tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enrichment of Hard Sweeps on the X Chromosome in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
Authors: Mariana Harris, Nandita R Garud
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2022)

Abstract The characteristic properties of the X chromosome, such as male hemizygosity and its unique inheritance pattern, expose it to natural selection in a way that can be different from the autosomes. Here, we investigate the differences in the tempo and mode of adaptation on the X chromosome and autosomes in a population of Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that due to hemizygosity and a lower effective population size on the X, the relative proportion of hard sweeps, which are expected when adaptation is gradual, compared with soft sweeps, which are expected when adaptation is rapid, is greater on the X than on the autosomes. We quantify the incidence of hard versus soft sweeps in North American D. melanogaster population genomic data with haplotype homozygosity statistics and find an enrichment of the proportion of hard versus soft sweeps on the X chromosome compared with the autosomes, confirming predictions we make from simulations. Understanding these differences may enable a deeper understanding of how important phenotypes arise as well as the impact of fundamental evolutionary parameters on adaptation, such as dominance, sex-specific selection, and sex-biased demography.
Factors Associated With Quality Care Among Adults With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Anne V. Seyferth, Meghan N. Cichocki, Chien-Wei Wang, Yun-Ju Huang, Yi-Wei Huang, Jung-Sheng Chen, Chang-Fu Kuo, Kevin C. Chung
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Although quality care markers exist for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the predictors of meeting these markers are unclear. Objective To explore factors associated with quality care among patients with RA. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study using insurance claims from 2009 to 2017 was conducted, and 6 sequential logistic regression models were built to evaluate quality care markers. Quality care markers were measured at 1 year post-RA diagnosis for each patient. The MarketScan Research Database, which contains commercial and Medicare Advantage administrative claims data from more than 100 million individuals in the US, was used to identify patients aged 18 to 64 years with a diagnosis claim for RA. Patients with conditions presenting similar to RA and missing demographic characteristics were excluded. Data analysis occurred between February 18 and May 5, 2022. Exposures Success or failure to meet selected RA quality care markers within 1 year after RA diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of meeting successive quality care markers for RA. Results Among 581 770 patients, 430 843 (74.1%) were women and the mean (SD) age was 48.9 (11.3) years. Most patients (236 285 [40.6%]) resided in the South and had an income less than or equal to $45 200 (490 366 [84.3%]). Of the total study population, 399 862 individuals (68.7%) met at least 1 quality care marker and 181 908 (31.3%) met 0 markers. Most commonly, patients met annual laboratory testing (299 323 [51.5%]) and referral to a rheumatologist (256 765 [44.1%]) markers. The least met marker was receiving hepatitis B screening prior to initiation of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy (18 548 [3.2%]). Women were most likely to meet all quality care markers except receiving DMARDs with hepatitis B screening (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12-1.16). Individuals with lower median household income had lower odds of receiving a rheumatologist referral, an annual physical examination, or annual laboratory testing, but greater odds of receiving the other quality care markers. Patients with Medicare and those with comorbidities were generally less likely to meet quality care markers. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of patients with RA, findings indicated downstream associations with rheumatologist referral and receiving DMARDs and varied associations between meeting quality care markers and patient characteristics. These findings suggest that prioritizing early care, especially for vulnerable patients, will ensure that quality care continues.
Leveraging Mobile Technology for Public Health Promotion: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: Jennifer L. Hicks, Melissa A. Boswell, Tim Althoff, Alia J. Crum, Joy P. Ku, James A. Landay, Paula M.L. Moya, Elizabeth L. Murnane, Michael P. Snyder, Abby C. King, Scott L. Delp
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2022)

Health behaviors are inextricably linked to health and well-being, yet issues such as physical inactivity and insufficient sleep remain significant global public health problems. Mobile technology—and the unprecedented scope and quantity of data it generates—has a promising but largely untapped potential to promote health behaviors at the individual and population levels. This perspective article provides multidisciplinary recommendations on the design and use of mobile technology, and the concomitant wealth of data, to promote behaviors that support overall health. Using physical activity as anexemplar health behavior, we review emerging strategies for health behavior change interventions. We describe progress on personalizing interventions to an individual and their social, cultural, and built environments, as well as on evaluating relationships between mobile technology data and health to establish evidence-based guidelines. In reviewing these strategies and highlighting directions for future research, we advance the use of theory-based, personalized, and human-centered approaches in promoting health behaviors.
