techiaith/cofnodycynulliad_en-cy huggingface dataset:
English: I think it is likely to have been a one-off, but part of the point about the chief executive writing to all health boards is to ensure that it has been a one-off. If there are other issues, then we want those to be uncovered and dealt with, because the Wales Audit Office investigation revealed a picture that is simply not acceptable and not in line with the established processes and recommendations, and, again, the chief executive's letter to every chief executive in NHS Wales makes very clear that we expect those standards to be strictly adhered to.
Welsh: Rwy'n credu ei fod yn debygol o fod yn ddigwyddiad ar ei ben ei hun, ond rhan o'r pwynt am y prif weithredwr yn ysgrifennu at bob bwrdd iechyd yw sicrhau mai digwyddiad ar ei ben ei hun ydoedd. Os oes materion eraill yn codi, rydym eisiau eu canfod a rhoi sylw iddynt, gan fod ymchwiliad Swyddfa Archwilio Cymru wedi datgelu darlun nad yw'n dderbyniol o gwbl ac nad yw'n unol â'r prosesau a'r argymhellion sefydledig, ac unwaith eto, mae llythyr y prif weithredwr at bob prif weithredwr GIG Cymru yn dangos yn glir iawn ein bod yn disgwyl i bawb gadw at y safonau hynny'n llwyr.
English: The report itself highlighted what I think we're justified in calling 'nepotism' when it came to procurement and recruitment. The auditor general also noted it proved extremely difficult to obtain a clear position of the facts relating to the matters subject to audit. UHB officers and former officers provided conflicting and inconsistent accounts. There was a tendency for them to blame each other for the failings identified in the report. I could go on. Cabinet Secretary, we have some excellent - many excellent - managers and officers in the NHS in Wales, but I'm sure you'd agree that, in this case, behaviour has been unacceptable. We have a GMC for doctors, an NMC for nurses and midwives, so where is the body for regulation of NHS managers? Of course, managers can do just as much damage to patients from poor decision making. Is this something that you would consider?
Welsh: Amlygodd yr adroddiad ei hun yr hyn rwy'n credu y gallwn gyfiawnhau ei alw'n 'nepotiaeth' mewn perthynas â chaffael a recriwtio. Nododd yr archwilydd cyffredinol hefyd ei bod yn anodd iawn cael darlun clir o'r ffeithiau mewn perthynas â'r materion sy'n rhan o'r archwiliad. Mae swyddogion Bwrdd Iechyd y Brifysgol a chyn-swyddogion wedi darparu adroddiadau sy'n anghyson ac yn groes i'w gilydd. Roedd tuedd iddynt feio'i gilydd am y methiannau a nodwyd yn yr adroddiad. Gallwn fynd ymlaen. Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, mae gennym rai rheolwyr a swyddogion rhagorol - nifer o reolwyr a swyddogion rhagorol - yn y GIG yng Nghymru, ond rwy'n siŵr y byddech yn cytuno, yn yr achos hwn, fod ymddygiad wedi bod yn annerbyniol. Mae gennym y Cyngor Meddygol Cyffredinol ar gyfer meddygon, mae gennym y Cyngor Nyrsio a Bydwreigiaeth ar gyfer nyrsys a bydwragedd, felly ble mae'r corff ar gyfer rheoleiddio rheolwyr y GIG? Wrth gwrs, gall rheolwyr wneud yr un faint o niwed i gleifion drwy wneud penderfyniadau gwael. A yw hyn yn rhywbeth y byddech yn ei ystyried?
English: I'm always open to considering whether our accountability framework is in place as it should be, but this should work by the proper challenge of the board itself - those independent members, the non-exec members. And that's part of the challenge here in understanding what information was provided, how information was not provided to the board, and I think the honest truth is that the people responsible for the choices in this particular report, as has been revealed by the Wales Audit Office's report, which is an unusual step - . It is unusual for a report to be provide all of that and I do not think the auditor general has provided a report like this before about NHS Wales. It's a bit more common in England, where procurement is a different beast. The challenge here is to make sure that we are clear about our expectations, clear about the accountability that must flow where people do get this wrong, and that that is proper accountability. I think, actually, the health board now - and I was encouraged by the response from the new chief executive, who, again, made clear that what had happened was not acceptable and won't be defended, and it's important that there is confidence amongst the staff and the public about the processes in place today, and the expectation of behaviour today as well.
