tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New Coronavirus Pneumonia COVID-19 in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis on the Background of HIV Infection (Case Report)
Authors: D. A. Parakhin, I. B. Belova, V. V. Khoroshutina
Journal: Radiology - Practice (2023)

The article discusses the issues of radiation diagnosis of coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis against the background of HIV infection using the example of the clinical case of 50-year-old patient who treated with respiratory complaints and fever, who had pronounced changes in the lungs according to radiological methods. The diagnosis of coronavirus infection, tuberculosis and HIV infection was confirmed morphologically. The course of newly diagnosed TB in a patient with HIV infection was complicated by severe bilateral viral pneumonia. A feature of this case was the atypical localization and unusual manifestation of tuberculous changes on the background of HIV infection according to multispiral computed tomography, as well as a long relapsing course of viral pneumonia, with long-term persistence of the SARS-CоV-2 coronavirus.
Features of Ultrasound Imaging of Different Types of Thyroid Calcifications and their Association with Cancer Risk
Authors: A. D. Zubov, A. E. Kutya
Journal: Radiology - Practice (2023)

The features of multiparametric ultrasound imaging different types of thyroid calcifications and its significance in cancer risk stratification were studied on the material of 932 patients referred for thyroid biopsy. It has been established that calcification in the thyroid gland is represented by macrocalcifications, microcalcifications, calcified capsules and fully calcified nodules with characteristic ultrasonic features. MicroPure technology was determined to improve visualization of microcalcifications, differentiate them from other hyperechogenic point structures, but was ineffective for other types of calcifications. The frequency of microcalcification in thyroid nodules is significantly associated with the risk of their malignancy, but can be detected in benign nodules and in intact parenchyma; for other types of calcifications, the dependence on the risk of malignancy is either absent or not linear. The frequency of microcalcification in thyroid nodules is significantly associated with the risk of their malignancy, but can be detected in benign nodules and in intact parenchyma; for other types of calcifications, the dependence on the risk of malignancy is either absent or not linear. Thus, ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodule calcification using MicroPure technology allows us to stratify their oncologic risk, which can be used in the choice of further patient management tactics.
Value of Ultrasound Diagnostics in Predicting Ischemic Stroke Outcomes after Different Reperfusion Therapies
Authors: A. G. Hadisova, T. V. Zakhmatova
Journal: Radiology - Practice (2023)

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with high mortality, disability and economic expenses. Despite significant progress in the treatment of AIS using endovascular methods, it is not always possible to obtain good results. In the current literature, a small number of studies are devoted to predicting outcomes in patients with AIS who received various types of treatment. This prospective cohort study included 460 patients who underwent thrombolytic therapy, thromboextraction, combination of thromboextraction with stenting or thrombolytic therapy. The relationship between clinical and functional results at the early stages after intervention was assessed with potential predictors, among which the ultrasonic characteristics of extra- and intracranial arteries were analyzed. Complete or partial reperfusion was obtained in 61,7 % of the examined patients. A higher efficiency of endovascular methods compared to thrombolytic therapy was noted (99,5 % vs 33,5 % respectively). The baseline NIHSS and Rankin scores did not show a high predictive valuey for early outcomes, that caused the necessary for searching instrumental predictors. Patients with significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery or vertebral artery had significantly worse clinical and functional outcomes, including the mRS scale. The proportion of poor early outcomes in patients with significant stenosis was significantly lower in the endovascular treatment groups compared to the thrombolytic therapy group. Multiple regression analysis showed that the outcome of AIS is influenced by the level of cerebral arterial involvement as well as lesion size with a threshold value of more than 2 cm.
The Possibilities of Standard Radiography with the Use Processing Radiographic Images and Multisection Computed Tomography when Planning a Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: P. O. Koshelev, E. A. Egorova, G. V. Diachkova, K. A. Diachkov
Journal: Radiology - Practice (2023)

