tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Localized Intense Uptake in the Skull on 18F-Flortaucipir PET/CT
Authors: Zhenchun Xu, Xiaojiao Xiang, Yue Feng, Xinlin Shi, Liang Cai
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

18 F-Flortaucipir, as a classical Tau protein visualizer, has been widely used in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer disease. This report describes a case of intense uptake of 18 F-Flortaucipir at 2 sites of reduced bone mineral density in the skull, but no radioactivity uptake was seen on 18 F-FDG and 18 F-Florbetapir PET/CT imaging at the same lesion sites. The mechanism behind 18 F-Flortaucipir uptake in focal osteopenia remains unclear. This study provides evidence for the mechanism of the above phenomenon.
Uncommon Bilateral Frontoparietal Cortex Hypermetabolism Revealed by 18F-FDG PET/CT in a Patient With Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis
Authors: Leilei Yuan, Xiaotong Li, Tao Cui, Qian Chen, Lin Ai
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

Limbic hypermetabolism is a frequently observed manifestation of anti-LGI1 encephalitis on 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging. In this case report, we present an atypical finding on 18 F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with anti-LGI1 encephalitis and negative MRI results. Apart from the expected hypermetabolism in the bilateral limbic system, there was also an uncommon intense uptake of 18 F-FDG noted in the bilateral frontoparietal cortex. Subsequent follow-up scans demonstrated normalized metabolism following treatment. The case highlights that neocortical hypermetabolism can be a characteristic feature of active anti-LGI1 encephalitis on 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging.
18F-FDG PET/CT Findings in a Patient With Primary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Uterus
Authors: Tao Chen, Hui Chen, Wenfei Li, Caiyun Wu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the uterus is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis. Herein, we reported a case of uterine sarcomatoid carcinoma in a 55-year-old woman with colporrhagia for 1 month. 18 F-FDG PET/CT showed intense 18 F-FDG uptake of the uterine tumor with hypermetabolic pelvic lymph node and pulmonary nodules. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the uterine lesion tissue confirmed the diagnosis of sarcomatoid carcinoma after needle biopsy.
FDG-PET/CT Findings in a Case of Simultaneous Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcomas
Authors: Ikuto Tatehara, Koichiro Abe, Jun Matsubayashi, Yusuke Shimahara, Kazuhiro Saito
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

We present a rare case of intimal sarcoma (IS) that is presumed to have arisen simultaneously from both pulmonary arteries. A 61-year-old man presented with worsening exertional dyspnea. After examination, he was suspected of having chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). PET/CT revealed mass-like FDG accumulation in both pulmonary hila (SUVmax = 13.80 on the right, 24.68 on the left) without any continuity. A pulmonary artery biopsy was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of IS, which was thought to arise simultaneously from the left and right pulmonary arteries.
Intense FDG Activity of Renal Granuloma Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy for Bladder Cancer Mimicking Malignancy
Authors: Xiaojun Man, Changming Dong, Xiandong Song, Aisheng Dong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is an effective immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. BCG-related infectious complications may occur following intravesical BCG instillation. We describe contrast-enhanced CT, FDG PET/CT, and delayed abdominal FDG PET/MRI findings in a case of BCG-related renal granulomas following intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. The renal lesions showed ill-defined margins with progressive enhancement on postcontrast CT, hypointensity on T2-weighted images, and variable FDG activity on both PET/CT and delayed PET/MRI. This case indicates that BCG-related renal granuloma should be included in the differential diagnosis of FDG-avid renal lesions in patients with BCG therapy for bladder cancer.
Hepatic Venous Hemangioma Mimics Acetate-Positive Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yiting Zhao, Cong Chen, Hong Zhang, Pan Peng, Xuejuan Wang
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2025)

A 70-year-old man with prostate adenocarcinoma (Gleason score 4+3=7) and chronic hepatitis B underwent radical prostatectomy. A follow-up CT revealed a suspicious liver nodule in the left lobe nine months post-surgery. PSMA PET/CT scan revealed mild peripheral uptake in the liver lesion, atypical for metastatic prostate cancer. Further, 11 C-acetate PET/CT demonstrated significant uptake in the hepatic lesion, supporting a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, pathology after partial hepatectomy confirmed a hepatic venous hemangioma. This case highlights that benign hepatic vascular lesions can also exhibit PSMA and 11 C-acetate uptake, emphasizing careful differential diagnosis.
Advances and Therapeutic Opportunities in Visual Cycle Modulation
Authors: Jordan Zaluski, Marco Bassetto, Philip D Kiser, Gregory P Tochtrop
Journal: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2025)

