tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Measuring heritability: Why bother?
Authors: David M. Shuker, Thomas E. Dickins
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Uchiyama et al. rightly consider how cultural variation may influence estimates of heritability by contributing to environmental sources of variation. We disagree, however, with the idea that generalisable estimates of heritability are ever a plausible aim. Heritability estimates are always context-specific, and to suggest otherwise is to misunderstand what heritability can and cannot tell us.
Culture is reducing genetic heritability and superseding genetic adaptation
Authors: Timothy M Waring, Zachary T Wood, Mona J Xue
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Uchiyama et al. reveal how group-structured cultural variation influences measurements of trait heritability. We argue that understanding culture's influence on phenotypic heritability can clarify the impact of culture on genetic inheritance, which has implications for long-term gene–culture coevolution. Their analysis may provide guidance for testing our hypothesis that cultural adaptation is superseding genetic adaptation in the long term.
Differential application of cultural practices at the family and individual levels may alter heritability estimates
Authors: Oren Kolodny, Marcus W. Feldman, Arnon Lotem, Yoav Ram
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Uchiyama et al. emphasize that culture evolves directionally and differentially as a function of selective pressures in different populations. Extending these principles to the level of families, lineages, and individuals exposes additional challenges to estimating heritability. Cultural traits expressed differentially as a function of the genetics whose influence they mask or unmask render inseparable the influences of culture and genetics.
Cultural evolution and behavior genetic modeling: The long view of time
Authors: Kristian E Markon, Robert F Krueger, Susan C South
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

We advocate for an integrative long-term perspective on time, noting that culture changes on timescales amenable to behavioral genetic study with appropriate design and modeling extensions. We note the need for replications of behavioral genetic studies to examine model invariance across long-term timescales, which would afford examination of specified as well as unspecified cultural moderators of behavioral genetic effects.
A cultural evolutionary behavior genetics will need a more sophisticated conceptualization of cultural traits
Authors: Moin Syed, Phuong Linh L Nguyen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

A framework that brings together cultural perspectives and behavior genetics has long been needed. To be successful, however, we need sophistication in the conceptualization of culture. Here, we highlight three imperatives to this end: the need for a clear definition of cultural traits, inclusion of the role of societal power, and recognizing the distinction between traits and characteristic adaptations.
Hidden clusters beyond ethnic boundaries
Authors: Alejandro Peréz Velilla, Cody J Moser, Paul E Smaldino
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Hidden cluster problems can manifest when broad ethnic categories are used as proxies for cultural traits, especially when traits are assumed to encode cultural distances between groups. We suggest a granular understanding of cultural trait distributions within and between ethnic categories is fundamental to the interpretation of heritability estimates as well as general behavioral outcomes.
The implications of the cultural evolution of heritability for evolutionary psychology
Authors: Timothy P. Racine
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Uchiyama et al. provide a compelling analysis of cultural influences on estimates of the genetic contribution to psychological and behavioral traits. Their focus is on the relevance of their arguments for behavioral genetics and their work resonates with other contemporary approaches that emphasize extra-genetic influences on phenotype. I extend their analysis to consider its relevance for evolutionary psychology.
Going beyond heritability: Mechanisms of gene–culture coevolution
Authors: Shinobu Kitayama, Qinggang Yu
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

The target article offers an important cautionary note on the interpretation of the heritability index. However, it does not directly address how culture and genes might interact. Here, we suggest that one allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene promotes the acquisition of cultural values and practices and likely has coevolved with the human culture over the last 50,000 years.
There is no such thing as culture-free intelligence
Authors: Gary Lupyan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Cognitive scientists and psychometricians are unaccustomed to thinking about culture, often treating their measures – memory, vocabulary, intelligence – as natural kinds. Relying on these measures, behavioral geneticists likewise seem to not wonder about their origin and cultural provenance. I argue that complex human traits – the sort we are most interested in measuring – are cultural products. We can measure them and their heritability, but to conclude that what we have measured is unbound to a time and place is hubris.
Cultural evolution may influence heritability by shaping assortative mating
Authors: Tian Chen Zeng, Joseph Henrich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Uchiyama et al. productively discuss how culture can influence genetic heritability and, by modifying environmental conditions, limit the generalizability of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Here, we supplement their account by highlighting how recent changes in culture and institutions in industrialized, westernized societies – such as increased female workforce participation – may have increased assortative mating . This alters the distribution of genotypes themselves, increasing heritability and phenotypic variance, and may be detectable using the latest methods.
Interpreting and reinterpreting heritability estimates in educational behavior genetics
Authors: Sally A. Larsen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Interpreting heritability estimates through the lens of cultural evolution presents two broad and interlinking problems for educational behavior genetics. First, the problem of interpreting high heritability of educational phenotypes as indicators of the genetic basis of traits, when these findings also reflect cultural homogeneity. Second, the problem of extrapolating from genetic research findings in education to policy and practice recommendations.
This time I mean it: The nature–nurture debate is over
Authors: Eric Turkheimer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

