techiaith/cofnodycynulliad_en-cy huggingface dataset:
English: In the future, there are some significant milestones ahead in terms of the language, including the results of the 2021 census, so how will you use your experience to promote the language and support the language through those milestones ahead?
Welsh: Yn y dyfodol, mae cerrig milltir i ddod o'n blaenau ni o ran yr iaith, gan gynnwys sensws 2021, felly sut fyddwch chi'n defnyddio'ch profiad chi i hyrwyddo'r iaith a chefnogi'r iaith drwy'r cerrig milltir yna sydd i ddod?
English: You've already mentioned success and what success would look like. If you could condense that success down to three key outcomes, what would they be and what would need to happen to get there?
Welsh: Rydych chi wedi sôn yn barod am lwyddiant a beth fydd llwyddiant yn edrych fel. Os byddech chi'n gallu 'condense-o' y llwyddiant hwnnw i lawr i dri chanlyniad allweddol, beth bydden nhw a beth fydd rhaid digwydd i gyrraedd hynny?
English: Just one brief point before I conclude, Alun. You've already mentioned that the language belongs to everyone, whether you speak it or not. But, there are many people in the middle, where they can speak a little Welsh. Perhaps they don't watch S4C or listen to Radio Cymru, but there are those people who can speak some Welsh or can speak a few words, perhaps. So, how do you quantify that group and what would you want to see develop among that group?
Welsh: Un peth cyflym i orffen, os yw hwnna'n iawn, Alun. Rydych chi wedi sôn yn barod fod yr iaith yn perthyn i bawb, os ydych chi'n ei siarad neu ddim. Ond, mae llawer o bobl yn y canol, lle maen nhw'n gallu siarad tamaid bach. Efallai eu bod nhw ddim yn gwylio S4C neu'n gwrando ar Radio Cymru, ond mae pobl yn y canol sy'n gallu siarad tamaid bach o Gymraeg neu'n gwybod geiriau neu beth bynnag. Sut ydych chi'n mesur y bobl hynny a beth ydych chi'n moyn gweld y bobl yn y grŵp yna yn ei wneud yn y dyfodol?
English: Thank you, Tom. I'm going to bring Sioned in shortly. I was very pleased with the way that you answered previous questions, because I do think that promotion is the great challenge facing us. You can create endless standards, but if people don't feel confident in the way that Tom described, then there's no purpose to it. So, I want to push you a little further on that issue, if I may. Now, you're not going to get more resources over the next few years.
Welsh: Diolch, Tom. Dwi am ddod â Sioned mewn mewn munud. Roeddwn i'n falch iawn gyda'r ffordd wnaethoch chi ateb y cwestiwn blaenorol, achos dwi'n meddwl mai hyrwyddo ydy'r her fawr sy'n ein hwynebu ni. Mae'n bosibl creu safonau di-ri, ond os nad yw pobl yn teimlo'n hyderus yn y ffordd mae Tom newydd ddisgrifio, does dim pwrpas i'r peth. Felly, dwi eisiau dy wthio di tipyn bach ymhellach ar hynny, os caf fi. Dŷch chi ddim yn mynd i gael mwy o adnoddau yn ystod y blynyddoedd nesaf - dŷn ni'n gwybod hynny. Dŷch chi ddim yn mynd i gael mwy o staff a mwy o gyllid.
English: Well, I would be surprised, let's say.
Welsh: Wel, buaswn i'n synnu, buaswn i'n synnu.
English: But, how are you going to prioritise your time and resources between those two responsibilities, because you have that regulatory responsibility? I'm also answering and asking my question here, but how are you going to prioritise your time and resources and balance that regulatory and promotional role, because you have been clear - and correct me if I'm wrong here - that promotion is your clear priority in this role?
Welsh: So, sut ydych chi'n mynd i flaenoriaethu eich amser ac adnoddau rhwng y ddau gyfrifoldeb, achos mae gyda chi'r cyfrifoldeb am reoleiddio? Dwi ddim yn - wel, wnaf i adael ichi ateb y cwestiwn yn hytrach na gofyn ac ateb y cwestiwn. Sut ydych chi'n mynd i flaenoriaethu eich amser ac adnoddau rhwng rheoleiddio a hyrwyddo, achos dŷch chi wedi bod yn glir - a dywedwch wrthyf os dwi'n cael hwn yn rong - mai hyrwyddo ydy eich blaenoriaeth glir yn y swydd?
