tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Social Factors, Age, and Health at Time of Dementia Diagnosis
Authors: Mozhu Ding, Katharina Schmidt-Mende, Karin Modig
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance A timely diagnosis is crucial in ensuring high-quality care for individuals with dementia. Comparing age and health status at the time of dementia diagnosis across population subgroups can provide insights into vulnerable groups that may experience delayed diagnosis and/or a poorer prognosis. Objective To examine how age and health at the time of dementia diagnosis vary across sociodemographic subgroups. Design, Setting, and Participants A nationwide cross-sectional study of individuals with an incident dementia diagnosis from either specialist care or who were dispensed antidementia drugs, identified from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Prescribed Drug Register between January 2018 and December 2022. Exposures Sociodemographic status at the time of dementia diagnosis was assessed through linkage with national registers and included education, place of birth, living arrangement, family status, and family disposable income. Main outcomes and measures Health status was assessed by calculating the number of dispensed medications during the year preceding dementia diagnosis, as well as the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) using specialist diagnoses during the preceding 5 years. Results Of the 107 707 individuals with a dementia diagnosis, 61 127 (56.8%) were women and the mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 82.0 (7.7) years. Individuals with lower education, living alone or in a care home, or without a close relative were a mean (SD) of 3.1 (7.3) years older when diagnosed with dementia compared with their counterparts. At the time of diagnosis, individuals who had lower than high school education had higher CCI (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.15) and more medications (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.33-1.44) compared with those with university education. Age and health status at dementia diagnosis did not differ significantly by place of birth or income. Conclusions and relevance This nationwide register-based study indicated that clinical diagnosis of dementia may be significantly delayed among individuals with low education, those living alone or in a care home, or those without a close relative. These groups also had poorer health at the time of dementia diagnosis, which may impact their prognosis negatively. Future efforts should focus on improving health services to better address the diagnostic and care needs of these vulnerable subgroups.
Toward Optimization of Post-CDK4/6 Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Julia Foldi, Adam Brufsky
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Pier Paolo Maria Berton Giachetti, MD; Stefania Morganti, MD; Sara Gandini, PhD; Fabiola Giudici, PhD; Antonio Marra, MD; Eleonora Nicolò, MD; Emma Zattarin, MD; Chiara Corti, MD; Laura Boldrini, MD; Annarita Verrazzo, MD; Caterina Sposetti, MD; Maria Grazia Razeti, MD; Ambra Carnevale Schianca, MD; Roberta Scafetta, MD; Beatrice Taurelli Salimbeni, MD; Angela Esposito, MD; Paola Zagami, MD, PhD; Dario Trapani, MD; Bianca Malagutti, MD; Roberta Caputo, MD; Claudio Vernieri, MD, PhD; Elisabetta Munzone, MD; Simone Scagnoli, MD, PhD; Andrea Botticelli, MD; Matteo Lambertini, MD, PhD; Mario Giuliano, MD; Michelino De Laurentiis, MD, PhD; Giulia Viale, MD; Giampaolo Bianchini, MD; Giuseppe Curigliano, MD, PhD; Carmine De Angelis, MD, PhD; Carmen Criscitiello, MD, PhD
Digital Screen Time and Myopia
Authors: Ahnul Ha, Yun Jeong Lee, Marvin Lee, Sung Ryul Shim, Young Kook Kim
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance The association of digital screen time with myopia has been documented, but the dose-response association and safe exposure threshold remain unclear. Objective To evaluate the dose-response association of time spent on digital screens with myopia risk. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for full-length articles from peer-reviewed journals without restrictions on study design, publication date, or language from inception to November 25, 2024. Study Selection Primary research articles investigating the association of exposure to digital screen devices (ie, smartphones, tablets, game consoles, computers, or television) with myopia-related outcomes (ie, prevalent or incident myopia and the rate of myopia progression) were identified by reviewers. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent reviewers extracted data using a standardized procedure in accordance with the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. A random-effects, dose-response meta-analysis (DRMA) was utilized to examine the pattern of the association of screen time with myopia. Main Outcome and Measures Increased odds of myopia per hour of daily screen time. Results In the linear DRMA of 45 studies with 335 524 participants (mean [SD] age, 9.3 [4.3] years), an additional hour of daily screen time was associated with higher odds of myopia (odds ratio [OR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.30). The nonlinear DRMA of 34 studies with 314 910 participants also indicated higher odds of myopia with increasing screen time, ranging from 1 hour of daily exposure (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.09) to 4 hours (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.56-2.40). The dose-response curve showed myopia risk increasing significantly between 1 to 4 hours of daily screen time, and then rising more gradually after 4 hours. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review and DRMA, a daily 1-hour increment in digital screen time was associated with 21% higher odds of myopia and the dose-response pattern exhibited a sigmoidal shape, indicating a potential safety threshold of less than 1 hour per day of exposure, with an increase in odds up to 4 hours. These findings can offer guidance to clinicians and researchers regarding myopia risk.
