English: No matter your economic theories or beliefs, I think it's difficult to argue that Wales doesn't have an extractive economy. There are historic and contemporary trends of economic extraction and exploitation of Welsh resources by outside interests. The coal industry is a perfect historical example of that resource extraction. Wales powered the world, the first £1 million cheque signed around the corner from this Senedd, but all that coal shipped out and the money made elsewhere. We are poorer now because of the systems that allowed for economic extraction and left behind little wealth for the people of Wales. The Institute of Welsh Affairs has called this an economic coma that Westminster has created. George Monbiot has previously described Wales as a classic extractive economy, as our infrastructure maps resemble a series of drainages that flow towards the ports and borders that ultimately empty Wales of its wealth for the benefit of another. We can see as well that Westminster still handles 45 per cent of Welsh expenditure, with no guarantee that it will be spent in line with the needs and desires of the people of Wales. And there are many more examples, more contemporary examples, where wealth is being cultivated from Welsh resources, but then enjoyed outside of Wales, with little to no benefit to Welsh people or the Welsh economy, whether that's through the Crown Estate, renewable energy extraction or food production and tree planting on agricultural land. And here's some food for thought: Wales represents 4.7 per cent of the UK population, but in 2020 we only received 2 per cent of the UK research and development budget. We also represent 6 per cent of railway track mileage, while receiving only 1 per cent of the current Network Rail budget. This is before even considering the impact of HS2. And the list goes on. Letting this tradition of an extractive economy continue will only be of further detriment to our economy and the livelihoods and living standards of Welsh citizens. Many Members in this Chamber will also be aware of another form of extraction that is happening right now. We've spoken about it in this Chamber, and the economy Minister recently produced a strategy to tackle it, and that is the brain drain. We must improve our efforts to retain our young people and skilled talent in Wales and the assets they bring to the country. We cannot thrive if we cannot remedy the brain drain. There has been a historic trend and ongoing problem of out-migration of young people and talent from Wales into England, other parts of the UK, and the rest of the world. The 'Strategy for Rural Wales', written by the Welsh Council 50 years ago, in 1971, discussed the need to address the out-migration of young people from rural Wales. In 2017, Wales was tenth out of 12 UK regions in terms of graduate loss. For example, it is thought that roughly 75 per cent of all young people in Wales that want to go into medicine will end up working for NHS England. When ambitious young people and talent are continually migrating from certain areas in Wales or Wales as whole, it makes it harder to pursue economic recovery, and it threatens Welsh access to skills and talents that would help build a sustainable economy. Addressing this issue is nuanced, however, as much of the data collection on the brain drain, such as graduate surveys or NHS patient data, do not detail why people have moved out of Wales, and out-migration from rural Wales is likely to be motivated differently to out-migration from Cardiff. To tackle this issue, we must improve our understanding of the causes of out-migration. But we must take a more active role in doing this. The Scottish Government, for example, have commissioned and published research into factors influencing migration decisions in Scotland. Financial incentives could be used to retain labour in Wales, as has been done in Scotland, by reducing repayments on student loans, for example, which would essentially act as a reduction in the increasing tax rates that recent graduates have been facing following national insurance and council tax increases. Scotland has managed to reverse its brain drain to the rest of the UK in recent years, with more people moving from the rest of the UK into Scotland than the other way around. To close, Llywydd, assets and their benefits, be they resources or people, should be retained in Wales, and for the benefit of all people living in Wales. Until we ensure that that is the case, then Wales will continue to fail in reaching its potential.
