Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants
Authors: Bin Zhou, Archie W Rayner, Edward W Gregg, Kate E Sheffer, Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco, James E Bennett, Jonathan E Shaw, Christopher J Paciorek, Rosie K Singleton, Ana Barradas Pires, Gretchen A Stevens, Goodarz Danaei, Victor PF Lhoste, Nowell H Phelps, Rachel A Heap, Lakshya Jain, Yse D'Ailhaud De Brisis, Agnese Galeazzi, Andre P Kengne, Anu Mishra, Nayu Ikeda, Hsien-Ho Lin, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Kairat Davletov, Shubash Ganapathy, Christin Heidemann, Yousef Saleh Khader, Young-Ho Khang, Avula Laxmaiah, Jean Claude N Mbanya, Viswanathan Mohan, KM Venkat Narayan, Meda E Pavkov, Eugène Sobngwi, Alisha N Wade, Novie O Younger-Coleman, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hanan F Abdul Rahim, Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh, Shalkar Adambekov, Robert J Adams, Wichai Aekplakorn, Shoaib Afzal, Imelda A Agdeppa, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Charles Agyemang, Noor Ani Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Naser Ahmadi, Nastaran Ahmadi, Soheir H Ahmed, Wolfgang Ahrens, Kamel Ajlouni, Sarah F Al-Hamli, Halima Al-Hinai, Jawad A Al-Lawati, Deena Al Asfoor, Monira Alarouj, Fadia AlBuhairan, Shahla AlDhukair, Mohamed M Ali, Mohammed K Ali, Anna V Alieva, Farbod Alinezhad, Abdullah Alkandari, Ala'a Alkerwi, Eman Aly, Deepak N Amarapurkar, Lars Bo Andersen, Sigmund A Anderssen, Dolores S Andrade, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Joana Araújo, Tahir Aris, Raphael E Arku, Nimmathota Arlappa, Krishna K Aryal, Thor Aspelund, Felix K Assah, Batyrbek Assembekov, Shiu Lun Au Yeung, Juha Auvinen, Mária Avdičová, Kishwar Azad, Ana Azevedo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Fereidoun Azizi, Flora Bacopoulou, Nagalla Balakrishna, Yulia Balanova, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Maciej Banach, Piotr Bandosz, José R Banegas, Carlo M Barbagallo, Alberto Barcelo, Maja Baretić, Lena Barrera, Marta Barreto, Abdul Basit, Anwar M Batieha, Aline P Batista, Louise A Baur, Antonisamy Belavendra, Theodora Benedek, Mikhail Benet, Michaela Benzeval, Salim Berkinbayev, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Ximena Berrios Carrasola, Heloísa Bettiol, Augustin F Beybey, Santosh K Bhargava, Yufang Bi, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Mukharram M Bikbov, Bihungum Bista, Peter Bjerregaard, Espen Bjertness, Marius B Bjertness, Cecilia Björkelund, Katia V Bloch, Anneke Blokstra, Martin Bobak, Bernhard O Boehm, Jose G Boggia, Carlos P Boissonnet, Stig E Bojesen, Marialaura Bonaccio, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Herman Borghs, Steve Botomba, Pascal Bovet, Imperia Brajkovich, Hermann Brenner, Lizzy M Brewster, Garry R Brian, Yajaira Briceño, Miguel Brito, Gloria Bueno, Anna Bugge, Frank Buntinx, Antonio Cabrera de León, Roberta B Caixeta, Günay Can, Ana Paula C Cândido, Mario V Capanzana, Naděžda Čapková, Eduardo Capuano, Rocco Capuano, Vincenzo Capuano, Viviane C Cardoso, Axel C Carlsson, Felipe F Casanueva, Laura Censi, Marvin Cervantes–Loaiza, Charalambos A Chadjigeorgiou, Parinya Chamnan, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Queenie Chan, Fadi J Charchar, Nish Chaturvedi, Chien-Jen Chen, Huashuai Chen, Long-Sheng Chen, Ching-Yu Cheng, Bahman Cheraghian, Angela Chetrit, Shu-Ti Chiou, María-Dolores Chirlaque, Jerzy Chudek, Renata Cifkova, Massimo Cirillo, Frank Claessens, Janine Clarke, Emmanuel Cohen, Hans Concin, Cyrus Cooper, Cojocaru R Cosmin, Simona Costanzo, Melanie J Cowan, Chris Cowell, Amelia C Crampin, Ana B Crujeiras, Juan J Cruz, Felipe V Cureau, Sarah Cuschieri, Graziella D'Arrigo, Eleonora d'Orsi, Haroldo da Silva-Ferreira, Jean Dallongeville, Albertino Damasceno, Rachel Dankner, Saeed Dastgiri, Luc Dauchet, Amalia De Curtis, Giovanni de Gaetano, Stefaan De Henauw, David De Ridder, Mohan Deepa, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Stefaan Demarest, Elaine Dennison, Valérie Deschamps, Meghnath Dhimal, Zivka Dika, Shirin Djalalinia, Chiara Donfrancesco, Maria Dorobantu, Nico Dragano, Wojciech Drygas, Shufa Du, Yong Du, Charmaine A Duante, Priscilla Duboz, Rosemary B Duda, Anar Dushpanova, Vilnis