tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reducing unintended pregnancy among adolescents
Authors: Seth M Noar
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Editor—DiCenso et al provided a rigorous, systematic review of randomised, controlled trials to reduce unintended pregnancies in adolescents.1 They did not, however, provide a balanced interpretation of their findings. Specifically, the main research question in the study and the conclusions that were drawn from it are inconsistent. Since within 21 of 26 trials reviewed, or 81%, the control condition was actually conventional sex education, this was not a study about whether or not sex education works.

Rather, this was a study that compared the efficacy of theory driven sex education with conventional sex education. What DiCenso et al found, contrary to previous findings,2 is that theory driven sex education did not outperform conventional sex education. The strongest conclusion that can be drawn is that in this select group of studies, the two conditions come out equal in terms of behavioural outcomes. It is troubling that DiCenso et al point this out only late in their paper as essentially an afterthought.

In addition, given the study's findings, it would seem crucial for DiCenso et al to suggest answers to this question: Why are some sex education programmes successful and others are not? Despite 10 hypotheses tested and considerable heterogeneity among studies, they were not able to answer this question. As a result it seems that the field is no further ahead in understanding this now than it was before this study. At the very least, DiCenso et al could have better addressed this issue, as others have done.2

My objection is not to the study. Such reviews can and often do help move the field forward. Rather, as I have said previously,3 my objection is to conclusions drawn from a study that did not ask the questions in the context of that study. Since nearly all of the adolescents in these trials received some type of sex education, we cannot know what the natural trajectory of behaviour would have been without such education. Thus the strongest interpretation of these data is that theory based programmes did not have more impact than conventional programmes, within the set of studies reviewed. Although this runs counter to much of the literature in this field,2,4,5 it is the result of this particular review and one that demands further interpretation and exploration.
Second-line paclitaxel for primary or secondary failure in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) initially treated with cisplatin-gemcitabine-ifosfamide (GIP) A preliminary analysis of a study by the ELCWP
Authors: Thierry Berghmans, Jean-Jacques Lafitte, J. Lecomte, Constantinos Alexopoulos, O Van Cutsem, Vicente Giner, Anna Efremidis, Arnaud Scherpereel, Marianne Paesmans, Jean-Paul Sculier
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
A randomised trial comparing chemotherapy regimens with cisplatin (50mg/m2) versus moderate doses of cisplatin and carboplatin in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Jean-Paul Sculier, Jean-Jacques Lafitte, Constantinos Alexopoulos, J. Baumöhl, George Koumakis, Thierry Berghmans, Vincent Ninane, Paul Mommen, Marianne Paesmans, Jean Klastersky
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)
Abnormal myocardial deformation is associated with mortality independent of hypertrophy in the absence of ischemia
Authors: Brian Haluska, James Hare, Charlotte Bjork Ingul, Thomas H. Marwick, Tony Stanton
Journal: Circulation (2008)

