tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters Against Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: A Target Trial Emulation in the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant Era
Authors: George N. Ioannou, Amy S.B. Bohnert, Ann M. O’Hare, Edward J. Boyko, Matthew L. Maciejewski, Valerie A. Smith, C. Barrett Bowling, Elizabeth Viglianti, Theodore J. Iwashyna, Denise M. Hynes, Kristin Berry, Pamela Green, Alexandra Fox, Anna Korpak, Troy Shahoumian, Alex Hickok, Mazhgan Rowneki, Xiao Qing Wang, Emily R. Locke
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

The effectiveness of a third mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose (booster dose) against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant is uncertain, especially in older, high-risk populations.To determine mRNA booster vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and death in the Omicron era by booster type, primary vaccine type, time since primary vaccination, age, and comorbidity burden.Retrospective matched cohort study designed to emulate a target trial of booster vaccination versus no booster, conducted from 1 December 2021 to 31 March 2022.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs health care system.Persons who had received 2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine doses at least 5 months earlier.Booster monovalent mRNA vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162b2 or Moderna's mRNA-1273) versus no booster.Booster VE.Each group included 490 838 well-matched persons, who were predominantly male (88%), had a mean age of 63.0 years (SD, 14.0), and were followed for up to 121 days (mean, 79.8 days). Booster VE more than 10 days after a booster dose was 42.3% (95% CI, 40.6% to 43.9%) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 53.3% (CI, 48.1% to 58.0%) against SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization, and 79.1% (CI, 71.2% to 84.9%) against SARS-CoV-2-related death. Booster VE was similar for different booster types (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273), age groups, and primary vaccination regimens but was significantly higher with longer time since primary vaccination and higher comorbidity burden.Predominantly male population.Booster mRNA vaccination was highly effective in preventing death and moderately effective in preventing infection and hospitalization for up to 4 months after administration in the Omicron era. Increased uptake of booster vaccination, which is currently suboptimal, should be pursued to limit the morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in persons with high comorbidity burden.U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
Supporting the Health and Well-Being of Indigenous Communities: A Position Paper From the American College of Physicians
Authors: Josh Serchen, Suja Mathew, David Hilden, Molly Southworth, Omar Atiq, Suja Mathew, David Hilden, Micah Beachy, William Curry, Matthew Hollon, Cynthia Jumper, Pranav Mellacheruvu, Marianne Parshley, Ankita Sagar, Jamar Slocum, Michael Tan, Vanessa Van Doren, Elham Yousef
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

