English: Perhaps I can tell you, Deputy Presiding Officer, that I spent part of the Easter recess lecturing at the College of William and Mary on the subject, 'Britain after Brexit'. I have to say, the title was chosen in December, when it didn't seem so wildly improbable. I visited the National Library of Wales earlier in the year, and they knew of my connection with the college. They dug out from the archive a letter from Goronwy Owen, the great eighteenth century poet, about his preparations to take up a post teaching at the grammar school attached, then, to the College of William and Mary. It strikes me that there are many astonishing connections that we should be keen to follow up on. In fact, at the library, they said, 'Did you know that there is a commemoration of him on the college campus?' I was slightly surprised at this, and so, during my visit, I did try to find out where this commemoration is. I went to the Swem library - the main library at the university - and they told me that, actually, the plaque is in the library. They told me where it was, and I went up and there's this magnificent plaque to Goronwy Owen. It commemorates his transformative work, really, in the eighteenth century for Welsh literature and celebrates the connection. It just reminded me of how wonderful it would be if we could do more with that. His famous poem, 'Hiraeth', for instance, has had a big, big impact on our culture, but the fact that he spent so much time in Virginia is something we should build on. It wasn't an entirely happy episode. As poets are wont to, he was a little fond of electric soup. After a few years, I'm afraid the college moved him on, and he was moved on to Brunswick county, also in Virginia, and was curate there, which is rather a curious, perhaps, position to recover from a drink problem, but he was. He spent another 10 years there - in fact, he's buried in Brunswick county. I understand that a steady flow, if not a vast flow, of pilgrims make their way to his grave to this day. So, that's a great example of someone, I think, who connects us deeply. It's possible that Goronwy Owen met Thomas Jefferson and that they overlapped - Owen was about 20 years older than Jefferson, and Jefferson was at the College of William and Mary in the late 1750s. Jefferson, famously, thought he was Welsh, or of Welsh ancestry. It's very unlikely that he was - modern scholarship really eviscerates all our myth making, doesn't it? We now think it's unlikely that he was of Welsh descent, but Jefferson lived all of his life thinking he was, and if you can't build on that connection then, again, there's a poverty of ambition there. Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio and several other states had very significant Welsh immigration into those states in the earlier colonial years and then in the early industrial revolution just after the republic was established. It's something, again, we can really, really build on. It's interesting that it's later waves of immigrants, particular the Irish and Italians, that really embedded this concept of 'Italian-American' or 'Irish-American', but we should remember the significant part that Welsh men and women played in the history, particularly the early history, of the United States. So, I think the Welsh diaspora, and trying to tap into that, is really, really important. I think this naturally leads on to all sorts of concepts of soft power. And can I commend the British Council's soft power barometer for Wales, which compares us with Scotland, Northern Ireland and other places like Catalonia, Flanders and Quebec, amongst others? I think that's a good indicator, because there's good and not-so-good news there, but there are some really interesting insights. We are rated sixth out of those 10, so we are behind Quebec, Flanders and Scotland, but ahead, for instance, of Northern Ireland. We do particularly well on the sports barometer, where we are second, behind Catalonia. I suppose they've got Barcelona and football, but we do well obviously with rugby and other sports. We're also second on digital technology, and I think that's something we should really build on. We don't do so well on education, but that is something we can aspire to. I would, if I had time, also talk about inter-governmental mechanisms, but can I just say that the UK Government - and this is an important recommendation in the report - should publish as soon as possible its review of inter-governmental mechanisms? Whilst I do not think we should have a veto, or that the Minister should, on trade negotiations, it's very important that our Minister and our scrutiny of our Minister - that there's a direct mechanism so that we can influence, through the Minister, trade policy. Thank you for your indulgence.
