tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medicaid Spending and Health-Related Social Needs in the North Carolina Healthy Opportunities Pilots Program
Authors: Seth A. Berkowitz, Jessica Archibald, Zhitong Yu, Myklynn LaPoint, Salma Ali, Maihan B. Vu, Gaurav Dave, Kori B. Flower, Marisa Elena Domino
Journal: JAMA (2025)

Importance Health-related social needs are drivers of worse health and high health care spending. In North Carolina Medicaid’s 1115 waiver, the Healthy Opportunities Pilots (HOP) program allows for nonmedical services to address health-related social needs, such as healthy food boxes and housing navigation, financed by Medicaid, in 3 regions of North Carolina. Objective To determine whether individual participation in the HOP program is associated with lower Medicaid spending. Design, Setting, and Participants Comparative interrupted time series evaluation using North Carolina Medicaid data from March 2021 through November 2023. The 13 227 HOP enrollees were compared with 73 469 Medicaid beneficiaries reporting a health-related social need (a HOP eligibility criterion), but who were ineligible for HOP due to county of residence. Exposure Participation in HOP. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the sum of spending by Medicaid on medical and HOP services per beneficiary per month. Secondary outcomes included health care use (emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, and outpatient visits). Results Among 13 227 HOP and 73 469 comparison group members, the mean age was 23.4 (SD, 18.8) years, 63.9% were female, 42.4% were Black, and 57.4% were White (participants could report &amp;amp;gt;1 race). Mean monthly preindex spending was $828 (SD, $5105). Of HOP enrollees, 89% received at least 1 HOP service, and 85% of services were food services. The comparative interrupted time series analysis estimated that spending increased at the month of HOP enrollment (change in level, $687; 95% CI, $420-$954). However, the trend in spending for HOP participants was differentially lower (change in trend, −$85 per beneficiary per month; 95% CI, −$122 to −$48; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) relative to a counterfactual scenario without HOP. Taken together, these findings indicated that monthly spending was equivalent to estimated counterfactual expenditures by month 8 after starting HOP and lower thereafter. Emergency department visit trend was differentially lower for HOP participants (−6 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −8 to −4). There was no statistically significant differential trend in hospitalizations (−1 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −2 to 0) or outpatient visits (1 per 1000 person-months; 95% CI, −7 to 9). Conclusions and Relevance Results of this study suggest that the HOP program was associated with increased spending at enrollment, followed by a subsequently lower spending trend.
Reports of Encephalopathy Among Children with Influenza-Associated Mortality — United States, 2010–11 Through 2024–25 Influenza Seasons
Authors: Amara Fazal, Katie Reinhart, Stacy Huang, Krista Kniss, Samantha M. Olson, Vivien G. Dugan, Sascha Ellington, Alicia P. Budd, Carrie Reed, Timothy M. Uyeki, Shikha Garg
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2025)

In late January 2025, CDC received anecdotal reports of children with influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), a severe form of influenza-associated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE), including several fatal cases. In response, CDC examined trends in the proportions of cases with IAE among influenza-associated pediatric deaths reported during the 2010-11 through 2024-25 influenza seasons, including demographic and clinical characteristics of identified cases. CDC contacted state health departments to ascertain whether any pediatric influenza-associated deaths with IAE reported this season also had a diagnosis of ANE. Among 1,840 pediatric influenza-associated deaths during the 2010-11 through 2024-25 influenza seasons, 166 (9%) had IAE, ranging from 0% (2020-21 season) to 14% (2011-12 season); preliminary data for the 2024-25 season (through February 8, 2025) indicate that nine of 68 (13%) had IAE. Across seasons, the median age of patients with fatal IAE was 6 years; 54% had no underlying medical conditions, and only 20% had received influenza vaccination. Because no dedicated national surveillance for IAE or ANE exists, it is unknown if the numbers of cases this season vary from expected numbers. Health care providers should consider IAE in children with acute febrile illness and neurologic signs or symptoms lasting >24 hours. Evaluation should include testing for influenza and other viruses and neuroimaging; clinical management should include early antiviral treatment for suspected or confirmed influenza and supportive critical care management as needed. Influenza vaccination is recommended for all eligible persons aged ≥6 months as long as influenza viruses are circulating.
Alcohol-Associated Pancreatitis and Liver Disease Among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Oril Chapman, Maya Djerboua, Mandip Rai, Robert Bechara, Jennifer A. Flemming
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