Public Health and Prisons: Priorities in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Authors: David H. Cloud, Ilana R. Garcia-Grossman, Andrea Armstrong, Brie Williams
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2022)

Mass incarceration is a sociostructural driver of profound health inequalities in the United States. The political and economic forces underpinning mass incarceration are deeply rooted in centuries of the enslavement of people of African descent and the genocide and displacement of Indigenous people and is inextricably connected to labor exploitation, racial discrimination, the criminalization of immigration, and behavioral health problems such as mental illness and substance use disorders. This article focuses on major public health crises and advances in state and federal prisons and discusses a range of practical strategies for health scholars, practitioners, and activists to promote the health and dignity of incarcerated people. It begins by summarizing the historical and sociostructural factors that have led to mass incarceration in the United States. It then describes the ways in which prison conditions create or worsen chronic, communicable, and behavioral health conditions, while highlighting priority areas for public health research and intervention to improve the health of incarcerated people, including decarceral solutions that can profoundly minimize—and perhaps one day help abolish—the use of prisons.
The effects of moderate alcohol consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Hyunwoo Oh, Won Sohn, Yong Kyun Cho
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2022)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accepted as a counterpart to alcohol-related liver disease because it is defined as hepatic steatosis without excessive use of alcohol. However, the definition of moderate alcohol consumption, as well as whether moderate alcohol consumption is beneficial or detrimental, remains controversial. In this review, the findings of clinical studies to date with high-quality evidence regarding the effects of moderate alcohol consumption in NAFLD patients were compared and summarized.
Variability in COVID-19 Vaccine Response Among People With Cancer
Authors: Michael Hoerger, James Gerhart, Maria C. Swartz
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2022)

Lennard Y. W. Lee, DPhil; Michael Tilby, MBChB; Thomas Starkey, MSci; Maria C. Ionescu, MSc; Alex Burnett, MRCP; Rosie Hattersley, MBChB; Sam Khan, PhD; Martin Little, MRes; Justin K. H. Liu, MRCP; James R. Platt, MRes; Arvind Tripathy, MD; Isabella Watts, BMBCh; Sophie Therese Williams, MSc; Nathan Appanna; Youssra Al-Hajji; Matthew Barnard, PhD; Liza Benny, PhD; Andrew Buckley, PhD; Emma Cattell, PhD; Vinton Cheng, DPhil; James Clark, MBBChir; Leonie Eastlake, BMBS; Kate Gerrand, MSc; Qamar Ghafoor, MBChB; Simon Grumett, PhD; Catherine Harper-Wynne, MD; Rachel Kahn, MSc; Alvin J. X. Lee, PhD; Anna Lydon, MRCP; Hayley McKenzie, PhD; Hari Panneerselvam, MBBS; Jennifer Pascoe, MRCP; Grisma Patel, MRCP; Vijay Patel, MBChB; Vanessa Potter, PhD; Amelia Randle, MRCP; Anne S. Rigg, PhD; Tim Robinson, PhD; Rebecca Roylance, MRCP; Tom Roques, MRCP; Stefan Rozmanowski, MMath; René L. Roux, MRCP; Ketan Shah, DPhil; Martin Sintler, MMedSci; Harriet Taylor; Tania Tillett, MBChB; Mark Tuthill, PhD; Sarah Williams, MRCP; Andrew Beggs, PhD; Tim Iveson, MD; Siow Ming Lee, PhD; Gary Middleton, MD; Mark Middleton, PhD; Andrew S. Protheroe, MD; Matthew W. Fittall, PhD; Tom Fowler, PhD; Peter Johnson, MD; UK COVID Cancer Programme; Emma Kinloch Ms; Emily Lam Ms; Gillian Murphy Ms; Malcolm Rhodes Mr; Kate Robinson Ms; Sanskriti Swarup Ms; Keeley Bernhardt Ms; Jola Bytyci Ms; Yuxin Ying Ms; Sukhmunni Johal Ms; Remarez Sheehan Mr
Climatic and Environmental Change, Migration, and Health
Authors: Celia McMichael
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2022)

The impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather events, are expected to increase and alter human migration and mobility. Climate-related mobility is not inherently a crisis; it can provide a pathway for adaptation to climate change. However, a growing body of research identifies health risks and some opportunities associated with climate-related mobility. This review examines recent research (published since 2018) on the climate change-mobility-health nexus; this research focuses largely on in-country mobility in Asia, Africa, and Pacific Island countries. It considers the links between human mobility and anthropogenic climate change and documents the findings of empirical research that addresses the health consequences of displacement, planned relocation, migration, and migration into sites of climate risk. The findings highlight the need for climate-sensitive and migrant-inclusive health care in a heating world.
