tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Independence at Home–Qualifying Beneficiaries in Traditional Medicare, 2014-2021
Authors: Tom Lally, Emily Johnson, Konstantinos E. Deligiannidis, George Taler, Peter Boling, Aaron Yao, Joanna Kubisiak, Angelina Lee, Bruce Kinosian
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance The Centers for Medicare &amp;amp;amp; Medicaid Services Innovation Center Independence at Home (IAH) demonstration, a test of home-based primary care operating in a value-based shared-savings payment model, ended December 2023 after a decade of consistently showing savings to Medicare. It is important to assess whether high-need, IAH-qualified beneficiaries continue to pose a growing challenge to traditional Medicare (TM) or if Medicare Advantage (MA), with programmatic features favorable to caring for this subset of the general Medicare population, can disproportionately provide such care. Objective To examine the size and share of IAH-qualified beneficiaries in TM and MA. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used all Medicare claims data and MA encounter data for 2014 and 2021. IAH qualifying criteria were applied to the TM populations enrolled in Parts A and B in 2014 and 2021, and to MA enrollees in 2021. Growth in the number of IAH-qualified TM beneficiaries from 2014 to 2021 was calculated, and the proportions and numbers of IAH-qualified enrollees in the total 2021 TM and MA populations were compared. Data were analyzed between April and June 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The number and share of beneficiaries meeting IAH criteria in TM and MA; the share of TM spending among IAH-qualified beneficiaries. Results Among 64 million Medicare beneficiaries in 2021, there were 30.55 million beneficiaries in TM with Parts A and B coverage, down from 33.82 million in 2014. The number of IAH-qualified beneficiaries in TM grew 51%, from 2.16 million to 3.27 million, while their proportionate share in TM grew 67% from 6.4% to 10.7% of TM between 2014 and 2021. IAH-qualified beneficiaries represented $155 billion in 2021 Medicare Parts A and B spending, 44% of all TM spending, up from 29% of total spending in 2014. In 2021, 2.15 million IAH-qualified beneficiaries represented 8.0% of Medicare Advantage enrollees. Combining TM and MA, 5.42 million IAH-qualified beneficiaries represented 9.3% of all Medicare beneficiaries, with 3.27 million (60.3%) being insured by TM. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of IAH-qualified Medicare beneficiaries, the share of IAH-qualified beneficiaries in TM grew between 2014 and 2021, with 60% of Medicare high-need beneficiaries accounting for 44% of TM spending. The Centers for Medicare &amp;amp;amp; Medicaid Services should continue to operate value-based programs like IAH that are specifically designed for these high-needs individuals.
Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children
Authors: Harry Tattan-Birch, Jamie Brown, Sarah E. Jackson, Martin J. Jarvis, Lion Shahab
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance With the prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping) increasing worldwide, there are concerns about children’s exposure to secondhand vapor. Objective To compare nicotine absorption among children who are (1) exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke only or (2) exposed to secondhand vapor only with (3) those exposed to neither. Design, Setting, and Participants The US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a repeat cross-sectional survey. Participants are interviewed in their homes and, several days after, visit a mobile examination center to provide biological specimens. This study uses data from a nationally representative sample of US households from 2017 to 2020. Participants were children aged 3 to 11 years with serum cotinine levels incompatible with current firsthand nicotine use (ie, &amp;amp;lt;15 μg/L). The final analysis was conducted on January 9, 2024. Exposures Reported exposure to secondhand smoke or vapor indoors in the past 7 days (only secondhand smoke, only secondhand vapor, or neither). Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, family income, body weight, and height. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was serum cotinine concentration, an objective biomarker of nicotine absorption. Geometric mean cotinine levels and 95% CIs were calculated using log-normal tobit regression, accounting for the complex survey design and weights. Results The mean (SD) age of the 1777 children surveyed was 7.4 (2.6) years, 882 (49.6%) were female, and 531 (29.9%) had family incomes below the poverty level. Nicotine absorption, as indexed by serum cotinine level, was highest among children only exposed to secondhand smoke (0.494 μg/L μg/L; 95% CI, 0.386-0.633 μg/L), followed by those exposed only to secondhand vapor (0.081 μg/L; 95% CI, 0.048-0.137 μg/L), equating to 83.6% (95% CI, 71.5%-90.5%; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) lower nicotine absorption. Among children with no reported secondhand exposure, the geometric mean cotinine level was 0.016 μg/L (95% CI, 0.013-0.021 μg/L), or 96.7% (95% CI, 95.6%-97.6%; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) lower than for those with exposure to secondhand smoke. Results were similar after covariate adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of US children, nicotine absorption was much lower in children who were exposed to secondhand vapor vs secondhand smoke, but higher than in those exposed to neither. These findings suggest that switching from smoking to vaping indoors may substantially reduce, but not eliminate, children’s secondhand exposure to nicotine and other noxious substances.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Luis A. Rodriguez, Julie A. Schmittdiel, Liyan Liu, Brock A. Macdonald, Sreepriya Balasubramanian, Krisna P. Chai, Suk I. Seo, Nizar Mukhtar, Theodore R. Levin, Varun Saxena
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance In the US, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been the most rapidly increasing cancer since 1980, and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is expected to soon become the leading cause of HCC. Objective To develop a prediction model for HCC incidence in a cohort of patients with MASLD. Design, Setting, and Participants This prognostic study was conducted among patients aged at least 18 years with MASLD, identified using diagnosis of MASLD using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis codes; natural language processing of radiology imaging report text, which identified patients who had imaging evidence of MASLD but had not been formally diagnosed; or the Dallas Steatosis Index, a risk equation that identifies individuals likely to have MASLD with good precision. Patients were enrolled from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated health delivery system with more than 4.6 million members, with study entry between January 2009 and December 2018, and follow-up until HCC development, death, or study termination on September 30, 2021. Statistical analysis was performed during February 2023 and January 2024. Exposure Data were extracted from the electronic health record and included 18 routinely measured factors associated with MASLD. Main Outcome and Measures The cohort was split (70:30) into derivation and internal validation sets; extreme gradient boosting was used to model HCC incidence. HCC risk was divided into 3 categories, with the cumulative estimated probability of HCC 0.05% or less classified as low risk; 0.05% to 0.09%, medium risk; and 0.1% or greater, high risk. Results A total of 1 811 461 patients (median age [IQR] at baseline, 52 [41-63] years; 982 300 [54.2%] female) participated in the study. During a median (range) follow-up of 9.3 (5.8-12.4) years, 946 patients developed HCC, for an incidence rate of 0.065 per 1000 person-years. The model achieved an area under the curve of 0.899 (95% CI, 0.882-0.916) in the validation set. At the medium-risk threshold, the model had a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 81.4%, and a number needed to screen of 406. At the high-risk threshold, the model had a sensitivity of 78.4%, a specificity of 90.1%, and a number needed to screen of 241. Conclusions and Relevance This prognostic study of more than 1.8 million patients with MASLD used electronic health record data to develop a prediction model to discriminate between individuals with and without incident HCC with good precision. This model could serve as a starting point to identify patients with MASLD who may need intervention and/or HCC surveillance.
Treatment Approaches for Opioid Use Disorder Offered in US Substance Use Treatment Facilities
Authors: Tae Woo Park, Bryant Shuey, Jane Liebschutz, Jonathan Cantor, Timothy S. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (2024)

