tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Intracranial Response Assessment Criteria in Patients With Melanoma Brain Metastases Treated With Combination Nivolumab + Ipilimumab in CheckMate 204
Authors: Raymond Y. Huang, Gilbert Youssef, Thomas Nelson, Patrick Y. Wen, Peter Forsyth, F. Stephen Hodi, Kim Margolin, Alain P. Algazi, Omid Hamid, Christopher D. Lao, Marc S. Ernstoff, Stergios J. Moschos, Michael B. Atkins, Michael A. Postow, David A. Reardon, Diederik J. Grootendorst, David Leung, Margarita Askelson, Corey Ritchings, Hussein A. Tawbi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025)

In CheckMate 204, nivolumab + ipilimumab showed high intracranial (IC) objective response rates (icORRs) in patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBMs). Using icORR as a surrogate for overall survival (OS) has prompted use of alternate response criteria. To set the stage for harmonized MBM trials, the aim of this exploratory analysis was to determine icORR using several response criteria and examine correlations of response with survival.
Improved Patient-Reported Outcomes With Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide: A Quality-of-Life Evaluation and 2-Year Outcomes of BMT CTN 1703
Authors: Shernan G. Holtan, Javier Bolaños-Meade, Monzr M. Al Malki, Juan Wu, Carrie L. Kitko, Ran Reshef, Andrew R. Rezvani, Brian C. Shaffer, Melhem M. Solh, Janny M. Yao, Lyndsey Runaas, Hany Elmariah, Karilyn T. Larkin, Najla El Jurdi, Mahasweta Gooptu, Alison W. Loren, Aric C. Hall, Amin M. Alousi, Omer Jamy, William Clark, Leslie Kean, Ami S. Bhatt, Miguel-Angel Perales, Kristy Applegate, Yvonne Adeduni Efebera, Eric Leifer, Richard J. Jones, Mary M. Horowitz, Deborah Mattila, Wael Saber, Mehdi Hamadani, Michael J. Martens
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2025)

The BMT CTN 1703 phase III trial confirmed that graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy), tacrolimus (Tac), and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) results in superior GVHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) compared with Tac/methotrexate (MTX) prophylaxis. This companion study assesses the effect of these regimens on patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Using the Lee Chronic GVHD Symptom Score and PROMIS subscales (physical function, GI symptoms, social role satisfaction) as primary end points and hemorrhagic cystitis symptoms and Lee subscales as secondary end points, responses from English and Spanish speakers were analyzed at baseline and days 100, 180, and 365 after transplant. PRO scores were compared between the arms using inverse probability weighted-independent estimating equation models. The PTCy arm had significantly lower scores on the Lee Chronic GVHD Symptom Scale (P = .01), indicating lower GVHD symptom burden. Lee Scale nutrition and mouth subscores were also better in the PTCy arm compared with the Tac/MTX arm (P < .01 for both). Older participants (age >65 years) reported better Lee Scale psychological subscores than younger participants (P = .003). No significant differences were identified in hemorrhagic cystitis or in the PROMIS subscales between treatment arms. The updated clinical end points at 2 years for the parent trial confirmed that PTCy/Tac/MMF maintained a significant advantage over Tac/MTX in GRFS (42.4% v 28.8%, P = .001). In addition to improved GRFS, patients randomly assigned to the PTCy arm reported lower symptom burden during the first year after transplant.
