techiaith/bydtermcymru-tm-en-cy huggingface dataset:
English: The descriptions of expected achievement should be accessible and challenging for all children and young people and draw upon research into children's progress in learning and international norms.
Welsh: Dylai'r disgrifiadau o gyflawniadau disgwyliedig fod yn hawdd eu deall a dylent gynnig her i'r holl blant a phobl ifanc a bod yn seiliedig ar ymchwil i gynnydd plant wrth ddysgu ac ar normau rhyngwladol.
English: They should be expressed in ways that offer headroom for those who master skills and knowledge earlier and support and intervention for those whose progress is slower.
Welsh: Dylid eu mynegi mewn ffyrdd sy'n cynnig digon o le i symud ymlaen i'r rheini sy'n meistroli sgiliau a gwybodaeth yn gynharach a chymorth ac ymyrraeth i'r rheini sy'n gwneud cynnydd yn arafach.
English: Wherever possible, the various expectations about learning should be embedded in the Progression Steps.
Welsh: Lle bo modd, bydd y gwahanol ddisgwyliadau ynghylch dysgu wedi'u hymgorffori yn y Camau Cynnydd.
English: Schools and teachers are currently faced with the complex and time-consuming task of accommodating all of the various curriculum expectations in their planning, teaching and assessment.
Welsh: Ar hyn o bryd, mae ysgolion ac athrawon yn wynebu'r dasg hir a chymhleth o gynnwys holl wahanol ddisgwyliadau'r cwricwlwm wrth gynllunio, addysgu ac asesu.
English: Their task would, therefore, be simplified greatly if such expectations were captured and incorporated at a single point.
Welsh: Felly, byddai eu tasg yn symlach o lawer pe byddai disgwyliadau o'r fath yn cael eu disgrifio a'u cynnwys mewn un man.
English: The Progression Steps provide the vehicle for so doing.
Welsh: Gellir gwneud hynny drwy'r Camau Cynnydd.
English: The expectations for progression in the three Cross-curriculum Responsibilities should be highlighted and embedded, as appropriate, in the Progression Steps in each of the six Areas of Learning and Experience.
Welsh: Dylid nodi'r disgwyliadau o ran dilyniant yn y tri Chyfrifoldeb Trawsgwricwlaidd a'u hymgorffori, fel y bo'n briodol, yn y Camau Cynnydd ym mhob un o'r chwe Maes Dysgu a Phrofiad.
English: The wider skills of critical thinking and problem solving, planning and organising, creativity and innovation, and personal effectiveness together with the elements of the Cwricwlwm Cymreig and Routes for Learning should be similarly embedded within the Areas of Learning and Experience.
Welsh: Mae'r sgiliau ehangach, sef meddwl yn feirniadol a datrys problemau, cynllunio a threfnu, creadigrwydd ac arloesedd, ac effeithiolrwydd personol, ynghyd ag elfennau'r Cwricwlwm Cymreig ac Ar Drywydd Dysgu i'w cynnwys yn yr un modd yn y Meysydd Dysgu a Phrofiad.
English: In addition, all teachers should seek opportunities to reinforce and extend these elements wherever that can be done naturally within their normal teaching and learning approaches.
Welsh: Yn ogystal â hyn, dylai'r holl athrawon chwilio am gyfleoedd i gryfhau ac ymestyn yr elfennau hyn lle bynnag y gellir gwneud hynny'n naturiol yn eu dulliau addysgu a dysgu arferol.
English: The Review's ambitions can only be translated into reality for children and young people through teachers' and other education practitioners' professional skill and judgement in selecting appropriate teaching methods.
Welsh: Yr unig ffordd o wireddu uchelgeisiau'r Adolygiad ar gyfer plant a phobl ifanc yw drwy arfer barn a sgiliau proffesiynol gan athrawon ac ymarferwyr addysg eraill wrth ddewis dulliau addysgu priodol.
English: The impact of the recommended changes to the curriculum on children and young people's learning will depend ultimately on the quality of the teaching 109 and learning they experience.
Welsh: Bydd effaith y newidiadau sydd wedi'u hargymell yn y cwricwlwm ar y dysgu gan blant a phobl ifanc yn dibynnu yn y pen draw ar ansawdd yr addysgu a'r dysgu y maent yn eu cael.
