tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How is technology changing clinician-patient relationships?
Authors: Rebecca Rosen
Journal: BMJ (2024)

understand how AI impacts on their care, says Rebecca Rosen Rebecca Rosen senior fellowThe role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare is expanding quickly with clinical, administrative, and patient facing uses emerging in many specialties. 1 Research on the effectiveness of AI in healthcare is generally weak, but evidence of AI improving doctor's diagnostic decisions is emerging for some focused clinical applications, including interpreting lung pathology and retinal images. 2 3 In my own field of general practice, the collapse of Babylon-a digital GP service which claimed to use AI-demonstrates how grandiose claims from enthusiasts can belie the difficulties of developing effective AI in complex and nuanced areas of medicine.
Local delivery of stem cell spheroids with protein/polyphenol self-assembling armor to improve myocardial infarction treatment via immunoprotection and immunoregulation
Authors: Chuanfeng An, Fei Shao, Canling Long, Yujie Zhang, Wen Nie, Rui Zeng, Zhenzhen Dou, Yuan Zhao, Yuanyuan Lin, Shiying Zhang, Lijun Zhang, Changle Ren, Yang Zhang, Guangqian Zhou, Huanan Wang, Jia Liu
Journal: Biomaterials (2024)
An experimental test of whether financial incentives constitute undue inducement in decision-making
Authors: Sandro Ambuehl
Journal: Nature Human Behaviour (2024)

Abstract Around the world, laws limit the incentives that can be paid for transactions such as human research participation, egg donation or gestational surrogacy. A key reason is concerns about ‘undue inducement’—the influential but empirically untested hypothesis that incentives can cause harm by distorting individual decision-making. Here I present two experiments ( n = 671 and n = 406), including one based on a highly visceral transaction (eating insects). Incentives caused biased information search—participants offered a higher incentive to comply more often sought encouragement to do so. However, I demonstrate theoretically that such behaviour does not prove that incentives have harmful effects; it is consistent with Bayesian rationality. Empirically, although a substantial minority of participants made bad decisions, incentives did not magnify them in a way that would suggest allowing a transaction but capping incentives. Under the conditions of this experiment, there was no evidence that higher incentives could undermine welfare for transactions that are permissible at low incentives.
Green cities and vector-borne diseases: emerging concerns and opportunities
Authors: Florence Fournet, Frédéric Simard, Didier Fontenille
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

Aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, nature-based solutions such as urban greening e.g. public gardens, urban forests, parks and street trees, which aim to protect, sustainably manage or restore an ecosystem, have emerged as a promising tool for improving the health and well-being of an ever-increasing urban population. While urban greening efforts have undeniable benefits for human health and the biological communities inhabiting these green zones, disease vector populations may also be affected, possibly promoting greater pathogen transmission and the emergence of infectious diseases such as dengue, West Nile fever, malaria, leishmaniosis and tick-borne diseases. Evidence for the impact of urban green areas on vector-borne disease (VBD) transmission is scarce. Furthermore, because of vast disparities between cities, variation in green landscapes and differing scales of observation, findings are often contradictory; this calls for careful assessment of how urban greening affects VBD risk. Improved understanding of the effect of urban greening on VBDs would support planning, monitoring and management of green spaces in cities to sustainably mitigate VBD risks for surrounding urban populations.
Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium linked to Swedish pre-washed rocket salad, Sweden, September to November 2022
Authors: Karolina Fischerström, Rikard Dryselius, Mats Lindblad, Sharon Kühlmann-Berenzon, Nadja Karamehmedovic, Stefan Börjesson, Nasanin Hashemi, Ingrid Gunn, Ann-Mari Gustavsson, Nilla Lindroos, Joanna Nederby-Öhd, Micael Widerström, Ruska Rimhanen-Finne, Anni Vainio, Moa Rehn
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