Welsh: Rwyf bob amser yn agored i ystyried a yw ein fframwaith atebolrwydd yn gweithio fel y dylai, ond dylai hyn weithio drwy her briodol y bwrdd ei hun - yr aelodau annibynnol, yr aelodau anweithredol. A dyna ran o'r her yma wrth ddeall pa wybodaeth a ddarparwyd, sut na chafodd gwybodaeth ei darparu i'r bwrdd, ac rwy'n credu mai'r gwir yn onest yw bod y bobl sy'n gyfrifol am y penderfyniadau yn yr adroddiad penodol hwn, fel y cafodd ei ddatgelu yn adroddiad Swyddfa Archwilio Cymru, sy'n gam anarferol - . Mae'n anarferol i adroddiad ddarparu hynny i gyd, ac nid wyf yn credu bod yr archwilydd cyffredinol wedi darparu adroddiad fel hwn am GIG Cymru o'r blaen. Mae rywfaint yn fwy cyffredin yn Lloegr, lle mae caffael yn anifail gwahanol. Yr her yma yw gwneud yn siŵr ein bod yn glir ynglŷn â'n disgwyliadau, yn glir ynglŷn â'r atebolrwydd sy'n gorfod dilyn pan fo pobl yn cael hyn yn anghywir, a bod hwnnw'n atebolrwydd priodol. Rwy'n credu, mewn gwirionedd, fod y bwrdd iechyd yn awr - ac roedd yn galonogol clywed ymateb y prif weithredwr newydd, sydd, unwaith eto, wedi dweud yn glir nad oedd yr hyn a ddigwyddodd yn dderbyniol ac na fydd yn cael ei amddiffyn, ac mae'n bwysig fod hyder ymhlith y staff a'r cyhoedd ynglŷn â'r prosesau sydd ar waith heddiw, a'r disgwyliad mewn perthynas ag ymddygiad heddiw hefyd.
English: You mentioned their accountability within the NHS and how the NHS itself seeks to better itself through its own governance. You have recently published a White Paper on reforming NHS governance, and real concerns, actually, have been brought to my attention about some of the suggestions that have been made, certainly in relation to the replacement of community health councils with new arrangements and, in particular, the potential erosion of local knowledge, and also a lack of assurance that there will be a continued, real, strong patient voice in any new proposals. But, would you accept that a better way forward perhaps, rather than reforming NHS governance now, would be initially to have an independent review of management across NHS Wales, highlighting and seeking to promote the undoubted good practice that we have, whilst at the same time trying to root out the bad and using that as a basis for new legislation?
Welsh: Fe sonioch am eu hatebolrwydd o fewn y GIG a sut y mae'r GIG ei hun yn ceisio gwella'i hun drwy ei ddull llywodraethu ei hun. Yn ddiweddar, fe gyhoeddwyd Papur Gwyn gennych ar ddiwygio dull llywodraethu'r GIG, a thynnwyd fy sylw at bryderon go iawn, mewn gwirionedd, ynglŷn â rhai o'r awgrymiadau a wnaed, yn sicr o ran cael gwared ar gynghorau iechyd cymuned a gwneud trefniadau newydd yn eu lle ac yn benodol, y posibilrwydd y bydd gwybodaeth leol yn erydu, a hefyd diffyg sicrwydd y bydd llais cryf a pharhaus i gleifion mewn unrhyw argymhellion newydd. Ond a fyddech yn derbyn mai ffordd well ymlaen, efallai, yn hytrach na diwygio dull llywodraethu'r GIG yn awr, fyddai cael adolygiad annibynnol o reolaeth ar draws GIG Cymru i gychwyn, gan amlygu a cheisio hyrwyddo'r arferion da diamheuol sydd gennym, gan geisio cael gwared ar y drwg ar yr un pryd a defnyddio hynny fel sail ar gyfer deddfwriaeth newydd?
