English: Could I thank the Member for his questions? Firstly, I think it is really important that Wales plays its part in the development of UK-wide organisations. We should not cut ourselves off from participating in these initiatives, and I'm delighted that we've been able to successfully fund, via HEFCW, projects from Cardiff and Swansea universities. It builds on their strong tradition, strong presence in these subjects, and will allow them to participate fully in the development of the Institute of Coding. So, I'm delighted that we've been able to work via HEFCW to provide those resources. The Member asked about the expansion of code clubs. We are seeing significant expansion of code clubs, but of course there is always more that we would like to do, and we've put resources into that. It's important to me, as well as, I know, to other Ministers, that those code clubs are a mixture of provision within school for schoolchildren and that we also look at community code clubs that are open to the more general population. We do recognise that there are benefits for adult learners, for instance, in being able to acquire these skills in terms of improving their employability. With regard to specialist zones on Hwb, you don't need to take my word for it, Oscar, you just need to log on to Hwb. You can Google Hwb today, you can click on the zones and you will be able to see that we are continually populating the Hwb platform with new and innovative content, including work that is supporting our network of excellence in mathematics and our network of excellence in science and technology, and also, most recently, our new zone on Hwb, which is to support the spread of good practice regarding the foundation phase. I absolutely recognise what the Estyn inspector's annual report says about the quality of ICT teaching in schools, but we should always make the distinction between ICT and computing. Taking exams in ICT and taking exams in computing are not the same thing, and that's one of the reasons why the digital competence framework - the very first part of our national curriculum - needed to be put out there first to address what the Estyn inspection report has to say. There are two crucial things that schools need to do in this regard. They need to be able to look creatively at how they can use digital technology not in a stand-alone class, Oscar, but actually coherently through the entire curriculum. The school I went to this morning does not have a computer suite where children go off for a 15-minute period. Computers and digital technology are a fundamental part of how the entire curriculum is delivered, in every lesson and every single part of the school day, and we need to ensure that what I saw this morning at St Philip Evans is replicated across Wales. One of the key reasons why sometimes that doesn't happen, especially in subjects outside computing and ICT, is the competence of the teachers themselves and the confidence of the teachers, especially if those teachers have done their initial teacher training and their professional practice before these technologies were readily available. That's why I spent a great deal of time in my statement talking about the development of national professional standards and a professional learning package to support those teachers, because they need to have the confidence, the skills and the knowledge. And I would say to all schools that there is a tool available on Hwb where you can test the capability in your school, as it currently stands, and begin to plan what you will need to do to improve your provision. You also talked about women in these issues. You will be aware that the leader of the house, in part of her work on equality, alongside myself and the Cabinet Secretary for the economy, works closely with a group that is overlooking the implementation of the women in STEM report. We recognise that there is more to do to ensure that girls and women see a space for themselves taking these subjects at school and, crucially, pursuing careers with those skills that they have acquired within the classroom. We will continue to work with outside agencies and individuals to address those issues with regard to making sure that more girls see themselves as taking advantage of these opportunities and the career opportunities that studying these subjects brings.