In September 2022, the Public Health Agency of Sweden observed an increase in domestic Salmonella Typhimurium cases through the Swedish electronic notification system, and an outbreak strain was identified with whole genome sequencing. Overall, 109 cases with symptom onset between 17 September and 24 November 2022 were reported from 20 of 21 Swedish regions. The median age of cases was 52 years (range 4–87 years) and 62% were female. A case–control study found cases to be associated with consumption of rocket salad (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4–10, p value &lt; 0.001) and bagged mixed salad (aOR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.9–8.1, p value &lt; 0.001). Trace-back, supported by Finnish authorities who identified the Swedish outbreak strain in a Finnish cluster during the same time period, identified rocket salad, cultivated, pre-washed and pre-packed in Sweden as the likely source of the outbreak. No microbiological analyses of rocket salad were performed. Our investigation indicates that bagged leafy greens such as rocket salad, regardless of pre-washing procedures in the production chain, may contain Salmonella and cause outbreaks, posing a health risk to consumers. We emphasise the need for primary producers of leafy greens to identify possible contamination points to prevent outbreaks.
Effectiveness of Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccine against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and JN.1 variants, prospective cohort study, the Netherlands, October 2023 to January 2024
Authors: Anne J Huiberts, Christina E Hoeve, Brechje de Gier, Jeroen Cremer, Bas van der Veer, Hester E de Melker, Janneke HHM van de Wijgert, Susan van den Hof, Dirk Eggink, Mirjam J Knol
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 vaccination against self-reported infection between 9 October 2023 and 9 January 2024 in 23,895 XBB.1.5 vaccine-eligible adults who had previously received at least one booster. VE was 41% (95% CI: 23–55) in 18–59-year-olds and 50% (95% CI: 44–56) in 60–85-year-olds. Sequencing data suggest lower protection against the BA.2.86 (including JN.1) variant from recent prior infection (OR = 2.8; 95% CI:1.2–6.5) and, not statistically significant, from XBB.1.5 vaccination (OR = 1.5; 95% CI:0.8–2.6).
Sharp increase in gonorrhoea notifications among young people, EU/EEA, July 2022 to June 2023
Authors: Lina Nerlander, Lydia Champezou, Joana Gomes Dias, Gudrun Aspelund, Lina Berlot, Elisavet Constantinou, Asunción Díaz, Jevgenia Epštein, Erika Fogarassy, Victoria Hernando, Patrick Hoffmann, Derval Igoe, Irena Klavs, Pedro Pinto Leite, Kirsi Liitsola, Angeline McIntyre, Zsuzsanna Molnár, Anne Olaug Olsen, Yolanda Pires-Afonso, Renāte Putniņa, Kęstutis Rudaitis, Georgios Siakallis, Sacha de Stoppelaar, Barbara Suligoi, Tuula Hannila-Handelberg, Inga Velicko, Vítor Cabral Veríssimo, Maartje Visser, Maria Wessman, Otilia Mårdh
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

Gonorrhoea cases increased steeply in women aged 20 to 24 years across 15 EU/EEA countries in July to December 2022 and January to June 2023 with, respectively, 73% and 89% more cases reported than expected, based on historical data from 2015 to 2019. Smaller increases among men due to heterosexual transmission were observed in nine EU/EEA countries. Interventions to raise awareness among young people about sexually transmitted infection risks are needed, emphasising the benefit of safe sexual practices and testing.
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis on preventing and controlling norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships, 1990 to 2020: calling for behaviour change strategies of travellers
Authors: Varvara A Mouchtouri, Evangelia Simou, Soteris Soteriades, Xanthoula Rousou, Katerina Maria Kontouli, Dimitra Kafetsouli, Leonidas Kourentis, Lemonia Anagnostopoulos, Christos Hadjichristodoulou
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

Background Outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis aboard cruise ships may affect a large number of people, debilitate vulnerable travellers, disrupt vacations and cause economic losses to the cruise ship industry. Aim We aimed to identify risk factors for norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships and assess the effectiveness of prevention and control measures. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review searching PubMed and Scopus databases as well as grey literature for articles and reports describing norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships between 1990 and 2020. We also performed a meta-analysis of norovirus prevalence in passengers and crew members. Results Data from 45 outbreaks on 26 cruise ships from 1990 to 2020 were identified in 13 articles and five reports, with a weighted average of prevalence (attack rate) for passengers of 7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.00–9.00) and for crew of 2% (95% CI: 0.00–3.00). Person-to-person was the most frequent mode of transmission in 35 of the 45 outbreaks (in 14 the only mode and in 21 as part of multiple transmission routes). Having an ill cabin mate (OR = 38.70; 95% CI: 13.51–110.86) was the most common risk factor. Six outbreak investigations reported poor hygiene, while four reported satisfactory hygiene in the cruise setting. Behavioural risk factors among travellers were investigated in three of the 13 studies. Conclusions The findings indicate a need for behavioural interventions to improve personal hygiene, symptom reporting and compliance with isolation measures, and for reconsidering current isolation policies where symptomatic and healthy individuals are isolated in the same cabin.
Authors’ correction for Euro Surveill. 2023;28(31)
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

