tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of the incubation of drug craving: an update
Authors: Jonathan J Chow, Kayla M Pitts, Kenichiro Negishi, Rajtarun Madangopal, Yan Dong, Marina E Wolf, Yavin Shaham
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2024)

Relapse to drug use is often preceded by drug craving. Clinical observations in the 1980s led clinical investigators to postulate that cue-induced cocaine craving may increase during abstinence. Over 2 decades ago, investigators identified an analogous phenomenon in rats of time-dependent increases in drug-seeking behavior during homecage abstinence and termed it incubation of cocaine craving. In 2011, we reviewed the first decade of studies on brain mechanisms of incubation of drug craving. In this review, we provide an update on incubation-related brain mechanisms from studies published since 2011. We first review studies using the standard method of incubation after homecage-forced abstinence from cocaine, methamphetamine, opioid drugs, and nicotine. Next, we review studies using newer methods to study incubation after voluntary abstinence in the drug environment. In these studies, abstinence is achieved by either providing rats alternative nondrug rewards in a choice setting or introducing rats to adverse consequences to drug seeking or taking. We then discuss translational human studies on incubation of cue-induced drug craving. We conclude by discussing several emerging topics, including sex differences in incubation of drug craving, role of sleep patterns, and similarities and differences in mechanisms of incubation of craving across drug classes and abstinence conditions. Our 2 main conclusions are as follows: (1) across drug classes, there are both similarities and differences in mechanisms of incubation of drug craving after forced abstinence, and (2) the method used to achieve abstinence (forced or voluntary) can influence the mechanisms controlling incubation of drug craving or its expression. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article reviews results from preclinical and clinical studies published since 2011 on neurobiological mechanisms of incubation of drug craving after homecage-forced abstinence or voluntary abstinence in the drug environment. This article also reviews translational human studies on incubation of cue-induced subjective drug craving and brain response during abstinence. The results of the studies reviewed indicate that multiple brain mechanisms control incubation of drug craving after homecage-forced abstinence or voluntary abstinence.
Persistence of spike protein at the skull-meninges-brain axis may contribute to the neurological sequelae of COVID-19
Authors: Zhouyi Rong, Hongcheng Mai, Gregor Ebert, Saketh Kapoor, Victor G Puelles, Jan Czogalla, Senbin Hu, Jinpeng Su, Danilo Prtvar, Inderjeet Singh, Julia Schädler, Claire Delbridge, Hanno Steinke, Hannah Frenzel, Katja Schmidt, Christian Braun, Gina Bruch, Viktoria Ruf, Mayar Ali, Kurt-Wolfram Sühs, Mojtaba Nemati, Franziska Hopfner, Selin Ulukaya, Denise Jeridi, Daniele Mistretta, Özüm Sehnaz Caliskan, Jochen Martin Wettengel, Fatma Cherif, Zeynep Ilgin Kolabas, Müge Molbay, Izabela Horvath, Shan Zhao, Natalie Krahmer, Ali Önder Yildirim, Siegfried Ussar, Jochen Herms, Tobias B Huber, Sabina Tahirovic, Susanne M Schwarzmaier, Nikolaus Plesnila, Günter Höglinger, Benjamin Ondruschka, Ingo Bechmann, Ulrike Protzer, Markus Elsner, Harsharan Singh Bhatia, Farida Hellal, Ali Ertürk
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2024)

SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with long-lasting neurological symptoms, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using optical clearing and imaging, we observed the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis of human COVID-19 patients, persisting long after viral clearance. Further, biomarkers of neurodegeneration were elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid from long COVID patients, and proteomic analysis of human skull, meninges, and brain samples revealed dysregulated inflammatory pathways and neurodegeneration-associated changes. Similar distribution patterns of the spike protein were observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Injection of spike protein alone was sufficient to induce neuroinflammation, proteome changes in the skull-meninges-brain axis, anxiety-like behavior, and exacerbated outcomes in mouse models of stroke and traumatic brain injury. Vaccination reduced but did not eliminate spike protein accumulation after infection in mice. Our findings suggest persistent spike protein at the brain borders may contribute to lasting neurological sequelae of COVID-19.
Consensus on the key characteristics of metabolism disruptors
Authors: Michele A. La Merrill, Martyn T. Smith, Cliona M. McHale, Jerrold J. Heindel, Ella Atlas, Matthew C. Cave, David Collier, Kathryn Z. Guyton, Suneil Koliwad, Angel Nadal, Christopher J. Rhodes, Robert M. Sargis, Lauren Zeise, Bruce Blumberg
Journal: Nature Reviews Endocrinology (2024)
Remuneration of African patient partners is an important tool for health justice
Authors: Kwanele Asante
Journal: BMJ (2024)

