tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance and Survival of High-Risk Individuals
Authors: Amanda L. Blackford, Marcia Irene Canto, Mohamad Dbouk, Ralph H. Hruban, Bryson W. Katona, Amitabh Chak, Randall E. Brand, Sapna Syngal, James Farrell, Fay Kastrinos, Elena M. Stoffel, Anil Rustgi, Alison P. Klein, Ihab Kamel, Elliot K. Fishman, Jin He, Richard Burkhart, Eun Ji Shin, Anne Marie Lennon, Michael Goggins
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2024)

Importance Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly disease with increasing incidence. The majority of PDACs are incurable at presentation, but population-based screening is not recommended. Surveillance of high-risk individuals for PDAC may lead to early detection, but the survival benefit is unproven. Objective To compare the survival of patients with surveillance-detected PDAC with US national data. Design, Setting, and Participants This comparative cohort study was conducted in multiple US academic medical centers participating in the Cancer of the Pancreas Screening program, which screens high-risk individuals with a familial or genetic predisposition for PDAC. The comparison cohort comprised patients with PDAC matched for age, sex, and year of diagnosis from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. The Cancer of the Pancreas Screening program originated in 1998, and data collection was done through 2021. The data analysis was performed from April 29, 2022, through April 10, 2023. Exposures Endoscopic ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging performed annually and standard-of-care surgical and/or oncologic treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures Stage of PDAC at diagnosis, overall survival (OS), and PDAC mortality were compared using descriptive statistics and conditional logistic regression, Cox proportional hazards regression, and competing risk regression models. Sensitivity analyses and adjustment for lead-time bias were also conducted. Results A total of 26 high-risk individuals (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 65.8 [9.5] years; 15 female [57.7%]) with PDAC were compared with 1504 SEER control patients with PDAC (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 66.8 [7.9] years; 771 female [51.3%]). The median primary tumor diameter of the 26 high-risk individuals was smaller than in the control patients (2.5 [range, 0.6-5.0] vs 3.6 [range, 0.2-8.0] cm, respectively; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). The high-risk individuals were more likely to be diagnosed with a lower stage (stage I, 10 [38.5%]; stage II, 8 [30.8%]) than matched control patients (stage I, 155 [10.3%]; stage II, 377 [25.1%]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). The PDAC mortality rate at 5 years was lower for high-risk individuals than control patients (43% vs 86%; hazard ratio, 3.58; 95% CI, 2.01-6.39; P &amp;amp;lt; .001), and high-risk individuals lived longer than matched control patients (median OS, 61.7 [range, 1.9-147.3] vs 8.0 [range, 1.0-131.0] months; 5-year OS rate, 50% [95% CI, 32%-80%] vs 9% [95% CI, 7%-11%]). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that surveillance of high-risk individuals may lead to detection of smaller, lower-stage PDACs and improved survival.
Gratitude and Mortality Among Older US Female Nurses
Authors: Ying Chen, Olivia I. Okereke, Eric S. Kim, Henning Tiemeier, Laura D. Kubzansky, Tyler J. VanderWeele
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2024)

Supporting healthy aging is a US public health priority, and gratitude is a potentially modifiable psychological factor that may enhance health and well-being in older adults. However, the association between gratitude and mortality has not been studied.
The Global Prevalence of Seborrheic Dermatitis
Authors: Meredith Tyree Polaskey, Christy H. Chang, Karishma Daftary, Sheiva Fakhraie, Corinne H. Miller, Raj Chovatiya
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2024)