© This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Closure This is a corrected article applying to the following content: Outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in cats, Poland, June to July 2023
Projecting COVID-19 intensive care admissions for policy advice, the Netherlands, February 2020 to January 2021
Authors: Don Klinkenberg, Jantien Backer, Nicolette de Keizer, Jacco Wallinga
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

Background Model projections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence help policymakers about decisions to implement or lift control measures. During the pandemic, policymakers in the Netherlands were informed on a weekly basis with short-term projections of COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Aim We aimed at developing a model on ICU admissions and updating a procedure for informing policymakers. Method The projections were produced using an age-structured transmission model. A consistent, incremental update procedure integrating all new surveillance and hospital data was conducted weekly. First, up-to-date estimates for most parameter values were obtained through re-analysis of all data sources. Then, estimates were made for changes in the age-specific contact rates in response to policy changes. Finally, a piecewise constant transmission rate was estimated by fitting the model to reported daily ICU admissions, with a changepoint analysis guided by Akaike's Information Criterion. Results The model and update procedure allowed us to make weekly projections. Most 3-week prediction intervals were accurate in covering the later observed numbers of ICU admissions. When projections were too high in March and August 2020 or too low in November 2020, the estimated effectiveness of the policy changes was adequately adapted in the changepoint analysis based on the natural accumulation of incoming data. Conclusion The model incorporates basic epidemiological principles and most model parameters were estimated per data source. Therefore, it had potential to be adapted to a more complex epidemiological situation with the rise of new variants and the start of vaccination.
Identification of Pancreatic Metastasis Cells and Cell Spheroids by the Organelle‐Targeting Sensor Array
Authors: Guoyang Zhang, Zirui Wang, Lijun Ma, Jiguang Li, Jiahao Han, Mingguang Zhu, Zixuan Zhang, Shilong Zhang, Xin Zhang, Zhuo Wang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant and metastatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer can lead to liver metastases, gallbladder metastases, and duodenum metastases. The identification of pancreatic cancer cells is essential for the diagnosis of metastatic cancer and exploration of carcinoma in situ. Organelles play an important role in maintaining the function of cells, the various cells show significant differences in organelle microenvironment. Herein, six probes are synthesized for targeting mitochondria, lysosomes, cell membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lipid droplets. The six fluorescent probes form an organelles‐targeted sensor array (OT‐SA) to image pancreatic metastatic cancer cells and cell spheroids. The homology of metastatic cancer cells brings the challenge for identification of these cells. The residual network (ResNet) model has been proven to automatically extract and select image features, which can figure out a subtle difference among similar samples. Hence, OT‐SA is developed to identify pancreatic metastasis cells and cell spheroids in combination with ResNet analysis. The identification accuracy for the pancreatic metastasis cells (&gt; 99%) and pancreatic metastasis cell spheroids (&gt; 99%) in the test set is successfully achieved respectively. The organelles‐targeting sensor array provides a method for the identification of pancreatic cancer metastasis in cells and cell spheroids.
Thrombocytopenia Independently Leads to Changes in Monocyte Immune Function
Authors: Chen Li, Sara K. Ture, Benjamin Nieves-Lopez, Sara K. Blick-Nitko, Preeti Maurya, Alison C. Livada, Tyler J. Stahl, Minsoo Kim, Anthony P. Pietropaoli, Craig N. Morrell
Journal: Circulation Research (2024)

