tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human milk oligosaccharides, antimicrobial drugs, and the gut microbiota of term neonates: observations from the KOALA birth cohort study
Authors: D.J.M Barnett, M.F Endika, C.E Klostermann, F Gu, C Thijs, A Nauta, H.A Schols, H Smidt, I.C.W Arts, J Penders
Journal: Gut Microbes (2023)

The infant gut microbiota affects childhood health. This pioneer microbiota may be vulnerable to antibiotic exposures, but could be supported by prebiotic oligosaccharides found in breast milk and some infant formulas. We sought to characterize the effects of several exposures on the neonatal gut microbiota, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), and infant/maternal antimicrobial exposures. We profiled the stool microbiota of 1023 one-month-old infants from the KOALA Birth Cohort using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We quantified 15 HMOs in breast milk from the mothers of 220 infants, using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both breastfeeding and antibiotic exposure decreased gut microbial diversity, but each was associated with contrasting shifts in microbiota composition. Other factors associated with microbiota composition included C-section, homebirth, siblings, and exposure to animals. Neither infant exposure to oral antifungals nor maternal exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy were associated with infant microbiota composition. Four distinct groups of breast milk HMO compositions were evident, corresponding to maternal Secretor status and Lewis group combinations defined by the presence/absence of certain fucosylated HMOs. However, we found the strongest evidence for microbiota associations between two non-fucosylated HMOs: 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) and lacto-N-hexaose (LNH), which were associated with lower and higher relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, respectively. Among 111 exclusively formula-fed infants, the GOS-supplemented formula was associated with a lower relative abundance of Clostridium perfringens. In conclusion, the gut microbiota is sensitive to some prebiotic and antibiotic exposures during early infancy and understanding their effects could inform future strategies for safeguarding a health-promoting infant gut microbiota.
BNT162b2 Vaccine Effectiveness Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Children Aged 5 to 11 Years
Authors: Eun Jung Jang, Young June Choe, Ryu Kyung Kim, Young-Joon Park
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2023)

This cohort study examines data for all children aged 5 to 11 years in South Korea to gauge the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine when the Omicron variant was the dominant SARS-CoV-2 infection in the country.
HPV42, a “Low-Risk” Type, and Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gabriel J. Starrett, John T. Schiller, Douglas R. Lowy
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2023)

