tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of interventions to increase healthcare workers’ adherence to vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 1993 to 2022
Authors: Marco Clari, Beatrice Albanesi, Rosanna Irene Comoretto, Alessio Conti, Erika Renzi, Michela Luciani, Davide Ausili, Azzurra Massimi, Valerio Dimonte
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2024)

Background Vaccination adherence among healthcare workers (HCWs) is fundamental for the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in healthcare. This safeguards HCWs' well-being, prevents transmission of infections to vulnerable patients and contributes to public health. Aim This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to describe interventions meant to increase HCWs’ adherence to vaccination and estimate the effectiveness of these interventions. Methods We searched literature in eight databases and performed manual searches in relevant journals and the reference lists of retrieved articles. The study population included any HCW with potential occupational exposure to VPDs. We included experimental and quasi-experimental studies presenting interventions aimed at increasing HCWs’ adherence to vaccination against VPDs. The post-intervention vaccination adherence rate was set as the main outcome. We included the effect of interventions in the random-effects and subgroup meta-analyses. Results The systematic review considered 48 studies on influenza and Tdap vaccination from database and manual searches, and 43 were meta-analysed. A statistically significant, positive effect was seen in multi-component interventions in randomised controlled trials (relative risk (RR) = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13–1.66) and in observational studies (RR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.29–1.58). Vaccination adherence rate was higher in community care facilities (RR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.49–1.68) than in hospitals (RR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.76-2.05). Conclusion Interventions aimed at increasing HCWs’ adherence to vaccination against VPDs are effective, especially multi-component ones. Future research should determine the most effective framework of interventions for each setting, using appropriate study design for their evaluation, and should compare intervention components to understand their contribution to the effectiveness.
The untapped health and climate potential of cycling in France: a national assessment from individual travel data
Authors: Emilie Schwarz, Marion Leroutier, Audrey De Nazelle, Philippe Quirion, Kévin Jean
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2024)

Promoting active modes of transportation such as cycling may generate important public health, economic, and climate mitigation benefits. We aim to assess the mortality and morbidity impacts of cycling in a country with relatively low levels of cycling, France, along with associated monetary benefits. We further assess the potential additional benefits of shifting a portion of short trips from cars to bikes, including projected greenhouse gas emissions savings. Using individual data from a nationally representative mobility survey, we described the French 2019 cycling levels by age and sex. We conducted a burden of disease analysis to assess the incidence of five chronic diseases (breast cancer, colon cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, and type-2 diabetes) and the number of deaths prevented by cycling, based on national incidence and mortality data and dose–response relationships from meta-analyses. We assessed the corresponding direct medical cost savings and the intangible costs prevented based on the value of a statistical life year. Lastly, based on individual simulations, we assessed the likely additional benefits of shifting 25% of short (<5 km) car trips to cycling. The French adult (20–89 years) population was estimated to cycle on average 1 min 17 sec pers−1 day−1 in 2019, with important heterogeneity across sex and age. This yielded benefits of 1,919 (uncertainty interval, UI: 1,101–2,736) premature deaths and 5,963 (UI: 3,178–8,749) chronic disease cases prevented, with males reaping nearly 75% of these benefits. Direct medical costs prevented were estimated at €191 million (UI: 98–285) annually, while the corresponding intangible costs were nearly 25 times higher (€4.8 billion, UI: 3.0–6.5). We estimated that on average, €1.02 (UI: 0.59–1.62) of intangible costs were prevented for every km cycled. Shifting 25% of short car trips to cycling would yield approximatively a 2-fold increase in deaths prevented, while also generating important CO2 emissions reductions (0.257 MtCO2e, UI: 0.231–0.288). In a country with a low- to moderate-cycling culture, cycling already generates important public health and health-related economic benefits. Further development of active transportation would increase these benefits while also contributing to climate change mitigation targets. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Targeting the DHX9 RNA Helicase to Induce Antitumor Immunity in Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Katherine B. Chiappinelli
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2024)

Summary: Murayama and colleagues establish DHX9 as an exciting new target to induce viral mimicry and downstream antitumor immunity. The potential for use in combination with existing immune therapies is especially exciting in SCLC, an immunologically cold and deadly disease. See related article by Murayama et al., p. 468 (10) .
A Soft Bioelectronic Patch for Simultaneous Respiratory and Cardiovascular Monitoring (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 6/2024)
Authors: Xue Wang, Xiao Xiao, Zhiping Feng, Yufen Wu, Jin Yang, Jun Chen
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2024)

