tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Christian S. Hendershot, Michael P. Bremmer, Michael B. Paladino, Georgios Kostantinis, Thomas A. Gilmore, Neil R. Sullivan, Amanda C. Tow, Sarah S. Dermody, Mark A. Prince, Robyn Jordan, Sherry A. McKee, Paul J. Fletcher, Eric D. Claus, Klara R. Klein
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2025)

Importance Preclinical, observational, and pharmacoepidemiology evidence indicates that glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) may reduce alcohol intake. Randomized trials are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings. Objective To evaluate the effects of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide on alcohol consumption and craving in adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Design, Setting, and Participants This was a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm trial involving 9 weeks of outpatient treatment. Enrollment occurred at an academic medical center in the US from September 2022 to February 2024. Of 504 potential participants assessed, 48 non–treatment-seeking participants with AUD were randomized. Intervention Participants received semaglutide (0.25 mg/week for 4 weeks, 0.5 mg/week for 4 weeks, and 1.0 mg for 1 week) or placebo at weekly clinic visits. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was laboratory alcohol self-administration, measured at pretreatment and posttreatment (0.5 mg/week). Secondary and exploratory outcomes, including prospective changes in alcohol consumption and craving, were assessed at outpatient visits. Results Forty-eight participants (34 [71%] female; mean [SD] age, 39.9 [10.6] years) were randomized. Low-dose semaglutide reduced the amount of alcohol consumed during a posttreatment laboratory self-administration task, with evidence of medium to large effect sizes for grams of alcohol consumed (β, −0.48; 95% CI, −0.85 to −0.11; P = .01) and peak breath alcohol concentration (β, −0.46; 95% CI, −0.87 to −0.06; P = .03). Semaglutide treatment did not affect average drinks per calendar day or number of drinking days, but significantly reduced drinks per drinking day (β, −0.41; 95% CI, −0.73 to −0.09; P = .04) and weekly alcohol craving (β, −0.39; 95% CI, −0.73 to −0.06; P = .01), also predicting greater reductions in heavy drinking over time relative to placebo (β, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.99; P = .04). A significant treatment-by-time interaction indicated that semaglutide treatment predicted greater relative reductions in cigarettes per day in a subsample of individuals with current cigarette use (β, −0.10; 95% CI, −0.16 to −0.03; P = .005). Conclusions and Relevance These findings provide initial prospective evidence that low-dose semaglutide can reduce craving and some drinking outcomes, justifying larger clinical trials to evaluate GLP-1RAs for alcohol use disorder. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05520775
Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Advertisement Trends After US Federal Policy Changes
Authors: Rui Shi, Amal Khayat, Juhan Lee, Kathleen A. Garrison, Rime Jebai, Olivia A. Wackowski, Jenny E. Ozga, Cassandra A. Stanton
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance The US has implemented several regulatory measures to govern the sale and marketing of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). A nicotine warning statement requirement became effective in September 2018, the minimum legal age for tobacco and nicotine sales was raised to 21 years (Tobacco to 21 Act [T21]) in December 2019, and a January 2020 enforcement policy limited the sale of cartridge-based ENDS to only tobacco and menthol flavors. Objective To track the presence of the nicotine warning statement, youth appeals, and flavor cues in the advertisements of 3 ENDS brands with marketing authorization during the implementation of the US federal tobacco policies. Design, Setting, and Participants In this qualitative study, a content analysis was conducted on ENDS advertisements in the market from November 18, 2015, to June 26, 2022. All mobile, online display, outdoor, and print advertisements from the 3 US ENDS brands with marketing granted orders as of June 2022 were collected through Vivvix, a commercial advertisement intelligence company. Advertisements were excluded if they targeted businesses rather than consumers, contained display errors that were unretrievable, or were duplicates. Data analysis was completed in March 2024. Exposure The nicotine warning statement requirement, T21, and the flavor enforcement policy. Main Outcomes and Measures Nicotine warning statement compliance and presence of youth-appealing features (eg, young models, sports, and sex appeal) and nonmenthol, nontobacco flavor cues (eg, images of food, characterizing words like sweet or fruity ) in ENDS advertisements before and after policy implementation. Results Of the 614 advertisements analyzed, the proportion containing the nicotine warning statement increased from 18 of 83 (21.7%) in the year preceding policy implementation to 147 of 152 (96.7%) in the subsequent year (χ 2 1 = 144.5; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). The proportion of advertisements containing any youth-appealing features increased from 35 of 171 (20.5%) in the year before T21 to 64 of 143 (44.8%) in the year after T21 (χ 2 1 = 21.28; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). There was no significant difference in flavor cues in the advertisements in the year before the flavor enforcement policy (30 of 161 [18.6%]) and those in the following year (38 of 149 [25.5%]) (χ 2 1 = 2.13; P = .14). Conclusions and Relevance This qualitative study found immediate compliance with nicotine warning statements but no significant reduction in use of flavor cues and an increase in youth-appealing features in the first year after regulatory measures. The findings suggest a need for continued close monitoring of youth appeals in ENDS advertisements on all platforms to inform potential policies and interventions that can be used to counter the reach, appeal, and impact of these advertisements.
