Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease
Authors: Felicity Liew, Claudia Efstathiou, Sara Fontanella, Matthew Richardson, Ruth Saunders, Dawid Swieboda, Jasmin K. Sidhu, Stephanie Ascough, Shona C. Moore, Noura Mohamed, Jose Nunag, Clara King, Olivia C. Leavy, Omer Elneima, Hamish J. C. McAuley, Aarti Shikotra, Amisha Singapuri, Marco Sereno, Victoria C. Harris, Linzy Houchen-Wolloff, Neil J. Greening, Nazir I. Lone, Matthew Thorpe, A. A. Roger Thompson, Sarah L. Rowland-Jones, Annemarie B. Docherty, James D. Chalmers, Ling-Pei Ho, Alexander Horsley, Betty Raman, Krisnah Poinasamy, Michael Marks, Onn Min Kon, Luke S. Howard, Daniel G. Wootton, Jennifer K. Quint, Thushan I. de Silva, Antonia Ho, Christopher Chiu, Ewen M. Harrison, William Greenhalf, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Lance Turtle, Rachael A. Evans, Louise V. Wain, Christopher Brightling, Ryan S. Thwaites, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Kathryn Abel, H. Adamali, Davies Adeloye, Oluwaseun Adeyemi, Rita Adrego, Laura Aguilar Jimenez, Shanaz Ahmad, N. Ahmad Haider, Rubina Ahmed, Nyarko Ahwireng, Mark Ainsworth, Asma Alamoudi, Mariam Ali, M. Aljaroof, Louise Allan, Richard Allen, Lisa Allerton, Lynne Allsop, Ann Marie Allt, Paula Almeida, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Danny Altmann, Maria Alvarez Corral, Shannon Amoils, David Anderson, Charalambos Antoniades, Gill Arbane, Ava Maria Arias, Cherie Armour, Lisa Armstrong, Natalie Armstrong, David Arnold, H. Arnold, A. Ashish, Andrew Ashworth, M. Ashworth, Shahab Aslani, Hosanna Assefa-Kebede, Paul Atkin, Catherine Atkin, Raminder Aul, Hnin Aung, Liam Austin, Cristina Avram, Nikos Avramidis, A. Ayoub, Marta Babores, Rhiannon Baggott, J. Bagshaw, David Baguley, Elisabeth Bailey, J. Kenneth Baillie, Steve Bain, Majda Bakali, M. Bakau, E. Baldry, Molly Baldwin, David Baldwin, Clive Ballard, Amita Banerjee, Dongchun Bang, R. E. Barker, Laura Barman, Perdita Barran, Shaney Barratt, Fiona Barrett, Donna Basire, Neil Basu, Michelle Bates, A. Bates, R. Batterham, Helen Baxendale, Gabrielle Baxter, Hannah Bayes, M. Beadsworth, Paul Beckett, M. Beggs, M. Begum, Paul Beirne, Murdina Bell, Robert Bell, Kaytie Bennett, Eva Beranova, Areti Bermperi, Anthony Berridge, Colin Berry, Sarah Betts, Emily Bevan, Kamaldeep Bhui, Michelle Bingham, K. Birchall, Lettie Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, John Blaikely, Angela Bloss, Annette Bolger, Charlotte Bolton, J. Bonnington, A. Botkai, Charlotte Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Kate Bramham, Lucy Brear, G. Breen, Jonathon Breeze, Katie Breeze, Andrew Briggs, E. Bright, Simon Brill, K. Brindle, Lauren Broad, Andrew Broadley, Claire Brookes, Mattew Broome, Vanessa Brown, M. Brown, Jo Brown, J. Brown, Ammani Brown, Angela Brown, M. Brown, Jeremy Brown, Terry Brugha, Nigel Brunskill, M. Buch, Phil Buckley, Anda Bularga, Ed Bullmore, Jenny Bunker, L. Burden, Tracy Burdett, David Burn, G. Burns, A. Burns, John