AI-Guided Lung Ultrasounds Could Help Nonexpert Clinicians Acquire “Expert-Level” Images
Authors: Yulin Hswen, Jennifer Abbasi
Journal: JAMA (2025)

This Medical News article is an interview with emergency medicine physician Cristiana Baloescu, MD, MPH, of Yale University School of Medicine about the use of artificial intelligence to guide point-of-care ultrasounds by nonexperts.
Errors in Article Information
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Kristina Laugesen, PhD; Nils Skajaa, PhD; Irene Petersen, PhD; Marianne Skovsager Andersen, PhD; Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, PhD; Sofie Kejlberg Al-Mashhadi, MD; Paul Stewart, PhD; Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, DrMed; Henrik Toft Sørensen, PhD
Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Cognitive Decline, and Brain Characteristics
Authors: Kristin R. Krueger, Pankaja Desai, Todd Beck, Lisa L. Barnes, Jerenda Bond, Charles DeCarli, Neelum T. Aggarwal, Denis A. Evans, Kumar B. Rajan
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

IMPORTANCE Socioeconomic status (SES) has an important association with cognitive function and structural brain indices. Identifying the nature of this association will guide strategies for improving health equity. OBJECTIVE To test the longitudinal associations of SES with cognitive decline and brain characteristics and to examine whether these associations differ between Black and White individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Participants aged 65 years old or older were recruited for this population-based cohort study from 4 communities on the south side of Chicago, Illinois. At-home interviews were conducted between 1993 and 2012. The data were analyzed in April 2024. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Outcome measures were level and change in global cognition and 4 individual tests. Three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of the brain included total brain volume, hippocampal volumes, and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Childhood SES was assessed using parental education levels, father’s occupation, and childhood finance rating. Adulthood SES was assessed using the participants’ education, occupation, and income. Lifetime SES was assessed on the basis of the mother’s education, childhood SES, and participants’ occupation and income. RESULTS Of the 7303 participants (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [6.3] years; 4573 female participants [63%]), 4581 (63%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 2722 (37%) were non-Hispanic White. SES was higher for White individuals compared with Black individuals in childhood, adulthood, and across the lifespan. Higher lifetime SES was associated with better global cognitive functioning at baseline (estimate, 0.337; 95% CI, 0.317 to 0.357; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) but not with decline over time (estimate, 0.003; 95% CI, −0.001 to 0.006; P = .10). Higher lifetime SES was associated with a better baseline score on the Mini-Mental State Examination (estimate, 0.281; 95% CI, 0.261 to 0.302; P &amp;amp;lt; .001) and a slower decline for all participants (estimate, 0.012; 95% CI, 0.008 to 0.016; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). In a subset of 933 participants who underwent MRI, there was an association between lifetime SES and healthier brain structures, as measured by total brain volume (estimate, 3.18; 95% CI, 0.20 to 6.17; P = .04) and WMH burden (estimate, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.21 to −0.01; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, SES, mainly in adulthood, was associated with a person’s cognitive status and brain structure, resulting in a discrepancy in cognitive status over time. These findings point to a need for interventions that improve SES throughout the lifespan, particularly for Black individuals, who had lower SES than White individuals.