The visual cycle is a metabolic pathway that enables continuous vision by regenerating the 11-cis-retinal chromophore for photoreceptors opsins. Although integral to normal visual function, the flux of retinoids through this cycle can contribute to a range of retinal pathologies, including Stargardt disease, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. In such conditions, intermediates and byproducts of the visual cycle, such as bisretinoid components of lipofuscin, can accumulate, concomitant with cellular damage and eventual photoreceptor loss. This has inspired efforts to modulate the visual cycle, aiming to slow or prevent the formation of these toxic intermediates and thus preserve retinal structure and function. Over the past two decades, multiple strategies to modulate the visual cycle have emerged. These include both intrinsic approaches, targeting key enzymes, retinoid-binding proteins, or receptors within the pigment epithelium or photoreceptors (e.g., RPE65, CRBP1, and rhodopsin inhibitors/antagonists) and extrinsic strategies that indirectly alter retinoid availability within the retina (e.g., RBP4 antagonists). Many of these agents have shown promise in animal models of visual cycle-associated retinal diseases, reducing pathological changes, and improving retinal survival. Several have advanced into clinical studies, although none are currently FDA-approved. Challenges remain in optimizing drug specificity and duration of action while minimizing side effects such as nyctalopia. In this review, we comprehensively examine current and emerging visual cycle modulators, discuss their medicinal chemistry, mechanisms of action, efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, and highlight future opportunities for drug discovery aimed at safely and effectively preserving vision through modulation of this biochemical pathway.
Anthropology of Infectious Disease Emergence and Epidemic Control: A review
Authors: Tamara Giles-Vernick, Jules Villa
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2025)

Traditional biomedical and epidemiological approaches have been crucial in preparing for and responding to infectious disease epidemics. But biologists, public health researchers and actors, and global health institutions have increasingly recognized that medical anthropology can contribute to epidemic response. Although medical anthropologists have welcomed their integration into epidemic response, they have simultaneously insisted that an anthropology of epidemics should not be siloed, that is, channelled exclusively into ensuring public acceptance and uptake of epidemic control measures. The aim of this narrative review is to present a selection of the medical anthropological contributions to different stages of infectious disease epidemic processes, from zoonotic spillovers to epidemic response and preparedness for future epidemics. We conducted searches in PubMed and Web of Science on multiple topics through 20 December 2024, including medical anthropological contributions to understanding zoonotic spillovers and epidemic emergences, epidemic response, and epidemic preparedness. We also manually added important publications (monographs and articles not listed in these searches). The review provided concrete evidence of important medical anthropological contributions to literatures on zoonotic spillovers leading to epidemic emergence, epidemic response, and preparedness for future epidemics. We show that medical anthropology can produce substantial insight and propose pragmatic measures to full range of epidemic infectious disease processes. More than an approach to strengthen public uptake of epidemic control measures, medical anthropology can productively contribute to insight into the full range of epidemic processes. To produce new multidisciplinary insights into epidemic processes, from epidemic emergence to response to preparing for future epidemics, we encourage new collaborations between medical anthropologists and clinical microbiologists.
Blood eosinophil counts, airway infections and inhaled antibiotic treatment in bronchiectasis
Authors: Ming-Xin Shi, Shu-Jun Guo, Jun-Qing Yue, Xiao-Xian Zhang, Zhen-Feng He, Hui-Min Li, Xiao-Fen Zhang, Zhao-Ming Chen, Lai-Jian Cen, Cui-Xia Pan, Rui-di Tang, Sheng-Zhu Lin, Jia-Hui He, Dan-Yuan Xu, Zi-Wei Chen, Meng-Zhang He, Yong-Hua Gao, Wei-Jie Guan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)
Real-world monitoring of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor trough concentrations in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Paulette Magnas, Sihem Benaboud, Jennifer Da Silva, Clémence Martin, Reem Kanaan, Nicolas Carlier, Isabelle Honoré, Johanna Fesenbeckh, Naim Bouazza, Franz Foissac, Jean-Marc Treluyer, Pierre-Régis Burgel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)
How to diagnose TB in migrants? A systematic review of reviews and decision tree analytical modelling exercise to evaluate properties for single and combined TB screening tests
Authors: Dominik Zenner, Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli, Tahreem Chaudhry, Ibrahim Abubakar, Frank Cobelens
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)

