tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estrogen-Only Hormone Therapy and Dementia
Authors: Madeline Wood Alexander, Gillian Einstein, Jennifer S. Rabin
Journal: JAMA (2024)

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Mosquito Bed Net Use and Burkitt Lymphoma Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nora Schmit, Jeevan Kaur, Elom K. Aglago
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Importance Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is one of the most common childhood cancers in sub-Saharan Africa and is etiologically linked to malaria. However, evidence for an effect of malaria interventions on BL is limited. Objective To investigate the potential population-level association between large-scale rollout of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) in sub-Saharan Africa in the 2000s and BL incidence. Data Sources In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a search was conducted in the Embase, Global Health, and Medline databases and in cancer registry publications between January 1, 1990, and February 27, 2023. Study Selection All epidemiologic studies on BL incidence rates in children and adolescents aged 0 to 15 years in sub-Saharan African countries where malaria is endemic were identified by 2 reviewers blinded to each other’s decision. Data Extraction and Synthesis The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers, and quality was scored based on 3 predefined criteria: data collection, case ascertainment, and calculation of person-time at risk. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence rates of BL during childhood and mean ITN use in the population. Data were analyzed using a random-effects negative binomial regression model. Results Of 2333 studies meeting selection criteria, 23 comprising 66 data points on BL incidence were included based on 5226 BL cases from locations with large-scale ITN use in 17 countries. Rates of BL were 44% (95% CI, 12%-64%) lower in the period after ITN introduction compared with before. The adjusted pooled incidence rates of BL were 1.36 (95% CI, 0.88-2.10) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.50-1.16) per 100 000 person-years before and after introduction of ITNs, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, a 1–percentage point increase in mean ITN use in the population in the 10 years before BL data collection was associated with a 2% (95% CI, 1%-4%) reduction in BL incidence. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review and meta-analysis, large-scale rollout of ITNs in the 2000s was associated with a reduction in BL burden among children in sub-Saharan Africa. Although published data may not be representative of all incidence rates across sub-Saharan Africa, this study highlights a potential additional benefit of malaria control programs.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Anxiety During Laparoscopic Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Authors: Chunyan Li, Mingshu Tao, Dexian Chen, Qi Wei, Xingyu Xiong, Wenxin Zhao, Wen Tan, Jie Yang, Yuan Han, Hongxing Zhang, Song Zhang, He Liu, Jun-Li Cao
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Perioperative anxiety is prevalent among patients undergoing surgical treatment of cancer and often influences their prognosis. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown potential in the treatment of various anxiety-related disorders, but data on the impact of tDCS on perioperative anxiety are limited.
Racial Discrimination, Inflammation, Sleep, and Metabolic Syndrome From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Ross H. McMillan, Celeste C. Thomas
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Nia Heard-Garris, MD, MBA, MSc; Tianyi Yu, PhD; Gene Brody, PhD; Edith Chen, PhD; Katherine B. Ehrlich, PhD; Gregory E. Miller, PhD
Burkholderia thailandensis uses a type VI secretion system to lyse protrusions without triggering host cell responses
Authors: Miro Thorsten Wilhelm Plum, Hoi Ching Cheung, Patricia Reist Iscar, Yahua Chen, Yunn-Hwen Gan, Marek Basler
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2024)

