tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nephrology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Abdulla Alfadhel, Razan Alfarsi, Hussa Alkhajah, Jhonna Collins, Ashwini R. Sehgal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

This article highlights some important nephrology studies published in 2024 that may be relevant for nonnephrologist physicians. Four studies examined progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular events, and nephrolithiasis with respect to use of semaglutide or sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Three studies examined treatments to improve specific aspects of CKD management, including mineralocorticoid receptor agonists to address heart failure, avenciguat to address albuminuria, and oral phosphate binders to address fracture risk. One study demonstrated that inorganic nitrate reduced the risk for contrast-induced nephropathy. Finally, a trial of cefepime–taniborbactam showed benefit for treating complicated urinary tract infection.
Gastroenterology/Hepatology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Amber Cintosun, Imran Jamal, Sunil Samnani, Yi Nong Song, Michael Bretthauer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

This article highlights selected major advances in gastroenterology and hepatology from 2024 that are relevant for internal medicine specialists. In colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, new developments include a head-to-head comparison of different fecal immunochemical tests and a new blood-based DNA screening test, benefits and harms of artificial intelligence–assisted colonoscopy, and adenoma detection rate improvement and risk for cancer. Treatment options for metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease now include resmetirom, a recently approved drug for treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe fibrosis, and liver transplantation may now be an option in patients with unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Also featured are new data on the efficacy of indomethacin and pancreatic stent placement for prevention of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and news on the efficacy and safety of zastaprazan, a new potassium-competitive acid blocker for reflux esophagitis. Finally, a recent randomized trial is highlighted that has dispelled concerns about potential harms of proton-pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.
Pulmonology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Namarik Alenezy, Yusing Gu, Rana Saleh, Laura Sheriff, Michael Unger
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

