tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Oncologist Perceptions of Racial Disparity, Racial Anxiety, and Unconscious Bias in Clinical Interactions, Treatment, and Outcomes
Authors: Alexandrina Balanean, Emily Bland, Ajeet Gajra, Yolaine Jeune-Smith, Andrew J. Klink, Harlen Hays, Bruce A. Feinberg
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2024)

Cancer spares no demographic or socioeconomic group; it is indeed the great equalizer. But its distribution is not equal; when structural discrimination concentrates poverty and race, zip code surpasses genetic code in predicting outcomes. Compared with White patients in the United States, Black patients are less likely to receive appropriate treatment and referral to clinical trials, genetic testing, or palliative care/hospice.
Roles of microbiota in pancreatic cancer development and treatment
Authors: Mariana Santos Cruz, Joseph Tintelnot, Nicola Gagliani
Journal: Gut Microbes (2024)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. This is due to the fact that most cases are only diagnosed at an advanced and palliative disease stage, and there is a high incidence of therapy resistance. Despite ongoing efforts, to date, the mechanisms underlying PDAC oncogenesis and its poor responses to treatment are still largely unclear. As the study of the microbiome in cancer progresses, growing evidence suggests that bacteria or fungi might be key players both in PDAC oncogenesis as well as in its resistance to chemo- and immunotherapy, for instance through modulation of the tumor microenvironment and reshaping of the host immune response. Here, we review how the microbiota exerts these effects directly or indirectly via microbial-derived metabolites. Finally, we further discuss the potential of modulating the microbiota composition as a therapy in PDAC.
Nutrients: Signal 4 in T cell immunity
Authors: Jana L. Raynor, Hongbo Chi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2024)

T cells are integral in mediating adaptive immunity to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Upon immune challenge, T cells exit from a quiescent state, followed by clonal expansion and effector differentiation. These processes are shaped by three established immune signals, namely antigen stimulation (Signal 1), costimulation (Signal 2), and cytokines (Signal 3). Emerging findings reveal that nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lipids, are crucial regulators of T cell responses and interplay with Signals 1-3, highlighting nutrients as Signal 4 to license T cell immunity. Here, we first summarize the functional importance of Signal 4 and the underlying mechanisms of nutrient transport, sensing, and signaling in orchestrating T cell activation and quiescence exit. We also discuss the roles of nutrients in programming T cell differentiation and functional fitness and how nutrients can be targeted to improve disease therapy. Understanding how T cells respond to Signal 4 nutrients in microenvironments will provide insights into context-dependent functions of adaptive immunity and therapeutic interventions.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Educational Video for CAR T-Cell Therapy Recipients
Authors: P. Connor Johnson, Tejaswini Dhawale, Richard A. Newcomb, Ana Barata, Kyle Karpinski, Mitchell W. Lavoie, Dagny Vaughn, Kathleen Hennessey, David Schneider, Hermioni L. Amonoo, Angelo Volandes, Areej El-Jawahri
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2024)

CAR T-cell therapy has transformed the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but it is complex and challenging to convey to patients. Educational video interventions are efficacious for improving patient knowledge about cancer therapeutics and informing their care preferences, yet no educational videos have been evaluated in CAR T-cell therapy.
Advancing lifelong precision medicine for cardiovascular diseases through gut microbiota modulation
Authors: Bozhong Shi, Haoyu Li, Xiaomin He
Journal: Gut Microbes (2024)

The gut microbiome is known as the tenth system of the human body that plays a vital role in the intersection between health and disease. The considerable inter-individual variability in gut microbiota poses both challenges and great prospects in promoting precision medicine in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this review, based on the development, evolution, and influencing factors of gut microbiota in a full life circle, we summarized the recent advances on the characteristic alteration in gut microbiota in CVDs throughout different life stages, and depicted their pathological links in mechanism, as well as the highlight achievements of targeting gut microbiota in CVDs prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Personalized strategies could be tailored according to gut microbiota characteristics in different life stages, including gut microbiota-blood metabolites combined prediction and diagnosis, dietary interventions, lifestyle improvements, probiotic or prebiotic supplements. However, to fulfill the promise of a lifelong cardiovascular health, more mechanism studies should progress from correlation to causality and decipher novel mechanisms linking specific microbes and CVDs. It is also promising to use the burgeoning artificial intelligence and machine learning to target gut microbiota for developing diagnosis system and screening for new therapeutic interventions.
Elevated plasma triglycerides increase the risk of psoriasis: a cohort and Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Anders M Greve, Anders B Wulff, Stig E Bojesen, Børge G Nordestgaard
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2024)