English: Yes, I think I said this at the very outset. I don't know the perfect answer to your question.
Welsh: Ie, dwi'n meddwl mod i wedi dweud hwn reit ar y dechrau mewn ffordd, sef - . Dwi ddim yn gwybod yr ateb perffaith i dy gwestiwn di.
English: There is no perfect answer, only your own.
Welsh: Dim ateb perffaith. Eich ateb chi - beth yw e?
English: Well, yes, but I would like to look at what the balance is in that area.
Welsh: Ond byddwn i yn hoffi edrych ar beth yw'r balans o ran hynny.
English: Do you think that the balance is there at the moment?
Welsh: Ydych chi'n meddwl bod y balans yno'n barod, ar hyn o bryd?
English: Well, I think, in my answers, I have perhaps suggested that it's not.
Welsh: Dwi'n credu efallai fy mod i, yn fy atebion, wedi awgrymu bod e ddim.
English: You suggested, but I'm asking directly.
Welsh: Ie, dŷch chi wedi awgrymu, ond dwi'n gofyn yn uniongyrchol.
English: I don't think it would be fair for me to say that before I sit down and look at how resources are prioritised within the office. So, I can't answer the question at this point. In six months, I would hope to be able to give you a clear response. Perhaps I have suggested that creating standards and offering services is one thing, but ensuring usage of those services is another issue that is more closely related to promotion. I'm sure that there is a role for the commissioner's office and the Welsh Government to discuss - and all other organisations too - promotion and effective promotion. There are some campaigns that the commissioner's office holds; now, if they're going to continue, then I would want to see it done in far greater partnership with other organisations so that they are more effective. So, I think you understand my train of thought, but I hope that you can understand also, why, at this point, I can't give you a definitive answer to your question. But in considering all questions - . What I hope will drive all decisions is, 'How does this increase the use of the Welsh language?'
Welsh: Wel, dwi'n meddwl bod hwnna'n annheg imi ddweud heb fy mod i wedi eistedd lawr a deall faint o adnoddau'r swyddfa sy'n mynd at bopeth. Felly, dwi ddim yn hollol barod i ateb y cwestiwn yma ar y pwynt yma. Mewn chwe mis, buaswn i'n gobeithio fy mod i yn gallu ateb y cwestiwn. Efallai fy mod i wedi awgrymu bod creu safonau a chynnig gwasanaethau yn un peth, ond mae sicrhau defnydd o'r rheini'n fater arall sy'n dod mwy o dan y cwestiwn o hyrwyddo. Dwi'n siŵr bod yna le i swyddfa'r comisiynydd a Llywodraeth Cymru i gyd-drafod - a'r cyrff eraill i gyd - hyrwyddo yn effeithiol. Mae yna rai ymgyrchoedd mae swyddfa'r comisiynydd yn eu cynnal; os ydyn ni am barhau i'w cynnal nhw byddwn i am ein gweld yn gwneud hynny mewn llawer mwy o bartneriaeth â chyrff eraill er mwyn eu gwneud nhw'n fwy effeithiol. Felly, dwi'n credu dy fod di wedi deall beth yw fy nhrywydd i, ond gobeithio dy fod yn deall pam fy mod i ddim, ar y pwynt yma, yn fodlon rhoi ateb hollol bendant. Ond, wrth ystyried pob cwestiwn - . Beth fydd gobeithio y tu ôl i bob penderfyniad yw, 'Sut mae hwn yn cynyddu'r defnydd o'r Gymraeg?'
English: May I ask you another question then? We've met before in many circumstances, and we've discussed things with each other in various roles before, and, as Welsh speakers, we know each other in many different ways. What sort of tone would you like to adopt? Because you've said that you're not willing to be certain about the priorities and the balance between promoting and regulating, and I understand that, I don't have an issue -
Welsh: Ocê. Gaf i ofyn cwestiwn arall i chi? Dŷn ni wedi cyfarfod o'r blaen mewn sawl ffordd, a thra fy mod i a chi wedi cael swyddi gwahanol yn ystod y blynyddoedd, a dŷn ni fel Cymry Cymraeg yn adnabod ein gilydd mewn sawl ffordd wahanol. Pa fath o dôn y buasech chi'n licio ei mabwysiadu? Achos dŷch chi wedi dweud eich bod chi ddim yn fodlon bod yn bendant amboutu'r blaenoriaethu a'r cydbwysedd rhwng hyrwyddo a rheoleiddio, a dwi'n deall hynny, does gen i ddim issue -
English: On this point, Alun -
Welsh: Ar y pwynt yma, Alun -
English: Don't worry, I've noted the fact that you're willing to come back in six months. But, what sort of tone would you like to adopt, because a tone can be important in terms of working between organisations?