Indigenous peoples in the United States experience many health disparities and barriers to accessing health care services. In addition, Indigenous communities experience poor social drivers of health, including disproportionately high rates of food insecurity, violence, and poverty, among others. These challenges are unsurprising, given historical societal discrimination toward Indigenous peoples and government policies of violence, forced relocation with loss of ancestral home, and erasure of cultures and traditions. Indigenous peoples have displayed resilience that has sustained their communities through these hardships. Through treaties between the federal government and Indigenous nations, the federal government has assumed a trust responsibility to provide for the health and well-being of Indigenous populations through the direct provision of health care services and financial support of tribally operated health systems. However, despite serving a population that has endured substantial historical trauma and subsequent health issues, federal programs serving Indigenous peoples receive inadequate federal funding and substantially fewer resources compared with other federal health care programs. Access to care is further challenged by geographic isolation and health care workforce vacancies. Given the history of Indigenous peoples in the United States and their treatment by the federal government and society, the American College of Physicians (ACP) asserts the federal government must faithfully execute its trust responsibility through increased funding and resources directed toward Indigenous communities and the undertaking of concerted policy efforts to support the health and well-being of Indigenous people. ACP believes that these efforts must be community-driven, Indigenous-led, and culturally appropriate and accepted, and center values of respect and self-determination.
Characteristics of Persons Screened for Lung Cancer in the United States
Authors: Gerard A. Silvestri, Lenka Goldman, Judy Burleson, Michael Gould, Ella A. Kazerooni, Peter J. Mazzone, M. Patricia Rivera, V. Paul Doria-Rose, Lauren S. Rosenthal, Michael Simanowith, Robert A. Smith, Nichole T. Tanner, Stacey Fedewa
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) was recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) in 2013, making approximately 8 million Americans eligible for screening. The demographic characteristics and adherence of persons screened in the United States have not been reported at the population level.To define sociodemographic characteristics and adherence among persons screened and entered into the American College of Radiology's Lung Cancer Screening Registry (LCSR).Cohort study.United States, 2015 to 2019.Persons receiving a baseline LDCT for LCS from 3625 facilities reporting to the LCSR.Age, sex, and smoking status distributions (percentages) were computed among persons who were screened and among respondents in the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) who were eligible for screening. The prevalence between the LCSR and the NHIS was compared with prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs. Adherence to annual screening was defined as having a follow-up test within 11 to 15 months of an initial LDCT.Among 1 159 092 persons who were screened, 90.8% (n = 1 052 591) met the USPSTF eligibility criteria. Compared with adults from the NHIS who met the criteria (n = 1257), screening recipients in the LCSR were older (34.7% vs. 44.8% were aged 65 to 74 years; PR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.20 to 1.39]), more likely to be female (41.8% vs. 48.1%; PR, 1.15 [CI, 1.08 to 1.23]), and more likely to currently smoke (52.3% vs. 61.4%; PR, 1.17 [CI, 1.11 to 1.23]). Only 22.3% had a repeated annual LDCT. If follow-up was extended to 24 months and more than 24 months, 34.3% and 40.3% were adherent, respectively.Underreporting of LCS and missing data may skew demographic characteristics of persons reported to be screened. Underreporting of adherence may result in underestimates of follow-up.Approximately 91% of persons who had LCS met USPSTF eligibility criteria. In addition to continuing to target all eligible adults, men, those who formerly smoked, and younger eligible patients may be less likely to be screened. Adherence to annual follow-up screening was poor, potentially limiting screening effectiveness.None.
Comparison of Rapid Antigen Tests' Performance Between Delta and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Apurv Soni, Carly Herbert, Andreas Filippaios, John Broach, Andres Colubri, Nisha Fahey, Kelsey Woods, Janvi Nanavati, Colton Wright, Taylor Orwig, Karen Gilliam, Vik Kheterpal, Thejas Suvarna, Chris Nowak, Summer Schrader, Honghuang Lin, Laurel O’Connor, Caitlin Pretz, Didem Ayturk, Elizabeth Orvek, Julie Flahive, Peter Lazar, Qiming Shi, Chad Achenbach, Robert Murphy, Matthew Robinson, Laura Gibson, Pamela Stamegna, Nathaniel Hafer, Katherine Luzuriaga, Bruce Barton, William Heetderks, Yukari C. Manabe, David McManus
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

It is important to document the performance of rapid antigen tests (Ag-RDTs) in detecting SARS-CoV-2 variants.To compare the performance of Ag-RDTs in detecting the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants of SARS-CoV-2.Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study that enrolled participants between 18 October 2021 and 24 January 2022. Participants did Ag-RDTs and collected samples for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing every 48 hours for 15 days.The parent study enrolled participants throughout the mainland United States through a digital platform. All participants self-collected anterior nasal swabs for rapid antigen testing and RT-PCR testing. All Ag-RDTs were completed at home, whereas nasal swabs for RT-PCR were shipped to a central laboratory.Of 7349 participants enrolled in the parent study, 5779 asymptomatic persons who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on day 1 of the study were eligible for this substudy.Sensitivity of Ag-RDTs on the same day as the first positive (index) RT-PCR result and 48 hours after the first positive RT-PCR result.A total of 207 participants were positive on RT-PCR (58 Delta, 149 Omicron). Differences in sensitivity between variants were not statistically significant (same day: Delta, 15.5% [95% CI, 6.2% to 24.8%] vs. Omicron, 22.1% [CI, 15.5% to 28.8%]; at 48 hours: Delta, 44.8% [CI, 32.0% to 57.6%] vs. Omicron, 49.7% [CI, 41.6% to 57.6%]). Among 109 participants who had RT-PCR-positive results for 48 hours, rapid antigen sensitivity did not differ significantly between Delta- and Omicron-infected participants (48-hour sensitivity: Delta, 81.5% [CI, 66.8% to 96.1%] vs. Omicron, 78.0% [CI, 69.1% to 87.0%]). Only 7.2% of the 69 participants with RT-PCR-positive results for shorter than 48 hours tested positive by Ag-RDT within 1 week; those with Delta infections remained consistently negative on Ag-RDTs.A testing frequency of 48 hours does not allow a finer temporal resolution of the analysis of test performance, and the results of Ag-RDTs are based on self-report.The performance of Ag-RDTs in persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is not inferior to that in persons with Delta infections. Serial testing improved the sensitivity of Ag-RDTs for both variants. The performance of rapid antigen testing varies on the basis of duration of RT-PCR positivity.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
15-Year Benefits of Sigmoidoscopy Screening on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Authors: Frederik E. Juul, Amanda J. Cross, Robert E. Schoen, Carlo Senore, Paul Pinsky, Eric Miller, Nereo Segnan, Kate Wooldrage, Paulina Wieszczy-Szczepanik, Paola Armaroli, Kjetil K. Garborg, Hans-Olov Adami, Geir Hoff, Mette Kalager, Michael Bretthauer, Magnus Løberg, Øyvind Holme
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

The effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) by sex and age in randomized trials is uncertain.
Alcohol Use
Authors: Joseph H. Donroe, E. Jennifer Edelman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

Unhealthy alcohol use—the consumption of alcohol at a level that has caused or has the potential to cause adverse physical, psychological, or social consequences—is common, underrecognized, and undertreated. For example, data from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health indicate that 7.0% of adults reported heavy alcohol use in the previous month, and only 4.2% of adults with alcohol use disorder received treatment. Primary care is an important setting for optimizing screening and treatment of unhealthy alcohol use to promote individual and public health.
How Would You Screen This Patient for Colorectal Cancer?
Authors: Risa B. Burns, Carol M. Mangione, David S. Weinberg, Zahir Kanjee
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death for men and women in the United States, with an estimated 52 580 people expected to die in 2022. Most frequently, CRC is diagnosed among persons aged 65 to 74 years. However, among persons younger than 50 years, incidence rates have been increasing since the mid-1990s. In 2021, partially because of the rising incidence, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended CRC screening for adults aged 45 to 49 years (Grade B recommendation). Options for CRC screening include stool-based and direct visualization tests. The USPSTF did not recommend a specific screening test; rather, its guidance was to select a test after a discussion with the patient. Here, a primary care physician and a gastroenterologist discuss the recommendation to begin CRC screening at age 45, review options for CRC screening, and discuss how to choose among the available options.
Childhood body mass index trajectories, adult-onset type 2 diabetes, and obesity-related cancers
Authors: Britt W Jensen, Julie Aarestrup, Kim Blond, Marit E Jørgensen, Andrew G Renehan, Dorte Vistisen, Jennifer L Baker
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2022)