English: The Review proposals will require approaches to teaching and learning that capitalise on the greater professional freedom that they offer to teachers.
Welsh: Mae cynigion 109 yr Adolygiad yn galw am ddulliau o addysgu a dysgu sy'n manteisio ar y rhyddid proffesiynol ehangach y maent yn ei gynnig i athrawon.
English: The high expectations embedded in the Progression Steps will only be realised through effective teaching that engages children and young people's curiosity and enthusiasm through a blend of teaching and learning approaches.
Welsh: Yr unig ffordd o wireddu'r disgwyliadau uchel sydd yn y Camau Cynnydd fydd drwy addysgu effeithiol sy'n ennyn chwilfrydedd a brwdfrydedd mewn plant a phobl ifanc drwy gymysgedd o ddulliau addysgu a dysgu.
English: Teaching needs to be directly related to pursuing the curriculum purposes, exploiting opportunities to apply and make connections in learning in authentic contexts.
Welsh: Rhaid creu cysylltiad uniongyrchol rhwng addysgu a chyflawni'r dibenion cwricwlwm, drwy fanteisio ar gyfleoedd i gymhwyso'r hyn a ddysgir a chreu cysylltiadau wrth ddysgu mewn cyd-destunau dilys.
English: Learning should be a pleasurable activity pursued for its own sake and not simply as a means to passing a test or gaining a qualification.
Welsh: Dylai dysgu fod yn weithgarwch pleserus sy'n cael ei gyflawni er ei fwyn ei hun ac nid dim ond er mwyn llwyddo mewn prawf neu ennill cymhwyster.
English: Children and young people should learn how to work collaboratively and creatively, taking greater responsibility for their own learning and seeing the relevance of what they are doing to their present and future needs.
Welsh: Mae'n bwysig bod plant a phobl ifanc yn dysgu sut i gydweithio a gweithio'n greadigol, gan gymryd mwy o gyfrifoldeb dros eu dysgu eu hunain a gweld bod yr hyn y maent yn ei wneud yn berthnasol i'w hanghenion yn awr ac yn y dyfodol.
English: The Review proposes a simplification of assessment procedures as well as a stronger role for assessment to support learning.
Welsh: Mae'r Adolygiad yn cynnig symleiddio gweithdrefnau asesu a rhoi rôl bwysicach i asesu o ran cefnogi dysgu.
English: Assessment is integral to effective learning and to informative reporting on achievement.
Welsh: Mae asesu'n hanfodol ar gyfer dysgu effeithiol a chyflwyno gwybodaeth am gyflawniad mewn adroddiadau.
English: Current assessment arrangements were widely criticised in the Review as being confused, over-elaborate and heavily influenced by the demands of accountability.
Welsh: Beirniadwyd y trefniadau asesu presennol gan lawer yn ystod yr Adolygiad ar y sail eu bod yn ddryslyd, yn rhy gymhleth ac yn drwm o dan ddylanwad y broses atebolrwydd.
English: The Review is recommending a simplified approach to assessment that seeks to strengthen teacher assessment as part of arrangements that reassert its prime role in supporting progression in learning.
Welsh: Mae'r Adolygiad yn argymell dull symlach o asesu o dan drefniadau sy'n rhoi blaenoriaeth i asesu gan athrawon ar gyfer cefnogi dilyniant wrth ddysgu.
English: Assessment should be driven by a clear understanding of its various potential contributions both to learning and to summative reporting.
Welsh: Dylai asesu gael ei ysgogi gan ddealltwriaeth glir o'r gwahanol ffyrdd y mae'n gallu cyfrannu at ddysgu ac at adroddiadau cyfunol.
English: The key questions about assessment are: who needs what evidence about progress and/or outcomes in achievement, for what purposes and against what deadlines?
Welsh: Y cwestiynau allweddol i'w hateb ynghylch asesu yw: pwy sydd ag angen y gwahanol fathau o dystiolaeth am gynnydd a/neu ddeilliannau cyflawniad, at ba ddibenion ac erbyn pa bryd?
English: The answers to these questions determine which assessment approaches are fit for purpose.
Welsh: Yr atebion i'r cwestiynau hyn fydd yn pennu pa ddulliau asesu sy'n addas.
English: In particular, our proposals distinguish between purposes that relate to helping children and young people to progress in their learning and those that are required for accountability.
