techiaith/cofnodycynulliad_en-cy huggingface dataset:
English: I'd like to commend all that you do and the priority that's given to nature and biodiversity in Wales. It's really heart-warming. I'd just like to talk about nature-based solutions regarding flooding, the attenuation of water, and beavers. So, Eurasian beavers are native to Wales, to Britain, and have been living wild in Wales since 2013. I know somebody has introduced one quite locally to me that has been caught on camera. Recent evidence has shown that beavers are now breeding in the wild, most notably in the Dyfi catchment. They provide ecological, environmental and economic benefits. However, the protection that beavers in Wales are offered is patchy and doesn't adequately protect them from persecution nor does it enable their effective management. As the UK is a signatory to the Bern convention, it would seem that Wales now has a legal duty to protect beavers as well under that convention, and this has been acknowledged in England and Scotland, where beavers are now protected. So, I was wondering what steps is the Welsh Government considering to ensure the protection and effective management of beavers, and will NRW be directed to assist with the successful re-establishment of them in Wales and your thoughts on that. Thank you.
Welsh: Hoffwn ganmol popeth rydych chi'n ei wneud a'r flaenoriaeth sy'n cael ei roi i natur a bioamrywiaeth yng Nghymru. Mae wir yn cynhesu'r galon. Hoffwn siarad am atebion sy'n seiliedig ar natur ynglŷn â llifogydd, arafu dŵr, ac afancod. Felly mae afancod Ewrasia yn frodorol i Gymru, i Brydain, ac wedi bod yn byw yn wyllt yng Nghymru ers 2013. Rwy'n gwybod bod rhywun wedi cyflwyno un yn eithaf lleol i mi sydd wedi cael ei ddal ar gamera. Mae tystiolaeth ddiweddar wedi dangos bod afancod bellach yn bridio yn y gwyllt, yn fwyaf arbennig yn nalgylch Dyfi. Maen nhw'n darparu buddion ecolegol, amgylcheddol ac economaidd. Fodd bynnag, mae'r amddiffyniad sy'n cael ei gynnig i afancod yng Nghymru yn fratiog ac nid yw yn eu gwarchod yn ddigonol rhag erledigaeth nac ychwaith yn galluogi eu rheoli'n effeithiol. Gan fod y DU wedi llofnodi confensiwn Bern, mae'n ymddangos bod gan Gymru bellach ddyletswydd gyfreithiol i ddiogelu afancod yn ogystal o dan y confensiwn hwnnw, a chydnabuwyd hyn yn Lloegr a'r Alban, lle mae afancod bellach yn cael eu gwarchod. Felly, meddwl oeddwn i tybed pa gamau mae Llywodraeth Cymru'n eu hystyried er mwyn sicrhau bod afancod yn cael eu gwarchod a'u rheoli'n effeithiol, ac a fydd CNC yn cael eu cyfarwyddo i gynorthwyo gyda'r gwaith o'u hail-sefydlu'n llwyddiannus yng Nghymru a'ch barn ynghylch hynny. Diolch.
English: Thank you to the Minister. I know I'm not meant to say something like this, but on a dreary, dark January evening, I've been quite inspired by that statement and the questions and all the contributions. Good luck to all of you on that work and thank you for bringing some of your evangelism back from Canada to us here.
Welsh: Diolch yn fawr i'r Gweinidog. Rwy'n gwybod nad ydw i i fod i ddweud rhywbeth fel hyn, ond ar noson ddiflas, dywyll ym mis Ionawr, rwyf wedi cael fy ysbrydoli'n llwyr gan y datganiad yna a'r cwestiynau a'r holl gyfraniadau. Pob lwc i chi i gyd ar y gwaith hwn a diolch am ddod â rhywfaint o'ch efengyliaeth yn ôl o Ganada i ni yma.
English: Thank you to all of you.
Welsh: Diolch yn fawr i bawb.
English: Welcome to the meeting of the Children, Young People, and Education Committee this morning.
Welsh: Croeso i gyfarfod y Pwyllgor Plant, Pobl Ifanc ac Addysg heddiw.
English: Thank you, Chair, and good morning, and a happy new year to you all. Thank you for your initial comments on the research paper - that is appreciated, so thank you for that.