The aim of the study was to compare the informative value of standard radiography of the shoulder joint using computer processing software with the capabilities of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) before surgery in the volume of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The radiographs of shoulder joints in standard projections and computed tomograms of 30 patients who were observed with the consequences of shoulder joint injuries before surgery in the volume of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. It is clearly shown that the use of specialized software provides additional information when choosing the size of the shoulder component of the endoprosthesis, allows for virtual restoration of the anatomy of the proximal humerus with severe post-traumatic deformation and limited mobility of the shoulder joint. However, during the program processing of X-ray images of the shoulder joint, no additional information was obtained when evaluating the geometric parameters of the shoulder blade glenoid. The data on the geometric characteristics of the glenoid, established using specialized software, were comparable with the results of image processing carried out in manual mode. Reliable characteristics, most important for preoperative planning of the positioning of the glenoid component of the endoprosthesis, could be obtained only by the results of MSCT.
Single‐Atom Site SERS Chip for Rapid, Ultrasensitive, and Reproducible Direct‐Monitoring of RNA Binding
Authors: Ran Feng, Shaohua Fu, Hongyang Liu, Ying Wang, Simiao Liu, Kaiwen Wang, Binbin Chen, Xiaoxian Zhang, Liming Hu, Qian Chen, Ting Cai, Xiaodong Han, Cong Wang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

Ribonucleic acids (RNA) play active roles within cells or viruses by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, and communicating responses to cellular signals. Rapid monitoring RNA variation has become extremely important for appropriate clinical decisions and frontier biological research. However, the most widely used method for RNA detection, nucleic acid amplification, is restricted by a mandatory temperature cycling period of ≈1 h required to reach target detection criteria. Herein, a direct detection approach via single-atom site integrated surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) monitoring nucleic acid pairing reaction, can be completed within 3 min and reaches high sensitivity and extreme reproducibility for COVID-19 and two other influenza viruses' detection. The mechanism is that a single-atom site on SERS chip, enabled by positioning a single-atom oxide coordinated with a specific complementary RNA probe on chip nanostructure hotspots, can effectively bind target RNA analytes to enrich them at designed sites so that the binding reaction can be detected through Raman signal variation. This ultrafast, sensitive, and reproducible single-atom site SERS chip approach paves the route for an alternative technique of immediate RNA detection. Moreover, single-atom site SERS is a novel surface enrichment strategy for SERS active sites for other analytes at ultralow concentrations.
Global, regional, and national lifetime risks of developing and dying from gastrointestinal cancers in 185 countries: a population-based systematic analysis of GLOBOCAN
Authors: Shaoming Wang, Rongshou Zheng, Jiayue Li, Hongmei Zeng, Li Li, Ru Chen, Kexin Sun, Bingfeng Han, Freddie Bray, Wenqiang Wei, Jie He
Journal: The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2024)

Background Gastrointestinal cancers account for a quarter of the global cancer incidence and a third of cancer-related deaths. We sought to estimate the lifetime risks of developing and dying from gastrointestinal cancers at the country, world region, and global levels in 2020. Methods For this population-based systematic analysis, we obtained estimates of gastrointestinal cancer incidence and mortality rates from GLOBOCAN for 185 countries, alongside all-cause mortality and population data from the UN. Countries were categorised into quartiles of the Human Development Index (HDI). The lifetime risk of gastrointestinal cancers was estimated with a standard method that adjusts for multiple primaries, taking into account competing risks of death from causes other than cancer and life expectancy. Findings The global lifetime risks of developing and dying from gastrointestinal cancers from birth to death was 8·20% (95% CI 8·18–8·21) and 6·17% (6·16–6·18) in 2020. For men, the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers was 9·53% (95% CI 9·51–9·55) and of dying from them 7·23% (7·22–7·25); for women, the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers was 6·84% (6·82–6·85) and of dying from them 5·09% (5·08–5·10). Colorectal cancer presented the highest risk, accounting for 38·5% of the total lifetime risk of developing, and 28·2% of dying from, gastrointestinal cancers, followed by cancers of the stomach, liver, oesophagus, pancreas, and gallbladder. Eastern Asia has the highest lifetime risks for cancers of the stomach, liver, oesophagus, and gallbladder, Australia and New Zealand for colorectal cancer, and Western Europe for pancreatic cancer. The lifetime risk of gastrointestinal cancers increased consistently with increasing level of HDI; however, high HDI countries (the third HDI quartile) had the highest death risk. Interpretation The global lifetime risk of gastrointestinal cancers translates to one in 12 people developing, and one in 16 people dying from, gastrointestinal cancers. The identified high risk and observed disparities across counties warrants context-specific targeted gastrointestinal cancer control and health systems planning. Funding Beijing Nova Program, CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, and Talent Incentive Program of Cancer Hospital, CAMS (Hope Star).
Germline Testing in Patients With Breast Cancer: ASCO–Society of Surgical Oncology Guideline
Authors: Isabelle Bedrosian, Mark R. Somerfield, Maria Isabel Achatz, Judy C. Boughey, Giuseppe Curigliano, Sue Friedman, Wendy K. Kohlmann, Allison W. Kurian, Christine Laronga, Filipa Lynce, Barbara S. Norquist, Jennifer K. Plichta, Patricia Rodriguez, Payal D. Shah, Marc Tischkowitz, Marie Wood, Siddhartha Yadav, Katherine Yao, Mark E. Robson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024)

