English: Well, I would've been pleased if they'd started there and told the pioneer schools, 'Give us a list of those fundamentals, and, geographers, you do the same', and then bringing them together. At the end of the day, there's going to be an exam. Parents are going to ask their children, 'Well, what did you learn in school today?' 'Well, I learnt that we're supposed to be good citizens'. They want to know what you've learnt. You asked now what the fundamentals are. Gareth mentioned the Age of the Saints - and I go back to John Davies again - the two saints that had the greatest impact were Dewi, or David, and Teilo. Most churches in Wales were consecrated in their names, so all children should be taught what we know about David and Teilo, which isn't a great deal, and then you're free to talk about any local saint and focus on the local, if you so choose. I would say that they need to learn about Hywel Dda. You, today, have come from all parts of Wales to make legislation for Wales. What did Hywel Dda do, not in Cardiff but in Whitland? He drew people together from all parts of Wales to sit down and make laws for Wales. These were the Welsh laws for 300 years, and some of them lasted until after the death of Llywelyn ein Llyw Olaf - Llywelyn the Last. Those laws described Welsh society. They described the role of women and provided a greater degree of respect than was afforded to women within other legislation. They set out the penal code, which involved righting a wrong, whereas under Alfred's law there was punishment - you can compare them with other nations' legislation if you so choose. I would be shocked if the children of Wales know about Hywel Dda today, but I think that everyone should be taught that there had been an assembly, not in Cardiff established 20 years ago, but an assembly in Whitland all those years ago. To take Mr Melding's point, you have to talk about the Acts of Union and the impact they had on Wales. I would also mention Griffith Jones, and then you come to a turning point in the eighteenth century with the industrial revolution, where society is transformed and the emphasis changes. You have all the oppression of the industrial masters, and those things that you discussed last week. Let's look at the Chartists. Are we saying that it's only children in Newport, Blaenau Gwent and Llanidloes that should learn about the Chartists? That's the risk of leaving it entirely open-ended. There is a long list, but I would say that those are at the top of that list.
Welsh: Wel, mi fyddwn i'n falch pe tase nhw wedi dechrau yn y fan yna a dweud wrth yr haneswyr yn yr ysgolion arloesi, 'Rhowch restr i ni o'r pethau hanfodol yn hanes', ac i'r daearyddwyr, 'Rhowch chi restr', ac wedyn tynnu'r rhain at ei gilydd. Yn y diwedd, mae yna arholiad yn mynd i fod, onid oes? Ac ar lefel y rhieni, a'r plant yn dod adref, 'Beth wyt ti wedi'i ddysgu yn yr ysgol heddiw?' 'Rwyf wedi dysgu ein bod ni fod yn ddinasyddion da'. Maen nhw eisiau gwybod beth rŷch chi wedi'i ddysgu. Reit, beth sy'n hanfodol? Soniodd Gareth am Oes y Saint. Mi fyddwn i'n dweud - rwy'n mynd yn ôl at John Davies nawr - y ddau sant wnaeth fwyaf o effaith oedd Dewi a Teilo. Ar eu holau nhw yr enwyd y nifer fwyaf o eglwysi yng Nghymru, felly byddwn i'n dweud y dylai pob plentyn yng Nghymru wybod faint rŷm ni'n ei wybod - dim llawer - am Dewi a Teilo. Wedyn, byddech chi'n rhydd i sôn am unrhyw sant arall yn eich ardal - gwnewch hynny'n lleol os ydych chi eisiau. Byddwn i'n dweud bod yn rhaid iddyn nhw ddysgu am Hywel Dda. Rŷch chi yn fan hyn heddiw wedi dod o bob rhan o Gymru i wneud deddfau ar gyfer Cymru. Beth wnaeth Hywel Dda, nid yng Nghaerdydd ond yn Hendy-gwyn ar Daf, oedd tynnu pobl o bob rhan o Gymru, eistedd nhw i lawr a gwneud deddfau ar gyfer Cymru. Y rheini oedd y deddfau am 300 mlynedd, gyda rhai'n parhau ar ôl marwolaeth Llywelyn ein Llyw Olaf. Roedd y deddfau yna yn disgrifio cymdeithas Cymru. Roedden nhw'n disgrifio rôl gwragedd, a oedd yn cael mwy o barch nag yr oedden nhw mewn nifer o ddeddfau eraill. Roedden nhw'n disgrifio'r gosb a oedd yn golygu gwneud iawn am rywbeth, ble, o dan ddeddfau Alfred, roedd cosb - gallwch chi eu cymharu â deddfau mewn gwlad arall, os ydych chi eisiau. Mi fyddwn i'n rhyfeddu os ydy plant Cymru heddiw yn gwybod am Hywel Dda, ond rwy'n credu y dylai pawb wybod bod cynulliad wedi bod, nid yng Nghaerdydd 20 mlynedd yn ôl yn dechrau, ond bod cynulliad wedi bod yn Hendy-gwyn ar Daf. Wrth gwrs, i gymryd y pwynt y mae Mr Melding wedi'i wneud, mae'n rhaid ichi sôn am bethau fel y Ddeddf Uno a'r effaith gafodd honno ar Gymru. Fe fyddwn i hefyd yn sôn am Griffith Jones, ac wedyn rydych chi'n dod at drobwynt wedyn yn y ddeunawfed ganrif gyda'r chwyldro diwydiannol. Mae'r gymdeithas yn newid ac mae'r pwyslais yn newid. Mae gyda chi holl ormes y meistri diwydiannol ar y gweithwyr, a'r pethau fuoch chi'n eu trafod wythnos diwethaf. Mi gymrwn ni'r Siartwyr, i fi gael bod yn gyflym. Ydym ni'n dweud mewn gwirionedd mai dim ond plant Casnewydd, Blaenau Gwent a Llanidloes sydd i ddysgu am y Siartwyr? Dyna'r perygl o adael y peth yn hollol benagored. Mae yna restr hir, ond fe fyddwn i'n dweud bod rheina gyda'r uchaf.