tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence in Oncology: Current Landscape, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: William Lotter, Michael J. Hassett, Nikolaus Schultz, Kenneth L. Kehl, Eliezer M. Van Allen, Ethan Cerami
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2024)

Artificial intelligence (AI) in oncology is advancing beyond algorithm development to integration into clinical practice. This review describes the current state of the field, with a specific focus on clinical integration. AI applications are structured according to cancer type and clinical domain, focusing on the four most common cancers and tasks of detection, diagnosis, and treatment. These applications encompass various data modalities, including imaging, genomics, and medical records. We conclude with a summary of existing challenges, evolving solutions, and potential future directions for the field.
Consensus quality indicators for monitoring multiple sclerosis
Authors: Isabel Voigt, Stefanie Fischer, Undine Proschmann, Urszula Konofalska, Peggy Richter, Hannes Schlieter, Thomas Berger, Sven G. Meuth, Hans-Peter Hartung, Katja Akgün, Tjalf Ziemssen
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2024)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) as a chronic, degenerative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system has a longitudinal and heterogeneous course with increasing treatment options and risk profiles requiring constant monitoring of a growing number of parameters. Despite treatment guidelines, there is a lack of strategic and individualised monitoring pathways, including respective quality indicators (QIs). To address this, we systematically developed transparent, traceable, and measurable QIs for MS monitoring. Through literature review, expert discussions, and consensus-building, existing QIs were identified and refined. In a two-stage online Delphi process involving MS specialists (on average 53 years old and with 25 years of professional experience), the QIs were evaluated for content, clarity, and intelligibility, resulting in a set of 24 QIs and checklists to assess the quality of care. The final QIs provide a structured approach to document, monitor, and enhance the quality of care for people with MS across their treatment journey.
PECARN prediction rules for CT imaging of children presenting to the emergency department with blunt abdominal or minor head trauma: a multicentre prospective validation study
Authors: James F Holmes, Kenneth Yen, Irma T Ugalde, Paul Ishimine, Pradip P Chaudhari, Nisa Atigapramoj, Mohamed Badawy, Kevan A McCarten-Gibbs, Donovan Nielsen, Allyson C Sage, Grant Tatro, Jeffrey S Upperman, P David Adelson, Daniel J Tancredi, Nathan Kuppermann
Journal: The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (2024)
ROS-responsive sprayable hydrogel as ROS scavenger and GATA6+ macrophages trap for the prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions
Authors: Yanjuan Huang, Xiuling Dai, Yujun Gong, Lingling Ren, Yong Luo, Yue Sun, Meixu Chen, Jingwen Jiang, Zilin Guan, Chunshun Zhao
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2024)
Exploiting pancreatic cancer metabolism: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Maria Chiara De Santis, Bruno Bockorny, Emilio Hirsch, Paola Cappello, Miriam Martini
Journal: Trends in Molecular Medicine (2024)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive form of pancreatic cancer, known for its challenging diagnosis and limited treatment options. The focus on metabolic reprogramming as a key factor in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance has gained prominence. In this review we focus on the impact of metabolic changes on the interplay among stromal, immune, and tumor cells, as glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) emerge as pivotal players in modulating immune cell functions and tumor growth. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that explore metabolic modulation for PDAC, targeting mitochondrial metabolism, asparagine and glutamine addiction, and autophagy inhibition. Overcoming challenges in understanding nutrient effects on immune-stromal-tumor interactions holds promise for innovative therapeutic strategies.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use and risk of thyroid cancer: Scandinavian cohort study
Authors: Björn Pasternak, Viktor Wintzell, Anders Hviid, Björn Eliasson, Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir, Christian Jonasson, Kristian Hveem, Henrik Svanström, Mads Melbye, Peter Ueda
Journal: BMJ (2024)