To develop recommendations for germline mutation testing for patients with breast cancer.
Community Health Worker Navigation for Patients With Cancer: It Is Time to Scale up
Authors: Kerin Adelson, Gabrielle Rocque
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024)

Cancer negatively affects health-related quality of life (QOL).The diagnosis itself is associated with fear and anxiety.Interactions with the health care team are often uncoordinated and confusing.Communication often fails so that there is discordance between provider intent and patient comprehension.Cancer treatment can result in physical burdens and side effects, time toxicity associated with treatments and procedures, financial toxicity related to medical expenses and income reduction, and emotional challenges as the ability to maintain personal and familial responsibilities is diminished.Furthermore, when physical symptoms or social stressors progress beyond a patients' coping ability, she or he may turn to emergency departments for relief, where about 70% of the time they will be admitted to the hospital (three times higher than the noncancer population). 1 In the inpatient environment, personal autonomy may be subjugated by rigid hospital systems and schedules, further harming QOL.Near the end of life, acute care drives up cost, too often with little or no clinical benefit.Interventions that break this cycle are critically needed.These challenges are compounded for low-income, minority, and non-English speaking patients.Social determinants of health have a profound impact on cancer care outcomes.From 2016 to 2020, 216 Black patients per 100,000 died of cancer in the United States compared with 149 White patients, despite lower overall cancer incidence. 2Furthermore, individuals living in counties with persistent poverty have higher mortality in multiple cancer types. 3Although these disparities are long-standing, multifactorial, and challenging to address, a key first step is recognition that health is not only defined by disease and treatment but also the complex interplay between biological, behavioral, built environment, sociocultural environment, and the health care system (National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework). 4 There is an urgent need to reduce burdens of cancer treatment by overcoming structural barriers to care-ensuring QOL is maintained and patients with cancer can live, work, and have meaningful social interactions with their family and community.
Structural Predictors of Lung Function Decline in Young Smokers with Normal Spirometry
Authors: Andrew I. Ritchie, Gavin C. Donaldson, Eric A. Hoffman, James P. Allinson, Chloe I. Bloom, Charlotte E. Bolton, Gourab Choudhury, Sarah E. Gerard, Junfeng Guo, Luana Alves-Moreira, Lorcan McGarvey, Elizabeth Sapey, Robert A. Stockley, K. P. Yip, Dave Singh, Tom Wilkinson, Malin Fageras, Kristoffer Ostridge, Olaf Jöns, Enrica Bucchioni, Chris H. Compton, Paul Jones, Karen Mezzi, Jørgen Vestbo, Peter M. A. Calverley, Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, Sophie Kempka, Bernedette King, Augusta S. Beech, Andras Bikov, S. Ferguson, C.W. Kong, C. Holmes, Andrew Deans, A. de la Hoz, Angus Hamblin, Aaron Braddy-Green, Jordina S.Y. Mah, Alexander Jenkins, P. Almeida, M. Kots, D. Mohan, S. Prosper, I. Bottoli, Ian Jarrold, Noel Snell
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2024)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to tobacco smoking commonly presents when extensive lung damage has occurred.
Assessing the daily natural history of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in adults and older children in Katakwi, Uganda: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Dianna E B Hergott, Tonny J Owalla, Weston J Staubus, Annette M Seilie, Chris Chavtur, Jennifer E Balkus, Bernadette Apio, Jimmy Lema, Barbara Cemeri, Andrew Akileng, Ming Chang, Thomas G Egwang, Sean C Murphy
Journal: The Lancet Microbe (2024)

