tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
National Institutes of Health Funding for Surgeon-Scientists in the US—An Update and an Expanded Landscape
Authors: Lindsay A. Demblowski, Seth M. Steinberg, Rebecca A. Meseroll, George M. Santangelo, Martha A. Zeiger
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2024)

Importance Current reports suggest that the surgeon-scientist phenotype is significantly threatened. However, a significant increase in the proportion of surgeons in the workforce funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 2010 (0.5%) to 2020 (0.7%) was recently reported and showed that surgeons primarily performed basic science research (78% in 2010; 73% in 2020) rather than clinical research. Objective To provide an update on the status of surgeons funded by the NIH for fiscal year (FY) 2022. Evidence Review NIH-funded surgeons were identified in FY2012 and FY2022, including those who were awarded grants with more than 1 principal investigator (PI) by querying the internal database at the NIH. The main outcome for this study was the total number of NIH-funded surgeons in FY2012 and FY2022, including total grant costs and number of grants. The secondary analysis included self-reported demographic characteristics of the surgeons in FY2022. The research type (basic science vs clinical) of R01 grants was also examined. Findings Including multiple PI grants, 1324 surgeon-scientists were awarded $1.3 billion in FY2022. Women surgeons increased to 31.3% (339 of 1084) of the population of surgeon PIs in FY2022 compared with 21.0% (184 of 876) in FY2012. Among surgeon PIs awarded grants, a total of 200 (22.8%) were Asian, 35 (4.0%) were Black or African American, 18 (2.1%) were another race (including American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and more than 1 race), and 623 (71.1%) were White. A total of 513 of 689 R01 grants (74.5%) were for basic science, 131 (19.0%) were for clinical trials, and 45 (6.5%) were for outcomes research. Conclusions and Relevance NIH-funded surgeons are increasing in number and grant costs, including the proportion of women surgeon PIs, and are representative of the diversity among US academic surgical faculty. The results of this study suggest that despite the many obstacles surgeon-scientists face, their research portfolio continues to grow, they perform a myriad of mostly basic scientific research as both independent PIs and on multidisciplinary teams.
FDA Approves First State Program to Import Rx Drugs From Canada
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2024)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Dapagliflozin and Mode of Death in Heart Failure With Improved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Orly Vardeny, Akshay S. Desai, Pardeep S. Jhund, James C. Fang, Brian Claggett, Rudolf A. de Boer, Adrian F. Hernandez, Silvio E. Inzucchi, Mikhail N. Kosiborod, Carolyn S. P. Lam, Felipe A. Martinez, Sanjiv J. Shah, Finnian R. Mc Causland, Mark C. Petrie, Muthiah Vaduganathan, John J. V. McMurray, Scott D. Solomon
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2024)

Heart failure with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF), defined as prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 40% or lower that has increased to greater than 40%, is understudied.
Error in Table and Results
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2024)

Armaan K. Malhotra, MD; Husain Shakil, MD, MSc; Christopher W. Smith, PhD; Nicholas Sader, MD, MSc; Karim Ladha, MD, MSc; Duminda N. Wijeysundera, MD, PhD; Ashutosh Singhal, MD, MSc; Abhaya V. Kulkarni, MD, PhD; Jefferson R. Wilson, MD, PhD; Christopher D. Witiw, MD, MS; Avery B. Nathens, MD, PhD
Polygenic Risk in Families With Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
Authors: Ingrid Tarr, Stephanie Hesselson, Michael Troup, Paul Young, Jamie-Lee Thompson, Lucy McGrath-Cadell, Diane Fatkin, Sally L. Dunwoodie, David W. M. Muller, Siiri E. Iismaa, Jason C. Kovacic, Robert M. Graham, Eleni Giannoulatou
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2024)