Welsh: Ni waeth beth fo'ch damcaniaethau neu'ch credoau economaidd, credaf ei bod yn anodd dadlau nad oes gan Gymru economi echdynnol. Ceir tueddiadau hanesyddol a chyfoes o echdynnu economaidd ac ecsbloetio adnoddau Cymru gan fuddiannau allanol. Mae'r diwydiant glo yn enghraifft hanesyddol berffaith o echdynnu adnoddau o'r fath. Roedd Cymru'n pweru'r byd, gyda'r siec gyntaf £1 filiwn wedi'i llofnodi rownd y gornel o'r Senedd hon, ond yr holl lo wedi ei gludo allan a'r arian wedi'i wneud mewn mannau eraill. Rydym yn dlotach yn awr oherwydd y systemau a ganiataodd ar gyfer echdynnu economaidd a gadael fawr ddim cyfoeth ar ôl i'r Cymry. Mae'r Sefydliad Materion Cymreig wedi galw hyn yn goma economaidd a grëwyd gan San Steffan. Mae George Monbiot eisoes wedi disgrifio Cymru fel economi echdynnol glasurol, gan fod ein mapiau seilwaith yn debyg i gyfres o ddraeniau sy'n llifo tuag at y porthladdoedd a'r gororau gan wagio Cymru yn y pen draw o'i chyfoeth er budd i rywun arall. Gallwn weld hefyd fod San Steffan yn dal i reoli 45 y cant o wariant Cymru, heb unrhyw sicrwydd y caiff ei wario'n unol ag anghenion a dyheadau pobl Cymru. A cheir llawer mwy o enghreifftiau, enghreifftiau mwy cyfoes, lle y caiff cyfoeth ei greu o adnoddau Cymru, a'i fwynhau y tu allan i Gymru, heb fawr ddim budd os o gwbl i bobl Cymru nac i economi Cymru, boed hynny drwy Ystâd y Goron, echdynnu ynni adnewyddadwy neu gynhyrchiant bwyd a phlannu coed ar dir amaethyddol. A dyma rywbeth i chi feddwl amdano: mae poblogaeth Cymru'n 4.7 y cant o boblogaeth y DU, ond yn 2020 dim ond 2 y cant o gyllideb ymchwil a datblygu y DU a gawsom. Mae gennym 6 y cant o filltiroedd trac rheilffordd y DU, ond dim ond 1 y cant o gyllideb bresennol Network Rail a gawsom, a hynny cyn ystyried effaith HS2. Ac mae'r rhestr yn parhau. Bydd gadael i draddodiad o economi echdynnol barhau yn niwed pellach i'n heconomi a bywoliaeth a safonau byw dinasyddion Cymru. Bydd llawer o'r Aelodau yn y Siambr hon hefyd yn ymwybodol o fath arall o echdynnu sy'n digwydd ar hyn o bryd. Rydym wedi siarad amdano yn y Siambr, a chynhyrchodd Gweinidog yr Economi strategaeth yn ddiweddar i fynd i'r afael ag ef, sef y draen dawn. Rhaid inni wella ein hymdrechion i gadw ein pobl ifanc a'n doniau medrus yng Nghymru ynghyd â'r asedau y maent yn eu sicrhau i'r wlad. Ni allwn ffynnu os na allwn unioni'r draen dawn. Gwelwyd tuedd hanesyddol a phroblem barhaus yn sgil allfudo pobl ifanc a thalent o Gymru i Loegr, rhannau eraill o'r DU, a gweddill y byd. Roedd y 'Strategy for Rural Wales', a ysgrifennwyd gan Gyngor Cymru 50 mlynedd yn ôl, ym 1971, yn trafod yr angen i fynd i'r afael ag allfudo pobl ifanc o gefn gwlad Cymru. Yn 2017, roedd Cymru yn ddegfed allan o 12 rhanbarth y DU o ran colli graddedigion. Er enghraifft, credir y bydd tua 75 y cant o'r holl bobl ifanc yng Nghymru sydd am fynd i faes meddygaeth yn gweithio i GIG Lloegr yn y pen draw. Pan fydd pobl ifanc uchelgeisiol a doniau yn mudo'n barhaus o ardaloedd penodol yng Nghymru neu Gymru gyfan, mae'n ei gwneud yn anos mynd ar drywydd adferiad economaidd, ac mae'n bygwth mynediad Cymru at sgiliau a doniau a fyddai'n helpu i adeiladu economi gynaliadwy. Mae mynd i'r afael â'r mater yn gymhleth fodd bynnag, gan nad yw llawer o'r data a gesglir ar y draen dawn, megis arolygon graddedigion neu ddata cleifion y GIG, yn manylu ar y rhesymau pam y mae pobl wedi symud allan o Gymru, ac mae allfudo o gefn gwlad Cymru yn debygol o fod wedi ei ysgogi gan resymau gwahanol i'r allfudo o Gaerdydd. Er mwyn ymchwilio i'r mater, rhaid inni wella ein dealltwriaeth o achosion allfudo. Ond mae'n rhaid inni fynd ati'n fwy gweithredol i wneud hyn. Mae Llywodraeth yr Alban, er enghraifft, wedi comisiynu a chyhoeddi ymchwil i ffactorau sy'n dylanwadu ar benderfyniadau mudo yn yr Alban. Gellid defnyddio cymhellion ariannol i gadw llafur yng Nghymru, fel sydd wedi'i wneud yn yr Alban, drwy leihau ad-daliadau benthyciadau myfyrwyr, er enghraifft, a fyddai yn ei hanfod yn gweithredu fel gostyngiad yn y cyfraddau treth cynyddol y mae graddedigion diweddar wedi bod yn eu hwynebu yn dilyn cynnydd i yswiriant gwladol a chynnydd yn y dreth gyngor. Mae'r Alban wedi llwyddo i wrthdroi ei draen dawn i weddill y DU yn ystod y blynyddoedd diwethaf, gyda mwy o bobl yn symud o weddill y DU i'r Alban na'r ffordd arall. I gloi, Lywydd, dylid cadw asedau a'u budd, boed yn adnoddau neu'n bobl, yng Nghymru, ac er budd pawb sy'n byw yng Nghymru. Hyd nes y gallwn sicrhau bod hynny'n digwydd, bydd Cymru'n parhau i fethu cyrraedd ei photensial.