RespiRatoRy MonitoRingIn article 2303479, Jin Yang, Jun Chen, and co-workers develop a soft bioelectronic patch for simultaneous respiration and cardiovascular monitoring during sleep.It provides a simple and convenient platform to continuously monitor respiration and heart rate in a wearable and non-invasive manner, thus holding great promise for non-invasive sleep study and sleep quality enhancement.
Integrating artificial intelligence into healthcare systems: more than just the algorithm
Authors: Jethro C. C. Kwong, Grace C. Nickel, Serena C. Y. Wang, Joseph C. Kvedar
Journal: npj Digital Medicine (2024)

Boussina et al. recently evaluated a deep learning sepsis prediction model (COMPOSER) in a prospective before-and-after quasi-experimental study within two emergency departments at UC San Diego Health, tracking outcomes before and after deployment. Over the five-month implementation period, they reported a 17% relative reduction in in-hospital sepsis mortality and a 10% relative increase in sepsis bundle compliance. This editorial discusses the importance of shifting the focus towards evaluating clinically relevant outcomes, such as mortality reduction or quality-of-life improvements, when adopting artificial intelligence (AI) tools. We also explore the ecosystem vital for AI algorithms to succeed in the clinical setting, from interoperability standards and infrastructure to dashboards and action plans. Finally, we suggest that algorithms may eventually fail due to the human nature of healthcare, advocating for the need for continuous monitoring systems to ensure the adaptability of these tools in the ever-evolving healthcare landscape.
Absence of a pancreatic microbiome in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
Authors: Marie-Madlen Pust, Darío Missael Rocha Castellanos, Kara Rzasa, Andrea Dame, Gleb Pishchany, Charnwit Assawasirisin, Andrew Liss, Carlos Fernandez-del Castillo, Ramnik J Xavier
Journal: Gut (2024)

Objective This study aims to validate the existence of a microbiome within intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) that can be differentiated from the taxonomically diverse DNA background of next-generation sequencing procedures. Design We generated 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data to analyse 338 cyst fluid samples from 190 patients and 19 negative controls, the latter collected directly from sterile syringes in the operating room. A subset of samples (n=20) and blanks (n=5) were spiked with known concentrations of bacterial cells alien to the human microbiome to infer absolute abundances of microbial traces. All cyst fluid samples were obtained intraoperatively and included IPMNs with various degrees of dysplasia as well as other cystic neoplasms. Follow-up culturing experiments were conducted to assess bacterial growth for microbiologically significant signals. Results Microbiome signatures of cyst fluid samples were inseparable from those of negative controls, with no difference in taxonomic diversity, and microbial community composition. In a patient subgroup that had recently undergone invasive procedures, a bacterial signal was evident. This outlier signal was not characterised by higher taxonomic diversity but by an increased dominance index of a gut-associated microbe, leading to lower taxonomic evenness compared with the background signal. Conclusion The ‘microbiome’ of IPMNs and other pancreatic cystic neoplasms does not deviate from the background signature of negative controls, supporting the concept of a sterile environment. Outlier signals may appear in a small fraction of patients following recent invasive endoscopic procedures. No associations between microbial patterns and clinical or cyst parameters were apparent.
Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy
Authors: Xiaoying Zou, Xin Zheng, Yuhong Liang, Chengfei Zhang, Bing Fan, Jingping Liang, Junqi Ling, Zhuan Bian, Qing Yu, Benxiang Hou, Zhi Chen, Xi Wei, Lihong Qiu, Wenxia Chen, Wenxi He, Xin Xu, Liuyan Meng, Chen Zhang, Liming Chen, Shuli Deng, Yayan Lei, Xiaoli Xie, Xiaoyan Wang, Jinhua Yu, Jin Zhao, Song Shen, Xuedong Zhou, Lin Yue
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2024)

Abstract Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes. Additionally, ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified. Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes. Indeed, clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years. Based on the current evidence of studies, this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions. The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods, their effects, limitations, the paradigm shift, current indications, and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed. This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication, thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control, standardizing clinical practice, and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.
Illness trajectories of incurable solid cancers
Authors: Eric C T Geijteman, Evelien J M Kuip, Jannie Oskam, Diana Lees, Eduardo Bruera
Journal: BMJ (2024)

Percentage of patients who achieve a response, including complete response (complete disappearance of lesions) or partial response (reduction in the sum of maximal tumour diameters by ≥30%).Many of the hormonal and chemotherapies may also stabilise an advanced cancer, which may be of great importance for patients in order to increase life expectancy.
Protective human monoclonal antibodies target conserved sites of vulnerability on the underside of influenza virus neuraminidase
Authors: Julia Lederhofer, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Lam Nguyen, Julie E. Raab, Adrian Creanga, Tyler Stephens, Rebecca A. Gillespie, Hubza Z. Syeda, Brian E. Fisher, Michelle Skertic, Christina Yap, Andrew J. Schaub, Reda Rawi, Peter D. Kwong, Barney S. Graham, Adrian B. McDermott, Sarah F. Andrews, Neil P. King, Masaru Kanekiyo
Journal: Immunity (2024)