Welsh: Diolch yn fawr, Gadeirydd, a bore da, a blwyddyn newydd dda i chi i gyd. Diolch am y sylwadau cychwynnol am y papur tystiolaeth - mae hynny'n cael ei werthfawrogi, felly diolch i chi am hynny.
English: Thank you, Chair. I just wanted to ask more specifically on the funding you mentioned. I wanted to ask if you're confident that there will be sufficient investment in initial teacher training and sabbatical programmes in order to secure growth in the Welsh-medium education workforce, given the results of the census. But also, of course, on the role of education, whatever the results of the survey were, there is a huge role for education in delivering the target of 'Cymraeg 2050'.
Welsh: Diolch, Cadeirydd. Dwi jest eisiau gofyn yn fwy penodol ynglŷn â'r cyllid yna - eisiau gofyn ydych chi'n ffyddiog bod buddsoddiad digonol mewn hyfforddiant cychwynnol athrawon a chynlluniau sabothol, o ran sicrhau twf yn y gweithlu addysg cyfrwng Cymraeg, o ystyried canlyniadau'r cyfrifiad? Ond hefyd, wrth gwrs, mae rôl addysg, beth bynnag, fel gwaethoch chi sôn, oedd canlyniadau'r cyfrifiad - pwysigrwydd rôl addysg o ran cyflawni targed 2050.
English: Well, the sabbatical programme is one of the ways in which we can support teachers to develop Welsh-medium skills. So, if you look at the broader range of things that we do, then I do think that the budget we have is sufficient to take us to the next phase. We have to build capacity within the system in order to develop the skills that we need. So, I think the budget we have is sufficient to move to the next phase, if you like. Would it be possible in the future, with far more resources, to make other decisions? Well, of course it would be. But, we are on a pathway to achieving that, I would say.
Welsh: Wel, mae'r cynllun sabothol yn un o'r ffyrdd lle rŷn ni'n gallu cefnogi athrawon i ddatblygu sgiliau Cymraeg. Felly, os edrychwch chi ar yr ystod ehangach o bethau rŷn ni'n eu gwneud, rwy'n credu bod y gyllideb sydd gyda ni yn ddigonol i fynd i'r cam nesaf, os hoffwch chi. Mae'n rhaid adeiladu capasiti yn y system i allu datblygu sgiliau rŷn ni angen eu gweld. Felly, rwy'n credu bod y gyllideb sydd gyda ni yn ddigonol i symud i'r cam nesaf, os hoffwch chi. A fyddai fe'n bosib yn y dyfodol, gyda llawer mwy o adnoddau, i wneud penderfyniadau eraill? Wrth gwrs y byddai fe. Ond, rŷn ni ar lwybr i gynyddu hynny, byddwn i'n dweud.
English: Thank you, Chair, and I should have declared an interest that my husband works in higher education at Swansea University. You state, Minister, that the core funding for higher education remains in line with the previous year's indicative budgets, but stakeholders within HE have raised concerns about increasing financial pressures arising from the student support for cost of living issues. We've already discussed energy costs, of course, and the fact that fees and grants aren't now sufficient to meet the teaching costs for UK students and for research and innovation activity. So, how would you reassure stakeholders that this budget takes account of the financial pressures facing HE providers?
Welsh: Diolch, Gadeirydd, a dylwn i fod wedi datgan budd bod fy ngŵr yn gweithio o fewn maes addysg uwch ym Mhrifysgol Abertawe. Rŷch chi'n dweud, Weinidog, fod y cyllid craidd ar gyfer addysg uwch yn parhau i fod yn unol â chyllidebau dangosol y flwyddyn flaenorol, ond mae rhanddeiliaid o fewn maes addysg uwch wedi codi pryderon am bwysau ariannol cynyddol y cymorth maen nhw'n gorfod darparu i fyfyrwyr gyda chostau byw. Rŷn ni wedi trafod yn barod gostau ynni, wrth gwrs, a'r ffaith nad yw ffioedd a grantiau yn ddigonol bellach i gwrdd â chostau dysgu myfyrwyr o'r Deyrnas Gyfunol, a chostau gweithgarwch ymchwil ac arloesi. Felly, sut byddech chi'n rhoi sicrwydd i randdeiliaid fod y gyllideb hon yn ystyried y pwysau ariannol sy'n wynebu darparwyr addysg uwch?