Summary: Chronic infection by several “high-risk” human papillomavirus (HPV) types has been causally implicated in several forms of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Now, HPV42, which is usually classified as a “low-risk” type, can be listed as the main cause of digital papillary adenocarcinoma, an uncommon malignant tumor of the fingers and toes. See related article by Leiendecker et al., p. 70 (3).
Child Mortality in England During the First 2 Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: David Odd, Sylvia Stoianova, Tom Williams, Peter Fleming, Karen Luyt
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, child mortality in England was the lowest on record, but if this trend will continue, or if unrecognized morbidity during the first year of the pandemic will manifest as increased deaths over the next few years is unclear. Objective To examine the risks and patterns of childhood deaths before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study includes all child deaths in England from April 1, 2019, to March 31, 2022. Exposures The year of death. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure is risk of death. Results Of the 9983 child deaths reported during the study period, 9872 (98.8%) were linked to demographic and population data with 3409 deaths (34.5%) between April 2019 and March 2020, 3035 (30.7%) between April 2020 and March 2021, and 3428 (34.7%) between April 2021 and March 2022. Most deaths occurred in children who were younger than 1 year (6257 of 9872 [62.7%]), the majority were male (5534 of 9760 [56.7%]), and lived in an urban area (8766 of 9872 [88.8%]). The risk of death was lower between April 2020 and March 2021 (relative risk [RR], 0.89 [95% CI, 0.84-0.93]), but not between April 2021 and March 2022 (RR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.95-1.05]) when compared with April 2019 to March 2020. A population attributable risk (PAF) of 4.0% (95% CI, 0.1%-6.8%) suggested fewer deaths occurred during the whole 3-year period than expected. Reductions were seen in risk of dying by infection (PAF, 22.8% [95% CI, 8.2%-37.0%]) and underlying disease (PAF, 13.3% [95% CI, 8.1%-18.8%]), but there was evidence of an increasing risk of death by trauma (PAF, 14.7% [95% CI, 2.9%-25.2%]). Any reduction in the risk of death was greater in rural areas than in urban areas (RR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.63-0.85] vs RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86-0.95]) and was not seen in children older than 9 years. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, there was a significant reduction in all-cause child mortality during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021), which returned to close to prepandemic levels the following year (2021-2022). However, there was a net reduction in deaths despite this, with 4% fewer deaths during the 3-year period than would have been expected from the 2019 to 2020 risks. The reductions were largest in rural areas and in children younger than 10 years.
Evaluation of the Association Between Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection and Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Jennifer M. Geris, Mark R. Schleiss, Anthony J. Hooten, Erica Langer, Nelmary Hernandez-Alvarado, Michelle A. Roesler, Jeannette Sample, Lindsay A. Williams, David S. Dickens, Rajen J. Mody, Yaddanapudi Ravindranath, Kate L. Gowans, Matthew G. Pridgeon, Logan G. Spector, Heather H. Nelson
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common form of pediatric cancer, and a leading cause of death in children. Understanding the causes of pediatric ALL is necessary to enable early detection and prevention; congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) has recently been identified as a potential moderate-to-strong factor associated with risk for ALL. Objective To compare the prevalence of cCMV infection between ALL cases and matched controls. Design, Setting, and Participants In this population-based case-control study of ALL cases and matched controls, cases consisted of children aged 0 to 14 years between 1987 and 2014 with an ALL diagnosis identified through the Michigan Cancer Surveillance Program and born in Michigan on or after October 1, 1987. Cancer-free controls were identified by the Michigan BioTrust for Health and matched on age, sex, and mother’s race and ethnicity. Data were analyzed from November to May 2022. Exposures cCMV infection measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in newborn dried blood spots. Main Outcomes and Measures ALL diagnosed in children aged 0 to 14 years. Results A total of 1189 ALL cases and 4756 matched controls were included in the study. Bloodspots were collected from participants at birth, and 3425 (57.6%) participants were male. cCMV was detected in 6 ALL cases (0.5%) and 21 controls (0.4%). There was no difference in the odds of cCMV infection comparing ALL cases with controls (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.52-3.24). Immunophenotype was available for 536 cases (45.1%) and cytogenetic data for 127 (27%). When stratified by subtype characteristics, hyperdiploid ALL (74 cases) was associated with 6.26 times greater odds of cCMV infection compared with unmatched controls (95% CI, 1.44-27.19). Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study of cCMV and pediatric ALL, cCMV was associated with increased risk of hyperdiploid ALL. These findings encourage continued research.
Error in Byline
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Lamia Y. Haque, MD, MPH; David A. Fiellin, MD; Janet P. Tate, MPH, ScD; Denise Esserman, PhD; Debika Bhattacharya, MD, MSc; Adeel A. Butt, MBBS, MS; Stephen Crystal, PhD; E. Jennifer Edelman, MD, MHS; Adam J. Gordon, MD, MPH; Joseph K. Lim, MD; Jeanette M. Tetrault, MD; Emily C. Williams, PhD, MPH; Kendall Bryant, PhD; Emily J. Cartwright, MD; Christopher T. Rentsch, PhD; Amy C. Justice, MD, PhD; Vincent Lo Re III, MD, MSCE; Kathleen A. McGinnis, DrPh, MS
Assessment of Safety of a Fully Implanted Endovascular Brain-Computer Interface for Severe Paralysis in 4 Patients
Authors: Peter Mitchell, Sarah C. M. Lee, Peter E. Yoo, Andrew Morokoff, Rahul P. Sharma, Daryl L. Williams, Christopher MacIsaac, Mark E. Howard, Lou Irving, Ivan Vrljic, Cameron Williams, Steven Bush, Anna H. Balabanski, Katharine J. Drummond, Patricia Desmond, Douglas Weber, Timothy Denison, Susan Mathers, Terence J. O’Brien, J. Mocco, David B. Grayden, David S. Liebeskind, Nicholas L. Opie, Thomas J. Oxley, Bruce C. V. Campbell
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2023)

