English: So, we shouldn't be surprised that, in the first week of term, only just half the reception children at Tredegarville Church in Wales Primary School in Cardiff were eating the school lunch they were entitled to. It's difficult to understand the complexity of the reasons why the others weren't taking it up, but some of it is to do with the anxiety of the parent, who wants to ensure that the child is getting something they know they like. They didn't have the 'Will I drop the tray?' anxiety, which any four-year old would experience, because the meal was being served in the classroom for those particular children. And I'm sure that take-up will improve as the pupils see what their classmates are enjoying in the way of food and they begin to think, 'Well, I'd like to have a go at that as well.' So, it's really important that packed lunch children are not segregated from school meal eaters, because it also produces a disincentive; if your particular friend always has a packed lunch, you are going to have a packed lunch too. But if you've got free choice, then it makes it much easier to promote it to everybody. It's a real challenge for headteachers, because very young children need time to eat, and the lunch break is never more than an hour. So, at Albany school, the reception children go into the dining room first, and are lovingly looked after by the class teacher, the teaching assistants and the midday meal supervisors, and that's necessary with children of such a young age. Based on my own grandchildren's evolving relationship with food, I sympathise with the anxious parent who ignored their child's free school meal entitlement and sent them in with a beautifully prepared packed lunch instead, which this girl showed me, full of wonderful vegetables and fruit - all of it untouched; I'm sure it was all going to go home. It's really complicated with very small children. Bear in mind that children arrive in reception aged four with the eating habits they've acquired from birth. Toddlers will be obliged to adopt the eating habits of their parents - that's what they've been exposed to. So, what happens in households where no fresh fruit or vegetables are available because of poverty or of other complex reasons - generations of not being able to understand what is the best for us? Unless children at a young age are exposed to a range of tastes, they may be reluctant to try something new. Some even develop something called neophobia, which is literally a fear of the new, and others won't eat food that is touching another food - I know all about that - or will only eat specific things. It's really important that we do not use food as a reward, because otherwise we may be setting up really serious problems for the future. If you say, 'If you do this, if you behave today, we'll give you an ice cream', what are you doing? You are rewarding the child. The emotional response is that you're going to get a reward in something that's nice to have, but not particularly good for you. So, there's a really complex set of arrangements around weaning and encouraging children to eat a healthy, balanced diet. It's probably the most important initiative we have, to ensure that every child gets a healthy, balanced diet through the primary school breakfast and the nutritious hot lunches. Brutally, we can't afford not to do it, because we can't go on spending 10 per cent of our NHS budget on treating type 2 diabetes, which is really driven by poor diet and the resulting obesity. We cannot go on tolerating the number of children aged five who have missing, decayed or filled teeth - one of the strongest indicators of food poverty and poor nutrition, which I witness time and again, every time I go into an educational institution. The teachers report that, yes, the parents of those children don't have any teeth, because what's going on at home is people eating all the wrong things and probably not looking after their teeth. So, we really do have to question what health visitors are managing to do to really make a difference in their interactions with parents, to ensure that new generations of children