The target article is skeptical of the heritability concept while maintaining an old-fashioned point of view about it. As a descriptive statistic, it is to be expected that heritability goes up and down in different circumstances, but the relationship between heritability coefficients and the biological processes that underlie them is difficult to specify, and may be impossible in humans.
Genetic solutions to cultural problems?
Authors: Lesley Newson, Peter J. Richerson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract In theory, observed correlations between genetic information and behaviour might be useful to members of the WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) populations. Guiding young people to choose educational opportunities that best match their abilities would benefit both the individual and society. In practice, however, such choices are far more profoundly limited by the culture people have inherited than their genes.
Integrating cultural evolution and behavioral genetics
Authors: Ryutaro Uchiyama, Rachel Spicer, Michael Muthukrishna
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract The 29 commentaries amplified our key arguments; offered extensions, implications, and applications of the framework; and pushed back and clarified. To help forge the path forward for cultural evolutionary behavioral genetics, we (1) focus on conceptual disagreements and misconceptions about the concepts of heritability and culture; (2) further discuss points raised about the intertwined relationship between culture and genes; and (3) address extensions to the proposed framework, particularly as it relates to cultural clusters, development, and power. These commentaries, and the deep engagement they represent, reinforce the importance of integrating cultural evolution and behavioral genetics.
The UK’s public health system is broken
Authors: Gabriel Scally
Journal: BMJ (2022)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Task shifting is a potential solution to the shortage of healthcare personnel in low/middle-income countries, but contextual factors often dilute its effectiveness. We report on a task shifting intervention using lay health workers to support clinic staff in providing chronic disease care in rural South Africa, where the HIV epidemic and an ageing population have increased demand for care. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted a realist evaluation in a cluster randomised controlled trial. We conducted observations in clinics, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews and patient exit interviews, and wrote weekly diaries to collect data. <h3>Results</h3> All clinic managers had to cope with an increasing but variable patient load and unplanned staff shortages, insufficient space, poorly functioning equipment and erratic supply of drugs. These conditions inevitably generated tension among staff. Lay health workers relieved the staff of some of their tasks and improved care for patients, but in some cases the presence of the lay health worker generated conflict with other staff. Where managers were able to respond to the changing circumstances, and to contain tension among staff, facilities were better able to meet patient needs. This required facility managers to be flexible, consultative and willing to act on suggestions, sometimes from junior staff and patients. While all facilities experienced an erratic supply of drugs and poorly maintained equipment, facilities where there was effective management, teamwork and sufficient space had better chronic care processes and a higher proportion of patients attending on their appointed day. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Lay health workers can be valuable members of a clinic team, and an important resource for managing increasing patient demand in primary healthcare. Task shifting will only be effective if clinic managers respond to the constantly changing system and contain conflict between staff. Strengthening facility-level management and leadership skills is a priority. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> ISRCTN12128227.
Microtissue‐Based Bioink as a Chondrocyte Microshelter for DLP Bioprinting
Authors: Xinfang Xie, Shuang Wu, Shan Mou, Nengqiang Guo, Zhenxing Wang, Jiaming Sun
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2022)