English: We are in ongoing discussion with HEFCW on the funding situation across the sector, as you'd expect, to ensure that we understand in as much detail as possible the situation on the ground in the short term and, perhaps, the trends for the longer term so that we can plan for that. I've been pleased, within the financial context that I mentioned at the outset, that we've been able to maintain the level of funding for universities and the broader sector. It's been a challenge to even achieve that, but it is important that we're able to do that so that at least the source funding that comes from us - it's not the only source, as your question made clear - and the element that is provided by us is in line with the support that we've been able to provide to the sector recently.
Welsh: Rŷn ni mewn trafodaeth gyson gyda HEFCW ynglŷn â'r sefyllfa ariannu ar draws y sector, fel byddech chi'n disgwyl, i sicrhau bod ni'n deall gyda gymaint o fanylder y gallwn ni y sefyllfa ar lawr gwlad yn y tymor byr, ac efallai y trend ar gyfer y tymor hwy fel ein bod ni'n gallu cynllunio ar gyfer hwnnw. Rwyf wedi bod yn falch, o fewn y cyd-destun ariannu wnes i sôn amdano ar y cychwyn, ein bod ni wedi gallu cynnal y lefel o 'fund-io' ar gyfer prifysgolion a'r sector. Mae wedi bod yn her i allu gwneud hynny, hyd yn oed, ond mae, wrth gwrs, yn bwysig ein bod ni'n gallu gwneud hynny fel o leiaf fod y ffynhonnell sy'n dod wrthym ni - nid ni yw'r unig ffynhonell, fel roedd eich cwestiwn chi yn glir amdano - a bod yr elfen sy'n dod gennym ni in line gyda'r gefnogaeth rŷn ni wedi gallu rhoi yn ddiweddar i'r sector.
English: Thank you. Your paper confirms an ongoing allocation for HEFCW of £2 million for student mental health support. However, HEFCW's own evidence to our inquiry on mental health support in higher education said that this funding was having to stretch to meet increasing need, and other stakeholders have also called for a more long-term allocation of funding for mental health support. So, in that context, to what extent are you satisfied that a one-year allocation of £2 million for that area is sufficient?
Welsh: Diolch. Mae'ch papur yn cadarnhau dyraniad parhaus i Gyngor Cyllido Addysg Uwch Cymru sy'n werth £2 filiwn ar gyfer cymorth iechyd meddwl i fyfyrwyr, ond dywedwyd yn nhystiolaeth CCAUC ei hun i'n hymchwiliad ni ar gymorth iechyd meddwl ym maes addysg uwch fod y cyllid hwn yn gorfod ymestyn i ddiwallu'r angen cynyddol, ac mae rhanddeiliaid eraill hefyd wedi galw am ddyraniad mwy hirdymor o gyllid ar gyfer cymorth iechyd meddwl. Felly, yn y cyd-destun yna, i ba raddau rŷch chi'n fodlon bod dyraniad un flwyddyn o £2 filiwn ar gyfer y maes yma yn ddigonol?
English: I acknowledge the pressures on any element of the budget in the economic context, but also in the context of increasing demand. So, that's clearly the case. I wouldn't recognise this as a one-year allocation. In every year since 2018, we have been able to allocate a similar fund, so it's something that we have been providing for around five years, or certainly four years now. I also understand and recognise and agree with what you've heard in terms of people wanting to see funding available in the longer term. We're in that situation as a Government, as we would like to have budgets that span more than one year. As it happens, we are in a period now where that is the case, where we have been able to give an indication to institutions as to what the likely budget will be for the next two years. But the fact that funding is allocated annually doesn't necessarily mean that institutions have to make decisions on an annual basis. Every element of the public sector, to a certain extent, receives an annual budget, but they make commitments that extend far into the future, of course. So, it's a choice available to any institution as to how they do that - on an annual basis or for the longer term - and that is true of universities as it is of anyone else.