The past year saw many important publications in the specialty of pulmonology. We screened more than 750 articles published in 2024 and carefully selected 10 that feature important advancements in the management of several respiratory conditions. We highlight 4 articles that describe management options for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) beyond pharmacotherapy, including breathing techniques, duration of long-term oxygen therapy, high-intensity compared with low-intensity noninvasive ventilation for exacerbations, and the potential harmful effect of gabapentinoids. Two articles delved into the evidence for various biologic therapies and inhaled relievers used in asthma. We include a randomized trial examining treatment of acute eosinophilic COPD and asthma exacerbations with benralizumab. One article explores dual glucagon-like peptide‐1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists as a novel treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea. Another discusses the efficacy of inhaled antibiotics in bronchiectasis. Finally, a meta-analysis examines the evidence for postexposure prophylaxis antiviral agents to reduce transmission and severity of influenza infections.
Rheumatology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Brandon J. Blau, Lisa A. Mandl
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Internal medicine physicians are frequently responsible for caring for patients with rheumatologic diseases, whether as a primary provider or in collaboration with subspecialists. This article calls attention to 8 studies published in 2024 that shed new light on the management of common rheumatologic conditions that internal medicine physicians are likely to encounter. The first study suggests that the weight loss medication semaglutide can improve pain and function in patients with painful knee osteoarthritis (OA), potentially providing a novel approach to management of this condition. The results of the second study show that methotrexate, a proven therapy for inflammatory arthritis, has promise for improving pain in patients with knee OA. The third study establishes that a trial of resistance training does not provide similar benefits as total joint replacement for patients with hip OA. The fourth study finds that platelet-rich plasma injections are no more effective than exercise in reducing pain for patients with knee OA. The fifth study underscores the importance of screening for lung cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in those known to have interstitial lung disease. The results of the sixth study emphasize that exercise therapy is safe and effective at improving function in patients with RA and severe activity limitations. The seventh study highlights the increased short-term risk for acute cardiovascular events in patients experiencing a new gout diagnosis. The final study suggests that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may provide sustained protection against developing new autoimmune diseases. Familiarity with these new studies will provide internal medicine physicians with valuable insights to enhance their care of patients with rheumatic diseases.
Patient Navigation to Improve Colonoscopy Completion After an Abnormal Stool Test Result
Authors: Gloria D. Coronado, Amanda F. Petrik, Jamie H. Thompson, Michael C. Leo, Matthew Slaughter, Priyanka Gautom, Syed A. Hussain, Leslie Mosso, Jeffrey Gibbs, Neha Yadav, Rajasekhara R. Mummadi, Eric S. Johnson, Ricardo Jimenez
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Patient navigation is a recommended practice of the Guide to Community Preventive Services; little is known about whether it improves colonoscopy completion for adults who have received an abnormal stool test result.
Coadministration of RSV + influenza or COVID-19 vaccines was noninferior to separate administration for immune responses in adults aged ≥50 y
Authors: Clifford C. Dacso
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Infectious Disease: [Formula: see text] Pulmonology: [Formula: see text] Public Health: [Formula: see text].
Oncology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Zainab Ali Amer Al Maqrashi, Sze Wah Samuel Chan, Zeba Siddiqui, Efrat Dotan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Over the past 5 decades, substantial advances in oncology have reshaped cancer care, reflecting the dynamic role of internal medicine physicians in patients' journey from screening to diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. This review highlights 10 landmark studies from 2024 that address emerging therapies and evolving clinical standards. Immunotherapy remains a central focus, with checkpoint inhibitors redefining the management of solid tumors and showing expanded applications across disease sites and earlier stages of disease. Targeted therapies and antibody–drug conjugates, including trastuzumab deruxtecan and enfortumab vedotin, are enhancing precision treatment options in metastatic cancer. Meanwhile, advances in supportive care, such as magnetic resonance imaging–guided prostate cancer screening, ponsegromab for cachexia, and celiac plexus radiosurgery for pain, show enhanced symptom management and quality of life for patients. These innovations highlight the critical role of multidisciplinary approaches, where internal medicine physicians contribute to co-management and toxicity monitoring, ultimately optimizing patient care. By staying current with these developments, internal medicine physicians are positioned to navigate complex oncologic care, ensuring that the benefits of novel therapies are maximized while mitigating their challenges.
Infectious Diseases: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Heba K.A. Hamed, Alex Nachman, Nick Riopel, Mindy Schuster
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

In 2024, infectious disease literature focused on advancements in the treatment of severe infections and prevention of high-burden diseases. Building on prior data, further evidence supports both the use of shorter courses of antibiotics and the earlier transition to oral antibiotics, including for severe infections, such as bacteremia. A new medication has demonstrated significant, high-impact findings in the long-acting category of drugs for the prevention of HIV infection. Antibiotic resistance continues to be a growing threat, and research this year has demonstrated significant advances for new agents helping to combat resistant gram-negative organisms. Research on the long-term sequelae of COVID-19 continues to expand, with a living systematic review providing us a better understanding of symptom management. Novel treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection are being studied, and the evidence is reviewed for these new regimens. Finally, several emerging infections are highlighted to raise awareness of new or concerning outbreaks that may cause significant effects in the coming year.
In acute respiratory failure, HFNO was noninferior to NIV for endotracheal intubation or death at 7 d in 4 of 5 patient subgroups
Authors: KoKo Aung, Thwe Htay
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Emergency Med: [Formula: see text] GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Cardiology: [Formula: see text] Critical Care: [Formula: see text] Pulmonology: [Formula: see text].
National Trends in Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Adults Without Diabetes, 2018 to 2022
Authors: Cade Shadbolt, Jasmin Elkin, Chris Schilling, Xinyang Hua, Peter F.M. Choong, Michelle M. Dowsey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) can elicit substantial weight loss among people with obesity (1). Coverage for weight loss has significant public health and budgetary implications, as approximately 93 million U.S. adults are potentially eligible to use GLP-1RAs for obesity (2). Although studies have described trends in GLP-1RA use and spending, available estimates are limited to individuals with diabetes or are derived from samples that are not representative of the U.S. population (3, 4).Objective: To examine GLP-1RA use and expenditure among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults without diabetes.Methods: We analyzed data …
Cardiology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Shamal Khattak, Ahmed Al-Ansari, Maha Alfaraidhy, Fares Rajah, Michael Lacombe, William G. Kussmaul
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