Welsh: Paid â becso, dwi wedi nodi'r ffaith eich bod chi'n fodlon dod nôl mewn chwe mis. Ond, beth ydy'r dôn y byddech chi'n licio ei mabwysiadu, achos mae'r dôn yn gallu bod yn bwysig o ran y cydweithio rhwng sefydliadau gwahanol?
English: I agree entirely. To a certain extent, as you undertake your work, you can be no-one but yourself. My approach - I'm not sure of the mutation there, but my usual approach is to be supportive and friendly. That doesn't mean that there isn't a steely centre underneath. But in my experience of working with other organisations, then establishing trust and seeing what common goals you share does lead to far better outcomes than preaching and telling others what to do. It comes back to this idea in the Basque Country where others take ownership of projects. So, in terms of tone, it is a collaborative and supportive tone, whilst being strong and robust there. People usually want to work well and provide effective services, but sometimes they need support and - I'm going to give you another word here - I would rather provide support than be critical. I accept in this role that there is a regulatory role and, at times, it is appropriate to be critical, but before doing that, I would hope that those being criticised would understand fully why that point has been reached. But my first response as commissioner would not be to be critical. Does that answer your question?
Welsh: Dwi'n cytuno'n llwyr. I raddau, wrth wneud eich gwaith, dŷch chi ddim yn gallu bod yn ddim byd ond chi eich hun. Fy nynesiad - oes treiglad, dwi ddim yn siŵr - arferol yw bod yn gefnogol a chyfeillgar. Dyw hwnna ddim yn golygu bod yna ddim steely centre, iawn? Ond yn fy mhrofiad i o gydweithio gyda sefydliadau eraill, mae sefydlu cyd-ymddiriedaeth a gweld pa nodau cyffredin rŷch chi'n eu rhannu yn arwain at lawer gwell canlyniadau na phregethu a dweud wrth rywun arall beth i'w wneud. Mae'n dod yn ôl at y syniad yma yng Ngwlad y Basg lle mae pobl eraill yn perchnogi'r prosiectau, neu beth welon ni fanna. Felly'r dôn yw tôn o gydweithio a chefnogi, ond bod yn gadarn ar yr un pryd. Felly, mae yna dair C fanna, sy'n eithaf neis. Mae pobl fel arfer eisiau gwneud gwaith da, eisiau cynnig gwasanaethau da, ond weithiau, mae angen cymorth arnyn nhw, a byddai'n well gyda fi - dwi'n mynd i roi pedwerydd C i ti - roi cymorth na cherydd. Ond, dwi'n derbyn yn y rôl yma bod yna rôl reoleiddio ac, ar adegau, mae'n briodol rhoi cerydd, ond cyn rhoi'r cerydd, buaswn i'n gobeithio bod y sefydliad sy'n cael y cerydd yn deall yn iawn pam bod y pwynt yna wedi cael ei gyrraedd. Ond nid fy ymateb cyntaf i fel comisiynydd fyddai rhoi cerydd. Felly, ydy hwnna'n ateb dy gwestiwn di?
English: Just to follow up quickly from that before moving to questions regarding the importance of the independence of the role, and you've touched on it already - . And, I'd like to apologise for being late, the traffic was terrible. In terms of those two functions, accepting of course the principle and tone that we've been discussing in terms of trying to encourage rather than criticise, as the first point. But clearly, the commissioner's role has a duty to protect rights and to ensure that people do conform to standards. So, for example, how would you implement those powers? What is the value of the power of fining, for example? You note in your paper to the committee that you want organisations to be creative in their interpretation of the standards, and you want to use your enforcement powers robustly but proportionately. So, if one body breaches that standard time after time, what should happen?