Bioprinting specific tissues with robust viability is a great challenge, requiring a delicate balance between a densely cellular distribution and hydrogel network crosslinking density. Microtissues composed of tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells and extra cellular matrix (ECM) particles provide an alternative scheme for realizing biomimetic cell density and microenvironment. Nevertheless, due to their instability during manufacturing, scarce efforts have been made to date to assemble them using rapid prototyping methods. Here, a novel microtissue bioink with good printability and cellular viability maintenance for digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting is introduced. Generally, the microtissue bioink is prepared by crosslinking acellular matrix microparticles and GelMA hydrogel with a specific proportion. The microtissue bioink exhibits the desired mechanical properties, swelling ratio, and has almost no influences on printability. For instance, a DLP bioprinted ear with a precise auricle structure using microtia chondrocytes microtissue boink is created. Additionally, the chondrocytes in the printed ears show obvious advantages in cell proliferation in vitro and auricular cartilage regeneration in vivo. The microtissue composite bioink for DLP printing not only enables accurate assembly of organ building blocks but also provides a 3D shelter to ensure printed cells' viability.
2022 American Gastroenterological Association–Center for Gastrointestinal Innovation and Technology Tech Summit
Authors: Eric D. Shah, Amrita Sethi, Adarsh M. Thaker, Allison R. Schulman, Sushovan Guha, Jason Samarasena, Simon Mathews, Srinadh Komanduri
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2022)
Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Sympatho-Excitation by Nrf2 in Heart Failure
Authors: Changhai Tian, Lie Gao, Tara L. Rudebush, Li Yu, Irving H. Zucker
Journal: Circulation Research (2022)

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with redox imbalance. Downregulation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) plays important roles in disrupting myocardial redox homeostasis and mediating sympathetic nerve activity in the setting of CHF. However, it is unclear if circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) elicit sympathetic excitation in CHF by disrupting central redox homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that cardiac-derived EVs circulate to the presympathetic rostral ventrolateral medulla and contribute to oxidative stress and sympathetic excitation via EV-enriched microRNA-mediated Nrf2 downregulation.Data were collected on rats with CHF post-myocardial infarction (MI) and on human subjects with ischemic CHF. EVs were isolated from tissue and plasma, and we determined the miRNAs cargo that related to targeting Nrf2 translation. We tracked the distribution of cardiac-derived EVs using in vitro labeled circulating EVs and cardiac-specific membrane GFP+ transgenic mice. Finally, we tested the impact of exogenously loading of antagomirs to specific Nrf2-related miRNAs on CHF-EV-induced pathophysiological phenotypes in normal rats (eg, sympathetic and cardiac function).Nrf2 downregulation in CHF rats was associated with an upregulation of Nrf2-targeting miRNAs, which were abundant in cardiac-derived and circulating EVs from rats and humans. EVs isolated from the brain of CHF rats were also enriched with Nrf2-targeting miRNAs and cardiac-specific miRNAs. Cardiac-derived EVs were taken up by neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The administration of cardiac-derived and circulating EVs from CHF rats into the rostral ventrolateral medulla of normal rats evoked an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity and plasma norepinephrine compared with Sham-operated rats, which were attenuated by exogenously preloading CHF-EVs with antagomirs to Nrf2-targeting miRNAs.Cardiac microRNA-enriched EVs from animals with CHF can mediate crosstalk between the heart and the brain in the regulation of sympathetic outflow by targeting the Nrf2/antioxidant signaling pathway. This new endocrine signaling pathway regulating sympathetic outflow in CHF may be exploited for novel therapeutics.
Genetic and immunologic evaluation of children with inborn errors of immunity and severe or critical COVID-19
Authors: Hassan Abolhassani, Samaneh Delavari, Nils Landegren, Sima Shokri, Paul Bastard, Likun Du, Fanglei Zuo, Reza Hajebi, Farhad Abolnezhadian, Sara Iranparast, Mohammadreza Modaresi, Ahmad Vosughimotlagh, Fereshte Salami, Maribel Aranda-Guillén, Aurélie Cobat, Harold Marcotte, Shen-Ying Zhang, Qian Zhang, Nima Rezaei, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Olle Kämpe, Lennart Hammarström, Qiang Pan-Hammarström
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022)

Most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected individuals are asymptomatic or only exhibit mild disease. In about 10% of cases, the infection leads to hypoxemic pneumonia, although it is much more rare in children.
3-Deazaadenosine alleviates senescence to promote cellular fitness and cell therapy efficiency in mice
Authors: Ana Guerrero, Andrew J. Innes, Pierre-François Roux, Sonja C. Buisman, Johannes Jung, Laura Ortet, Victoria Moiseeva, Verena Wagner, Lucas Robinson, Albertina Ausema, Anna Potapova, Eusebio Perdiguero, Ellen Weersing, Marieke Aarts, Nadine Martin, Torsten Wuestefeld, Pura Muñoz-Cánoves, Gerald de Haan, Oliver Bischof, Jesús Gil
Journal: Nature Aging (2022)
Costs Around the First Year of Diagnosis for 4 Common Cancers Among the Privately Insured
Authors: Ya-Chen Tina Shih, Ying Xu, Cathy Bradley, Sharon H Giordano, James Yao, K Robin Yabroff
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2022)

