tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Addressing Widening Racial Inequalities in Drug Overdose
Authors: Joseph R. Friedman, Max Jordan Nguemeni Tiako, Helena Hansen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2024)

The fourth wave of the United States overdose crisis-driven by the polysubstance use of fentanyl with stimulants and other synthetic substances-has driven sharply escalating racial/ethnic inequalities in drug overdose death rates. Here the authors present a detailed portrait of the latest overdose trends and synthesize the literature to describe where, how, and why these inequalities are worsening. By 2022 overdose deaths among Native and Black Americans rose to 1.8 and 1.4 times the rate seen among White Americans, respectively. This reflects that Black and Native Americans have been disproportionately affected by fentanyl and the combination of fentanyl and stimulants at the national level and in virtually every state. The highest overdose deaths rates are currently seen among Black Americans 55-64 years of age as well as younger cohorts of Native Americans 25-44 years of age. In 2022-the latest year of data available-deaths among White Americans decreased relative to 2021, whereas rates among all other groups assessed continued to rise. Moving forward, Fundamental Cause Theory shows us a relevant universal truth of implementation science: in socially unequal societies, new technologies typically end up favoring more privileged groups first, thereby widening inequalities unless underlying social inequalities are addressed. Therefore, interventions designed to reduce addiction and overdose death rates that are not explicitly designed to also improve racial/ethnic inequalities will often unintentionally end up worsening them. Well-funded community-based programs, with Black and Native leadership, providing harm reduction resources, naloxone, and medications for opioid use disorder in the context of comprehensive, culturally appropriate healthcare and other services, represent the highest priority interventions to decrease inequalities.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome guidelines: oceans apart or rivers that merge?
Authors: Luigi Camporota, Carolyn S. Calfee, Giacomo Grasselli
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2024)

Recently, international experts in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have released two sets of guidelines on the respiratory management of ARDS, on behalf of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) [1] and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) [2].These guidelines aimed to synthesize evidence from randomised trials, while also leveraging the clinical expertise of a panel of experts to enhance their practical applicability.Although the ESICM guidelines included more authors, with a wider geographical representation, and notably involved a panel of patients and their family members in the compilation and authorship process, there is a partial overlap in authorship between the two guidelines.Despite these and other similarities, the two guidelines differ in several aspects including the process to identify and select the panel of experts and the deliberative process, which led to different formulation of questions and in some recommendations.These discrepancies should be interpreted considering the methodology used and the premise that recommendations in the ESICM guidelines are intended for 'routine care' , meaning that they should be applicable to all ARDS patients.
Topiramate Versus Naltrexone for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Genotype-Stratified Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kirsten C. Morley, Henry R. Kranzler, Natasha Luquin, Nazila Jamshidi, Claire Adams, Mark Montebello, Chris Tremonti, Gezelle Dali, Warren Logge, Andrew Baillie, Maree Teesson, Ronald Trent, Paul S. Haber
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2024)

Objective: There have been no well-controlled and well-powered comparative trials of topiramate with other pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder (AUD), such as naltrexone. Moreover, the literature is mixed on the effects of two polymorphisms—rs2832407 (in GRIK1) and rs1799971 (in OPRM1)—on response to topiramate and naltrexone, respectively. The authors sought to examine the comparative effectiveness of topiramate and naltrexone in improving outcomes in AUD and to examine the role of the rs2832407 and rs1799971 polymorphisms, respectively, on response to these medications. Methods: In a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multisite, genotype-stratified (rs2832407 and rs1799971) clinical trial comparing topiramate and naltrexone in treating AUD, 147 patients with AUD were randomly assigned to treatment with topiramate or naltrexone, stratified by genotype (rs2832407*CC and *AC/AA genotypes and rs1799971*AA and *AG/GG genotypes). The predefined primary outcome was number of heavy drinking days per week. Predefined secondary outcomes included standard drinks per drinking day per week, body mass index (BMI), craving, markers of liver injury, mood, and adverse events. Results: For the number of heavy drinking days per week, there was a near-significant time-by-treatment interaction. For the number of standard drinks per drinking day per week, there was a significant time-by-treatment interaction, which favored topiramate. There were significant time-by-treatment effects, with greater reductions observed with topiramate than naltrexone for BMI, craving, and gamma-glutamyltransferase level. Withdrawal due to side effects occurred in 8% and 5% of the topiramate and naltrexone groups, respectively. Neither polymorphism showed an effect on treatment response. Conclusions: Topiramate is at least as effective and safe as the first-line medication, naltrexone, in reducing heavy alcohol consumption, and superior in reducing some clinical outcomes. Neither rs2832407 nor rs1799971 had effects on topiramate and naltrexone treatments, respectively.
Alcohol Use Disorder and Chronic Pain: An Overlooked Epidemic
Authors: Joao P. De Aquino, Matthew E. Sloan, Julio C. Nunes, Gabriel P. A. Costa, Jasmin L. Katz, Debora de Oliveira, Jocelyn Ra, Victor M. Tang, Ismene L. Petrakis
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2024)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and chronic pain disorders are pervasive, multifaceted medical conditions that often co-occur. However, their comorbidity is often overlooked, despite its prevalence and clinical relevance. Individuals with AUD are more likely to experience chronic pain than the general population. Conversely, individuals with chronic pain commonly alleviate their pain with alcohol, which may escalate into AUD. This narrative review discusses the intricate relationship between AUD and chronic pain. Based on the literature available, the authors present a theoretical model explaining the reciprocal relationship between AUD and chronic pain across alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. They propose that the use of alcohol for analgesia rapidly gives way to acute tolerance, triggering the need for higher levels of alcohol consumption. Attempts at abstinence lead to alcohol withdrawal syndrome and hyperalgesia, increasing the risk of relapse. Chronic neurobiological changes lead to preoccupation with pain and cravings for alcohol, further entrenching both conditions. To stimulate research in this area, the authors review methodologies to improve the assessment of pain in AUD studies, including self-report and psychophysical methods. Further, they discuss pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies that may target both conditions, potentially improving both AUD and chronic pain outcomes simultaneously. Finally, the authors emphasize the need to manage both conditions concurrently, and encourage both the scientific community and clinicians to ensure that these intertwined conditions are not overlooked given their clinical significance.
Predictors of Substance Use Initiation by Early Adolescence
Authors: ReJoyce Green, Bethany J. Wolf, Andrew Chen, Anna E. Kirkland, Pamela L. Ferguson, Brittney D. Browning, Brittany E. Bryant, Rachel L. Tomko, Kevin M. Gray, Louise Mewton, Lindsay M. Squeglia
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2024)

Substance use initiation during early adolescence is associated with later development of substance use and mental health disorders. This study used various domains to predict substance use initiation, defined as trying any nonprescribed substance (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, cannabis), by age 12, using a large longitudinal data set.
Table of Contents
Authors: Sanja Woodard, Hans Blaauwgeers, Chris Dickhoff, Giuseppe Pelosi, Wim Timens, Federica Filipello, Yuko Minami, Giulio Rossi, Erik Thunnissen, Yan Li, Prasad Adusumilli, Teh-Ying Chou, Kyuichi Kadota, Mari Mino-Kenudson, Mauro Papotti, Natasha Rekhtman, Yukako Yagi, Yasushi Yatabe, William Travis, Vijay Srinivasalu, Ravi Patnaik, Lu Kiong, Jacob Justin, Jeffri Raden Mas Ismail, Haji Zulkhairi, Hj Mohamad, Babu Sukumaran, Sophie Ernst, Anne-Marie Dingemans, Sai-Hong Ou, Garo Hagopian, Shannon Zhang, Misako Nagasaka, Sanja Dacic, Jennifer Giltnane, Filip Kos, John Abel, Stephanie Hilz, Junya Fujimoto, Lynette Sholl, Jon Ritter, Farah Khalil, Yi Liu, Amaro Taylor-Weiner, Murray Resnick, Hui Yu, Fred Hirsch, Paul Bunn, David Carbone, Valerie Rusch, David Frcsed, Bruce Johnson, Jay Lee, Stephanie Hennek, Ilan Wapinski, Alan Nicholas, Ann Johnson, Katja Schulze, Mark Kris, Ignacio Wistuba, Igor Odintsov, Maisam Makarem, Mizuki Nishino, Sara Bachert, Tom Zhang, Jaclyn Lopiccolo, Cloud Paweletz, Prafulla Gokhale, Elena Ivanova, Aisha Saldanha, Charles Ba, William Lockwood, Marc Ladanyi, Romel Somwar, Pasi Jänne, Paul Van Schil, Hisao Asamura, Katherine Nishimura, Ramon Rami-Porta, Young Kim, Pietro Bertoglio, Ayten Cangir, Jessica Donington, Wentao Fang, Dorothy Giroux, Yolande Lievens, Hui Liu, Gustavo Lyons, Shuji Sakai, Paula Ugalde, Chi-Fu Yang, Masaya Yotsukura, Frank Detterbeck
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2024)
Microbiota-derived I3A protects the intestine against radiation injury by activating AhR/IL-10/Wnt signaling and enhancing the abundance of probiotics
Authors: Li-Wei Xie, Shang Cai, Hai-Yan Lu, Feng-Ling Tang, Rui-Qiu Zhu, Ye Tian, Ming Li
Journal: Gut Microbes (2024)

The intestine is prone to radiation damage in patients undergoing radiotherapy for pelvic tumors. However, there are currently no effective drugs available for the prevention or treatment of radiation-induced enteropathy (RIE). In this study, we aimed at investigating the impact of indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A) derived from the intestinal microbiota on RIE. Intestinal organoids were isolated and cultivated for screening radioprotective tryptophan metabolites. A RIE model was established using 13 Gy whole-abdominal irradiation in male C57BL/6J mice. After oral administration of I3A, its radioprotective ability was assessed through the observation of survival rates, clinical scores, and pathological analysis. Intestinal stem cell survival and changes in the intestinal barrier were observed through immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, the radioprotective mechanisms of I3A was investigated through 16S rRNA and transcriptome sequencing, respectively. Finally, human colon cancer cells and organoids were cultured to assess the influence of I3A on tumor radiotherapy. I3A exhibited the most potent radioprotective effect on intestinal organoids. Oral administration of I3A treatment significantly increased the survival rate in irradiated mice, improved clinical and histological scores, mitigated mucosal damage, enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells, and maintained intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, I3A enhanced the abundance of probiotics, and activated the AhR/IL-10/Wnt signaling pathway to promote intestinal epithelial proliferation. As a crucial tryptophan metabolite, I3A promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through the AhR/IL-10/Wnt signaling pathway and upregulates the abundance of probiotics to treat RIE. Microbiota-derived I3A demonstrates potential clinical application value for the treatment of RIE.
Perceived legal protection and institutional trust predict a lower psychological distress level for transgender people in Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Jack L. Byrne, Kyle Tan, Taine H. Polkinghorne, Alex Ker, Sasha Bailey, Jaimie F. Veale
Journal: International Journal of Transgender Health (2024)

Background Few studies have assessed the role of legal protection and institutional trust as structural determinants of health among trans people.
Placental DNA methylation signatures of prenatal air pollution exposure and potential effects on birth outcomes: an analysis of three prospective cohorts
Authors: Lucile Broséus, Ariane Guilbert, Ian Hough, Itai Kloog, Anath Chauvaud, Emie Seyve, Daniel Vaiman, Barbara Heude, Cécile Chevrier, Jörg Tost, Rémy Slama, Johanna Lepeule
Journal: The Lancet Planetary Health (2024)
Novel and Emerging Treatments to Target Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Various Phenotypes of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Gabriel Bsteh, Assunta Dal Bianco, Tobias Zrzavy, Thomas Berger
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2024)

The objective is to comprehensively review on novel pharmacotherapies used in multiple sclerosis (MS) and the possibilities they may carry for therapeutic improvement. Specifically, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms worth targeting in MS ranging from well-known targets such as autoinflammation and demyelination to more novel and advanced targets such as neuroaxonal damage and repair. To set the stage, a brief overview of clinical MS phenotypes is provided followed by a comprehensive recapitulation of both clinical and paraclinical outcomes available to assess the effectiveness of treatments in achieving these targets. Finally, we discuss various promising novel and emerging treatments including their respective hypothesized modes of action and currently available evidence from clinical trials. <b>Significance Statement</b> This comprehensive review discusses pathophysiological mechanisms worth targeting in multiple sclerosis. Various promising novel and emerging treatments including their respective hypothesized modes of action and currently available evidence from clinical trials are reviewed.
New use of thiazide diuretics vs. nonthiazide antihypertensive drugs was linked to hyponatremia over 2 y
Authors: Mansi Mehta, David S. Goldfarb
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2024)

Source CitationAndersson NW, Wohlfahrt J, Feenstra B, et al. Cumulative incidence of thiazide-induced hyponatremia: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2024;177:1-11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38109740/AbstractClinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology: Nephrology:
In <i>Enterobacterales</i> bacteremia, antipseudomonal β-lactam de-escalation was noninferior to continuation for clinical cure at 3 to 5 d
Authors: Konstantinos Ouranos, Eleftherios Mylonakis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2024)

López-Cortés LE, Delgado-Valverde M, Moreno-Mellado E, et al; SIMPLIFY study group.
In AF, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc 1 subgroups did not differ for predicting risk for arterial thromboembolism at 1 y
Authors: Luciano A. Sposato, Michael D. Hill
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2024)

Source CitationØstergaard L, Olesen JB, Petersen JK, et al. Arterial thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc 1: a nationwide study. Circulation. 2024;149:764-773. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38152890/AbstractClinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Cardiology:
FASTOCH: Feasibility of Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes in Older Patients With Cancer—A Multicenter Prospective Study
Authors: Mathilde Cancel, Carine Sauger, Julie Biogeau, Véronique Dardaine-Giraud, Thierry Lecomte, David Solub, Pierre Combe, Rémy Wilmet, Eugénie Aubard, Amandine Deloigne, Philippe Hébrard, Étienne Dorval
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2024)

PURPOSE Multiple studies have demonstrated that electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) improve overall survival and quality of life in cancer care. However, there are no specific prospective data on remote ePRO monitoring in the older population, although they represent a significant proportion of patients with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS From February 2021 to April 2022, patients age 75 years and older under active anticancer treatment were consecutively recruited in six institutions. Remote ePRO feasibility was determined in intention-to-test (ITT) on the basis of the number of active users in the overall population. Primary failure applied to patients who had no Internet access or declined to test ePROs, while the other patients were assigned to the ITT population. Feasibility was also determined per-protocol on the basis of the number of active patients in the ITT population. RESULTS Of the 473 patients included, primary failure applied to 288 patients (233 of whom had no Internet access). Among the 185 patients in ITT, 122 used ePROs, leading to a 26% feasibility in ITT and a 66% feasibility per protocol. In a multivariate analysis, the intent to test population was from a higher socioprofessional category ( P = .009) and felt in better general condition in the Geriatric 8-score evaluation ( P = .002). Active patients significantly differed from the inactive on their self-assessment of a better general condition ( P &lt; .001) only. CONCLUSION Our multicenter study showed a limited feasibility rate (26%) of remote ePROs monitoring for older patients with cancer, mainly because of technology barriers. Yet, among the patients who did have Internet access, most of them indeed used ePROs (66%). Given the expected benefit of ePROs, the technology barriers therefore need to be lifted to improve cancer care in older patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization and Clinical Outcomes of Dilated and Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Matteo Castrichini, Antonio De Luca, Giulia De Angelis, Raquel Neves, Alessia Paldino, Matteo Dal Ferro, Giulia Barbati, Kristen Medo, Andrea Barison, Chrysanthos Grigoratos, Marta Gigli, Davide Stolfo, Francesca Brun, Daniel W. Groves, Robert Quaife, Ramone Eldemire, Sharon Graw, Jeffrey Addison, Giancarlo Todiere, Ignazio Alessio Gueli, Nicoletta Botto, Michele Emdin, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Ramin Garmany, Naveen L. Pereira, Matthew R.G. Taylor, Michael J. Ackerman, Gianfranco Sinagra, Luisa Mestroni, John R. Giudicessi, Marco Merlo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2024)
Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Authors: Anders Holt, Jarl E. Strange, Peter Vibe Rasmussen, Nina Nouhravesh, Sebastian Kinnberg Nielsen, Caroline Sindet-Pedersen, Emil Loldrup Fosbøl, Lars Køber, Christian Torp-Pedersen, Gunnar H. Gislason, Patricia McGettigan, Morten Schou, Morten Lamberts
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2024)
Engineering supramolecular dynamics of self-assembly and turnover of oncogenic microRNAs to drive their synergistic destruction in tumor models
Authors: Daria Chiglintseva, David J. Clarke, Aleksandra Sen'kova, Thomas Heyman, Svetlana Miroshnichenko, Fangzhou Shan, Valentin Vlassov, Marina Zenkova, Olga Patutina, Elena Bichenkova
Journal: Biomaterials (2024)