This cohort study examined the annual incidence rates of alcohol-associated end-organ disease among adolescents and young adults in Ontario, Canada, from 2003 to 2021.
Long-Term Toxicity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors—Time to Widen the Lens
Authors: Christopher Cronin, Aoife O'Sullivan, Jarushka Naidoo
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2025)

This Viewpoint discusses the need to quantify the long-term adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly immune-related adverse effects, which are not universally dose dependent, limiting the value of conventional adverse event grading systems.
Identification of potent biparatopic antibodies targeting FGFR2 fusion driven cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Saireudee Chaturantabut, Sydney Oliver, Dennie T. Frederick, Jiwan J. Kim, Foxy P. Robinson, Alessandro Sinopoli, Tian-Yu Song, Yao He, Yuan-Chen Chang, Diego J. Rodriguez, Liang Chang, Devishi Kesar, Meilani Ching, Ruvimbo Dzvurumi, Adel Atari, Yuen-Yi Tseng, Nabeel Bardeesy, William R. Sellers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2025)

Translocations involving FGFR2 gene fusions are common in cholangiocarcinoma and predict response to FGFR kinase inhibitors. However, response rates and durability are limited due to the emergence of resistance, typically involving FGFR2 kinase domain mutations, and to sub-optimal dosing, relating to drug adverse effects. Here, we develop biparatopic antibodies targeting the FGFR2 extracellular domain (ECD), as candidate therapeutics. Biparatopic antibodies can overcome drawbacks of bivalent monospecific antibodies, which often show poor inhibitory or even agonist activity against oncogenic receptors. We show that oncogenic transformation by FGFR2 fusions requires an intact ECD. Moreover, by systematically generating biparatopic antibodies targeting distinct epitope pairs in FGFR2 ECD, we identified antibodies that effectively block signaling and malignant growth driven by FGFR2-fusions. Importantly, these antibodies demonstrate efficacy in vivo, synergy with FGFR inhibitors, and activity against FGFR2 fusions harboring kinase domain mutations. Thus, biparatopic antibodies may serve as an innovative treatment option for patients with FGFR2-altered cholangiocarcinoma.
Tolerability and Clinical Outcomes With Anesthesia Dose Reduction During Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Caroline W. Espinola, Tyler S. Kaster, Jake Prillo, Lorina Zapf, Hyewon H. Lee, Karen Foley, Martin Ma, Adriaan Van Rensburg, Daniel M. Blumberger
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated restriction of bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation to minimize disease transmission through aerosolization. To reduce BVM use, many sites decreased doses of anesthesia agents, but the associations of such dose reduction with clinical and tolerability outcomes are unknown. Objectives To investigate the association of COVID-19 pandemic modifications in ECT, including reduction in anesthetic dosage and BVM use, with the rates of clinical complications and clinical outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study included data from patients receiving an index course of ECT for any clinical indication treated with methohexital and succinylcholine between March 16, 2017, and March 15, 2023, at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Data analysis occurred from February to December 2024. Exposure Participants were split into 2 cohorts: pre–COVID-19 (treated between March 2017 and March 2020) and COVID-19 (treated between June 2020 and March 2023). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were BVM use and rates of complications (specifically, aspiration, bradycardia, insufficient initial sedation dosage, postictal agitation [PIA], residual weakness, and prolonged seizures). Secondary outcomes were rates of response and cognitive impairment. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations of COVID-19 pandemic modifications with outcomes. Results A total of 616 individuals (median [IQR] age, 45.0 [31.0-59.0] years; 342 female [55.5%]) were included in the analysis, with 362 in the pre-COVID-19 group and 254 in the COVID-19 group. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar. The COVID-19 group received lower median (IQR) methohexital dosages (0.82 [0.72-0.96] mg/kg vs 0.87 [0.78-1.00] mg/kg; P = .007) and succinylcholine (0.33 [0.27-0.39] mg/kg vs 0.53 [0.45-0.59] mg/kg; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) than the pre–COVID-19 group. The COVID-19 group had higher odds of insufficient initial sedation dosage (odds ratio, 2.16, 95% CI, 1.09-4.38) and PIA (odds ratio, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.76-4.56), with no difference for other complications. BVM use was reduced from standard use to 13.8% (35 individuals) during COVID-19. Groups were similar in the rates of response (pre–COVID-19, 246 individuals [68.0%]; COVID-19, 181 individuals [71.3%]; P = .38) and cognitive impairment (pre–COVID-19, 75 individuals [20.7%]; COVID-19, 49 individuals [19.3%]; P = .66). Conclusions and Relevance In this retrospective cohort study, reduction of anesthesia agents was associated with reduced BVM use, with similar clinical outcomes and tolerability other than increased rates of insufficient initial sedation dosage and PIA, suggesting that management of PIA with this anesthesia dosing strategy warrants further investigation.
Risk of Second Cancer in Erdheim-Chester Disease
Authors: Francesco Pegoraro, Francesco Peyronel, Mohamed-Yassir Errahmani, Francesco Catamerò, Matthias Papo, Fleur Cohen-Aubart, Michelangelo Tesi, Jerome Razanamahery, Frederic Charlotte, Tanguy Le Scornet, Achille Aouba, Damien Roos-Weil, Annalisa Tondo, Elena Sieni, Zahir Amoura, Jean-François Emile, Isabella Annesi-Maisano, Augusto Vaglio, Julien Haroche
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2025)