This study compares medication and psychosocial treatments for opioid use disorder, as well as treatments offered at opioid and nonopioid treatment program facilities for commonly co-occurring substance use disorders and mental disorders.
Smallpox Readiness
Authors: Lawrence O. Gostin, Shalini Singaravelu, Noreen Hynes
Journal: JAMA (2024)

This Viewpoint highlights the potential for unintentional or deliberate release of variola virus (smallpox), discusses current medical countermeasures for smallpox, and calls for greater flexibility from the US and its partners in developing safe, reliable, affordable, and equitable countermeasures.
Epidemiological trends of subarachnoid hemorrhage at global, regional, and national level: a trend analysis study from 1990 to 2021
Authors: Bin Lv, Jin-Xin Lan, Yan-Fang Si, Yi-Fan Ren, Ming-Yu Li, Fang-Fang Guo, Ge Tang, Yang Bian, Xiao-Hui Wang, Rong-Ju Zhang, Zhi-Hua Du, Xin-Feng Liu, Sheng-Yuan Yu, Cheng-Lin Tian, Xiang-Yu Cao, Jun Wang
Journal: Military Medical Research (2024)

Abstract Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke characterized by high mortality and low rates of full recovery. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of SAH between 1990 and 2021. Methods Data on SAH incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to evaluate changes in the age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence and mortality, as well as trends in SAH burden. The relationship between disease burden and sociodemographic index (SDI) was also analyzed. Results In 2021, the incidence of SAH was found to be 37.09% higher than that in 1990; however, the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) showed a decreased [EAPC: -1.52; 95% uncertainty interval (UI) -1.66 to -1.37]. Furthermore, both the number and rates of deaths and DALYs decreased over time. It was observed that females had lower rates compared to males. Among all regions, the high-income Asia Pacific region exhibited the highest ASIR (14.09/100,000; 95% UI 12.30/100,000 − 16.39/100,000) in 2021, with an EPAC for ASIR &lt; 0 indicating decreasing trend over time for SAH ASIR. Oceania recorded the highest age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and age-standardized DALYs rates among all regions in 2021 at values of respectively 8.61 (95% UI 6.03 − 11.95) and 285.62 (95% UI 209.42 − 379.65). The burden associated with SAH primarily affected individuals aged between 50 − 69 years old. Metabolic risks particularly elevated systolic blood pressure were identified as the main risk factors contributing towards increased disease burden associated with SAH when compared against environmental or occupational behavioral risks evaluated within the GBD framework. Conclusions The burden of SAH varies by gender, age group, and geographical region. Although the ASRs have shown a decline over time, the burden of SAH remains significant, especially in regions with middle and low-middle SDI levels. High systolic blood pressure stands out as a key risk factor for SAH. More specific supportive measures are necessary to alleviate the global burden of SAH.
Obesity-enriched gut microbe degrades myo-inositol and promotes lipid absorption
Authors: Chao Wu, Fangming Yang, Huanzi Zhong, Jie Hong, Huibin Lin, Mingxi Zong, Huahui Ren, Shaoqian Zhao, Yufei Chen, Zhun Shi, Xingyu Wang, Juan Shen, Qiaoling Wang, Mengshan Ni, Banru Chen, Zhongle Cai, Minchun Zhang, Zhiwen Cao, Kui Wu, Aibo Gao, Junhua Li, Cong Liu, Minfeng Xiao, Yan Li, Juan Shi, Yifei Zhang, Xun Xu, Weiqiong Gu, Yufang Bi, Guang Ning, Weiqing Wang, Jiqiu Wang, Ruixin Liu
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2024)
SHIELD: Skull-shaped hemispheric implants enabling large-scale electrophysiology datasets in the mouse brain
Authors: Corbett Bennett, Ben Ouellette, Tamina K. Ramirez, Alex Cahoon, Hannah Cabasco, Yoni Browning, Anna Lakunina, Galen F. Lynch, Ethan G. McBride, Hannah Belski, Ryan Gillis, Conor Grasso, Robert Howard, Tye Johnson, Henry Loeffler, Heston Smith, David Sullivan, Allison Williford, Shiella Caldejon, Severine Durand, Samuel Gale, Alan Guthrie, Vivian Ha, Warren Han, Ben Hardcastle, Chris Mochizuki, Arjun Sridhar, Lucas Suarez, Jackie Swapp, Joshua Wilkes, Joshua H. Siegle, Colin Farrell, Peter A. Groblewski, Shawn R. Olsen
Journal: Neuron (2024)
Comparative genomics illuminates karyotype and sex chromosome evolution of sharks
Authors: Jiahong Wu, Fujiang Liu, Jie Jiao, Haoran Luo, Shiyu Fan, Jiao Liu, Hongxiang Wang, Ning Cui, Ning Zhao, Qingming Qu, Shigehiro Kuraku, Zhen Huang, Luohao Xu
Journal: Cell Genomics (2024)