Welsh: Yn benodol, mae ein cynigion yn gwahaniaethu rhwng dibenion sy'n ymwneud â helpu plant a phobl ifanc i wneud cynnydd wrth ddysgu a'r rheini sy'n ofynnol ar gyfer atebolrwydd.
English: Both are important but both can be compromised if they become confused.
Welsh: Mae'r ddau'n bwysig ond bydd amheuon yn codi ynghylch canlyniadau o'r ddau ddull os byddant yn cael eu cymysgu.
English: Sound assessment evidence is essential in promoting both consolidation and flow in learning.
Welsh: Rhaid cael tystiolaeth gadarn o asesiadau er mwyn cysoni dysgu a sicrhau gwell llif.
English: To be effective, assessment requires a clear understanding about what is to be learned and effective and efficient means of gathering evidence about achievement, including through the use of digital technology.
Welsh: Er mwyn asesu'n effeithiol, rhaid cael dealltwriaeth glir o'r hyn sydd i'w ddysgu a ffyrdd effeithiol ac effeithlon o gasglu tystiolaeth am gyflawniad, gan gynnwys rhai sy'n defnyddio technoleg ddigidol.
English: It is the prime means of establishing the extent to which the teaching process is bringing about the desired progress in each young person's learning.
Welsh: Dyma'r brif ffordd o ganfod y graddau y mae'r broses addysgu'n sicrhau'r cynnydd sy'n ddymunol yn y dysgu gan bob person ifanc.
English: More direct engagement of children and young people in the assessment process will encourage them to take greater responsibility for their own learning and help develop their capacity to continue to learn effectively after they leave school.
Welsh: Drwy gynnwys plant a phobl ifanc yn fwy uniongyrchol yn y broses asesu, byddant yn cael eu hannog i gymryd mwy o gyfrifoldeb dros eu dysgu eu hunain ac yn meithrin eu gallu i barhau i ddysgu'n effeithiol ar ôl gadael yr ysgol.
English: The Review proposes that the Welsh Government should develop an overall assessment and evaluation framework as recommended by the OECD82.
Welsh: Mae'r Adolygiad yn cynnig y dylai Llywodraeth Cymru ddatblygu fframwaith asesu a gwerthuso cyffredinol yn unol â'r argymhelliad gan yr OECD.82
English: That framework should define the various roles of pupil assessment and school 110 evaluation and establish clearly the respective contributions of teacher assessment and external testing, stressing their complementary roles.
Welsh: Rhaid i'r fframwaith hwnnw ddiffinio'r gwahanol rolau sydd i'r prosesau asesu disgyblion a gwerthuso ysgolion a phennu'n glir y priod gyfraniadau drwy asesu gan athrawon a phrofion allanol, gan bwysleisio eu bod yn ategu ei gilydd.
English: We advise against an over-reliance on external or internal tests, which limits the scope of what can be assessed and fails to reflect necessary breadth in the curriculum.
Welsh: Rydym yn cynghori 110 yn erbyn dibynnu'n ormodol ar brofion allanol neu fewnol, sy'n cyfyngu ar yr hyn y gellir ei asesu ac yn methu ag adlewyrchu ehangder angenrheidiol y cwricwlwm.
English: The potential of teacher assessment to cover the full range of learning intentions will require a wider range of appropriate techniques than has traditionally been the case.
Welsh: Er mwyn gallu asesu'r holl fathau o fwriadau ar gyfer dysgu drwy asesu gan athrawon, bydd yn rhaid cael ystod ehangach o dechnegau priodol nag a ddefnyddiwyd yn draddodiadol.
English: The recommended depth and connected nature of learning can best be assessed by teachers but that will not happen automatically and will require resources and support.
Welsh: Athrawon sydd yn y sefyllfa orau i asesu dysgu dwfn a chysylltiedig o'r math sydd wedi'i argymell, ond ni fydd hynny'n digwydd yn awtomatig a bydd yn galw am adnoddau a chymorth.
English: There will be a need to ensure that, taken together, the arrangements for assessment are proportionate and as light-touch as possible and not over-bureaucratic.
Welsh: Bydd angen sicrhau bod y trefniadau ar gyfer asesu, at ei gilydd, yn gymesur ac mor ysgafn eu cyffyrddiad â phosibl ac na fyddant yn rhy fiwrocrataidd.