Elevated childhood body mass index (BMI), commonly examined as a "once-only" value, increases the risk of cancer and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood. Continuous exposure to adiposity during childhood may further increase cancer risk. We examined whether longitudinal childhood BMI trajectories were associated with adult obesity-related cancer and the role of adult-onset T2D in these associations.Five sex-specific latent class BMI trajectories were generated for 301 927 children (149 325 girls) aged 6-15 years from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. Information on obesity-related cancers and T2D was obtained from national health registers. Incidence rate ratios (IRR), cumulative incidences, and confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Poisson regressions.Compared with the average childhood BMI trajectory (containing approximately 40% of individuals), the rate of obesity-related cancer (excluding breast cancer) increased with higher childhood BMI trajectories among women. The highest rates occurred in the overweight (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.17 to 1.38) and obesity (IRR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.08) BMI trajectories. Similar patterns were observed among men. In contrast, women with the obesity childhood BMI trajectory had the lowest rate of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer (IRR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.80, and IRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.30 to 0.57, respectively). For all trajectories, the cumulative risk of obesity-related cancer increased with adult-onset T2D.Consistent childhood overweight or obesity may increase the rates of adult obesity-related cancer and decrease the rates of breast cancer. Adult-onset T2D conferred additional risk for obesity-related cancer, but the effect did not differ across childhood BMI trajectories.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Biomass for Cooking and Effects on Birth Weight
Authors: Thomas F. Clasen, Howard H. Chang, Lisa M. Thompson, Miles A. Kirby, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Anaité Díaz-Artiga, John P. McCracken, Ghislaine Rosa, Kyle Steenland, Ashley Younger, Vigneswari Aravindalochanan, Dana B. Barr, Adly Castañaza, Yunyun Chen, Marilú Chiang, Maggie L. Clark, Sarada Garg, Stella Hartinger, Shirin Jabbarzadeh, Michael A. Johnson, Dong-Yun Kim, Amy E. Lovvorn, Eric D. McCollum, Libny Monroy, Lawrence H. Moulton, Alexie Mukeshimana, Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay, Luke P. Naeher, Florien Ndagijimana, Aris Papageorghiou, Ricardo Piedrahita, Ajay Pillarisetti, Naveen Puttaswamy, Ashlinn Quinn, Usha Ramakrishnan, Sankar Sambandam, Sheela S. Sinharoy, Gurusamy Thangavel, Lindsay J. Underhill, Lance A. Waller, Jiantong Wang, Kendra N. Williams, Joshua P. Rosenthal, William Checkley, Jennifer L. Peel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Exposure during pregnancy to household air pollution caused by the burning of solid biomass fuel is associated with adverse health outcomes, including low birth weight. Whether the replacement of a biomass cookstove with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookstove would result in an increase in birth weight is unclear.
Arrhythmogenic Effects of Cardiac Memory
Authors: Sami Viskin, Ehud Chorin, Arie Lorin Schwartz, Piotr Kukla, Raphael Rosso
Journal: Circulation (2022)

Cardiac memory is the term used to describe an interesting electrocardiographic phenomenon. Whenever a QRS complex is wide and abnormal, such as during ventricular pacing, the T waves will also be abnormal and will point to the opposite direction of the wide QRS. If the QRS then normalizes, such as after cessation of ventricular pacing, the T waves will normalize as well, but at a later stage. The period of cardiac memory is the phase between the sudden normalization of the QRS and the eventual and gradual return of the T waves to their baseline morphology. Cardiac memory is assumed to be an innocent electrocardiographic curiosity. However, during cardiac memory, reduction of repolarizing potassium currents increases left ventricular repolarization gradients. Therefore, when cardiac memory occurs in patients who already have a prolonged QT interval (for whatever reason), it can lead to a frank long QT syndrome with QT-related ventricular arrhythmias (torsades de pointes). These arrhythmogenic effects of cardiac memory are not generally appreciated and are reviewed here for the first time.
Neurological applications of belzutifan in von Hippel-Lindau disease
Authors: Yue Zhang, Catherine C Nguyen, Nigel T Zhang, Nicolas S Fink, Jordan D John, Omkar G Venkatesh, Jonathan D Roe, Steven C Hoffman, Maciej S Lesniak, Jean-Paul Wolinsky, Craig Horbinski, Brittany M Szymaniak, Robin A Buerki, Jeffrey A Sosman, Niraj K Shenoy, Rimas V Lukas
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2022)

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by mutations in the VHL gene that presents with visceral neoplasms and growths, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and central nervous system manifestations, such as hemangioblastomas of the brain and spine. The pathophysiology involves dysregulation of oxygen sensing caused by the inability to degrade HIFα, leading to the overactivation of hypoxic pathways. Hemangioblastomas are the most common tumors in patients with VHL and cause significant morbidity. Until recently, there were no systemic therapies available for patients that could effectively reduce the size of these lesions. Belzutifan, the first approved HIF-2α inhibitor, has demonstrated benefit in VHL-associated tumors, with a 30% response rate in hemangioblastomas and ~30%-50% reduction in their sizes over the course of treatment. Anemia is the most prominent adverse effect, affecting 76%-90% of participants and sometimes requiring dose reduction or transfusion. Other significant adverse events include hypoxia and fatigue. Overall, belzutifan is well tolerated; however, long-term data on dosing regimens, safety, and fertility are not yet available. Belzutifan holds promise for the treatment of neurological manifestations of VHL and its utility may influence the clinical management paradigms for this patient population.
Interplay between mucus mobility and alveolar macrophage targeting of surface-modified liposomes
Authors: Kamila Bohne Japiassu, Francois Fay, Alessandro Marengo, Younès Louaguenouni, Catherine Cailleau, Stéphanie Denis, David Chapron, Nicolas Tsapis, Thais Leite Nascimento, Eliana Martins Lima, Elias Fattal
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2022)
GSH‐Responsive Organosilica Hybrid Nanosystem as a Cascade Promoter for Enhanced Starvation and Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Huan Wu, Xianglong Li, Shi Liu, Qinghua Wang, Yuanyuan Cao, Ji‐Na Hao, Yongsheng Li
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2022)

