tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ecological impacts of climate change on Arctic marine megafauna
Authors: David Grémillet, Sébastien Descamps
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2023)

Global warming affects the Arctic more than any other region. Mass media constantly relay apocalyptic visions of climate change threatening Arctic wildlife, especially emblematic megafauna such as polar bears, whales, and seabirds. Yet, we are just beginning to understand such ecological impacts on marine megafauna at the scale of the Arctic. This knowledge is geographically and taxonomically biased, with striking deficiencies in the Russian Arctic and strong focus on exploited species such as cod. Beyond a synthesis of scientific advances in the past 5 years, we provide ten key questions to be addressed by future work and outline the requested methodology. This framework builds upon long-term Arctic monitoring inclusive of local communities whilst capitalising on high-tech and big data approaches.
Impact of Family Relocation on Children's Growth, Development, School Function, and Behavior
Authors: David Wood
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —The United States is a highly mobile society, with family relocation rates double those of Great Britain and Germany. The objective of this study was to describe the impact of frequent family moves on reported rates of delay in growth or development, learning disorders, school failure, and frequent behavioral problems in US school-age children. <h3>Design and Setting.</h3> —We analyzed data on 9915 six- to 17-year-old children of families responding to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative sample of families and children. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —Parents were asked to report the total number of moves the index child had experienced during his or her lifetime. Total moves were adjusted for the child's age in years. Children were divided into two groups: never moved/infrequent relocation (below the 90th percentile for age-adjusted moves) and frequent relocation (above the 90th percentile for age-adjusted moves). The parent was asked if the child had ever had a learning disability or a delay in growth or development, had ever failed a grade, or had four or more frequently occurring behavioral problems as described by a behavioral problems checklist. <h3>Results.</h3> —The measures of both child dysfunction and family relocation were independently associated with multiple sociodemographic characteristics such as poverty, race, and family structure. Frequent relocation was associated with higher rates of all measures of child dysfunction; 23% of children who moved frequently had repeated a grade vs 12% of children who never or infrequently moved. Eighteen percent of children who moved frequently had four or more behavioral problems vs 7% of children who never or infrequently moved. Use of logistic regression to control for potential confounding covariates demonstrated that children who moved frequently were 77% more likely to be reported to have four or more behavioral problems (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 2.29) and were 35% more likely to have failed a grade (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.72), but no more likely to have had delays in growth or development or a learning disorder. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —After adjusting for other covariates, frequent family relocation was associated with an increased risk of children failing a grade in school and four or more frequently occurring behavioral problems. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:1334-1338)
Signalling mechanisms in the regulation of vascular cell migration
Authors: H. Abedi, I. Zachary
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The migration of arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is thought to play a central role in atherogenesis and restenosis. The migration of several other cell types, including monocytes, T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells is also involved in the development of the mature atherosclerotic lesion. Several defined growth factors, cytokines and extracellular matrix components which are released at the sites of lesions have been implicated in the regulation of migration of VSMC and other lesion-associated cells. Platelet-derived growth factor BB-homodimer of PDGF (PDGF-BB) is strongly implicated in neo-intima formation in vivo and is the most potent known chemoattractant for VSMC in vitro. Dynamic interactions between cell surface adhesive receptors (integrins) for ECM components, organisation of the actin cytoskeleton and the turnover of focal adhesions are all key processes in cell locomotion and migration. The signal transduction pathways which mediate the chemotactic effects of PDGF-BB and other migration factors on VSMC are unknown, but several classes of cellular components are implicated including components associated with focal adhesions, small GTP-binding proteins of the rho family, and certain substrates of the PDGF β-receptor. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the novel focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase, p125 focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK), is regulated by integrins and by several factors which alter actin cytoskeletal organisation. Recent findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK and other focal adhesion-associated proteins may be implicated in the chemotactic response of VSMC to PDGF-BB. The migratory response to PDGF-BB may be dependent on both ligand isoform bio-availability and on receptor-isotype expression as well as on down-stream signalling events. Ultimately, cell migration in vivo will be determined by a complex array of diverse extracellular molecules organised in intercellular paracrine/autocrine networks as well as multiple interacting intracellular signal transduction pathways.