Welsh: Gaf i jest bigo lan yn glou ar hwnna cyn symud, efallai, at gwpl o gwestiynau yn ymwneud â phwysigrwydd annibyniaeth y rôl? Rwyt ti wedi cyffwrdd arno fe'n barod - . A, dwi eisiau ymddiheuro fy mod i'n hwyr; roedd y traffig wedi fy nal. O ran y ddwy swyddogaeth yna, yn derbyn, wrth gwrs, yr egwyddor a'r tôn yma dŷn ni wedi bod yn trafod, o ran ceisio annog yn hytrach na cheryddu ar y pwynt cyntaf, yn amlwg mae gan rôl y comisiynydd ddyletswydd i warchod hawliau, ac i wneud yn siŵr bod pobl yn ufuddhau i'r safonau. Felly, er enghraifft, sut byddech chi'n mynd ati i weithredu'r pwerau yna? Beth yw gwerth y pŵer o ddirwyo, er enghraifft? Rŷch chi'n nodi yn eich papur chi i'r pwyllgor eich bod chi eisiau i sefydliadau fod yn greadigol yn eu dehongliad nhw o'r safonau, ac rŷch chi'n moyn defnyddio'ch pwerau gorfodi yn gadarn ond yn gymesur. Felly, os yw'r un corff yn torri'r un safon dro ar ôl tro, ac wedi sawl ymchwiliad, beth ddylai ddigwydd?
English: To go back very quickly to what Tom was asking about in terms of priorities and going back to the standards, what areas within the private sector do you feel that you'd like to prioritise in terms of extending the standards to them, and why?
Welsh: Ydy. I fynd nôl yn gyflym iawn at yr hyn yr oedd Tom yn holi amdano, o ran blaenoriaethau, ac yn mynd nôl at y safonau, pa feysydd o fewn y sector breifat ŷch chi'n teimlo y byddech chi eisiau blaenoriaethu ymhlith ymestyn y safonau iddyn nhw, a pham?
English: That's an interesting question. This isn't a cop-out, but I don't currently feel that I know enough about what's possible under the legislation to answer every question in full, and that might be one of them. However, with the private sector, there are things that are perhaps more important than others, and some are already doing them. I think, before answering the question in full, I would like to look at international examples of how they've dealt with the private sector. There are some organisations that are partially in the public sector and partially in the private sector, so I would like to look at what's most important, what people's priorities are - is it getting the bill in Welsh or getting somebody to do work in the house that's able to speak Welsh? So there are distinctions there in terms of what people want in terms of Welsh language services from the private sector, and to look at what's possible, too. I'm sure that there are differing views in Wales on that, so I would like to take account of that, too, before giving you a definitive answer.
Welsh: Mae hwnna'n gwestiwn diddorol. Gwnes i ddweud - dyw hwn ddim yn cop-out, ond dwi ddim yn teimlo fel fy mod i'n gwybod digon am beth sy'n bosibl o dan y Ddeddf, sut mae modd ymestyn pethau, i ateb pob cwestiwn yn llawn, ac efallai bod hynny'n un ohonyn nhw. Fodd bynnag, gyda'r sector breifat, mae yna bethau sy'n fwy pwysig na'i gilydd i'r sector breifat eu gwneud, ac mae rhai yn eu gwneud. Dwi'n meddwl, cyn ateb y cwestiwn yn llawn, buaswn i'n hoffi edrych ar enghreifftiau rhyngwladol o sut maen nhw wedi delio â'r sector breifat. Mae yna rai adrannau, rhai cyrff, sydd yn hanner sector breifat a hanner corff cyhoeddus, ac yn y blaen; felly, buaswn i eisiau edrych ar beth sy'n bwysicach, beth mae pobl yn ei ddweud sy'n bwysicach - ai derbyn y bil yn Gymraeg neu ai cael gweithiwr y tŷ sy'n siarad Cymraeg? Felly, mae yna gwestiynau fel yna o amgylch beth fyddai pobl yn hoffi ei gael fel gwasanaethau Cymraeg gan y sector breifat, ac edrych ar beth fyddai'n bosibl ei wneud. Mae'n siŵr bod yna farnau gwahanol yng Nghymru am hynny. Felly, byddwn i am ystyried hynny cyn rhoi ateb pendant i ti.