Welsh: Rwy'n cydnabod y pwysau sydd ar unrhyw elfen o gyllideb yn y cyd-destun economaidd, ond hefyd yng nghyd-destun cynnydd mewn galw. Felly, mae hynny, wrth gwrs, yn wir. Fydden i ddim yn cydnabod mai dyraniad jest am un flwyddyn yw hyn, gyda llaw. Ym mhob blwyddyn ers 2018, rŷm ni wedi gallu dyrannu cronfa o fwy neu lai y swm hyn o arian, felly mae e'n rhywbeth rŷm ni wedi bod yn gwneud ers pum mlynedd erbyn hyn, neu bedair blynedd yn sicr. Rwyf hefyd, gyda llaw, yn deall ac yn cydnabod ac yn cytuno, a dweud y gwir, â'r hyn rŷch chi'n clywed o ran bod pobl eisiau gweld dros y tymor hir fod arian yn dod. Rŷm ni yn y sefyllfa honno fel Llywodraeth, gyda llaw. Byddem ni'n hoffi cael cyllidebau sy'n ymestyn mwy nag un flwyddyn. Fel mae'n digwydd, rŷm ni mewn cyfnod ar hyn o bryd lle mae hynny wedi bod yn wir; hynny ydy, rŷm ni wedi gallu rhoi arwydd i sefydliadau beth yw'r gyllideb debygol am ddwy flynedd arall. Ond dyw'r ffaith bod arian yn cael ei ddyrannu'n flynyddol ddim yn golygu bod sefydliadau yn gorfod gwneud penderfyniadau ar sail flynyddol. Mae pob elfen o'r sector gyhoeddus ar un lefel yn cael cyllideb flynyddol, ond maen nhw'n gwneud ymrwymiadau sydd yn ymestyn ymhell i'r dyfodol, wrth gwrs. Felly, mae e'n rhan o ddewis sydd gan unrhyw sefydliad o ran sut maen nhw'n gwneud hynny - ar lefel flynyddol neu ar lefel fwy hirdymor - ac mae hynny'n wir i brifysgolion fel y mae e i unrhyw un arall.
English: Thank you. In terms of the student support grants, there has been a reduction of £11 million in the BEL. So, to what extent is this due to historic underspend versus the need to reprioritise funding?
Welsh: Diolch. O ran y grantiau cymorth i fyfyrwyr, bu gostyngiad o £11 miliwn yn y llinell wariant yn y gyllideb. Felly, i ba raddau y mae hyn oherwydd tanwariant hanesyddol o'i gymharu â'r angen i ailflaenoriaethu cyllid?
English: The way we work in this area is that we look at the projected demand in terms of budget. We then put funding aside to ensure that we are able to meet that demand. But, to be entirely clear, whatever the demand, we will meet that demand - so that is quite clear - in terms of students going to university. We're not going to be in a situation where there is no money available for that - I want to be entirely clear on that. But as you go through the financial year, you do check to see whether your projections are coming to fruition on the ground, and, more often than not, if you've planned carefully, you will have more in the fund than you will spend, and then you can release that for other purposes as you move through the year. And as you approach the end of the year, then the picture is far clearer of course. So, this year, we decided to do our best to do that at the very outset. Because what you see otherwise is that you can release funding at the end of the year, but perhaps you will have had to make cuts at the beginning of the year. Now, as the pressures were so significant this year, I didn't feel that we had the luxury of doing that in exactly the same way. So, we've looked at that earlier on in the year. But just to be clear, that doesn't mean that we won't meet demand: whatever the demand is, we will meet it, we will answer it.
Welsh: Y ffordd rŷn ni'n gweithio yn y maes hwn yw, rŷn ni'n edrych ar beth yw'r galw tebygol o ran y gyllideb. Rŷn ni wedyn yn dodi arian i'r naill ochr i sicrhau ein bod ni'n gallu cyrraedd y galw hwnnw. Ond i fod yn gwbl glir, beth bynnag yw'r galw, byddwn ni'n cwrdd â'r galw - felly mae hwnna'n glir - o ran myfyrwyr yn mynd i brifysgol. Dydyn ni ddim yn mynd i fod mewn sefyllfa lle does dim arian ar gael ar gyfer hynny - i fod yn gwbl glir. Ond wrth i chi fynd drwy'r flwyddyn ariannol, rŷch chi'n checio i weld a ydy'r projections yn digwydd ar lawr gwlad, a, gan amlaf, os ydych chi wedi cynllunio'n ofalus, bydd gennych chi fwy yn y gronfa nag sydd angen ei wario, ac rŷch chi'n gallu rhyddhau'r gronfa honno ar gyfer pwrpas arall wrth eich bod chi'n mynd drwy'r flwyddyn. Wrth i chi agosáu at ddiwedd y flwyddyn, mae'r darlun yn llawer cliriach. Felly, y flwyddyn hon, gwnaethom ni benderfynu gwneud y gorau y gallem ni i wneud hynny ar y cychwyn cyntaf. Achos beth rŷch chi'n ei weld fel arall yw, rŷch chi'n gallu rhyddhau arian ar ddiwedd y flwyddyn, ond efallai wedi gorfod cwtogi ar ddechrau'r flwyddyn. Gan fod y pwysau mor sylweddol eleni, doedden ni ddim yn teimlo bod gennym ni'r luxury o wneud hynny mewn cweit yr un ffordd. Felly, rŷn ni wedi edrych ar hynny ynghynt yn y flwyddyn. Ond jest i fod yn glir, dyw hynny ddim yn golygu na fyddwn ni'n cyrraedd y galw: beth bynnag fydd y galw, byddwn ni'n ei gyrraedd e, byddwn ni'n ei ateb e.