contribute to health decisions and policies that affect them, writes Kwanele Asante Kwanele Asante independent advocate, lawyer, and bioethicistGlobal calls for patient partners to be paid fairly for their contributions to the health sector are growing.Most patient partners in Africa work within health facilities as chaperones or "champions" or as ad hoc public partners in health policy making and biomedical research.The fair pay movement is particularly strong in Canada and Europe, but it's yet to take hold in a meaningful way in Africa, where it's most needed.African member states and global health organisations are leaving health users in Africa behind by not prioritising their health and human right to participate in policy making and decisions that affect their healthcare.Consistent and fair remuneration will enable and empower African patient partners to meaningfully participate in key national and global health deliberations.
The redox sensor KEAP1 facilitates adaptation of T cells to chronic antigen stimulation by preventing hyperactivation
Authors: Ziang Zhu, Ying Luo, Guohua Lou, Kiddist Yihunie, Safuwra Wizzard, Andrew W. DeVilbiss, Sarah Muh, Chaoyu Ma, Sejal S. Shinde, Jonathan Hoar, Taidou Hu, Nu Zhang, Shyam Biswal, Ralph J. DeBerardinis, Tuoqi Wu, Chen Yao
Journal: Science Immunology (2024)

During persistent antigen stimulation, exhausted CD8 + T cells are continuously replenished by self-renewing stem-like T cells. However, how CD8 + T cells adapt to chronic stimulation remains unclear. Here, we show that persistent antigen stimulation primes chromatin for regulation by the redox-sensing KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Loss of KEAP1 in T cells impaired control of chronic viral infection. T cell–intrinsic KEAP1 suppressed NRF2 to promote expansion and persistence of virus-specific CD8 + T cells, drive a stem-like T cell response, down-regulate immune checkpoint molecules, and limit T cell receptor (TCR) hyperactivation and apoptosis. NRF2 epigenetically derepressed BACH2 targets and opposed a stem-like program driven by BACH2. In exhausted T cells induced by tonic GD2 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) signaling, the effects of KEAP1 deficiency were rescued by inhibiting proximal TCR signaling. Enhancing mitochondrial oxidation improved the expansion and survival of KEAP1-deficient CD8 + GD2 CAR T cells and up-regulated markers associated with stem-like cells. Thus, the KEAP1-NRF2 axis regulates stem-like CD8 + T cells and long-term T cell immunity during chronic antigen exposure.
Global prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus in women aged 50 years and older with normal cytology: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vanesa Osmani, Lucy Hörner, Theoneste Nkurunziza, Sophia Rank, Luana Fiengo Tanaka, Stefanie J Klug
Journal: The Lancet Microbe (2024)

Given the paucity of up-to-date empirical data on human papillomavirus (HPV) among older women, we aimed to estimate the global HPV prevalence in women aged 50 years and older with normal cytology.
Crosstalk of pyroptosis and cytokine in the tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to clinical implication
Authors: Hua Wang, Tao Wang, Shuxiang Yan, Jinxin Tang, Yibo Zhang, Liming Wang, Haodong Xu, Chao Tu
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2024)

In the realm of cancer research, the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor initiation and progression, shaped by complex interactions between cancer cells and surrounding non-cancerous cells. Cytokines, as essential immunomodulatory agents, are secreted by various cellular constituents within the TME, including immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and cancer cells themselves. These cytokines facilitate intricate communication networks that significantly influence tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and immune suppression. Pyroptosis contributes to TME remodeling by promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and sustaining chronic inflammation, impacting processes such as immune escape and angiogenesis. However, challenges remain due to the complex interplay among cytokines, pyroptosis, and the TME, along with the dual effects of pyroptosis on cancer progression and therapy-related complications like cytokine release syndrome. Unraveling these complexities could facilitate strategies that balance inflammatory responses while minimizing tissue damage during therapy. This review delves into the complex crosstalk between cytokines, pyroptosis, and the TME, elucidating their contribution to tumor progression and metastasis. By synthesizing emerging therapeutic targets and innovative technologies concerning TME, this review aims to provide novel insights that could enhance treatment outcomes for cancer patients.
Anatomic Outcomes With Faricimab vs. Aflibercept in the Head-to-Head Dosing Phase of the TENAYA/LUCERNE Trials in Neovascular AMD
Authors: Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung, Jennifer I Lim, Siegfried Priglinger, Giuseppe Querques, Philippe Margaron, Shriji Patel, Audrey Souverain, Jeffrey R Willis, Ming Yang, Robyn Guymer
Journal: Ophthalmology (2024)
Clinicopathological Features of Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Analysis of Twenty-Two Cases
Authors: Xiao-Ying Zhang, Jia Fu, Mei-Ling Chen, Xin-Chun Chen, Shi-Min Zhang, Yi-Ling Luo, Mao Fang, Han-Wen Jiang, Fang Chen, Hao Wang, Jin-Hua He, Yan Li
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2024)