English: Well, the White Paper is a genuine consultation. So, it really is only for people to express their views and, if they don't support the proposals, to think about alternatives to improve the quality and governance and direction of the national health service. So, this is not the Government saying, 'We're asking you, but we've already made our minds up'. It is a genuine consultation. On the point about whether there is now a case for an independent review of managers and management within the health service, I would need to be persuaded that that's the right thing to do, but if you think there is a compelling case to make, I'd be happy to consider representations that you provide on how that can add value over and above what we already have in place, and over and above the professional expectations we could and should properly have of NHS senior managers and the operation of boards within the national health service.
Welsh: Wel, mae'r Papur Gwyn yn ymgynghoriad dilys. Felly, mae'n wir mai ei unig bwrpas yw er mwyn i bobl fynegi eu barn, ac os nad ydynt yn cefnogi'r argymhellion, i feddwl am ddewisiadau eraill i wella ansawdd a dull llywodraethu a chyfeiriad y gwasanaeth iechyd gwladol. Felly, nid y Llywodraeth yn dweud, 'Rydym yn gofyn i chi, ond rydym eisoes wedi penderfynu' yw hyn. Mae'n ymgynghoriad dilys. Ar y pwynt ynglŷn ag a oes achos bellach dros gael adolygiad annibynnol o reolwyr a rheolaeth o fewn y gwasanaeth iechyd, byddai'n rhaid i mi gael fy mherswadio mai dyna'r peth iawn i'w wneud, ond os ydych yn credu bod achos cryf dros wneud hynny, byddwn yn hapus i ystyried sylwadau gennych ar sut y gall hynny ychwanegu gwerth y tu hwnt i'r hyn sydd gennym eisoes ar waith, ac yn ychwanegol at y disgwyliadau proffesiynol y gallem ac y dylem eu cael yn briodol mewn perthynas ag uwch-reolwyr y GIG a gweithrediad y byrddau o fewn y gwasanaeth iechyd gwladol.
English: Diolch, Llywydd. Cabinet Secretary, the second Wales cancer patient experience survey has, once again, highlighted the fact that many cancer patients still do not have a key worker. While we have made progress, 14 per cent of patients still don't have a key worker, and more than a quarter of patients said it was often difficult to contact the key worker. The survey also highlighted the benefits patients found in having a clinical nurse specialist, with the majority of the 81 per cent of patients who had one stating that their treatment was greatly improved due to this. As a result, Macmillan Wales is calling for every person with cancer in Wales to have access to a clinical nurse specialist. Cabinet Secretary, do you support this view and do you agree that the clinical nurse specialist should act as a key worker for Welsh cancer patients?
Welsh: Diolch, Llywydd. Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, mae'r ail arolwg profiad cleifion canser Cymru unwaith eto wedi tynnu sylw at y ffaith fod llawer o gleifion canser heb weithiwr allweddol o hyd. Er ein bod wedi gwneud cynnydd, nid oes gan 14 y cant o gleifion weithiwr allweddol o hyd, a dywedodd mwy na chwarter y cleifion ei bod yn aml yn anodd cysylltu â'r gweithiwr allweddol. Mae'r arolwg hefyd wedi tynnu sylw at y manteision a brofodd rhai cleifion o gael nyrs glinigol arbenigol, gyda'r rhan fwyaf o'r 81 y cant o gleifion a oedd ag un yn datgan bod eu triniaeth wedi gwella'n fawr o ganlyniad i hyn. O ganlyniad, mae Macmillan Cymru wedi galw am fynediad at nyrs glinigol arbenigol i bob person sydd â chanser yng Nghymru. Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, a ydych yn cefnogi'r farn hon ac a ydych yn cytuno y dylai'r nyrs glinigol arbenigol weithredu fel gweithiwr allweddol ar gyfer cleifion canser yng Nghymru?
English: We certainly want every patient, where a clinical nurse specialist is appropriate to provide care, to have one. The challenge about whether the clinical nurse specialist is the key worker, I think, is different, because, for some people, it need not be the clinical nurse specialist who acts as the key worker, although, in practice, in the great majority of cases, it is the clinical nurse specialist who undertakes that role. There's been a significant improvement on people knowing who their key worker is. In the previous cancer patient survey, in 2013, 66 per cent of people knew who their allocated key worker was. In this survey, that's gone up to 86 per cent. Again, this is a significant undertaking. Over 6,700 staff have given up their time to provide their view on a wide range of their own experience of cancer care, and it's as a result of this wide-ranging survey that we're able to understand the state of our current services, the areas where we've improved, and, equally, those areas where we still need to improve further in the future.