There have been many recent advancements in cardiology research, with numerous studies published across the multiple subspecialties. Having screened more than 1200 articles published in 2024, we summarize 10 studies in this article that highlight key changes in this field. Starting with atrial fibrillation (AF), we note articles that examine which patients benefit most from catheter ablation, a procedure that is becoming increasingly common. We then examine new evidence regarding anticoagulation in device-detected AF and in patients with AF and coronary disease. In patients with severe aortic stenosis, the timing of valve intervention in relation to development of symptoms was a hot topic and is addressed here. There have also been developments in treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, including research into medications such as finerenone and tirzepatide. Certain studies attempt to challenge our current medical practices, including routine use of β-blockers after myocardial infarction (MI) and holding of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors before noncardiac surgery. Finally, the role of invasive treatment strategies for older adults with non–ST-segment elevation MI has also been addressed.
Endocrinology: What You May Have Missed in 2024
Authors: Mohamed Aman, Athavi Jeevananthan, Maria Martinez-Cruz, Neesha Namasingh, Bryan C. Batch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

During 2024, there were many practice-changing innovations in the field of endocrinology, particularly related to the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). From the substantial new evidence published in 2024, 10 studies are highlighted that offer critical information for clinicians who manage or comanage patients with endocrine disorders including prediabetes, diabetes, obesity, and hyperparathyroidism. Two of the 10 articles are focused on use of GLP-1RAs in multiple clinical settings not studied in the original GLP-1RA trials, including after bariatric surgery and before endoscopy. Two additional studies focused on GLP-1RA explore the risk for thyroid cancer in patients prescribed GLP-1RA and the effect of a GLP-1RA on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Three articles investigate opportunities for deintensification of insulin frequency or an alternate method of insulin delivery in patients with type 2 diabetes. One article explores the cardiometabolic effects of intermittent fasting in persons with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. The last 2 articles explore the incidence of diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the skeletal effects of parathyroidectomy as a treatment of hyperparathyroidism. The results of each study have a direct effect on the delivery of care for patients with prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and hyperparathyroidism.
In adults with HF with preserved ejection fraction and obesity, tirzepatide reduced a composite of CV death or worsening HF at 2 y
Authors: Leslie A. Ynalvez, Anita Deswal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

