Mental and Physical Health Among Danish Transgender Persons Compared With Cisgender Persons
Authors: Dorte Glintborg, Jens-Jakob Kjer Møller, Katrine Hass Rubin, Øjvind Lidegaard, Guy T’Sjoen, Mie-Louise Julie Ørsted Larsen, Malene Hilden, Louise Lehmann Christensen, Marianne Skovsager Andersen
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Mental and somatic health is often impaired among transgender persons. Studies regarding coexisting mental and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons are limited. Objective To assess health diagnoses and medicine use among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Design, Setting, and Participants This register-based national cohort study included data from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021. Transgender persons were included on the first date of receipt of a transgender identity contact code. Controls included 10 age-matched cisgender men (n = 5) and women (n = 5) for each transgender person. Statistical analyses were conducted from September to December 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes and medicine use in a 5-year period up to the first date of transgender contact code for most commonly occurring mental and physical illnesses. The main outcomes were determined after data collection. Results The cohort included 3812 transgender persons (1993 transmasculine persons [52.3%] with a median age of 19 years [IQR, 15-24 years] and 1819 transfeminine persons [47.7%] with a median age of 23 years [IQR, 19-33 years]) and 38 120 cisgender controls. The odds for a mental health diagnosis was up to 12 times higher among transgender persons compared with cisgender controls. Among transmasculine and transfeminine persons, neurotic, stress-related disorders (transmasculine: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.70 [95% CI, 4.02-5.50]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.27 [95% CI, 4.28-6.49]); developmental disorders, including autism (transmasculine: AOR, 11.67 [95% CI, 8.85-15.39]; transfeminine: AOR, 9.39 [95% CI, 7.05-12.50]); mood (affective) disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 5.41 [95% CI, 4.32-6.77]; transfeminine: AOR, 5.61 [95% CI, 4.16-7.57]); and behavioral disorders (transmasculine: AOR, 4.50 [95% CI, 3.61-5.62]; transfeminine: AOR, 4.15 [95% CI, 3.19-5.39]) were the most frequent mental health diagnoses compared with cisgender controls of the opposite sex at birth. Transmasculine persons had higher odds for somatic diagnosis codes of diabetes (AOR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.12-3.56]), asthma (including chronic obstructive lung disease; AOR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.06-1.85]), injury and poisoning (AOR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.15-1.41]), and pain (AOR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.12-1.49]) compared with control cisgender women. Among transfeminine persons, somatic diagnosis codes of infection (AOR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.33-2.13]), anemia (AOR, 3.08 [95% CI, 1.36-6.97]), diabetes (AOR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.25-3.05]), sleep apnea (AOR, 3.41 [95% CI, 1.84-6.31]), and pain (AOR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.58]) were more frequent compared with control cisgender men. Transgender persons had higher use of psychopharmacologic medicine, antacids, and laxatives compared with cisgender controls (transmasculine persons vs control cisgender women, antipsychotics: AOR, 6.20 [95% CI, 5.07-7.59]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.78-5.23]; antacids: AOR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.07-1.45]; and laxatives: AOR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.17-1.99]; transfeminine persons vs control cisgender men, antipsychotics: AOR, 4.74 [95% CI, 3.92-5.74]; hypnotics-sedatives: AOR, 3.01 [95% CI, 2.53-3.57]; and antacids: AOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.56]). Mental health diagnoses and use of psychopharmacologic drugs were coexisting with somatic diagnoses and use of drugs for somatic diseases. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of Danish transgender persons and cisgender controls found significantly higher risks for mental and somatic health diagnoses among transgender persons. Coexistence of mental health outcomes and somatic health outcomes among transgender persons could be associated with stress encountered due to belonging to a gender identity or sexual orientation minority group; mental and physical morbidity should be considered an integrated part of transgender care.