This cohort study analyzes the risk of second cancers in a cohort of 515 patients with Erdheim-Chester disease followed up at 2 histiocytosis centers in France and Italy.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in normotensive individuals with obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised trial
Authors: Adriano D S Targa, Gerard Torres, Iván D Benítez, Mario Henríquez-Beltrán, Rafaela Vaca, Lidia Pascual Arnó, Olga Minguez, Maria Aguilà, Dolores Martínez, Lucía Pinilla, Anna Galan Gonzalez, Sergi Balsells Garriga, Manuel Sánchez-de-la-Torre, Ferran Barbé
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)

The use of continuous positive airway pressure prevents an increase in blood pressure in normotensive subjects with a dipping blood pressure pattern and severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Background : The effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on blood pressure (BP) in normotensive subjects, particularly among those with a dipping BP pattern, remain uncertain, raising questions about its indication for this group of patients. We assessed the impact of CPAP on BP in normotensive subjects with a dipping BP pattern and severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Methods : Randomised, parallel, prospective, controlled trial. Inclusion criteria were an apnoea-hypopnea index ≥30 events/hour, mean 24-hour BP &lt;130/80 mmHg, and daytime-to-nighttime BP reduction ≥10%. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either CPAP treatment or usual care for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) parameters from baseline to the three-month follow-up. Results : The 60 patients who completed the follow-up had a mean age of 52.2 years ( sd 10.8), and 40 of them (66.7%) were male. The intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant changes with CPAP, whereas the usual care group experienced increases in ABPM parameters. This resulted in a mean difference of −3.4 mmHg (95% CI: −6.124 to −0.676; p=0.015) in nighttime diastolic BP between the groups. The per-protocol analysis indicated significant differences between the CPAP and usual care groups for all primary endpoints, except for daytime systolic BP. For nighttime systolic BP, the difference was −6.052 mmHg (95% CI: −10.895 to −1.208; p=0.016). Conclusion : These findings suggest a protective effect of CPAP, highlighting the importance of CPAP prescription for this population to control potential increases in blood pressure and possibly prevent the onset of hypertension.
E-twenty-six-specific sequence variant 5 (ETV5) facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis through enhancing polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC)-mediated immunosuppression
Authors: Zerui Zhang, Wenjie Huang, Dian Hu, Junqing Jiang, Jiaqian Zhang, Zhangfan Wu, Junjie Wen, Xiangyuan Luo, Yijun Wang, Mengyu Sun, Siwen Li, Yufei Wang, Danfei Liu, Xiaoping Chen, Bixiang Zhang, Huifang Liang, Yiwei Li, Bifeng Liu, Shuai Wang, Xiao Xu, Yongzhan Nie, Kaichun Wu, Daiming Fan, Limin Xia
Journal: Gut (2025)