Busby, Robyn Butcher, Al-Tahoor Butt, S. Byrne, P. Cairns, P. C. Calder, Ellen Calvelo, H. Carborn, Bethany Card, Caitlin Carr, Liesel Carr, G. Carson, Penny Carter, Anna Casey, M. Cassar, Jonathon Cavanagh, Manish Chablani, Trudie Chalder, James D. Chalmers, Rachel Chambers, Flora Chan, K. M. Channon, Kerry Chapman, Amanda Charalambou, N. Chaudhuri, A. Checkley, Jin Chen, Yutung Cheng, Luke Chetham, Caroline Childs, Edwin Chilvers, H. Chinoy, A. Chiribiri, K. Chong-James, N. Choudhury, Gaunab Choudhury, Phillip Chowienczyk, C. Christie, Melanie Chrystal, Cameron Clark, David Clark, Jude Clarke, S. Clohisey, G. Coakley, Zach Coburn, S. Coetzee, Joby Cole, Chris Coleman, Florence Conneh, David Connell, Bronwen Connolly, Lynda Connor, Amanda Cook, Shirley Cooper, B. Cooper, Josh Cooper, Donna Copeland, Tracey Cosier, Eamon Coughlan, Martina Coulding, C. Coupland, E. Cox, Thelma Craig, P. Crisp, Daniele Cristiano, Michael Crooks, Andy Cross, Isabel Cruz, P. Cullinan, D. Cuthbertson, Luke Daines, Matthhew Dalton, Patrick Daly, Alison Daniels, P. Dark, Joanne Dasgin, C. David, Anthony David, Ffyon Davies, Ellie Davies, Kim Davies, Gareth Davies, Gwyneth Davies, Melanie Davies, Joy Dawson, Camilla Dawson, Enya Daynes, Anthony De Soyza, Bill Deakin, Andrew Deans, C. Deas, Joanne Deery, Sylviane Defres, Amanda Dell, K. Dempsey, Emma Denneny, J. Dennis, A. Dewar, Ruvini Dharmagunawardena, Nawar Diar-Bakerly, Caroline Dickens, A. Dipper, Sarah Diver, Shalin Diwanji, Myles Dixon, R. Djukanovic, Hannah Dobson, S. L. Dobson, Annemarie B. Docherty, A. Donaldson, T. Dong, N. Dormand, Andrew Dougherty, Rachael Dowling, Stephen Drain, Katharine Draxlbauer, Katie Drury, Pearl Dulawan, A. Dunleavy, Sarah Dunn, Catherine Dupont, Joanne Earley, Nicholas Easom, Carlos Echevarria, Sarah Edwards, C. Edwardson, Anne Elliott, K. Elliott, Yvette Ellis, Anne Elmer, Hosni El-Taweel, Teriann Evans, Ranuromanana Evans, D. Evans, R. Evans, H. Evans, Jonathon Evans, Cerys Evenden, Lynsey Evison, Laura Fabbri, Sara Fairbairn, Alexandra Fairman, K. Fallon, David Faluyi, Clair Favager, Tamanah Fayzan, James Featherstone, T. Felton, V. Ferreira, J. Finch, Selina Finney, J. Finnigan, L. Finnigan, Helen Fisher, S. Fletcher, Rachel Flockton, Margaret Flynn, H. Foot, David Foote, Amber Ford, D. Forton, Eva Fraile, C. Francis, Richard Francis, Susan Francis, Anew Frankel, Emily Fraser, Rob Free, N. French, X. Fu, Jonathon Fuld, J. Furniss, Lucie Garner, N. Gautam, John Geddes, J. George, P. George, Michael Gibbons, Rhyan Gill, Mandy Gill, L. Gilmour, F. Gleeson, Jodie Glossop, Sarah Glover, Nicola Goodman, Camelia Goodwin, Bibek Gooptu, Hussain Gordon, T. Gorsuch, M. Greatorex, Paul Greenhaff, William Greenhalf, Alan Greenhalgh, John Greenwood, Rebecca Gregory, Heidi Gregory, D. Grieve, Denise Griffin, L. 