Brain-computer interface (BCI) implants have previously required craniotomy to deliver penetrating or surface electrodes to the brain. Whether a minimally invasive endovascular technique to deliver recording electrodes through the jugular vein to superior sagittal sinus is safe and feasible is unknown.
Human Effectors of Acute and Chronic GVHD Overexpress CD83 and Predict Mortality
Authors: Shernan G. Holtan, Constanza Savid-Frontera, Kelly Walton, Anne A. Eaton, Connor Demorest, Andrea Hoeschen, Ling Zhang, Kayla Reid, Tony Kurian, Zena Sayegh, Estefania Julia, Joseph Maakaron, Veronika Bachanova, Najla El Jurdi, Margaret L. MacMillan, Daniel J. Weisdorf, Martin Felices, Jeffrey S. Miller, Bruce R. Blazar, Marco L. Davila, Brian C. Betts
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Purpose: Acute and chronic GVHD remain major causes of transplant-related morbidity and mortality (TRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). We have shown CD83 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells prevent GVHD and kill myeloid leukemia cell lines. In this pilot study, we investigate CD83 expression on GVHD effector cells, correlate these discoveries with clinical outcomes, and evaluate critical therapeutic implications for transplant recipients. Experimental Design: CD83 expression was evaluated among circulating CD4+ T cells, B-cell subsets, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and monocytes from patients with/without acute or chronic GVHD (n = 48 for each group), respectively. CD83 expression was correlated with survival, TRM, and relapse after alloHCT. Differential effects of GVHD therapies on CD83 expression was determined. Results: CD83 overexpression on CD4+ T cells correlates with reduced survival and increased TRM. Increased CD83+ B cells and Tfh cells, but not monocytes, are associated with poor posttransplant survival. CD83 CAR T eliminate autoreactive CD83+ B cells isolated from patients with chronic GVHD, without B-cell aplasia as observed with CD19 CAR T. We demonstrate robust CD83 antigen density on human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and confirm potent antileukemic activity of CD83 CAR T in vivo, without observed myeloablation. Conclusions: CD83 is a promising diagnostic marker of GVHD and warrants further investigation as a therapeutic target of both GVHD and AML relapse after alloHCT.
Does ST Elevation in Lead aVR Require an Emergent Trip to the Catheterization Laboratory?
Authors: Michael Brouner, Jamey Hammock, Harish Doppalapudi
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

This case report describes a patient in their 50s with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heavy alcohol use, and tobacco use who presented to the emergency department with a 2-month history of nausea and vomiting.
Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality
Authors: Zhilei Shan, Fenglei Wang, Yanping Li, Megu Y. Baden, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, Dong D. Wang, Qi Sun, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Eric B. Rimm, Lu Qi, Fred K. Tabung, Edward L. Giovannucci, Walter C. Willett, JoAnn E. Manson, Qibin Qi, Frank B. Hu
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

The current Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend multiple healthy eating patterns. However, few studies have examined the associations of adherence to different dietary patterns with long-term risk of total and cause-specific mortality.
Telehealth Treatment of Behavior Problems in Young Children With Developmental Delay
Authors: Daniel M. Bagner, Michelle D. Berkovits, Stefany Coxe, Natalie Frech, Dainelys Garcia, Alexandra Golik, Brynna H. Heflin, Perrine Heymann, Natalie Javadi, Amanda L. Sanchez, Maria K. Wilson, Jonathan S. Comer
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2023)