Background Despite the success of immune checkpoint blockade, a lack of understanding of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) immune microenvironment impedes its development. Objective We aim to elucidate the essential function of E-twenty-six-specific sequence variant 5 (ETV5) in regulating the immune microenvironment in HCC. Design Humanised mouse models, murine orthotopic models and diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCl 4 )-induced HCC models were used to examine the function of ETV5. The downstream targets of ETV5 were screened using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, CUT&amp;Tag and RNA sequencing. Immune cells were examined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) was targeted by neutralising antibodies. Results Overexpression of ETV5 in HCC cells facilitated HCC metastasis and immune escape by recruiting and enhancing the immunosuppressive capabilities of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). Mechanistically, ETV5 transactivated programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and S100A9 expression. Inhibition of S100A9 or myeloid-specific knockout of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), the receptors of S100A9, impeded ETV5-induced PMN-MDSC recruitment. Meanwhile, S100A9 within the tumour microenvironment elevated ETV5 expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Additionally, ETV5 transcriptionally upregulated PD-L1 in MDSCs as well, thereby augmenting their immunosuppressive functions. Myeloid-specific Etv5 knockout attenuated HCC progression. We developed monoclonal neutralising-S100A9 antibodies that effectively inhibited ETV5-mediated PMN-MDSC infiltration. Synergistic application of anti-S100A9 or TLR4/RAGE inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 therapy significantly suppressed ETV5-mediated HCC progression. Conclusion ETV5 facilitates HCC progression and metastasis by promoting the recruitment, infiltration and activation of PMN-MDSCs. Synergistic application of anti-S100A9 or TLR4/RAGE inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 therapy holds great promise as an effective combinational treatment strategy for ETV5-positive HCC.
Mannose-6-phosphate attenuates acute lung injury by competitive release of acid sphingomyelinase from the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in endothelial caveolae
Authors: Tian Jiang, Rudi Samapati, Sergej Klassen, Supandi Winoto-Morbach, Zain H Mohamed, Rolf Göggel, Jun Yin, Lijie Tan, Christoph Arenz, Sabrina Schulz, Lasti Erfinanda, Robert Preissner, Szandor Simmons, Stefan Schütze, Stefan Uhlig, Wolfgang M Kuebler
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)

Background Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier failure is mediated by acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) translocation to caveolae. ASM, however, lacks a transmembrane domain for anchoring inside caveolae. We hypothesized that ASM may anchor to cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR) in caveolae from where it can be competitively released by M6P. Methods We probed for ASM-CI-M6PR interaction by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and proximity ligation assay (PLA) in isolated lungs and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVECs). ASM release by M6P was determined in hPMVECs, isolated lungs and in vivo . Effects of M6P i) on PAF-induced lung edema formation and endothelial Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ), and ii) lung injury in acid instilled, overventilated mouse lungs were tested. ASM levels were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ARDS patients. The TriNetX database was probed for the association of ASM-inhibiting tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with outcome. Results Co-IP and PLA revealed ASM interaction with CI-M6PR in endothelial caveolae, which was further increased by PAF. M6P, but not glucose-6-phosphate (Glu6P) caused ASM release, thereby decreasing ASM content and activity in caveolae in vitro , in situ and in vivo . Analogously, M6P, yet not Glu6P attenuated PAF-induced endothelial [Ca 2+ ] i signaling and lung edema in situ , and acute lung injury in vivo . ASM levels were increased in serum, yet not BALF in ARDS patients. Use of TCA was associated with better outcome in patients with severe respiratory infections. Conclusions CI-M6PR anchors ASM in caveolae. M6P may hence present a promising strategy against ASM-related lung injury and edema.
MIF-ACKR3 causes irreversible fat loss by impairing adipogenesis in cancer cachexia
Authors: Qionghua Cui, Shijin Li, Xidan Liu, Jie Liu, Wenxin Chen, Ye Sheng, Peng Xie, Li Jin, Fanxin Zeng, Fengxiang Lv, Xinli Hu, Rui-Ping Xiao
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2025)
Individual leaf microbiota tunes a genetic regulatory network to promote leaf growth
Authors: Valéria Custódio, Isai Salas-González, David Gopaulchan, Paulina Flis, Regla Amorós-Hernández, Yi-Qun Gao, Xianqing Jia, Ângela Moreno, Esther Carrera, Caroline Marcon, Frank Hochholdinger, M Margarida Oliveira, David E Salt, Gabriel Castrillo
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2025)