BackgroundLow-density asymptomatic Plasmodium infections are prevalent in endemic areas, but little is known about their natural history. The trajectories of these infections and their propensity to fluctuate to undetectable densities can affect detection in clinical trials and field studies. We aimed to classify the natural history of these infections in a high transmission area over 29 days.MethodsIn this longitudinal cohort study, we enrolled healthy, malaria-asymptomatic, afebrile, adults (age 18–59 years) and older children (age 8–17 years) in Katakwi District, Uganda, who were negative for Plasmodium infection on rapid diagnostic tests. Participants were instructed to self-collect one dried blood spot (DBS) per day for a maximum of 29 days. We excluded people if they were pregnant or taking antimalarials. During weekly clinic visits, staff collected a DBS and a 4 mL sample of venous blood. We analysed DBSs by Plasmodium 18S rRNA quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). We classified DBS by infection type as negative, P falciparum, non-P falciparum, or mixed. We plotted infection type over time for each participant and categorised trajectories as negative, new, cleared, chronic, or indeterminate infections. To estimate the effect of single timepoint sampling, we calculated the daily prevalence for each study day and estimated the number of infections that would have been detected in our population if sampling frequency was reduced.FindingsBetween April 9 and May 20, 2021, 3577 DBSs were collected by 128 (40 male adults, 60 female adults, 12 male children, and 16 female children) study participants. 2287 (64%) DBSs were categorised as negative, 751 (21%) as positive for P falciparum, 507 (14%) as positive for non-P falciparum, and 32 (1%) as mixed infections. Daily Plasmodium prevalence in the population ranged from 45·3% (95% CI 36·6–54·1) at baseline to 30·3% (21·9–38·6) on day 24. 37 (95%) of 39 P falciparum and 35 (85%) of 41 non-P falciparum infections would have been detected with every other day sampling, whereas, with weekly sampling, 35 (90%) P falciparum infections and 31 (76%) non-P falciparum infections would have been detected.InterpretationParasite dynamics and species are highly variable among low-density asymptomatic Plasmodium infections. Sampling every other day or every 3 days detected a similar proportion of infections as daily sampling, whereas testing once per week or even less frequently could misclassify up to a third of the infections. Even using highly sensitive diagnostics, single timepoint testing might misclassify the true infection status of an individual.FundingUS National Institutes of Health and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Lung Cancer Survivorship: Physical, Social, Emotional, and Medical Needs of NSCLC Survivors
Authors: Melinda L. Hsu, Matthew Z. Guo, Sarah Olson, Cyd Eaton, Mary Boulanger, Michelle Turner, Mattea E. Miller, Anna Nguyen, Karol Szczepanek, Rahul Shenolikar, Josephine L. Feliciano
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2024)