Prostate Size and Risk of High-Grade, Advanced Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Progression After Radical Prostatectomy: A Search Database Study
Authors: Stephen J. Freedland, William B. Isaacs, Elizabeth A. Platz, Martha K. Terris, William J. Aronson, Christopher L. Amling, Joseph C. Presti, Christopher J. Kane
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose Prostate growth and differentiation are under androgenic control, and prior studies suggested that tumors that develop in hypogonadal men are more aggressive. We examined whether prostate weight was associated with tumor grade, advanced disease, or risk of biochemical progression after radical prostatectomy (RP). Patients and Methods We evaluated the association of prostate weight with pathologic tumor grade, positive surgical margins, extracapsular disease, and seminal vesicle invasion using logistic regression and with biochemical progression using Cox proportional hazards regression among 1,602 men treated with RP between 1988 and 2003 at five equal-access medical centers, which composed the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) Database. Results In outcome prediction models including multiple predictor variables, it was found that the predictor variable of prostate weight was significantly inversely associated with the outcomes of high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension (all P ≤ .004), and biochemical progression (comparing prostate weight &lt; 20 v ≥ 100 g: relative risk = 8.43; 95% CI, 2.9 to 24.0; P &lt; .001). Similar associations were seen between preoperative transrectal ultrasound–measured prostate volume and high-grade disease, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension (all P ≤ .005), seminal vesicle invasion (P = .07), and biochemical progression (P = .06). Conclusion Men with smaller prostates had more high-grade cancers and more advanced disease and were at greater risk of progression after RP. These results suggest that prostate size may be an important prognostic variable that should be evaluated for use pre- and postoperatively to predict biochemical progression.
The Effects on Plasma Lipoproteins of a Prudent Weight-Reducing Diet, with or without Exercise, in Overweight Men and Women
Authors: Peter D. Wood, Margia L. Stefanick, Paul T. Williams, William L. Haskell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends a low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet, with weight loss if indicated, to correct elevated plasma cholesterol levels. Weight loss accomplished by simple caloric restriction or increased exercise typically increases the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Little is known about the effects on plasma lipoproteins of a hypocaloric NCEP diet with or without exercise in overweight people.
Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study
Authors: Shamir R Mehta, Salim Yusuf, Ron JG Peters, Michel E Bertrand, Basil S Lewis, Madhu K Natarajan, Klas Malmberg, Hans-Jürgen Rupprecht, Feng Zhao, Susan Chrolavicius, Ingrid Copland, Keith AA Fox
Journal: The Lancet (2001)
Soft Tissue Sarcoma, Version 2.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Margaret von Mehren, R. Lor Randall, Robert S. Benjamin, Sarah Boles, Marilyn M. Bui, Kristen N. Ganjoo, Suzanne George, Ricardo J. Gonzalez, Martin J. Heslin, John M. Kane, Vicki Keedy, Edward Kim, Henry Koon, Joel Mayerson, Martin McCarter, Sean V. McGarry, Christian Meyer, Zachary S. Morris, Richard J. O'Donnell, Alberto S. Pappo, I. Benjamin Paz, Ivy A. Petersen, John D. Pfeifer, Richard F. Riedel, Bernice Ruo, Scott Schuetze, William D. Tap, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Mary Anne Bergman, Jillian L. Scavone
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2018)

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare solid tumors of mesenchymal cell origin that display a heterogenous mix of clinical and pathologic characteristics. STS can develop from fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels, and other connective tissues. The evaluation and treatment of patients with STS requires a multidisciplinary team with demonstrated expertise in the management of these tumors. The complete NCCN Guidelines for STS provide recommendations for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of extremity/superficial trunk/head and neck STS, as well as intra-abdominal/retroperitoneal STS, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, desmoid tumors, and rhabdomyosarcoma. This portion of the NCCN Guidelines discusses general principles for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of STS of the extremities, superficial trunk, or head and neck; outlines treatment recommendations by disease stage; and reviews the evidence to support the guidelines recommendations.
Cell Cycle Progression
Authors: Ruediger C. Braun-Dullaeus, Michael J. Mann, Victor J. Dzau
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Abstract —Entry into and progression of vascular cells through the cell cycle is considered a key event in vascular proliferative diseases. Multiple growth factors and cytokines have been found to regulate vascular cell proliferation. However, the machinery regulating cell cycle represents the “final common pathway” of these signaling cascades and thus provides an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of vascular proliferative diseases. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulation of the cell cycle machinery especially as it relates to vascular cell biology and the feasibility of targeting cell cycle for the prevention of restenosis after balloon angioplasty and bypass vein graft disease.