Abstract Objective To investigate whether use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists is associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer. Design Scandinavian cohort study. Setting Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 2007-21. Participants Patients who started GLP1 receptor agonist treatment were compared with patients who started dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor treatment, and in an additional analysis, patients who started sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment. Main outcome measures Thyroid cancer identified from nationwide cancer registers. An active-comparator new user study design was used to minimise risks of confounding and time related biases from using real world studies of drug effects. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios, controlling for potential confounders with propensity score weighting. Results The mean follow-up time was 3.9 years (standard deviation 3.5 years) in the GLP1 receptor agonist group and 5.4 years (standard deviation 3.5 years) in the DPP4 inhibitor group. 76 of 145 410 patients (incidence rate 1.33 events per 10 000 person years) treated with GLP1 receptor agonists and 184 of 291 667 patients (incidence rate 1.46 events per 10 000 person years) treated with DPP4 inhibitors developed thyroid cancer. GLP1 receptor agonist use was not associated with increased risk of thyroid cancer (hazard ratio 0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.31; rate difference −0.13, 95% confidence interval −0.61 to 0.36 events per 10 000 person years). The hazard ratio for medullary thyroid cancer was 1.19 (0.37 to 3.86). In the additional analysis comparing the GLP1 receptor agonist group with the SGLT2 inhibitor group, the hazard ratio for thyroid cancer was 1.16 (0.65 to 2.05). Conclusions In this large cohort study using nationwide data from three countries, GLP1 receptor agonist use was not associated with a substantially increased risk of thyroid cancer over a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. In the main analysis comparing GLP1 receptor agonists with DPP4 inhibitors, the upper limit of the confidence interval was consistent with no more than a 31% increase in relative risk.
India's elections: why data and transparency matter
Authors: None The Lancet
Journal: The Lancet (2024)

Later this month, Indians will head to the polls in what will be the largest election in history. 970 million people, more than 10% of the world population, will vote in the 2024 Lok Sabha (House of the People) parliamentary elections between April 19 and June 4. Opinion polls suggest that Prime Minister Narendra Modi, leader of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, and his coalition will win a third successive 5-year term. Under Modi's leadership, India has seen a remarkable, albeit unequal, economic boom.
Safety and immunogenicity of the Euvichol-S oral cholera vaccine for prevention of Vibrio cholerae O1 infection in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial
Authors: Katerina Rok Song, Ram Hari Chapagain, Dipesh Tamrakar, Rajeev Shrestha, Piush Kanodia, Shipra Chaudhary, T Anh Wartel, Jae Seung Yang, Deok Ryun Kim, Jinae Lee, Eun Lyeong Park, Haeun Cho, Jiyoung Lee, Patchara Thaisrivichai, Sridhar Vemula, Bo Mi Kim, Birendra Gupta, Tarun Saluja, Ruchir Kumar Pansuriya, Ravi Ganapathy, Yeong Ok Baik, Young Jin Lee, Suhi Jeon, Youngran Park, Howard L Her, Youngshin Park, Julia A Lynch
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

In October, 2017, WHO launched a strategy to eliminate cholera by 2030. A primary challenge in meeting this goal is the limited global supply capacity of oral cholera vaccine and the worsening of cholera outbreaks since 2021. To help address the current shortage of oral cholera vaccine, a WHO prequalified oral cholera vaccine, Euvichol-Plus was reformulated by reducing the number of components and inactivation methods. We aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of Euvichol-S (EuBiologics, Seoul, South Korea) compared with an active control vaccine, Shanchol (Sanofi Healthcare India, Telangana, India) in participants of various ages in Nepal.
Progress towards universal health coverage and inequalities in infant mortality: an analysis of 4·1 million births from 60 low-income and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2019
Authors: Thomas Hone, Judite Gonçalves, Paraskevi Seferidi, Rodrigo Moreno-Serra, Rudi Rocha, Indrani Gupta, Vinayak Bhardwaj, Taufik Hidayat, Chang Cai, Marc Suhrcke, Christopher Millett
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