Welsh: Rydym yn sicr eisiau i bob claf gael nyrs glinigol arbenigol lle bo'n briodol ar gyfer darparu gofal. Mae'r her ynglŷn ag ai'r nyrs glinigol arbenigol yw'r gweithiwr allweddol, rwy'n credu, yn wahanol, oherwydd, i rai pobl, nid oes raid mai'r nyrs glinigol arbenigol sy'n gweithredu fel gweithiwr allweddol, er mai'r nyrs glinigol arbenigol, yn ymarferol, yn y mwyafrif helaeth o achosion, sy'n cyflawni'r rôl honno. Mae gwelliant sylweddol wedi bod o ran sicrhau bod pobl yn gwybod pwy yw eu gweithiwr allweddol. Yn yr arolwg cleifion canser blaenorol, yn 2013, 66 y cant o bobl oedd yn gwybod pwy oedd eu gweithiwr allweddol dynodedig. Yn yr arolwg hwn, mae'r ffigur wedi codi i 86 y cant. Unwaith eto, mae hwn yn ymrwymiad sylweddol. Mae dros 6,700 o staff wedi rhoi eu hamser i roi eu barn ar ystod eang o'u profiad eu hunain o ofal canser, ac o ganlyniad i'r arolwg eang hwn, rydym yn gallu deall cyflwr ein gwasanaethau presennol, y meysydd lle rydym wedi gwella, ac yr un modd, y meysydd lle mae angen i ni wella ymhellach yn y dyfodol.
English: Thank you for that answer, Cabinet Secretary. Staying with the Wales cancer patient experience survey, nearly a quarter of patients said that the GP didn't take their symptoms seriously before their diagnosis. In fact, 6 per cent of patients stated they had to see their GP at least five times before being referred to hospital. As stated in the cancer delivery plan, detecting cancer earlier makes it more likely that treatment can be curative, less intensive and less expensive. It is therefore vital that, when someone presents with symptoms that could be caused by cancer, they are taken seriously. Unfortunately, we seem to operate in a model where we rule conditions in rather than out. We work up to the most serious rather than working back. So, Cabinet Secretary, what more can be done to improve early cancer diagnosis in primary care?
Welsh: Diolch i chi am yr ateb hwnnw, Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet. Gan aros gydag arolwg profiad cleifion canser Cymru, dywedodd bron i chwarter y cleifion nad oedd y meddyg teulu wedi bod o ddifrif ynglŷn â'u symptomau cyn eu diagnosis. Yn wir, dywedodd 6 y cant o gleifion eu bod wedi gorfod gweld eu meddyg teulu o leiaf bum gwaith cyn cael eu hatgyfeirio i'r ysbyty. Fel y nodwyd yn y cynllun cyflawni ar gyfer canser, mae canfod canser yn gynharach yn ei gwneud yn fwy tebygol y gall triniaeth fod yn iachaol, yn llai dwys ac yn llai costus. Felly, mae'n hanfodol, pan fydd rhywun â symptomau a allai gael eu hachosi gan ganser, eu bod yn cael eu cymryd o ddifrif. Yn anffodus, mae'n ymddangos ein bod yn gweithredu mewn model lle rydym yn ystyried cyflyrau drwy ddechrau o ddim yn hytrach na'u diystyru yn eu tro. Rydym yn gweithio tuag at y cyflyrau mwyaf difrifol yn hytrach na gweithio'n ôl ohonynt. Felly, Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, beth arall y gellir ei wneud i wella'r broses o ganfod canser yn gynnar mewn gofal sylfaenol?
English: Thank you, Cabinet Secretary. Finally, less than half of cancer patients have the opportunity to discuss their needs, and only 18 per cent of patients were offered a written care plan. Care plans are not only focused on healthcare needs, but they also pick up on emotional, financial and practical support. Less than half of Welsh patients were given information on financial support and benefits or had the impact their cancer would have on their day-to-day life discussed with them. We need to improve the way we deal with the impact cancer has on the patient, not just on their physical health, but the broader aspects. So, what is your Government doing, Cabinet Secretary, to ensure that all patients are offered a written care plan that incorporates a holistic needs assessment?