The 2022 generation
Authors: Mautin Barry-Hundeyin, Jian Carrot-Zhang, Talya Dayton, Shila Ghazanfar, Lillian M. Guenther, Diu T. T. Nguyen, Jason R. Pitarresi, Sheerien Rajput, Naiara Santana-Codina, Tanaya Shree, Zexian Zeng, Ying Zhang
Journal: Nature Cancer (2022)
Trends and Disparities in Glycemic Control and Severe Hyperglycemia Among US Adults With Diabetes Using Insulin, 1988-2020
Authors: Siddharth Venkatraman, Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, Elizabeth Selvin, Michael Fang
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance There have been major advances in insulin delivery and formulations over the past several decades. It is unclear whether these changes have resulted in improved glycemic control for patients with diabetes. Objective To characterize trends and disparities in glycemic control and severe hyperglycemia in US adults with diabetes using insulin. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial population-based cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1988-1994 and 1999-2020. Participants were nonpregnant US adults aged 20 years or older who had a diagnosis of diabetes and were currently using insulin. Exposures Diabetes diagnosis and use of insulin. Main Outcomes and Measures Trends in glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA 1c ] level &amp;amp;lt;7%) and severe hyperglycemia (HbA 1c level &amp;amp;gt;10%; to convert percentage of total hemoglobin to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; to convert to millimoles per mole, multiply by 10.93 and subtract by 23.50) overall and by age, race and ethnicity, and indicators of socioeconomic status were evaluated using logistic regression. Analyses incorporated sample weights to account for oversampling of certain populations and survey nonresponse. Results There were 2482 participants with diabetes using insulin included in the analyses (mean [SD] age, 59.8 [0.4] years); 51.3% were men, 7.0% were Mexican American individuals, 17.9% were non-Hispanic Black individuals, and 65.2% were non-Hispanic White individuals. From 1988-1994 to 2013-2020, the proportion of patients with diabetes who received insulin and achieved glycemic control did not significantly change, from 29.2% (95% CI, 22.6%-36.8%) to 27.5% (95% CI, 21.7%-34.2%). Mexican American adults who received insulin were less likely than non-Hispanic White adults to achieve glycemic control, and disparities increased during the study period. The proportion of adults with severe hyperglycemia did not significantly change and was 14.6% (95% CI, 12.0-17.5) in 2013-2020. Adults who were Mexican American or non-Hispanic Black, were uninsured, or had low family income had the highest prevalence of severe hyperglycemia. Conclusions and Relevance In this population-based cross-sectional study of NHANES data over the past 3 decades, glycemic control stagnated and racial and ethnic disparities increased among US adults with diabetes who received insulin. Efforts to improve access to insulin may optimize glycemic control and reduce disparities in this population.