English: Thank you. Just two quick questions, then, regarding the independence of the role. You have mentioned a little bit about partners and working in partnership, and, of course, that is vital and is productive. But, the role of the commissioner is slightly different compared to some other partners in the Welsh language strategy area, because of its independence and the nature of the function. So, why is regulation that is independent of the Government of the day, whatever party is in power, important in the area of the Welsh language?
Welsh: Diolch. Jest eisiau gofyn dau gwestiwn cyflym wedyn ynglŷn ag annibyniaeth y rôl. Rydych chi wedi bod yn sôn tipyn bach am bartneriaid a gweithio mewn partneriaeth, ac, wrth gwrs, mae hynny yn hanfodol ac yn gynhyrchiol. Ond, mae rôl y comisiynydd ychydig bach yn wahanol o gymharu â rhai partneriaid eraill ym maes strategaeth y Gymraeg, oherwydd ei annibyniaeth ac o achos natur y swyddogaeth. Felly, pam, yn eich tyb chi, mae rheoleiddio annibynnol oddi ar Lywodraeth y dydd, pa bynnag blaid sydd mewn grym, yn bwysig ym maes y Gymraeg?
English: The Welsh language Measure safeguards the independence of the commissioner. The fact that the role is undertaken over a period of seven years does ensure that you do feel that freedom to do what you believe is right. I would like to develop my independent voice as commissioner, and I don't think I would fear any party, be they in power or not in power. The commissioner needs to come to his or her own conclusions on issues, having looked at all of the evidence, and I don't think that I would be overly concerned - . The legislation itself establishes that independence. It's not entirely independent because, of course, it is funded by the Government of the day. But, is there anyone on the globe that's entirely independent? I think not, but the legislation does guarantee that independence, guarantees the role, and requires Ministers to listen to what the commissioner has to say, and it provides the commissioner with powers. I would want to look at whether the commissioner is using all of those powers to their full potential now, and whether the commissioner is using all of the clauses in the Measure to their full potential, which includes more, of course, than simply imposing standards.
Welsh: Mae'r Mesur iaith yn diogelu annibyniaeth y comisiynydd. Mae'r ffaith bod y rôl am saith mlynedd, mewn ffordd, yn gwneud yn siŵr eich bod chi'n teimlo rhyddid i wneud beth rŷch chi'n meddwl sy'n iawn. Buaswn i am ddatblygu fy llais annibynnol fel comisiynydd, a dwi ddim yn meddwl y buaswn i'n ofn unrhyw blaid sydd mewn grym, neu fel arall. Mae angen i'r comisiynydd ddod i'w gasgliadau ei hun ar faterion, o edrych ar y dystiolaeth i gyd, a dwi ddim yn meddwl y buaswn i'n poeni am - . Mae'r Ddeddf ei hun yn sefydlu'r annibyniaeth yna. Dyw e ddim yn hollol, hollol annibynnol, achos mae'n ddibynnol ar arian gan Lywodraeth y dydd i weithredu. Ond, a oes unrhyw yn yr holl fyd sy'n hollol annibynnol? Nac oes, ond mae'r Ddeddf yn cadarnhau'r annibyniaeth, yn cadarnhau'r rôl, yn gorfodi Gweinidogion i wrando ar beth sydd gan y comisiynydd i ddweud, ac mae'n rhoi pwerau iddo fe. Buaswn i am edrych ar a ydy'r comisiynydd yn defnyddio'r holl bwerau yna i'w llawn botensial nawr, ac a ydy e'n defnyddio'r holl gymalau sydd yn y Mesur nawr i'w llawn botensial, sy'n cynnwys mwy, wrth gwrs, na dim ond gosod y safonau yn unig.
English: Perhaps one aspect of the role, clearly, where that independence is important in terms of the functions is the standards. Do you agree that there's a need for a clear division between responsibilities of the civil service and Ministers of Welsh Government in that regard - who are responsible for drawing up the standards - and the commissioner and staff who are responsible for enforcing the standards?
Welsh: Ie, efallai un agwedd ar y rôl, yn amlwg, lle mae'r annibyniaeth yna'n bwysig o ran y swyddogaethau yw'r safonau. A ydych chi'n cytuno bod angen rhaniad clir rhwng cyfrifoldebau'r gwasanaeth sifil a Gweinidogion Llywodraeth Cymru yn hynny o beth - sy'n gyfrifol am lunio'r safonau, wrth gwrs - â'r comisiynydd a'i staff sy'n gyfrifol am osod a gorfodi'r safonau hynny?
