd i'r afael â'r niwed sy'n gysylltiedig â hyn. Ond mae Dai yn llygad ei le: wrth weithredu'r holl ddulliau hyn, mae angen inni wneud y penderfyniad cywir ar gyfer y plentyn cywir dan yr amgylchiadau cywir, ac er y dylai ein pwyslais, mewn gwirionedd, fod ar ymyrraeth gynnar ac atal, ceir adegau, fel y dywedais yn fy natganiad agoriadol, lle mae'n angenrheidiol weithiai i dynnu'r plentyn o amgylchedd. Ond, yn gyntaf oll, mae'n rhaid inni wneud popeth i geisio gwneud yn siŵr, os gallwn ni, y cânt aros yn yr amgylchedd cartref hwnnw, a dim ond eu symud ar ôl hynny.