GIM/FP/GP: [Formula: see text] Cardiology: [Formula: see text] Endocrinology: [Formula: see text].
Improving Health and Health Care in Rural Communities: A Position Paper From the American College of Physicians
Authors: Josh Serchen, Dejaih Johnson, Katelan Cline, David Hilden, Leslie F. Algase, Jenny R. Silberger, Clyde Watkins, David Hilden, Jenny R. Silberger, Micah W. Beachy, Priscilla W. Carr, Jan K. Carney, Cynthia A. Jumper, Selvam Joseph Mascarenhas, Celeste Newby, Austin Oslock, Amelia Papadimitriou, Priya Radhakrishnan, Jamar Slocum, Michael J. Tan, Leslie F. Algase, Clyde Watkins, Felicia Austin-Jordan, Elisa I. Choi, Amy L. Davis, Charles J. Hamori, Robert B. Hauger, Ali M. Khan, Stephen M. Mohring, Steve P. Saunders, Neha Singh, Earl Stewart, Ross B. Vaughn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Rural communities throughout the United States experience disparities in health and access to health care. Low population densities, isolating terrain, and vast geographic distances to other population centers create barriers to attracting and retaining physicians and other health professionals. The characteristics of rural communities also pose barriers to facilitating robust economic activity conducive to the production of health and the presence of health care facilities. As such, rural communities have faced high levels of hospital closures and "diseases of despair," such as opioid misuse and suicide. The heterogeneity of rural geographies and population characteristics produces unique and differing challenges across communities that require tailored policy interventions. Interventions that are culturally appropriate for rural communities must be adopted that address diseases and health conditions that impact rural populations and the related social and economic conditions that create and perpetuate these diseases and health conditions. Policymakers must invest in the economies, social services, and infrastructure of rural communities, especially those programs that provide health coverage and services to them. Ensuring access to telehealth is a critical component of expanding health care access. Medical education institutions and the medical community at large have a responsibility to equip physicians and physicians-in-training to care for rural communities and provide opportunities for trainees to practice in rural settings. These institutions must be supported through public policy that incentivizes the recruitment and retainment of a qualified physician workforce in rural communities.
Prevalence of Hospitalizations Among a National Sample of U.S. Adults With Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Eden Y. Bernstein, Susan L. Calcaterra, Vineet Chopra, E. Jennifer Edelman, Gina R. Kruse
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Background: Alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are leading contributors of preventable U.S. deaths (1, 2). Hospitalizations provide opportunities for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment engagement for patients who may not receive treatment in other settings and have high rates of health care utilization (3).Objective: To describe the prevalence of hospitalizations among U.S. adults with SUD to inform potential impact of hospital-based treatment programs.Methods: We used the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey to identify noninstitutionalized U.S. adults (aged ≥18 years) with past-year SUD (4). Substance use disorder included alcohol use disorder …
What You May Have Missed in 2024: Navigating New Medical Evidence
Authors: Alfonso Iorio, Christine Laine
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2025)

Staying abreast of the ever-expanding medical evidence can be overwhelming. Developing effective methods for continually assimilating relevant new insights is crucial. These approaches should ideally take root in medical school and evolve throughout a physician's career, aligning with their specific roles as clinicians, educators, and researchers. This ongoing maintenance of knowledge is particularly demanding for internal medicine physicians who care for patients with a broad range of conditions and often complex comorbidity. Understanding these challenges, the American College of Physicians (ACP) and Annals of Internal Medicine offer an array of tools designed to assist physicians in the formidable task of …
Hallmarks of terminal T-cell exhaustion are absent in multiple myeloma from diagnosis through maintenance therapy
Authors: Carolyn Shasha, David R Glass, Ernest Moelhman, Laura Islas, Yuan Tian, Tony Chour, Guoyue Xu, Gregory L. Szeto, Tao Peng, Xiaoling Song, Michelle Wurscher, Andrew J Cowan, Thomas F. Bumol, Troy R. Torgerson, Philip D Greenberg, Damian J Green, Evan W. Newell
Journal: Blood (2025)
IFN-γ promotes the progression of iMCD by activating inflammatory monocytes
Authors: Xuejiao Yin, Yi Liu, Shengnan Ding, Jiaying Ge, Min Yang, Zhenbo Wang, Zuopo Lv, Xuxia Luo, Liya Ma, Wenjuan Yu, Juying Wei, Chunmei Yang, Qiumei Yao, Li Zhu, Shuqi Zhao, Yu Chen, Meng Haitao, Jie Jin, Hongyan Tong, Liangshun You
Journal: Blood (2025)
The impact of therapeutic radiation on drug distribution across the blood-brain barrier in normal mouse brain and orthotopic GBM tumors
Authors: Wenjuan Zhang, Michael P Grams, Rajneet K Oberoi, Ju-Hee Oh, Paul A Decker, Terence T Sio, Surabhi Talele, Zac C Wilson, Margaret A Connors, Katrina K Bakken, Brett L Carlson, Lauren L Ott, Danielle M Burgenske, Erik J Tryggestad, Jeanette E Eckel Passow, William F Elmquist, Jann N Sarkaria
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2025)