To spread within a host, intracellular Burkholderia form actin tails to generate membrane protrusions into neighboring host cells and use type VI secretion system-5 (T6SS-5) to induce cell-cell fusions. Here, we show that B. thailandensis also uses T6SS-5 to lyse protrusions to directly spread from cell to cell. Dynamin-2 recruitment to the membrane near a bacterium was followed by a short burst of T6SS-5 activity. This resulted in the polymerization of the actin of the newly invaded host cell and disruption of the protrusion membrane. Most protrusion lysis events were dependent on dynamin activity, caused no cell-cell fusion, and failed to be recognized by galectin-3. T6SS-5 inactivation decreased protrusion lysis but increased galectin-3, LC3, and LAMP1 accumulation in host cells. Our results indicate that B. thailandensis specifically activates T6SS-5 assembly in membrane protrusions to disrupt host cell membranes and spread without alerting cellular responses, such as autophagy.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospital-Based Burden of Disease in Children Younger Than 5 Years, 2015-2022
Authors: Robert J. Suss, Eric A. F. Simões
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) resurgences have been noted following the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. Recent findings suggest that the 2021 and 2022 RSV seasons were more severe than in past seasons, and age distribution may have shifted toward older children in the younger than 5 years age group.
Allogeneic CD19/CD22 CAR T-Cell Therapy for B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Laurent Phely, Luca Hensen, Christoph Faul, Christer Alexander Ruff, Dina Schneider, Wolfgang Andreas Bethge, Claudia Lengerke
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2024)

This case series reports durable remissions in 2 patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with allogeneic bispecific CD19/CD22-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
Evolution of the <i>International Classification of Diseases</i>—From Hierarchical Classification to Linguistic Nuance
Authors: Michael Pine, Christopher Tompkins
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

Justin R. Zhu, BA; Anoop R. Galivanche, MD; Michael J. Gouzoulis, BS; Alexander J. Kammien, BS; Stephen M. Gillinov, BS; Rahul H. Jayaram, BS; Jonathan N. Grauer, MD
Ultrasound-visible engineered bacteria for tumor chemo-immunotherapy
Authors: Yaozhang Yang, Yuanyuan Wang, Fengyi Zeng, Yuhao Chen, Zhiyi Chen, Fei Yan
Journal: Cell Reports Medicine (2024)

Our previous work developed acoustic response bacteria, which enable the precise tuning of transgene expression through ultrasound. However, it is still difficult to visualize these bacteria in order to guide the sound wave to precisely irradiate them. Here, we develop ultrasound-visible engineered bacteria and chemically modify them with doxorubicin (DOX) on their surfaces. These engineered bacteria (Ec@DIG-GVs) can produce gas vesicles (GVs), providing a real-time imaging guide for remote hyperthermia high-intensity focused ultrasound (hHIFU) to induce the expression of the interferon (IFN)-γ gene. The production of IFN-γ can kill tumor cells, induce macrophage polarization from the M2 to the M1 phenotype, and promote the maturation of dendritic cells. DOX can be released in the acidic tumor microenvironment, resulting in immunogenic cell death of tumor cells. The concurrent effects of IFN-γ and DOX activate a tumor-specific T cell response, producing the synergistic anti-tumor efficacy. Our study provides a promising strategy for bacteria-mediated tumor chemo-immunotherapy.
Identification of hypoxic macrophages in glioblastoma with therapeutic potential for vasculature normalization
Authors: Wenying Wang, Tianran Li, Yue Cheng, Fei Li, Shuhong Qi, Min Mao, Jingjing Wu, Qing Liu, Xiaoning Zhang, Xuegang Li, Lu Zhang, Haoyue Qi, Lan Yang, Kaidi Yang, Zhicheng He, Shuaishuai Ding, Zhongyi Qin, Ying Yang, Xi Yang, Chunhua Luo, Ying Guo, Chao Wang, Xindong Liu, Lei Zhou, Yuqi Liu, Weikai Kong, Jingya Miao, Shuanghui Ye, Min Luo, Lele An, Lujing Wang, Linrong Che, Qin Niu, Qinghua Ma, Xia Zhang, Zhihong Zhang, Rong Hu, Hua Feng, Yi-Fang Ping, Xiu-Wu Bian, Yu Shi
Journal: Cancer Cell (2024)