BackgroundExpanding universal health coverage (UHC) might not be inherently beneficial to poorer populations without the explicit targeting and prioritising of low-income populations. This study examines whether the expansion of UHC between 2000 and 2019 is associated with reduced socioeconomic inequalities in infant mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe did a retrospective analysis of birth data compiled from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs). We analysed all births between 2000 and 2019 from all DHSs available for this period. The primary outcome was infant mortality, defined as death within 1 year of birth. Logistic regression models with country and year fixed effects assessed associations between country-level progress to UHC (using WHO's UHC service coverage index) and infant mortality (overall and by wealth quintile), adjusting for infant-level, mother-level, and country-level variables.FindingsA total of 4 065 868 births to 1 833 011 mothers were analysed from 177 DHSs covering 60 LMICs between 2000 and 2019. A one unit increase in the UHC index was associated with a 1·2% reduction in the risk of infant death (AOR 0·988, 95% CI 0·981–0·995; absolute measure of association, 0·57 deaths per 1000 livebirths). An estimated 15·5 million infant deaths were averted between 2000 and 2019 because of increases in UHC. However, richer wealth quintiles had larger associated reductions in infant mortality from UHC (quintile 5 AOR 0·983, 95% CI 0·973–0·993) than poorer quintiles (quintile 1 0·991, 0·985–0·998). In the early stages of UHC, UHC expansion was generally beneficial to poorer populations (ie, larger reductions in infant mortality for poorer households [infant deaths per 1000 per one unit increase in UHC coverage: quintile 1 0·84 vs quintile 5 0·59]), but became less so as overall coverage increased (quintile 1 0·64 vs quintile 5 0·57).InterpretationSince UHC expansion in LMICs appears to become less beneficial to poorer populations as coverage increases, UHC policies should be explicitly designed to ensure lower income groups continue to benefit as coverage expands.FundingUK National Institute for Health and Care Research.
The association between disability and all-cause mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tracey Smythe, Hannah Kuper
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

BackgroundThere are 1·3 billion people with disabilities globally. On average, they have poorer health than their non-disabled peers, but the extent of increased risk of premature mortality is unknown. We aimed to systematically review the association between disability and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Global Health, PsycINFO, and EMBASE from Jan 1, 1990 to Nov 14, 2022. Longitudinal epidemiological studies in any language with a comparator group that measured the association between disability and all-cause mortality in people of any age were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We used a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality by disability status. We then conducted meta-analyses separately for different impairment and age groups.FindingsWe identified 6146 unique articles, of which 70 studies (81 cohorts) were included in the systematic review, from 22 countries. There was variability in the methods used to assess and report disability and mortality. The meta-analysis included 54 studies, representing 62 cohorts (comprising 270 571 people with disabilities). Pooled HRs for all-cause mortality were 2·02 (95% CI 1·77–2·30) for people with disabilities versus those without disabilities, with high heterogeneity between studies (τ2=0·23, I2=98%). This association varied by impairment type: from 1·36 (1·17–1·57) for visual impairment to 3·95 (1·60–9·74) for multiple impairments. The association was highest for children younger than 18 years (4·46, [3·01–6·59]) and lower in people aged 15–49 years (2·45 [1·21–4·97]) and people older than 60 years (1·97 [1·65–2·36]).InterpretationPeople with disabilities had a two-fold higher mortality rate than people without disabilities in LMICs. Interventions are needed to improve the health of people with disabilities and reduce their higher mortality rate.FundingUK National Institute for Health and Care Research; and UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office.
Cooperation for malaria control and elimination in the Guiana Shield
Authors: Alice Sanna, Martha Suárez-Mutis, Yann Lambert, Luisiane Carvalho, Hedley Cairo, Horace Cox, Clara de Bort, Margarete Gomes do Socorro Mendonça, David A Forero-Peña, Juan Carlos Gabaldón-Figueira, Maria Eugenia Grillet, François Klein, Clément Lazarus, Yassamine Lazrek, Jaime Louzada, Dorinaldo Malafaia, Paola Marchesini, Lise Musset, Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira, Cassio Peterka, Cyril Rousseau, Emmanuel Roux, Leopoldo Villegas, Stephen Vreden, Solène Wiedner-Papin, Gabriel Zorello Laporta, Helene Hiwat, Maylis Douine
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