Welsh: Efallai y caf ddweud wrthych, Ddirprwy Lywydd, imi dreulio rhan o doriad y Pasg yn darlithio yng Ngholeg William a Mary ar y pwnc, 'Prydain ar ôl Brexit'. Mae'n rhaid i mi ddweud bod y teitl wedi'i ddewis ym mis Rhagfyr, pan nad oedd yn ymddangos mor eithafol o annhebygol. Ymwelais â Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru yn gynharach yn y flwyddyn, ac roeddent yn gwybod am fy nghysylltiad â'r coleg. Llwyddasant i gloddio llythyr o'r archif gan Goronwy Owen, y bardd mawr o'r ddeunawfed ganrif, am ei baratoadau i ymgymryd â swydd addysgu yn yr ysgol ramadeg a oedd yn gysylltiedig â Choleg William a Mary ar y pryd. Mae'n fy nharo bod llawer o gysylltiadau rhyfeddol y dylem fod yn awyddus i fynd ar eu trywydd. Yn wir, yn y llyfrgell, fe ofynasant a oeddwn i'n gwybod bod cofeb iddo ar gampws y coleg? Fe'm synnwyd gan hyn braidd, ac felly, yn ystod fy ymweliad, fe geisiais ddarganfod ble mae'r gofeb. Euthum i lyfrgell Swem - y brif lyfrgell yn y brifysgol - a dywedasant wrthyf fod y plac yn y llyfrgell. Dywedasant wrthyf lle'r oedd, ac euthum i fyny ac mae yno blac gwych i Goronwy Owen. Mae'n coffáu ei waith trawsnewidiol yn y ddeunawfed ganrif dros lenyddiaeth Gymraeg ac yn dathlu'r cysylltiad. Roedd yn fy atgoffa pa mor wych y byddai pe baem yn gallu gwneud mwy gyda hynny. Mae ei gerdd enwog, 'Hiraeth', er enghraifft, wedi cael effaith enfawr ar ein diwylliant, ond mae'r ffaith ei fod wedi treulio cymaint o amser yn Virginia yn rhywbeth y dylem adeiladu arno. Nid oedd yn bennod gwbl hapus. Fel y mae beirdd yn tueddu i fod, roedd ychydig yn rhy hoff o'r ddiod gadarn. Ar ôl rhai blynyddoedd, mae gennyf ofn fod y coleg wedi ei symud yn ei flaen, a chafodd ei symud i swydd Brunswick, sydd hefyd yn Virginia, ac roedd yn gurad yno, sy'n swydd braidd yn rhyfedd, efallai, ar gyfer gwella o broblem yfed, ond dyna a ddigwyddodd. Treuliodd 10 mlynedd arall yno - a dweud y gwir, fe'i claddwyd yn swydd Brunswick. Deallaf fod llif cyson, os nad llif enfawr, o bererinion yn gwneud eu ffordd at ei fedd hyd heddiw. Felly, dyna enghraifft wych yn fy marn i o rywun sy'n ein cysylltu'n ddwfn. Mae'n bosib fod Goronwy Owen wedi cyfarfod â Thomas Jefferson a'u bod yn gorgyffwrdd - roedd Owen tua 20 mlynedd yn hŷn na Jefferson, ac roedd Jefferson yng Ngholeg William a Mary yn y 1750au diweddar. Mae'n hysbys iawn fod Jefferson yn meddwl ei fod yn Gymro, neu o dras Gymreig. Mae'n annhebygol iawn ei fod - mae ysgolheictod modern yn diberfeddu'r holl chwedlau a grëwn onid yw? Erbyn hyn, credwn ei bod yn annhebygol ei fod o dras Gymreig, ond ar hyd ei oes, credai Jefferson ei fod, ac os na allwch adeiladu ar y cysylltiad hwnnw, unwaith eto, mae diffyg uchelgais yno. Roedd gan Virginia, Pensylfania, Ohio a nifer o daleithiau eraill nifer sylweddol iawn o fewnfudwyr o Gymru ym mlynyddoedd cynharaf y trefedigaethau ac yna yn y chwyldro diwydiannol cynnar ychydig ar ôl sefydlu'r weriniaeth. Mae'n rhywbeth, unwaith eto, y gallwn adeiladu arno. Mae'n ddiddorol mai'r tonnau diweddarach o fewnfudwyr, yn enwedig y Gwyddelod a'r Eidalwyr, a wreiddiodd y cysyniad o 'Americanwyr Eidalaidd' neu 'Americanwyr Gwyddelig' go iawn, ond dylem gofio'r rhan sylweddol a chwaraeodd Cymry yn hanes, yn enwedig hanes cynnar, yr Unol Daleithiau. Felly, credaf fod y Cymry alltud, a cheisio manteisio ar hynny, yn wirioneddol bwysig. Rwy'n credu bod hyn yn arwain yn naturiol at bob math o gysyniadau ynghylch pŵer meddal. Ac a gaf fi gymeradwyo baromedr pŵer meddal y Cyngor Prydeinig ar gyfer Cymru, sy'n ein cymharu â'r Alban, Gogledd Iwerddon a lleoedd eraill megis Catalonia, Fflandrys a Quebec, ymysg eraill? Rwy'n credu bod hwnnw'n ddangosydd da, oherwydd mae yna newyddion da a newyddion heb fod cystal yno, ond ceir rhai sylwadau diddorol iawn. Cawn ein graddio'n chweched allan o'r 10, felly rydym yn llusgo ar ôl Quebec, Fflandrys a'r Alban, ond ar y blaen i Ogledd Iwerddon er enghraifft. Rydym yn gwneud yn arbennig o dda ar y baromedr chwaraeon, lle'r ydym yn ail, y tu ôl i Gatalonia. Mae'n debyg bod ganddynt Barcelona a phêl-droed, ond yn amlwg rydym ni'n gwneud yn dda wrth gwrs gyda rygbi a chwaraeon eraill. Rydym hefyd yn ail ar dechnoleg ddigidol, ac rwy'n credu bod hynny'n rhywbeth y dylem adeiladu arno'n bendant iawn. Nid ydym yn gwneud cystal ar addysg, ond mae hynny'n rhywbeth y gallwn anelu tuag ato. Pe bai gennyf amser, buaswn yn sôn hefyd am fecanweithiau rhynglywodraethol, ond a gaf ddweud y dylai Llywodraeth y DU - ac mae hwn yn argymhelliad pwysig yn yr adroddiad - gyhoeddi cyn gynted â phosibl ei hadolygiad o fecanweithiau rhynglywodraethol? Er nad wyf yn credu y dylem gael feto, neu y dylai'r Gweinidog gael un, ar negodiadau masnach, mae'n bwysig iawn i'n Gweinidog a'n gwaith ni yn craffu ar ein Gweinidog - fod mecanwaith uniongyrchol ar gael fel y gallwn ddylanwadu, drwy'r Gweinidog, ar bolisi masnach. Diolch i chi am wrando.