While platelets have well-studied hemostatic functions, platelets are immune cells that circulate at the interface between the vascular wall and white blood cells. The physiological implications of these constant transient interactions are poorly understood. Activated platelets induce and amplify immune responses, but platelets may also maintain immune homeostasis in healthy conditions, including maintaining vascular integrity and T helper cell differentiation, meaning that platelets are central to both immune responses and immune quiescence. Clinical data have shown an association between low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) and immune dysfunction in patients with sepsis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, further implicating platelets as more holistic immune regulators, but studies of platelet immune functions in nondisease contexts have had limited study.
Development and field validation of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP) for the rapid detection of chikungunya virus in patient and mosquito samples
Authors: Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva, Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de Magalhães, Quinn Matthews, Ana Luisa Lot Divarzak, Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes, Bárbara Nazly Rodrigues Santos, Diego Guerra de Albuquerque Cabral, Jacilane Bezerra da Silva, Alain Kohl, Keith Pardee, Lindomar Pena
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2024)

Objectives We aimed to develop a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) platform for the rapid detection of CHIKV in both patient and mosquito samples from Brazil. Methods We optimized an RT-LAMP assay, then evaluated the sensitivity and specificity using visual detection. In comparison with the RT-qPCR reference method, we validated the utility of this assay as a molecular diagnostic test in a reference laboratory for arbovirus diagnostics using 100 serum samples collected from suspected CHIKV cases. Results Our RT-LAMP assay specifically detected CHIKV without cross-reactivity against other arboviruses. The limit of detection of our RT-LAMP was estimated in −1.18 PFU (confidence interval [CI] ranging from -2.08 to 0.45), resulting in a similar analytical sensitivity when directly compared to the gold standard RT-qPCR assay. Then, we demonstrate the ability of our RT-LAMP assay to detect the virus in different human specimens (serum, urine, and saliva), and crude lysate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in as little as 20-30 minutes and without a separate RNA isolation step. Lastly, we showed that our RT-LAMP assay could be lyophilized and reactivated by adding water, indicating potential for room-temperature storage. Our RT-LAMP had a clinical sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 90.97% to 100.00%), clinical specificity of 96.72% (95% CI, 88.65% to 99.60%), and overall accuracy of 98.00% (95% CI, 92.96% to 99.76%). Conclusions Taken together, these findings indicate that the RT-LAMP assay reported here solves important practical drawbacks to the deployment of molecular diagnostics in the field and can be used to improve testing capacity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Medial Canthal Collision Tumor with Seborrheic Keratosis Hiding Underlying Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wenyu Deng, Jodi Sassoon, Roman Shinder
Journal: Ophthalmology (2024)

A 74-year-old man presented with a 3-year history of a tan papule on his right medial canthus (A). Excisional biopsy showed basket-weave hyperkeratosis (B, arrowhead), acanthosis (C, double-headed arrow), papillomatosis with squared fronds (C, ∗), and horn pseudocysts (D, ★) overlying nests of peripheral palisading atypical basaloid cells with surrounding retraction artifact (E, arrows), indicative of a collision tumor consisting of an overlying seborrheic keratosis (SK) and an underlying nodular-type basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The patient underwent Mohs micrographic excision and reconstruction for the residual BCC. Although SK are benign lesions, SK may rarely overlie and conceal cutaneous malignancies. (Magnified version of Figure A-E is available online at www.aaojournal.org).
Activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by ARNTL2 enhances cellular glycolysis and sensitizes pancreatic adenocarcinoma to erlotinib
Authors: Weiyu Ge, Yanling Wang, Ming Quan, Tiebo Mao, Evelyne Y. Bischof, Haiyan Xu, Xiaofei Zhang, Shumin Li, Ming Yue, Jingyu Ma, Haiyan Yang, Lei Wang, Zhengyuan Yu, Liwei Wang, Jiujie Cui
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2024)