Abstract Background Most oncology therapeutics have limited distribution into the brain, and developing strategies to overcome this limitation would be clinically impactful. While therapeutic radiation is often cited as a strategy accomplish this, there are no published studies demonstrating the effect of radiation on drug distribution into the brain or brain tumors. Methods Mice were treated with brain radiation (6 Gy × 5, 4 Gy × 10; 40 Gy × 1) and dosed with drugs (levetiracetam, cefazolin, nedisertib, brigimadlin, apitolisib, or GNE-317) at times ranging from just prior to months after radiation. Plasma and tissue drug concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Results Radiation did not significantly enhance drug delivery into brain tissue for levetiracetam, cefazolin, GNE-317, apitolisib, or nedisertib at any times post-radiation. Even a single, supra-therapeutic dose of radiation (40 Gy) did not significantly affect brain distribution of GNE-317 or apitolisib (P ≥ 0.07) from 16 to 160 hours post-radiation. For brigimadlin, radiation (6 Gy × 5) was associated with a modest but significant increase on drug accumulation only at 72 hours post-radiation (brain-to-plasma ratio 0.014±0.006 vs. 0.025±0.010, respectively; P = 0.04), but not at any other timepoint (24 hr, 15, 28, 94, 133, 183 days; P &amp;gt; 0.05). Similarly, radiation (6 Gy × 5) of orthotopic tumors did not increase levels of brigimadlin in GBM10 or GBM108 or nedisertib in GBM108 (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions Radiation had no meaningful impact of drug delivery into brain or brain tumors for the drugs tested.
Prevalence by therapy line and incidence of breast cancer brain metastases in 18,075 patients
Authors: Sarah L Sammons, Thibaut Sanglier, Jose Pablo Leone, Timothy K Erick, Peter Lambert, Filippo Montemurro, Raf Poppe, Eleonora Restuccia, Sara M Tolaney, Nancy U Lin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2025)

Abstract Importance Brain metastases portend poor prognosis in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Designing treatment and prevention clinical trials requires knowledge of brain metastases incidence with each line of therapy. Objectives We assessed the prevalence and cumulative incidence of brain metastases in a large MBC patient cohort by subtype and line of therapy, and the impact of HER2-low expression on prevalence. Design, Setting and Outcomes We analyzed brain metastases prevalence in patients with MBC in a nationwide electronic health record-derived de-identified database. The primary outcome was first diagnosis of brain metastases. We estimated prevalence and incidence of brain metastases by MBC subtype, including HER2-low and therapy line. We used the cumulative incidence function to estimate brain metastases risk in patients without brain metastases at initiation of systemic therapy. All p-values are two-sided, and a p-value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistical significance. Results Among 18,075 patients with MBC, 1,102 (6.1%) had at least one brain metastasis at first-line therapy initiation. For the remaining 16,973 patients, cumulative incidence of brain metastases at 60 months was 10% in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2- disease, 23% for HR+/HER2+ disease, 34% for HR-/HER2+ disease, and 22% for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). HER2-low expression within HR+/HER2- and TNBC subtypes had no impact on brain metastases incidence. Brain metastases prevalence increased per line of therapy for patients with all breast cancer subtypes. Conclusions Brain metastases incidence increases per line of therapy for every MBC subtype. The HER2-low biomarker does not impact brain metastases incidence within historical subtypes.
Intermittent fasting boosts sexual behavior by limiting the central availability of tryptophan and serotonin
Authors: Kan Xie, Chengfeng Wang, Enzo Scifo, Brandon Pearson, Devon Ryan, Kristin Henzel, Astrid Markert, Kristina Schaaf, Xue Mi, Xin Tian, Jiajia Jia, Meiqin Wang, Stefan Bonn, Manuel Schölling, Christoph Möhl, Daniele Bano, Yu Zhou, Dan Ehninger
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2025)