Continuously evolving influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and pose global pandemic threats. Although viral neuraminidase (NA) is an effective drug and vaccine target, our understanding of the NA antigenic landscape still remains incomplete. Here, we describe NA-specific human antibodies that target the underside of the NA globular head domain, inhibit viral propagation of a wide range of human H3N2, swine-origin variant H3N2, and H2N2 viruses, and confer both pre- and post-exposure protection against lethal H3N2 infection in mice. Cryo-EM structures of two such antibodies in complex with NA reveal non-overlapping epitopes covering the underside of the NA head. These sites are highly conserved among N2 NAs yet inaccessible unless the NA head tilts or dissociates. Our findings help guide the development of effective countermeasures against ever-changing influenza viruses by identifying hidden conserved sites of vulnerability on the NA underside.
Unraveling the role of M1 macrophage and CXCL9 in predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy through multicohort analysis and single‐cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Yunfang Yu, Haizhu Chen, Wenhao Ouyang, Jin Zeng, Hong Huang, Luhui Mao, Xueyuan Jia, Taihua Guan, Zehua Wang, Ruichong Lin, Zhenjun Huang, Hanqi Yin, Herui Yao, Kang Zhang
Journal: MedComm (2024)

Abstract The exact function of M1 macrophages and CXCL9 in forecasting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is still not thoroughly investigated. We investigated the potential of M1 macrophage and C‐X‐C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (CXCL9) as predictive markers for ICI efficacy, employing a comprehensive approach integrating multicohort analysis and single‐cell RNA sequencing. A significant correlation between high M1 macrophage and improved overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR) was found. M1 macrophage expression was most pronounced in the immune‐inflamed phenotype, aligning with increased expression of immune checkpoints. Furthermore, CXCL9 was identified as a key marker gene that positively correlated with M1 macrophage and response to ICIs, while also exhibiting associations with immune‐related pathways and immune cell infiltration. Additionally, through exploring RNA epigenetic modifications, we identified Apolipoprotein B MRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3G (APOBEC3G) as linked to ICI response, with high expression correlating with improved OS and immune‐related pathways. Moreover, a novel model based on M1 macrophage, CXCL9, and APOBEC3G‐related genes was developed using multi‐level attention graph neural network, which showed promising predictive ability for ORR. This study illuminates the pivotal contributions of M1 macrophages and CXCL9 in shaping an immune‐active microenvironment, correlating with enhanced ICI efficacy. The combination of M1 macrophage, CXCL9, and APOBEC3G provides a novel model for predicting clinical outcomes of ICI therapy, facilitating personalized immunotherapy.
Radiotherapy Enhances Metastasis Through Immune Suppression by Inducing PD-L1 and MDSC in Distal Sites
Authors: Yuzhu Hou, Kaiting Yang, Liangliang Wang, Jiaai Wang, Xiaona Huang, András Piffkó, Sean Z. Luo, Xinshuang Yu, Enyu Rao, Carlos Martinez, Jason Bugno, Matthias Mack, Everett E. Vokes, Sean P. Pitroda, Steven J. Chmura, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, Hua Laura Liang
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2024)

Abstract Purpose: Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely employed anticancer treatment. Emerging evidence suggests that RT can elicit both tumor-inhibiting and tumor-promoting immune effects. The purpose of this study is to investigate immune suppressive factors of radiotherapy. Experimental Design: We used a heterologous two-tumor model in which adaptive concomitant immunity was eliminated. Results: Through analysis of PD-L1 expression and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) frequencies using patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine two-tumor and metastasis models, we report that local irradiation can induce a systemic increase in MDSC, as well as PD-L1 expression on dendritic cells and myeloid cells, and thereby increase the potential for metastatic dissemination in distal, nonirradiated tissue. In a mouse model using two distinct tumors, we found that PD-L1 induction by ionizing radiation was dependent on elevated chemokine CXCL10 signaling. Inhibiting PD-L1 or MDSC can potentially abrogate RT-induced metastasis and improve clinical outcomes for patients receiving RT. Conclusions: Blockade of PD-L1/CXCL10 axis or MDSC infiltration during irradiation can enhance abscopal tumor control and reduce metastasis.
Mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy triggers GSDME-mediated pyroptosis and sensitizes anti-PD-1 therapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Yun Zhou, Wenyao Zhang, Boda Wang, Pei Wang, Danxiu Li, Tianyu Cao, Dawei Zhang, Hua Han, Mingfeng Bai, Xin Wang, Xiaodi Zhao, Yuanyuan Lu
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2024)