English: A major, sustained change programme will be required to convert the recommendations of the Review into practice.
Welsh: Bydd angen rhaglen newid fawr dros gyfnod hir i roi argymhellion yr Adolygiad ar waith.
English: Successful implementation will require a sophisticated change strategy that establishes clear milestones and takes full account of the implications for system and teacher capacity.
Welsh: Er mwyn gweithredu'r argymhellion yn llwyddiannus, bydd angen strategaeth soffistigedig ar gyfer newid sy'n gosod cerrig milltir clir ac yn rhoi pob ystyriaeth i'r goblygiadau o ran capasiti'r system a chapasiti athrawon.
English: In conducting the Review we developed a set of principles for curriculum design which have acted as both a guide and a test.
Welsh: Wrth gynnal yr Adolygiad, roeddem wedi datblygu set o egwyddorion ar gyfer cynllunio'r cwricwlwm, ac rydym wedi defnyddio'r rhain fel canllaw ac fel meini prawf.
English: These are that the curriculum should be authentic; evidence-based; responsive; inclusive; ambitious; empowering; unified; engaging; based on subsidiarity; and manageable.
Welsh: Yr egwyddorion hyn yw y bydd y cwricwlwm yn ddilys; wedi'i seilio ar dystiolaeth; yn ymatebol; yn gynhwysol; yn uchelgeisiol; yn rymusol; yn unedig; yn ddeniadol; wedi'i seilio ar sybsidiaredd; ac yn hylaw.
English: As we move to implementation it will be important to ensure that the integrity of these principles is not compromised.
Welsh: Wrth symud ymlaen at ei weithredu, bydd yn bwysig sicrhau na fydd yr egwyddorion hyn yn cael eu tanseilio.
English: One of the keys to successful implementation will be wide engagement in shaping and owning the new curriculum.
Welsh: Un o'r ffyrdd allweddol o sicrhau gweithredu llwyddiannus fydd cyfranogi eang mewn siapio a pherchenogi'r cwricwlwm newydd.
English: The process of development needs to build on our initial engagement and ensure ongoing and direct involvement involving not just the teaching profession but also the wider set of interested individuals and organisations that have contributed to our work.
Welsh: Bydd yn rhaid seilio'r broses datblygu ar ein gwaith ymgysylltu cychwynnol a sicrhau cyfranogi parhaus ac uniongyrchol, nid yn unig gan y proffesiwn addysgu ond hefyd gan yr ystod ehangach o unigolion a sefydliadau cysylltiedig sydd wedi cyfrannu i'n gwaith.
English: All of this will take time for full consideration of the very wide-ranging recommendations of the Review and sustained effort in translating them into practice.
Welsh: Bydd angen cryn amser i ystyried yr holl agweddau ar argymhellion pellgyrhaeddol yr Adolygiad ac ymdrech barhaus i'w rhoi ar waith.
English: The various aspects of the Review proposals should be consolidated in national guidance for schools.
Welsh: Dylid crynhoi'r gwahanol agweddau ar gynigion yr Adolygiad mewn canllawiau cenedlaethol i ysgolion.
English: In order to promote consistency in the way in which Areas of Learning and Experience are elaborated, expert groups should be formed and charged with taking this forward using the criteria which we have developed in this report as a guide.
Welsh: Er mwyn hyrwyddo ffordd gyson o ymhelaethu ar Feysydd Dysgu a Phrofiad, dylid ffurfio grwpiau arbenigol a fydd yn gyfrifol am fwrw ymlaen â'r gwaith hwn ar sail y meini prawf sydd wedi'u disgrifio yn yr adroddiad hwn.
English: These criteria include consideration of the relationship of proposed content to the purposes of the curriculum; an explanation of its boundaries and scope; an outline of necessary experiences and outcomes in terms of knowledge, skills and dispositions; identification of ways in which key elements in the Cwricwlwm Cymreig, the three Cross-curriculum Responsibilities and the wider skills can be taken forward; an explanation of progression and the definition of Achievement Outcomes at specified Progression Steps; advice on teaching and learning strategies; and a description of how assessment should contribute to learning in that area.