English: Thank you. If I could move now to policy areas, including degree apprenticeships and research and innovation, which sit under another Minister's portfolio, but are of course partly funded from within the education and Welsh language main expenditure group, can you give us any details as to how you and the Minister for Economy co-ordinate support for degree apprenticeships, and how the Welsh Government intends to carry forward its programme for government commitment to expand degree apprenticeships?
Welsh: Diolch. Gan symud nawr at feysydd polisi, gan gynnwys prentisiaethau gradd ac ymchwil ac arloesi, sy'n dod o dan bortffolio Gweinidog arall, ond wrth gwrs sy'n cael arian o fewn prif grŵp gwariant y Gymraeg ac addysg, a allwch chi roi manylion ynglŷn â sut rydych chi a Gweinidog yr Economi yn cydlynu cymorth ar gyfer gradd-brentisiaethau, a sut y mae Llywodraeth Cymru yn bwriadu bwrw ymlaen â'i hymrwymiad yn y rhaglen lywodraethu i ehangu gradd-brentisiaethau?
English: Well, officials in my department and officials in the department of the Minister for Economy work very closely in these areas, where we have policy elements that are jointly funded, if you like. And when joint funding happens, the Minister for Economy and I agree on what those priorities should be and how we can extend policy in this area and support that. The emphasis has been on higher skills in construction, engineering skills, and in digital sectors. And we also want to ensure that we have opportunities to extend access to groups that perhaps have found it more difficult to access degree apprenticeships in the past. In this budget, we have two funding sources that support this policy area. We have around £5 million in the HEFCW budget, which will be provided for that, and £4.87 million in the budget of the Minister for Economy, which will go towards apprenticeships. Of course, there is an element of joint funding that is inherent in that kind of provision. So, it's around £10 million between the two budgets going to that policy area.
Welsh: Wel, mae swyddogion yn fy adran i a swyddogion yn adran Gweinidog yr Economi yn gweithio'n agos iawn, wrth gwrs, yn y meysydd hyn, ble mae gennym ni elfennau o bolisi sy'n cael eu hariannu ar y cyd, os hoffwch chi. A phan mae ariannu ar y cyd yn digwydd, dwi a Gweinidog yr Economi, y ddau ohonom ni, yn cytuno ar beth yw'r rheini a sut rŷn ni'n gallu cefnogi ymestyn polisi yn y maes yma. Mae'r pwyslais wedi bod ar sgiliau uwch ym maes adeiladu, sgiliau mewn peirianneg, ac yn y sectorau digidol. A hefyd, rŷn ni eisiau sicrhau bod gennym ni gyfleoedd i ymestyn mynediad i grwpiau sydd efallai wedi ei chael hi'n fwy anodd i gael mynediad i brentisiaethau-gradd. Mae gennym ni yn y gyllideb hon ddwy ffynhonnell o arian sydd yn cefnogi'r maes polisi hwn. Mae gennym ni tua £5 miliwn yng nghyllideb HEFCW, a fydd yn mynd tuag at hwnnw, a £4.87 miliwn yng nghyllideb Gweinidog yr Economi, a fydd yn mynd tuag at elfen brentisiaethau. Wrth gwrs, mae elfen o ariannu ar y cyd yn gynhenid yn y math hwnnw o ddarpariaeth. Felly, mae bron i £10 miliwn rhwng y ddwy gyllideb yn mynd tuag at y maes polisi hwnnw.