Seborrheic dermatitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease, yet its global prevalence, pathogenesis, and epidemiology remain inadequately defined.
Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Jianhui Guo, Eric Garshick, Feifei Si, Ziqi Tang, Xinyao Lian, Yaqi Wang, Jing Li, Petros Koutrakis
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Recognizing associations between exposure to common environmental toxicants and mental disorders such as depression is crucial for guiding targeted mechanism research and the initiation of disease prevention efforts. Objectives To comprehensively screen and assess the associations between potential environmental toxicants and depressive symptoms and to assess whether systemic inflammation serves as a mediator. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 3427 participants from the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination and Survey who had information on blood or urine concentrations of environmental toxicants and depression scores assessed by the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were included. Statistical analysis was performed from July 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024. Exposures Sixty-two toxicants in 10 categories included acrylamide, arsenic, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, iodine, metals, nicotine metabolites, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites; and perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate. Main Outcomes and Measures An exposome-wide association study and the deletion-substitution-addition algorithm were used to assess associations with depression scores (PHQ-9 ≥5) adjusted for other important covariates. A mediation analysis framework was used to evaluate the mediating role of systemic inflammation assessed by the peripheral white blood cell count. Results Among the 3427 adults included, 1735 (50.6%) were women, 2683 (78.3%) were younger than 65 years, and 744 (21.7%) were 65 years or older, with 839 (24.5%) having depressive symptoms. In terms of race and ethnicity, 570 participants (16.6%) were Mexican American, 679 (19.8%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 1314 (38.3%) were non-Hispanic White. We identified associations between 27 chemical compounds or metals in 6 of 10 categories of environmental toxicants and the prevalence of depressive symptoms, including the VOC metabolites N -acetyl- S -(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl)- l -cysteine (odds ratio [OR], 1.74 [95% CI, 1.38, 2.18]) and total nicotine equivalent-2 (OR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.26-1.59]). Men and younger individuals appear more vulnerable to environmental toxicants than women and older individuals. Peripheral white blood cell count mediated 5% to 19% of the associations. Conclusions and Relevance In this representative cross-sectional study of adults with environmental toxicant exposures, 6 categories of environmental toxicants were associated with depressive symptoms with mediation by systemic inflammation. This research provides insight into selecting environmental targets for mechanistic research into the causes of depression and facilitating efforts to reduce environmental exposures.
Cutaneous Inflammatory Manifestations of Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Anubha Dev, Ridhima Aggarwal, Pandiarajan Vignesh, Keshavamurthy Vinay, Amit Rawat, Debajyoti Chatterjee, Sunil Dogra
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2024)

This cross-sectional study examines cutaneous inflammatory presentations of chronic granulomatous disease.
Early Prostate Cancer Deaths Among Men With Higher vs Lower Genetic Risk
Authors: Anna Plym, Yiwen Zhang, Konrad H. Stopsack, Emilio Ugalde-Morales, Tyler M. Seibert, David V. Conti, Christopher A. Haiman, Aris Baras, Tanja Stocks, Isabel Drake, Kathryn L. Penney, Edward Giovannucci, Adam S. Kibel, Fredrik Wiklund, Lorelei A. Mucci
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Prostate cancer, a leading cause of cancer death among men, urgently requires new prevention strategies, which may involve targeting men with an underlying genetic susceptibility. Objective To explore differences in risk of early prostate cancer death among men with higher vs lower genetic risk to inform prevention efforts. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used a combined analysis of genotyped men without prostate cancer at inclusion and with lifestyle data in 2 prospective cohort studies in Sweden and the US, the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), followed up from 1991 to 2019. Data were analyzed between April 2023 and April 2024. Exposures Men were categorized according to modifiable lifestyle behaviors and genetic risk. A polygenic risk score above the median or a family history of cancer defined men at higher genetic risk (67% of the study population); the remaining men were categorized as being at lower genetic risk. Main Outcomes and Measures Prostate cancer death analyzed using time-to-event analysis estimating hazard ratios (HR), absolute risks, and preventable deaths by age. Results Among the 19 607 men included for analysis, the median (IQR) age at inclusion was 59.0 (53.0-64.7) years (MDCS) and 65.1 (58.0-71.8) years (HPFS). During follow-up, 107 early (by age 75 years) and 337 late (after age 75 years) prostate cancer deaths were observed. Compared with men at lower genetic risk, men at higher genetic risk had increased rates of both early (HR, 3.26; 95% CI, 1.82-5.84) and late (HR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.70-3.01) prostate cancer death, and higher lifetime risks of prostate cancer death (3.1% vs 1.3% [MDCS] and 2.3% vs 0.6% [HPFS]). Men at higher genetic risk accounted for 94 of 107 early prostate cancer deaths (88%), of which 36% (95% CI, 12%-60%) were estimated to be preventable through adherence to behaviors associated with a healthy lifestyle (not smoking, healthy weight, high physical activity, and a healthy diet). Conclusions and Relevance In this 20-year follow-up study, men with a genetic predisposition accounted for the vast majority of early prostate cancer deaths, of which one-third were estimated to be preventable. This suggests that men at increased genetic risk should be targeted in prostate cancer prevention strategies.
Termination of Resuscitation Rules and Survival Among Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Michael A. Smyth, Imogen Gunson, Alison Coppola, Samantha Johnson, Robert Greif, Kasper G. Lauridsen, Sian Taylor-Philips, Gavin D. Perkins
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Termination of resuscitation (TOR) rules may help guide prehospital decisions to stop resuscitation, with potential effects on patient outcomes and health resource use. Rules with high sensitivity risk increasing inappropriate transport of nonsurvivors, while rules without excellent specificity risk missed survivors. Further examination of the performance of TOR rules in estimating survival of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is needed.
Errors in Results
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