Welsh: Mae'r meini prawf hyn yn cynnwys ystyried y berthynas rhwng y cynnwys arfaethedig a'r dibenion cwricwlwm; egluro ei ffiniau a'i gwmpas; disgrifio'r profiadau a deilliannau angenrheidiol yn nhermau gwybodaeth, sgiliau ac anian; pennu ffyrdd o gynnwys elfennau allweddol o'r Cwricwlwm Cymreig, y tri Chyfrifoldeb Trawsgwricwlaidd a'r sgiliau ehangach; esbonio dilyniant a diffinio Deilliannau Cyflawniad mewn Camau Cynnydd penodol; cynghori ar strategaethau addysgu a dysgu; a disgrifio sut y bydd asesu'n cyfrannu at y dysgu yn y maes hwnnw.
English: The Review recommends that Wales should apply the principle of subsidiarity to curriculum development.
Welsh: Mae'r Adolygiad yn argymell bod Cymru'n cymhwyso egwyddor sybsidiaredd wrth ddatblygu'r cwricwlwm.
English: One of the tenets of the Review has been the desirability of engaging schools and teachers more directly in shaping the
Welsh: Un o ddaliadau'r Adolygiad yw ei bod yn ddymunol cynnwys ysgolion ac athrawon yn fwy uniongyrchol wrth lunio'r cwricwlwm mewn ffyrdd sy'n cwrdd ag anghenion eu plant a'u pobl ifanc.
English: 111 curriculum in ways that meet the needs of their children and young people.
Welsh: Gan edrych tua'r dyfodol, bydd yn bwysig meithrin a hyrwyddo perchenogaeth
English: For the future, it will be important to nurture and encourage local ownership and responsibility within a clear framework of expectation and support that provides necessary direction and a sense of national purpose.
Welsh: 111 a chyfrifoldeb lleol o fewn fframwaith clir o ddisgwyliadau a chymorth sy'n cynnig y cyfarwyddyd angenrheidiol ac ymdeimlad o bwrpas cenedlaethol.
English: Legislation should therefore be used sparingly while making clear the duties associated with providing an effective curriculum and appropriate assessment.
Welsh: Felly dylid gwneud defnydd cynnil o ddeddfwriaeth gan egluro'r dyletswyddau sy'n gysylltiedig â darparu cwricwlwm effeithiol a threfniadau asesu priodol.
English: The recommendations of the Review have major implications for the professional development of teachers and other practitioners.
Welsh: Mae goblygiadau mawr yn argymhellion yr Adolygiad o ran datblygiad proffesiynol athrawon ac ymarferwyr eraill.
English: These include the need to extend teachers' capacity in Welsh language, health and well-being, digital competence and computer science, as well as broader matters such as curriculum planning and assessment.
Welsh: Ymhlith y rhain mae'r angen i ymestyn capasiti athrawon yn y Gymraeg, mewn iechyd a lles, cymhwysedd digidol a chyfrifiadureg, yn ogystal â materion mwy cyffredinol fel cynllunio'r cwricwlwm ac asesu.
English: The Welsh Government's New Deal for the Education Workforce and the review being undertaken by Professor John Furlong are well timed to address many of these issues but there will also be a need for more immediate action to build the confidence and capacity of teachers and school leaders in taking forward the Review's recommendations.
Welsh: Mae Bargen Newydd Llywodraeth Cymru i'r Gweithlu Addysg a'r adolygiad sy'n cael ei gynnal gan yr Athro John Furlong yn amserol iawn o ran ymateb i nifer o'r materion hyn ond bydd angen hefyd am weithredu mwy uniongyrchol i feithrin hyder a chapasiti athrawon ac arweinwyr ysgol wrth fwrw ymlaen ag argymhellion yr Adolygiad.
English: The Review recommends fundamental changes to accountability systems.
Welsh: Mae'r Adolygiad yn argymell newidiadau sylfaenol mewn systemau atebolrwydd.
English: Accountability systems can be the Achilles heel of curriculum reform.
Welsh: Gall systemau atebolrwydd fod yn fan gwan mewn ymdrechion i ddiwygio'r cwricwlwm.
English: The unintended effects of over-exuberant accountability can unintentionally compromise good intentions.
Welsh: Mae'r effeithiau anfwriadol o fesurau atebolrwydd gorfrwdfrydig yn gallu tanseilio bwriadau da.
English: The Review proposals will have implications for accountability in Wales, including the need to avoid the detrimental effects of high-stakes performance measures on the curriculum and on teachers' professionalism.