Challenges to Video Visits for Patients With Non–English Language Preference
Authors: Marianna Kong, Francine Rios-Fetchko, Madelyn Olmos-Rodriguez, Linda Branagan, Bradley Iott, Therese Chan Tack, Carol Yarbrough, Kevin Grumbach, Alicia Fernandez
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Patients with non–English language preference (NELP) participate in video visits considerably less often than their English-speaking counterparts. Understanding the capability, opportunities, and motivation of patients with NELP to use video visits is key to determining how this technology may benefit their care. Objective To investigate the perceptions of patients with NELP regarding the facilitators and barriers to usage of video visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews of patients with NELP from an ambulatory clinic network of a large, urban, academic health system in California serving a linguistically diverse population was conducted from November 2022 to September 2023. Electronic health data were used to identify Spanish- and Cantonese-speaking patients with at least 1 clinic visit but no video visits in the prior 12 months. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to February 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures One-on-one semistructured interviews were conducted by telephone to capture perceptions on facilitators and barriers to video visit use. Interviews were audio-recorded until reaching thematic saturation, deidentified, transcribed and translated, and analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis. Common themes were identified and matched to relevant domains of the capability, opportunities, and motivation model. Results Of the 31 patients successfully contacted by telephone, 27 participants (mean [SD] age, 66 [15] years; 18 women [67%]), including 16 Spanish-speaking and 11 Cantonese-speaking participants, were interviewed. Four major themes emerged, including (1) video visits creating additional communication challenges and potentially exacerbating communication difficulties for patients who face language barriers; (2) video visits perceived as having some drawbacks for medical evaluations as well as some appealing benefits; (3) limited digital literacy, device and data access, and non–user-friendly video visit processes as important barriers; and (4) in-person teaching, simpler technologic processes, opportunities to repetitively practice video use, troubleshooting support, and language-concordant instructions, clinicians, and clinic staff as facilitators of video visits. For some, the disadvantages were sufficient to deter use of video visits, while for others, they were counterbalanced by the ease of access provided by video visits. Conclusions and Relevance In this qualitative study, participants with NELP perceived multiple barriers to video visits, including greater communication difficulties, lower medical evaluation quality, and technical issues. These findings suggest that addressable technical challenges associated with language barriers hamper access to video visits and decrease motivation for use and that interventions are needed to increase telehealth equity.
Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Maryanne Demasi, Rita F. Redberg, John D. Abramson
Journal: JAMA (2025)

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Language Equity in Health Technology for Patients With Non–English Language Preference
Authors: Pilar Ortega, Alyssia Miller De Rutté, Mónica Vela
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Marianna Kong, MD; Francine Rios-Fetchko, BA; Madelyn Olmos-Rodriguez, BA; Linda Branagan, PhD; Bradley Iott, MPH, MS, PhD; Therese Chan Tack, DO, MPH; Carol Yarbrough, MBA; Kevin Grumbach, MD; Alicia Fernandez, MD
Olpasiran, Oxidized Phospholipids, and Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers
Authors: Robert S. Rosenson, J. Antonio G. López, Daniel Gaudet, Seth J. Baum, Elmer Stout, Norman E. Lepor, Jeong-Gun Park, Sabina A. Murphy, Beat Knusel, Jingying Wang, Tomaz Wilmanski, Huei Wang, You Wu, Helina Kassahun, Marc S. Sabatine, Michelle L. O’Donoghue
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2025)

Importance Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is thought to be the major carrier of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL). OxPL are believed to be a potent driver of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Olpasiran, a small interfering RNA, blocks Lp(a) production by inducing degradation of apolipoprotein(a) messenger RNA. Olpasiran’s effects on OxPL and systemic markers of inflammation are not well described. Objective To assess the effects of olpasiran on OxPL, high-sensitivity interleukin 6 (hs-IL-6), and hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the OCEAN(a)-DOSE randomized clinical trial. Design, Setting, and Participants OCEAN(a)-DOSE was an international, multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 2, dose-finding randomized clinical trial conducted between July 2020 and November 2022. A total of 281 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and Lp(a) levels greater than 150 nmol/L were included. Intervention Participants were randomized to receive 1 of 4 active subcutaneous doses of olpasiran vs placebo: (1) 10 mg, administered every 12 weeks (Q12W); (2) 75 mg, Q12W; (3) 225 mg, Q12W; or (4) 225 mg, administered every 24 weeks (Q24W). OxPL on apolipoprotein B (OxPL-apoB), hs-CRP, and hs-IL-6 were assessed at baseline, week 36, and week 48 in 272 patients. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was placebo-adjusted change in OxPL-apoB from baseline to week 36. Results Among 272 participants, median (IQR) age was 62 years (56-69), and 86 participants (31.6%) were female. Baseline median (IQR) Lp(a) concentration was 260.3 nmol/L (198.1-352.4) and median (IQR) OxPL-apoB concentration was 26.5 nmol/L (19.7-33.9). The placebo-adjusted mean percentage change in OxPL-apoB from baseline to week 36 was −51.6% (95% CI, −64.9% to −38.2%) for the 10-mg Q12W dose, −89.7% (95% CI, −103.0% to −76.4%) for the 75-mg Q12W dose, −92.3% (95% CI, −105.6% to −78.9%) for the 225-mg Q12W dose, and −93.7% (95% CI, −107.1% to −80.3%) for the Q24W dose ( P &amp;amp;lt; .001 for all). These effects were maintained to week 48 (−50.8%, −100.2%, −104.7%, and −85.8%, respectively; P &amp;amp;lt; .001 for all). There was a strong correlation between percentage reduction in Lp(a) and OxPL-apoB for patients treated with olpasiran ( r = 0.79; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Olpasiran did not significantly impact hs-CRP or hs-IL-6 compared with placebo to weeks 36 or 48 ( P &amp;amp;gt; .05). Conclusion and Relevance In the OCEAN(a)-DOSE multicenter randomized clinical trial, olpasiran led to a significant and sustained reduction in OxPL-apoB but no significant effects on hs-CRP or hs-IL-6.
Cancer and Overgrowth Manifestations of PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome: Management Recommendations from the International PHTS Consensus Guidelines Working Group
Authors: Andrew Dhawan, Sarah Baitamouni, Darren Liu, Lamis Yehia, Kristin Anthony, Alicia McCarther, Marc Tischkowitz, Suzanne P. MacFarland, Joanne Ngeow, Nicoline Hoogerbrugge, Charis Eng
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2025)

PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS) is an autosomal dominant cancer-predisposition and overgrowth syndrome occurring due to pathogenic germline variants in the PTEN gene, with an increased risk of both benign and malignant tumours involving the breast, colon, endometrium, thyroid, skin, and kidney. The objective of these clinical guidelines was to use the latest knowledge to generate an international consensus resource for providers, researchers, and individuals with PHTS on the best practices in the surveillance and management of cancer and overgrowth in PHTS. The International PHTS Cancer and Overgrowth Guidelines Working Group was established, comprising a core group of six international experts in the diagnosis and management of PHTS. The Working Group held joint meetings with PHTS individuals and their advocates. Informed by the literature, the Working Group met regularly between 2022 and 2024 to produce guideline statements, refined through iterative feedback. A modified Delphi approach was used with an independent external panel of PHTS, genetics and cancer experts to establish final consensus guidelines. Clinical consensus recommendations for the surveillance and management of cancer and overgrowth in individuals with PHTS were formed. Guidelines encompass the recommended practices in cases of breast, colon, endometrial, thyroid, and kidney cancers, as well as overgrowths. The clinical management of individuals with PHTS is complex and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. We generated international consensus guidelines for the surveillance and management of cancer and overgrowth in PHTS aiming at improving care for affected individuals and families.
Experiences of Telehealth Reimbursement Policies in Federally Qualified Health Centers
Authors: Thalia Porteny, Sorcha A. Brophy, Emily Burroughs
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance The impact of Medicaid telehealth reimbursement policies on staffing and patient-centered care in the safety net are largely unknown but critical to successful and equitable access to telehealth. Objective To identify and characterize federally qualified health center (FQHC) staff and leadership’s perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of Medicaid telehealth reimbursement policies. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study used semistructured interviews conducted from April 2022 to January 2024 with snowballed sampled participants consisting of FQHC leadership, clinicians, and administrative staff in 6 FQHCs representing the 5 boroughs in New York, New York. Main Outcomes and Measures Participants described telehealth experiences, including factors impending or contributing to staff turnover, patient satisfaction, and financial sustainability within FQHCs. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Of 56 interviews, 26 participants (46.4%) were part of the leadership team, 18 (32.1%) were clinical staff, 8 (14.3%) were program support staff, 7 (12.5%) were enabling services staff, 3 (5.4%) were site directors, and 3 (5.4%) were another staff category. Three overarching themes characterized staff and leadership understanding of the impact of Medicaid telehealth reimbursement policies on FQHCs: (1) Medicaid telehealth policy design was perceived to exacerbate a workforce shortage, particularly among mental health care practitioners; (2) patients ranged in preferences and ability to access telehealth while FQHCs struggled to attain resources for telehealth; and (3) FQHC leadership envisioned a productive hybrid model where telehealth complements on-site care. FQHC staff and leadership reported opportunities to improve compliance, no-shows, and workflows through telehealth, but improvements in funding policy, such as payment parity and more grants that can be used to address telehealth infrastructure (eg, Internet access, equipment, and literacy), are urgently needed. Conclusions and Relevance In this qualitative study, staff at FQHCs perceived the current telehealth Medicaid reimbursement policies in New York State as a factor that exacerbated inequities to accessing care, particularly for mental health needs. These findings indicate that although telehealth brings new opportunities to advance patient-centered care, there are serious challenges on the path toward equitable care because telehealth is not yet integrated into payment in a sustainable way.