Abstract Background We estimated trends in total and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs around the first year of diagnosis for privately insured nonelderly adult cancer patients. Methods We constructed incident cohorts of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2016 using claims data from the Health Care Cost Institute. We identified cancer-related surgery, intravenous (IV) systemic therapy, and radiation and calculated associated total and OOP costs (in 2020 US dollars). We assessed trends in health-care utilization and cost by cancer site with logistic regressions and generalized linear models, respectively. Results The cohorts included 105 255 breast, 23 571 colorectal, 11 321 lung, and 59 197 prostate cancer patients. For patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2016, total mean costs per patient increased from $109 544 to $140 732 for breast (29%), $151 751 to $168 730 for lung (11%) or $53 300 to $55 497 for prostate (4%) cancer were statistically significant. Increase for colorectal cancer (1%, $136 652 to $137 663) was not statistically significant (P = .09). OOP costs increased to more than 15% for all cancers, including colorectal, to more than $6000 by 2016. Use of IV systemic therapy and radiation statistically significantly increased, except for lung cancer. Cancer surgeries statistically significantly increased for breast and colorectal cancer but decreased for prostate cancer (P &amp;lt; .001). Total costs increased statistically significantly for nearly all treatment modalities, except for IV systemic therapy in colorectal and radiation in prostate cancer. Conclusions Rising costs of cancer treatments, compounded with greater cost sharing, increased OOP costs for privately insured, nonelderly cancer patients. Policy initiatives to mitigate financial hardship should consider cost containment as well as insurance reform.
Early vs Standard Approach to Tracheostomy and Functional Outcome Among Patients With Severe Stroke Receiving Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Nicolas Engrand, Boris Barrovecchio, Ines Da Costa
Journal: JAMA (2022)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Prevalence and Characteristics of Adrenal Tumors in an Unselected Screening Population
Authors: Ying Jing, Jinbo Hu, Rong Luo, Yun Mao, Zhixiao Luo, Mingjun Zhang, Jun Yang, Ying Song, Zhengping Feng, Zhihong Wang, Qingfeng Cheng, Linqiang Ma, Yi Yang, Li Zhong, Zhipeng Du, Yue Wang, Ting Luo, Wenwen He, Yue Sun, Fajin Lv, Qifu Li, Shumin Yang
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

With the widespread use of advanced imaging technology, adrenal tumors are increasingly being identified.To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of adrenal tumors in an unselected screening population in China.Cross-sectional study. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04682938).A health examination center in China.Adults having an annual checkup were invited to be screened for adrenal tumors by adrenal computed tomography.The participants with adrenal tumors had further evaluation for malignancy risk and adrenal function.A total of 25 356 participants were screened, 351 of whom were found to have adrenal tumors, for a prevalence of 1.4%. The prevalence increased with age, from 0.2% in participants aged 18 to 25 years to 3.2% in those older than 65 years. Among 351 participants with adrenal tumors, 337 were diagnosed with an adrenocortical adenoma, 14 with another benign nodule, and none with a malignant mass. In 212 participants with an adenoma who completed endocrine testing, 69.3% were diagnosed with a nonfunctioning adenoma, 18.9% with cortisol autonomy, 11.8% with primary aldosteronism, and none with pheochromocytoma. Proportions of nonfunctioning adenomas were similarly high in various age groups (72.2%, 67.8%, and 72.2% in those aged <46, 46 to 65, and ≥66 years, respectively).Only 212 of 337 participants with an adrenocortical adenoma had endocrine testing.The prevalence of adrenal tumors in the general adult screening population is 1.4%, and most of these tumors are nonfunctioning regardless of patient age. Cortisol and aldosterone secretion are the main causes of functional adenomas.National Key Research and Development Program of China and National Natural Science Foundation of China.
Be prepared for more heat
Authors: None The Lancet Planetary Health
Journal: The Lancet Planetary Health (2022)

The northern-hemisphere spring and summer of 2022 has been one of exceptional heat and dryness. Although there have been other globally or locally record-breaking hot years recently, 2022 arguably stands out because it has seen widespread, prolonged, and unprecedented extreme heat in North America, Europe, and Asia simultaneously. As anthropogenic climate change drives global mean temperatures upward, it has been long predicted that heatwaves will become more common and intense. However, the strength and severity of summer temperatures in some parts of the world in 2022 has surpassed many climate scientists' expectations.