Background The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer (CRC) is limited due to the low tumor neoantigen load and low immune infiltration in most microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors. This study aimed to develop a mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach to provoke host antitumor immunity of MSS-CRC and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods The role and mechanism of mitochondria-targeted PDT in inhibiting CRC progression and inducing pyroptosis were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The immune effects of PDT sensitization on PD-1 blockade were also assessed in CT26 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse models. Results Here, we report that PDT using IR700DX-6T, a photosensitizer targeting the mitochondrial translocation protein, may trigger an antitumor immune response initiated by pyroptosis in CRC. Mechanistically, IR700DX-6T-PDT produced reactive oxygen species on light irradiation and promoted downstream p38 phosphorylation and active caspase3 (CASP3)-mediated cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME), subsequently inducing pyroptosis. Furthermore, IR700DX-6T-PDT enhanced the sensitivity of MSS-CRC cells to PD-1 blockade. Decitabine, a demethylation drug used to treat hematologic neoplasms, disrupted the abnormal methylation pattern of GSDME in tumor cells, enhanced the efficacy of IR700DX-6T-PDT, and elicited a potent antitumor immune response in combination with PD-1 blockade and IR700DX-6T-PDT. Conclusion Our work provides clear a understanding of immunogenic cell death triggered by mitochondria-targeted PDT, offering a new approach for enhancing the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in CRC.
Authors' Reply: Eculizumab Seems to be a Life Saver Even in Shiga Toxin-Related Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Arnaud Garnier
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2024)

Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France Correspondence: Dr. Arnaud Garnier, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31300 Toulouse, France. Email: [email protected] See related letter to the editor, "Eculizumab Seems to be a Life Saver Even in Shiga Toxin-Related Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome," on page 384, and original article, "Efficacy and Safety of Eculizumab in Pediatric Patients Affected by Shiga Toxin–Related Hemolytic and Uremic Syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial," in Vol. 34, Iss. 9, 1561–1573.
Access to High-Resolution Anoscopy Among Persons With HIV and Abnormal Anal Cytology Results
Authors: Sun Hee Rim, Mona Saraiya, Linda Beer, Yunfeng Tie, Xin Yuan, John Weiser
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2024)

This cross-sectional study evaluates use and availability of follow-up anoscopy among persons at highest risk for anal cancer.
PAPipe: A Pipeline for Comprehensive Population Genetic Analysis
Authors: Nayoung Park, Hyeonji Kim, Jeongmin Oh, Jinseok Kim, Charyeong Heo, Jaebum Kim
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2024)

Abstract Advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have led to a substantial increase in the availability of population genetic variant data, thus prompting the development of various population analysis tools to enhance our understanding of population structure and evolution. The tools that are currently used to analyze population genetic variant data generally require different environments, parameters, and formats of the input data, which can act as a barrier preventing the wide-spread usage of such tools by general researchers who may not be familiar with bioinformatics. To address this problem, we have developed an automated and comprehensive pipeline called PAPipe to perform nine widely used population genetic analyses using population NGS data. PAPipe seamlessly interconnects and serializes multiple steps, such as read trimming and mapping, genetic variant calling, data filtering, and format converting, along with nine population genetic analyses such as principal component analysis, phylogenetic analysis, population tree analysis, population structure analysis, linkage disequilibrium decay analysis, selective sweep analysis, population admixture analysis, sequentially Markovian coalescent analysis, and fixation index analysis. PAPipe also provides an easy-to-use web interface that allows for the parameters to be set and the analysis results to be browsed in intuitive manner. PAPipe can be used to generate extensive results that provide insights that can help enhance user convenience and data usability. PAPipe is freely available at https://github.com/jkimlab/PAPipe.
The prospect of artificial intelligence to personalize assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Simon Hanassab, Ali Abbara, Arthur C. Yeung, Margaritis Voliotis, Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova, Tom W. Kelsey, Geoffrey H. Trew, Scott M. Nelson, Thomas Heinis, Waljit S. Dhillo
Journal: npj Digital Medicine (2024)

Abstract Infertility affects 1-in-6 couples, with repeated intensive cycles of assisted reproductive technology (ART) required by many to achieve a desired live birth. In ART, typically, clinicians and laboratory staff consider patient characteristics, previous treatment responses, and ongoing monitoring to determine treatment decisions. However, the reproducibility, weighting, and interpretation of these characteristics are contentious, and highly operator-dependent, resulting in considerable reliance on clinical experience. Artificial intelligence (AI) is ideally suited to handle, process, and analyze large, dynamic, temporal datasets with multiple intermediary outcomes that are generated during an ART cycle. Here, we review how AI has demonstrated potential for optimization and personalization of key steps in a reproducible manner, including: drug selection and dosing, cycle monitoring, induction of oocyte maturation, and selection of the most competent gametes and embryos, to improve the overall efficacy and safety of ART.