Differential diagnosis of bone marrow failure syndromes guided by machine learning
Authors: Fernanda Gutierrez-Rodrigues, Eric Munger, Xiaoyang Ma, Emma M. Groarke, Youbao Tang, Bhavisha A Patel, Luiz Fernando B. Catto, Diego V Clé, Marena R. Niewisch, Raquel MA Paiva, Flavia Donaires, André Luiz Pinto, Gustavo Borges, Barbara A. Santana, Lisa J McReynolds, Neelam Giri, Burak Altintas, Xing Fan, Ruba N Shalhoub, Christopher Mark Siwy, Carrie Diamond, Diego Quinones Raffo, Kathleen Marie Craft, Sachiko Kajigaya, Ronald M Summers, Paul P. Liu, Lea Cunningham, Dennis D Hickstein, Cynthia E. Dunbar, Ricardo Pasquini, Michel Michels de Oliveira, Elvira D R P Velloso, Blanche P Alter, Sharon A Savage, Carmem M.S. Bonfim, Colin O. Wu, Rodrigo T. Calado, Neal S Young
Journal: Blood (2022)

The choice to postpone treatment while awaiting genetic testing can result in significant delay in definitive therapies in severely pancytopenic patients. Conversely, inherited bone marrow failure (BMF) misdiagnosis can expose patients to ineffectual and expensive therapies, toxic transplant conditioning regimens, and inappropriate use of an affected family member as a stem cell donor. To predict the likelihood of patients having acquired or inherited BMF, we developed a two-step data-driven machine-learning model using 25 clinical and laboratory variables typically recorded at the initial clinical encounter. For model's development, patients were labeled as having acquired or inherited BMF depending on their genomic data. Datasets were unbiasedly clustered and an ensemble model was trained with cases from the largest cluster of the training cohort (n=359) and validated with an independent cohort (n=127). Cluster A, the largest group, was mostly immune or inherited aplastic anemia, whereas Cluster B was composed of underrepresented BMF phenotypes, and not included in the next step of data modeling due to small sample size. The ensemble model Cluster A-specific was accurate (89%) to predict BMF etiology, correctly predicting inherited and likely immune BMF in 79% and 92% of cases, respectively. Our model represents a practical guide for BMF diagnosis and highlights the importance of clinical and laboratory variables in the initial evaluation, particularly telomere length. Our tool can be potentially used by general hematologists and health care providers not specialized in BMF, and in under-resourced centers, to prioritize patients for genetic testing or for expeditious treatment.
Some Naloxone Products Could Be Sold Without a Prescription
Authors: Rita Rubin
Journal: JAMA (2022)

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Association of Chlorhexidine Use and Scaling and Root Planing With Birth Outcomes in Pregnant Individuals With Periodontitis
Authors: Anwar T. Merchant, Rajat Das Gupta, Maxwell Akonde, Mark Reynolds, Stephanie Smith-Warner, Jihong Liu, Fouzia Tarannum, James Beck, Donald Mattison
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Chlorhexidine mouthwash enhances treatment effects of conventional periodontal treatment, but data on chlorhexidine as a source of heterogeneity in meta-analyses assessing the treatment of maternal periodontitis in association with birth outcomes are lacking. Objective To assess possible heterogeneity by chlorhexidine use in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of periodontal treatment (ie, scaling and root planing [SRP]) vs no treatment on birth outcomes. Data Sources Cochrane Oral Health’s Trials Register, Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth’s Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, LILACS BIREME Virtual Health Library (Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database), US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register (ClinicalTrials.gov), and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched through March 2022. Study Selection RCTs were included if they were conducted among pregnant individuals with periodontitis, used interventions consisting of SRP vs no periodontal treatment, and assessed birth outcomes. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were abstracted with consensus of 2 reviewers using Rayyan and assessed for bias with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool before random effects subgroup meta-analyses. Analyses were conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were preterm birth (ie, &amp;amp;lt;37 weeks’ gestation) and low birth weight (ie, &amp;amp;lt;2500 g). Results There were 12 studies with a total of 5735 participants evaluating preterm birth. Control group participants did not receive any treatment or use chlorhexidine during pregnancy. All intervention group participants received SRP; in 5 of these studies (with 2570 participants), pregnant participants in the treatment group either received chlorhexidine mouthwash or advice to use it, but participants in the remaining 7 studies (with 3183 participants) did not. There were 8 studies with a total of 3510 participants evaluating low birth weight, including 3 studies with SRP plus chlorhexidine (with 594 participants) and 6 studies with SRP only (with 2916 participants). The SRP plus chlorhexidine groups had lower risk of preterm birth (relative risk [RR], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.34-0.93) and low birth weight (RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.32-0.68) but not the SRP-only groups (preterm birth: RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.29; low birth weight: RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.62-1.08). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that treating maternal periodontitis with chlorhexidine mouthwash plus SRP was associated with reduced risk of preterm and low birth weight. Well-conducted RCTs are needed to test this hypothesis.
