Atlas of Rectoscopy and Colonoscopy.
Authors: Peter Otto, Klaus Ewe
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

1 Introduction.- 2 Indications for Performing a Proctologic Examination and Endoscopy.- 3 Clinical History.- 3.1 Preprinted Record Form.- 4 Preparation for Endoscopic Examination.- 4.1 Proctosigmoidoscopy.- 4.2 Sigmoidocolonoscopy.- 4.2.1 Extended Sigmoidoscopy.- 4.2.2 High Colonoscopy.- 4.3 Endoscopic Polypectomy.- 4.4 Premedication for Sigmoidocolonoscopy.- 5 Position.- 5.1 Knee-Elbow or Knee-Chest Position.- 5.2 Dorsal Lithotomy Position.- 5.3 Sims's Position.- 6 Inspection of the Perianal Region.- 7 Digital Rectal Examination.- 7.1 Finger Protection.- 7.2 Practical Performance.- 8 Instruments Used for Endoscopy of Anus and Rectum.- 8.1 Lighting.- 8.2 Anal Specula.- 8.3 Anoscope.- 8.4 Proctoscope.- 8.4.1 Instruments with Anterior Opening.- 8.4.2 Instruments with Lateral Opening.- 8.5 Rectoscope.- 8.6 Pediatric Instruments.- 9 Additional Instruments.- 9.1 Sounds.- 9.2 Cleaning Aids.- 9.2.1 Applicators.- 9.2.2 Suction Tubes.- 9.2.3 Suction-Irrigation Devices.- 9.3 Biopsy Instruments.- 9.3.1 Forceps.- 9.3.2 Suction Biopsy.- 9.4 Polyp Snares.- 9.5 Coagulation Sounds to Control Bleeding.- 9.6 Curved Knife.- 9.7 Foreign-Body Forceps.- 9.8 Instruments for Treatment of Hemorrhoids.- 9.9 Optical Aids.- 9.9.1 Magnifiers.- 9.9.2 Magnification Attachments (Lumina, Hopkin's Optics).- 9.10 Documentation by Photography.- 10 Technique for Performing Rectoscopy.- 10.1 Introduction of the Instrument.- 10.2 Manipulation of the Instrument During Its Advancement.- 10.3 Normal Findings.- 10.4 Factitial Lesions due to Patient Preparation and Examination.- 10.5 Incidental Findings.- 10.5.1 Melanosis Coli.- 10.5.2 Colica Mucosa (Mucus Colitis).- 10.6 Biopsy.- 10.6.1 Forceps Biopsy.- 10.6.2 Suction Biopsy.- 10.7 Complications.- 10.7.1 Perforation.- 10.7.2 Bleeding.- 10.8 Removal of Polypoid Lesions.- 11 Colonoscopy.- 11.1 Endoscopic Instruments.- 11.2 Additional Instruments.- 11.3 Examination Technique.- 11.4 Polypectomy.- 11.4.1 Technique of Polypectomy.- 11.5 Complications.- 11.5.1 Sigmoidocolonoscopy.- 11.5.2 Polypectomy.- 12 Diseases of the External Anal Area.- 12.1 Eczema.- 12.2 Hemorrhoidal Tags.- 12.3 Perianal Thrombosis (Hematoma).- 12.4 External Hemorrhoids.- 12.5 Anal Fissure.- 12.5.1 Acute Fissure.- 12.5.2 Chronic Fissure.- 12.6 Condylomata.- 12.6.1 Pointed Condylomata (Condylomata Acuminata)..- 12.6.2 Broad Condylomata (Condylomata Lata)...- 12.7 Anal Fistula.- 12.8 Incomplete Fistula.- 12.9 Anal Carcinoma.- 12.10 Anal and Rectal Prolapse.- 13 Anitis - Cryptitis - Papillitis.- 14 Hemorrhoids.- 14.1 Staging.- 14.2 Treatment.- 15 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.- 15.1 Nonspecific Proctitis.- 15.2 Infectious (Entero-) Proctocolitis.- 15.3 Radiation Proctitis.- 15.4 Ischemic Colitis - Pseudomembranous Colitis.- 15.5 Ulcerative Colitis.- 15.5.1 Hemorrhagic (Ulcerative) Proctitis.- 15.5.2 Active Ulcerative Colitis.- 15.5.3 Chronic Ulcerative Colitis.- 15.6 Crohn's Disease.- 16 Parasites.- 17 Diverticulosis - Diverticulitis.- 18 Tumors.- 18.1 Benign Tumors.- 18.1.1 Hyperplastic Polyps.- 18.1.2 Tubular Adenoma - Papillary Adenoma - Villous Adenoma - Mixed Forms.- 18.1.3 Familial Polyposis (Adenomatosis).- 18.1.4 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome.- 18.2 Malignant Tumors.- 19 Endometriosis.- 20 Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis.- 21 Solitary Rectal Ulcer.- 22 Anastomoses (Ileorectal, Colorectal.- 23 Fistulae (Rectovaginal, Rectovesical).- 24 Ureteral Transplantation.- 25 Melena.- 26 Foreign Bodies.- Plates I-XIX.- Plate I Endoscopic findings in normal rectum.- Plate II Melanosis recti, perianal eczema, hemorrhoidal tags.- Plate III Perianal thrombosis, external hemorrhoids.- Plate IV Anal fissure, condylomata.- Plate V Anal fistula.- Plate VI Anal carcinoma, anal and rectal prolapse.- Plate VII Anitis, cryptitis and proctitis.- Plate VIII Hemorrhoids and their treatment.- Plate IX Radiation proctitis.- Plate X Infectious entero-colitis, amebic colitis.- Plate XI Floride ulcerative colitis.- Plate XII Chronic ulcerative colitis, pseudopolyps.- Plate XIII Crohn's disease.- Plate XIV Crohn's disease, diverticulum.- Plate XV Polyps.- Plate XVI Polyps.- Plate XVII Polyposis.- Plate XVIII Carcinoma and other malignant new growths.- Plate XIX Solitary rectal ulcer, rectovesicle fistula, tarry stool in rectum.