PurposeMyocardial deformation has been shown to identify subclinical abnormalities in apparently normal hearts. We investigated the association of these markers with mortality after excluding ischemia in individuals undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).MethodsWe studied 163 consecutive patients with normal resting LV function and no ischemia at DSE. Mean Bethesda scores indicated a low ten-year risk of coronary disease (men 3.2±2.1%, women 5.3±2.6%). Relative wall thickness (RWT) and LVMI (indexed to height2.7) were calculated according to ASE guidelines. Customized software was used to measure peak systolic SR in 18 segments and mean global SR was calculated. Individuals were followed for all-cause mortality for a mean of 5.4±1.4 years.ResultsMean RWT 0.46±0.11 (normal ≤ 0.42) and mean LVMI was 46.8±13.0g/m 2.7 (normal <51g/m 2.7). RWT and LVMI were assessed in the closest approximation to 1 standard deviation (per change of 0.1 for RWT and 10g/m2.7 for LVMI). In a Cox Proportional Hazards Model the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality was peak systolic SR (HR 3.72, 95%CI 1.8 –7.65, p<0.01). RWT (HR 1.4, 95%CI 1.0 –1.96, p<0.05) was a stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than LVMI (HR 1.2, 95%CI 0.86 –1.96, p=NS). Kaplan Meier curves were constructed by grouping the data into tertiles according to peak systolic SR (p<0.01 overall).ConclusionPeak systolic strain rate is a significant independent predictor of all-cause mortality, superior to LVMI and RWT. This link between myocardial deformation and outcome in the absence of myocardial ischemia may be consistent with an effect of interstitial changes on mortality. © 2008 American Heart Association
Myocardial Redox State Predicts In-Hospital Clinical Outcome After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Charalambos Antoniades, Michael Demosthenous, Svetlana Reilly, Marios Margaritis, Mei-Hua Zhang, Alexios Antonopoulos, Kyriakoula Marinou, Keshav Nahar, Raja Jayaram, Dimitris Tousoulis, Constantinos Bakogiannis, Rana Sayeed, Costas Triantafyllou, Nikolaos Koumallos, Costas Psarros, Antigoni Miliou, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Keith M. Channon, Barbara Casadei
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Nuclear translocation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in response to oxidative stress involves phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases.
Authors: Stephen Kioko, Xuebiao Yao, Michael Powell, Ward Kirlin
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA

3136 

Enzymatic biotransformation of many chemicals to carcinogens is mediated by cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) that is regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR binds ligands, including 2‘3‘7‘8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P) and β -napthoflavone (BNF), which induce its translocation into the nucleus. In the nucleus, AhR heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) and transcribes genes possessing the xenobiotic response element (XRE) 5′- GCGTG -3′. Recent evidence suggests that the AhR can translocate independently of traditional ligands in response to electrophiles, endogenous stimuli and some phytochemicals. The chemopreventive effect of benzyl isothiocyanate (BIT) and other phytochemicals may involve oxidative stress. This might enhance or diminish activity of carcinogen metabolizing and detoxification enzymes due to altered nuclear translocation and DNA binding affinity of AhR and NF-E2 related factor-2 (Nrf-2) for their respective response elements. We previously observed that AhR partially translocated to the nucleus in Hepa1 and HepG2 liver carcinoma cells treated with BIT. This occurred independently of ligands and suggests that oxidative stress might activate carcinogens. In this study, we determined whether phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK are required for AhR nuclear translocation in response to BIT. These kinases might provide a molecular switch between AhR and other proteins in vivo and may be essential for signal transduction in AhR-mediated transcription. Hepa1 cells were treated with 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM BIT or DMSO alone (≤0.2%v/v) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK detected using specific antibodies and western blot. In other experiments, cells were treated with 5 μM BIT or 10 μM BNF alone, or in combination with 10 μM U2016, a potent MEK inhibitor, which prevents phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Nuclear translocation of AhR was visualized using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and confirmed by western blot of Hepa1 nuclear and cytoplasmic lysates. To assess AhR nuclear translocation following inhibition of p38 MAPK, cells were treated as described above except SB202190 was used to inhibit p38 MAPK. BIT induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, suggesting that these kinases function in the stress response to phytochemical treatments. Inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK resulted in reduced nuclear translocation of AhR in both BIT and BNF treated cells. These data provide preliminary evidence that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK might function in AhR-mediated signaling in response to phytochemicals. The results also provide insight into mechanisms that might be altered by phytochemicals thus affecting transcriptional regulation of carcinogen metabolizing and detoxification enzymes (Support: NIH MBRS/GM; RCMI RR033032).
Assessment of the role of etoposide (VP16) and cisplatin (CDDP) in chemotherapy (CT) for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) : a meta-analysis with a methodology assessment by the European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP)
Authors: Marianne Paesmans, Céline Mascaux, Thierry Berghmans, Fabrice Branle, Jean-Jacques Lafitte, Anne-Pascale Meert, Philippe Vermylen, Jean-Paul Sculier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)
Abstract 14164: Impact of Pre-Hospital Electrocardiograms and Mode of Patient Presentation on In-Hospital Mortality in a Regional Model of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Care
Authors: Christopher B Fordyce, Krishnan Ramanathan, Aihua Pu, John Imrie, Teddi Orenstein, Michele Perry, Karen Wanger, Min Gao, Ron Carere, Graham C Wong
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background Pre-hospital electrocardiograms (pECGs) reduce door-to-balloon times in the treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, their clinical impact within a regionalized ...
Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Data From the Brazilian Registry of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Comparative Analysis Between Different Geographic Areas
Authors: Silvia M. M. Magalhaes, Tania Silva Madeira, Rosane Bittencourt, Elvira Velloso, Maria de Lourdes Chauffaille, Alita A Azevedo, Evandro M Fagundes, Maria Aparecida Zanichelli, Gloria Bonfim, Ligia N Melo, Renato S Tavares, Tereza Cristina Bortolheiro
Journal: Blood (2010)
SOME FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE PSYCHONEUROSES
Authors: Louis Casamajor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1936)