Circulating tumor cell plasticity determines breast cancer therapy resistance via neuregulin 1–HER3 signaling
Authors: Roberto Würth, Elisa Donato, Laura L. Michel, Massimo Saini, Lisa Becker, Tasneem Cheytan, Daria Doncevic, Tobias Messmer, Ewgenija Gutjahr, Rebecca Weber, Corinna Klein, Hamed Alborzinia, Umut Yildiz, Vanessa Vogel, Mario Hlevnjak, Polina Kozyulina, Sarah-Jane Neuberth, Paul Schwerd-Kleine, Sevinç Jakab, Nicole Pfarr, Arlou Kristina Angeles, Astrid K. Laut, Darja Karpova, Mattia Falcone, Olaf Hardt, Benjamin Theek, Celina V. Wagner, Mirjam Becker, Sabine Wagner, Martina Haselmayr, Anita Schmitt, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Sabine Riethdorf, Klaus Pantel, Marc Zapatka, Holger Sültmann, Carl Herrmann, Verena Thewes, Peter Lichter, Andreas Schneeweiss, Martin R. Sprick, Andreas Trumpp
Journal: Nature Cancer (2025)

Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) drive metastasis, the leading cause of death in individuals with breast cancer. Due to their low abundance in the circulation, robust CTC expansion protocols are urgently needed to effectively study disease progression and therapy responses. Here we present the establishment of long-term CTC-derived organoids from female individuals with metastatic breast cancer. Multiomics analysis of CTC-derived organoids along with preclinical modeling with xenografts identified neuregulin 1 (NRG1)–ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase 3 ( ERBB3 /HER3) signaling as a key pathway required for CTC survival, growth and dissemination. Genome-wide CRISPR activation screens revealed that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) signaling serves a compensatory function to the NRG1–HER3 axis and rescues NRG1 deficiency in CTCs. Conversely, NRG1–HER3 activation induced resistance to FGFR1 inhibition, whereas combinatorial blockade impaired CTC growth. The dynamic interplay between NRG1–HER3 and FGFR1 signaling reveals the molecular basis of cancer cell plasticity and clinically relevant strategies to target it. Our CTC organoid platform enables the identification and validation of patient-specific vulnerabilities and represents an innovative tool for precision medicine.
Sustained virologic suppression of multidrug-resistant HIV in an individual treated with anti-CD4 domain 1 antibody and lenacapavir
Authors: M. Ali Rai, Jana Blazkova, Lela Kardava, Jesse S. Justement, Victoria Shi, Maegan R. Manning, Aniqa Shahid, Winnie Dong, Brooke D. Kennedy, Adeline B. Sewack, Jeanette Higgins, Clarisa M. Buckner, Kathleen Gittens, Raymond E. West, Aaron S. Devanathan, Ralph Mangusan, Kathryn Lurain, Ramya Ramaswami, Robert Yarchoan, Michael C. Sneller, Alice K. Pau, Zabrina L. Brumme, Susan Moir, Tae-Wook Chun
Journal: Nature Medicine (2025)
Context-dependent effects of CDKN2A and other 9p21 gene losses during the evolution of esophageal cancer
Authors: Piyali Ganguli, Celia C. Basanta, Amelia Acha-Sagredo, Hrvoje Misetic, Maria Armero, Akram Mendez, Aeman Zahra, Ginny Devonshire, Gavin Kelly, Adam Freeman, Mary Green, Emma Nye, Anita Bichisecchi, Paola Bonfanti, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Paul A. W. Edwards, Nicola Grehan, Barbara Nutzinger, Aisling M. Redmond, Christine Loreno, Sujath Abbas, Adam Freeman, Elizabeth C. Smyth, Maria O’Donovan, Ahmad Miremadi, Shalini Malhotra, Monika Tripathi, Hannah Coles, Curtis Millington, Matthew Eldridge, Maria Secrier, Ginny Devonshire, Jim Davies, Charles Crichton, Nick Carroll, Richard H. Hardwick, Peter Safranek, Andrew Hindmarsh, Vijayendran Sujendran, Stephen J. Hayes, Yeng Ang, Andrew Sharrocks, Shaun R. Preston, Izhar Bagwan, Vicki Save, Richard J. E. Skipworth, Ted R. Hupp, J. Robert O’Neill, Olga Tucker, Andrew Beggs, Philippe Taniere, Sonia Puig, Gianmarco Contino, Timothy J. Underwood, Robert C. Walker, Ben L. Grace, Jesper Lagergren, James Gossage, Andrew Davies, Fuju Chang, Ula Mahadeva, Vicky Goh, Francesca D. Ciccarelli, Grant Sanders, Richard Berrisford, David Chan, Ed Cheong, Bhaskar Kumar, L. Sreedharan, Simon L. Parsons, Irshad Soomro, Philip Kaye, John Saunders, Laurence Lovat, Rehan Haidry, Michael Scott, Sharmila Sothi, Suzy Lishman, George B. Hanna, Christopher J. Peters, Krishna Moorthy, Anna Grabowska, Richard Turkington, Damian McManus, Helen Coleman, Russell D. Petty, Freddie Bartlett, Manuel Rodriguez-Justo, Jo Spencer, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Francesca D. Ciccarelli