Early behavior problems in children with developmental delay (DD) are prevalent and impairing, but service barriers persist. Controlled studies examining telehealth approaches are limited, particularly for children with DD.
WNT5a Signaling through ROR2 Activates the Hippo Pathway to Suppress YAP1 Activity and Tumor Growth
Authors: Keshan Wang, Fen Ma, Seiji Arai, Yun Wang, Andreas Varkaris, Larysa Poluben, Olga Voznesensky, Fang Xie, Xiaoping Zhang, Xin Yuan, Steven P. Balk
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Noncanonical Wnt signaling by WNT5a has oncogenic and tumor suppressive activities, but downstream pathways mediating these specific effects remain to be fully established. In a subset of prostate cancer organoid culture and xenograft models, inhibition of Wnt synthesis stimulated growth, whereas WNT5a or a WNT5a mimetic peptide (Foxy5) markedly suppressed tumor growth. WNT5a caused a ROR2-dependent decrease in YAP1 activity, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of MST1/2, LATS1, MOB1, and YAP1, indicating Hippo pathway activation. Deletion of MST1/2 abrogated the WNT5a response. WNT5a similarly activated Hippo in ROR2-expressing melanoma cells, whereas WNT5a in ROR2-negative cells suppressed Hippo. This suppression was associated with increased inhibitory phosphorylation of NF2/Merlin that was not observed in ROR2-expressing cells. WNT5a also increased mRNA encoding Hippo pathway components including MST1 and MST2 and was positively correlated with these components in prostate cancer clinical datasets. Conversely, ROR2 and WNT5a expression was stimulated by YAP1, and correlated with increased YAP1 activity in clinical datasets, revealing a WNT5a/ROR2 negative feedback loop to modulate YAP1 activity. Together these findings identify Hippo pathway activation as a mechanism that mediates the tumor suppressive effects of WNT5a and indicate that expression of ROR2 may be a predictive biomarker for responsiveness to WNT5a-mimetic drugs.WNT5a signaling through ROR2 activates the Hippo pathway to downregulate YAP1/TAZ activity and suppress tumor growth, identifying ROR2 as a potential biomarker to identify patients that could benefit from WNT5a-related agents.
Pharmacy Benefit Managers and the Federal Trade Commission
Authors: Barak D. Richman, Eli Y. Adashi
Journal: JAMA (2023)

This Viewpoint provides a brief history of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), describes the ways in which PBMs have acquired influence in the prescription drug distribution system, and suggests possible scenarios surrounding the June 2022 decision by the Federal Trade Commission to launch an investigation into PBM business practices.
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Human Saliva Samples in Cell-Free Form
Authors: Kenichi Imai, Ryo Ikeno, Hajime Tanaka, Norio Takada
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

This cross-sectional study investigates cell-free viral loads in saliva samples from patients who have been infected with the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Common dysbiosis features between patients of different social environments in Takayasu arteritis: comment on the article by Fan et al
Authors: Tsuyoshi Shirai, Satoshi Watanabe, Natsuko O. Shinozaki, Kairi Baba, Hiroyuki Yamasaki, Tomonori Ishii, Hiroshi Fujii
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2023)