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)–positive neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is a rare neoplasm with limited histopathological and therapeutic data. This report presents 22 cases of EBV-positive NEC, analyzing age distribution, morphology, and immunophenotype. The median patient age was 47 years (range: 27–67 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 17:5. Most cases (86%, 19/22) were localized to the nasal cavity or nasopharynx, while the remaining three (14%, 3/22) involved the lung, eyelid, and chest wall. Tumors were identified as small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) based on cellular morphology. Immunohistochemical analysis showed positivity for at least one, but generally, two neuroendocrine markers and INI1, while negativity for NUT and squamous cell carcinoma markers, such as p63, p40, and CK5/6. In situ hybridization consistently revealed EBV early RNAs (EBERs) in all cases. Notably, eight patients benefited from chemoradiotherapy. Recognizing this rare tumor is essential for optimizing treatment strategies.
Successful closure of a cholecystocolonic fistula due to cholecystitis using a clipping system
Authors: Noriyuki Hirakawa, Katsuya Kitamura, Kei Yamamoto, Kenichi Tadokoro, Yasunosuke Akita, Takao Itoi
Journal: Endoscopy (2024)

Idiopathic biliary fistula is an abnormal connection that spontaneously occurs between the biliary system and surrounding organs [1]. The standard treatment is surgery, including cholecystectomy and fistula closure [2]. However, with aging of the population, some patients are unfit for surgery. Recent reports have described the efficacy of the over-the-scope (OTS) clip system (OTSC; Ovesco Endoscopy AG, Tübingen, Germany) [3] [4] [5]. We report a case in which the OTS clip system was successfully used to close a cholecystocolonic fistula.
Successful closure of a delayed persistent duodenal perforation using endoscopic suturing after unsuccessful surgical intervention
Authors: Jameel Alp, Rahul Karna, Natalie Wilson, Mohammad Bilal
Journal: Endoscopy (2024)

Various tools are available for endoscopic management of acute gastrointestinal tract perforations. However, managing delayed duodenal perforations endoscopically is challenging because of the risk of retroperitoneal contamination, duodenal angulation, fibrotic nature of ulcers, and the endoscope's paradoxical motion [1] [2]. This video presents a case of persistent duodenal perforation despite surgical intervention, which was ultimately managed successfully with endoscopy.
Modified overtube insertion technique to facilitate safe endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy for management of Zenker’s diverticulum
Authors: Tony He, Sunil Gupta, Katarzyna M. Pawlak, Natalia Soledad Causada Calo, Jeffrey D. Mosko, Christopher Teshima, Gary May
Journal: Endoscopy (2024)

A 73-year-old woman with a history of progressively worsening dysphagia presented with the inability to tolerate solids or liquids. In the past month, she had lost 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of weight. Gastroscopy revealed a 2-cm Zenker's diverticulum, located at 19 to 21 cm from the incisors and centered on the 9 o'clock position. Residual solid food was visualized within the diverticulum ([Fig. 1]). We proceeded to perform an endoscopic Zenker's diverticulotomy ([Video 1]). Peroral endoscopic myotomy was not considered because of the short nature of the diverticulum.
Dengue: a hidden threat in blood transfusions amidst Brazil's largest outbreak?
Authors: Flávia Jacqueline Almeida, Juliana Torres Pacheco, Camila Giuliana Almeida Farias, Samantha Faria de Matos, Camila Ohomoto de Morais, Giovanna Guazzelli Guerra, Anna Carolinne Corrêa Dos Santos, Daniel Jarovsky, Rodrigo Freire Bezerra, Beatriz Helena Sanches Furlanetto, Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira, Marco Aurélio Palazzi Sáfadi
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2024)
Treatment regimens and glycaemic outcomes in more than 100 000 children with type 1 diabetes (2013–22): a longitudinal analysis of data from paediatric diabetes registries
Authors: Anthony T Zimmermann, Stefanie Lanzinger, Siv Janne Kummernes, Nicolai A Lund-Blix, Reinhard W Holl, Elke Fröhlich-Reiterer, David M Maahs, Osagie Ebekozien, Saketh Rompicherla, Justin T Warner, Saira Pons Perez, Holly Robinson, Maria E Craig, Stephanie Johnson, Karin Akesson, Alexander Thorén, Katarina Eeg-Olofsson, Ajenthen G Ranjan, Mette Madsen, Michael Witsch, Heiko Bratke, G Todd Alonso, Zdenek Sumnik, Vit Neuman, Ondrej Cinek, Torild Skrivarhaug, Jannet Svensson
Journal: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2024)
Assessing causal relationships between diabetes mellitus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Samuel T Moss, Cosetta Minelli, Olivia C Leavy, Richard J Allen, Nick Oliver, Louise V Wain, Gisli Jenkins, Iain Stewart
Journal: Thorax (2024)

