Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Haley Comfort, Theresa A McHugh, Austin E Schumacher, Ashley Harris, Erin A May, Katherine R Paulson, William M Gardner, John E Fuller, Meghan E Frisch, Heather Jean Taylor, Andrew T Leever, Corey Teply, Nicholas Alexander Verghese, Tahiya Alam, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Daba Abdissa, Meriem Abdoun, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Michael R M Abrigo, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Bulcha Guye Adema, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adetunji, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Antonella Agodi, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Karolina Akinosoglou, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Mohammed Albashtawy, Sharifullah Alemi, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Abid Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Louay Almidani, Sami Almustanyir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hany Aly, Safwat Aly, Reza Amani, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Sohrab Amiri, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Francis Appiah, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Anton A Artamonov, Umesh Raj Aryal, Zatollah Asemi, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Tahira Ashraf, Melash Belachew Asresie, Daniel Atlaw, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Avinash Aujayeb, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M S Azevedo, Ahmed Y Azzam, Darshan B B, Mahsa Babaei, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Farshad Bahrami Asl, Ruhai Bai, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Kiran Bam, Maciej Banach, Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas, Hansi Bansal, Berihun Bantie Bantie, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Azadeh Bashiri, Afisu Basiru, Pritish Baskaran, Kavita Batra, Mojtaba Bayani, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayleyegn, Neeraj Bedi, Tahmina Begum, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Kebede A Beyene, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Suraj Bhattarai, Virginia Bodolica, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Yasser Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Abdul Cadri, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dhun Chauhan, Malizgani Paul Chavula, Simiao Chen, Gerald Chi, Abdulaal Chitheer, William C S Cho, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Gizachew Worku Dagnew, Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba, Lalit Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Kairat Davletov, Berhanu Gidisa Debela, Aklilu Tamire Debele, Msganaw Derese, Kebede Deribe, Emina Dervišević, Anteneh Mengist Dessie, Arkadeep Dhali, Vishal R Dhulipala, M Ashworth Dirac, Wanyue Dong, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Sulagna Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdelaziz Ed-Dra, Kristina Edvardsson, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Islam Y Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I Emeto, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Hawi Leul Esayas, Babak Eshrati, Francesco Esposito, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ali Faramarzi, Andre Faro, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, Florian Fischer, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Balasankar Ganesan, Federica Gazzelloni, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Gloria Gheno, Alessandro Gialluisi, Mika Gissler, James C Glasbey, Logan M Glasstetter, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Michal Grivna, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Hanbing Guo, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J Handal, Josep Maria Haro, Nicholas Nathaniel Hartman, Taufiq Hasan, Ali Hasanpour- Dehkordi, Md Saquib Hasnain, Soheil Hassanipour, Wen-Qiang He, Mohammad Heidari, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Kamran Hessami, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, M Mamun Huda, Md Nazmul Huda, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Arad Iranmehr, Farideh Iravanpour, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Assefa N Iyasu, Jalil Jaafari, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Haitham Jahrami, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Nilofer Javadi, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Alelign Tasew Jema, Mohammad Jokar, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Ibraheem M Karaye, Hanie Karimi, Hengameh Kasraei, Joonas H Kauppila, Evie Shoshannah Kendal, Mohammad Keykhaei, Nauman Khalid, Faham Khamesipour, M Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Yusra H Khan, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Moein Khormali, Min Seo Kim, Thanh V Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Soewarta Kosen, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Raja Amir Hassan Kuchay, Mohammed Kuddus, G Anil Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Thao Thi Thu Le, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Ming-Chieh Li, Shanshan Li, Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Xuefeng Liu, László Lorenzovici, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Ahmed M Afifi, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Laura A Magee, Azeem Majeed, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Joemer C Maravilla, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Rita Mattiello, Andrea Maugeri, Mahsa Mayeli, Maryam Mazaheri, Rishi P Mediratta, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hadush Negash Meles, Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Irmina Maria Michalek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Reza Mirfakhraie, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Moonis Mirza, Eric Mishio Bawa, Sanjeev Misra, Biru Abdissa Mizana, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Sakineh Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Ghada Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Paula Moraga, Negar Morovatdar, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Parsa Mousavi, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Faraz Mughal, Admir Mulita, Francesk Mulita, Moses K Muriithi, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Gopal Nambi, Vinay Nangia, Gustavo G Nascimento, Javaid Nauman, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Dang H Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Ali Nikoobar, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Mamoona Noreen, Dieta Nurrika, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O Obamiro, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Michal Ordak, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Wael M S Osman, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Otoiu, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O Owolabi, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R Parikh, Ava Pashaei, Sangram Kishor Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Paolo Pedersini, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Jeevan Pereira, Marcos Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Parmida Sadat Pezeshki, Tom Pham, My Kieu Phan, Anil K Philip, Manon Pigeolet, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Vivek Podder, Dimitri Poddighe, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Pankaja Raghav, Mosiur Rahman, Vahid Rahmanian, Ivano Raimondo, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rancic, Chythra R Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kannan RR Rengasamy, Andre M N Renzaho, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Luca Ronfani, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Malihe Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Amene Saghazadeh, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Mohamed A Saleh, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Yaser Sarikhani, Sachin C Sarode, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mete Saylan, Markus P Schlaich, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Pallav Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Dragos Serban, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Mahan Shafie, Jaffer Shah, Pritik A Shah, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Manoj Sharma, Adithi Shetty, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Siddharudha Shivalli, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Kerem Shuval, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Negussie Boti Sidamo, João Pedro Silva, Colin R Simpson, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Natia Skhvitaridze, Bogdan Socea, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Hamidreza Soleimani, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Yi Song, Michael Spartalis, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Andy Stergachis, Muhammad Suleman, Saima Sultana, Haitong Zhe Sun, Jing Sun, Mindy D Szeto, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Shima Tabatabai, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker-Kan Tan, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Wegen Beyene Tesfamariam, Enoch Teye-Kwadjo, Samar Tharwat, Aravind Thavamani, Nihal Thomas, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Amir Tiyuri, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Chukwudi S Ubah, Muhammad Umair, Srikanth Umakanthan, Brigid Unim, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Mario Valenti, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Leonardo Villani, Francesco S Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Fang Wang, Shu Wang, Yanqing Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Emebet Gashaw Wassie, Kosala Gayan Weerakoon, Asrat Arja Wolde, Xiaoyue Xu, Vikas Yadav, Lin Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Siyan Yi, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yiğit, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Nazar Zaki, Giulia Zamagni, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Michael Zastrozhin, Haijun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Magdalena Zielińska, Lilik Zuhriyah, Simon I Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray, Rakhi Dandona, Nicholas J Kassebaum
Journal: The Lancet (2024)

Stillbirth is a devastating and often avoidable adverse pregnancy outcome. Monitoring stillbirth levels and trends-in a comprehensive manner that leaves no one uncounted-is imperative for continuing progress in pregnancy loss reduction. This analysis, completed as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, methodically accounted for different stillbirth definitions with the aim of comprehensively estimating all stillbirths at 20 weeks or longer for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.