tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
BHLHE22 drives the immunosuppressive bone tumor microenvironment and associated bone metastasis in prostate cancer
Authors: Chi Yin, Min Wang, Yingzhao Wang, Qijun Lin, Kaiyuan Lin, Hong Du, Chuandong Lang, Yuhu Dai, Xinsheng Peng
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2023)

Background The molecular characteristics of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and the immunosuppressive bone tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to the limitations of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT). Identifying subgroups of patients with PCa for ICT remains a challenge. Herein, we report that basic helix-loop-helix family member e22 (BHLHE22) is upregulated in bone metastatic PCa and drives an immunosuppressive bone TME. Methods In this study, the function of BHLHE22 in PCa bone metastases was clarified. We performed immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of primary and bone metastatic PCa samples, and assessed the ability to promote bone metastasis in vivo and in vitro. Then, the role of BHLHE22 in bone TME was determined by immunofluorescence (IF), flow cytometry, and bioinformatic analyses. RNA sequencing, cytokine array, western blotting, IF, IHC, and flow cytometry were used to identify the key mediators. Subsequently, the role of BHLHE22 in gene regulation was confirmed using luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, DNA pulldown, co-immunoprecipitation, and animal experiments. Xenograft bone metastasis mouse models were used to assess whether the strategy of immunosuppressive neutrophils and monocytes neutralization by targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5)/colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) could improve the efficacy of ICT. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Moreover, we performed IHC and correlation analyses to identify whether BHLHE22 could act as a potential biomarker for ICT combination therapies in bone metastatic PCa. Results Tumorous BHLHE22 mediates the high expression of CSF2, resulting in the infiltration of immunosuppressive neutrophils and monocytes and a prolonged immunocompromised T-cell status. Mechanistically, BHLHE22 binds to the CSF2 promoter and recruits PRMT5, forming a transcriptional complex. PRMT5 epigenetically activates CSF2 expression. In a tumor-bearing mouse model, ICT resistance of Bhlhe22 + tumors could be overcome by inhibition of Csf2 and Prmt5. Conclusions These results reveal the immunosuppressive mechanism of tumorous BHLHE22 and provide a potential ICT combination therapy for patients with BHLHE22 + PCa.
Creating a better post-pandemic future for adolescents with disabilities
Authors: Sarah Baird, Bassam Abu Hamad, Kifah Baniodeh, Mark Carew, Nimisha Goel, Anas Ismail, Erin Oakley, Jennifer Seager, Tassew Woldehanna, Nicola Jones
Journal: BMJ (2023)

Adolescents with disabilities must have their needs prioritised in recovery and future pandemic responses to improve health, educational, and social outcomes, argue <b>Sarah Baird and colleagues</b>
Optimising adolescent wellbeing in a digital age
Authors: Louise Holly, Brian Li Han Wong, Robin van Kessel, Isang Awah, Anurag Agrawal, Njide Ndili
Journal: BMJ (2023)

Empowering adolescents and strengthening governance of digital media are among the urgent actions required to tackle the digital determinants of adolescent wellbeing, argue <b>Louise Holly</b> and <b>colleagues</b>
Adolescent wellbeing in humanitarian and fragile settings: moving beyond rhetoric
Authors: Neha S Singh, Jocelyn DeJong, Kimberley Popple, Chi-Chi Undie, Rozane El Masri, Ritah Bakesiima, Mariana Calderon-Jaramillo, Ellen Peprah, Saha Naseri, Nadine Cornier, Karl Blanchet
Journal: BMJ (2023)

Neha S Singh and colleagues argue for research and investment in effective interventions
Trust and transformation: an agenda for creating resilient and sustainable health systems
Authors: Hans Kluge, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Josep Figueras, Martin McKee
Journal: BMJ (2023)

Health systems are facing unprecedented challenges as they emerge from the covid-19 pandemic.How they have responded has varied greatly.Just as with SARS in 2003, when some Asian health systems redesigned facilities to be better prepared for a future pandemic, 1 we have seen new ways of working, often taking advantage of new means of online engagement. 2 But some have also struggled, unable to rebuild workforces that were already depleted by underinvestment, but with the additional burden of burnout 3 and illness, including long covid. 4 This situation, in part, reflects and is exacerbating a crisis of trust. 5This is apparent in three important sets of relationships.