Dzerve, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Narges Ebrahimi, Ricky Eddie, Ebrahim Eftekhar, Vasiliki Efthymiou, Eruke E Egbagbe, Robert Eggertsen, Sareh Eghtesad, Clara Ladi Ejembi, Mohammad El-Khateeb, Jalila El Ati, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Roberto Elosua, Ofem Enang, Rajiv T Erasmus, Cihangir Erem, Gul Ergor, Louise Eriksen, Johan G Eriksson, Ali Esmaeili, Roger G Evans, Guy Fagherazzi, Noushin Fahimfar, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Caroline H Fall, Elnaz Faramarzi, Mojtaba Farjam, Farshad Farzadfar, Yosef Farzi, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Asher Fawwad, Francisco J Felix-Redondo, Trevor S Ferguson, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Desha R Fernando, Thomas Ferrao, Marika Ferrari, Marco M Ferrario, Catterina Ferreccio, Eldridge Ferrer, Edith JM Feskens, Günther Fink, David Flood, Maria Forsner, Sandrine Fosse-Edorh, Edward F Fottrell, Heba M Fouad, Damian K Francis, Guillermo Frontera, Isti I Fujiati, Matsuda Fumihiko, Takuro Furusawa, Zbigniew Gaciong, Fabio Galvano, Sarah P Garnett, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Magda Gasull, Andrea Gazzinelli, Ulrike Gehring, Ebrahim Ghaderi, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ali Ghanbari, Erfan Ghasemi, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Anup Ghimire, Alessandro Gialluisi, Simona Giampaoli, Francesco Gianfagna, Tiffany K Gill, Jonathan Giovannelli, Glen Gironella, Aleksander Giwercman, Marcel Goldberg, David Goltzman, Aleksandra Gomula, Helen Gonçalves, Mauer Gonçalves, David A Gonzalez-Chica, Marcela Gonzalez-Gross, Juan P González-Rivas, Angel R Gonzalez, Atsushi Goto, Frederic Gottrand, Dušan Grafnetter, Maria G Grammatikopoulou, Andriene Grant, Anne Sameline Grimsgaard, Tomasz Grodzicki, Anders Grøntved, Giuseppe Grosso, Dongfeng Gu, Vilmundur Gudnason, Ramiro Guerrero, Idris Guessous, Unjali P Gujral, Rajeev Gupta, Laura Gutierrez, Xinyi Gwee, Seongjun Ha, Rosa Haghshenas, Hamid Hakimi, Ian R Hambleton, Behrooz Hamzeh, Dominique Hange, Sari Hantunen, Jie Hao, Javad Harooni, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Jun Hata, Alison J Hayes, Jiang He, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Ana Henriques, Sauli Herrala, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Ramin Heshmat, Allan G Hill, Sai Yin Ho, Michelle Holdsworth, Reza Homayounfar, Wilma M Hopman, Andrea RVR Horimoto, Claudia Hormiga, Bernardo L Horta, Leila Houti, Christina Howitt, Thein Thein Htay, Aung Soe Htet, Maung Maung Than Htike, José María Huerta, Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi, Laetitia Huiart, Martijn Huisman, Monica Hunsberger, Abdullatif Husseini, Inge Huybrechts, Licia Iacoviello, Ellina M Iakupova, Anna G Iannone, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Chinwuba Ijoma, Vilma E Irazola, Takafumi Ishida, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Duygu Islek, Till Ittermann, Masanori Iwasaki, Tuija Jääskeläinen, Jeremy M Jacobs, Hashem Y Jaddou, Michel Jadoul, Bakary Jallow, Kenneth James, Kazi M Jamil, Edward Janus, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Grazyna Jasienska, Ana Jelaković, Bojan Jelaković, Garry Jennings, Anjani Kumar Jha, AM Jibo, Ramon O Jimenez, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jari J Jokelainen, Jost B Jonas, Josipa Josipović, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jóźwiak, Anthony Kafatos, Eero O Kajantie, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Argyro Karakosta, Khem B Karki, Marzieh Katibeh, Prasad Katulanda, Jussi Kauhanen, Gyulli M Kazakbaeva, François F Kaze, Calvin Ke, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Roya Kelishadi, Maryam Keramati, Mathilde Kersting, Kazem Khalagi, Arsalan Khaledifar, Davood Khalili, Bahareh Kheiri, Motahareh Kheradmand, Alireza Khosravi Farsani, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Sophia J Kiechl, Stefan Kiechl, Hyeon Chang Kim, Andrew Kingston, Heidi Klakk, Jana Klanova, Michael Knoflach, Patrick Kolsteren, Jürgen König, Raija Korpelainen, Paul Korrovits, Jelena Kos, Seppo Koskinen, Sudhir Kowlessur, Slawomir Koziel, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susi Kriemler, Peter Lund Kristensen, Steinar Krokstad, Daan Kromhout, Ruzena Kubinova, Urho