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Version 2.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology
Authors: Hiroto Inaba, David Teachey, Colleen Annesley, Sandeep Batra, Jill Beck, Susan Colace, Stacy Cooper, Mari Dallas, Satiro De Oliveira, Kara Kelly, Carrie Kitko, Mira Kohorst, Matthew Kutny, Norman Lacayo, Cathy Lee-Miller, Kathleen Ludwig, Lisa Madden, Kelly Maloney, David Mangum, Stephanie Massaro, David McCall, Perry Morocco, Brad Muller, Lindsey Murphy, Valentina Nardi, Jenna Rossoff, Laura Schuettpelz, Bijal Shah, Jessica Sun, Victor Wong, Gregory Yanik, Ajibola Awotiwon, Katie Stehman
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2025)

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) were developed as a result of meetings convened by a multidisciplinary panel of pediatric ALL experts, with the goal of providing recommendations on standard treatment approaches based on current evidence. The NCCN Guidelines for pediatric ALL focus on risk assessment and stratification of risk-adapted therapy; treatment strategies for BCR::ABL1 (Philadelphia chromosome [Ph])-negative and BCR::ABL1 -positive B-cell lineage, T-cell lineage, and infant ALL; and supportive care considerations. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for pediatric ALL focuses on the diagnosis of and management of pediatric T-ALL.
Dust Storms and Emergency Department Visits in 3 Southwestern States Using NWS Storm Reports
Authors: Xiaping Zheng, Howard H. Chang, Stefanie T. Ebelt, Rohan D’Souza, Kirk Hohsfield, James L. Crooks
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Dust storms are projected to increase with climate change. The short-term health outcomes associated with dust storms in the US are not well characterized, especially for morbidity outcomes. Objective To estimate associations between dust storms and diagnosis-specific emergency department (ED) visits during 2005 to 2018. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study using a time-stratified case-crossover design, short-term associations between dust storms and ED visits were estimated at the zip code level using conditional Poisson analysis with adjustment for meteorology and within-month trends. Same-day dust storm events and storm events within a lag period of up to 7 days were considered. State-wide patient-level ED visit records acquired from 3 state health departments (Arizona, California, and Utah) were analyzed. Data were analyzed between April 21 and November 12, 2024. Exposures Dust storm events were reported by the US National Weather Service and assigned to each patient zip code that had at least a 5% areal overlap with the National Weather Service forecast zone. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient-level ED visits for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, culture-negative pneumonia, congestive heart failure (CHF), cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and visits due to motor vehicle accidents. Results The analysis included 33 500 ED visits among the outcomes of interest (5717 children aged 0-17 years [17.1%] and 11 150 adults aged &amp;amp;gt;65 years [33.3%]; 17 394 male [51.9%] and 16 104 female [48.1%]; 2829 Black [8.4%] and 22 537 White [67.2%]; 9256 Hispanic [27.6%]) and 206 dust-impacted zip codes. The strongest associations between dust storms and ED visits were found for asthma (lag 0-2 relative risk [RR], 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11; P = .03), culture-negative pneumonia (lag 0-7 RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10; P = .002), CHF (lag 0-7 RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.10; P = .01), and motor vehicle accidents (lag 0 RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23; P = .003). Associations of dust storm exposure with ischemic heart disease were mostly protective (eg, lag 0-2 RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Associations of dust storm exposure with risk of ED visits for CHF and motor vehicle accidents were robust against adjustment for ambient ozone (eg, CHF: RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; P = .003) and nitrogen dioxide (eg, CHF: RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.13; P = .003) air pollution. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, dust storms were positively associated with ED visits for asthma, pneumonia, heart failure, and motor vehicle accidents. These findings contribute to our understanding of the association of dust storms with morbidity in the US and potential outcomes under a changing climate.