Monocyte-derived tumor-associated macrophages (Mo-TAMs) intensively infiltrate diffuse gliomas with remarkable heterogeneity. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we chart a spatially resolved transcriptional landscape of Mo-TAMs across 51 patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastomas or IDH-mutant gliomas. We characterize a Mo-TAM subset that is localized to the peri-necrotic niche and skewed by hypoxic niche cues to acquire a hypoxia response signature. Hypoxia-TAM destabilizes endothelial adherens junctions by activating adrenomedullin paracrine signaling, thereby stimulating a hyperpermeable neovasculature that hampers drug delivery in glioblastoma xenografts. Accordingly, genetic ablation or pharmacological blockade of adrenomedullin produced by Hypoxia-TAM restores vascular integrity, improves intratumoral concentration of the anti-tumor agent dabrafenib, and achieves combinatorial therapeutic benefits. Increased proportion of Hypoxia-TAM or adrenomedullin expression is predictive of tumor vessel hyperpermeability and a worse prognosis of glioblastoma. Our findings highlight Mo-TAM diversity and spatial niche-steered Mo-TAM reprogramming in diffuse gliomas and indicate potential therapeutics targeting Hypoxia-TAM to normalize tumor vasculature.
Proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae colonization by facilitating the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria in the gut microbiome
Authors: Imchang Lee, Jae-Won Jo, Heung-Jeong Woo, Ki Tae Suk, Seung Soon Lee, Bong-Soo Kim
Journal: Gut Microbes (2024)

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose a global health threat; however, there is still limited understanding of the risk factors and underlying mechanisms of CRE colonization in the gut microbiome. We conducted a matched case-control study involving 282 intensive care unit patients to analyze influencing covariates on CRE colonization. Subsequently, their effects on the gut microbiome were analyzed in a subset of 98 patients (47 CRE carriers and 51 non-CRE carriers) using whole metagenome sequences. The concomitant use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and antibiotics was a significant risk factor for CRE colonization. The gut microbiome differed according to PPI administration, even within the CRE and non-CRE groups. Moreover, the transfer of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) harboring carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) between bacteria was higher in the PPI-treated group than in the PPI-not-treated group among CRE carriers. The concomitant use of PPIs and antibiotics significantly alters the gut microbiome and increases the risk of CRE colonization by facilitating the transfer of CRGs among bacteria of the gut microbiome. Based on these findings, improved stewardship of PPIs as well as antibiotics can provide strategies to reduce the risk of CRE colonization, thereby potentially improving patient prognosis.
The effects of cholecalciferol and afamelanotide on vitamin D levels in erythropoietic protoporphyria: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Louisa G Kluijver, Mitra Nekouei Shahraki, Margreet A E M Wagenmakers, Bettina E Hanssen, Viola Kuerten, Kathrin Schelonke, Bernhard Homey, Janneke G Langendonk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2024)

Abstract Background Patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria experience lifelong painful photosensitivity resulting in a lack of sunlight exposure. Previous studies have shown that 47–63% of patients with EPP suffer from vitamin D deficiency and a high prevalence of osteoporosis. An effective treatment for EPP has been available since 2016: the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue afamelanotide. So far, studies on vitamin D levels in EPP have only investigated patients who have not been treated with afamelanotide. Objectives To investigate the effects of afamelanotide treatment on vitamin D levels in EPP. Methods A multicentre observational cohort study in adults with EPP from the Erasmus Medical Centre, the Netherlands, and the University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany, was carried out. Routinely collected vitamin D levels between 2005 and 2021 were used for analysis. Patient exposure to cholecalciferol or afamelanotide was categorized into four treatment groups: untreated, cholecalciferol, afamelanotide and combined treatment. A linear mixed model for longitudinal data was applied to measure the effect of the treatment groups compared with the untreated groups on vitamin D levels. Results A total of 230 patients and 1774 vitamin D measurements were included. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and severe deficiency remained high despite afamelanotide treatment (&amp;lt; 50 nmol L–1 in 71.8% of patients and &amp;lt; 30 nmol L–1 in 48.1%, respectively). Afamelanotide treatment alone did not lead to a significant average increase in vitamin D levels [β = 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) –3.2 to 4.2]. In contrast, cholecalciferol and combined therapy with afamelanotide led to a significant increase in vitamin D levels [β = 11.6 (95% CI 7.2–15.9) and β = 15.2 (95% CI 12.3–18.1), respectively]. Conclusions Cholecalciferol remains essential for the treatment of vitamin D deficiency in EPP, irrespective of new treatment options like afamelanotide. Afamelanotide treatment did not affect vitamin D levels. We suggest that future guidelines include continuous monitoring of vitamin D and a prescription for cholecalciferol in all patients with EPP, including those treated with afamelanotide.
Use of the Pfizer Pentavalent Meningococcal Vaccine Among Persons Aged ≥10 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ― United States, 2023
Authors: Jennifer P. Collins, Samuel J. Crowe, Ismael R. Ortega-Sanchez, Lynn Bahta, Doug Campos-Outcalt, Jamie Loehr, Rebecca L. Morgan, Katherine A. Poehling, Lucy A. McNamara
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2024)