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a poorly understood cause of acute coronary syndrome that predominantly affects women. Evidence to date suggests a complex genetic architecture, while a family history is reported for a minority of cases.
Fracture Risk Among Living Kidney Donors 25 Years After Donation
Authors: Hilal Maradit Kremers, Brandon R. Grossardt, Adam R. Miller, Bertram L. Kasiske, Arthur J. Matas, Sundeep Khosla, Walter K. Kremers, Hatem Amer, Rajiv Kumar
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Living kidney donors may have an increased risk of fractures due to reductions in kidney mass, lower concentrations of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and secondary increases in serum parathyroid hormone. Objective To compare the overall and site-specific risk of fractures among living kidney donors with strictly matched controls from the general population who would have been eligible to donate a kidney but did not do so. Design, Setting, and Participants This survey study was conducted between December 1, 2021, and July 31, 2023. A total of 5065 living kidney donors from 3 large transplant centers in Minnesota were invited to complete a survey about their bone health and history of fractures, and 16 156 population-based nondonor controls without a history of comorbidities that would have precluded kidney donation were identified from the Rochester Epidemiology Project and completed the same survey. A total of 2132 living kidney donors and 2014 nondonor controls responded to the survey. Statistical analyses were performed from May to August 2023. Exposure Living kidney donation. Main Outcomes and Measures The rates of overall and site-specific fractures were compared between living kidney donors and controls using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). Results At the time of survey, the 2132 living kidney donors had a mean (SD) age of 67.1 (8.9) years and included 1245 women (58.4%), and the 2014 controls had a mean (SD) age of 68.6 (7.9) years and included 1140 women (56.6%). The mean (SD) time between donation or index date and survey date was 24.2 (10.4) years for donors and 27.6 (10.7) years for controls. The overall rate of fractures among living kidney donors was significantly lower than among controls (SIR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.97). However, there were significantly more vertebral fractures among living kidney donors than among controls (SIR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.05-1.83). Conclusions and Relevance This survey study found a reduced rate of overall fractures but an excess of vertebral fractures among living kidney donors compared with controls after a mean follow-up of 25 years. Treatment of excess vertebral fractures with dietary supplements such as vitamin D 3 may reduce the numbers of vertebral fractures and patient morbidity.
An Automated System for Physician Trainee Procedure Logging via Electronic Health Records
Authors: Brian Kwan, Jeffery Engel, Brian Steele, Leslie Oyama, Christopher A. Longhurst, Robert El–Kareh, Michelle Daniel, Charles Goldberg, Brian Clay
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Procedural proficiency is a core competency for graduate medical education; however, procedural reporting often relies on manual workflows that are duplicative and generate data whose validity and accuracy are difficult to assess. Failure to accurately gather these data can impede learner progression, delay procedures, and negatively impact patient safety. Objective To examine accuracy and procedure logging completeness of a system that extracts procedural data from an electronic health record system and uploads these data securely to an application used by many residency programs for accreditation. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study of all emergency medicine resident physicians at University of California, San Diego Health was performed from May 23, 2023, to June 25, 2023. Exposures Automated system for procedure data extraction and upload to a residency management software application. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of procedures captured by the automated system when running silently compared with manually logged procedures in the same timeframe, as well as accuracy of the data upload. Results Forty-seven residents participated in the initial silent assessment of the extraction component of the system. During a 1-year period (May 23, 2022, to May 7, 2023), 4291 procedures were manually logged by residents, compared with 7617 procedures captured by the automated system during the same period, representing a 78% increase. During assessment of the upload component of the system (May 8, 2023, to June 25, 2023), a total of 1353 procedures and patient encounters were evaluated, with the system operating with a sensitivity of 97.4%, specificity of 100%, and overall accuracy of 99.5%. Conclusions and Relevance In this quality improvement study of emergency medicine resident physicians, an automated system demonstrated that reliance on self-reported procedure logging resulted in significant procedural underreporting compared with the use of data obtained at the point of performance. Additionally, this system afforded a degree of reliability and validity heretofore absent from the usual after-the-fact procedure logging workflows while using a novel application programming interface–based approach. To our knowledge, this system constitutes the first generalizable implementation of an automated solution to a problem that has existed in graduate medical education for decades.
Recruiting a Diverse Cardiology Physician Workforce
Authors: Sarah C. Snow, Brooke Alhanti, Pamela S. Douglas
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2024)