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Barlow, Stella Barnass, Nicholas Barrett, Christopher Bassford, Sneha Basude, David Baxter, Michael Beadsworth, Jolanta Bernatoniene, John Berridge, Colin Berry, Nicola Best, Debby Bogaert, Laura Booth, Pieter Bothma, Benjamin Brennan, Robin Brittain-Long, Katie Bullock, Naomi Bulteel, Tom Burden, Andrew Burtenshaw, Nicola Carlucci, Gail Carson, Vikki Caruth, Emily Cass, Benjamin W. A. Catterall, David Chadwick, Duncan Chambler, Meera Chand, Kanta Chechi, Nigel Chee, Jenny Child, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Richard Clark, Tom Clark, Jordan J. Clark, Emily A. Clarke, Sara Clohisey, Sarah Cole, Paul Collini, Marie Connor, Graham S. Cooke, Louise Cooper, Catherine Cosgrove, Audrey Coutts, Helen Cox, Jason Cupitt, Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel, Ana da Silva Filipe, Jo Dalton, Paul Dark, Christopher Davis, Chris Dawson, Thushan de Silva, Samir Dervisevic, Oslem Dincarslan, Alejandra Doce Carracedo, Annemarie B. Docherty, Cara Donegan, Lorna Donelly, Phil Donnison, Chloe Donohue, Gonçalo dos Santos Correia, Sam Douthwaite, Thomas M. Drake, Andrew Drummond, Marc-Emmanuel Dumas, Chris Dunn, Jake Dunning, Ingrid DuRand, Ahilanadan Dushianthan, Tristan Dyer, Philip Dyer, Angela Elliott, Cariad Evans, Anthony Evans, Chi Eziefula, Cameron J. Fairfield, Angie Fawkes, Chrisopher Fegan, Lorna Finch, Adam Finn, Lewis W. S. Fisher, Lisa Flaherty, Tom Fletcher, Terry Foster, Duncan Fullerton, Carrol Gamble, Isabel Garcia-Dorival, Atul Garg, Sanjeev Garg, Tammy Gilchrist, Michelle Girvan, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Jo Godden, Arthur Goldsmith, Clive Graham, Tassos Grammatikopoulos, Christopher A. Green, William Greenhalf, Julian Griffin, Fiona Griffiths, Philip Gunning, Rishi K. Gupta, Katarzyna Hafezi, Sophie Halpin, Hayley Hardwick, Elaine Hardy, Ewen M. Harrison, Janet Harrison, Catherine Hartley, Stuart Hartshorn, Daniel Harvey, Peter Havalda, Daniel B. Hawcutt, Ross Hendry, Antonia Y. W. Ho, Maria Hobrok, Luke Hodgson, Karl Holden, Anthony Holmes, Peter W. Horby, Anil Hormis, Joanne Howard, Samreen Ijaz, Clare Jackson, Michael Jacobs, Susan Jain, Paul Jennings, Rebecca L. Jensen, Christopher B. Jones, Trevor R. Jones, Agilan Kaliappan, Vidya Kasipandian, Seán Keating, Stephen Kegg, Michael Kelsey, Jason Kendall, Caroline Kerrison, Ian Kerslake, Shadia Khandaker, Say Khoo, Katharine King, Robyn T. Kiy, Paul Klenerman, Stephen R. Knight, Susan Knight, Oliver Koch, Gouri Koduri, George Koshy, Chrysa Koukorava, Shondipon Laha, Eva Lahnsteiner, Steven Laird, Annette Lake, Suzannah Lant, Susan Larkin, Diane Latawiec, Lara Lavelle-Langham, Andrew Law, James Lee, Gary Leeming, Daniella Lefteri, Tamas Leiner, Lauren Lett, Matthew Lewis, Sonia Liggi, Patrick Lillie, Wei Shen Lim, James Limb, Vanessa Linnett, Jeff Little, Lucia A. Livoti, Mark Lyttle, Louise MacGillivray, Alan Maclean, Michael MacMahon, Emily MacNaughton, Maria Mancini, Ravish Mankregod, Laura Marsh, Lynn Maslen, Hannah Massey, Huw Masson, Elijah Matovu, Nicole Maziere, Sarah McCafferty, Katherine McCullough, Sarah E. McDonald, Sarah McDonald, Laurence McEvoy, Ruth McEwen, John McLauchlan, Kenneth A. Mclean, Manjula Meda, Alexander J. Mentzer, Laura Merson, Soeren Metelmann, Alison M. Meynert, Nahida S. Miah, Joanna Middleton, Gary Mills, Jane Minton, Joyce Mitchell, Kavya Mohandas, Quen Mok, James Moon, Elinoor Moore, Shona C. Moore, Patrick Morgan, Kirstie Morrice, Craig Morris, Katherine Mortimore, Samuel Moses, Mbiye Mpenge, Rohinton Mulla, Derek Murphy, Lee Murphy, Michael Murphy, Ellen G. Murphy, Thapas Nagarajan, Megan Nagel, Mark Nelson, Lisa Norman, Lillian Norris, Lucy Norris, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Michael Olanipekun, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Peter J. M. Openshaw, Anthonia Osagie, Matthew K. O’Shea, Marlies Ostermann, Igor Otahal, Mark Pais, Massimo Palmarini, Carlo Palmieri, Selva Panchatsharam, Danai Papakonstantinou, Padmasayee Papineni, Hassan Paraiso, Brij Patel, Natalie Pattison, William A. Paxton, Rebekah Penrice-Randal, Justin Pepperell, Mark Peters, Mandeep Phull, Jack Pilgrim, Stefania Pintus, Riinu Pius, Tim Planche, Daniel Plotkin, Georgios Pollakis, Frank Post, Nicholas Price, David Price, Tessa Prince, Rachel Prout, Nikolas Rae, Andrew Rambaut, Henrik Reschreiter, Tim Reynolds, Neil Richardson, P. Matthew Ridley, Mark Roberts, Stephanie Roberts, Devender Roberts, David L. Robertson, Alistair Rose, Guy Rousseau, Bobby Ruge, Clark D. Russell, Brendan Ryan, Debby Sales, Taranprit Saluja, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu, Caroline Sands, Egle Saviciute, Matthias Schmid, Janet T. Scott, James Scott-Brown, Malcolm G. Semple, Aarti Shah, Manu Shankar-Hari, Prad Shanmuga, Anil Sharma, Catherine A. Shaw, Victoria E. Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Rebecca K. Shears, Louise Sigfrid, Jagtur Singh Pooni, Jeremy Sizer, Benjamin Small, Richard Smith, Catherine Snelson, Tom Solomon, Rebecca G. Spencer, Nick Spittle, Shiranee Sriskandan, Nikki Staines, Tom Stambach, Richard Stewart, David Stuart, Krishanthi S. Subramaniam, Pradeep Subudhi, Charlotte Summers, Olivia V. Swann, Tamas Szakmany, Agnieska Szemiel, Aislynn Taggart, Sarah Tait, Zoltan Takats, Panteleimon Takis, Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes, Kate Tatham, Richard S. Tedder, Jo Thomas, Jordan Thomas, Robert Thompson, Chris Thompson, Emma C. Thomson, Ascanio Tridente, Erwan Trochu, Darell Tupper-Carey, Lance C. W. Turtle, Mary Twagira, Nick Vallotton, Libby van Tonder, Rama Vancheeswaran, Rachel Vincent, Lisa Vincent-Smith, Shico Visuvanathan, Alan Vuylsteke, Sam Waddy, Rachel Wake, Andrew Walden, Ingeborg Welters, Murray Wham, Tony Whitehouse, Paul Whittaker, Ashley Whittington, Meme Wijesinghe, Eve Wilcock, Martin Williams, Lawrence Wilson, Stephen Winchester, Martin Wiselka, Adam Wolverson, Daniel G. Wootton, Andrew Workman, Nicola Wrobel, Bryan Yates, Peter Young, Maria Zambon, J. Eunice Zhang
Journal: Nature Immunology (2024)

One in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and mechanisms are poorly understood