Chondrichthyes is an important lineage to reconstruct the evolutionary history of vertebrates. Here, we analyzed genome synteny for six chondrichthyan chromosome-level genomes. Our comparative analysis reveals a slow evolutionary rate of chromosomal changes, with infrequent but independent fusions observed in sharks, skates, and chimaeras. The chondrichthyan common ancestor had a proto-vertebrate-like karyotype, including the presence of 18 microchromosome pairs. The X chromosome is a conversed microchromosome shared by all sharks, suggesting a likely common origin of the sex chromosome at least 181 million years ago. We characterized the Y chromosomes of two sharks that are highly differentiated from the X except for a small young evolutionary stratum and a small pseudoautosomal region. We found that shark sex chromosomes lack global dosage compensation but that dosage-sensitive genes are locally compensated. Our study on shark chromosome evolution enhances our understanding of shark sex chromosomes and vertebrate chromosome evolution.
Amniotic Membrane‐Derived Multichannel Hydrogels for Neural Tissue Repair
Authors: Joana P.M. Sousa, Inês A. Deus, Cátia F. Monteiro, Catarina A. Custódio, João Gil, Lina Papadimitriou, Anthi Ranella, Emmanuel Stratakis, João F. Mano, Paula A.A.P. Marques
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

Abstract In the pursuit of advancing neural tissue regeneration, biomaterial scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates, offering potential solutions for nerve disruptions. Among these scaffolds, multichannel hydrogels, characterized by meticulously designed micrometer‐scale channels, stand out as instrumental tools for guiding axonal growth and facilitating cellular interactions. This study explores the innovative application of human amniotic membranes modified with methacryloyl domains (AMMA) in neural stem cell (NSC) culture. AMMA hydrogels, possessing a tailored softness resembling the physiological environment, are prepared in the format of multichannel scaffolds to simulate native‐like microarchitecture of nerve tracts. Preliminary experiments on AMMA hydrogel films showcase their potential for neural applications, demonstrating robust adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of NSCs without the need for additional coatings. Transitioning into the 3D realm, the multichannel architecture fosters intricate neuronal networks guiding neurite extension longitudinally. Furthermore, the presence of synaptic vesicles within the cellular arrays suggests the establishment of functional synaptic connections, underscoring the physiological relevance of the developed neuronal networks. This work contributes to the ongoing efforts to find ethical, clinically translatable, and functionally relevant approaches for regenerative neuroscience.
Elastogenesis in Focus: Navigating Elastic Fibers Synthesis for Advanced Dermal Biomaterial Formulation
Authors: Roman Krymchenko, Gizem Coşar Kutluoğlu, Noor van Hout, Dominique Manikowski, Claudia Doberenz, Toin H. van Kuppevelt, Willeke F. Daamen
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

Abstract Elastin, a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, is the main component of elastic fibers that are involved in tissues’ elasticity and resilience, enabling them to undergo reversible extensibility and to endure repetitive mechanical stress. After wounding, it is challenging to regenerate elastic fibers and biomaterials developed thus far have struggled to induce its biosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of elastic fibers synthesis at the cellular level and its implications for biomaterial formulation, with a particular focus on dermal substitutes. The review delves into the intricate process of elastogenesis by cells and investigates potential triggers for elastogenesis encompassing elastin‐related compounds, ECM components, and other molecules for their potential role in inducing elastin formation. Understanding of the elastogenic processes is essential for developing biomaterials that trigger not only the synthesis of the elastin protein, but also the formation of a functional and branched elastic fiber network.
Electrical Stimulating Redox Membrane Incorporated with PVA/Gelatin Nanofiber for Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Jeong‐Uk Kim, Junghyeon Ko, Ye‐sol Kim, Minwoong Jung, Myoung‐Hoon Jang, Young‐Hyeon An, Nathaniel S. Hwang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

Abstract Chronic wounds adversely affect the quality of life. Although electrical stimulation has been utilized to treat chronic wounds, there are still limitations to practicing it due to the complicated power system. Herein, an electrostimulating membrane incorporated with electrospun nanofiber (M‐sheet) to treat diabetic wounds is developed. Through the screen printing method, the various alternate patterns of both Zn and AgCl on a polyurethane substrate, generating redox‐mediated electrical fields are introduced. The antibacterial ability of the patterned membrane against both E. coli and S. aureus is confirmed. Furthermore, the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/gelatin electrospun fiber is incorporated into the patterned membrane to enhance biocompatibility and maintain the wet condition in the wound environment. The M‐sheet can improve cell proliferation and migration in vitro and has an immune regulatory effect by inducing the polarization of macrophage to the M2 phenotype. Finally, when applied to a diabetic skin wound model, the M‐sheet displays an accelerated wound healing rate and enhances re‐epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. It suggests that the M‐sheet is a simple and portable system for the spontaneous generation of electrical stimulation and has great potential to be used in the practical wound and other tissue engineering applications.
Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States, 2019
Authors: Farhad Islami, Emily C. Marlow, Blake Thomson, Marjorie L. McCullough, Harriet Rumgay, Susan M. Gapstur, Alpa V. Patel, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Ahmedin Jemal
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2024)