FAK inhibition combined with the RAF-MEK clamp avutometinib overcomes resistance to targeted and immune therapies in BRAF V600E melanoma
Authors: Simone Lubrano, Rodolfo Daniel Cervantes-Villagrana, Farhoud Faraji, Sydney Ramirez, Kuniaki Sato, Sendi R Adame-Garcia, Adam Officer, Nadia Arang, Damiano C Rigiracciolo, Paola Y Anguiano Quiroz, Claudia Martini, YiYu Wang, Fleur M Ferguson, Antonietta Bacchiocchi, Ruth Halaban, Silvia Coma, Sheri L Holmen, Jonathan A Pachter, Andrew E Aplin, J Silvio Gutkind
Journal: Cancer Cell (2025)
National investment case development for pathogen genomics
Authors: Yoong Khean Khoo, Suci Wulandari, Marya Getchell, La Moe, Shurendar Selva Kumar, Elyssa Jiawen Liu, Yimei Sun, Junxiong Pang, Swapnil Mishra, Hannah Clapham, Ben Marais, Vitali Sintchenko, Ruklanthi de Alwis, David Hipgrave, Paul Michael Pronyk
Journal: Cell Genomics (2025)
Selective apoptosis of tumor-associated platelets boosts the anti-metastatic potency of PD-1 blockade therapy
Authors: Suying Wu, Zhouliang Wu, Zefang Lu, Feilong Qi, Jin Cheng, Tianjiao Chu, Bozhao Li, Yuliang Zhao, Guangjun Nie, Suping Li
Journal: Cell Reports Medicine (2025)
Nivolumab combined with induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A multicenter phase 2 PLATINUM trial
Authors: Cheng Xu, Guan-Qun Zhou, Wen-Fei Li, De-Sheng Hu, Xiao-Zhong Chen, Shao-Jun Lin, Feng Jin, Xin-Qiong Huang, Gang Peng, Jing Huang, Yuan Wu, Chang-Juan Tao, Ji-Bin Li, Ai-Hua Lin, Hong-Yun Zhao, Shu-Bin Hong, Hui-Ling Huang, Ling-Long Tang, Ying-Lin Peng, Ke-Fu Shi, Liu Chen, Li-Ping Qi, Kun-Yu Yang, Liang-Fang Shen, Ying Sun, Jun Ma
Journal: Cancer Cell (2025)
Metabolic engineering to facilitate anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Tanya Schild, Patrick Wallisch, Yixuan Zhao, Ya-Ting Wang, Lyric Haughton, Rachel Chirayil, Kaitlyn Pierpont, Kevin Chen, Sara Nunes-Violante, Justin Cross, Elisa de Stanchina, Craig B Thompson, David A Scheinberg, Justin S A Perry, Kayvan R Keshari
Journal: Cancer Cell (2025)
A strain-transcending anti-AMA1 human monoclonal antibody neutralizes malaria parasites independent of direct RON2L receptor blockade
Authors: Palak N Patel, Ababacar Diouf, Thayne H Dickey, Wai Kwan Tang, Christine S Hopp, Boubacar Traore, Carole A Long, Kazutoyo Miura, Peter D Crompton, Niraj H Tolia
Journal: Cell Reports Medicine (2025)
The endogenous antigen-specific CD8+ T cell repertoire is composed of unbiased and biased clonotypes with differential fate commitments
Authors: Leena Abdullah, Francesco E Emiliani, Chinmay M Vaidya, Hannah Stuart, Shawn C Musial, Fred W Kolling, Joshua J Obar, Pamela C Rosato, Margaret E Ackerman, Li Song, Aaron McKenna, Yina H Huang
Journal: Immunity (2025)
Mitochondria sense bacterial lactate and drive release of neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Ashley D Wise, Eden G TenBarge, Jessica D C Mendonça, Ellie C Mennen, Sarah R McDaniel, Callista P Reber, Bailey E Holder, Madison L Bunch, Eva Belevska, Madalyn G Marshall, Nicole M Vaccaro, Christian R Blakely, Dinesh H Wellawa, Jennifer Ferris, Jessica R Sheldon, Jeffry D Bieber, Jeremiah G Johnson, Lindsey R Burcham, Andrew J Monteith
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2025)
Revolutionizing Patient Reported Outcomes Analysis for Oncology Drug Development Using Population Models
Authors: Jiawei Zhou, Benyam Muluneh, Quefeng Li, Jim H. Hughes
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2025)

Abstract Patient reported outcome (PRO) plays a crucial role as clinical endpoint in oncology trials. Traditional statistical methods, such as hypothesis testing, have been commonly used by pharmaceutical industry and regulators to evaluate treatment efficacy on PRO endpoints. However, the analysis of PRO data remains challenging due to high variability and missing data issues. Here, we will present examples where inappropriate statistical analyses of PRO data can confound treatment efficacy analyses. To overcome these challenges, we propose the application of individual participant data and population models. Population models have been extensively used in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analyses and are well accepted by regulators. However, their potential in PRO data analyses, particularly in the field of oncology, remains largely untapped. This perspective paper aims to highlight the value of population modeling approaches in PRO data analyses for oncology clinicians and researchers. Population models integrate individual participant data and can effectively handle the substantial variability in PRO measurements by incorporating covariates, between-subject variability, and accounting for measurement noise. By leveraging information from the population, this approach also provides accurate estimations for participants with missing data or sparse sampling. Moreover, these models could be applied to predict long-term PRO dynamics. If used appropriately, population modeling approaches could revolutionize the analysis of PRO data in oncology drug development, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of treatment on patients' lives. Our aim is to encourage stakeholders to consider population modeling as a standard and effective tool to enhance decision-making and ultimately improve patient care.