Abstract Background It is increasingly clear that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are proinflammatory and cause low-grade systemic inflammation. However, it is currently unknown whether elevated plasma triglycerides are causally related to the development of psoriasis, a skin disorder driven by chronic inflammation. Objectives To determine if elevated plasma triglycerides are associated with increased risk of psoriasis in observational and Mendelian randomization analysis. Methods Consecutive individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study were included. We used plasma triglycerides (n = 108 043) and a weighted triglyceride allele score (n = 92 579) on nine known triglyceride-altering genetic variants. Genetic results were replicated in 337 159 individuals from the UK Biobank. Psoriasis was defined using the International Classification of Diseases, version 10 (ICD-10) code for hospital contact in the main analyses, and prescription of topical antipsoriatics for mild psoriasis in the sensitivity analysis. Results During a follow-up of median (range) 9.3 (0.1–15.1) years from 2003 to 2015 through 2018, 855 (1%) individuals were diagnosed with psoriasis by ICD-10 in the observational analysis and 772 (1%) in the Mendelian randomization analysis. In the observational analysis, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for psoriasis by ICD-10 was 1.26 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15–1.39] per doubling in plasma triglycerides with a corresponding causal odds ratio of incident psoriasis of 2.10 (95% CI 1.30–3.38). Causality was confirmed from data from the UK Biobank. Results were similar but slightly attenuated when we used topical antipsoriatic prescriptions for mild psoriasis. Conclusions Elevated plasma triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of psoriasis in observational and Mendelian randomization analysis.
Regression discontinuity design studies: a guide for health researchers
Authors: Sebastian Calonico, Neal Jawadekar, Katrina Kezios, Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri
Journal: BMJ (2024)

As randomized controlled trials are not always feasible, quasi-experimental methods, such as regression discontinuity design, can expand the scope of clinical investigations aimed at causal inference in observational settings. However, clinical researchers are likely to be less familiar with and have less training in quasi-experimental designs. This article focuses on implementation and provides a detailed checklist, glossary, and guided example for how to conduct an analysis of regression discontinuity design, with the aim to help clinical researchers read, conduct, and interpret regression discontinuity design and, overall, to encourage its wider adoption in clinical practice.
T2* Mapping of Placental Oxygenation to Estimate Fetal Cortical and Subcortical Maturation
Authors: Emily S. Nichols, Sarah Al-Saoud, Barbra de Vrijer, Charles A. McKenzie, Roy Eagleson, Sandrine de Ribaupierre, Emma G. Duerden
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

This cohort study investigates the association between T2* mapping of placental oxygenation and cortical and subcortical fetal brain volumes in typically developing fetuses scanned longitudinally in the third trimester.
Bariatric Surgery Produces Long-Term Benefits in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Thomas A. Wadden, Robert F. Kushner, Ariana M. Chao
Journal: JAMA (2024)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Linking Hospitalized Patients With Opioid Use Disorder to Treatment—The Importance of Care Transitions
Authors: Marlene Martin, Noa Krawczyk
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

David Marcovitz, MD; Mary Lynn Dear, PhD; Rebecca Donald, MD; David A. Edwards, MD, PhD; Kristopher A. Kast, MD; Thao D. V. Le, PhD; Mauli V. Shah, MPH; Jason Ferrell, LCSW, LADAC; Cheryl Gatto, PhD; Cassandra Hennessy, MS; Reagan Buie, MHA; Todd W. Rice, MD, MSc; William Sullivan, MD, MEd; Katie D. White, MD, PhD; Grace Van Winkle, MPH; Rachel Wolf, MD; Christopher J. Lindsell, PhD; Vanderbilt Learning Healthcare System Platform Investigators; Gordon R. Bernard; Robert S. Dittus; Shon Dwyer; Peter J. Embi; Chad Fitzgerald; Robert E. Freundlich; Frank E. Harrell Jr.; Paul A. Harris; Tina Hartert; Jim Hayman; Catherine H. Ivory; Ruth Kleinpell; Sunil Kripalani; Lee Ann Liska; Patrick Luther; Jay Morrison; Thomas Nantais; Jill M. Pulley; Kris Rehm; Russell L. Rothman; Patti Runyan; Wesley H. Self; Matthew W. Semler; Robin Steaban; Cosby A. Stone Jr.; Philip D. Walker; Consuelo H. Wilkins; Adam Wright; Autumn D. Zuckerman
Genomic insight into the origin, domestication, dispersal, diversification and human selection of Tartary buckwheat
Authors: Yuqi He, Kaixuan Zhang, Yaliang Shi, Hao Lin, Xu Huang, Xiang Lu, Zhirong Wang, Wei Li, Xibo Feng, Taoxiong Shi, Qingfu Chen, Junzhen Wang, Yu Tang, Mark A. Chapman, Mateja Germ, Zlata Luthar, Ivan Kreft, Dagmar Janovská, Vladimir Meglič, Sun-Hee Woo, Muriel Quinet, Alisdair R. Fernie, Xu Liu, Meiliang Zhou
Journal: Genome biology (2024)