Importance Understanding trends in the representation of women and individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic populations in cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular subspecialty fellowships is essential to improving the diversity of the cardiology workforce. Objective To examine changes in the representation of women and underrepresented individuals in cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular subspecialty fellowships over time. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of trainee sex and race and ethnicity in various training programs from 2008 to 2022 used data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s publicly available online source. Participants included all residents, internal medicine residents, general surgery residents, and fellows in cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular subspecialty fellowships. Main Outcomes and Measures Percentages of women and Black and Hispanic trainees in these programs were calculated for each year. Mann-Kendall tests were used to determine if changes over the years represented a significant trend. Results Among the 3320 cardiovascular disease trainees in 2022, 848 (25.5%) were women, and 459 (13.8%) were Black or Hispanic, less than the representation among internal medicine trainees at 43.8% and 15.6%, respectively. However, the percentage of women trainees in cardiovascular disease significantly increased from 17.6% in 2008 ( P = .001 for time trend) and also increased for interventional cardiology fellowships (from 6.3% in 2008 to 20.1% in 2022; P = .002). Over the same period, the proportion of women in general surgery increased from 27.4% to 45.2% ( P &amp;amp;lt; .001). The percentage of Black and Hispanic trainees in internal medicine significantly increased from 8.6% in 2012 ( P &amp;amp;lt; .001) while increases in general surgery were not statistically significant (9.7% to 16.1%; P = .35). There were also important increases in the percentages of Black and Hispanic trainees in cardiovascular disease (from 8.3% in 2012; P = .09) and interventional cardiology (3.8% to 13.4%; P = .12). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the representation of women in cardiovascular fellowships, including interventional cardiology, increased over recent years. While representation of Black and Hispanic individuals is low in all residencies, including cardiovascular fellowships, recent positive trends are important to recognize and provide hope to drive future efforts.
Prevalence, Incidence, and Reversal Pattern of Childhood Stunting From Birth to Age 2 Years in Ethiopia
Authors: Frederick G. B. Goddard, Bezawit Mesfin Hunegnaw, Jonathan Luu, Sebastien J. P. A. Haneuse, Mesfin Zeleke, Yahya Mohammed, Chalachew Bekele, Daniel Tadesse, Meles Solomon, Delayehu Bekele, Grace J. Chan
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Although there has been a reduction in stunting (low-height-for-age and low-length-for-age), a proxy of malnutrition, the prevalence of malnutrition in Ethiopia is still high. Child growth patterns and estimates of stunting are needed to increase awareness and resources to improve the potential for recovery. Objective To estimate the prevalence, incidence, and reversal of stunting among children aged 0 to 24 months. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study of the Birhan Maternal and Child Health cohort in North Shewa Zone, Amhara, Ethiopia, was conducted between December 2018 and November 2020. Eligible participants included children aged 0 to 24 months who were enrolled during the study period and had their length measured at least once. Data analysis occurred from Month Year to Month Year. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of this study was stunting, defined as length-for-age z score (LAZ) at least 2 SDs below the mean. Z scores were also used to determine the prevalence, incidence, and reversal of stunting at each key time point. Growth velocity was determined in centimeters per month between key time points and compared with global World Health Organization (WHO) standards for the same time periods. Heterogeneity was addressed by excluding outliers in sensitivity analyses using modeled growth trajectories for each child. Results A total of 4354 children were enrolled, out of which 3674 (84.4%; 1786 [48.7%] female) had their length measured at least once and were included in this study. The median population-level length was consistently below WHO growth standards from birth to 2 years of age. The observed prevalence of stunting was highest by 2 years of age at 57.4% (95% CI, 54.8%-9 60.0%). Incidence of stunting increased over time and reached 51.0% (95% CI, 45.3%-56.6%) between ages 12 and 24 months. Reversal was 63.5% (95% CI, 54.8%-71.4%) by age 6 months and 45.2% (95% CI, 36.0%-54.8%) by age 2 years. Growth velocity point estimate differences were slowest compared with WHO standards during the neonatal period (−1.4 cm/month for girls and −1.6 cm/month for boys). There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric measurements. Conclusions and Relevance The evidence from this cohort study highlights a chronically malnourished population with much of the burden associated with growth faltering during the neonatal periods as well as after 6 months of age. To end all forms of malnutrition, growth faltering in populations such as that in young children in Amhara, Ethiopia, needs to be addressed.
Comparison of contraction-type and noncontraction-type lymphatic vessels in lymphaticovenous anastomosis for cancer-related unilateral lower limb lymphedema: a retrospective cohort propensity-score-matched outcome analysis
Authors: Martin Knoz, Yu-Ming Wang, Sheng-Dean Luo, Shao-Chun Wu, Wei-Che Lin, Pei-Yu Tsai, Peng-Chen Chien, Ching-Hua Hsieh, Johnson Chia-Shen Yang
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2024)