Meningococcal disease is a life-threatening invasive infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis.Two quadrivalent (serogroups A, C, W, and Y) meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenACWY) (MenACWY-CRM [Menveo, GSK] and MenACWY-TT [MenQuadfi, Sanofi Pasteur]) and two serogroup B meningococcal vaccines (MenB) GSK] and MenB-FHbp [Trumenba, Pfizer Inc.]), are licensed and available in the United States and have been recommended by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).On October 20, 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a pentavalent meningococcal vaccine (MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp [Penbraya, Pfizer Inc.]) for prevention of invasive disease caused by N. meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, W, and Y among persons aged 10-25 years.On October 25, 2023, ACIP recommended that MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp may be used when both MenACWY and MenB are indicated at the same visit for the following groups: 1) healthy persons aged 16-23 years (routine schedule) when shared clinical decision-making favors administration of MenB vaccine, and 2) persons aged ≥10 years who are at increased risk for meningococcal disease (e.g., because of persistent complement deficiencies, complement inhibitor use, or functional or anatomic asplenia).Different manufacturers' serogroup B-containing vaccines are not interchangeable; therefore, when MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp is used, subsequent doses of MenB should be from the same manufacturer (Pfizer Inc.).This report summarizes evidence considered for these recommendations and provides clinical guidance for the use of MenACWY-TT/MenB-FHbp. * Nimenrix and MenQuadfi (both abbreviated MenACWY-TT) are different vaccines containing different amounts of tetanus toxoid conjugate.
COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage, and Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Residents in Nursing Homes — National Healthcare Safety Network, United States, October 2023–February 2024
Authors: David Franklin, Kira Barbre, Theresa A. Rowe, Hannah E. Reses, Jason Massey, Lu Meng, Philip Dollard, Heather Dubendris, Molly Stillions, Lindsay Robinson, Jacques W. Clerville, Kara Jacobs Slifka, Andrea Benin, Jeneita M. Bell
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2024)

Nursing home residents are at increased risk for developing severe COVID-19.Nursing homes report weekly facilitylevel data on SARS-CoV-2 infections, COVID-19-associated hospitalizations, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage among residents to CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network.This analysis describes rates of incident SARS-CoV-2 infection, rates of incident COVID-19-associated hospitalization, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage during October 16, 2023-February 11, 2024.Weekly rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 61.4 to 133.8 per 10,000 nursing home residents.The weekly percentage of facilities reporting one or more incident SARS-CoV-2 infections ranged from 14.9% to 26.1%.Weekly rates of COVID-19-associated hospitalization ranged from 3.8 to 7.1 per 10,000 residents, and the weekly percentage of facilities reporting one or more COVID-19-associated hospitalizations ranged from 2.6% to 4.7%.By February 11, 2024, 40.5% of nursing home residents had received a dose of the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine that was first recommended in September 2023.Although the peak rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among nursing home residents was lower during the 2023-24 respiratory virus season than during the three previous respiratory virus seasons, nursing home residents continued to be disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and related severe outcomes.Vaccination coverage remains suboptimal in this population.Ongoing surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-associated hospitalizations in this population is necessary to develop and evaluate evidence-based interventions for protecting nursing home residents.
Barriers and Facilitators Impacting Lung Cancer Screening Uptake Among Black Veterans: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Neelima Navuluri, Tiera Lanford, Abigail Shapiro, Govind Krishnan, Angela B. Johnson, Isaretta L. Riley, Leah L. Zullig, Christopher E. Cox, Scott Shofer
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2024)