Disclosure Form Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Longer versus Shorter Schedules of Vincristine, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide (VIT) for Relapsed or Refractory Ewing Sarcoma: A Randomized Controlled Phase 2 Trial
Authors: Jie Xu, Lu Xie, Xin Sun, Kuisheng Liu, Xin Liang, Zhenyu Cai, Xiaodong Tang, Wei Guo
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Purpose: The optimal dose schedule of vincristine, irinotecan, and temozolomide (VIT) in relapsed or refractory patients with Ewing sarcoma requires clarification. Patients and Methods: Patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma were randomly assigned (1:1) to either a shorter d × 5 schedule (irinotecan 50 mg/m2/d D1–5, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 D1) or protracted d × 5×2 schedule (irinotecan 20 mg/m2/d D1–5,8–12, vincristine 1.4 mg/m2 D1,8) together with temozolomide (100 mg/m2/d D1–5). Patients were treated every 3 weeks for up to eight cycles until progression or unacceptable toxic effects occurred. The primary endpoint was objective response rate at 12 weeks (ORR12w). Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Result: A total of 46 patients presenting with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma were randomly assigned to the d × 5 (n = 24) or d × 5×2 (n = 22) schedules. Median follow-up was 10.7 months in the d × 5 group and 8.3 months in the d × 5×2 group. ORR12w was lower for d × 5 (5/24; 20.8%) patients than for d × 5×2 (12/22; 54.5%; P = 0.019), but no significant difference was found in PFS (median PFS, 2.3 months for d × 5 vs. 4.3 months for d × 5×2) or OS (median OS, 14.8 months for d × 5 and 12.8 months for d × 5×2). Patients receiving the d × 5 schedule reported more grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AE) than those receiving d × 5×2, including diarrhea/abdominal pain and vomiting/nausea. Conclusions: The protracted d × 5×2 VIT schedule showed superior efficacy and favorable tolerability compared with the shorter d × 5 VIT schedule in patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma.
The Benefit-Risk Ratio of Late Preterm Antenatal Corticosteroids Could Be Unfavorable in Real-life Situations—Reply
Authors: Taylor S. Freret, Mark A. Clapp
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
A Pharmacy Liaison–Patient Navigation Intervention to Reduce Inpatient and Emergency Department Utilization Among Primary Care Patients in a Medicaid Accountable Care Organization
Authors: Pablo Buitron de la Vega, Erin M. Ashe, Ziming Xuan, Vi Gast, Tracey Saint-Phard, Julianna Brody-Fialkin, Felix Okonkwo, Julia Power, Na Wang, Chris Lyons, Michael Silverstein, Karen E. Lasser
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Patients with unmet health-related social needs are at high risk for preventable health care utilization. Prior interventions to identify health-related social needs and provide navigation services with community resources have not taken place in pharmacy settings. To evaluate an enhancement of pharmacy care to reduce hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits among primary care patients in a Medicaid accountable care organization (ACO). This nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted from May 1, 2019, through March 4, 2021, with 1 year of follow-up. Study allocation was determined by odd or even medical record number. The study was performed at a general internal medicine practice at a large safety-net hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Patients who qualified for the hospital's pharmacy care program (aged 18-64 years and within the third to tenth percentile for health care utilization and cost among Medicaid ACO membership) who attended a visit with a primary care clinician were eligible. Of 770 eligible patients, 577 were approached, 127 declined, and 86 could not be contacted. Patients in the control group received usual pharmacy care focused on medication adherence. Patients in the intervention group received enhanced pharmacy care with an additional focus on identification of and intervention for health-related social needs. The intervention took place for 1 year. The primary outcome was inpatient hospital admissions and ED visits (composite outcome) in the 12 months after enrollment during the intervention period. Among 364 allocated patients (mean [SD] age, 50.1 [10.1] years; 216 women [59.3%]), 35 were Hispanic of any race (9.6%) and 214 were non-Hispanic Black (58.8%). All participants were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. In analyses controlling for baseline hospital admissions and ED visits the year prior to enrollment, the enhanced pharmacy care group was not associated with the odds of having any hospital admission or ED visit (adjusted odds ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.23-1.62]; P = .32) among all patients and was not associated with the visit rates among those with any visit (adjusted rate ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.71-1.22]; P = .62) relative to the usual pharmacy care group in the year following enrollment. The findings of this nonrandomized controlled trial suggest that inpatient and ED utilization among Medicaid ACO members at a safety-net hospital was not significantly different between groups at 1-year follow-up. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03919084.
Environmental Justice: Where It Has Been, and Where It Might Be Going
Authors: Merlin Chowkwanyun
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2023)

Taking stock of environmental justice (EJ) is daunting. It is at once a scholarly field, an ongoing social movement, and an administrative imperative adopted by government agencies and incorporated into legislation. Moreover, within academia, it is multidisciplinary and multimethodological, comprising scholars who do not always speak to one another. Any review of EJ is thus necessarily restrictive. This article explores several facets of EJ activism. One is its coalitional and "inside-outside" orientation. EJ activists are constantly forming alliances with other stakeholders, but these coalitions do not flout the importance of engaging with formal institutions. The review next turns to one set of such institutions-the courts and regulatory agencies-to see how well EJ claims have fared there. I then survey scientific findings that have been influenced by EJ. The review concludes with future directions for activists and scholars to consider: the changing nature of EJ coalitions, fragmentation within EJ and with other fields, the historical roots of environmental injustice, and opportunities for stronger infusion of the EJ lens.