English: That is rooted in the Measure and the responsibilities. There is a question also within the commissioner's office whether the commissioner can support, promote and regulate. There may be a need to create structures that would keep them all separate within the commissioner's office. I don't know if they're doing it currently; some of this comes from the fact that, clearly, I'm not familiar with the work of the office at the moment. But, of course, staff can move from place to place, so we're not talking about individuals, but the functions.
Welsh: Mae hwnna wedi'i wreiddio yn y Mesur a'r cyfrifoldebau, onid e? Mae yna gwestiwn hefyd o fewn swyddfa'r comisiynydd p' un a ydy'r comisiynydd yn gallu cefnogi, hyrwyddo a rheoleiddio. Felly, efallai byddai angen sefydlu strwythurau sy'n cadw'r ddau beth ychydig bach ar wahân o fewn swyddfa'r comisiynydd, o bosibl. Dwi ddim yn gwybod a ydyn nhw'n ei wneud e ar hyn o bryd; mae rhywfaint o hwn yn dod o'r ffaith fy mod i ddim, yn amlwg, yn adnabod gwaith y swyddfa eto. Ond, wrth gwrs, mae staff yn gallu symud o le i le, felly nid am unigolion rŷm ni'n sôn, ond am y swyddogaethau.
English: In that regard, just to go back to that question regarding resources, and to give you an opportunity to put it on the record, you don't want to see any reduction, or possibly want to see an expansion of the staff in the office in that regard.
Welsh: Ie, ac yn hynny o beth, jest i fynd yn ôl at y cwestiynau am adnoddau, er mwyn rhoi'r cyfle i chi gael e ar y record, am wn i, dŷch chi ddim eisiau gweld unrhyw leihau, ac o bosibl, eisiau gweld ehangu ar staff y swyddfa yn hynny o beth.
English: I think I've suggested that I'm not willing - . I wouldn't be content to confirm that I'm happy with the financial settlement currently. Yes, we are in a time of financial austerity, and I understand that, but I also understand that there are some things that are very important and need to be invested in to ensure a successful future for the Welsh language and to safeguard people's rights. The only thing that I would say is that in my previous posts, I have been able to attract funding for the Welsh language, and I would try and do that in this post as well on the basis of evidence and information about need and demand, and introducing sensible ideas regarding what would be beneficial to invest in, not just because I'd want more money. But, I would hope that, if the commissioner's office presented ideas and plans that the Government would be able to invest in, then that is something that I'd like to look at over a period of time, certainly.
Welsh: Rwy'n meddwl fy mod i wedi awgrymu fy mod i ddim yn fodlon - . Buaswn i ddim yn fodlon cadarnhau fy mod i'n hapus gyda'r setliad ariannol ar hyn o bryd. Ydym, rŷm ni mewn amser o gyni ariannol, a dwi'n deall hynny, ond dwi hefyd yn deall bod yna rai pethau sy'n bwysig iawn buddsoddi ynddyn nhw os ŷm ni am sicrhau dyfodol ffyniannus i'r Gymraeg a gwarchod hawliau pobl. Yr unig beth y buaswn i'n ei ddweud yw, yn fy swyddi blaenorol, dwi wedi gallu denu arian ychwanegol i'r Gymraeg, a buaswn i'n trio gwneud hynny yn y swydd yma hefyd ar sail tystiolaeth a gwybodaeth am angen, a chyflwyno syniadau synhwyrol am beth fyddai'n fuddiol buddsoddi ynddo fe, nid oherwydd fy mod i jest eisiau mwy o arian. Byddwn i'n gobeithio, pe byddai swyddfa'r comisiynydd yn cyflwyno syniadau a chynlluniau, y byddai'r Llywodraeth yn gallu buddsoddi ynddyn nhw. Mae hynny yn rhywbeth y byddwn i'n hoffi edrych arno fe dros amser, yn sicr.
English: Maybe just to come back to the point, not necessarily more staff, but a budget to draw up campaigns and other issues as well.
Welsh: Efallai jest i ddod nôl at y pwynt, nid o angenrheidrwydd mwy o staff bob amser, ond cyllideb i gynnal ymgyrchoedd ac i wneud pethau hefyd.