Welsh: A gaf i ddiolch i'r Aelod am ei gwestiynau? Yn gyntaf, rwy'n credu ei bod hi'n bwysig iawn bod Cymru'n chwarae ei rhan wrth ddatblygu sefydliadau ledled y DU. Ni ddylem gau'r drws ar gymryd rhan yn y mentrau hyn, ac rwy'n falch ein bod ni wedi gallu ariannu prosiectau prifysgolion Caerdydd ac Abertawe yn llwyddiannus drwy CCAUC. Mae hyn yn datblygu ar eu traddodiad cryf, eu presenoldeb cryf yn y pynciau hyn, a bydd yn caniatáu iddynt gymryd rhan lawn yn y gwaith o ddatblygu'r Sefydliad Codio. Felly, rwy'n falch ein bod ni wedi gallu gweithio drwy CCAUC i ddarparu'r adnoddau hynny. Gofynnodd yr Aelod am ehangu'r clybiau codio. Rydym ni'n gweld ehangiad sylweddol yn y clybiau codio, ond wrth gwrs mae mwy y byddem ni'n hoffi ei wneud bob amser, ac rydym ni wedi rhoi adnoddau i mewn i hynny. Mae'n bwysig i mi, ac rwy'n gwybod ei bod yn bwysig i Weinidogion eraill hefyd, fod y clybiau codio yn gymysgedd o ddarpariaeth o fewn yr ysgol ar gyfer plant ysgol a'n bod ni hefyd ystyried clybiau codio cymunedol sy'n yn agored i'r boblogaeth fwy cyffredinol. Rydym ni'n cydnabod bod manteision ar gyfer dysgwyr sy'n oedolion, er enghraifft, i gael y gallu i feithrin y sgiliau hyn er mwyn gwella eu cyflogadwyedd. O ran parthau arbenigol ar Hwb, nid oes angen ichi ddibynnu ar yr hyn yr wyf i'n ei ddweud wrthych chi am hyn, Oscar, y cyfan sydd ei angen i chi ei wneud yw mewngofnodi i Hwb. Gallwch gwglo Hwb heddiw, gallwch glicio ar y parthau a byddwch yn gallu gweld ein bod ni'n llenwi platfform Hwb â chynnwys newydd ac arloesol yn gyson, gan gynnwys gwaith sy'n cefnogi ein rhwydwaith o ragoriaeth mewn mathemateg a'n rhwydwaith o ragoriaeth mewn gwyddoniaeth a thechnoleg, a hefyd, yn fwyaf diweddar, ein parth newydd ar Hwb, sydd â'r nod o gefnogi lledaenu arfer da o ran y cyfnod sylfaen. Rwy'n cydnabod yn llwyr yr hyn a ddywedir yn adroddiad arolygu blynyddol Estyn am ansawdd yr addysgu TGCh mewn ysgolion, ond dylem ni bob amser wahaniaethu rhwng TGCh a chyfrifiadureg bob amser. Nid yw sefyll arholiadau TGCh a sefyll arholiadau cyfrifiadureg yr un peth, a dyna un o'r rhesymau pam yr oedd angen inni roi'r fframwaith cymhwysedd digidol - y rhan gyntaf un o'n cwricwlwm cenedlaethol - ar waith yn gyntaf er mwyn mynd i'r afael â'r hyn sydd gan adroddiad arolygu Estyn i'w ddweud. Mae dau beth allweddol sydd angen i ysgolion eu gwneud yn hyn o beth. Mae angen iddynt allu edrych yn greadigol ar sut y gallan nhw ddefnyddio technoleg ddigidol mewn dosbarth annibynnol, Oscar, ond hefyd mewn gwirionedd mewn modd cydlynol drwy'r cwricwlwm cyfan. Nid oes gan yr ysgol yr es i iddi y bore yma ystafell gyfrifiaduron y mae plant yn mynd iddi am gyfnod o 15 munud. Mae cyfrifiaduron a thechnoleg ddigidol yn rhan annatod o sut y caiff y cwricwlwm cyfan ei gyflwyno, ym mhob gwers ac ym mhob un rhan o'r diwrnod ysgol, ac mae angen inni sicrhau bod yr hyn a welais y bore yma yn ysgol Sant Philip Evans yn cael ei ail-greu ledled Cymru. Un o'r rhesymau allweddol pam nad yw hyn yn digwydd weithiau, yn enwedig mewn pynciau y tu allan i TGCh a chyfrifiadureg, yw cymhwysedd yr athrawon eu hunain a hyder yr athrawon, yn enwedig os yw'r athrawon hynny wedi gwneud eu hyfforddiant athrawon cychwynnol a'u hymarfer proffesiynol cyn i'r technolegau hyn fod ar gael yn rhwydd. Dyna pam yr wyf i wedi treulio llawer o amser yn fy natganiad yn sôn am ddatblygu safonau proffesiynol cenedlaethol a phecyn dysgu proffesiynol i gefnogi'r athrawon hynny, oherwydd bod angen iddynt fod â'r hyder, y sgiliau a'r wybodaeth angenrheidiol. Ac fe ddywedwn i wrth bob ysgol fod offeryn ar gael ar Hwb lle y gallwch chi roi prawf ar y gallu a geir yn eich ysgol chi, fel y mae ar hyn o bryd, a dechrau cynllunio'r hyn y bydd angen i chi ei wneud i wella eich darpariaeth. Gwnaethoch chi sôn hefyd am fenywod yn y materion hyn. Fe fyddwch chi'n ymwybodol bod arweinydd y tŷ, yn rhan o'i gwaith ar gydraddoldeb, ac ar y cyd â minnau ac Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros yr economi, yn gweithio'n agos gyda grŵp sy'n goruchwylio'r gweithredu ar yr adroddiad menywod mewn pynciau STEM. Rydym ni'n cydnabod bod mwy i'w wneud i sicrhau bod merched a menywod yn gweld bod yna le iddyn nhw i ddilyn y pynciau hyn yn yr ysgol ac, yn hanfodol, i ddilyn gyrfa gan ddefnyddio'r sgiliau hynny y maen nhw wedi'u caffael yn yr ystafell ddosbarth. Byddwn ni'n parhau i weithio gydag asiantaethau allanol ac unigolion i fynd i'r afael â'r materion hynny er mwyn gwneud yn siŵr bod mwy o ferched yn manteisio ar y cyfleoedd hyn a'r cyfleoedd gyrfa a ddaw yn sgil astudio'r pynciau hyn.