Racial disparities in lung cancer screening (LCS) are well established. Black Veterans are among those at the highest risk for developing lung cancer but are less likely to complete LCS. We sought to identify barriers and facilitators to LCS uptake among Black Veterans.
Synthetic soldiers: Turning T cells into immortal warriors
Authors: Nicholas P. Restifo, Luca Gattinoni
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2024)

The creation of synthetic T cell states has captivated the field of cell-based therapies. Wang et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20232368) describe how disruption of BCOR and ZC3H12A unleashes anti-tumor T cells with unprecedented lifespan and killer instinct. Are we witnessing the birth of immortal super-soldiers in medicine?
Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Richard K. Cheng, Michelle M. Kittleson, Craig J. Beavers, David H. Birnie, Ron Blankstein, Paco E. Bravo, Nisha A. Gilotra, Marc A. Judson, Kristen K. Patton, Leonie Rose-Bovino
Journal: Circulation (2024)

Cardiac sarcoidosis is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy that results from granulomatous inflammation of the myocardium and may present with high-grade conduction disease, ventricular arrhythmias, and right or left ventricular dysfunction. Over the past several decades, the prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis has increased. Definitive histological confirmation is often not possible, so clinicians frequently face uncertainty about the accuracy of diagnosis. Hence, the likelihood of cardiac sarcoidosis should be thought of as a continuum (definite, highly probable, probable, possible, low probability, unlikely) rather than in a binary fashion. Treatment should be initiated in individuals with clinical manifestations and active inflammation in a tiered approach, with corticosteroids as first-line treatment. The lack of randomized clinical trials in cardiac sarcoidosis has led to treatment decisions based on cohort studies and consensus opinions, with substantial variation observed across centers. This scientific statement is intended to guide clinical practice and to facilitate management conformity by providing a framework for the diagnosis and management of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Insulin resistance impairs biologic agent response in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: insights from a prospective cohort study in China
Authors: Dawei Huang, Xiaoyuan Zhong, Yuxiong Jiang, Luyang Kong, Rui Ma, Jiajing Lu, Ying Li, Yuling Shi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2024)

Abstract Background Psoriasis and insulin resistance (IR) are closely related, but it remains unclear whether IR affects the treatment of patients with psoriasis. Objective To investigate whether IR impairs the treatment response to biologic agents in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Methods This project was based on a prospective cohort study design. Data were collected from the Shanghai Psoriasis Effectiveness Evaluation CoHort (SPEECH), which is a prospective cohort exploring treatment strategies for psoriasis in China. IR was assessed using triglyceride glucose–body mass index (TyG-BMI). Psoriasis severity was assessed using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Physician Global Assessment (PGA). Multiple logistic regression was used to explore the differences between patients with high and low levels of IR. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the study results. Results A total of 290 patients were included in the analysis. Based on median TyG-BMI, the patients were divided into two groups: high and low IR. The high IR group exhibited a higher prevalence of diabetes, a higher BMI, and higher fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels than the low IR group. Further analysis of treatment efficacy revealed that patients in the high IR group had lower PASI 75 [≥ 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI)], PASI 90 (≥ 90% improvement in PASI) and PGA 0/1 (‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’) response rates after 12 weeks of treatment. In the low IR group, 81.9% of patients achieved PASI 75, 58.3% achieved PASI 90 and 75.7% achieved PGA 0/1. However, the proportion of responses at each endpoint was significantly lower in the high IR group compared with the low IR group. The reduced PGA 0/1 response rate was more significant in the high IR group, indicated by lower odd ratios. Subsequent subgroup and sensitivity analyses produced consistent results. Conclusion IR is associated with lower effectiveness of biologics in patients with psoriasis.