M Kujala, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan, Meena Kumari, Vladimir Kutsenko, Catherine Kyobutungi, Quang Ngoc La, Tiina Laatikainen, Demetre Labadarios, Carl Lachat, Youcef Laid, Lachmie Lall, Anne Langsted, Tiina Lankila, Vera Lanska, Georg Lappas, Bagher Larijani, Tint Swe Latt, Martino Laurenzi, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Jeannette Lee, Terho Lehtimäki, Daniel Lemogoum, Gabriel M Leung, Charlie Lim, Wei-Yen Lim, M Fernanda Lima-Costa, Yi-Jing Lin, Lars Lind, Lauren Lissner, Liping Liu, Xiaotian Liu, Wei-Cheng Lo, Helle-Mai Loit, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Tania Lopez, José Eugenio Lozano, Dalia Luksiene, Annamari Lundqvist, Nuno Lunet, Thomas Lung, Michala Lustigová, Guansheng Ma, George LL Machado-Coelho, Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues, Enguerran Macia, Luisa M Macieira, Ahmed A Madar, Gladys E Maestre, Stefania Maggi, Dianna J Magliano, Emmanuella Magriplis, Gowri Mahasampath, Bernard Maire, Marcia Makdisse, Konstantinos Makrilakis, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Reza Malekzadeh, Sofia Malyutina, Lynell V Maniego, Yannis Manios, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Enzo Manzato, Mala Ali Mapatano, Anie Marcil, Francisco Mardones, Paula Margozzini, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Larissa Pruner Marques, Reynaldo Martorell, Luis P Mascarenhas, Mannix Masimango Imani, Masoud Masinaei, Shariq R Masoodi, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Prashant Mathur, Tandi E Matsha, Anselmo J Mc Donald Posso, Shelly R McFarlane, Stephen T McGarvey, Scott B McLean, Breige A McNulty, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Kirsten Mehlig, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Jesus D Melgarejo, Fabián Méndez, Ana Maria B Menezes, Alibek Mereke, Indrapal I Meshram, Diane T Meto, Nathalie Michels, Cláudia S Minderico, GK Mini, Juan Francisco Miquel, J Jaime Miranda, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Pietro A Modesti, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Kazem Mohammad, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Zahra Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Iraj Mohebbi, Niels C Møller, Dénes Molnár, Amirabbas Momenan, Roger A Montenegro Mendoza, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Farhad Moradpour, Alain Morejon, Luis A Moreno, Karen Morgan, Suzanne N Morin, George Moschonis, Alireza Moslem, Mildrey Mosquera, Malgorzata Mossakowska, Aya Mostafa, Seyed-Ali Mostafavi, Eugen Mota, Jorge Mota, Maria Mota, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Jorge Motta, Kelias P Msyamboza, Thet Thet Mu, Maria L Muiesan, Patricia B Munroe, Jaakko Mursu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Norlaila Mustafa, Muel Telo MC Muyer, Iraj Nabipour, Gabriele Nagel, Balkish M Naidu, Farid Najafi, Jana Námešná, Ei Ei K Nang, Vinay B Nangia, Take Naseri, Ana J Navarro-Ramírez, Nareemarn Neelapaichit, Azim Nejatizadeh, Ilona Nenko, Flavio Nervi, Tze Pin Ng, Chung T Nguyen, Nguyen D Nguyen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Michael Y Ni, Peng Nie, Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez, Guang Ning, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Nobuo Nishi, Marianna Noale, Oscar A Noboa, Mitsuhiko Noda, Børge G Nordestgaard, Davide Noto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Irfan Nuhoğlu, Moffat Nyirenda, Terence W O'Neill, Kyungwon Oh, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Altan Onat, Sok King Ong, Obinna Onodugo, Pedro Ordunez, Rui Ornelas, Pedro J Ortiz, Clive Osmond, Afshin Ostovar, Johanna A Otero, Charlotte B Ottendahl, Akaninyene Otu, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Elena Pahomova, Luigi Palmieri, 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Rampal, Sanjay Rampal, Sheena E Ramsay, Daniel A Rangel Reina, Ravindra P Rannan-Eliya, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Josep Redon, Jane DP Renner, Cézane P Reuter, Luis Revilla, Negar Rezaei, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Yeunsook Rho, Fernando Rigo, Leanne M Riley, Ulf Risérus, Reina G Roa, Louise Robinson, Wendy E Rodríguez-Anderson, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar, Andrea Y Rodríguez, Ulla Roggenbuck, Peter Rohloff, Rosalba Rojas-Martinez, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annika Rosengren, Joel GR Roy, Adolfo Rubinstein, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Paola Russo, Petra Rust, Marcin Rutkowski, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Hamideh Sabbaghi, Harshpal S Sachdev, Alireza Sadjadi, Ali Reza Safarpour, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Hossien Saghi, Olfa Saidi, Satoko Sakata, Nader Saki, Sanja Šalaj, Benoit Salanave, Jukka T Salonen, Massimo Salvetti, Jose Sánchez-Abanto, Diana A Santos, Lèlita C Santos, Maria Paula Santos, Rute Santos, Tamara R Santos, Jouko L Saramies, Luis B Sardinha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Yoko Sato, Kai-Uwe Saum, Stefan Savin, Norie Sawada, Mariana Sbaraini, Marcia Scazufca, Beatriz D Schaan, Herman Schargrodsky, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Sabine Schipf, Amand Floriaan Schmidt, Börge Schmidt, Carsten O Schmidt, Peter Schnohr, Catherine Mary Schooling, Ben Schöttker, Sara Schramm, Sylvain Sebert, Moslem Sedaghattalab, Aye Aye Sein, Abhijit Sen, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Jennifer Servais, Ronel Sewpaul, Svetlana Shalnova, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Maryam Sharafkhah, Sanjib K Sharma, Almaz Sharman, Amaneh Shayanrad, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Kenji Shibuya, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Rahman Shiri, Marat Shoranov, Namuna Shrestha, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Alfonso Siani, Mark J Siedner, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Xueling Sim, Mary Simon, Judith Simons, Leon A Simons, Michael Sjöström, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Przemysław Slusarczyk, Liam Smeeth, Stefan Söderberg, Agustinus Soemantri, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Mohammad Hossein 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Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Maria L Turley, Evangelia Tzala, Christophe Tzourio, Peter Ueda, Eunice Ugel, Flora AM Ukoli, Hanno Ulmer, Hannu MT Uusitalo, Gonzalo Valdivia, Damaskini Valvi, Rob M van Dam, Bert-Jan van den Born, Johan Van der Heyden, Hoang Van Minh, Lenie van Rossem, Natasja M Van Schoor, Irene GM van Valkengoed, Dirk Vanderschueren, Diego Vanuzzo, Anette Varbo, Senthil K Vasan, Tomas Vega, Toomas Veidebaum, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Charlotte Verdot, Giovanni Veronesi, Roosmarijn Verstraeten, Cesar G Victora, Lucie Viet, Luis Villarroel, Jesus Vioque, Jyrki K Virtanen, Bharathi Viswanathan, Peter Vollenweider, Ari Voutilainen, Martine Vrijheid, Janette Walton, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Chongjian Wang, Huijun Wang, Ningli Wang, Qian Wang, Weiqing Wang, Ya Xing Wang, Yi-Ren Wang, Ying-Wei Wang, S Goya Wannamethee, Karen Webster-Kerr, Niels Wedderkopp, Wenbin Wei, Leo D Westbury, Peter H Whincup, Kurt Widhalm, Indah S Widyahening, Andrzej Więcek, Nilmini Wijemunige, Rainford J Wilks, Karin Willeit, Peter Willeit, Tom Wilsgaard, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Roy A Wong-McClure, Andrew Wong, Emily B Wong, Mark Woodward, Chao-Chun Wu, Frederick C Wu, Haiquan Xu, Liang Xu, Yu Xu, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Li Yan, Weili Yan, Tabara Yasuharu, Chao-Yu Yeh, Moein Yoosefi, Akihiro Yoshihara, San-Lin You, Yu-Ling Yu, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Ahmad A Zainuddin, Farhad Zamani, Sabina Zambon, Antonis Zampelas, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Ko Ko Zaw, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Yi Zeng, Bing Zhang, Lei Zhang, Luxia Zhang, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Ming-Hui Zhao, Wenhua Zhao, Bekbolat Zholdin, Paul Zimmet, Marie Zins, Emanuel Zitt, Nada Zoghlami, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Majid Ezzati
Journal: The Lancet (2024)

Diabetes can be detected at the primary health-care level, and effective treatments lower the risk of complications. There are insufficient data on the coverage of treatment for diabetes and how it has changed. We estimated trends from 1990 to 2022 in diabetes prevalence and treatment for 200 countries and territories.