Article1 June 1936SOME FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THE PSYCHONEUROSESLOUIS CASAMAJOR, M.D.LOUIS CASAMAJOR, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-9-12-1677 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe first factor of importance in the understanding of the etiology of the psychoneuroses is that they are not clinical states in the sense of diseases but rather they are states of mind. These patients come to physicians for treatment, and their symptoms are usually referable to one of the bodily systems, but the physician must recognize that they represent not something which has happened inside the patient but something which has happened to the relationship of the patient to the world in which he has to live. Thus each psychoneurosis is an expression of the reactions of the individual... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: New York, N. Y.*Presented at the Detroit meeting of the American College of Physicians, March 3, 1936. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1936Volume 9, Issue 12Page: 1677-1683KeywordsEtiology ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1936 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 019: Oxidized LDL and AGE-LDL in Circulating Immune Complexes Strongly Predict Progression of Carotid IMT in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kelly J Hunt, Nathaniel L Baker, Patricia Cleary, Jye-Yu Backlund, Gabriel Virella, Maria F Lopes-Virella
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Many studies have demonstrated a relationship between modified LDL and cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, few studies have examined the relationship between modified LDL immune complexes (IC) and cardiovascular disease, even though the majority of modified LDL in circulation is bound to IC. We report the relationship between circulating concentrations of IC of oxidized LDL (oxLDL-IC), malondialdehyde-LDL (MDA-LDL-IC) and advanced glycation end products-LDL (AGE-LDL-IC) and progression of atherosclerosis over a 12 year period in individuals with type 1 diabetes. OxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC levels were measured in a subgroup of 459 patients participating in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and it’s follow up study the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC). Internal carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) was measured at EDIC follow-up years 1, 6 and 12. Levels of oxLDL-IC, AGE-LDL-IC and MDA-LDL-IC were moderately correlated with lipid levels [i.e., rho&lt;0.32], but not with age. Modified LDL-IC significantly predicted having elevated internal carotid IMT (i.e., IMT ≥1.00 mm) as well as progression of IMT defined as being in the upper quintile of change from EDIC year 1 to 12 after adjusting for DCCT treatment group [intensive vs. conventional], retinopathy cohort [primary prevention vs. secondary intervention], age, gender, diabetes duration, albumin excretion rate, LDL, HDL, SBP, smoking status and IMT reader (Table). Relative to those in the lowest quartile, individuals in the upper quartile of oxLDL-IC had a 3.7-fold increased odds (CI: 1.72, 7.94) of having IMT ≥ 1.00 mm and had a 6.1-fold increased odds (CI: 2.57, 14.6) of having significant IMT progression. Parallel odds ratios for AGE-LDL-IC were 3.26 (CI: 1.57, 6.79) and 5.31 (CI: 2.23, 12.6), while results for MDA-LDL-IC were not as strong. Our study indicates that high levels of oxLDL-IC and AGE-LDL-IC are important predictors of carotid intima-medial thickening in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Evaluation of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with FDG positron emission tomography.
Authors: PEIYONG LI, HONGMING ZHUANG, P. DAVID MOZLEY, AL DENITTIS, DAVID YEH, MITCHELL MACHTAY, ROBIN SMITH, ABASS ALAVI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2001)

