Employment and Economic Outcomes of Participants With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the TRACK-TBI Study
Authors: Étienne Gaudette, Seth A. Seabury, Nancy Temkin, Jason Barber, Anthony M. DiGiorgio, Amy J. Markowitz, Geoffrey T. Manley, Neeraj Badjatia, Ann-Christine Duhaime, Adam Ferguson, Shankar Gopinath, Ramesh Grandhi, Ruchira Jha, C Dirk Keene, Ryan Kitagawa, Christine Mac Donald, Christopher Maddedn, Mike McCrea, Pratik Mukherjee, Laura Ngwenya, David Okonkwo, Claudia Robertson, Eric Rosenthal, Andrea Schneider, David Schnyer, Murray Stein, Sabrina Taylor, Mary Vassar, John Yue
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

<h3>Importance</h3> Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) may impair the ability to work. Strategies to facilitate return to work are understudied. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess employment and economic outcomes for employed, working-age adults with mTBI in the 12 months after injury and the association between return to work and employer assistance. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Using data from the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study, a cohort study of patients with mTBI presenting to emergency departments of 11 level I US trauma centers was performed. Patients with mTBI enrolled in the TRACK-TBI cohort study from February 26, 2014, to May 4, 2016, were followed up at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months after injury. Work status and income decline of participants were documented in the first year after injury. Associations between work status, injury characteristics, and offer of employer assistance and associations between follow-up care and employer assistance were investigated. Results were adjusted for unobserved outcomes using inverse probability weighting. Data were extracted July 12, 2020; analyses were completed March 24, 2021. Analyses included 435 participants aged 18 to 64 years who were working before the injury, had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15, and completed all postinjury follow-up surveys. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Primary outcomes were work status (working or not working) at each study follow-up milestone. Employer assistance included sick leave, reduced hours, modified schedule, transfer to different tasks, assistive technology, and coaching offered during the first 3 months after injury. <h3>Results</h3> Of 435 participants (147 [34%] female; 320 [74%] White; mean [SD] age 37.3 [12.9] years), 258 (59%) reported not working at 2 weeks after injury and 74 (17%) reported not working at 12 months after injury. More than one-fifth (92 [21%]) experienced a decline in annual income. Work status at 12 months was significantly associated with postconcussion symptoms experienced at 3 months after injury (73% of patients with 3 or more symptoms reported working at 12 months after injury vs 89% of patients with 2 or fewer symptoms;<i>P</i> &lt; .001) but not with other injury characteristics. Participants offered employer assistance in the first 3 months after injury were more likely to report working after injury than those not offered such assistance (at 6 months: 88% vs 78%;<i>P</i> = .02; at 12 months: 86% vs 72%;<i>P</i> = .005). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this cohort study, mTBI was associated with substantial employment and economic consequences for some patients. Clinicians should systematically follow up with patients with mTBI and coordinate with employers to promote successful return to work.