Background Optimising Tuberculosis (TB) disease testing algorithms is fundamental to ensure the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of migrant screening programmes, including better understanding of the individual and combined screening test properties. The aim of our study was to estimate pooled TB test properties from the literature and combining them in decision analytical modelling with a focus on whether tests used for the diagnosis of TB infection might add value to these algorithms. Methods We performed a systematic review of reviews (RoR) of diagnostic tests for active TB, searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library and pooled test properties extracted from original papers included in reviews. We used these pooled results in a decision tree analysis to estimate test properties for common migrant screening algorithms. Findings We retrieved 1477 records and included 32 reviews, including data from 437 original studies for 18 TB tests, providing pooled results for 13. Our modelling showed that algorithms with interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) had the highest diagnostic odds ratios ( e.g. QuantiFERON/Chest X-Ray (CXR, TB abnormalities)/Xpert dOR 24 670; 95% confidence intervals 11 630–52 328) and high positive predictive values. Best sensitivities were achieved for combinations with parallel cough/CXR screening followed by Xpert (0.88; CI 0.86–0.90) or Ultra (0.92; 0.90–0.94) as well as T-Spot.TB followed by parallel symptom/CXR screening and Ultra (0.81; 0.78–0.83) or Xpert (0.77; 0.75–0.80). Interpretation The significant test accuracy benefit of adding IGRAs to an active TB screening pathway will help inform clinicians and policy makers deciding on the most effective screening algorithms.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and murine models of pulmonary fibrosis: Correlation of decline in lung function
Authors: Ashley Chang, Jhon Tolentino Sia, Garrett E Casper, Seth R Wood, Lance Markham, Luke L Westhoff, Aubrianna J Saxton, Gregory L Snow, Pam M Van Ry, Ganesh Raghu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2025)
Oral Immunotherapy in Peanut‐Allergic Adults Using Real‐World Materials
Authors: Hannah Hunter, Kok Loong Ue, Victoria Cornelius, Ching Ching Yung, Iason Thomas, Olympia Tsilochristou, Janice Layhadi, Leonard Q. C. Siew, Carina Venter, Mohamed H. Shamji, Stephen J. Till
Journal: Allergy (2025)

ABSTRACT Background Peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) has shown effectiveness in achieving desensitization of children; however, evidence in adults is lacking. Methods This phase II trial evaluated peanut OIT in peanut‐allergic adults using real‐world peanut products. A Simon's minimax two‐stage design, incorporating a stop:go for futility, was employed. A separate untreated control group was also recruited for comparison of mechanistic parameters. Participants underwent baseline double‐blind placebo‐control food challenges (DBPCFC) with peanut protein doses of 0.3 to 300 mg. Reacting participants were initiated on daily OIT with 2‐weekly updosing until reaching a maintenance dose of 1000 mg (four large peanuts). The primary outcome was the proportion of OIT participants who tolerated a cumulative dose of 1.4 g peanut protein during exit DBPCFC (doses provided 0.3‐3000 mg). Results Twenty‐one adults (8 female; mean age 24.2 years [SD 4.9]) were enrolled in the OIT group, with 67% achieving the daily maintenance dose and meeting the primary endpoint. Three withdrew due to adverse reactions, and a further three did not complete the trial for reasons unrelated to OIT. The median tolerated dose increased from 30 mg (equivalent to approximately 1/8th of a peanut) to 3000 mg (12 peanuts) at the exit challenge, representing a 100‐fold increase ( p &lt; 0.0001). OIT was associated with an improvement in QoL measures. Suppression of peanut skin prick test sizes and induction of peanut‐specific IgG were observed in OIT but not in control participants. Conclusions Peanut OIT appears to be an efficacious treatment for adults with peanut allergy. Further studies are needed for confirmation and to characterize safety profiles in different adult subgroups. Trial Registration Grown Up Peanut Immunotherapy (GUPI) study; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03648320
GLP-1 RA and Reduced Liver and Non-Liver Complications in Adults with T2D and MASLD: A Target Trial Emulation Study
Authors: Xianhua Mao, Xinrong Zhang, Rongtao Lai, Ka-Shing Cheung, Man-Fung Yuen, Ramsey Cheung, Wai-Kay Seto, Mindie H Nguyen
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2025)