Purpose This study compared the effectiveness of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or both for the assessment of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The value of quantifying the standardized uptake values (SUV) to distinguish recurrent neoplasm from inflammatory lesions and normal structures was also evaluated. Methods Forty-three patients with head and neck cancer were examined with F-18 FDG PET at least 4 months after their last course of radiation therapy (mean, 11 months). The SUVs were measured in visually identified regions of abnormally increased activity and were compared with the values in normal mucosa, the base of the tongue, and the hard palate to determine if an optimal cutoff value exists for diagnosing recurrence of malignant lesions. The final diagnosis of recurrence was made based on biopsy or at least 6 months' clinical follow-up. Results FDG PET correctly detected recurrence in 20 of 22 patients who had 45 discrete lesions located in the field of the upper aerodigestive tract. Two false-negative and three false-positive results were identified. The accuracy of FDG PET was 88% (38 of 43 patients), compared with 66% (25 of 38 patients) for CT, MRI, or both. Although there was a significant difference of SUVs (P = 0.0036) between the recurrent lesions and normal structures, the optimal cutoff values were difficult to define. Conclusions Visual analysis of FDG PET is significantly more accurate in the diagnosis of recurrent squamous cell cancer of the head and neck than are CT or MRI. However, single SUV quantification does not significantly enhance efficacy.
Cytolytic effects of CD8<sup>+</sup> CTL clones specific for an HLA-A2 epitope from the 5T4 tumor antigen on tumor cells in vitro.
Authors: S. S. Tykodi, S. Satoh, R. Harrop, E. H. Warren
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

e13142 Background: The oncofetal tumor antigen 5T4 is expressed on placental trophoblast cells and on epithelial carcinomas of diverse histologies, but has limited expression on normal somatic tissues. A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus encoding the 5T4 glycoprotein has been tested as a cancer vaccine (TroVax) in patients with advanced cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC). MVA-5T4 elicited 5T4-specific humoral and cellular immune responses frequently associated with favorable clinical outcomes. However, the effector mechanisms that mediate the antitumor effects of MVA-5T4 have not been well characterized. Methods: CD8+ T cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy HLA-A2+ donors and stimulated in vitro with dendritic cells loaded with the HLA-A2-binding peptide 5T417-25 in media supplemented with IL-7 and IL-12 or IL-2. After 2 or 3 stimulation cycles, T-cell lines were screened by flow cytometry with an HLA-A2/5T417-25 specific tetramer (TET). CD8+/TET+ cells were sorted, cloned by limiting dilution, and used as effector cells in cytotoxicity assays. HLA-A2-expressing RCC and CRC cell lines were analyzed for 5T4 expression by semi-quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry with a 5T4-specific monoclonal antibody. Results: Peptide-stimulated CD8+ T-cell lines from 3 of 4 normal donors demonstrated > 100 fold expansion of CD8+/TET+ cells and 5T417-25 specific CTL clones were isolated from these lines. A subset of clones was cytolytic for MVA-5T4 infected autologous EBV-LCL target cells. These clones were tested for recognition of RCC (5) or CRC (1) tumor cell lines that expressed high levels of 5T4 transcript (> 1,000 fold versus EBV-LCL) and cell surface 5T4 protein. The 5T4-specific CTL clones demonstrated HLA-A2-restricted recognition of the tumor cell lines in standard cytotoxicity assays (specific lysis 10-42%). Conclusions: The 5T4 glycoprotein contains a cytotoxic T-cell epitope that is presented on the surface of HLA-A2+, 5T4-expressing RCC and CRC cells. Studies to determine whether CD8+ 5T417-25-specific T cells are elicited by MVA-5T4 and contribute to antitumor responses in vaccinated HLA-A2+ patients are warranted. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Oxford BioMedica UK Ltd.
Abstract 15175: Intramyocardial Bone Marrow Cell Injection in Patients with Chronic Myocardial Ischemia: Results Long Term Follow-Up
Authors: Sander Rodrigo, Jan van Ramshorst, Saskia L Beeres, Petra Dibbets-Schneider, Marcel Stokkel, Willem E Fibbe, Jaap J Zwaginga, Ernst E van der Wall, Martin J Schalij, Jeroen J Bax, Douwe E Atsma
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Recently, using a randomized, placebo-controlled trial design, we demonstrated that intramyocardial bone marrow cell injection is associated with a beneficial effect on myocardial perfu...
The Prestige of the Internist
Authors: Miles J. Breuer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1931)