are not suffering from the problems that current adults have today. And on the radio today, yet another report about the significant rise in a series of cancers, all related to poor diet - and that's across lots of countries, not just our country. We can't go on like this, despite the apparent ambition of the latest UK Government to row back on the obesogenic food culture that we have allowed to dominate our lives. Developing healthy citizens is one of the core purposes of the new curriculum, and it's a challenge for all those involved in the education of children. We can't go on having children who simply don't know that carrots come out of the ground. The School Food Trust did a survey of English infant pupils who ate free school lunches. They demonstrated, in 2010, that they had tried food at school that they had not tried at home, and half of the parents questioned said that their children had asked for foods that they had eaten at school to be cooked at home. The most popular items - probably no surprise to us - were carrots, sweetcorn and peas, because these are rather sweet, whereas the least popular were aubergine, chickpeas and spinach. But, you know, the more that we encourage children to try, and the more that we involve parents in supporting their children to pre-book the meals that will make the child feel more comfortable, that they are going to get served what they wanted, and also minimising food waste - . It's really developing that family learning. We need to involve children in growing food, as well as preparing it. That will also be a really good way of getting them to eat new things. For example, Cardiff built on the experience of the summer Food and Fun scheme, where children had enjoyed making and eating spicy bean casserole. It's now a fortnightly feature on Monday's school meals menus in Cardiff, where the chef at one of the schools that I visited said, 'Oh, I don't know if they are going to like that.' She is not somebody who likes spicy food, so you just have to hope that she doesn't influence the take-up. I'm sorry to see that they have put it up against tomato and cheese pizza, which is a challenge, I have to say. Nevertheless, you can see how it's such an exciting moment for really endorsing and developing healthy future generations. There is more that I could say on all of that, but I want to move on, really, because I'm going to run out of time. Food procurement is the next step that we need to look at. Carmarthenshire has been in the lead because of some of the grants that they have had through our colleague, Lee Waters, in a former role. They haven't yet made any changes to school menus, to date, because they have had to focus on ensuring the roll-out of universal free school meals to students. So, they haven't amended any of their menus. But I was, nevertheless, delighted to see that on their menu is a lot of home-made food, and I asked, 'What do you mean by home-made food?' Home-made food means food made in the school, so the smell of that food will penetrate the dining rooms, and will obviously enable the cook to amend things. If kids don't like one thing, they can change it to be another thing. We are very lucky to have people like Castell Howell and Harlech Foodservice as our food suppliers, who are Welsh, and who are really keen on the agenda to really improve food procurement. But we really do have to take it a lot further. As Carmarthenshire said, this is really about system change, and it's complicated. So, they are experimenting in Carmarthenshire to see how they can get local produce onto the public school sector plate, and they have used Government grants to look at this, working with food experts and CLES to do this. But we have to realise that, in the current context, with all the current problems, this is phase two of the scheme, and something that I'm really excited about, but it's not something that's going to happen overnight. So, thank you for listening, and I look forward to hearing other people's contributions.