Information about the association of glucagon-like peptidase 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) with liver and non-liver complications is insufficient in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). We conducted a target trial emulation study to evaluate whether GLP-1RA decreases the risk of liver and non-liver outcomes. Patients with T2D and MASLD initiating GLP-1RA or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) were included from 2013 to 2022 in Merative™ Marketscan® Research Databases. Primary outcomes included (1) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis, and (2) cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and non-liver cancer. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to balance baseline characteristics and Cox regression models were conducted to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). In the intention-to-treat design, GLP-1RA, compared with DPP-4i, had a significantly lower incidence (per 1000 person-years) of HCC (0.8 vs 1.7; HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.39-0.71), of cirrhosis (29.3 vs 32.9; HR 0.91, 95%CI 0.86-0.96), of CVD (57.2 vs 73.9; HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.86-0.95), of CKD (4.5 vs 6.8; HR 0.73, 95%CI 0.64-0.84), and of non-liver cancer (16.9 vs 22.9; HR 0.82, 95%CI 0.77-0.89). In the per-protocol design, significant inverse associations for these study outcomes still were observed, with HR 0.60-0.77. In this emulated target trial of nationwide patients with T2D and MASLD, GLP-1RA use, when compared with DPP-4i, was associated with a significantly lower risk of liver and non-liver complications.
NuHTC: A hybrid task cascade for nuclei instance segmentation and classification
Authors: Bao Li, Zhenyu Liu, Song Zhang, Xiangyu Liu, Caixia Sun, Jiangang Liu, Bensheng Qiu, Jie Tian
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2025)

Nuclei instance segmentation and classification of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained digital pathology images are essential for further downstream cancer diagnosis and prognosis tasks. Previous works mainly focused on bottom-up methods using a single-level feature map for segmenting nuclei instances, while multilevel feature maps seemed to be more suitable for nuclei instances with various sizes and types. In this paper, we develop an effective top-down nuclei instance segmentation and classification framework (NuHTC) based on a hybrid task cascade (HTC). The NuHTC has two new components: a watershed proposal network (WSPN) and a hybrid feature extractor (HFE). The WSPN can provide additional proposals for the region proposal network which leads the model to predict bounding boxes more precisely. The HFE at the region of interest (RoI) alignment stage can better utilize both the high-level global and the low-level semantic features. It can guide NuHTC to learn nuclei instance features with less intraclass variance. We conduct extensive experiments using our method in four public multiclass nuclei instance segmentation datasets. The quantitative results of NuHTC demonstrate its superiority in both instance segmentation and classification compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Long non-coding RNA LRTOR drives osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by boosting YAP positive feedback loop
Authors: Zhimin Miao, Zhou Sha, Jianzhong He, Yongkai Liang, Lihua Tan, Yuxin Zhao, Xiaobing Cui, Jinmiao Zhong, Ruting Zhong, Huijun Liang, Wendi Yue, Boyang Qiu, Yunzhen Gao, Lan Zhang, Zixin Teng, Zeen He, Li Chen, Rufei Xiao, Xiaofeng Pei, Chengwei He
Journal: Drug Resistance Updates (2025)