Abstract Background Tartary buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum , is a pseudocereal crop with worldwide distribution and high nutritional value. However, the origin and domestication history of this crop remain to be elucidated. Results Here, by analyzing the population genomics of 567 accessions collected worldwide and reviewing historical documents, we find that Tartary buckwheat originated in the Himalayan region and then spread southwest possibly along with the migration of the Yi people, a minority in Southwestern China that has a long history of planting Tartary buckwheat. Along with the expansion of the Mongol Empire, Tartary buckwheat dispersed to Europe and ultimately to the rest of the world. The different natural growth environments resulted in adaptation, especially significant differences in salt tolerance between northern and southern Chinese Tartary buckwheat populations. By scanning for selective sweeps and using a genome-wide association study, we identify genes responsible for Tartary buckwheat domestication and differentiation, which we then experimentally validate. Comparative genomics and QTL analysis further shed light on the genetic foundation of the easily dehulled trait in a particular variety that was artificially selected by the Wa people, a minority group in Southwestern China known for cultivating Tartary buckwheat specifically for steaming as a staple food to prevent lysine deficiency. Conclusions This study provides both comprehensive insights into the origin and domestication of, and a foundation for molecular breeding for, Tartary buckwheat.
Cefepime vs Piperacillin-Tazobactam for Acute Infection in Hospitalized Adults
Authors: Tanguy Dequidt, Samuel Markowicz, Julien Coussement
Journal: JAMA (2024)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Routine Fecal Occult Blood Screening and Colorectal Cancer Mortality in Sweden
Authors: Johannes Blom, Deborah Saraste, Sven Törnberg, Håkan Jonsson
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs are implemented worldwide, but there are difficulties evaluating their effectiveness. The magnitude of routine CRC screening effectiveness regarding cancer-specific mortality is unclear. Objective To evaluate cancer-specific mortality associated with early vs late or no invitation for routine CRC screening using fecal occult blood testing. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study was performed in the region of Stockholm-Gotland, Sweden, between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2021. All individuals of the target population of screening born from 1938 to 1954 were included. Data were analyzed from December 12, 2022, to June 25, 2023. Exposures Individuals were invited early (2008-2012), late (2013-2015), or not at all to screening with biennial guaiac-based fecal occult blood test. The early invitation group was considered the exposure group and the late or no invitation group was considered the control group. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was cancer-specific mortality, defined as CRC registered in the Cancer Register with CRC as underlying cause of death in the Cause of Death Register. Excess mortality was calculated as all-cause deaths among the individuals with CRC subtracted from the expected number of deaths had they not had CRC. Poisson regression analysis based on deaths and person-years was used to estimated mortality rate ratio (RR) with 95% CIs, adjusted for follow-up years and attained age. Results In total, 379 448 individuals (193 436 [51.0%] female) were invited for CRC screening, including 203 670 individuals in the exposure group and 175 778 in the control group. The mean screening participation rate was 63.3%, and there was a maximum of 14 years follow-up. There were 834 CRC deaths in 2 190 589 person-years in the exposure group, compared with 889 CRC deaths in 2 249 939 person-years in the control group. Individuals who underwent early CRC screening had reduced adjusted risk of CRC mortality (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95) and excess mortality (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Conclusions and Relevance This prospective cohort study of routine screening with fecal occult blood testing found a 14% decrease in CRC mortality associated with screening. The true association of screening with reduced mortality is expected to be higher due to some coexistence of testing in the control group and CRC deaths diagnosed more than 2 years after screening.
Changes in Health Care Workers’ Economic Outcomes Following Medicaid Expansion
Authors: Sasmira Matta, Paula Chatterjee, Atheendar S. Venkataramani
Journal: JAMA (2024)