Abstract Background Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. The poor prognosis primarily stems from late-stage diagnosis and when the disease has become therapeutically challenging. There is an urgent need to identify specific biomarkers for cancer subtyping and early detection to enhance both morbidity and mortality outcomes. The addition of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), erlotinib, to gemcitabine chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer slightly improved outcomes. However, restricted clinical benefits may be linked to the absence of well-characterized criteria for stratification and dependable biomarkers for the prediction of treatment effectiveness. Methods and results We examined the levels of various cancer hallmarks and identified glycolysis as the primary risk factor for overall survival in PC. Subsequently, we developed a glycolysis-related score (GRS) model to accurately distinguish PC patients with high GRS. Through in silico screening of 4398 compounds, we discovered that erlotinib had the strongest therapeutic benefits for high-GRS PC patients. Furthermore, we identified ARNTL2 as a novel prognostic biomarker and a predictive factor for erlotinib treatment responsiveness in patients with PC. Inhibition of ARNTL2 expression reduced the therapeutic efficacy, whereas increased expression of ARNTL2 improved PC cell sensitivity to erlotinib. Validation in vivo using patient-derived xenografts (PDX-PC) with varying ARNTL2 expression levels demonstrated that erlotinib monotherapy effectively halted tumor progression in PDX-PC models with high ARNTL2 expression. In contrast, PDX-PC models lacking ARNTL2 did not respond favorably to erlotinib treatment. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the ARNTL2/E2F1 axis-mediated cellular glycolysis sensitizes PC cells to erlotinib treatment by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusions Our investigations have identified ARNTL2 as a novel prognostic biomarker and predictive indicator of sensitivity. These results will help to identify erlotinib-responsive cases of PC and improve treatment outcomes. These findings contribute to the advancement of precision oncology, enabling more accurate and targeted therapeutic interventions.
Correction: Mitochondrial regulation of GPX4 inhibition–mediated ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Hiroki Akiyama, Ran Zhao, Lauren B. Ostermann, Ziyi Li, Matthew Tcheng, Samar J. Yazdani, Arman Moayed, Malcolm L. Pryor, Sandeep Slngh, Natalia Baran, Edward Ayoub, Yuki Nishida, Po Yee Mak, Vivian R. Ruvolo, Bing Z. Carter, Aaron D. Schimmer, Michael Andreeff, Jo Ishizawa
Journal: Leukemia (2024)
circNOX4 activates an inflammatory fibroblast niche to promote tumor growth and metastasis in NSCLC via FAP/IL-6 axis
Authors: Yan Zhao, Yunlong Jia, Jiali Wang, Xiaolin Chen, Jingya Han, Shuman Zhen, Shuxian Yin, Wei Lv, Fan Yu, Jiaqi Wang, Fan Xu, Xinming Zhao, Lihua Liu
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2024)

Abstract Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) orchestrate a supportive niche that fuels cancer metastatic development in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CAFs, manipulating the activated phenotype of fibroblasts is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, the underlying mechanisms of fibroblast activation and phenotype switching that drive metastasis remain elusive. Methods The clinical implications of fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-positive CAFs (FAP + CAFs) were evaluated based on tumor specimens from NSCLC patients and bioinformatic analysis of online databases. CAF-specific circular RNAs (circRNAs) were screened by circRNA microarrays of primary human CAFs and matched normal fibroblasts (NFs). Survival analyses were performed to assess the prognostic value of circNOX4 in NSCLC clinical samples. The biological effects of circNOX4 were investigated by gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization, luciferase reporter assays, RNA immunoprecipitation, and miRNA rescue experiments were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of fibroblast activation. Cytokine antibody array, transwell coculture system, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to investigate the downstream effectors that promote cancer metastasis. Results FAP + CAFs were significantly enriched in metastatic cancer samples, and their higher abundance was correlated with the worse overall survival in NSCLC patients. A novel CAF-specific circRNA, circNOX4 (hsa_circ_0023988), evoked the phenotypic transition from NFs into CAFs and promoted the migration and invasion of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, circNOX4 correlated with the poor prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, circNOX4 upregulated FAP by sponging miR-329-5p, which led to fibroblast activation. Furthermore, the circNOX4/miR-329-5p/FAP axis activated an inflammatory fibroblast niche by preferentially inducing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and eventually promoting NSCLC progression. Disruption of the intercellular circNOX4/IL-6 axis significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastatic colonization in vivo. Conclusions Our study reveals a role of the circRNA-induced fibroblast niche in tumor metastasis and highlights that targeting the circNOX4/FAP/IL-6 axis is a promising strategy for the intervention of NSCLC metastasis.