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease of progressive lung scarring. There is a known association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and IPF, but it is unclear whether a causal relationship exists between these traits. Objectives The objectives of this study are to examine causal relationships among DM, diabetes-associated traits and IPF using a Mendelian randomisation approach. Methods Two-sample MR approaches, including bidirectional inverse-variance weighted random effects and routine sensitivity models, used genetic variants identified from genome-wide association studies for type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), glycated haemoglobin level (HbA1c), fasting insulin level and body mass index (BMI) to assess for causal effects of these traits on IPF. Further analyses using pleiotropy-robust and multivariable MR (MVMR) methods were additionally performed to account for trait complexity. Results Results did not suggest that either T1D (OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.07, p=0.90) or T2D (1.02, 0.93 to 1.11, p=0.69) are in the causal pathway of IPF. No effects were suggested of HbA1c (1.19, 0.63 to 2.22, p=0.59) or fasting insulin level (0.60, 0.31 to 1.15, p=0.12) on IPF, but potential effects of BMI on IPF were indicated (1.44, 1.12 to 1.85, p=4.00×10 −3 ). Results were consistent in MVMR, although no independent effects of T2D (0.91, 0.68 to 1.21, p=0.51) or BMI (1.01, 0.94 to 1.09, p=0.82) on IPF were observed when modelled together. Conclusions This study suggests that DM and IPF are unlikely to be causally linked. This comorbid relationship may instead be driven by shared risk factors or treatment effects.
Earable Multimodal Sensing and Stimulation: A Prospective Towards Unobtrusive Closed-Loop Biofeedback
Authors: Yuchen Xu, Abhinav Uppal, Min Suk Lee, Kuldeep Mahato, Brian L. Wuerstle, Muyang Lin, Omeed Djassemi, Tao Chen, Rui Lin, Akshay Paul, Soumil Jain, Florian Chapotot, Esra Tasali, Patrick Mercier, Sheng Xu, Joseph Wang, Gert Cauwenberghs
Journal: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (2024)

The human ear has emerged as a bidirectional gateway to the brain's and body's signals. Recent advances in around-the-ear and in-ear sensors have enabled the assessment of biomarkers and physiomarkers derived from brain and cardiac activity using ear-electroencephalography (ear-EEG), photoplethysmography (ear-PPG), and chemical sensing of analytes from the ear, with ear-EEG having been taken beyond-the-lab to outer space. Parallel advances in non-invasive and minimally invasive brain stimulation techniques have leveraged the ear's access to two cranial nerves to modulate brain and body activity. The vestibulocochlear nerve stimulates the auditory cortex and limbic system with sound, while the auricular branch of the vagus nerve indirectly but significantly couples to the autonomic nervous system and cardiac output. Acoustic and current mode stimuli delivered using discreet and unobtrusive earables are an active area of research, aiming to make biofeedback and bioelectronic medicine deliverable outside of the clinic, with remote and continuous monitoring of therapeutic responsivity and long-term adaptation. Leveraging recent advances in ear-EEG, transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), and unobtrusive acoustic stimulation, we review accumulating evidence that combines their potential into an integrated earable platform for closed-loop multimodal sensing and neuromodulation, towards personalized and holistic therapies that are near, in- and around-the-ear.
<b>Machine learning approaches to injury risk prediction in sport:</b>a scoping review with evidence synthesis
Authors: Christopher Leckey, Nicol van Dyk, Cailbhe Doherty, Aonghus Lawlor, Eamonn Delahunt
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2024)