Welsh: Bydd goblygiadau yng nghynigion yr Adolygiad ar gyfer atebolrwydd yng Nghymru, gan gynnwys yr angen i osgoi'r effeithiau niweidiol o fesurau perfformiad sy'n rhoi gormod yn y fantol ar y cwricwlwm ac ar broffesiynoldeb athrawon.
English: The aim must be to establish accountability mechanisms that make a constructive contribution to children and young people's learning and that promote a focus on the curriculum purposes as the agreed goals of that learning.
Welsh: Rhaid anelu at sefydlu mecanweithiau atebolrwydd a fydd yn cyfrannu'n adeiladol at y dysgu gan blant a phobl ifanc ac yn canolbwyntio ar y dibenion cwricwlwm gan eu gweld yn nodau i'r dysgu hwnnw.
English: Taken together, the Review recommendations aim to provide curriculum and assessment arrangements that will meet the needs and aspirations of all those with an interest in Welsh education.
Welsh: Gyda'i gilydd, mae argymhellion yr Adolygiad yn ceisio darparu cwricwlwm a threfniadau asesu a fydd yn cwrdd ag anghenion a dyheadau pawb sydd â buddiant mewn addysg yng Nghymru.
English: For teachers and school leaders they will provide a more straightforward and coherent basis for the exercise of their professional skills.
Welsh: Ar gyfer athrawon ac arweinwyr ysgol, byddant yn gosod sail symlach a mwy cydlynol ar gyfer arfer eu sgiliau proffesiynol.
English: For children and young people they aim to create a more stimulating and challenging educational experience that will help them to thrive and succeed in an increasingly demanding but exciting world.
Welsh: Ar gyfer plant a phobl ifanc, maent yn ceisio creu profiad addysgol mwy symbylol ac ymestynnol a fydd yn eu helpu i ffynnu a llwyddo mewn byd sy'n gyffrous ond yn gofyn mwy ganddynt.
English: For employers it will help to provide well-educated employees with both the 'hard' and 'soft' skills that are integral to the modern workplace.
Welsh: Ar gyfer cyflogwyr, bydd yn helpu i ddarparu gweithwyr sydd wedi'u haddysgu'n dda ac sydd â'r sgiliau 'caled' a 'meddal' sy'n hanfodol yn y gweithle modern.
English: Parents and carers can engage more directly in their children's learning, receiving clear information about how they are progressing in relation to easily understood curriculum purposes.
Welsh: A bydd rhieni a gofalwyr yn gallu cymryd rhan yn fwy uniongyrchol yn y dysgu gan eu plant, a chael gwybodaeth glir am eu cynnydd ar sail dibenion cwricwlwm sy'n hawdd eu deall.
English: Finally, the proposals will require excellent and committed leadership at all levels in the education system.
Welsh: Yn olaf, er mwyn gweithredu'r cynigion, bydd angen arweinyddiaeth ragorol ac ymrwymedig ar bob lefel yn y system addysg.
English: The Welsh Government has signalled its commitment to establishing the kind of collaborative culture that characterises education systems that aspire to excellence.
Welsh: Mae Llywodraeth Cymru wedi dangos ei hymrwymiad i sefydlu'r math o ddiwylliant cydweithredol sy'n nodweddiadol o systemau addysg sy'n ymgyrraedd at ragoriaeth.
English: The recommendations of this Review are intended to support that commitment and to shape a successful and exciting future for the young people of Wales.
Welsh: Mae'r argymhellion yn yr Adolygiad hwn wedi'u gwneud er mwyn ategu'r ymrwymiad hwnnw a chreu dyfodol llwyddiannus a chyffrous i bobl ifanc Cymru.
English: 112 Recommendations Curriculum definition 1.
Welsh: 112 Argymhellion Diffinio'r cwricwlwm 1.
English: The school curriculum in Wales should be defined as including all of the learning experiences and assessment activities planned in pursuit of agreed purposes of education.
Welsh: Dylai'r diffiniad o'r cwricwlwm ysgol yng Nghymru gynnwys yr holl brofiadau dysgu a gweithgareddau asesu y mae'r ysgol yn eu cynllunio wrth geisio cyflawni dibenion addysg y cytunwyd arnynt.
English: Purposes of the curriculum 2.
Welsh: Dibenion cwricwlwm 2.