Article1 September 1931The Prestige of the InternistMILES J. BREUER, M.D., F.A.C.P.MILES J. BREUER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-5-3-381 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptInternists who are working in well-developed medical centers, on a basis either of referred work or of institutional work, are not frequently confronted with problems like the cases mentioned below. But from seventy-five to ninety per cent of the internal medicine of this country that is waiting and crying to be done conscientiously and scientifically, exists and awaits among the masses who do not have access to modern medical centers, whose medical conceptions are from fifteen to fifty years behind the forefront of modern medical thought, and who do not even know what an internist is. They do not understand... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Lincoln, Nebraska*Received for publication March 2, 1931. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 September 1931Volume 5, Issue 3Page: 381-384 Issue Published: 1 September 1931 PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 2966: Should a Minimum Corrected QT Interval (QTc) be a Prerequisite for Long QT Syndrome Genetic Testing?
Authors: David J Tester, Benjamin A Salisbury, Janet L Carr, Carole Harris-Kerr, Carol R Reed, Michael J Ackerman
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background: Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) genetic testing has been available clinically since August 2004. In cases of bona fide LQTS, the yield of genetic testing is approximately 75%. Recently (HRS 2007), Priori and colleagues have suggested that referral for LQTS genetic testing should be based on the screening QTc citing a yield of &lt; 2% for cases referred to their research program with a QTc &lt; 440 ms. Here, we analyze the effect of QTc on the yield in two of the largest assembled cohorts of unrelated patients (pts) referred for LQTS genetic testing. Methods: From August 1997 to July 2006, 1125 unrelated pts (717 females, average age at diagnosis 23.5 yrs, average QTc 473 ms) were referred to either the Mayo Clinic Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory (N = 541) for research-based LQTS genetic testing or to PGxHealth (N = 574) for the FAMILION ® LQTS genetic test. Comprehensive open reading frame and splice site analysis (60 exons) for LQTS-causing mutations involving KCNQ1 (LQT1), KCNH2 (LQT2), SCN5A (LQT3), KCNE1 (LQT5), and KCNE2 (LQT6) was conducted by either dHPLC/DNA sequencing (Mayo), or by direct DNA sequencing (FAMILION). Results: The probability of a positive genetic test increased dramatically with increasing QTc, ranging from 5% for the 38 pts referred for genetic testing despite a QTc &lt; 400 ms to 60% for the 168 pts with a QTc &gt; 500 ms (p &lt; 0.00001). Akin to the Priori cohort, the yield of the genetic test was similar among the subset of pts with a QTc &lt; 470 ms (64% Priori, 61% Mayo cohort, and 53% FAMILION, p = NS). However, the yield for those pts with a QTc between 440 and 470 ms was much greater in the Mayo (49%) and FAMILION (36%) cohorts compared to the Priori cohort (14%, p &lt; 0.0005). In contrast to the 2% yield observed in Italy, 22% of pts with QTc &lt; 440 ms referred to Mayo Clinic and 14.5% of the FAMILION referrals had a positive genetic test (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Whereas only 2% of patients with a QTc &lt; 440 ms had a positive genetic test in Italy, the yield was ten times greater among those referred to Mayo Clinic despite the same QTc cut-off. The cumulative index of suspicion for LQTS rather than a pre-specified QTc cut-off should guide clinical decision making as to the appropriate utilization of the genetic test.