In the Research Letter titled "Use of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Development," 1 published May 31, 2024, 2 percentages in the Results section were given incorrectly.The percentage of drugs for which AI was used for a cancer indication should have appeared as 32% instead of 27%, and the number and percentage of drugs for which AI was used for a neurological indication should have appeared as n = 46 and 28% instead of 24%.This article has been corrected. 1
Embryonically active piriform cortex neurons promote intracortical recurrent connectivity during development
Authors: David C. Wang, Fernando Santos-Valencia, Jun H. Song, Kevin M. Franks, Liqun Luo
Journal: Neuron (2024)

Neuronal activity plays a critical role in the maturation of circuits that propagate sensory information into the brain. How widely does early activity regulate circuit maturation across the developing brain? Here, we used targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP) to perform a brain-wide survey for prenatally active neurons in mice and identified the piriform cortex as an abundantly TRAPed region. Whole-cell recordings in neonatal slices revealed preferential interconnectivity within embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons and their enhanced synaptic connectivity with other piriform neurons. In vivo Neuropixels recordings in neonates demonstrated that embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons exhibit broad functional connectivity within piriform and lead spontaneous synchronized population activity during a transient neonatal period, when recurrent connectivity is strengthening. Selectively activating or silencing these neurons in neonates enhanced or suppressed recurrent synaptic strength, respectively. Thus, embryonically TRAPed piriform neurons represent an interconnected hub-like population whose activity promotes recurrent connectivity in early development.
Adjuvant Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin and Chemoradiation in Patients With Gallbladder Cancer
Authors: Vikas Ostwal, Shraddha Patkar, Reena Engineer, Manali Parulekar, Sarika Mandavkar, Prabhat Bhargava, Sujay Srinivas, Rahul Krishnatry, Shivakumar Gudi, Akhil Kapoor, Durgatosh Pandey, Swapnil Patel, Abhishek Singhal, Alok Goel, Tapas Kumar Dora, Debashish Chaudhary, Deepali Chaugule, Deepali Naughane, Anuprita Daddi, Rajshree Patil, Suman Kumar Ankathi, Anant Ramaswamy, Mahesh Goel
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2024)

There is limited evidence with regard to the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy chemoradiotherapy in resected gallbladder cancers (GBCs).
Biliary Dyskinesia—Controversies, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Bryan K. Richmond
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2024)