Author Correction: Endophenotype-based in silico network medicine discovery combined with insurance record data mining identifies sildenafil as a candidate drug for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jiansong Fang, Pengyue Zhang, Yadi Zhou, Chien-Wei Chiang, Juan Tan, Yuan Hou, Shaun Stauffer, Lang Li, Andrew A. Pieper, Jeffrey Cummings, Feixiong Cheng
Journal: Nature Aging (2023)
Acknowledgment of reviewers
Authors: Zaid Abassi, Zarjou Abolfazl, Farsad Afshinnia, Rajiv Agarwal, Rannar Airik, Enver Akalin, Shreeram Akilesh, Elvis Akwo, Ziyad Al-Aly, Qais Al-Awqati, R Alexander, Alhenc-Gelas Todd, Francois Almaani, Salem Alpers, Charles Alqusairi, Lama Alric, Laurent Amann, Kerstin Amer, Hatem Amsler, Jennifer An, Yu Anand, Shuchi Andeen, Nicole Anders, Hans-Joachim Antonin, Wolfram Arici, Mustafa Ars, Elisabet Artunc, Ferruh Asanuma, Katsuhiko Ashby, Damien Au, Eric Aubert, Olivier Awad, Alaa Azushima, Kengo Cabrian, C Callaghan, Chris Câmara, Niels Campbell, Katrina Campbell, Kirk Campese, Vito Canney, Mark Cao, Qi Cara-Fuentes, Gabriel Carrero, Juan Carroll, Thomas Caskey, Fergus Cassol, Clarissa Cattran, Daniel Caza, Tiffany Chadban, Steven Chade, Alejandro Chadjichristos, Christos Chai, Toby Chaker, Layal Chan, Eugene Chan, John Chan, Anil Chandraker, Anthony Chang, Ting-Ting Chang, Monica Chang-Panesso, Chia-Ter Chao, David Charytan, Christos Chatziantoniou, Sophie Chauvet, Nathalie Chavarot, Anqun Chen, Lihe Chen, Min Chen, Titi Chen, Wei Chen, Ying Chen, Yu-Chen Chen, Yupeng Chen, Zhiyong Chen, Alice Cheng, C.-J Cheng, Alex Cheong, Aravind Cherukuri, Nicholas Chesnaye, Chih-Kang Chiang, Vernon Chinchilli, Anita Chong, Ming Kai, Christian Christiansen, Edmund Chung, Giuliano Ciarimboli, Philip Clayton, P Coates, Steven Coca, Ellen Cody, Camille Cohen, Gerald Cohen, Marco Colombo, Robert Colvin, Christian Combe, Alexander Combes, Peter Conlon, Georg Conrads, Edward Conway, H Cook, Mark Cooper, Tess Cooper, Rosanna Coppo, Emilie Cornec-Le Gall, Lynn Cornell, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, Melinda Coughlan, Lionel Couzi, Dana Crawford, R Crew, Deidra Crews, Steven Crowley, Wenpeng Cui, Peter Czarnecki, Vivette Agati, Ilse Daehn, Pierre Dagher, Mohamed Daha, Farhad Danesh, Jan Danser, John Daugirdas, Andrew Davenport, Hiroshi Kajiyama, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Sean Kalloo, Nassim Kamar, Keizo Kanasaki, Eiichiro Kanda, Pinelopi Kapitsinou, Janaka Karalliedde, Fiona Karet Frankl, Diana Karpman, S Karumanchi, Frederick Kaskel, David Kavanagh, Hiroshi Kawachi, Tetsuya Kawamura, Junichiro Kazama, Rümeyza Keating, Brendan Kellum, John Kelly, Edward Kelly, Janet Kestenbaum, Bryan Ketteler, Markus Kettritz, Ralph Khan, Atlas Kiberd, Bryce Kim, Joseph Kim, Myung-Gyu Kim, Sang Kim, Siah Kim, Won Kirsch, Alexander Kiryluk, Krzysztof Kishi, Seiji Kistler, Andreas Kistler, Brandon Kitching, A Klawitter, Jelena Klinkhammer, Barbara Kluger, Malte Klussmann, Enno Knauf, Felix Koettgen, Anna Kohl, Stefan Komaba, Hirotaka Kong, Lan Konrad, Martin Kopp, Christoph Kopp, Jeffrey Koppe, Laetitia Kosmoliaptsis, Vasilis Koury, Mark Kramann, Rafael Kraut, Jeffrey Krepinsky, Joan Kreutz, Reinhold Krijt, Jan Kronbichler, Andreas Krueger, Elke Kuhlmann, Martin Kumar, Sanjeev Kume, Shinji Kuppe, Christoph Kurano, Makoto Kurts, Christian Kurtz, Armin Kurtz, Theodore Kusaba, Tetsuro Kwon
Journal: Kidney International (2023)
Corrigendum to “Myeloid cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2/E-type prostanoid receptor 4 promotes transcription factor MafB-dependent inflammatory resolution in acute kidney injury.” Kidney Int. 2022;101:79–91
Authors: Yu Pan, Shirong Cao, Andrew S. Terker, Jiaqi Tang, Kensuke Sasaki, Yinqiu Wang, Aolei Niu, Wentian Luo, Dhouha Daassi, Xiaofeng Fan, Suwan Wang, Matthew H. Wilson, Ming-Zhi Zhang, Raymond C. Harris