Welsh: Diolch i chi, Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet. Yn olaf, llai na hanner yn unig o gleifion canser sy'n cael cyfle i drafod eu hanghenion, a 18 y cant yn unig o gleifion a gafodd gynnig cynllun gofal ysgrifenedig. Nid ar anghenion gofal iechyd yn unig y mae cynlluniau gofal yn canolbwyntio, maent hefyd yn ymdrin â chefnogaeth emosiynol, ariannol ac ymarferol. Ni chafodd dros hanner y cleifion yng Nghymru wybodaeth am gymorth ariannol a budd-daliadau na chael cyfle i drafod yr effaith y byddai eu canser yn ei chael ar eu bywydau o ddydd i ddydd. Mae angen inni wella'r ffordd rydym yn ymdrin ag effaith canser ar y claf, nid yn unig ar eu hiechyd corfforol, ond ar yr agweddau ehangach. Felly, beth y mae eich Llywodraeth yn ei wneud, Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, i sicrhau y cynigir cynllun gofal ysgrifenedig i bob claf sy'n cynnwys asesiad o'u hanghenion holistaidd?
English: The latest published information for 2015-16 shows 525 hospital admissions across Wales for patients bitten or struck by a dog.
Welsh: Mae'r wybodaeth ddiweddaraf a gyhoeddwyd ar gyfer 2015-16 yn dangos bod 525 o gleifion wedi cael eu derbyn i ysbytai ar draws Cymru ar ôl cael eu brathu neu eu taro gan gi.
English: I thank the Cabinet Secretary for that information. I understand from the Communication Workers Union that there've been 1,750 days lost by Royal Mail staff across the UK during the last year due to dog attacks. There've been some terrible injuries to postal staff including fractures, tendon damage, and even amputations. So, I'm grateful that we have those Wales-wide figures, because would he agree that having the figures from the health service will be a help in contributing to assessing the overall picture and informing the view of what actions need to be taken in order to address this growing problem?
Welsh: Diolch i Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet am yr wybodaeth honno. Deallaf gan Undeb y Gweithwyr Cyfathrebu fod 1,750 o ddyddiau wedi cael eu colli gan staff y Post Brenhinol ar draws y DU yn ystod y flwyddyn ddiwethaf o ganlyniad i ymosodiadau gan gŵn. Mae staff post wedi dioddef rhai anafiadau ofnadwy, yn cynnwys toriadau esgyrn, niwed tendonau, a thorri coesau neu freichiau i ffwrdd hyd yn oed. Felly rwy'n ddiolchgar fod gennym y ffigurau ar gyfer Cymru gyfan, oherwydd a fyddai'n cytuno bod cael y ffigurau gan y gwasanaeth iechyd yn helpu i gyfrannu at asesu'r darlun cyffredinol a llywio'r farn am y camau sydd angen eu cymryd er mwyn mynd i'r afael â'r broblem gynyddol hon?
English: Yes, I do agree, and I want to pay tribute to both Julie Morgan and her constituent Councillor Dilwar Ali, for the approach they've taken, not just for the individual that's affected and his family, but actually in seeing a wider issue to campaign on and improve, both for members of the wider public as well as, in particular, postal staff who are largely members of the CWU. This is not, if you like, a laughing matter, where the postie gets a nip and that's just part of the job; actually this is a real and serious issue. People have real harm caused to them, and not just physical harm, but actually it affects someone's willingness and ability to do their job. I know that the postal service spend a significant amount of time in trying to identify where there are likely to be dogs that are not controlled and the ability to provide mail to that house and to make sure that workers are properly protected. So, I'm happy that the health service has provided information to help understand the scale and the nature of the problem, the cost to the public purse, the cost to the individual, and the improvement that all of us need to be a part of making. I know that politicians who wander around the country in elections have a small example of what postal workers undertake and the difficulties they face on a regular basis.
