Management of high-surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis following percutaneous cholecystostomy. results of an international Delphi consensus study
Authors: Antonio Pesce, Camilo Ramirez-Giraldo, Nikolaos-Achilleas Arkoudis, George Ramsay, Georgi Popivanov, Kurinchi Gurusamy, Natalia Bejarano, Maria Irene Bellini, Massimiliano Allegritti, Jacopo Tesei, Alessandro Gemini, Augusto Lauro, Matteo Matteucci, Antonio La Greca, Valerio Cozza, Federico Coccolini, Marco Cannistra’, Carlo Boselli, Piero Covarelli, Gianluca Costa, Paolo Bruzzone, Giovanni Domenico Tebala, Simona Meneghini, Vito D’Andrea, Andrea Mingoli, Eugenio Cucinotta, Antonia Rizzuto, Mauro Zago, Paolo Prosperi, Massimo Buononato, Gioia Brachini, Roberto Cirocchi
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2025)

Background: The management of high-surgical risk patients with moderate to severe acute cholecystitis is challenging in clinical practice. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered the gold standard for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment. However, for those unfit for surgery due to high-surgical risk, alternative treatment options such as percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) are available. There are no clear guidelines regarding the management of patients following PC. The primary aim of this study was to propose indications for PC in high-surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis and to establish management strategies for gallbladder drainage, either as a bridge to surgery or as definitive treatment, according to available literature data. Materials and methods: After a targeted literature review, International and XXX experts in the field from the XXXXX and the XXXXX were consulted to provide their evidence-based opinions on the topic. Statements were proposed during subsequent rounds using Delphi methodology. Ten statements were provided and the final agreement is presented in this study. Results: Patients with moderate acute cholecystitis, a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ≥ 6, and American Society of Anesthesiologists-Performance Status (ASA-PS) ≥ 3 who fail conservative treatment should undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the first choice. For patients with severe acute cholecystitis who are at high-surgical risk, percutaneous cholecystostomy is recommended to relieve symptoms within 24–48 hours. Once the infection is controlled, we should assess which patients may be candidates for interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy. For patients selected for surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended at least six weeks after PC placement. In patients not suitable for surgery, such as those with CCI ≥6 and ASA-PS ≥4, percutaneous cholecystostomy should remain in place for at least three weeks, after which, following radiographic confirmation of biliary tree patency, the tube may be removed. Conclusions: This study represents the first consensus on this specific topic, characterized by a unique multidisciplinary approach involving interventional radiologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons who shared their opinions and experiences. We also believe this consensus may offer a straightforward and safe guide for clinicians when managing high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis in daily clinical practice.