Journal: Kidney International (2023)
Table of Contents
Authors: Ines Costa, Iain Drummond, Olivier Devuyst, Elizabeth Ann, L Enninga, Vesna Garovic, Shruti Bhargava, Joachim Jankowski, Sumoyee Basu, Anthony Dorling, Anita Chong, Eugene Rhee, Willi Jahnen-Dechent, Andreas Pasch, Yue-Miao Zhang, Ji-Cheng Lv, Geot Wong, Hong Zhang, Vlado Perkovic, Kay Chee, Jonathan Cheung, Brad Rovin, Leticia Cuarental, Marta Ribagorda, Maria Ceballos, Aranzazu Pintor-Chocano, Sol Carriazo, Ana Dopazo, Enrique Vazquez, Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez, Pablo Cannata-Ortiz, Ana Sanz, Alberto Ortiz, Maria Sanchez-Niño, Yu Pan, Shirong Cao, Andrew Terker, Jiaqi Tang, Kensuke Sasaki, Yinqiu Wang, Aolei Niu, Wentian Luo, Dhouha Daassi, Xiaofeng Fan, Suwan Wang, Matthew Wilson, Ming-Zhi Zhang, Raymond Harris, Sascha Bender, Peter Mertens, Christian Gross
Journal: Kidney International (2023)
The Case | Hematuria and hypercalcemia in a kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Athiphat Banjongjit, Thunyatorn Wuttiputhanun, Jakapat Vanichanan, Thornthun Ueaphongsukkit, Kroonpong Iampenkhae, Yingyos Avihingsanon, Natavudh Townamchai
Journal: Kidney International (2023)
journal club
Journal: Kidney International (2023)

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrated the importance of telemedicine.Because telemedicine collapses the barriers of time and distance, it is ideal for providing care that is both patient-centered and of high value, and telemedicine provides promise in management of patients with kidney disease. 1 Recently, the American Heart Association published a statement about telehealth for patients with cardiovascular disease.Telehealth interventions can continuously monitor patients with cardiovascular disease, using wearable or implantable devices.Risk-factor modification includes monitoring and improving blood pressure and lipid levels, encouraging exercise and dietary changes, and counselling toward smoking cessation.The diagnostic evaluation of chest pain can be improved by combining home electrocardiogram monitoring with symptom reporting.Beyond external monitoring of symptoms and vital signs, implantable devices, such as those that monitor intracardiac device impedance or pulmonary artery pressure, may have a role in telemedicine.The area with the most-compelling evidence of the benefit of telemedicine is its use in acute ischemic stroke and evaluation for reperfusion therapy.In telestroke networks, stroke experts provide telehealth consultation for acute stroke evaluation and treatment at community and rural hospitals that do not have onsite stroke expertise.Various monitoring devices can assist in the prevention of adverse outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease.The use of pedal temperature sensors is efficacious in reducing incident pedal ulceration, and several devices allow measurement of pedal pressure during static and dynamic weight-bearing.Although telemedicine is useful, numerous obstacles remain to be overcome.Age, technology expertise, and the perceived accessibility and usefulness of technology are characteristics of individuals that may impede telehealth adoption and use.Uptake of telemedicine may stagnate at the clinical level because of logistical challenges.System-level factors such as reimbursement, medical licensure, privacy, and data security are additional obstacles to endorsing telemedicine.We need to ensure health equity and accommodations for disadvantaged populations, including elderly and low-resourced minority populations.Further research into barriers for telemedicine implementation and equitable execution is important to ensure the delivery of high-quality care for patients.