A Randomized Study of Prophylactic Catheter Ablation in Asymptomatic Patients with the Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome
Authors: Carlo Pappone, Vincenzo Santinelli, Francesco Manguso, Giuseppe Augello, Ornella Santinelli, Gabriele Vicedomini, Simone Gulletta, Patrizio Mazzone, Valter Tortoriello, Alessia Pappone, Cosimo Dicandia, Salvatore Rosanio
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Young age and inducibility of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or atrial fibrillation during invasive electrophysiological testing identify asymptomatic patients with a Wolff–Parkinson–White pattern on the electrocardiogram as being at high risk for arrhythmic events. We tested the hypothesis that prophylactic catheter ablation of accessory pathways would provide meaningful and durable benefits as compared with no treatment in such patients.
Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Alastair J.J. Wood, Donald B. Calne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Parkinson's disease (idiopathic parkinsonism or paralysis agitans) is characterized clinically by progressive tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity and pathologically by degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, decreases in the striatal concentration of dopamine, and the presence of laminated inclusions (Lewy bodies) in neurons of the substantia nigra. The cause (or causes) of Parkinson's disease is not known, and the pathophysiology is poorly understood. However, there is a considerable body of knowledge concerning the disturbances of synaptic function. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway leads to the depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Since dopamine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, the major . . .
Suicide after Natural Disasters
Authors: Etienne G. Krug, Marcie-jo Kresnow, John P. Peddicord, Linda L. Dahlberg, Kenneth E. Powell, Alex E. Crosby, Joseph L. Annest
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Among the victims of floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, there is an increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, which are risk factors for suicidal thinking. We conducted this study to determine whether natural disasters affect suicide rates.
Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Serious Renal Events: Scandinavian Cohort Study
Authors: Björn Pasternak, Viktor Wintzell, Björn Eliasson, Ann-Marie Svensson, Stefan Franzén, Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir, Kristian Hveem, Christian Jonasson, Mads Melbye, Henrik Svanström, Peter Ueda
Journal: Diabetes Care (2020)

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and risk of serious renal events in routine clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cohort study using an active-comparator, new-user design and nationwide register data from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway during 2010–2016. The cohort included 38,731 new users of GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide 92.5%, exenatide 6.2%, lixisenatide 0.7%, and dulaglutide 0.6%), matched 1:1 on age, sex, and propensity score to a new user of the active comparator, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The main outcome was serious renal events, a composite including renal replacement therapy, death from renal causes, and hospitalization for renal events. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the main outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox models and an intention-to-treat exposure definition. Mean (SD) follow-up time was 3.0 (1.7) years. RESULTS Mean (SD) age of the study population was 59 (10) years, and 18% had cardiovascular disease. A serious renal event occurred in 570 users of GLP-1 receptor agonists (incidence rate 4.8 events per 1,000 person-years) and in 722 users of DPP-4 inhibitors (6.3 events per 1,000 person-years, HR 0.76 [95% CI 0.68–0.85], absolute difference −1.5 events per 1,000 person-years [−2.1 to −0.9]). Use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with a significantly lower risk of renal replacement therapy (HR 0.73 [0.62–0.87]) and hospitalization for renal events (HR 0.73 [0.65–0.83]) but not death from renal causes (HR 0.72 [0.48–1.10]). When we used an as-treated exposure definition in which patients were censored at treatment cessation or switch to the other study drug, the HR for the primary outcome was 0.60 (0.49–0.74). CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort of patients seen in routine clinical practice in three countries, use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, as compared with DPP-4 inhibitors, was associated with a reduced risk of serious renal events.
The Significance of Nontoxic Thyroid Nodules
Authors: JOHN B. VANDER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

In a total population of 5,127 persons, 218 were found to have nontoxic thyroid nodules, representing 4.2% of the sample—6.4% in females and 1.5% in males. These lesions were followed for a period of approximately 15 years, and none showed evidence of malignancy at the end of that time. During the 15-year period of observation, 67 new lesions were detected in persons previously found to be free of thyroid disease. This represented a 15-year incidence rate of 1.4%, 1.7% in females and 0.9% in males. None of these newly detected lesions showed evidence of malignancy.