English: Just one other thing you clearly work closely with the Minister for Economy on is research and innovation - and we touched on that in the questions that I asked earlier - but there have been calls from stakeholders for significant increases in the funding for research and innovation. So, how do you work with the Minister for Economy on this policy area, and how does your budget support research and innovation within universities?
Welsh: Ie. Jest un peth arall rŷch chi'n amlwg yn gweithio'n agos â Gweinidog yr Economi arno fe yw ymchwil ac arloesi - a gwnaethom ni gyffwrdd tipyn bach ar hynny yn y cwestiynau holais i yn gynharach - ond mae yna alw hefyd gan randdeiliaid am gynnydd sylweddol yn y cyllid ar gyfer ymchwil ac arloesi. Felly, sut ydych chi'n gweithio gyda Gweinidog yr Economi ar y polisi yma, a sut mae eich cyllideb chi yn cynnal ac yn cefnogi ymchwil ac arloesi o fewn prifysgolion?
English: Good morning. Happy new year to you all. I'd like to welcome Members to this meeting of the Culture, Communications, Welsh Language, Sport and International Relations Committee. Are there any declarations of interest at the start of the meeting? No, I don't see that there are any.
Welsh: Bore da. Blwyddyn newydd dda i bawb. Hoffwn i groesawu'r Aelodau i'r cyfarfod hwn o'r Pwyllgor Diwylliant, Cyfathrebu, y Gymraeg, Chwaraeon a Chysylltiadau Rhyngwladol. Oes gan unrhyw Aelodau fuddiannau i'w datgan ar ddechrau'r cyfarfod, plîs? Na, dwi ddim yn gweld bod yna, felly fe wnawn ni symud ymlaen.
English: We'll move on, therefore, to item 2 this morning. We're looking at the challenges facing the creative industry workforce. We have an evidence session with national broadcasters. May I ask our witnesses to introduce themselves for the record? I'll go from left to right as I'm looking at you, starting with Siân Doyle.
Welsh: Eitem 2 y bore yma ydy edrych ar yr heriau sy'n wynebu gweithlu'r diwydiant creadigol. Mae gennym ni sesiwn dystiolaeth gyda darlledwyr cenedlaethol. Gaf i ofyn i'n tystion y bore yma i gyflwyno eu hunain ar gyfer y record? Fe wnaf i fynd o'r chwith i'r dde fel rwyf i'n edrych arnoch chi ar hyn o bryd. Fe wnaf i fynd at Siân Doyle yn gyntaf.
English: Sian Gwynedd, head of people, culture and partnerships at BBC Cymru Wales.
Welsh: Bore da. Sian Gwynedd, pennaeth pobl, diwylliant a phartneriaethau BBC Cymru.
English: It's great to have the three of you with us this morning. We'll go straight to questions and I'll go straight to Heledd Fychan.
Welsh: Mae'n hyfryd i gael y tair ohonoch chi gyda ni y bore yma. Fe wnawn ni fynd yn syth at gwestiynau ac fe wnaf i fynd yn gyntaf at Heledd Fychan.
English: Thank you, Chair, and thank you for joining us today and thank you for the evidence that you provided beforehand. Perhaps the questions will overlap with your evidence, but it's an opportunity to have a wider discussion, if that's okay. The first question is if you could outline, please, what you feel is the current health of the creative industries workforce and how has this been affected by shocks such as the pandemic, Brexit and increased costs of living. Do you want to go from left to right?
Welsh: Diolch, Gadeirydd, a diolch i chi am fod efo ni heddiw a diolch am y dystiolaeth dŷch chi wedi ei darparu ymlaen llaw, hefyd. Efallai fydd y cwestiynau yn gorgyffwrdd efo'ch tystiolaeth chi, ond mae o jest yn gyfle i ni gael y drafodaeth ehangach os ydy hynny'n iawn. Y cwestiwn cyntaf ydy os ydych chi'n gallu amlinellu, os gwelwch yn dda, beth ydych chi'n gweld fel cyflwr presennol gweithlu'r diwydiannau creadigol a sut mae siociau fel y pandemig, Brexit a'r cynnydd mewn costau byw wedi effeithio ar y gweithlu. Ydyn ni eisiau mynd o'r chwith i'r dde?