Welsh: Ydw, rwy'n cytuno, ac rwyf am dalu teyrnged i Julie Morgan a'i hetholwr y Cynghorydd Dilwar Ali, am y dull y maent wedi'i fabwysiadu, nid yn unig mewn perthynas â'r unigolyn yr effeithiwyd arno a'i deulu, ond mewn gwirionedd, o ran gweld mater ehangach i ymgyrchu yn ei gylch a'i wella, ar gyfer aelodau o'r cyhoedd yn gyffredinol yn ogystal â staff post yn benodol, sydd, i raddau helaeth, yn aelodau o Undeb y Gweithwyr Cyfathrebu. Nid yw hwn, os mynnwch, yn fater i fod yn ysgafn yn ei gylch, lle y caiff y postmon frathiad bach a bod hynny ond yn rhan o'r swydd; mae hon yn broblem wirioneddol ddifrifol. Mae pobl yn cael niwed go iawn, ac nid niwed corfforol yn unig, ond mae'n effeithio ar barodrwydd a gallu rhywun i wneud ei waith mewn gwirionedd. Gwn fod y gwasanaeth post yn treulio cryn dipyn o amser yn ceisio nodi ble mae'n debygol y bydd cŵn nad ydynt yn cael eu rheoli a'r gallu i fynd â phost i'r tŷ hwnnw ac i sicrhau bod gweithwyr yn cael eu diogelu'n briodol. Felly, rwy'n falch fod y gwasanaeth iechyd wedi darparu gwybodaeth i helpu i ddeall maint a natur y broblem, y gost i bwrs y wlad, y gost i'r unigolyn, a'r gwelliant y mae angen i bob un ohonom chwarae ein rhan ynddo. Gwn fod gwleidyddion sy'n crwydro o amgylch y wlad mewn etholiadau yn cael blas bach o'r hyn y mae gweithwyr post yn ei wneud a'r anawsterau a wynebant yn rheolaidd.
English: Indeed, Cabinet Secretary, you're talking to one of the politicians who suffered so only last May. I had a very bad bite on my hand, thanks to a random dog, and had outstanding service at Withybush hospital A&E, who performed a lengthy but significant operation to repair my hand. But above all, I was able to return home and, for the rest of the week, I received treatment three times a day from the acute response team. Indeed, many of my constituents have had the acute response teams respond to them. This is a time-limited, acute nursing intervention for patients within the community to prevent them from having to stay in hospital. One of my constituents had septicaemia and had the acute response team come out to him and look after him, I think, four times a day actually. Cabinet Secretary, could you just give us an overview about the acute response teams and what we might be able to do to promote their use throughout Wales? Because they are a very good way of ensuring that people are not having to stay in beds, freeing up beds for other people, and giving them community treatment in their homes, where they want to be, and they wouldn't be able to stay there without such a great initiative as an acute response team, such as the one in Hywel Dda.
Welsh: Yn wir, Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, rydych yn siarad ag un o'r gwleidyddion a ddioddefodd yn y modd hwnnw fis Mai diwethaf. Cefais frathiad drwg iawn ar fy llaw, diolch i ryw gi neu'i gilydd, a phrofais wasanaeth rhagorol yn Adran Ddamweiniau ac Achosion Brys ysbyty Llwynhelyg, a gyflawnodd lawdriniaeth hir ond sylweddol i atgyweirio fy llaw. Ond yn anad dim, roeddwn yn gallu dychwelyd adref ac am weddill yr wythnos, cefais driniaeth dair gwaith y dydd gan y tîm ymateb aciwt. Yn wir, mae llawer o fy etholwyr wedi cael y timau ymateb aciwt yn ymateb iddynt. Ymyrraeth nyrsio acíwt â therfyn amser iddo yw hwn ar gyfer cleifion yn y gymuned i'w harbed rhag gorfod aros yn yr ysbyty. Cafodd un o fy etholwyr septisemia a dôi'r tîm ymateb aciwt i ymweld ag ef ac edrych ar ei ôl, rwy'n credu, bedair gwaith y dydd mewn gwirionedd. Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet, a allech roi trosolwg i ni o'r timau ymateb acíwt a beth y gallem ei wneud i hyrwyddo eu defnydd ledled Cymru? Oherwydd maent yn ffordd dda iawn o sicrhau nad yw pobl yn gorfod aros mewn gwelyau, gan ryddhau gwelyau ar gyfer pobl eraill, a rhoi triniaeth gymunedol iddynt yn eu cartrefi, lle maent eisiau bod, ac ni fyddent yn gallu aros yno heb gynllun mor wych â thîm ymateb aciwt, fel yr un yn Hywel Dda.