Journal: Nature Cancer (2025)

Abstract CDKN2A is a tumor suppressor located in chromosome 9p21 and frequently lost in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). How CDKN2A and other 9p21 gene co-deletions affect EAC evolution remains understudied. We explored the effects of 9p21 loss in EACs and cancer progressor and non-progressor BEs with matched genomic, transcriptomic and clinical data. Despite its cancer driver role, CDKN2A loss in BE prevents EAC initiation by counterselecting subsequent TP53 alterations. 9p21 gene co-deletions predict poor patient survival in EAC but not BE through context-dependent effects on cell cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and interferon response. Immune quantifications using bulk transcriptome, RNAscope and high-dimensional tissue imaging showed that IFNE loss reduces immune infiltration in BE, but not EAC. Mechanistically, CDKN2A loss suppresses the maintenance of squamous epithelium, contributing to a more aggressive phenotype. Our study demonstrates context-dependent roles of cancer genes during disease evolution, with consequences for cancer detection and patient management.
Effects of conditional cash transfers on tuberculosis incidence and mortality according to race, ethnicity and socioeconomic factors in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort
Authors: Gabriela S. Jesus, Priscila F.P.S. Gestal, Andrea F. Silva, Daniella M. Cavalcanti, Iracema Lua, Maria Yury Ichihara, Mauricio L. Barreto, Delia Boccia, Mauro N. Sanchez, Davide Rasella
Journal: Nature Medicine (2025)

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have been implemented globally to alleviate poverty. Although tuberculosis (TB) is closely linked to poverty, the effects of CCT on TB outcomes among populations facing social and economic vulnerabilities remain uncertain. Here we estimated the associations between participation in the world's largest CCT program, the Brazilian Bolsa Família Program (BFP), and the reduction of TB incidence, mortality and case-fatality rates using the nationwide 100 Million Brazilian Cohort between 2004 and 2015. We also evaluated these relationships according to race, ethnicity, wealth levels, sex and age. Exposure to the BFP was associated with a large reduction in TB incidence (adjusted rate ratio (aRR): 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58–0.60) and mortality (aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.65–0.73). The strongest BFP association was observed in individuals of Indigenous ethnicity both for TB incidence (aRR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.32–0.42) and mortality (aRR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20–0.62), and in individuals of Black and Pardo ethnicity (incidence—aRR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.57–0.59; mortality—aRR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.64–0.73). BFP associations were considerably stronger among individuals living in extreme poverty both for TB incidence (aRR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.49–0.50) and mortality (aRR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.55–0.65). CCT can strongly reduce TB incidence and mortality in individuals living in extreme poverty, and of Indigenous, Black and Pardo ethnicity, and could significantly contribute to achieving the End TB Strategy targets and TB-related Sustainable Development Goals. Participation in Brazil's Bolsa Familia Program, one of the largest conditional cash transfer programs in the world, was associated with large reductions in tuberculosis incidence and mortality among Indigenous people, individuals of Black and Pardo ethnicity and those living in extreme poverty.
