tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Postmarketing Surveillance of Medical Products With Large Language Models
Authors: Michael E. Matheny, Jie Yang, Joshua C. Smith, Colin G. Walsh, Mohammed A. Al-Garadi, Sharon E. Davis, Keith A. Marsolo, Daniel Fabbri, Ruth R. Reeves, Kevin B. Johnson, Gerald J. Dal Pan, Robert Ball, Rishi J. Desai
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance The Sentinel System is a key component of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) postmarketing safety surveillance commitment and uses clinical health care data to conduct analyses to inform drug labeling and safety communications, FDA advisory committee meetings, and other regulatory decisions. However, observational data are frequently deemed insufficient for reliable evaluation of safety concerns owing to limitations in underlying data or methodology. Advances in large language models (LLMs) provide new opportunities to address some of these limitations. However, careful consideration is necessary for how and where LLMs can be effectively deployed for these purposes. Observations LLMs may provide new avenues to support signal-identification activities to identify novel adverse event signals from narrative text of electronic health records. These algorithms may be used to support epidemiologic investigations examining the causal relationship between exposure to a medical product and an adverse event through development of probabilistic phenotyping of health outcomes of interest and extraction of information related to important confounding factors. LLMs may perform like traditional natural language processing tools by annotating text with controlled vocabularies with additional tailored training activities. LLMs offer opportunities for enhancing information extraction from adverse event reports, medical literature, and other biomedical knowledge sources. There are several challenges that must be considered when leveraging LLMs for postmarket surveillance. Prompt engineering is needed to ensure that LLM-extracted associations are accurate and specific. LLMs require extensive infrastructure to use, which many health care systems lack, and this can impact diversity, equity, and inclusion, and result in obscuring significant adverse event patterns in some populations. LLMs are known to generate nonfactual statements, which could lead to false positive signals and downstream evaluation activities by the FDA and other entities, incurring substantial cost. Conclusions and Relevance LLMs represent a novel paradigm that may facilitate generation of information to support medical product postmarket surveillance activities that have not been possible. However, additional work is required to ensure LLMs can be used in a fair and equitable manner, minimize false positive findings, and support the necessary rigor of signal detection needed for regulatory activities.
A Third of Michigan’s Registered Nurses Planning to Leave Their Workplace
Authors: Samantha Anderer
Journal: JAMA (2024)

A third of registered nurses in Michigan planned to leave their workplace in 2023, a study in JAMA Network Open found. Researchers looked at survey results from the Michigan Nurses Study, which included data from about 9100 nurses in 2022 and approximately 7000 nurses in 2023.
New Cardiovascular Risk Calculator Could Reduce Blood Pressure Medication Prescribing
Authors: Samantha Anderer
Journal: JAMA (2024)

