English: Okay. Well, I think the main merit of the 2011 Measure is the fact that here we see Wales, for the first time, taking ownership of the Welsh language as something that is at the heart of the Welsh constitution, and seeking to do something in relation to that. That is, it's not the crumbs off someone else's table - it's our own legislation. I do think that the declaration of official status for the Welsh language is historically important in order to settle questions in relation to the status of the Welsh language and the status of Welsh speakers in Wales. That's the important thing, in my view, about the Measure. Then, we look at the other main element of the Measure, which relates to the regulation of the use of the Welsh language in the public sphere - perhaps that's the best way of describing this. There have been improvements and there are areas where performance could have been better. It was quite clear that the regime under the Welsh Language Act 1993, in terms of the regulation of the use of the Welsh language, had had a fair impact, but it was starting to get stale and people were starting not to take it seriously. We did need something that provided greater enforcement, particularly within the public sector, in terms of ensuring that the Welsh language was given its proper place in terms of status, but also that Welsh speakers could use it to the widest possible extent. That was the idea underpinning the Welsh language standards and the whole framework, or structure, of the Measure. The main weakness of that framework, in my view, was, and continues to be, its complexity and too much detail. Much of this emerged, of course, from the fact that the Assembly didn't start with a clean slate in legislating. The hands of the Assembly, if I can mix my metaphors, were tied by the legislative competence Order that defined and limited the freedom of the Assembly to legislate in this area. Some of the complexity contained within the Measure emerges from that micromanagement from Westminster, which could be identified in that statutory instrument that gave power to the Assembly to legislate. Of course, those barriers are no longer there to such an extent, and that's an issue for discussion later on. But, certainly, that complexity remains, and that led to two things, in my view. The first thing was a long period of delay before the regulatory arrangements could come into force, because there was so much work that needed to be done by the commissioner's office in order to put the foundation in place for standards, and also by Welsh Ministers within Government. That took a great deal of time, and there was a period of great disquiet in the interim when nobody was taking any notice of the language schemes, but, on the other hand, the new regime had yet to come into force. The second impact that this had was a difficulty in dealing in practical terms with standards on a day-to-day basis, in terms of the service users, and also, to be fair, in terms of those who are expected to comply with standards, but most of all, as well, the office of the commissioner. I think people have been too willing to blame the commissioner and her office for the way in which things have become bureaucratic, when that is inherent in the way in which this legislation has been drafted. So, that, broadly speaking, is how I see things.
Welsh: O'r gorau. Wel, rydw i'n credu mai prif rinwedd Mesur 2011 ydy'r ffaith mai dyma ni, y Cymry, am y tro cyntaf, yn cymryd meddiant o'r iaith Gymraeg fel rhywbeth sydd yn greiddiol yn gyfansoddiadol i Gymru, ac yn ceisio gwneud rhywbeth er hynny. Hynny yw, nid briwsion oddi ar fwrdd rhywun arall oedden nhw, ond ein gwledd ein hunain. Rydw i'n credu bod y datganiad o statws swyddogol i'r Gymraeg yn beth hanesyddol bwysig er mwyn setlo cwestiynau yn ymwneud â natur israddol y Gymraeg a'i siaradwyr yn hanesyddol yng Nghymru. Dyna'r peth pwysicaf, yn fy marn i, ynglŷn â'r Mesur. Wedyn, rydym ni'n edrych ar brif ffrwd arall y Mesur, sydd yn ymwneud â rheoleiddio defnydd o'r Gymraeg yn y sffêr gyhoeddus - efallai mai dyna'r ffordd orau o ddisgrifio hyn. Mae yna welliannau ac mae yna bethau a fyddai wedi medru bod yn well. Roedd yn weddol eglur bod y gyfundrefn dan Ddeddf yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993, o ran rheoleiddio defnydd o'r Gymraeg, wedi cael tipyn o effaith, ond mi oedd yn dechrau mynd yn hen ac yn stêl, ac mi oedd pobl yn dechrau peidio â'i chymryd o ddifri. Mi oedd angen rhywbeth a oedd yn rhoi mwy o orfodaeth, yn arbennig oddi mewn i'r sector cyhoeddus, ar sicrhau bod y Gymraeg yn cael ei phriod le, o ran statws, a hefyd bod siaradwyr y Gymraeg yn medru ei defnyddio hi i'r graddau helaethaf yr oedden nhw'n medru. Dyna oedd y syniad y tu cefn i safonau'r Gymraeg a holl fframwaith, adeiladwaith, y Mesur. Prif wendid y fframwaith hwnnw, yn fy marn i, oedd, ac mae'n parhau i fod, y cymhlethdod a'r gorfanylder. Mae peth o hyn yn deillio, wrth gwrs, o'r ffaith nad oedd llechen lân gan y Cynulliad wrth ddeddfu. Roedd dwylo'r Cynulliad, os caf i gymysgu fy nelweddau, wedi'u clymu can y Gorchymyn cymhwysedd deddfwriaethol a oedd yn diffinio ac yn rhwystro rhyddid y Cynulliad i ddeddfu yn y maes yma. Mae peth o'r cymhlethdod sydd yn y Mesur yn deillio o'r meicroreoli gan San Steffan a oedd i'w weld yn yr offeryn statudol hwnnw a oedd yn rhoi'r grym i'r Cynulliad ddeddfu. Wrth gwrs, erbyn hyn, nid ydy'r rhwystrau yna ddim yno i'r fath raddau, ond efallai bod hynny'n rhywbeth i'w drafod yn nes ymlaen. Ond, yn sicr, mae'r cymhlethdod yna, ac mi arweiniodd hyn at ddau beth, yn fy marn i. Y peth cyntaf yr arweiniodd e ato oedd oedi cyfnod hir cyn bod y trefniadau rheoleiddiol yn medru dod i rym, oherwydd bod yna gymaint o waith a oedd angen ei wneud gan swyddfa'r comisiynydd er mwyn gosod y sylfeini ar gyfer y safonau, a hefyd gan Weinidogion Cymru yn y Llywodraeth. Mi gymerodd hynny amser maith, ac mi gafwyd cyfnod anesmwyth iawn yn y canol lle'r oedd neb yn cymryd sylw o'r cynlluniau iaith, ond, ar y llaw arall, roedd y drefn newydd heb eto ddod i fodolaeth. Yr ail effaith a gafodd y cymhlethdod yma oedd anhawster delio'n ymarferol â'r safonau o ddydd i ddydd, o ran y defnyddiwr, a hefyd, a bod yn deg, rydw i'n credu, o ran y rhai hynny y mae disgwyl iddyn nhw gydymffurfio â'r safonau, ond yn bennaf oll, hefyd, swyddfa'r comisiynydd. Rydw i'n credu bod pobl wedi bod yn rhy barod i feio'r comisiynydd a'i swyddfa ynglŷn â'r ffordd y mae pethau wedi mynd yn fiwrocrataidd, pan mae hynny wedi'i weu i mewn i'r modd y mae'r ddeddfwriaeth yma wedi'i drafftio. Felly, dyna'n fras ydy'r ffordd yr ydw i'n gweld pethau.