The Guiana Shield, a small region of South America, is currently one of the main hotspots of malaria transmission on the continent. This Amazonian area is characterised by remarkable socioeconomic, cultural, health, and political heterogeneity and a high degree of regional and cross-border population mobility, which has contributed to the increase of malaria in the region in the past few years. In this context, regional cooperation to control malaria represents both a challenge and an indispensable initiative. This Viewpoint advocates for the creation of a regional cooperative mechanism for the elimination of malaria in the Guiana Shield. This strategy would help address operational and political obstacles to successful technical cooperation in the region and could contribute to reversing the regional upsurge in malaria incidence through creating a functional international control and elimination partnership.
Advancing equity in medical device performance
Authors: None The Lancet Global Health
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

A UK Government commissioned report entitled Equity in medical devices: independent review, published on March 11, 2024, has drawn further attention to unfair biases in the design and use of medical devices. This timely report proposes 18 concrete recommendations to mitigate biases in three types of technologies: optical devices that use light to identify physiological disorders, artificial-intelligence (AI)-enabled devices, and polygenic risk scoring, calling for guidance updates, equity audit, and patient engagement in the National Health Service.
Masculinities and sexual and reproductive health and rights: a global research priority setting exercise
Authors: Aoibheann Brennan-Wilson, Magaly Marques, Anna Coates, Avni Amin, John Garry, Mark Tomlinson, Anam Nyembezi, Asha George, Maria Lohan
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2024)

Engaging men and boys in sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and doing so in a way that challenges harmful masculinities, is both neglected and vital for improving the SRHR of both women and men. To address this gap, WHO commissioned a global research priority setting exercise on masculinities and SRHR. The exercise adapted the quantitative child health and nutrition research initiative priority setting method by combining it with qualitative methods. Influenced by feminist and decolonial perspectives, over 200 diverse stakeholders from 60 countries across all WHO regions participated. The exercise forges a collaborative research agenda emphasising four key areas: gender-transformative approaches to men's and boys' engagement in SRHR, applied research to deliver services addressing diversity in SRHR among men and women and to generate gender-equality, research designs to support participation of target audiences and reach to policy makers, and research addressing the priorities of those in low-income and middle-income countries.
An elastic traction device for facilitating endoscopic submucosal dissection of a submucosal tumor at the cardia
Authors: Yaxuan Cheng, Enqiang Linghu, Bi Ya-Wei, Song Su, Ningli Chai
Journal: Endoscopy (2024)

A common challenge encountered during endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the lack of traction required to achieve an adequate submucosal view of the dissection area and to avoid mucosal and muscle layer injury, perforation, and bleeding [1] [2]. It is even more challenging to perform ESD for tumors located at the cardia of the stomach. Herein, we report a case in which an elastic traction device (Micro-tech, Nanjing, China), consisting of a rotatable tissue clip and an elastic band in the shape of a figure 8 attached to the arm of the clip, was used to improve the intraoperative view and facilitate submucosal tumor (SMT) resection at the cardia. We call this device an "8-shaped band" ([Fig. 1]).
Neuronally differentiated macula densa cells regulate tissue remodeling and regeneration in the kidney
Authors: Georgina Gyarmati, Urvi Nikhil Shroff, Anne Riquier-Brison, Dorinne Desposito, Wenjun Ju, Sean D. Stocker, Audrey Izuhara, Sachin Deepak, Alejandra Becerra Calderon, James L. Burford, Hiroyuki Kadoya, Ju-Young Moon, Yibu Chen, Markus M. Rinschen, Nariman Ahmadi, Lester Lau, Daniel Biemesderfer, Aaron W. James, Liliana Minichiello, Berislav V. Zlokovic, Inderbir S. Gill, Matthias Kretzler, János Peti-Peterdi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2024)