Background: Contraction-type lymphatic vessels (LV) are considered suboptimal for lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA). However, despite these pathological changes, their functionality and link to outcomes have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on outcomes when contraction-type LVs were used for LVA compared to the noncontraction-type (normal + ectatic) counterpart for treating lower limb lymphedema. Study design: Eighty-three patients with gynecologic cancer-related unilateral lower-limb lymphedema who underwent LVA as their primary treatment were enrolled in this study. The study group included 20 patients who used only contraction-type LVs. An additional 63 patients (control group) received noncontraction-type LVs only. Patients with a history of LVA, liposuction, or excisional therapy were excluded. Patient characteristics, intraoperative findings, functional parameters, and pre-LVA and post-LVA volume changes were recorded and matched using propensity scores. The primary endpoint was the volume change at 6/12 months after LVA. Results: After matching, 20 patients were included in each group. All parameters were matched, except that the study group still had a significantly inferior indocyanine green (ICG)-positive ratio, lymph flow-positive ratio, and washout-positive ratios ( P &lt;0.001, P =0.003, and P &lt;0.001, respectively) when compared to the control group after matching. However, at 1-year follow-up, the postoperative percentage volume reduction was comparable between the groups ( P= 0.619). Conclusion: The use of contraction-type LVs for LVA is encouraged when no other LVs are available.
Lithium carbonate revitalizes tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells by shunting lactic acid into mitochondria
Authors: Jingwei Ma, Liang Tang, Yaoyao Tan, Jingxuan Xiao, Keke Wei, Xin Zhang, Yuan Ma, Shuai Tong, Jie Chen, Nannan Zhou, Li Yang, Zhang Lei, Yonggang Li, Jiadi Lv, Junwei Liu, Huafeng Zhang, Ke Tang, Yi Zhang, Bo Huang
Journal: Nature Immunology (2024)

Abstract The steady flow of lactic acid (LA) from tumor cells to the extracellular space via the monocarboxylate transporter symport system suppresses antitumor T cell immunity. However, LA is a natural energy metabolite that can be oxidized in the mitochondria and could potentially stimulate T cells. Here we show that the lactate-lowering mood stabilizer lithium carbonate (LC) can inhibit LA-mediated CD8 + T cell immunosuppression. Cytoplasmic LA increased the pumping of protons into lysosomes. LC interfered with vacuolar ATPase to block lysosomal acidification and rescue lysosomal diacylglycerol–PKCθ signaling to facilitate monocarboxylate transporter 1 localization to mitochondrial membranes, thus transporting LA into the mitochondria as an energy source for CD8 + T cells. These findings indicate that targeting LA metabolism using LC could support cancer immunotherapy.
Modular design of cyclic peptide – polymer conjugate nanotubes for delivery and tunable release of anti-cancer drug compounds
Authors: Sophie K. Hill, Richard M. England, Sébastien Perrier
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2024)