Rationally-engineered functional biomaterials offer the opportunity to interface with complex biology in a predictive, precise, yet dynamic way to reprogram their behaviour and correct shortcomings. Success here may lead to a desired therapeutic effect against life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. Here, we engineered "Crab"-like artificial ribonucleases through coupling of peptide and nucleic acid building blocks, capable of operating alongside and synergistically with intracellular enzymes (RNase H and Ago 2) for potent destruction of oncogenic microRNAs. "Crab"-like configuration of two catalytic peptides ("pincers") flanking the recognition oligonucleotide was instrumental here in providing increased catalytic turnover, leading to ≈30-fold decrease in miRNA half-life as compared with that for "single-pincer" conjugates. Dynamic modelling of miRNA cleavage illustrated how such design enabled "Crabs" to drive catalytic turnover through simultaneous attacks at different locations of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex, presumably by producing smaller cleavage products and by providing toeholds for competitive displacement by intact miRNA strands. miRNA cleavage at the 5'-site, spreading further into double-stranded region, likely provided a synergy for RNase H1 through demolition of its loading region, thus facilitating enzyme turnover. Such synergy was critical for sustaining persistent disposal of continually-emerging oncogenic miRNAs. A single exposure to the best structural variant (Crab-p-21) prior to transplantation into mice suppressed their malignant properties and reduced primary tumor volume (by 85%) in MCF-7 murine xenograft models.
Correction to: 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association
Journal: Circulation (2024)

On page e696, in the right column, under the heading "Cost, " a reference has been added to the text in the second bullet.The text originally read, "Among pediatric hospitalizations (0-20 years of age) in the HCUP 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database 137 …. " It has been updated to read, "Among pediatric hospitalizations (0-20 years of age) in the
Low-Dose Rivaroxaban Plus Aspirin in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease Undergoing Lower Extremity Revascularization With and Without Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From VOYAGER PAD
Authors: Justin T. Morrison, Mario Enrico Canonico, Sonia S. Anand, Manesh R. Patel, Eike Sebastian Debus, Mark R. Nehler, Connie N. Hess, Judith Hsia, Warren H. Capell, Eva Muehlhofer, Lloyd P. Haskell, Scott D. Berkowitz, Rupert M. Bauersachs, Marc P. Bonaca
Journal: Circulation (2024)
ACcurate COnsensus Reporting Document (ACCORD) explanation and elaboration: Guidance and examples to support reporting consensus methods
Authors: Patricia Logullo, Esther J. van Zuuren, Christopher C. Winchester, David Tovey, William T. Gattrell, Amy Price, Niall Harrison, Keith Goldman, Alison Chisholm, Kirsty Walters, Paul Blazey
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2024)

When research evidence is limited, inconsistent, or absent, healthcare decisions and policies need to be based on consensus amongst interested stakeholders. In these processes, the knowledge, experience, and expertise of health professionals, researchers, policymakers, and the public are systematically collected and synthesised to reach agreed clinical recommendations and/or priorities. However, despite the influence of consensus exercises, the methods used to achieve agreement are often poorly reported. The ACCORD (ACcurate COnsensus Reporting Document) guideline was developed to help report any consensus methods used in biomedical research, regardless of the health field, techniques used, or application. This explanatory document facilitates the use of the ACCORD checklist.