miR-204 ameliorates osteoarthritis pain by inhibiting SP1-LRP1 signaling and blocking neuro-cartilage interaction
Authors: Ke Lu, Qingyun Wang, Liuzhi Hao, Guizheng Wei, Tingyu Wang, William W. Lu, Guozhi Xiao, Liping Tong, Xiaoli Zhao, Di Chen
Journal: Bioactive Materials (2023)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful degenerative joint disease and is the leading cause of chronic disability among elderly individuals. To improve the quality of life for patients with OA, the primary goal for OA treatment is to relieve the pain. During OA progression, nerve ingrowth was observed in synovial tissue and articular cartilage. These abnormal neonatal nerves act as nociceptors to detect OA pain signals. The molecular mechanisms for transmitting OA pain in the joint tissues to the central nerve system (CNS) is currently unknown. MicroRNA miR-204 has been demonstrated to maintain the homeostasis of joint tissues and have chondro-protective effect on OA pathogenesis. However, the role of miR-204 in OA pain has not been determined. In this study, we investigated interactions between chondrocytes and neural cells and evaluated the effect and mechanism of miR-204 delivered by exosome in the treatment of OA pain in an experimental OA mouse model. Our findings demonstrated that miR-204 could protect OA pain by inhibition of SP1- LDL Receptor Related Protein 1 (LRP1) signaling and blocking neuro-cartilage interaction in the joint. Our studies defined novel molecular targets for the treatment of OA pain.
LNCGM1082-mediated NLRC4 activation drives resistance to bacterial infection
Authors: Yunhuan Gao, Yazheng Yang, Jianmei Wei, Jianmei Yue, Ya Wang, Qianjing Zhang, Mengli Jin, Rong Wang, Xiaorong Yang, Junqi Zhang, Xinqi Liu, Lin Liu, Yuan Zhang, Rongcun Yang
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2023)
3D printed pore morphology mediates bone marrow stem cell behaviors via RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway for accelerating bone regeneration
Authors: Qiji Lu, Jingjing Diao, Yingqu Wang, Jianlang Feng, Fansen Zeng, Yan Yang, Yudi Kuang, Naru Zhao, Yingjun Wang
Journal: Bioactive Materials (2023)

Bone bionics and structural engineering have sparked a broad interest in optimizing artificial scaffolds for better bone regeneration. However, the mechanism behind scaffold pore morphology-regulated bone regeneration remains unclear, making the structure design of scaffolds for bone repair challenging. To address this issue, we have carefully assessed diverse cell behaviors of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds with three representative pore morphologies (i.e., cross column, diamond, and gyroid pore unit, respectively). Among the scaffolds, BMSCs on the β-TCP scaffold with diamond pore unit (designated as D-scaffold) demonstrated enhanced cytoskeletal forces, elongated nucleus, faster cell mobility, and better osteogenic differentiation potential (for example, the alkaline phosphatase expression level in D-scaffold were 1.5-2 times higher than other groups). RNA-sequencing analysis and signaling pathway intervention revealed that Ras homolog gene family A (RhoA)/Rho-associated kinase-2 (ROCK2) has in-depth participated in the pore morphology-mediated BMSCs behaviors, indicating an important role of mechanical signaling transduction in scaffold-cell interactions. Finally, femoral condyle defect repair results showed that D-scaffold could effectively promote endogenous bone regeneration, of which the osteogenesis rate was 1.2-1.8 times higher than the other groups. Overall, this work provides insights into pore morphology-mediated bone regeneration mechanisms for developing novel bioadaptive scaffold designs.
