Demographic, clinical, biomarker, and neuropathological correlates of posterior cortical atrophy: an international cohort study and individual participant data meta-analysis
Authors: Marianne Chapleau, Renaud La Joie, Keir Yong, Federica Agosta, Isabel Elaine Allen, Liana Apostolova, John Best, Baayla D C Boon, Sebastian Crutch, Massimo Filippi, Giorgio Giulio Fumagalli, Daniela Galimberti, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Lea T Grinberg, David J Irwin, Keith A Josephs, Mario F Mendez, Patricio Chrem Mendez, Raffaella Migliaccio, Zachary A Miller, Maxime Montembeault, Melissa E Murray, Sára Nemes, Victoria Pelak, Daniela Perani, Jeffrey Phillips, Yolande Pijnenburg, Emily Rogalski, Jonathan M Schott, William Seeley, A Campbell Sullivan, Salvatore Spina, Jeremy Tanner, Jamie Walker, Jennifer L Whitwell, David A Wolk, Rik Ossenkoppele, Gil D Rabinovici, Zeinab Abdi, Federica Agosta, Samrah Ahmed, Daniel Alcolea, Isabel Elaine Allen, Kieren S.J. Allinson, Liana G. Apostolova, Andrea Arighi, Mircea Balasa, Frederik Barkhof, John Best, Baayla D. Boon, Katherine D. Brandt, Jared Brosch, James Burrell, Christopher R. Butler, Ismael Calandri, Silvia Paola Caminiti, Elisa Canu, Maria C. Carrillo, Francesca Caso, Marianne Chapleau, Patricio Chrem Mendez, Min Chu, Sebastian Crutch, Nicholas Cordato, Ana Sofia Costa, Yue Cui, Bradford Dickerson, Dennis W. Dickson, Ranjan Duara, Bruno Dubois, Mark Eldaief, Martin Farlow, Chiara Fenoglio, Massimo Filippi, Klaus Fliessbach, Maïté Formaglio, Juan Fortea, Nick Fox, David Foxe, Caroline Froment Tilikete, Matthew P. Frosch, Giorgio Giulio Fumagalli, Douglas Galasko, Daniela Galimberti, Oscar Garat, Giulia Giardinieri, Jonathan Graff-Radford, Neill R. Graff-Radford, Lea Grinberg, Colin Groot, Ann Marie Hake, Oskar Hansson, Alison Headley, Micaela Hernandez, Daisy Hochberg, John R. Hodges, Patrick R. Hof, Janice Holton, Gabrielle Hromas, Ignacio Illán Gala, David J. Irwin, Zane Jaunmuktane, Donglai Jing, Keith Josephs, Sonja M. Kagerer, Kensaku Kasuga, Yu Kong, Enikö Kövari, Mégane Lacombe-Thibault, Alberto Lleó, Robert Laforce, Renaud La Joie, Tammaryn Lashley, Gabriel Leger, Netta Levin, Richard Levy, Yang Liu, Li Liu, Albert Lladó Plarrumaní, Diane E. Lucente, Mary M. Machulda, Giuseppe Magnani, Eloi Magnin, Maura Malpetti, Brandy Matthews, Scott McGinnis, Mario F. Mendez, Marsel Mesulam, Raffaella Migliaccio, Carolin Miklitz, Zachary A. Miller, Maxime Montembeault, Melissa E. Murray, Nidhi Mundada, Sara Nemes, Peter J. Nestor, Dilek Ocal, Rik Ossenkoppele, Ross Paterson, Victoria Pelak, Daniela Perani, Jeffrey Phillips, Olivier Piguet, Yolande Pijnenburg, Deepti Putcha, Megan Quimby, Gil D. Rabinovici, Kathrin Reetz, Netaniel Rein, Tamas Revesz, Neguine Rezaii, Federico Rodriguez-Porcel, Emily Rogalski, James B. Rowe, Natalie Ryan, Raquel Sanchez-Valle, Luca Sacchi, Miguel Ángel Santos-Santos, Jonathan M. Schott, William Seeley, Janet Sherman, Salvatore Spina, Erik Stomrud, A. Campbell Sullivan, Jeremy Tanner, Pontus Tideman, Takayoshi Tokutake, Giacomo Tondo, Alexandra Touroutoglou, Babak Tousi, Rik Vandenberghe, Wiesje van der Flier, Jamie M. Walker, Sandra Weintraub, Jennifer L. Whitwell, David A. Wolk, Bonnie Wong, Liyong Wu, Kexin Xie, Keir Yong
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2024)

Posterior cortical atrophy is a rare syndrome characterised by early, prominent, and progressive impairment in visuoperceptual and visuospatial processing. The disorder has been associated with underlying neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease, but large-scale biomarker and neuropathological studies are scarce. We aimed to describe demographic, clinical, biomarker, and neuropathological correlates of posterior cortical atrophy in a large international cohort. We searched PubMed between database inception and Aug 1, 2021, for all published research studies on posterior cortical atrophy and related terms. We identified research centres from these studies and requested deidentified, individual participant data (published and unpublished) that had been obtained at the first diagnostic visit from the corresponding authors of the studies or heads of the research centres. Inclusion criteria were a clinical diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy as defined by the local centre and availability of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers (PET or CSF), or a diagnosis made at autopsy. Not all individuals with posterior cortical atrophy fulfilled consensus criteria, being diagnosed using centre-specific procedures or before development of consensus criteria. We obtained demographic, clinical, biofluid, neuroimaging, and neuropathological data. Mean values for continuous variables were combined using the inverse variance meta-analysis method; only research centres with more than one participant for a variable were included. Pooled proportions were calculated for binary variables using a restricted maximum likelihood model. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2. We identified 55 research centres from 1353 papers, with 29 centres responding to our request. An additional seven centres were recruited by advertising via the Alzheimer's Association. We obtained data for 1092 individuals who were evaluated at 36 research centres in 16 countries, the other sites having not responded to our initial invitation to participate to the study. Mean age at symptom onset was 59·4 years (95% CI 58·9-59·8; I2=77%), 60% (56-64; I2=35%) were women, and 80% (72-89; I2=98%) presented with posterior cortical atrophy pure syndrome. Amyloid β in CSF (536 participants from 28 centres) was positive in 81% (95% CI 75-87; I2=78%), whereas phosphorylated tau in CSF (503 participants from 29 centres) was positive in 65% (56-75; I2=87%). Amyloid-PET (299 participants from 24 centres) was positive in 94% (95% CI 90-97; I2=15%), whereas tau-PET (170 participants from 13 centres) was positive in 97% (93-100; I2=12%). At autopsy (145 participants from 13 centres), the most frequent neuropathological diagnosis was Alzheimer's disease (94%, 95% CI 90-97; I2=0%), with common co-pathologies of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (71%, 54-88; I2=89%), Lewy body disease (44%, 25-62; I2=77%), and cerebrovascular injury (42%, 24-60; I2=88%). These data indicate that posterior cortical atrophy typically presents as a pure, young-onset dementia syndrome that is highly specific for underlying Alzheimer's disease pathology. Further work is needed to understand what drives cognitive vulnerability and progression rates by investigating the contribution of sex, genetics, premorbid cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and brain network integrity. None.