Importance The extent to which changes in health sector finances impact economic outcomes among health care workers, especially lower-income workers, is not well known. Objective To assess the association between state adoption of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion—which led to substantial improvements in health care organization finances—and health care workers’ annual incomes and benefits, and whether these associations varied across low- and high-wage occupations. Design, Setting, and Participants Difference-in-differences analysis to assess differential changes in health care workers’ economic outcomes before and after Medicaid expansion among workers in 30 states that expanded Medicaid relative to workers in 16 states that did not, by examining US individuals aged 18 through 65 years employed in the health care industry surveyed in the 2010-2019 American Community Surveys. Exposure Time-varying state-level adoption of Medicaid expansion. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was annual earned income; secondary outcomes included receipt of employer–sponsored health insurance, Medicaid, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits. Results The sample included 1 322 263 health care workers from 2010-2019. Health care workers in expansion states were similar to those in nonexpansion states in age, sex, and educational attainment, but those in expansion states were less likely to identify as non-Hispanic Black. Medicaid expansion was associated with a 2.16% increase in annual incomes (95% CI, 0.66%-3.65%; P = .005). This effect was driven by significant increases in annual incomes among the top 2 highest-earning quintiles (β coefficient, 2.91%-3.72%), which includes registered nurses, physicians, and executives. Health care workers in lower-earning quintiles did not experience any significant changes. Medicaid expansion was associated with a 3.15 percentage point increase in the likelihood that a health care worker received Medicaid benefits (95% CI, 2.46 to 3.84; P &amp;amp;lt; .001), with the largest increases among the 2 lowest-earning quintiles, which includes health aides, orderlies, and sanitation workers. There were significant decreases in employer–sponsored health insurance and increases in SNAP following Medicaid expansion. Conclusion and Relevance Medicaid expansion was associated with increases in compensation for health care workers, but only among the highest earners. These findings suggest that improvements in health care sector finances may increase economic inequality among health care workers, with implications for worker health and well-being.
Female Sex and Mortality in Patients with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia
Authors: Annette C. Westgeest, Merel M. C. Lambregts, Felicia Ruffin, Rachel E. Korn, Maren E. Webster, Jackson L. Kair, Joshua B. Parsons, Stacey A. Maskarinec, Samantha Kaplan, Olaf M. Dekkers, Mark G. J. de Boer, Vance G. Fowler, Joshua T. Thaden
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of death due to bacterial bloodstream infection. Female sex has been identified as a risk factor for mortality in S aureus bacteremia (SAB) in some studies, but not in others. Objective To determine whether female sex is associated with increased mortality risk in SAB. Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 26, 2023. Study Selection Included studies met the following criteria: (1) randomized or observational studies evaluating adults with SAB, (2) included 200 or more patients, (3) reported mortality at or before 90 days following SAB, and (4) reported mortality stratified by sex. Studies on specific subpopulations (eg, dialysis, intensive care units, cancer patients) and studies that included patients with bacteremia by various microorganisms that did not report SAB-specific data were excluded. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by 1 reviewer and verified by a second reviewer. Risk of bias and quality were assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Mortality data were combined as odds ratios (ORs). Main Outcome and Measures Mortality at or before 90-day following SAB, stratified by sex. Results From 5339 studies retrieved, 89 were included (132 582 patients; 50 258 female [37.9%], 82 324 male [62.1%]). Unadjusted mortality data were available from 81 studies (109 828 patients) and showed increased mortality in female patients compared with male patients (pooled OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.18). Adjusted mortality data accounting for additional patient characteristics and treatment variables were available from 32 studies (95 469 patients) and revealed a similarly increased mortality risk in female relative to male patients (pooled adjusted OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.11-1.27). No evidence of publication bias was encountered. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review and meta-analysis, female patients with SAB had higher mortality risk than males in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Further research is needed to study the potential underlying mechanisms.
Use of Landiolol for Patients With Septic Shock and Organ Failure
Authors: Konstantinos Mantzarlis, Vassilios Vazgiourakis, Demosthenes Makris
Journal: JAMA (2024)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal