Racial and Ethnic and Rural Variations in the Use of Hybrid Prenatal Care in the US
Authors: Peiyin Hung, Jiani Yu, Sayward E. Harrison, Jihong Liu, Adiba Promiti, Cassie Odahowski, Berry A. Campbell, Anirban Chatterjee, Nansi S. Boghoossian, Bo Cai, Chen Liang, Jixuan Li, Xiaoming Li, Melissa A. Haendel, Christopher G. Chute, Dave Eichman, Anita Walden, Emily Pfaff, Richard Moffit, Kenneth R. Gersing, Joni L. Rutter, Penny Wung Burgoon, Samuel Bozzette, Mariam Deacy, Christopher Dillon, Rebecca Erwin-Cohen, Nicole Garbarini, Valery Gordon, Michael G. Kurilla, Emily Carlson Marti, Sam G. Michael, Lili M. Portilla, Clare Schmitt, Meredith Temple-O'Connor, Emily R. Pfaff, Davera Gabriel, Stephanie S. Hong, Kristin Kostka, Harold P. Lehmann, Richard A. Moffitt, Michele Morris, Matvey B. Palchuk, Xiaohan Tanner Zhang, Richard L. Zhu, Benjamin Amor, Mark M. Bissell, Marshall Clark, Andrew T. Girvin, Adam M. Lee, Robert T. Miller, Kellie M. Walters, Johanna Loomba, Alfred (Jerrod) Anzalone, Evan French, Steven G. Johnson, Amy Olex, Umit Topaloglu, Andrea Zhou, Meredith Adams, G. Caleb Alexander, Benjamin Bates, Will Beasley, Tellen D. Bennett, Eilis Boudreau, Carolyn T. Bramante, Donald E. Brown, John B. Buse, Tiffany J. Callahan, Kenrick Cato, Scott Chapman, Jaylyn Clark, Lesley Cottrell, Karen Crowley, Joel Gagnier, Jin Ge, J.W. Awori Hayanga, Brian Hendricks, Elaine L. Hill, William Hillegass, Dan Housman, Robert Hurley, Jessica Yasmine Islam, Randeep Jawa, Rishikesan Kamaleswaran, Farrukh M. Koraishy, Charisse Madlock-Brown, Sandeep K. Mallipattu, Greg Martin, Jomol Mathew, Diego Mazzotti, Hemalkumar B. Mehta, Kimberly Murray, Lavance Northington, Shawn T. O'Neil, Brijesh Patel, Rena C. Patel, Jami Pincavitch, Fred Prior, Saiju Pyarajan, Lee Pyles, Ofer Sadan, Nasia Safdar, Soko Setoguchi, Noha Sharafeldin, Anjali Sharathkumar, George Sokos, Andrew M. Southerland, Vignesh Subbian, Cliff Takemoto, Cavin Ward-Caviness, Adam B. Wilcox, Ken Wilkins, Andrew E. Williams, Sruthi Magesh, Patricia A. Francis, Alexis Graves, Julie A. McMurry, Katie Rebecca Bradwell, Amin Manna, Gianna Beck, Andrew Barros, Ran Dai, Mary Emmett, Jeremy Richard Harper, Wenndy Hernandez, Meng-Hao Li, Nirup Menon, Amit Saha, Jasvinder A. Singh, Anita Wa Walden
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Understanding whether there are racial and ethnic and residential disparities in prenatal telehealth uptake is necessary for ensuring equitable access and guiding implementation of future hybrid (ie, both telehealth and in-person) prenatal care. Objective To assess temporal changes in individuals using hybrid prenatal care before and during the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) by race and ethnicity and residence location in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study analyzed electronic health record data of prenatal care visits from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative Data Enclave, comprising data from 75 health systems and freestanding institutes in all 50 US states. Data were analyzed on 349 682 nationwide pregnancies among 349 524 people who gave birth from June 1, 2018, through May 31, 2022. Multivariable generalized estimating equations were used to examine variations in receiving hybrid vs only in-person prenatal care. Data phenotyping and analysis occurred from June 13, 2023, to September 27, 2024. Exposures Prenatal period overlap (never, partially, or fully overlapping) with the COVID-19 PHE, maternal race and ethnicity, and urban or rural residence. Main Outcomes and Measures Hybrid vs in-person–only prenatal care. Results Of 349 682 pregnancies (mean [SD] age, 29.4 [5.9] years), 59 837 (17.1%) were in Hispanic or Latino individuals, 14 803 (4.2%) in non-Hispanic Asian individuals, 65 571 (18.8%) in non-Hispanic Black individuals, 162 677 (46.5%) in non-Hispanic White individuals, and 46 794 (13.4%) in non-Hispanic individuals from other racial and ethnic groups. A total of 31 011 participants (8.9%) resided in rural communities. Hybrid prenatal care increased from nearly none before March 2020 to a peak of 8.1% telehealth visits in November 2020, decreasing slightly to 6.2% by March 2022. Among the fully overlapping group, urban residents had nearly 2-fold odds of hybrid prenatal care compared with rural people (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.98; 95% CI, 1.84-2.12). Hispanic or Latino people (AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.41-1.56), non-Hispanic Asian people (AOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.35-1.59), and non-Hispanic Black people (AOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12-1.24) were more likely to receive hybrid prenatal care than non-Hispanic White people. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, hybrid prenatal care increased substantially during the COVID-19 PHE, but pregnant people living in rural areas had lower levels of hybrid care than urban people, and individuals who belonged to racial and ethnic minority groups were more likely to have hybrid care than White individuals. These findings suggest that strategies that improve equitable access to telehealth for people who live in rural areas and people in some minority racial and ethnic groups may be useful.