Cross-State Travel for Cancer Care and Implications for Telehealth Reciprocity
Authors: Erika L. Moen, Qianfei Wang, Lingbo Liu, Fahui Wang, Anna N. A. Tosteson, Rebecca E. Smith, Lauren Cowan, Tracy Onega
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Patients often travel for cancer care, yet the extent to which patients cross state lines for cancer care is not well understood. This knowledge can have implications for policies that regulate telehealth access to out-of-state clinicians. Objective To quantify the extent of cross-state delivery of cancer services to patients with cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed fee-for-service Medicare claims data for beneficiaries (aged ≥66 years) with a diagnosis of breast, colon, lung, or pancreatic cancer between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2020. Analyses were performed between January 1 and July 30, 2024. Exposure Patient rurality. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of interest was receipt of cancer care across state lines. Frequencies of cancer services (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy) were summarized by cancer type in relation to in-state vs out-of-state receipt of care based on state of residence for Medicare beneficiaries. Cross-state delivery of cancer services was also quantified by adjacent vs nonadjacent states and overall between-state flows for service utilization. Results The study included 1 040 874 Medicare beneficiaries with cancer. The mean (SD) age of the study population was 76.5 (7.4) years. Most patients were female (68.2%) and urban residing (78.5%); one-quarter (25.9%) were aged between 70 and 74 years. In terms of race and ethnicity, 7.0% of patients identified as Black, 3.4% as Hispanic, and 85.5% as White. Overall, approximately 6.9% of cancer care was delivered across state lines, with the highest proportion (8.3%) occurring for surgical care, followed by radiation (6.7%) and chemotherapy (5.6%) services. Out of all cross-state care, 68.4% occurred in adjacent states. Frequency of cross-state cancer care increased with patient rurality. Compared with urban-residing patients, isolated rural-residing patients were 2.5 times more likely to cross state lines for surgical procedures (18.5% vs 7.5%), 3 times more likely to cross state lines for radiation therapy services (16.9% vs 5.7%), and almost 4 times more likely to cross state lines for chemotherapy services (16.3% vs 4.2%). Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of Medicare claims data, a notable proportion of cancer services occurred across state lines, particularly for rural-residing patients. These results highlight the need for cross-state telehealth policies that recognize the prevalence of care delivery from geographically distant specialized oncology services.
Defying Environmental Deregulation
Authors: Abby Gross, Sofya H. Asfaw
Journal: JAMA (2025)

This Viewpoint discusses recent executive orders that weaken or repeal US climate policies; calls for the health care sector to take a leading role in advocating for decarbonization and policies that protect public health; and suggests multilevel opportunities for health care professionals and organizations to work collectively to fight climate change to safeguard health.
The Shape of US States and Cancer Care Impact
Authors: Theodore M. Johnson, Tina-Ann Kerr Thompson, Miranda A. Moore
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Erika L. Moen, MS, PhD; Qianfei Wang, MS; Lingbo Liu, PhD; Fahui Wang, PhD; Anna N. A. Tosteson, ScD; Rebecca E. Smith, MS; Lauren Cowan, MPH, CPH; Tracy Onega, PhD, MS, MA, MPAS
Algorithm-Based Palliative Care in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Ravi B. Parikh, William J. Ferrell, Yang Li, Jinbo Chen, Larry Bilbrey, Nicole Johnson, Jenna White, Ramy Sedhom, Natalie R. Dickson, Stephen Schleicher, Justin E. Bekelman, Sandhya Mudumbi
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Importance Among patients with advanced solid malignant tumors, early specialty palliative care (PC) is guideline recommended, but strategies to increase PC access and effectiveness in community oncology are lacking. Objective To test whether algorithm-based defaults with opting out and accountable justification embedded in the electronic health record (EHR) increase completed PC visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This 2-arm cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023. Eligible patients from 15 urban or rural clinics within a large community oncology network in Tennessee had advanced lung or noncolorectal gastrointestinal cancer and were identified by an automated EHR algorithm adapted from national guidelines. Data were analyzed between November 1, 2023, and March 4, 2024. Intervention At sites randomized to control, clinicians received weekly reports detailing PC referral rates compared with peer clinicians (peer comparison) and referred patients to PC at their discretion. At sites randomized to intervention, clinicians also received default PC orders using the EHR. Clinicians who opted out of PC consultation were asked to provide justification (accountable justification). If clinicians did not opt out, a study coordinator contacted patients to introduce and schedule PC visits using a standardized, predefined script. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a completed PC consultation within 12 weeks of enrollment. Exploratory outcomes included quality of life, feeling heard and understood, and intensive end-of-life care. Outcomes were analyzed using clustered generalized linear and logistic regression models. Results The trial enrolled 562 patients (mean [SD] age, 68.5 [10.1] years; 288 male [51.2%]), of whom 433 (77.0%) had lung cancer. There were 130 of 296 patients (43.9%) randomized to the intervention group and 22 of 266 (8.3%) randomized to the control group who completed PC visits (adjusted odds ratio, 8.9 [95% CI, 5.5-14.6]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Among 179 patients who died at the 24-week follow-up, 6 of 92 (6.5%) in the intervention group compared with 14 of 87 (16.1%) in the control group received systemic therapy within 14 days of death (adjusted odds ratio, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.7]; P = .05). There were no differences in quality of life, feeling heard and understood, or late hospice referral. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of algorithm-based EHR defaults, the intervention increased PC consultations and decreased end-of-life systemic therapy. The intervention provides a scalable implementation strategy to increase specialty PC referrals in the community oncology setting. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05590962
Fourth Time a Charm?—How to Make the UN High-Level Meeting on Noncommunicable Diseases Effective
Authors: George Alleyne, Awa Marie Coll-Seck, Thomas R. Frieden, Chris Tufton
Journal: JAMA (2025)

This Viewpoint summarizes the history of United Nations High-Level Meetings on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and calls for a meeting document that includes transparent, accurate accountability metrics and targets priority areas (eg, health taxes, hypertension control, cancer prevention and treatment, reducing air pollution, and improving nutrition) to address NCDs.