The therapeutic efficacy of osimertinib (OSI) in EGFR-mutant lung cancer is ultimately limited by the onset of acquired resistance, of which the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a novel long non-coding RNA, LRTOR, as a key driver of OSI resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinical data indicate that elevated LRTOR expression correlates with poor prognosis in OSI-resistant patients. Functionally, LRTOR promotes tumor growth and confers OSI resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, LRTOR shields YAP from LATS-mediated phosphorylation at Ser127 and Ser381, preventing its proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, LRTOR facilitates the interaction between YAP and KCMF1, promoting K63-linked ubiquitination, nuclear translocation of YAP, and formation of the YAP/TEAD1 transcriptional complex, which in turn triggers the transcription of LRTOR, establishing a positive feedback loop that amplifies oncogenic signaling of YAP and consequently induces OSI resistance. LRTOR depletion by siRNA restores OSI sensitivity in resistant tumors, as demonstrated in patient-derived organoid xenograft models. Our findings unveil LRTOR as a central regulator of OSI resistance in NSCLC and propose it as a promising therapeutic and prognostic target for overcoming acquired OSI resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer.
Renal Pathology Society/International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group Consensus on Pathologic Definitions and Terminology of Monoclonal Gammopathy Associated Kidney Lesions
Authors: Samih H Nasr, Virginie Royal, Alejandro Best Rocha, Maike Büttner-Herold, Candice Roufosse, Frank Bridoux, Wesam Ismail, Lihong Bu, Lynn D Cornell, Amélie Dendooven, Rajib K Gupta, Shigeo Hara, Vincent Javaugue, Nicolas Kozakowski, Satoru Kudose, Gonzalo P Méndez, Kimberley Oliver, Maria M Picken, Dominick Santoriello, Sanjeev Sethi, Akira Shimizu, Geetika Singh, M Barry Stokes, Su-Xia Wang, Nelson Leung, Glen S Markowitz, Vivette D D'Agati
Journal: Kidney International (2025)
Imidazole propionate is increased in severe COVID-19 and correlates with cardiac involvement
Authors: Tuva B Dahl, Friha Aftab, Christian Prebensen, Jan-Erik Berdal, Thor Ueland, Andreas Barratt-Due, Anne Ma Dyrhol Riise, Per Magne Ueland, Johannes R Hov, Marius Trøseid, Pål Aukrust, Ida Gregersen, Peder L Myhre, Torbjørn Omland, Bente Halvorsen
Journal: Journal of Infection (2025)
Response to Venkatesh et al.’s “Analysis of breast health outcomes in women on oral 5-alpha reductase inhibitors: a single-center retrospective cohort study”
Authors: Caitlin A Kearney, Carli D Needle, Anna L Brinks, Jerry Shapiro, Mario E Lacouture, Kristen I Lo Sicco
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2025)
Engineered micro-structured biomimetic material for modelling the outer blood-retinal barrier
Authors: Chloé Dujardin, Walter Habeler, Paola Aprile, Alessandra Dellaquila, Christelle Monville, Didier Letourneur, Teresa Simon-Yarza
Journal: Biomaterials (2025)

The outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB) is compromised in several retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration affecting over 200 million people worldwide. This 200-350 μm thick tissue includes the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the Bruch's membrane, and the vascularized choroid supplying the outer retina. Degeneration of the RPE and/or choroid leads to photoreceptor loss and, ultimately, blindness. Current in vitro co-culture oBRB models developed to better understand the diseases and to propose therapeutic alternatives are often simplistic, focusing on 2D cultures, or face limitations including non-physiological dimensions or low throughput. This study presents an innovative scaffold-driven approach to model the oBRB using a polysaccharide membrane engineered by freeze-drying. Our specific protocol allowed to mimic the oBRB structure, within physiological dimensions, generating a non-porous surface to culture the hiPSC-derived RPE monolayer, and an internal 3D porous structure for the choroidal network. Results showed that the inner porous structure promoted physiological self-organization of endothelial cells and pericytes. Our single-piece functional material allowed the cultivation of both RPE and choroidal compartments in close proximity, favoring cellular interactions, while maintaining them in their designated locations. This cyto-compatible, easy-to-use, and off-the-shelf membrane, produced at large amounts and low costs, provides a physiologically relevant biomaterial for oBRB tissue modelling.
TFOX versus FOLFOX in first-line treatment of patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (PRODIGE 51- FFCD-GASTFOX): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial
Authors: Aziz Zaanan, Olivier Bouché, Christelle de la Fouchardière, Karine Le Malicot, Simon Pernot, Christophe Louvet, Pascal Artru, Valérie Le Brun Ly, Kais Aldabbagh, Faiza Khemissa-Akouz, Thierry Lecomte, Hélène Castanie, Margot Laly, Damien Botsen, Gael Roth, Emmanuelle Samalin, Marie Muller, Gilles Breysacher, Sylvain Manfredi, Jean-Marc Phelip, Julien Taieb
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2025)