Welsh: Felly, ni ddylem synnu, yn ystod wythnos gyntaf y tymor, mai dim ond hanner y plant dosbarth derbyn yn Ysgol Gynradd yr Eglwys yng Nghymru Tredegarville yng Nghaerdydd a oedd yn bwyta'r cinio ysgol yr oedd ganddynt hawl iddo. Ac mae'n anodd deall cymhlethdod y rhesymau pam nad oedd y lleill yn manteisio arno, ond mae rhywfaint ohono'n ymwneud â phryder rhieni, sydd am sicrhau bod y plentyn yn cael rhywbeth y mae'n gwybod y mae'n ei hoffi. Nid oedd ganddynt y pryder 'a ydw i'n mynd i ollwng yr hambwrdd', y byddai unrhyw blentyn pedair oed yn ei brofi, oherwydd bod y pryd yn cael ei weini yn yr ystafell ddosbarth ar gyfer y plant penodol hynny. Ac rwy'n siŵr y bydd y nifer sy'n manteisio ar y ddarpariaeth yn gwella wrth i'r disgyblion weld y bwyd y mae eu cyd-ddisgyblion yn ei fwynhau, ac wrth iddynt feddwl, 'Wel, hoffwn i gael ychydig ohono hefyd.' Felly, mae'n wirioneddol bwysig nad yw plant sy'n cael pecyn bwyd yn cael eu gwahanu oddi wrth y rhai sy'n bwyta prydau ysgol, oherwydd mae hefyd yn creu anghymhelliad; os yw eich ffrind bob amser yn cael pecyn bwyd, rydych chi'n mynd i gael pecyn bwyd hefyd. Ond os oes gennych chi ddewis am ddim, mae'n llawer haws ei hyrwyddo i bawb. Mae'n her wirioneddol i benaethiaid, oherwydd mae angen amser ar blant ifanc iawn i fwyta, ac nid yw'r egwyl ginio byth yn hwy nag awr. Felly, yn ysgol Albany, mae'r plant derbyn yn mynd i mewn i'r ystafell fwyta yn gyntaf, ac yn cael gofal cariadus gan yr athrawes ddosbarth, y cynorthwywyr addysgu a'r goruchwylwyr cinio canol dydd, ac mae hynny'n angenrheidiol gyda phlant mor ifanc. Yn seiliedig ar berthynas esblygol fy wyrion fy hun â bwyd, rwy'n cydymdeimlo â'r rhiant pryderus a anwybyddodd hawl eu plentyn i gael prydau ysgol am ddim, ac a roddodd becyn bwyd wedi'i baratoi'n hyfryd yn lle hynny i fynd i'r ysgol, fel y dangosodd un ferch i mi, yn llawn o lysiau a ffrwythau bendigedig - y cyfan heb ei gyffwrdd. Rwy'n siŵr ei fod i gyd yn mynd adref. Mae'n gymhleth iawn gyda phlant bach iawn. Cofiwch fod plant pedair oed yn cyrraedd y dosbarth derbyn gyda'r arferion bwyta y maent wedi'u meithrin ers eu geni. Bydd gofyn i blant bach fabwysiadu arferion bwyta eu rhieni - dyna maent wedi arfer ag ef. Felly, beth sy'n digwydd ar aelwydydd lle nad oes ffrwythau neu lysiau ffres ar gael, oherwydd tlodi, neu am resymau cymhleth eraill - cenedlaethau o fethu deall beth sydd orau i ni? Oni bai bod plant ifanc yn cael profi ystod o flasau, efallai y byddant yn amharod i roi cynnig ar rywbeth newydd. Mae rhai hyd yn oed yn datblygu rhywbeth o'r enw neoffobia, sef, yn llythrennol, ofn y newydd, ac ni fydd eraill yn bwyta bwyd sy'n cyffwrdd â bwyd arall - gwn bopeth am hynny - neu ond yn bwyta pethau penodol. Mae'n bwysig iawn nad ydym yn defnyddio bwyd fel gwobr, oherwydd fel arall efallai y byddwn yn creu problemau difrifol iawn ar gyfer y dyfodol. Os dywedwch, 'Os gwnei di hyn, os gwnei di ymddwyn yn dda heddiw, fe gei di hufen iâ', beth ydych chi'n ei wneud? Rydych chi'n gwobrwyo'r plentyn. Yr ymateb emosiynol yw eich bod yn mynd i gael gwobr ar ffurf rhywbeth sy'n braf i'w gael, ond nad yw'n arbennig o dda i chi. Felly, mae yna gyfres wirioneddol gymhleth o drefniadau ynghylch diddyfnu ac annog plant i fwyta deiet iach a chytbwys. Mae'n debyg mai dyma'r fenter bwysicaf sydd gennym, sicrhau bod pob plentyn yn cael deiet iach a chytbwys drwy'r brecwast ysgol gynradd a'r cinio poeth maethlon. Y gwir cas yw na allwn fforddio peidio â'i wneud, oherwydd ni allwn barhau i wario 10 y cant o gyllideb ein GIG ar drin diabetes math 2, sy'n cael ei achosi i raddau helaeth gan ddeiet gwael a'r gordewdra sy'n deillio o hynny. Ni allwn ddal ati i oddef y nifer o blant pump oed sydd wedi colli dannedd, neu sydd â dannedd pydredig neu lenwadau - un o'r dangosyddion cryfaf o dlodi bwyd a maeth gwael, rhywbeth rwy'n dyst iddo dro ar ôl tro, bob tro rwy'n mynd i sefydliad addysgol. Mae'r athrawon yn dweud nad oes gan rieni'r plant hynny ddannedd, gan mai'r hyn sy'n digwydd gartref yw bod pobl yn bwyta'r holl bethau anghywir ac yn annhebygol o fod yn edrych ar ôl eu dannedd. Felly, mae'n rhaid inni gwestiynu o ddifrif beth y mae ymwelwyr iechyd yn llwyddo i'w wneud i wneud gwahaniaeth go iawn wrth ryngweithio â rhieni, er mwyn sicrhau nad