Importance Biliary dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by biliary pain, a sonographically normal gallbladder, and a reduced gallbladder ejection fraction on cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy (CCK-HIDA) scan. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains a common treatment for biliary dyskinesia despite a lack of high-quality evidence supporting the practice. The following review summarizes the current biliary dyskinesia outcomes data, the diagnostic strategies and their limitations, biliary dyskinesia in the pediatric population, the emerging phenomenon of the hyperkinetic gallbladder, and suggestions for addressing identified knowledge gaps. Observations The majority of studies on the topic are retrospective, with wide variations in inclusion criteria and definition of biliary pain. Most report a very short follow-up interval, often a single office visit, with variable and nonstandardized definitions of a satisfactory outcome. Despite a published Society of Nuclear Medicine guideline for its performance, CCK-HIDA scan protocols vary among institutions, which has led to considerable variability in the consistency and reproducibility of CCK-HIDA results. The few prospective studies available, although small and heterogeneous, support a role for cholecystectomy in the treatment of adult biliary dyskinesia. Despite these knowledge gaps, biliary dyskinesia is now the number 1 indication for cholecystectomy in children. Cholecystectomy for the hyperkinetic gallbladder appears to be an emerging phenomenon, despite, as in biliary dyskinesia, a lack of quality data supporting this practice. Randomized trials addressing these gaps are needed but have been difficult to conduct owing to strong clinician and patient bias toward surgery and the lack of a criterion-standard nonsurgical treatment for the control arm. Conclusions and Relevance The use of cholecystectomy for adult biliary dyskinesia is reasonable based on the available data. Insufficient data exist regarding laparoscopic cholecystectomy for pediatric dyskinesia and the hyperkinetic gallbladder population. Large-scale prospective studies, either randomized trials or large prospectively followed cohort studies, are needed to address the knowledge gaps surrounding this controversial diagnosis.
Subjective Cognitive Decline Plus and Longitudinal Assessment and Risk for Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Moonil Kang, Clara Li, Arnav Mahajan, Jessica Spat-Lemus, Shruti Durape, Jiachen Chen, Ashita S. Gurnani, Sherral Devine, Sanford H. Auerbach, Ting Fang Alvin Ang, Richard Sherva, Wei Qiao Qiu, Kathryn L. Lunetta, Rhoda Au, Lindsay A. Farrer, Jesse Mez
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2024)

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized to be in the Alzheimer disease (AD) cognitive continuum. The SCD Initiative International Working Group recently proposed SCD-plus (SCD+) features that increase risk for future objective cognitive decline but that have not been assessed in a large community-based setting.
Large-Scale Proteomics in Early Pregnancy and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Philip Greenland, Mark R. Segal, Rebecca B. McNeil, Corette B. Parker, Victoria L. Pemberton, William A. Grobman, Robert M. Silver, Hyagriv N. Simhan, George R. Saade, Peter Ganz, Priya Mehta, Janet M. Catov, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Jasmina Varagic, Sadiya S. Khan, Samuel Parry, Uma M. Reddy, Brian M. Mercer, Ronald J. Wapner, David M. Haas
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2024)

Importance There is no consensus regarding the best method for prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Objective To determine predictive ability in early pregnancy of large-scale proteomics for prediction of HDP. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a nested case-control study, conducted in 2022 to 2023, using clinical data and plasma samples collected between 2010 and 2013 during the first trimester, with follow-up until pregnancy outcome. This multicenter observational study took place at 8 academic medical centers in the US. Nulliparous individuals during first-trimester clinical visits were included. Participants with HDP were selected as cases; controls were selected from those who delivered at or after 37 weeks without any HDP, preterm birth, or small-for-gestational-age infant. Age, self-reported race and ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes, health insurance, and fetal sex were available covariates. Exposures Proteomics using an aptamer-based assay that included 6481 unique human proteins was performed on stored plasma. Covariates were used in predictive models. Main Outcomes and Measures Prediction models were developed using the elastic net, and analyses were performed on a randomly partitioned training dataset comprising 80% of study participants, with the remaining 20% used as an independent testing dataset. Primary measure of predictive performance was area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results This study included 753 HDP cases and 1097 controls with a mean (SD) age of 26.9 (5.5) years. Maternal race and ethnicity were 51 Asian (2.8%), 275 non-Hispanic Black (14.9%), 275 Hispanic (14.9%), 1161 non-Hispanic White (62.8% ), and 88 recorded as other (4.8%), which included those who did not identify according to these designations. The elastic net model, allowing for forced inclusion of prespecified covariates, was used to adjust protein-based models for clinical and demographic variables. Under this approach, no proteins were selected to augment the clinical and demographic covariates. The predictive performance of the resulting model was modest, with a training set AUC of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.61-0.67) and a test set AUC of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.68). Further adjustment for study site yielded only minimal changes in AUCs. Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study with detailed clinical data and stored plasma samples available in the first trimester, an aptamer-based proteomics panel did not meaningfully add to predictive utility over and above clinical and demographic factors that are routinely available.
Biological and genetic determinants of glycolysis: Phosphofructokinase isoforms boost energy status of stored red blood cells and transfusion outcomes
Authors: Travis Nemkov, Daniel Stephenson, Eric J Earley, Gregory R Keele, Ariel Hay, Alicia Key, Zachary B Haiman, Christopher Erickson, Monika Dzieciatkowska, Julie A Reisz, Amy Moore, Mars Stone, Xutao Deng, Steven Kleinman, Steven L Spitalnik, Eldad A Hod, Krystalyn E Hudson, Kirk C Hansen, Bernhard O Palsson, Gary A Churchill, Nareg Roubinian, Philip J Norris, Michael P Busch, James C Zimring, Grier P Page, Angelo D'Alessandro
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2024)
Concurrent Use of Tobacco and Cannabis and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in US Youths
Authors: Vuong V. Do, Pamela M. Ling, Benjamin W. Chaffee, Nhung Nguyen
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Little is known about whether concurrent use of tobacco and cannabis is associated with higher or lower levels of mental health problems than use of either substance alone among youths.
Gastric Bypass vs Diet and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Cecilia Karlsson, Line Kristin Johnson, Peter J. Greasley, Kjetil Retterstøl, Jonatan Hedberg, Martin Hall, Noele Hawker, Ida Robertsen, Jesper Havsol, Jens Kristoffer Hertel, Rune Sandbu, Eva Skovlund, Thomas Olsen, Hege Christensen, Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark, Shalini Andersson, Anders Åsberg, Jøran Hjelmesæth
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2024)