In 2018, the authors reported estimates of the number and proportion of cancers attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in 2014 in the United States. These data are useful for advocating for and informing cancer prevention and control. Herein, based on up-to-date relative risk and cancer occurrence data, the authors estimated the proportion and number of invasive cancer cases (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and deaths, overall and for 30 cancer types among adults who were aged 30 years and older in 2019 in the United States, that were attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors. These included cigarette smoking; second-hand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol consumption; consumption of red and processed meat; low consumption of fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet radiation; and seven carcinogenic infections. Numbers of cancer cases and deaths were obtained from data sources with complete national coverage, risk factor prevalence estimates from nationally representative surveys, and associated relative risks of cancer from published large-scale pooled or meta-analyses. In 2019, an estimated 40.0% (713,340 of 1,781,649) of all incident cancers (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and 44.0% (262,120 of 595,737) of all cancer deaths in adults aged 30 years and older in the United States were attributable to the evaluated risk factors. Cigarette smoking was the leading risk factor contributing to cancer cases and deaths overall (19.3% and 28.5%, respectively), followed by excess body weight (7.6% and 7.3%, respectively), and alcohol consumption (5.4% and 4.1%, respectively). For 19 of 30 evaluated cancer types, more than one half of the cancer cases and deaths were attributable to the potentially modifiable risk factors considered in this study. Lung cancer had the highest number of cancer cases (201,660) and deaths (122,740) attributable to evaluated risk factors, followed by female breast cancer (83,840 cases), skin melanoma (82,710), and colorectal cancer (78,440) for attributable cases and by colorectal (25,800 deaths), liver (14,720), and esophageal (13,600) cancer for attributable deaths. Large numbers of cancer cases and deaths in the United States are attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors, underscoring the potential to substantially reduce the cancer burden through broad and equitable implementation of preventive initiatives.
<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Respiratory Viral Panel as an Early Diagnostic Tool for Neonatal Enterovirus Infection — San Diego, California 2023
Authors: Ryan Sanchez, Errica Capossela, Mark Speziale, Jane O’Donnell, Amaran Moodley, Christina Morales, Debra A. Wadford, Carol Glaser, Seema Shah, Mark E. Beatty, Alice Pong
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2024)

Enterovirus infections in neonates can result in high morbidity and mortality.In 2023, a cluster of neonatal enterovirus cases associated with Coxsackie B4 and B5 occurred in San Diego, California.
<i>Notes from the Field</i>: Illnesses After Administration of Presumed Counterfeit Botulinum Toxin in Nonmedical Settings — Tennessee and New York City, March 2024
Authors: Christine M. Thomas, Roisin McElroy, Jane Yackley, Mary-Margaret A. Fill, Dilani Goonewardene, Christian Mackley, Emma Roth, Joel Ackelsberg, Sally Slavinski, Caroline Habrun, Bethany Hodge, Carrell Rush, Catherine M. Brown, Michelle A. Waltenburg, Lindsay H. Bertling, Milan McGorty, Renee Johnson, William Schaffner, Timothy F. Jones, John R. Dunn
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2024)

using mouse bioassay.
Autism traits in transgender and gender-diverse adults seeking gender-affirming medical treatment
Authors: Bodi Huisman, Ilse Noens, Thomas D. Steensma, Baudewijntje P. C. Kreukels, Anna I. R. van der Miesen
Journal: International Journal of Transgender Health (2024)

Background Prior research has indicated a common overlap between autism traits and gender identity diversity, but studies including nonbinary/genderqueer (NBGQ) adults in clinical settings are lacking. This study therefore compared autism traits in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adults seeking gender-affirming medical treatment (GAMT) with autism traits in cisgender adults. It further assessed differences in autism traits among TGD subgroups, considering sex assigned at birth (comparing adults assigned male at birth (AMAB) and female at birth (AFAB)) and gender identity (comparing NBGQ adults with binary transgender and cisgender adults).