The Development and Performance of After-Hours Primary Care in the Netherlands
Authors: Marleen Smits, Martijn Rutten, Ellen Keizer, Michel Wensing, Gert Westert, Paul Giesen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2017)

In many Western countries, hospital emergency departments are overcrowded, leading to the desire to strengthen primary care, particularly after hours. To achieve this goal, an increasing number of Western nations are reorganizing their after-hours primary care systems into large-scale primary care physician (PCP) cooperatives. This article provides an overview of the organization, performance, and development of PCP cooperatives in the Netherlands. The Dutch after-hours primary care system might offer opportunities for other countries facing problems with after-hours care and inappropriate emergency department visits. During the past several years, the number of contacts with Dutch PCP cooperatives has increased to 245 contacts per 1000 citizens per year. Many contacts (45%) are nonurgent, and about half occur as part of a series of primary care contacts. Low accessibility and availability of daytime primary care are related to greater use of after-hours primary care. To prevent unnecessary attendance at the cooperatives, physicians advocate copayment, a stricter triage system, and a larger role for telephone doctors. More than half of the PCP cooperatives in the Netherlands have integrated with hospital emergency departments, forming "emergency care access points." This collaboration has decreased emergency department use by 13% to 22%, and treatment of self-referrals by PCP cooperatives in emergency care access points is safe and cost-effective. Direct access to diagnostic facilities may optimize efficiency even more. Other recent developments include access to electronic health records of daytime primary care practices, task substitution from physicians to nurses, and the launch of a 2-year training program for PCPs to become experts in emergency care.
Increased Mortality Associated with Growth Hormone Treatment in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: Jukka Takala, Esko Ruokonen, Nigel R. Webster, Michael S. Nielsen, Durk F. Zandstra, Guy Vundelinckx, Charles J. Hinds
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

The administration of growth hormone can attenuate the catabolic response to injury, surgery, and sepsis. However, the effect of high doses of growth hormone on the length of stay in intensive care and in the hospital, the duration of mechanical ventilation, and the outcome in critically ill adults who are hospitalized for long periods is not known.
Cancer Incidence in Mormons and Non-Mormons in Utah, 1966–1970
Authors: Joseph L. Lyon, Melville R. Klauber, John W. Gardner, Charles R. Smart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Between 1950 and 1969 cancer mortality in white Utah residents was 22 per cent less than that in the entire United States population. The religion of 72 per cent of the State residents (Mormon) proscribes use of tobacco and alcohol. We therefore analyzed the 10,641 cases of cancer identified in Utah from 1966 to 1970 and compared the incidence found in Utah Mormons, in Utah non-Mormons, and in a national survey. Comparison of Utah Mormons with non-Mormons showed that Mormons had a lower incidence of all cancers associated with cigarette smoking (P < 0.00001). Mormon females had a low incidence of cancer of the breast (P = 0.008), uterine cervix (P < 0.00001), and ovary (P = 0.04); Mormon males had a lower incidence of stomach cancers (P = 0.003). These findings add evidence to the association between cigarette smoking and certain cancers, but leave unexplained the significant differences between Mormons and non-Mormons for incidence of cancer of the breast, cervix, prostate and nervous system. (N Engl J Med 294:129–133,1976)
Aortic Dilatation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Authors: Subodh Verma, Samuel C. Siu
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital heart defect in adults. Dilatation of the proximal aorta, or bicuspid aortopathy, is present in approximately half these patients and can lead to complications, including aneurysm formation and aortic dissection.
Somatization and Medicalization in the Era of Managed Care
Authors: Arthur J. Barsky
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Somatization, the reporting of somatic symptoms that have no pathophysiological explanation, appears to be increasing as sociocultural currents reduce the public's tolerance of mild symptoms and benign infirmities and lower the threshold for seeking medical attention for such complaints. These trends coincide with a progressive medicalization of physical distress in which uncomfortable bodily states and isolated symptoms are reclassified as diseases for which medical treatment is sought. Somatization and medicalization are likely to become more problematic in the era of managed care. Under capitation, providers will have greater incentives to reduce utilization, and somatizing patients may feel forced to express their "dis-ease" in more urgent and exaggerated terms in order to gain access to the physician. In addition, prepaid subscribers will suffer little financial disincentive to seek medical attention for relatively minor complaints; therefore, they are likely to increase the demand for physician consultation. This situation suggests an urgent need to improve the management of somatizing patients. Innovative consultative, behavioral, and educational interventions are now available. In addition, medical professionals should greet the process of medicalization with considerable caution and educate the public more about the normative presence of symptoms and bodily distress in healthy people. Additional research is needed into somatization and its relationship to the demand for medical care. In an era of managed care, increased attention should be devoted to understanding and controlling the demand for care, a large portion of which is symptom driven. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:1931-1934)
1. Improving Care and Promoting Health in Populations: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
Journal: Diabetes Care (2018)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” includes ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.