Optimal Recovery Following Pediatric Concussion
Authors: Miriam H. Beauchamp, Ken Tang, Andrée-Anne Ledoux, Ashley D. Harris, Kristina A. Kowalski, William R. Craig, Jocelyn Gravel, Quynh Doan, Stephen B. Freedman, Roger L. Zemek, Keith Owen Yeates, Bruce H Bjornson, Jocelyn Gravel, Angelo Mikrogianakis, Bradley Goodyear, Nishard Abdeen, Christian Beaulieu, Mathieu Dehaes, Sylvain Deschenes, Catherine Lebel, Ryan Lamont, Tyler Williamson, Karen M Barlow, Brian L Brooks, Carolyn Emery, Stephen B Freedman, Lianne Tomfohr-Madsen, Kelly Mrklas, Kathryn J Schneider
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2025)

Pediatric concussion affects millions and results in heterogeneous outcomes and recovery trajectories. Given favorable outcome for most children, it is useful to understand characteristics of positive outcome to promote full recovery in all children. To document the timeframe of recovery to optimal functioning, defined comprehensively across motor-physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and resilience-support domains, after concussion among children ages 8 to 16 years. For this prospective cohort study, children ages 8 to 16.99 years with a concussion or orthopedic injury (OI) were recruited between September 2016 and July 2019 from 5 Pediatric Emergency Research Canada emergency departments and assessed approximately 10 days, 3 months, and 6 months after their injury. Data were analyzed from January 29, 2024, to January 11, 2025. Concussion. Participants completed self-report and direct assessment measures of postconcussive symptoms, physical activity and function, balance, cognitive function, quality of life, resilience, and social support. The main outcome was optimal functioning, which was derived from 11 variables and criteria indicative of absence of impairment and average or above functioning in each domain (overall score, 0-11; higher score indicates better function). A longitudinal, multivariable, cumulative probability ordinal regression model was fitted to examine factors associated with optimal functioning. A total of 967 children (median [IQR] age, 12.3 [10.5-14.3] years; 562 [58.1%] male) were enrolled, including 633 children with a concussion and 334 children with an OI. The median (IQR) optimal functioning scores for the OI group were 6.0 (4.0-8.0) at 10 days, 7.0 (5.0-9.0) at 3 months, and 7 (5.0-9.0) at 6 months, compared with 4.0 (2.0-6.0) at 10 days, 6.0 (4.0-9.0) at 3 months, and 7.0 (4.0-9.0) at 6 months in the concussion group. The 3 main variables (time, sex, and group) were significantly associated with optimal functioning, as were all 2-way interactions. Time was the strongest factor associated with optimal functioning (Wald χ258 = 485.11; P < .001), followed by group (Wald χ26 = 95.10; P < .001), and sex (Wald χ26 = 23.19; P < .001). At the 10-day follow-up, concussion was associated with lower optimal functioning than OI among females (odds ratio [OR], 0.24 [95% CI, 0.16-0.36]) and males (OR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.26-0.53]). This difference persisted for females at 3 months (OR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.35-0.93]) but not for males. Optimal functioning was comparable at 6 months. In this prospective cohort study of children with concussion, achieving optimal functioning levels across physical, cognitive, socioemotional, and resilience domains took 3 months or more, especially for girls with concussion. Multiple domains of outcome need to be taken into account when considering full recovery and optimal function after pediatric concussion.