Retraction Note: CircTLK1 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by sponging miR-136-5p
Authors: Jianfa Li, Chenchen Huang, Yifan Zou, Jing Ye, Jing Yu, Yaoting Gui
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2023)

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-020-01225-2.
An acceptance-based, intersectional stigma coping intervention for people with HIV who inject drugs—a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jason B. Luoma, Sarah L. Rossi, Yuliia Sereda, Nikolai Pavlov, Olga Toussova, Marina Vetrova, Sally Bendiks, Tetiana Kiriazova, Evgeny Krupitsky, Dmitry Lioznov, Elena Blokhina, Sara Lodi, Karsten Lunze
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2023)

People with HIV who inject drugs experience intersecting forms of stigma that adversely impact care access. This RCT aimed to evaluate effects of a behavioral intersectional stigma coping intervention on stigma and care utilization. We recruited 100 participants with HIV and past-30-day injection drug use at a non-governmental harm reduction organization in St. Petersburg, Russia, and randomized them 1:2 to receive usual services only or an additional intervention of three weekly 2-h group sessions. Primary outcomes were change in HIV and substance use stigma scores at one month after randomization. Secondary outcomes were initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART), substance use care utilization, and changes in frequency of past-30-days drug injection at six months. The trial was registered as NCT03695393 at clinicaltrials.gov. Participant median age was 38.1 years, 49% were female. Comparing 67 intervention and 33 control group participants recruited October 2019–September 2020, the adjusted mean difference (AMD) in change in HIV and substance use stigma scores one month after baseline were 0.40, (95% CI: −0.14 to 0.93, p = 0.14) and −2.18 (95% CI: −4.87 to 0.52, p = 0.11), respectively. More intervention participants than control participants initiated ART (n = 13, 20% vs n = 1, 3%, proportion difference 0.17, 95% CI: 0.05–0.29, p = 0.01) and utilized substance use care (n = 15, 23% vs n = 2, 6%, proportion difference 0.17, 95% CI: 0.03–0.31, p = 0.02). The adjusted median difference in change in injecting drug use frequency 6 months after baseline was −3.33, 95% CI: −8.51 to 1.84, p = 0.21). Five not intervention-related serious adverse events (7.5%) occurred in the intervention group, one (3.0%) serious adverse event in the control group. This brief stigma-coping intervention did not change stigma manifestations or drug use behaviors in people with HIV and injection drug use. However, it seemed to reduce stigma's impact as an HIV and substance use care barrier. R00DA041245, K99DA041245, P30AI042853.
Treatment of Scleroderma Patients With a Scorbutic Diet
Authors: Robert J. Lazarus
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Scleroderma is characterized by hyperplasia of collagen, a substance which may require vitamin C for its biosynthesis. Eleven patients were treated with a vitamin C-deficient diet in order to determine whether lack of this substance would impair collagen synthesis and consequently improve the lesions of scleroderma. None of the signs or symptoms of scleroderma improved in any of the patients. Impairment of collagen synthesis profound enough to improve the lesions of scleroderma may require vitamin C deficiency of greater duration and severity than reported here.