James A. Diao, MD, MPhil; Ivy Shi, MD; Venkatesh L. Murthy, MD, PhD; Thomas A. Buckley, BS; Chirag J. Patel, PhD; Emma Pierson, PhD; Robert W. Yeh, MD, MSc; Dhruv S. Kazi, MD, MS; Rishi K. Wadhera, MD, MPP, MPhil; Arjun K. Manrai, PhD
Perceived Parental Distraction by Technology and Mental Health Among Emerging Adolescents
Authors: Audrey-Ann Deneault, André Plamondon, Ross D. Neville, Rachel Eirich, Brae Anne McArthur, Suzanne Tough, Sheri Madigan
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance The digital phenomenon termed technoference refers to interruptions in routine social interactions due to technology use. Technoference may negatively affect parents’ attention to cues necessary for supporting children’s mental health. Objective To explore whether there are directional prospective associations between perceived parental technoference and emerging adolescents’ mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression, inattention, and hyperactivity). Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study assessed a general population of mothers and emerging adolescents in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Women were recruited during pregnancy between May 3, 2008, and December 13, 2010, with convenience sampling and repeated follow-up; eligible women were 18 years or older, spoke English, had a gestational age of at least 24 weeks, and received local prenatal care. Data collection for the present study took place when emerging adolescents were aged 9 (May 20 to July 15, 2020), 10 (March 4 to April 30, 2021), and 11 (November 22, 2021, to January 17, 2022) years. Mothers provided consent for their child to participate, and emerging adolescents provided assent. Data were analyzed from December 1 to 31, 2023, using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models. Exposure Perceived parental technoference. Main Outcomes and Measures Emerging adolescents completed questionnaires about their perception of parental technoference and their mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, hyperactivity, and inattention) at the 3 study times. This study did not rely on statistical significance, but instead on the magnitude of effect sizes to determine meaningful effects. Results Participants included 1303 emerging adolescents (mean [SD] age, 9.7 [0.8] years at time 1; of the 1028 reporting information, 529 [51.5%] were girls). Cross-sectional associations indicated correlations between perceptions of parental technoference and emerging adolescents’ mental health ( r range, 0.17-0.19). Higher levels of anxiety at 9 and 10 years of age were prospectively associated with higher parental technoference scores at 10 (β = 0.11 [95% CI, −0.05 to 0.26]) and 11 (β = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.001-0.24]) years of age, with small magnitudes of effect size. Higher parental technoference scores at 9 and 10 years of age were prospectively associated with higher hyperactivity at 10 (β = 0.07 [95% CI, −0.07 to 0.22]) and 11 (β = 0.11 [95% CI, −0.02 to 0.24]) years of age and inattention at 11 years of age (β = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.001-0.24]), with small magnitudes of effect size. No gender differences were identified. Conclusions and Relevance In this 3-wave longitudinal birth cohort study, perceived parental technoference was associated with emerging adolescents’ mental health. The findings speak to the need to discuss digital technology use and mental health with parents and emerging adolescents as a part of routine care.
Emergency Allotments in SNAP and Food Hardship Among Households With Children
Authors: Anna E. Austin, Rebeccah L. Sokol
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Households with children and minoritized racial and ethnic groups experience a disproportionate burden of food hardship. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the US federal government implemented emergency allotments in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), increasing the amount of food purchasing assistance received by many participating households. Objective To examine the association of implementing emergency allotments in SNAP with food hardship among households with children overall and for households with Black, Hispanic, and White children by comparing income-eligible households that did and did not participate in SNAP. Design, Setting, and Participants This ecologic cross-sectional study used 2016-2022 National Survey of Children’s Health data and a difference-in-differences approach to compare changes in the risk of food hardship from before implementation of emergency allotments in SNAP (2016-2019) to during implementation (2020-2022). Households with children younger than 18 years and incomes 130% or less of the federal poverty level (FPL) in all 50 states and Washington, DC, were included. Exposure Implementation of emergency allotments in SNAP. Main Outcome and Measures The primary outcome was caregiver report of household food hardship during the past 12 months. Results Of 44 753 households with incomes 130% or less of the FPL, a weighted 23.4% had Black children, 56.7% had White children, and 19.9% had children of other races. More than one-third of households (37.8%) had Hispanic children, and 31.8% had young children aged 0 to 5 years. The percentage of households that experienced food hardship decreased from 2016 to 2021 (from 62.9% to 48.2% among SNAP-participating households and from 44.3% to 38.9% among income-eligible nonparticipating households) but increased in 2022 (to 58.0% among SNAP-participating households and to 47.5% among nonparticipating households). Adjusting for confounders, implementing emergency allotments in SNAP was associated with a decreased risk of food hardship among SNAP-participating compared with nonparticipating households (risk ratio [RR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.96). Implementing emergency allotments in SNAP was associated with a decreased risk of food hardship among SNAP-participating households with Hispanic (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.72-1.02) and White (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.94) children compared with nonparticipating households but not among households with Black children (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.87-1.23). Conclusions and Relevance In this ecologic cross-sectional study, implementing emergency allotments in SNAP was associated with a decreased risk of food hardship among households with children. Efforts are needed to ensure that all populations benefit from economic policies.
No Asymptomatic Bird Flu in 35 Exposed Dairy Farmworkers
Authors: Samantha Anderer
Journal: JAMA (2024)

As part of its response to the multistate outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an update, including its findings from a study of 35 farmworkers exposed to H5N1-infected dairy cattle in Michigan.
Abiraterone or Enzalutamide for Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jennifer La, Lin Wang, June K. Corrigan, Deborah Lang, Michelle H. Lee, Nhan V. Do, Mary T. Brophy, Channing J. Paller, Nathanael R. Fillmore
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are recommended as preferred treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but differences in their relative efficacy are unclear due to a lack of head-to-head clinical trials. Clear guidance is needed for making informed mCRPC therapeutic choices. Objective To compare clinical outcomes in patients with mCRPC treated with abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included patients with mCRPC in the US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system who initiated treatment with abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide between January 1, 2014, and October 30, 2022. Exposures Abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide. Main Outcomes and Measures The study used inverse probability of treatment weighting to balance baseline characteristics between patients initiating abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide and evaluated restricted mean survival time (RMST) differences in overall survival (OS), prostate cancer–specific survival (PCS), time to next treatment switching or death (TTS), and time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (TTR) at different time points after treatment initiation. Results The study included 5779 patients (median age, 74.42 years [IQR, 68.94-82.14 years]). Median follow-up was between 38 and 60 months. Patients initiating enzalutamide on average had longer OS than those initiating abiraterone acetate, with RMSTs of 24.29 months (95% CI, 23.58-24.99 months) and 23.38 months (95% CI, 22.85-23.92 months), respectively, and a difference in RMST of 0.90 months (95% CI, 0.02-1.79 months) at 4 years. Similarly, TTS and TTR were improved in patients initiating enzalutamide, with an RMST at 4 years of 1.95 months (95% CI, 0.92-2.99 months) longer for TTS and 3.57 months (95% CI, 1.76-5.38 months) shorter for TTR. For PCS, the RMST at 2 years was 0.48 months (95% CI, 0.01-0.95 months) longer. An examination of subgroups identified that enzalutamide initiation was associated with longer RMST in OS among patients without prior docetaxel treatment (1.14 months; 95% CI, 0.19-2.10 months) and in those with PSA doubling time of 3 months or longer (2.23 months; 95% CI, 0.81-3.66 months) but not among patients with prior docetaxel (−0.25 months; 95% CI, −2.59 to 2.09 months) or with PSA doubling time of less than 3 months (0.05 months; 95% CI, −1.05 to 1.15 months). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with mCRPC, initiation of enzalutamide was associated with small but statistically significant improvements in OS, PCS, TTS, and TTR compared with initiation of abiraterone acetate. The improvements were more prominent in short-term outcomes, including TTS and TTR, and in patient subgroups without prior docetaxel or with PSA doubling time longer than 3 months.
Remote Neuroinflammation in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Correlates with Unfavorable Clinical Outcome
Authors: Laura M. Bartos, Stefanie Quach, Valerio Zenatti, Sabrina V. Kirchleitner, Jens Blobner, Karin Wind-Mark, Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas, Selin Ulukaya, Adrien Holzgreve, Viktoria C. Ruf, Lea H. Kunze, Sebastian T. Kunte, Leonie Hoermann, Marlies Härtel, Ha Eun Park, Mattes Groß, Nicolai Franzmeier, Artem Zatcepin, Adrian Zounek, Lena Kaiser, Markus J. Riemenschneider, Robert Perneczky, Boris-Stephan Rauchmann, Sophia Stöcklein, Sibylle Ziegler, Jochen Herms, Ali Ertürk, Joerg C. Tonn, Niklas Thon, Louisa von Baumgarten, Matthias Prestel, Sabina Tahirovic, Nathalie L. Albert, Matthias Brendel
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Current therapy strategies still provide only limited success in the treatment of glioblastoma, the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults. In addition to the characterization of the tumor microenvironment, global changes in the brain of patients with glioblastoma have been described. However, the impact and molecular signature of neuroinflammation distant of the primary tumor site have not yet been thoroughly elucidated.
Artificial intelligence-powered spatial analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors in biliary tract cancer
Authors: Yeong Hak Bang, Choong-kun Lee, Kyunghye Bang, Hyung-Don Kim, Kyu-pyo Kim, Jae Ho Jeong, Inkeun Park, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Dong Ki Lee, Hye Jin Choi, Taek Chung, Seung Hyuck Jeon, Eui-Cheol Shin, Chiyoon Oum, Seulki Kim, Yoojoo Lim, Gahee Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Taebum Lee, Richard S. Finn, Chan-Young Ock, Jinho Shin, Changhoon Yoo
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Recently, anti-programmed cell death-1/anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD1/L1) immunotherapy has been demonstrated for its efficacy when combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy in randomized phase 3 trials for advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). However, no biomarker predictive of benefit has been established for anti-PD1/L1 in BTC. Here, we evaluated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) using artificial intelligence-powered immune phenotype (AI-IP) analysis in advanced BTC treated with anti-PD1.
YAP1 status defines two intrinsic subtypes of LCNEC with distinct molecular features and therapeutic vulnerabilities
Authors: C. Allison Stewart, Lixia Diao, Yuanxin Xi, Runsheng Wang, Kavya Ramkumar, Alejandra G. Serrano, Azusa Tanimoto, B. Leticia Rodriguez, Benjamin B. Morris, Li Shen, Bingnan Zhang, Yan Yang, Samera H. Hamad, Robert J. Cardnell, Alberto Duarte, Moushumi Sahu, Veronica Y. Novegil, Bernard E. Weissman, Michael Frumovitz, Neda Kalhor, Luisa Solis Soto, Pedro da Rocha, Natalie Vokes, Don L. Gibbons, Jing Wang, John V. Heymach, Bonnie Glisson, Lauren Averett Byers, Carl M. Gay
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy that, like small cell lung cancer (SCLC), is associated with the absence of druggable oncogenic drivers and dismal prognosis. In contrast to SCLC, however, there is little evidence to guide optimal treatment strategies, which are often adapted from SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer approaches.
The Impact of Li Fraumeni and Germline Retinoblastoma Mutations on Leiomyosarcoma Initiation, Outcomes and Genetic Testing Recommendations
Authors: Josephine K. Dermawan, David H. Abramson, Sarah Chiang, Martee L. Hensley, William D. Tap, Sujana Movva, Robert G. Maki, Diana Mandelker, Cristina R. Antonescu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are clinically and molecularly heterogeneous, occurring mostly in sporadic but also syndromic settings. The role of pathogenic germline variants (PGV) as LMS drivers and their impact on outcomes remains uncertain.
Transcriptomic heterogeneity of <i>EGFR</i>-mutant non-small cell lung cancer evolution towards small cell lung cancer
Authors: Songji Oh, Jaemoon Koh, Tae Min Kim, Soyeon Kim, Jeonghwan Youk, Miso Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Ja-Lok Ku, Dong-Wan Kim, Doo Hyun Chung, Dae Seog Heo
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Histologic transformation from EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a key mechanism of resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). However, transcriptomic changes between NSCLC and transformed SCLC (t-SCLC) remain unexplored.
Prognostic value of Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers in the oldest-old: a prospective primary care-based study
Authors: Pamela V Martino-Adami, Madhurima Chatterjee, Luca Kleineidam, Siegfried Weyerer, Horst Bickel, Birgitt Wiese, Steffi G Riedel-Heller, Martin Scherer, Kaj Blennow, Henrik Zetterberg, Michael Wagner, Anja Schneider, Alfredo Ramirez
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2024)