Minimally-invasive modalities for non-melanoma skin cancer Part II: Treatment
Authors: Nathan Gasek, Albert E Zhou, Christian Gronbeck, Neelesh P Jain, Sarah Balboul, Patrick McMullan, Lauren Skudalski, Nicholas Gulati, Jonathan Ungar, Jane M Grant-Kels, Brett Sloan, Jonas A Adalsteinsson
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2025)
Inflammasome mediated in situ cancer vaccine activated by schottky heterojunction for augmented immunotherapy
Authors: Chengzhilin Li, Nianlei Zhang, Ziang Xu, Zhonghou Rong, Cong Song, Yachao Zhang, Yue Hua, Houyang Hu, Qingbin He, Vadim V Shmanaid, Ming Xia, Haiyuan Zhang, Miaoqing Zhao, Jianwei Jiao, Runxiao Zheng
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2025)
Estimating Gene Conversion Tract Length and Rate From PacBio HiFi Data
Authors: Anders Poulsen Charmouh, Peter Sørud Porsborg, Lasse Thorup Hansen, Søren Besenbacher, Sofia Boeg Winge, Kristian Almstrup, Asger Hobolth, Thomas Bataillon, Mikkel Heide Schierup
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2025)

Abstract Gene conversions are broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material from a “donor” to an “acceptor” sequence and can happen both in meiosis and mitosis. They are a subset of noncrossover (NCO) events and, like crossover (CO) events, gene conversion can generate new combinations of alleles and counteract mutation load by reverting germline mutations through GC-biased gene conversion. Estimating gene conversion rate and the distribution of gene conversion tract lengths remains challenging. We present a new method for estimating tract length, rate, and detection probability of NCO events directly in HiFi PacBio long read data. The method can be used to make inference from sequencing of gametes from a single individual. The method is unbiased even under low single nucleotide variant (SNV) densities and does not necessitate any demographic or evolutionary assumptions. We test the accuracy and robustness of our method using simulated datasets where we vary length of tracts, number of tracts, the genomic SNV density, and levels of correlation between SNV density and NCO event position. Our simulations show that under low SNV densities, like those found in humans, only a minute fraction (∼2%) of NCO events are expected to become visible as gene conversions by moving at least 1 SNV. We finally illustrate our method by applying it to PacBio sequencing data from human sperm.
Leptin enhances the intracellular thyroid hormone activation in skeletal muscle to boost energy balance
Authors: Caterina Miro, Annunziata Gaetana Cicatiello, Annarita Nappi, Serena Sagliocchi, Lucia Acampora, Federica Restolfer, Ornella Cuomo, Giulia de Alteris, Gabriella Pugliese, Sepehr Torabinejad, Rosa Maritato, Melania Murolo, Emery Di Cicco, Nunzio Velotti, Marianna Capuano, Evelina La Civita, Daniela Terracciano, Roberto Ciampaglia, Mariano Stornaiuolo, Mario Musella, Giovanni Aprea, Giuseppe Pignataro, Silvia Savastano, Monica Dentice
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2025)
Contribution of germline and somatic mutations to risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Tomohiro Yata, Go Sato, Kotaro Ogawa, Tatsuhiko Naito, Kyuto Sonehara, Ryunosuke Saiki, Ryuya Edahiro, Shinichi Namba, Mitsuru Watanabe, Yuya Shirai, Kenichi Yamamoto, Ho NamKoong, Tomoko Nakanishi, Yuji Yamamoto, Akiko Hosokawa, Mamoru Yamamoto, Eri Oguro-Igashira, Takuro Nii, Yuichi Maeda, Kimiko Nakajima, Rika Nishikawa, Hiroaki Tanaka, Shingo Nakayamada, Koichi Matsuda, Chikako Nishigori, Shigetoshi Sano, Makoto Kinoshita, Ryuji Koike, Akinori Kimura, Seiya Imoto, Satoru Miyano, Koichi Fukunaga, Masahito Mihara, Yuko Shimizu, Izumi Kawachi, Katsuichi Miyamoto, Yoshiya Tanaka, Atsushi Kumanogoh, Masaaki Niino, Yuji Nakatsuji, Seishi Ogawa, Takuya Matsushita, Jun-Ichi Kira, Hideki Mochizuki, Noriko Isobe, Tatsusada Okuno, Yukinori Okada