Objective This study reviewed the current state of machine learning (ML) research for the prediction of sports-related injuries. It aimed to chart the various approaches used and assess their efficacy, considering factors such as data heterogeneity, model specificity and contextual factors when developing predictive models. Design Scoping review. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, SportDiscus and IEEEXplore. Results In total, 1241 studies were identified, 58 full texts were screened, and 38 relevant studies were reviewed and charted. Football (soccer) was the most commonly investigated sport. Area under the curve (AUC) was the most common means of model evaluation; it was reported in 71% of studies. In 60% of studies, tree-based solutions provided the highest statistical predictive performance. Random Forest and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were found to provide the highest performance for injury risk prediction. Logistic regression outperformed ML methods in 4 out of 12 studies. Three studies reported model performance of AUC&gt;0.9, yet the clinical relevance is questionable. Conclusions A variety of different ML models have been applied to the prediction of sports-related injuries. While several studies report strong predictive performance, their clinical utility can be limited, with wide prediction windows or broad definitions of injury. The efficacy of ML is hampered by small datasets and numerous methodological heterogeneities (cohort sizes, definition of injury and dependent variables), which were common across the reviewed studies.
Corrigendum to “No evidence of difference in mortality with amoxicillin versus co-amoxiclav for hospital treatment of community-acquired pneumonia” [J Infect 88 (2024) 106161]
Authors: Jia Wei, Aashna Uppal, Christy Nganjimi, Hermione Warr, Yasin Ibrahim, Qingze Gu, Hang Yuan, Najib M Rahman, Nicola Jones, A Sarah Walker, David W Eyre
Journal: Journal of Infection (2024)
Global burden of cancer and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2021: a systematic analysis for the GBD 2021
Authors: Zenghong Wu, Fangnan Xia, Rong Lin
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2024)

Cancer is the second most common cause of death globally. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate cancer incidence, mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to enhance preventive measures and healthcare resource allocation. This study aimed to assess cancer burden and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories between 1980 and 2021. We selected data on cancer incidence and mortality rates and associated risk factors from the global burden of disease (GBD) study tool for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 and 1980 to 2021. We estimated the age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and age-standardized deaths (ASDR) of 34 cancer types categorized as level 3 causes based on the GBD hierarchy. In 2021, cancer accounted for 14.57% (95% uncertainty interval: 13.65–15.28) of total deaths and 8.8% (7.99–9.67) of total DALYs in both sexes globally. ASIR and ASDR were 790.33 (694.43–893.01) and 116.49 (107.28–124.69), respectively. Additionally, females exhibited higher ASIR than males (923.44 versus 673.09), while males exhibited higher ASDR than females (145.69 versus 93.60). This indicates that policymakers should focus on the importance of gender equality in healthcare. Non-melanoma skin cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (74.10) in both sexes, while digestive cancers accounted for 39.29% of all cancer-related deaths, and Asia exhibited the heaviest cancer burden. In females, breast cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (46.40) and ASDR (14.55). In males, tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (37.85) and ASDR (34.32), highlighting the urgent need for targeted tobacco control measures. Different cancers in various countries exhibit unique characteristics. Therefore, policymakers should formulate specific prevention and control strategies that reflect the cancer in their country. Tobacco was the primary level 2 risk factor for cancer DALYs in males. It accounted for 29.32% (25.32–33.14) of all cancer DALYs. Dietary risks, alcohol consumption, and air pollution accounted for 5.89% (2.01–10.73), 5.48% (4.83–6.11), and 4.30% (2.77–5.95) of male cancer DALYs, respectively. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize smoking regulation and other carcinogenic risks. Cancer is a significant public health concern globally. Understanding the common etiologies of different cancers is essential for developing effective control strategies and targeted interventions.
The Efficacy and Safety of Mirvetuximab Soravtansine in FRα-Positive, Third-Line and Later, Recurrent Platinum-Sensitive Ovarian Cancer: The Single-Arm Phase 2 PICCOLO Trial
Authors: A Alvarez Secord, S N Lewin, C G Murphy, S C Cecere, A Barquín, F Gálvez-Montosa, C A Mathews, G E Konecny, I Ray-Coquard, A Oaknin, M J Rubio Pérez, A Bonaventura, E J Diver, S-M Ayuk, Y Wang, B R Corr, V Salutari
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2024)