Blood-based biomarkers offer a promising, less invasive, and more cost-effective alternative for Alzheimer's disease screening compared to cerebrospinal fluid or imaging biomarkers. However, they have been extensively studied only in memory clinic-based cohorts. We aimed to validate them in a more heterogeneous, older patient population from primary care.
BCG vaccination alters the epigenetic landscape of progenitor cells in human bone marrow to influence innate immune responses
Authors: Sarah J. Sun, Raúl Aguirre-Gamboa, L. Charlotte J. de Bree, Joaquin Sanz, Anne Dumaine, Walter J.F.M. van der Velden, Leo A.B. Joosten, Shabaana Khader, Maziar Divangahi, Mihai G. Netea, Luis B. Barreiro
Journal: Immunity (2024)
Spliceosomal GTPase Eftud2 deficiency-triggered ferroptosis leads to Purkinje cell degeneration
Authors: Guochao Yang, Yinghong Yang, Zhihong Song, Liping Chen, Fengjiao Liu, Ying Li, Shaofei Jiang, Saisai Xue, Jie Pei, Yan Wu, Yuanlin He, Bo Chu, Haitao Wu
Journal: Neuron (2024)
Negative feedback control of hypothalamic feeding circuits by the taste of food
Authors: Tara J Aitken, Zhengya Liu, Truong Ly, Sarah Shehata, Nilla Sivakumar, Naymalis La Santa Medina, Lindsay A Gray, Jingkun Zhang, Naz Dundar, Chris Barnes, Zachary A Knight
Journal: Neuron (2024)