Journal: Cell Genomics (2025)
Pharmacological rescue of mutant p53 triggers spontaneous tumor regression via immune responses
Authors: Jiabing Li, Shuang Zhang, Baohui Wang, Yuting Dai, Jiale Wu, Dianjia Liu, Ying Liang, Shujun Xiao, Zhengyuan Wang, Jiaqi Wu, Derun Zheng, Xueqin Chen, Fangfang Shi, Kai Tan, Xianting Ding, Huaxin Song, Sujiang Zhang, Min Lu
Journal: Cell Reports Medicine (2025)
Multiomic QTL mapping reveals phenotypic complexity of GWAS loci and prioritizes putative causal variants
Authors: Timothy D Arthur, Jennifer P Nguyen, Benjamin A Henson, Agnieszka D'Antonio-Chronowska, Jeffrey Jaureguy, Nayara Silva, Athanasia D Panopoulos, Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, Matteo D'Antonio, Graham McVicker, Kelly A Frazer
Journal: Cell Genomics (2025)
Deep learning imputes DNA methylation states in single cells and enhances the detection of epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia
Authors: Jiyun Zhou, Chongyuan Luo, Hanqing Liu, Matthew G Heffel, Richard E Straub, Joel E Kleinman, Thomas M Hyde, Joseph R Ecker, Daniel R Weinberger, Shizhong Han
Journal: Cell Genomics (2025)
Caloric restriction prevents inheritance of polycystic ovary syndrome through oocyte-mediated DNA methylation reprogramming
Authors: Yue Liu, Yi Dong, Yonghui Jiang, Shan Han, Xin Liu, Xin Xu, Aiqing Zhu, Zihe Zhao, Yuan Gao, Yang Zou, Chuanxin Zhang, Yuehong Bian, Yuqing Zhang, Jiang Liu, Shigang Zhao, Han Zhao, Zi-Jiang Chen
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2025)
Nanoparticles encapsulating antigenic peptides induce tolerogenic dendritic cells in situ for treating systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Xin Qin, Mei Zhang, Jiale Liang, Siqi Xu, Xiao Fu, Zhiqiang Liu, Taoran Tian, Jinlin Song, Yunfeng Lin
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2025)
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure: mechanisms and sex-specific differences
Authors: Sepiso K. Masenga, Nelson Wandira, Giuliana Cattivelli-Murdoch, Mohammad Saleem, Heather Beasley, Antentor Hinton, Lale A. Ertuglu, Naome Mwesigwa, Thomas R. Kleyman, Annet Kirabo
Journal: Nature Reviews Cardiology (2025)
Peripheral and central neuroimmune mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
Authors: Shuo Zhang, Yue Gao, Yini Zhao, Timothy Y. Huang, Qiuyang Zheng, Xin Wang
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2025)

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) poses a growing global health challenge as populations age. Recent research highlights the crucial role of peripheral immunity in AD pathogenesis. This review explores how blood-brain barrier disruption allows peripheral immune cells to infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), worsening neuroinflammation and disease progression. We examine recent findings on interactions between peripheral immune cells and CNS-resident microglia, forming a self-perpetuating inflammatory cycle leading to neuronal dysfunction. Moreover, this review emphasizes recent developments in the dysregulation of immune factors from both the periphery and CNS, and their impact on AD progression. With ongoing research and development of new therapeutic strategies, this review underscores the importance of modulating interactions between the peripheral immune system and CNS in AD therapy.
A primary cilia–autophagy axis in hippocampal neurons is essential to maintain cognitive resilience
Authors: Manon Rivagorda, David Romeo-Guitart, Victoria Blanchet, François Mailliet, Valérie Boitez, Natalie Barry, Dimitrije Milunov, Eleni Siopi, Nicolas Goudin, Stéphanie Moriceau, Chiara Guerrera, Michel Leibovici, Soham Saha, Patrice Codogno, Eugenia Morselli, Etienne Morel, Anne-Sophie Armand, Franck Oury
Journal: Nature Aging (2025)