Assessment of COVID-19 Incidence and Severity Among Recipients of Allogenic Stem Cell Transplant After 1 or 2 mRNA Booster Doses During the Omicron Wave in France
Authors: Valentin Letailleur, Amandine Le Bourgeois, Thierry Guillaume, Maxime Jullien, Marianne Coste-Burel, Marie C. Béné, Patrice Chevallier
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

This cohort study assesses the incidence and severity of COVID-19 among vaccinated recipients of allogenic stem cell transplant in a single center after 1 or 2 messenger RNA booster doses during the Omicron wave in France.
Effect of a Virtual Home-Based Behavioral Intervention on Family Health and Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Filoteia Popescu, Evan C. Sommer, Margaret R. Mahoney, Laura E. Adams, Shari L. Barkin
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Virtual home-based interventions may bolster protective factors, such as family health and resilience, during stressors such as the COVID-19 pandemic; however, their effectiveness is unknown. Objective To examine the effectiveness of a virtual health coaching intervention on family health and resilience during the pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants In this parallel-group, single-site randomized clinical trial, 123 parents and their 2- to 8-year-old children were enrolled at a pediatric clinic or community partner site in Tennessee from March 10 to August 11, 2021. Follow-up surveys were completed between June 29 and November 11, 2021. Interventions All participants received 11 weekly cooking videos and associated home-delivered groceries. The intervention group also received 12 weekly, 30-minute virtual health coach sessions. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the validated 6-item (range, 6-30) Family Healthy Lifestyle Subscale (FHLS) scores. The secondary outcome was the validated 6-item (range, 0-6) Family Resilience and Connection Index (FRCI) scores. Outcomes were determined a priori and evaluated at baseline and 12-week follow-up. A priori independent t tests and multivariable tobit regression models assessed intervention effects, and post hoc, secondary interaction models assessed whether effects differed over baseline outcomes. Results Among the 123 enrolled families, 110 (89%) were included in the primary analyses (parent mean [SD] age, 35.1 [8.2] years; 104 [95%] female; 55 [50%] non-Hispanic Black; child mean [SD] age, 5.2 [1.7] years; 62 [56%] male). Intervention-control group mean differences were nonsignificant for follow-up FHLS scores (0.7; 95% CI, −0.6 to 2.0; P = .17) and FRCI scores (0.1; 95% CI, −0.5 to 0.6; P = .74). Tobit regression model intervention effects were nonsignificant for FHLS scores (0.9; 95% CI, −0.3 to 2.2; P = .15) and FRCI scores (0.4; 95% CI, −0.2 to 1.1; P = .17). Post hoc, secondary models found no significant interaction for FHLS scores (1.3 increase per 5-point decrease; 95% CI, −0.2 to 2.7; P = .09), with significant intervention associations for baseline scores of 6 to 23. The interaction was significant for FRCI scores (0.4 increase per 1-point decrease; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.8; P = .047), with significant intervention associations for baseline scores of 0 to 3. Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of families with young children, weekly virtual health coaching did not detectably improve family health and resilience. Post hoc, secondary results provided preliminary evidence of potential effectiveness among families with low baseline scores. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05328193