Background: Newer therapies prolong survival for patients with lung cancer. Beyond extending survival, the needs of lung cancer (LC) survivors are poorly described. Methods: We conducted a single-institution needs assessment survey of LC survivors alive ≥1 year from diagnosis. Needs were rated on a 5-point Likert scale for 4 domains (physical, social, emotional, and medical). Multiple regression models identified demographic or treatment characteristics associated with more needs in each category. A subset analysis of survivors with metastatic LC was performed. Results: Of 360 patients approached, 235 surveys were completed. Among completed survey respondents, the median age was 69 years; most were female (62%), married (71%), and White (74%); and 41% had stage IV cancer. Finding support resources (34%) was the most common medical need. Fatigue (70%), sleep disturbance (60%), memory and concentration (57.5%), weakness (54%), and trouble breathing (51%) were physical needs affecting more than half of respondents. The most common social need was managing daily activities (42%). Emotional needs were highly prevalent, with 79% of respondents reporting a fear of recurrence and 74.5% reporting living with uncertainty. Multiple regression analysis identified that receipt of multiple lines of systemic therapy and lower household income were associated with higher physical and social needs. Younger age was associated with having a greater number of social and emotional needs. Similar results were found in the subset of survivors with metastatic disease at diagnosis. Conclusions: The needs of LC survivors are diverse across multiple domains. Several clinical and demographic factors are independently associated with higher numbers of patient-reported needs. Our study identifies critical gaps in survivorship care for LC survivors with all stages of disease and highlights areas of future intervention.
Crossing the frontier: the first global AI safety summit
Authors: Talha Burki
Journal: The Lancet Digital Health (2024)

From Nov 1–2, 2023, the UK hosted the first global summit on artificial intelligence (AI) safety. It was held at Bletchley Park, the country house and estate in southern England that was home to the team that deciphered the Enigma code. 150 or so representatives from national governments, industry, academia, and civil society attended, including US Vice President Kamala Harris, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, and senior executives from major technology companies. The focus was on frontier AI, which was defined by the UK Government in a publication released in advance of the summit as “highly capable general-purpose AI models that can perform a wide variety of tasks and match or exceed the capabilities present in today's most advanced models”.
Antiviral Therapy Utilization and 10-Year Outcomes in Resected Hepatitis B Virus– and Hepatitis C Virus–Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Daniel Q. Huang, Joseph K. Hoang, Rubayet Kamal, Pei-Chien Tsai, Hidenori Toyoda, Ming-Lun Yeh, Satoshi Yasuda, Jennifer Leong, Mayumi Maeda, Chung-Feng Huang, Dae Won Jun, Masatoshi Ishigami, Yasuhito Tanaka, Haruki Uojima, Eiichi Ogawa, Hiroshi Abe, Yao-Chun Hsu, Cheng-Hao Tseng, Manaf Alsudaney, Ju Dong Yang, Yoko Yoshimaru, Takanori Suzuki, Joanne K. Liu, Charles Landis, Chia-Yen Dai, Jee-Fu Huang, Wan-Long Chuang, Myron Schwartz, Yock Young Dan, Carlos Esquivel, Andrew Bonham, Ming-Lung Yu, Mindie H. Nguyen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024)

There are limited data on antiviral treatment
The promise and challenges of combination therapies with antibody-drug conjugates in solid tumors
Authors: Qing Wei, Peijing Li, Teng Yang, Jiayu Zhu, Lu Sun, Ziwen Zhang, Lu Wang, Xuefei Tian, Jiahui Chen, Can Hu, Junli Xue, Letao Ma, Takaya Shimura, Jianmin Fang, Jieer Ying, Peng Guo, Xiangdong Cheng
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2024)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an important class of cancer therapies that have revolutionized the treatment paradigm of solid tumors. To date, many ongoing studies of ADC combinations with a variety of anticancer drugs, encompassing chemotherapy, molecularly targeted agents, and immunotherapy, are being rigorously conducted in both preclinical studies and clinical trial settings. Nevertheless, combination therapy does not always guarantee a synergistic or additive effect and may entail overlapping toxicity risks. Therefore, understanding the current status and underlying mechanisms of ADC combination therapy is urgently required. This comprehensive review analyzes existing evidence concerning the additive or synergistic effect of ADCs with other classes of oncology medicines. Here, we discuss the biological mechanisms of different ADC combination therapy strategies, provide prominent examples, and assess their benefits and challenges. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for ADC combination therapy in clinical practice.