The rewarding taste of food is critical for motivating animals to eat, but whether taste has a parallel function in promoting meal termination is not well understood. Here, we show that hunger-promoting agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are rapidly inhibited during each bout of ingestion by a signal linked to the taste of food. Blocking these transient dips in activity via closed-loop optogenetic stimulation increases food intake by selectively delaying the onset of satiety. We show that upstream leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH
Molecular and circuit determinants in the globus pallidus mediating control of cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity
Authors: Guilian Tian, Katrina Bartas, May Hui, Lingxuan Chen, Jose J Vasquez, Ghalia Azouz, Pieter Derdeyn, Rían W Manville, Erick L Ho, Amanda S Fang, Yuan Li, Isabella Tyler, Vincent Setola, Jason Aoto, Geoffrey W Abbott, Kevin T Beier
Journal: Neuron (2024)

The globus pallidus externus (GPe) is a central component of the basal ganglia circuit that acts as a gatekeeper of cocaine-induced behavioral plasticity. However, the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying this function are unknown. Here, we show that GPe parvalbumin-positive (GPe
Cytosolic calcium regulates hepatic mitochondrial oxidation, intrahepatic lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis via CAMKII activation
Authors: Traci E LaMoia, Brandon T Hubbard, Mateus T Guerra, Ali Nasiri, Ikki Sakuma, Mario Kahn, Dongyan Zhang, Russell P Goodman, Michael H Nathanson, Yasemin Sancak, Mark Perelis, Vamsi K Mootha, Gerald I Shulman
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2024)
Targeted Sacral Biopsy With Portable Gamma Camera and Intraoperative Gamma Probe
Authors: Sandra Rama Alonso, Eva Campaña Díaz, Juan Francisco Blanco Blanco, Paloma García-Talavera San Miguel, Felipe Gómez-Caminero López
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2024)

A 58-year-old man with dysphagia and trismus symptoms presented a lobulated tumor in the right tonsil and ipsilateral laterocervical stony adenopathies in the physical examination. He had prostate carcinoma as clinical precedent. The tonsilar lesion showed focal FDG uptake (SUV max , 10.89) on PET/CT and increased glycemic metabolism in the left sacral wing (SUV max , 10.90) without clear morphological lesion in CT. There was also uptake of the tracer in sacrum in the bone scan. Metastatic involvement was suspected, requiring radioguided biopsy to determine the etiology. Due to radioguided biopsy, histological analysis of the metastasis was performed, with epidermoid carcinoma metastasis diagnosis.
Serial 18F-FDG PET/CT Revealing Mixed Histiocytosis in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Karan Singh, Loretta Lau, Eva A. Wegner, Monica A. Rossleigh, Ivan Ho Shon
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2024)

A 6-month-old boy presented with a left parietal soft tissue swelling and CT findings of multiple calvarial lytic lesions. 18 F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated hypermetabolic lesions in the left parietal, right occipital, and right femoral bones. The left parietal lesion was excised, and pathology was consistent with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Interim PET assessment following induction chemotherapy demonstrated a "mixed metabolic response" with discordant rise in metabolic activity of the right femoral lesion. Subsequent core biopsy of the femoral lesion revealed a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis, likely juvenile xanthogranuloma. Here we describe a rare pediatric case of mixed histiocytosis, unveiled by serial 18 F-FDG PET/CT.
Localized 131I Uptake in the Deltoid Muscle Bilaterally After Parathyroid Transplantation
Authors: Maohua Rao, Jiajian Xie, Huihui Zhang, Yan Tian, Liang Cai
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2024)

A 49-year-old woman patient with thyroid cancer accepted thyroidectomy and parathyroid transplantation. One month later, localized 131 I uptake in the deltoid muscle bilaterally was detected by 131 I whole-body imaging performed in 2 days after 131 I administration.