English: Well, first of all, we have to make sure that people who have learned Welsh at school to a high standard or - . First of all, in English-medium schools, it's hugely important that Welsh is taken seriously. Of course, the Welsh short course has been a difficulty, and that is something that we are addressing, and to get rid of what I think is an artificial barrier between first and second language. How do you define that with any language? And to look at whether that actually works in terms of the Welsh language. Secondly, it's hugely important that those who receive their education through Welsh and who don't live in a community where Welsh is spoken widely, who don't come from a Welsh-speaking family background, don't lose their Welsh as a result of leaving school, because of a lack of practice and a lack of opportunity to use it. That's why, of course, we've invested in hubs across Wales in order that people can go there and use their Welsh in a natural way in parts of Wales where it's not spoken on the street. So, that is part of it. How do you get people to become more confident? That's a more complicated question. Individuals see themselves in different ways. We know, for example, looking at other surveys, that in other surveys the numbers of Welsh speakers can go up to 750,000, because people see the surveys as less formal than the census, whereas in the census, people tend to focus very strongly on what they think their level of proficiency is in a language. They might answer about their proficiency in English, but their proficiency in Welsh - . I do think a lot of people, and this is based on anecdotal evidence, tend to identify themselves as 'Welsh understanders' rather than Welsh speakers, particularly in some parts of Wales - Holyhead, parts of southern Carmarthernshire - even though their Welsh is good enough to be regarded as a native speaker. Encouraging those people to make that jump to see themselves as Welsh speakers is an important part of what we're trying to do.
Welsh: Wel, yn gyntaf oll, mae'n rhaid i ni wneud yn siŵr bod pobl sydd wedi dysgu Cymraeg yn yr ysgol i safon uchel neu - . Yn gyntaf oll, mewn ysgolion cyfrwng Saesneg, mae'n hynod bwysig bod y Gymraeg yn cael ei chymryd o ddifrif. Wrth gwrs, mae'r cwrs Cymraeg cryno wedi bod yn anhawster, ac mae hynny'n rhywbeth yr ydym ni'n rhoi sylw iddo, ac i gael gwared ar hyn y credaf sy'n rhwystr artiffisial rhwng iaith gyntaf ac ail iaith. Sut ydych chi'n diffinio hynny gydag unrhyw iaith? Ac i ystyried a yw hynny wir yn gweithio o ran y Gymraeg. Yn ail, mae'n hynod bwysig nad yw'r rhai sy'n derbyn eu haddysg drwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg ac nad ydynt yn byw mewn cymuned lle siaredir y Gymraeg yn eang, nad ydynt yn dod o gefndir teuluol sy'n siarad Cymraeg, yn colli eu Cymraeg o ganlyniad i adael yr ysgol, oherwydd diffyg ymarfer a diffyg cyfle i'w defnyddio. Dyna pam, wrth gwrs, yr ydym ni wedi buddsoddi mewn canolfannau ledled Cymru fel y gall pobl fynd yno a defnyddio eu Cymraeg mewn ffordd naturiol mewn rhannau o Gymru lle nad yw'n cael ei siarad ar y stryd. Felly, mae hynny'n rhan ohono. Sut ydych chi'n cael pobl i ddod yn fwy hyderus? Mae hwnnw'n gwestiwn mwy cymhleth. Mae unigolion yn gweld eu hunain mewn gwahanol ffyrdd. Rydym ni'n gwybod, er enghraifft, o edrych ar arolygon eraill, y gall nifer y siaradwyr Cymraeg mewn arolygon eraill fynd i fyny i gymaint â 750,000, gan fod pobl o'r farn bod yr arolygon yn llai ffurfiol na'r cyfrifiad, tra yn y cyfrifiad, mae pobl yn tueddu i ganolbwyntio'n gryf iawn ar beth maen nhw'n ei feddwl yw lefel eu hyfedredd yn yr iaith. Efallai y byddent yn ateb am eu hyfedredd yn y Saesneg, ond eu hyfedredd yn y Gymraeg - . Rwy'n meddwl bod llawer o bobl, ac mae hyn yn seiliedig ar dystiolaeth anecdotaidd, yn tueddu i nodi eu hunain fel 'deallwyr Cymraeg' yn hytrach na siaradwyr Cymraeg, yn enwedig mewn rhai rhannau o Gymru - Caergybi, rhannau o dde Sir Gaerfyrddin - er bod eu Cymraeg yn ddigon da i gael eu hystyried yn siaradwr brodorol. Mae annog y bobl hynny i wneud y naid honno i ystyried eu hunain yn siaradwyr Cymraeg yn rhan bwysig o'r hyn yr ydym ni'n ceisio ei wneud.