Large floods drive changes in cause-specific mortality in the United States
Authors: Victoria D. Lynch, Jonathan A. Sullivan, Aaron B. Flores, Xicheng Xie, Sarika Aggarwal, Rachel C. Nethery, Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, Anne E. Nigra, Robbie M. Parks
Journal: Nature Medicine (2025)

Flooding greatly endangers public health and is an urgent concern as rapid population growth in flood-prone regions and more extreme weather events will increase the number of people at risk. However, an exhaustive analysis of mortality following floods has not been conducted. Here we used 35.6 million complete death records over 18 years (2001–2018) from the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States, highly resolved flood exposure data and a Bayesian conditional quasi-Poisson model to estimate the association of flooding with monthly county-level death rates for cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious and parasitic diseases, injuries, neuropsychiatric conditions and respiratory diseases up to 3 months after the flood. During the month of flooding, very severe heavy rain-related floods were associated with increased infectious disease (3.2%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 0.1%, 6.2%) and cardiovascular disease (2.1%; 95% CrI: 1.3%, 3.0%) death rates and tropical cyclone-related floods were associated with increased injury death rates (15.3%; 95% CrI: 12.4%, 18.1%). During the month of very severe tropical cyclone-related flooding, increases in injury death rate were higher for those ≥65 years old (24.9; 95% CrI: 20.0%, 29.8%) than for those aged <65 years (10.2%; 95% CrI: 6.6%, 13.8%) and for females (21.2%; 95% CrI: 16.3%, 26.1%) than for males (12.6%; 95% CrI: 9.1%,16.1%). Effective public health responses are critical now and with projected increased flood severity driven by climate change. Analyses of death records over the two decades in the United States reported greater mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases, injuries and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases associated with exposures to flooding events, particularly floods caused by tropical cyclones and heavy rain.
Using a sex- and gender-informed lens to enhance care in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Laura Castro-Aldrete, Marie Huc, Josefa Domingos, Elisabetta Vaudano, Martin Klietz, Claudia Trenkwalder, Annelien Oosterbaan, Richelle Flanagan, Roberta Marongiu, Antonella Santuccione-Chadha
Journal: Nature Medicine (2025)
Clinicogenomic landscape of pancreatic adenocarcinoma identifies KRAS mutant dosage as prognostic of overall survival
Authors: Anna M. Varghese, Maria A. Perry, Joanne F. Chou, Subhiksha Nandakumar, Daniel Muldoon, Amanda Erakky, Amanda Zucker, Christopher Fong, Miika Mehine, Bastien Nguyen, Olca Basturk, Fiyinfolu Balogun, David P. Kelsen, A. Rose Brannon, Diana Mandelker, Efsevia Vakiani, Wungki Park, Kenneth H. Yu, Zsofia K. Stadler, Mark A. Schattner, William R. Jarnagin, Alice C. Wei, Debyani Chakravarty, Marinela Capanu, Nikolaus Schultz, Michael F. Berger, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Chaitanya Bandlamudi, Eileen M. O’Reilly
Journal: Nature Medicine (2025)

Nearly all pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are genomically characterized by KRAS exon 2 mutations. Most patients with PDAC present with advanced disease and are treated with cytotoxic therapy. Genomic biomarkers prognostic of disease outcomes have been challenging to identify. Herein leveraging a cohort of 2,336 patients spanning all disease stages, we characterize the genomic and clinical correlates of outcomes in PDAC. We show that a genomic subtype of KRAS wild-type tumors is associated with early disease onset, distinct somatic and germline features, and significantly better overall survival. Allelic imbalances at the KRAS locus are widespread. KRAS mutant allele dosage gains, observed in one in five (20%) KRAS-mutated diploid tumors, are correlated with advanced disease and demonstrate prognostic potential across disease stages. With the rapidly expanding landscape of KRAS targeting, our findings have potential implications for clinical practice and for understanding de novo and acquired resistance to RAS therapeutics. Analyses of clinical and genomic data from a cohort of 2,336 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma find that KRAS dosage gains are a hallmark of disease progression and are predictive of poor outcomes across different disease stages.
