English: Thank you very much for your statement, leader of the house. I certainly welcome the work being done to encourage girls to enter non-traditional professions, to study STEM subjects and to tackle gender inequality and stereotyping. I note the STEM Cymru 2 scheme and would like to ask: out of the 3,000 young women who have engaged with the scheme, how many of those have gone on to a career in engineering? I really do welcome these efforts, but girls need to have the confidence in maths before they can excel at subjects such as physics, and it's essential that we get the basics right. The more girls who leave primary school and enter secondary school confident in their ability to do maths, and the more who are encouraged to think about studying for STEM subjects and to go on to study STEM subjects, the more women we'll find in engineering and the scientific professions. So, I would be really, really interested to know how you're monitoring the effectiveness of the programmes that you've introduced. I think, potentially, they're very good programmes, but we need to know how effective they're being and, hopefully, there'll be some very good news there. What worries me, and I'm sure you're also concerned about this, is that it's been more than 40 years since the advent of the Equal Pay Act 1970, and women are still earning 80 per cent of men's pay. Roughly about 20 years ago, women were earning 75 per cent of male earnings, which means that the narrowing of the gap by 5 per cent over 20 years is progress of sorts, but at this rate it's going to take another 80 years to eliminate the gender pay gap. The Welsh public sector could lead the way here and empower working women in the public sector by introducing pay transparency, so I'd be interested to know what your thoughts are about that. I welcome the programmes that the Welsh Government have set in place to tackle gender stereotyping, but I'd suggest that gender stereotyping needs to be tackled much, much earlier, and I think you probably agree with me there. Girls and boys absorb gender norms along with all of the other norms and values that they learn from the people around them, and this process begins at birth. So, how are staff in nurseries and infant schools, as well as adults working with older children, being trained to spot gender stereotyping and how to avoid it? I welcome the efforts made by the Welsh Government to tackle domestic violence, and the training of professionals is a very good move. Can the leader of the house give us an update on the progress of those schemes in due course? I realise that you wouldn't be able to give a detailed update now. But coming on to another big issue, no practice exemplifies the subordination and abuse of women more than female genital mutilation, and yet there have been no meaningful prosecutions. So, can the leader of the house please tell me what Welsh Government policy is regarding referring cases of FGM for investigation by the police? And can she also tell us what Welsh Government is doing to directly challenge the patriarchal cultures of the communities in which FGM occurs, and that result in FGM? Thank you.
Welsh: Diolch yn fawr iawn am eich datganiad, arweinydd y tŷ. Rwyf i'n sicr yn croesawu y gwaith a wneir i annog merched i ymuno â phroffesiynau nad ydynt yn draddodiadol, i astudio pynciau STEM ac i fynd i'r afael ag anghydraddoldeb rhwng y rhywiau a stereoteipio. Rwy'n nodi'r cynllun STEM Cymru 2 a hoffwn ofyn: allan o'r 3,000 o fenywod ifanc sydd wedi ymgysylltu â'r cynllun, faint o'r rheini sydd wedi mynd ymlaen i ddewis gyrfa mewn peirianneg? Rwyf wir yn croesawu'r ymdrechion hyn, ond mae angen i ferched fod â'r hyder mewn mathemateg cyn iddyn nhw allu rhagori mewn pynciau fel ffiseg, ac mae'n hanfodol inni gael y pethau sylfaenol yn iawn. Po fwyaf o ferched sy'n gadael yr ysgol gynradd ac yn mynd i'r ysgol uwchradd yn ffyddiog yn eu gallu i wneud mathemateg, a pho fwyaf sy'n cael eu hannog i feddwl am astudio ar gyfer pynciau STEM ac i fynd ymlaen i astudio pynciau STEM, y mwyaf o fenywod y byddwn ni'n eu gweld ym maes peirianneg ac yn y proffesiynau gwyddonol. Felly, byddai gennyf ddiddordeb mawr, mawr i wybod sut ydych chi'n monitro effeithiolrwydd y rhaglenni yr ydych chi wedi'u cyflwyno. Rwy'n credu bod ganddynt y potensial i fod yn rhaglenni da iawn, ond mae angen inni wybod pa mor effeithiol ydyn nhw a, gobeithio, y bydd newyddion da iawn yn hynny o beth. Yr hyn sy'n fy mhoeni i, ac rwy'n siŵr eich bod chithau hefyd yn pryderu am hyn, yw bod mwy na 40 mlynedd ers dyfodiad Deddf Cyflog Cyfartal 1970, ac mae menywod yn dal i ennill dim ond 80 y cant o gyflog dynion. Tua 20 mlynedd yn ôl, roedd menywod yn ennill 75 y cant o enillion dynion, sy'n golygu bod cau'r bwlch gan oddeutu 5 y cant dros 20 mlynedd yn gynnydd o fath, ond os awn ni ymlaen fel hyn mae'n mynd i gymryd 80 mlynedd arall i gael gwared ar y bwlch cyflog rhwng y rhywiau. Gallai sector cyhoeddus Cymru arwain y ffordd yn hyn o beth a grymuso menywod sy'n gweithio yn y sector cyhoeddus drwy gyflwyno tryloywder cyflog, felly byddai gennyf ddiddordeb mewn cael gwybod beth yw eich barn chi ar hynny. Rwy'n croesawu'r rhaglenni y mae Llywodraeth Cymru wedi eu rhoi ar waith i fynd i'r afael â stereoteipio ar sail rhyw, ond byddwn i'n awgrymu bod angen mynd i'r afael â llawer o stereoteipio ar sail rhyw, yn llawer, llawer cynharach, ac mae'n debyg eich bod yn cytuno â mi yn hynny o beth. Mae merched a bechgyn yn amsugno normau rhyw ynghyd â'r holl normau a gwerthoedd eraill y maen nhw'n eu dysgu oddi wrth y bobl o'u cwmpas nhw, ac mae'r broses hon yn dechrau ar adeg eu geni. Felly, sut mae staff mewn meithrinfeydd ac ysgolion babanod, yn ogystal ag oedolion sy'n gweithio gyda phlant hŷn, yn cael eu hyfforddi i sylwi ar stereoteipio ar sail rhyw a sut i osgoi hynny? Rwy'n croesawu'r ymdrechion a wnaed gan Lywodraeth Cymru i fynd i'r afael â thrais yn y cartref, ac mae hyfforddi gweithwyr proffesiynol yn gam da iawn. A wnaiff arweinydd y tŷ roi diweddariad inni ar gynnydd y cynlluniau hynny maes o law? Rwy'n sylweddoli na fyddwch yn gallu rhoi diweddariad manwl ar hyn o bryd. Ond i ddod at fater pwysig arall, nid oes unrhyw arfer yn fwy o enghraifft o ddarostyngiad a cham-drin menywod nag anffurfio organau cenhedlu benywod, ac eto ni fu unrhyw erlyniadau ystyrlon. Felly, a wnaiff arweinydd y tŷ ddweud wrthyf beth yw polisi Llywodraeth Cymru ynglŷn â chyfeirio achosion o anffurfio organau cenhedlu benywod i'w hymchwilio gan yr heddlu os gwelwch yn dda? Ac a wnaiff hi ddweud wrthym hefyd beth y mae Llywodraeth Cymru'n ei wneud i herio'n uniongyrchol diwylliannau patriarchaidd y cymunedau y mae anffurfio organau cenhedlu benywod yn digwydd ynddynt, ac sy'n arwain at anffurfio organau cenhedlu benywod? Diolch.