Pleurodynia Among Football Players at a High School
Authors: Robin M. Ikeda
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —Enterviral outbreaks involving athletic teams have been described, although the mode of transmission has been unclear. In September 1991, an outbreak of pleurodynia among high school football players provided an opportunity to identify possible modes of transmission. <h3>Design.</h3> —Retrospective cohort outbreak investigation. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Public high school in upstate New York. <h3>Results.</h3> —Illnes was reported by 17 (20%) of the football players. Behaviors involving contact with common water containers were associated with illness, including eating ice cubes from the team ice chest (relative risk [RR], 9.2; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.3 to 65.5) and drinking water from the team cooler (RR, 6.3; 95% Cl, 1.5 to 25.7). Coxsackievirus B1 was isolated in four (50%) of the eight stool specimens collected. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Contamination of common water containers by an infected player may have contributed to or initiated the outbreak. In addition to discouraging direct oral contact with common drinking containers, use of individual water containers and ice packs for injuries was recommended. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:2205-2206)
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Black and White Hypertensives
Authors: Dara K. Lee
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess racial differences in the accuracy of standard electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). <h3>Design.</h3> —The sensitivity and specificity of standard ECG criteria were compared in blacks and whites using echocardiographic LVH as the reference standard. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Eight worksite-based hypertension clinics in New York, NY. <h3>Patients.</h3> —A sample of 122 black and 148 white hypertensive patients. <h3>Results.</h3> —The prevalence of ECG-LVH was two to six times higher in blacks than in whites, depending on the criteria used (range, 6% to 24% in blacks vs 1% to 7% in whites;<i>P</i>=.0005 to .19 for black-white comparisons). The difference in prevalence of ECG-LVH, however, was less striking and did not attain statistical significance (26% in blacks and 20% in whites;<i>P</i>&gt;.2). The sensitivity of the ECG was low (range, 3% to 17%) and did not differ significantly between the two races for any of the conventional criteria; specificity, however, was lower in blacks for all criteria (range, 73% to 94% vs 95% to 100% for whites;<i>P</i>=.0001 to .09). The predictive value of a positive ECG was consistently, although not significantly, lower in the black subjects. Black race was the strongest independent predictor of decreased ECG specificity in multiple logistic regression analysis that also considered age, gender, body mass index, left ventricular mass index, and smoking. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Commonly used ECG criteria for the detection of LVH have a poor sensitivity in both black and white hypertensives and a lower specificity in blacks than in whites; this may lead to a greater number of false-positive diagnoses in black patients, as well as to an overestimation of black-white difference in LVH prevalence. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:3294-3299)
DEFICIENCY OF THE SIXTH COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT IN RABBITS WITH AN INHERITED COMPLEMENT DEFECT
Authors: Klaus Rother, Ursula Rother, Hans J. Müller-Eberhard, Ulf R. Nilsson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1966)

A strain of rabbits with an inherited complement deficiency was shown to lack the sixth component of the hemolytic complement system. A method was elaborated for the partial purification of this component from normal rabbit serum. Upon injection of partially purified rabbit C'6 into C'6-deficient animals, an antibody was obtained which specifically inhibited the hemolytic activity of C'6. The data suggest that C'6-deficient serum either lacks the C'6 molecule or contains it in a chemically modified and inactive form.
Transmission of HIV-1 Infections From Mothers to Infants in Haiti
Authors: Neal A. Halsey
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Of 4588 pregnant women in a high-risk Haitian population, 443 (9.7%) were serologically positive for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Infants born to women who were HIV-1 seropositive were more likely to be premature, of low birth weight, and malnourished at 3 and 6 months of age than were infants born to women who were HIV-1 seronegative. Increased mortality was observed in infants born to women who were HIV-1 seropositive by 3 months of age. At 12 months of age, 23.4% of the infants born to women who were HIV-1 seropositive had died compared with 10.8% of the infants born to women who were HIV-1 seronegative; at 24 months of age, the mortality rates were 31.3% and 14.2%, respectively. Maternal HIV-1 infections resulted in an 11.7% increase in the overall infant mortality rate in this population. The estimated mother-to-infant HIV-1 transmission rate in these breast-fed infants was 25%, similar to the rates reported for non—breast-fed populations in the United States and Europe. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;264:2088-2092)