The highly allo-autopolyploid modern sugarcane genome and very recent allopolyploidization in Saccharum
Authors: Jisen Zhang, Yiying Qi, Xiuting Hua, Yongjun Wang, Baiyu Wang, Yongwen Qi, Yumin Huang, Zehuai Yu, Ruiting Gao, Yixing Zhang, Tianyou Wang, Yuhao Wang, Jing Mei, Qing Zhang, Gang Wang, Haoran Pan, Zhen Li, Shuangyu Li, Jia Liu, Nameng Qi, Xiaoxi Feng, Mingxing Wu, Shuqi Chen, Cuicui Du, Yihan Li, Yi Xu, Yaxue Fang, Panpan Ma, Qingyun Li, Yuanchang Sun, Xiaomin Feng, Wei Yao, Muqing Zhang, Baoshan Chen, Xinlong Liu, Ray Ming, Jianping Wang, Zuhu Deng, Haibao Tang
Journal: Nature Genetics (2025)
Gene-level analysis reveals the genetic aetiology and therapeutic targets of schizophrenia
Authors: Xinglun Dang, Zhaowei Teng, Yongfeng Yang, Wenqiang Li, Jiewei Liu, Li Hui, Dongsheng Zhou, Daohua Gong, Shan-Shan Dai, Yifan Li, Xingxing Li, Luxian Lv, Yong Zeng, Yonggui Yuan, Xiancang Ma, Zhongchun Liu, Tao Li, Xiong-Jian Luo
Journal: Nature Human Behaviour (2025)
ZIC1 is a context-dependent medulloblastoma driver in the rhombic lip
Authors: John J. Y. Lee, Ran Tao, Zhen You, Parthiv Haldipur, Anders W. Erickson, Hamza Farooq, Liam D. Hendriske, Namal Abeysundara, Cory M. Richman, Evan Y. Wang, Neha Das Gupta, Jennifer Hadley, Melissa Batts, Christopher W. Mount, Xiaochong Wu, Alex Rasnitsyn, Swneke Bailey, Florence M. G. Cavalli, Sorana Morrissy, Livia Garzia, Kulandaimanuvel Antony Michealraj, Abhi Visvanathan, Vernon Fong, Jonelle Palotta, Raul Suarez, Bryn G. Livingston, Miao Liu, Betty Luu, Craig Daniels, James Loukides, Anne Bendel, Pim J. French, Johan M. Kros, Andrey Korshunov, Marcel Kool, Fernando Chico Ponce de León, Mario Perezpeña-Diazconti, Boleslaw Lach, Sheila K. Singh, Sarah E. S. Leary, Byung-Kyu Cho, Seung-Ki Kim, Kyu-Chang Wang, Ji-Yeoun Lee, Teiji Tominaga, William A. Weiss, Joanna J. Phillips, Shizhong Dai, Gelareh Zadeh, Ali G. Saad, László Bognár, Almos Klekner, Ian F. Pollack, Ronald L. Hamilton, Young-shin Ra, Wieslawa A. Grajkowska, Marta Perek-Polnik, Reid C. Thompson, Anna M. Kenney, Michael K. Cooper, Stephen C. Mack, Nada Jabado, Mathieu Lupien, Marco Gallo, Vijay Ramaswamy, Mario L. Suva, Hiromichi Suzuki, Kathleen J. Millen, L. Frank Huang, Paul A. Northcott, Michael D. Taylor
Journal: Nature Genetics (2025)

Abstract Transcription factors are frequent cancer driver genes, exhibiting noted specificity based on the precise cell of origin. We demonstrate that ZIC1 exhibits loss-of-function (LOF) somatic events in group 4 (G4) medulloblastoma through recurrent point mutations, subchromosomal deletions and mono-allelic epigenetic repression (60% of G4 medulloblastoma). In contrast, highly similar SHH medulloblastoma exhibits distinct and diametrically opposed gain-of-function mutations and copy number gains (20% of SHH medulloblastoma). Overexpression of ZIC1 suppresses the growth of group 3 medulloblastoma models, whereas it promotes the proliferation of SHH medulloblastoma precursor cells. SHH medulloblastoma ZIC1 mutants show increased activity versus wild-type ZIC1, whereas G4 medulloblastoma ZIC1 mutants exhibit LOF phenotypes. Distinct ZIC1 mutations affect cells of the rhombic lip in diametrically opposed ways, suggesting that ZIC1 is a critical developmental transcriptional regulator in both the normal and transformed rhombic lip and identifying ZIC1 as an exquisitely context-dependent driver gene in medulloblastoma.