Tissue regeneration is limited in several organs including the kidney, contributing to the high prevalence of kidney disease globally. However, evolutionary and physiological adaptive responses and the presence of renal progenitor cells suggest existing remodeling capacity. This study uncovered endogenous tissue remodeling mechanisms in the kidney that were activated by the loss of body fluid and salt and regulated by a unique niche of a minority renal cell type called the macula densa (MD). Here we identified neuronal differentiation features of MD cells that sense the local and systemic environment, secrete angiogenic, growth and extracellular matrix remodeling factors, cytokines and chemokines, and control resident progenitor cells. Serial intravital imaging, MD nerve growth factor receptor and Wnt mouse models and transcriptome analysis revealed cellular and molecular mechanisms of these MD functions. Human and therapeutic translation studies illustrated the clinical potential of MD factors including CCN1 as a urinary biomarker and therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. The concept that a neuronally differentiated key sensory and regulatory cell type responding to organ-specific physiological inputs controls local progenitors to remodel or repair tissues may be applicable to other organs and diverse tissue regenerative therapeutic strategies.
Dietary carbohydrates regulate intestinal colonization and dissemination of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Aaron L. Hecht, Lisa C. Harling, Elliot S. Friedman, Ceylan Tanes, Junhee Lee, Jenni Firrman, Fuhua Hao, Vincent Tu, LinShu Liu, Andrew D. Patterson, Kyle Bittinger, Mark Goulian, Gary D. Wu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2024)

Bacterial translocation from the gut microbiota is a source of sepsis in susceptible patients. Previous work suggests that overgrowth of gut pathobionts, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, increases the risk of disseminated infection. Our data from a human dietary intervention study found that, in the absence of fiber, K. pneumoniae bloomed during microbiota recovery from antibiotic treatment. We thus hypothesized that dietary nutrients directly support or suppress colonization of this gut pathobiont in the microbiota. Consistent with our study in humans, complex carbohydrates in dietary fiber suppressed the colonization of K. pneumoniae and allowed for recovery of competing commensals in mouse models. In contrast, through ex vivo and in vivo modeling, we identified simple carbohydrates as a limiting resource for K. pneumoniae in the gut. As proof of principle, supplementation with lactulose, a nonabsorbed simple carbohydrate and an FDA-approved therapy, increased colonization of K. pneumoniae. Disruption of the intestinal epithelium led to dissemination of K. pneumoniae into the bloodstream and liver, which was prevented by dietary fiber. Our results show that dietary simple and complex carbohydrates were critical not only in the regulation of pathobiont colonization but also disseminated infection, suggesting that targeted dietary interventions may offer a preventative strategy in high-risk patients.
RNF4 sustains Myc-driven tumorigenesis by facilitating DNA replication
Authors: Joonyoung Her, Haiyan Zheng, Samuel F. Bunting
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2024)

The mammalian SUMO-targeted E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Rnf4, has been reported to act as a regulator of DNA repair, but the importance of RNF4 as a tumor suppressor has not been tested. Using a conditional-knockout mouse model, we deleted Rnf4 in the B cell lineage to test the importance of RNF4 for growth of somatic cells. Although Rnf4 conditional-knockout B cells exhibited substantial genomic instability, Rnf4 deletion caused no increase in tumor susceptibility. In contrast, Rnf4 deletion extended the healthy lifespan of mice expressing an oncogenic c-myc transgene. Rnf4 activity is essential for normal DNA replication, and in its absence, there was a failure in ATR-CHK1 signaling of replication stress. Factors that normally mediate replication fork stability, including members of the Fanconi Anemia gene family and the helicases, PIF1 and RECQL5, showed reduced accumulation at replication forks in the absence of RNF4. RNF4 deficiency also resulted in an accumulation of hyper-SUMOylated proteins in chromatin, including members of the SMC5/6 complex, which contributes to replication failure by a mechanism dependent on RAD51. These findings indicate that RNF4, which shows increased expression in multiple human tumor types, is a potential target for anti-cancer therapy, especially in tumors expressing c-myc.