Glucose oxidase (GOD)-mediated starvation therapy (ST) that causes intratumoral glucose depletion is a promising strategy for tumor treatment. However, the ultimate efficacy is inevitably limited by tumor hypoxia, as oxygen is a key component in the consumption of glucose by GOD. In this study, a kind of glutathione (GSH)-responsive organosilica hybrid micelles loaded with Mn3 O4 and GOD (denoted as Mn3 O4 @PDOMs-GOD) is ingeniously designed for enhanced ST and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Specifically, the internalized Mn3 O4 @PDOMs-GOD in tumor cells consumes intracellular glucose and oxygen (O2 ) under the catalysis of GOD to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), which is subsequently decomposed by Mn3 O4 to liberate O2 . This cyclically regenerated O2 will form a virtuous cycle of O2 and H2 O2 compensation to enhance the ST outcome. Meanwhile, Mn3 O4 can oxidize and deplete the overexpressed GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to release Mn2+ , which then catalyzes H2 O2 into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH) to accomplish chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Both in vitro and in vivo experiment results demonstrate the significant antitumor efficacy of Mn3 O4 @PDOMs-GOD by the cooperatively enhanced ST and CDT, suggesting the feasibility to develop promising therapeutic platforms with higher treatment efficacies.
Enhanced Tumor Accumulation of Multimodal Magneto‐Plasmonic Nanoparticles via an Implanted Micromagnet‐Assisted Delivery Strategy
Authors: Sajanlal R. Panikkanvalappil, Sharath K. Bhagavatula, Kyle Deans, Oliver Jonas, Mohammad Rashidian, Shruti Mishra
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2022)

One of the major shortcomings of nano carriers-assisted cancer therapeutic strategies continues to be the inadequate tumor penetration and retention of systemically administered nanoformulations and its off-target toxicity. Stromal parameters-related heterogeneity in enhanced permeability and retention effect and physicochemical properties of the nanoformulations immensely contributes to their poor tumor extravasation. Herein, a novel tumor targeting strategy, where an intratumorally implanted micromagnet can significantly enhance accumulation of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) at the micromagnet-implanted tumor in bilateral colorectal tumor models while limiting their off-target accumulation, is demonstrated. To this end, novel multimodal gold/iron oxide NPs comprised of an array of multifunctional moieties with high therapeutic, sensing, and imaging potential are developed. It is also discovered that cancer cell targeted NPs in combination with static magnetic field can selectively induce cancer cell death. A multimodal caspase-3 nanosensor is also developed for real-time visualization of selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. In addition, the photothermal killing capability of these NPs in vitro is evaluated, and their potential for enhanced photothermal ablation in tissue samples is demonstrated. Building on current uses of implantable devices for therapeutic purposes, this study envisions the proposed micromagnet-assisted NPs delivery approach may be used to accelerate the clinical translation of various nanoformulations.
Error in Affiliations
Authors: Suk Choi
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Boyoung Park, MD, PhD; Kyoung Hwan Ahn, BS; Yunsu Choi, PhD; Jung Ho Kim, MD; Hye Seong, MD; Youn Jeong Kim, MD; Jun Young Choi, MD; Joon Young Song, MD; Eunjung Lee, MD; Yoon Hee Jun, MD; Young Kyung Yoon, MD; Won Suk Choi, MD; Myungsun Lee, MD; Jaehyun Seong, PhD; Shin-Woo Kim, MD
Trends in Dispensing of Controlled Medications for US Adolescents and Young Adults, 2008 to 2019
Authors: Michael S. Toce, Kenneth A. Michelson, Krista Y. Chen, Joel D. Hudgins, Karen L. Olson, Florence T. Bourgeois
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2022)

This cohort study examines trends from 2008 to 2019 in dispensations of controlled medications to US adolescents and young adults.