Replacement therapy in pregnant women with von Willebrand disease during delivery: Factor levels and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wala Al Arashi, Michael E. Cloesmeijer, Frank W. G. Leebeek, Johannes J. Duvekot, Marieke J. H. A. Kruip, Ron A. A. Mathôt, Marjon H. Cnossen
Journal: HemaSphere (2025)

Abstract Limited data are available on VWF activity (VWF:Act) and factor VIII (FVIII:C) levels during delivery after VWF/FVIII concentrate administration in women with von Willebrand disease (VWD). We aimed to evaluate treatment with a specific VWF/FVIII concentrate on factor levels in women with VWD during delivery and the postpartum period. A retrospective single‐center study was conducted between January 1, 2008, and August 1, 2022. Pregnant women treated with Haemate®P during delivery were included if they had ≥2 consecutive VWF:Act and FVIII:C measurements post‐infusion. VWF:Act/FVIII:C levels were compared to predefined target levels. A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model was developed, estimating VWF and FVIII pharmacokinetics after Haemate®P administration. Nineteen women were included. Targeted VWF:Act/FVIII:C peak levels were achieved after the first infusion (≥1.00 IU/mL, n = 12; ≥1.50 IU/mL, n = 5), and all VWF:Act/FVIII:C trough levels remained ≥0.50 IU/mL during first 72 h of treatment. All women had pretreatment FVIII:C levels ≥1.00 IU/mL, except one woman with type 2N, which was significantly higher than FVIII:C levels during the third trimester (median increase: 0.42 IU/mL, interquartile range: [0.12–0.92]). FVIII:C trough levels increased during treatment, median 2.05 IU/mL [1.65–2.71]. Nine women (47%) experienced postpartum hemorrhage and no thrombosis occurred. A one‐compartment PopPK model adequately described VWF:Act/FVIII:C levels. Targeted VWF:Act/FVIII:C peak levels were achieved with the prescribed dosing regimens. VWF clearance was similar to that in nonpregnant individuals. Both pretreatment and FVIIIC trough levels during treatment were high with reduced FVIII clearance. Monitoring VWF:Act/FVIII:C levels is recommended for optimizing target levels and enriching the current PopPK model, improving VWF:Act/FVIII:C level predictions, and achieving more effective dosing.
Organic Food Consumption Might Protect Against Sensitisation to Inhalant Allergens at School Age: The <scp>PARIS</scp> Cohort
Authors: Maëlys Pernin‐Schneider, Hélène Amazouz, Guillaume Lezmi, Mélisande Bourgoin‐Heck, Jocelyne Just, Isabelle Momas, Fanny Rancière
Journal: Allergy (2025)

Interest has grown recently in childhood diet's role in allergy development. However, the studies focusing on organic food consumption are scarce. We address the relationships between such consumption and respiratory/allergic morbidity at school age in the PARIS (Pollution and asthma risk: An infant study) cohort. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire completed by the parents at 8 years. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis based on the consumption frequency of 30 foods (either organic or conventional) and 19 organic foods. Associations between dietary patterns and respiratory/allergic morbidity (asthma, rhinitis, eczema and sensitisation) were studied using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders, including family socioeconomic status and adherence to the Mediterranean diet as a proxy for dietary balance. Among 1258 children, three dietary patterns were identified, which differed significantly in terms of organic food consumption frequency: low frequency in G0 (51% of children), moderate in G1 (28%) and high in G2 (21%). No association was found between dietary patterns and asthma, eczema, rhinitis or sensitisation to food allergens. Children in G2 had lower likelihood of sensitisation to any allergen than those in G0 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40-0.91), particularly to inhalant allergens (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.42-0.99). Our findings suggest that frequent organic food consumption may be protective against allergic sensitisation at school age, based on the assumption that organic food consumption at the age of eight reflects consumption at earlier ages. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms for this association, including nutritional and environmental exposures.