High aspect-ratio nanomaterials have recently emerged as promising drug delivery vehicles due to evidence of strong cellular association and prolonged in vivo circulation times. Cyclic peptide - polymer conjugate nanotubes are excellent candidates due to their elongated morphology, their supramolecular composition and high degree of pliability due to the versatility in manipulating amino acid sequence and polymer type. In this work, we explore the use of a nanotube structure on which a potent anti-cancer drug, camptothecin, is attached alongside hydrophilic or amphiphilic RAFT polymers, which shield the cargo. We show that subtle modifications to the cleavable linker type and polymer architecture have a dramatic influence over the rate of drug release in biological conditions. In vitro studies revealed that multiple cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D models responded effectively to the nanotube treatment, and analogous fluorescently labelled materials revealed key mechanistic information regarding the degree of cellular uptake and intracellular fate. Importantly, the ability to instruct specific drug release profiles indicates a potential for these nanomaterials as vectors which can provide sustained drug concentrations for a maximal therapeutic effect.
The efficacy of chemotherapy is limited by intratumoral senescent cells expressing PD-L2
Authors: Selim Chaib, José Alberto López-Domínguez, Marta Lalinde-Gutiérrez, Neus Prats, Ines Marin, Olga Boix, Andrea García-Garijo, Kathleen Meyer, María Isabel Muñoz, Mònica Aguilera, Lidia Mateo, Camille Stephan-Otto Attolini, Susana Llanos, Sandra Pérez-Ramos, Marta Escorihuela, Fatima Al-Shahrour, Timothy P. Cash, Tamara Tchkonia, James L. Kirkland, María Abad, Alena Gros, Joaquín Arribas, Manuel Serrano
Journal: Nature Cancer (2024)

Abstract Chemotherapy often generates intratumoral senescent cancer cells that strongly modify the tumor microenvironment, favoring immunosuppression and tumor growth. We discovered, through an unbiased proteomics screen, that the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) is highly upregulated upon induction of senescence in different types of cancer cells. PD-L2 is not required for cells to undergo senescence, but it is critical for senescent cells to evade the immune system and persist intratumorally. Indeed, after chemotherapy, PD-L2-deficient senescent cancer cells are rapidly eliminated and tumors do not produce the senescence-associated chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2. Accordingly, PD-L2-deficient pancreatic tumors fail to recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells and undergo regression driven by CD8 T cells after chemotherapy. Finally, antibody-mediated blockade of PD-L2 strongly synergizes with chemotherapy causing remission of mammary tumors in mice. The combination of chemotherapy with anti-PD-L2 provides a therapeutic strategy that exploits vulnerabilities arising from therapy-induced senescence.
Publisher Correction: Long-term labeling and imaging of synaptically connected neuronal networks in vivo using double-deletion-mutant rabies viruses
Authors: Lei Jin, Heather A. Sullivan, Mulangma Zhu, Thomas K. Lavin, Makoto Matsuyama, Xin Fu, Nicholas E. Lea, Ran Xu, YuanYuan Hou, Luca Rutigliani, Maxwell Pruner, Kelsey R. Babcock, Jacque Pak Kan Ip, Ming Hu, Tanya L. Daigle, Hongkui Zeng, Mriganka Sur, Guoping Feng, Ian R. Wickersham
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2024)
Author Correction: High-throughput screening of genetic and cellular drivers of syncytium formation induced by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Charles W. F. Chan, Bei Wang, Lang Nan, Xiner Huang, Tianjiao Mao, Hoi Yee Chu, Cuiting Luo, Hin Chu, Gigi C. G. Choi, Ho Cheung Shum, Alan S. L. Wong
Journal: Nature Biomedical Engineering (2024)
Pembrolizumab plus enfortumab vedotin in urothelial cancer
Authors: Matteo Santoni, Hideki Takeshita, Francesco Massari, Aristotelis Bamias, Linda Cerbone, Ondrej Fiala, Veronica Mollica, Sebastiano Buti, Angela Santoni, Joaquim Bellmunt
Journal: Nature Reviews Urology (2024)