oes cenedlaethau newydd o blant yn dioddef y problemau sydd gan oedolion heddiw. Ac ar y radio heddiw, adroddiad arall eto am y cynnydd sylweddol mewn cyfres o ganserau, pob un yn gysylltiedig â deiet gwael - a hynny ar draws nifer o wledydd, nid ein gwlad ni yn unig. Ni allwn barhau fel hyn, er gwaethaf uchelgais ymddangosiadol Llywodraeth ddiweddaraf y DU i roi'r gorau i wrthsefyll y diwylliant bwyd obesogenig yr ydym wedi caniatáu iddo ddominyddu ein bywydau. Mae datblygu dinasyddion iach yn un o ddibenion craidd y cwricwlwm newydd, ac mae'n her i bawb sy'n ymwneud ag addysg plant. Ni allwn ddal ati i adael i blant beidio â gwybod bod moron yn dod allan o'r ddaear. Fe gynhaliodd yr Ymddiriedolaeth Bwyd Ysgol arolwg o ddisgyblion dosbarthiadau babanod yn Lloegr a oedd yn bwyta cinio ysgol am ddim. Fe wnaethant ddangos, yn 2010, eu bod wedi blasu bwyd yn yr ysgol nad oeddent wedi'i flasu gartref, ac fe ddywedodd hanner y rhieni a holwyd fod eu plant wedi gofyn iddynt goginio bwydydd yr oeddent wedi'u bwyta yn yr ysgol. Yr eitemau mwyaf poblogaidd - nad yw'n syndod i ni, mae'n debyg - oedd moron, india-corn a phys, oherwydd bod y rhain ychydig yn felys, a'r lleiaf poblogaidd oedd planhigyn wy, ffacbys a sbigoglys. Ond wyddoch chi, po fwyaf y gwnawn annog plant i flasu, a pho fwyaf yr awn ati i gynnwys rhieni i gefnogi eu plant i ragarchebu'r prydau a fydd yn gwneud i'r plentyn deimlo'n fwy cyfforddus, eu bod yn mynd i gael yr hyn yr oeddent ei eisiau, a hefyd lleihau gwastraff bwyd - . Mae'n datblygu'r dysgu teuluol hwnnw mewn gwirionedd. Mae angen inni gynnwys plant wrth dyfu bwyd, yn ogystal â'i baratoi. Bydd hynny'n ffordd dda iawn hefyd o'u cael i fwyta pethau newydd. Er enghraifft, adeiladodd Caerdydd ar brofiad cynllun Bwyd a Hwyl yr haf, lle'r oedd plant wedi mwynhau gwneud a bwyta caserol ffa sbeislyd. Mae bellach i'w weld bob pythefnos ar fwydlenni prydau ysgol ar ddyddiau Llun yng Nghaerdydd, lle dywedodd y cogydd yn un o'r ysgolion yr ymwelais â hi, 'O, nid wyf yn gwybod a ydynt yn mynd i hoffi hwnnw.' Nid yw hi'n rhywun sy'n hoff o fwyd sbeislyd, felly mae'n rhaid ichi obeithio nad yw hi'n dylanwadu ar faint sy'n ei gael. Mae'n ddrwg gennyf weld eu bod wedi ei gynnig ochr yn ochr â pizza tomato a chaws, sy'n her, mae'n rhaid i mi ddweud. Serch hynny, gallwch weld sut y mae'n adeg gyffrous ar gyfer annog a datblygu cenedlaethau iach i'r dyfodol. Mae rhagor y gallwn ddweud ar hynny i gyd, ond rwyf am symud ymlaen, oherwydd mae fy amser yn brin. Caffael bwyd yw'r cam nesaf y mae angen inni edrych arno. Mae sir Gaerfyrddin wedi arwain oherwydd rhai o'r grantiau a gawsant drwy ein cyd-Aelod, Lee Waters, mewn rô flaenorol. Nid ydynt wedi gwneud unrhyw newidiadau i fwydlenni ysgolion hyd yma, oherwydd eu bod wedi gorfod canolbwyntio ar gyflwyno prydau ysgol am ddim i bawb. Felly, nid ydynt wedi newid unrhyw un o'u bwydlenni. Ond er hynny, roeddwn wrth fy modd yn gweld llawer o fwyd cartref ar eu bwydlen, a gofynnais, 'Beth ydych chi'n ei olygu wrth fwyd cartref?' Mae bwyd cartref yn golygu bwyd a gaiff ei wneud yn yr ysgol, felly bydd arogl y bwyd hwnnw'n treiddio i'r ystafelloedd bwyta, a bydd yn amlwg yn galluogi'r cogydd i newid pethau. Os nad yw plant yn hoffi un peth, gallant ei gyfnewid am rywbeth arall. Rydym yn lwcus iawn i gael pobl fel Castell Howell a Gwasanaeth Bwyd Harlech yn gyflenwyr bwyd, cyflenwyr Cymreig, sy'n hoff iawn o'r agenda i wella caffael bwyd. Ond mae'n rhaid inni fynd â'r peth lawer ymhellach mewn gwirionedd. Fel y dywedodd sir Gaerfyrddin, mae hyn yn ymwneud â newid system mewn gwirionedd, ac mae'n gymhleth. Felly maent yn arbrofi yn sir Gaerfyrddin i weld sut y gallant gael cynnyrch lleol ar y plât yn y sector ysgolion cyhoeddus, ac maent wedi defnyddio grantiau'r Llywodraeth i edrych ar hyn, gan weithio gydag arbenigwyr bwyd a CLES i'w wneud. Ond mae'n rhaid inni sylweddoli, yn y cyd-destun cyfredol, gyda'r holl broblemau presennol, mai cam dau y cynllun yw hwn, a rhywbeth rwy'n teimlo'n gyffrous iawn yn ei gylch, ond nid yw'n rhywbeth sy'n mynd i ddigwydd dros nos. Felly, diolch am wrando, ac edrychaf ymlaen at glywed cyfraniadau pobl eraill.