Importance Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with reduced cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, morbidity, and mortality. Whether these effects are specifically induced by the surgical procedure or the weight loss is unclear. Objective To compare 6-week changes in CV risk factors in patients with obesity undergoing matching caloric restriction and weight loss by RYGB or a very low-energy diet (VLED). Design, Setting, and Participants This nonrandomized controlled study (Impact of Body Weight, Low Calorie Diet, and Gastric Bypass on Drug Bioavailability, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Metabolic Biomarkers [COCKTAIL]) was conducted at a tertiary care obesity center in Norway. Participants were individuals with severe obesity preparing for RYGB or a VLED. Recruitment began February 26, 2015; the first patient visit was on March 18, 2015, and the last patient visit (9-week follow-up) was on August 9, 2017. Data were analyzed from April 30, 2021, through June 29, 2023. Interventions VLED alone for 6 weeks or VLED for 6 weeks after RYGB; both interventions were preceded by 3-week LED. Main Outcomes and Measures Between-group comparisons of 6-week changes in CV risk factors. Results Among 78 patients included in the analyses, the mean (SD) age was 47.5 (9.7) years; 51 (65%) were women, and 27 (35%) were men. Except for a slightly higher mean (SD) body mass index of 44.5 (6.2) in the RYGB group (n = 41) vs 41.9 (5.4) in the VLED group (n = 37), baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups. Major atherogenic blood lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein[a]) were reduced after RYGB in comparison with VLED despite a similar fat mass loss. Mean between-group differences were −17.7 mg/dL (95% CI, −27.9 to −7.5), −17.4 mg/dL (95% CI, −29.8 to −5.0) mg/dL, −9.94 mg/dL (95% CI, −15.75 to −4.14), and geometric mean ratio was 0.55 U/L (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.72), respectively. Changes in glycemic control and blood pressure were similar between groups. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that clinically meaningful reductions in major atherogenic blood lipids were demonstrated after RYGB, indicating that RYGB may reduce CV risk independent of weight loss. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02386917
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signs of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Dagmar Beier, Johanne Juhl Korsbæk, Gabriel Bsteh, Stefan Macher, Wolfgang Marik, Berthold Pemp, Hsiangkuo Yuan, Areeba Nisar, Lisbeth Høgedal, Laleh Dehghani Molander, Snorre Malm Hagen, Christoph Patrick Beier, Simon Bang Kristensen, Rigmor Højland Jensen
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria currently used to diagnose idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) are based on expert opinion and have limited accuracy. Additional neuroimaging signs have been proposed and used with contradictory results; thus, prospective evidence is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy.