tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Endoscopy E-Videos – recently published
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

Comment on: A new method to identify the afferent limb in balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP: Retention of gel mixed with contrast medium under fluoroscopyEndoscopy 2023; 55(S 01): E290-E291DOI: 10.1055/a-1974-9344 Comment on: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage followed by transcystic rendezvous ERCP for the management of distal malignant biliary obstructionEndoscopy 2023; 55(S 01): E272-E273DOI: 10.1055/a-1974-9674 Comment on: Emergency call: “Doctor I swallowed a stick”Endoscopy 2023; 55(S 01): E303-E304DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-2144 Comment on: Virtual scale endoscope-assisted wide-field resection of large sessile serrated lesionsEndoscopy 2023; 55(S 01): E314-E315DOI: 10.1055/a-1981-2392
Effectiveness of handwashing with soap for preventing acute respiratory infections in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ian Ross, Sarah Bick, Philip Ayieko, Robert Dreibelbis, Jennyfer Wolf, Matthew C Freeman, Elizabeth Allen, Michael Brauer, Oliver Cumming
Journal: The Lancet (2023)

BackgroundAcute respiratory infection (ARI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with 83% of ARI mortality occurring in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) before the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to estimate the effect of interventions promoting handwashing with soap on ARI in LMICs.MethodsIn our systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Global Health, and Global Index Medicus for studies of handwashing with soap interventions in LMICs from inception to May 25, 2021. We included randomised and non-randomised controlled studies of interventions conducted in domestic, school, or childcare settings. Interventions promoting hand hygiene methods other than handwashing with soap were excluded, as were interventions in health-care facilities or the workplace. The primary outcome was ARI morbidity arising from any pathogen for participants of any age. Secondary outcomes were lower respiratory infection, upper respiratory infection, influenza confirmed by diagnostic test, COVID-19 confirmed by diagnostic test, and all-cause mortality. We extracted relative risks (RRs), using random-effects meta-analysis to analyse study results, and metaregression to evaluate heterogeneity. We assessed risk of bias in individual studies using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and assessed the overall body of evidence using a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021231414.Findings26 studies with 161 659 participants met inclusion criteria, providing 27 comparisons (21 randomised). Interventions promoting handwashing with soap reduced any ARI compared with no handwashing intervention (RR 0·83 [95% CI 0·76–0·90], I2 88%; 27 comparisons). Interventions also reduced lower respiratory infections (0·78 [0·64–0·94], I2 64%; 12 comparisons) and upper respiratory infections (0·74 [0·59–0·93], I2 91%; seven comparisons), but not test-confirmed influenza (0·94 [0·42–2·11], I2 90%; three comparisons), test-confirmed COVID-19 (no comparisons), or all-cause mortality (prevalence ratio 0·95 [95% CI 0·71–1·27]; one comparison). For ARI, no heterogeneity covariates were significant at p<0·1 and the GRADE rating was moderate certainty evidence.InterpretationInterventions promoting handwashing with soap can reduce ARI in LMICs, and could help to prevent the large burden of respiratory disease.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Reckitt Global Hygiene Institute, and UK FCDO.
Dose-Escalated Radiotherapy Alone or in Combination With Short-Term Androgen Deprivation for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: Results of a Phase III Multi-Institutional Trial
Authors: Daniel J. Krauss, Theodore Karrison, Alvaro A. Martinez, Gerard Morton, Di Yan, Deborah Watkins Bruner, Benjamin Movsas, Mohamed Elshaikh, Deborah Citrin, Bruce Hershatter, Jeff M. Michalski, Jason Alexander Efstathiou, Adam Currey, Vivek S. Kavadi, Fabio L. Cury, Michael Lock, Adam Raben, Samantha Andrews Seaward, Ali El-Gayed, Joseph P. Rodgers, Howard M. Sandler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023)

It remains unknown whether or not short-term androgen deprivation (STAD) improves survival among men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (IRPC) treated with dose-escalated radiotherapy (RT).
Neoadjuvant Checkpoint Immunotherapy and Melanoma: The Time Is Now
Authors: Georgina V. Long, Alexander M. Menzies, Richard A. Scolyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023)

The role of neoadjuvant therapy is undergoing an historic shift in oncology. The emergence of potent immunostimulatory anticancer agents has transformed neoadjuvant therapy from a useful tool in minimizing surgical morbidity to a life-saving treatment with curative promise, led by research in the field of melanoma. Health practitioners have witnessed remarkable improvements in melanoma survival outcomes over the past decade, beginning with checkpoint immunotherapies and BRAF-targeted therapies in the advanced setting that were successfully adopted into the postsurgical adjuvant setting for high-risk resectable disease. Despite substantial reductions in postsurgical recurrence, high-risk resectable melanoma has remained a life-altering and potentially fatal disease. In recent years, data from preclinical models and early-phase clinical trials have pointed to the potential for greater clinical efficacy when checkpoint inhibitors are administered in the neoadjuvant rather than adjuvant setting. Early feasibility studies showed impressive pathologic response rates to neoadjuvant immunotherapy, which were associated with recurrence-free survival rates of over 90%. Recently, the randomized phase II SWOG S1801 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03698019) reported a 42% reduction in 2-year event-free survival risk with neoadjuvant versus adjuvant pembrolizumab in resectable stage IIIB-D/IV melanoma (72% v 49%; hazard ratio, 0.58; P = .004), establishing neoadjuvant single-agent immunotherapy as a new standard of care. A randomized phase III trial of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in resectable stage IIIB-D melanoma, NADINA (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04949113), is ongoing, as are feasibility studies in high-risk stage II disease. With a swathe of clinical, quality-of-life, and economic benefits, neoadjuvant immunotherapy has the potential to redefine the contemporary management of resectable tumors.
Dose-Escalated Radiation Alone or in Combination With Short-Term Total Androgen Suppression for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: Patient-Reported Outcomes From NRG/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0815 Randomized Trial
Authors: Benjamin Movsas, Joseph P. Rodgers, Mohamed A. Elshaikh, Alvaro A. Martinez, Gerard C. Morton, Daniel J. Krauss, Di Yan, Deborah E. Citrin, Bruce W. Hershatter, Jeff M. Michalski, Rodney J. Ellis, Vivek S. Kavadi, Elizabeth M. Gore, Gary S. Gustafson, Craig A. Schulz, Vikram M. Velker, Adam C. Olson, Fabio L. Cury, Michael A. Papagikos, Theodore G. Karrison, Howard M. Sandler, Deborah W. Bruner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023)

PURPOSE To report patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of a phase III trial evaluating total androgen suppression (TAS) combined with dose-escalated radiation therapy (RT) for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. METHODS Patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer were randomly assigned to dose-escalated RT alone (arm 1) or RT plus TAS (arm 2) consisting of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist/antagonist with oral antiandrogen for 6 months. The primary PRO was the validated Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-50). Secondary PROs included Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-fatigue and EuroQOL five-dimensions scale questionnaire (EQ-5D). PRO change scores, calculated for each patient as the follow-up score minus baseline score (at the end of RT and at 6, 12, and 60 months), were compared between treatment arms using a two-sample t test. An effect size of 0.50 standard deviation was considered clinically meaningful. RESULTS For the primary PRO instrument (EPIC), the completion rates were ≥86% through the first year of follow-up and 70%-75% at 5 years. For the EPIC hormonal and sexual domains, there were clinically meaningful ( P &lt; .0001) deficits in the RT + TAS arm. However, there were no clinically meaningful differences by 1 year between arms. There were also no clinically meaningful differences at any time points between arms for PROMIS-fatigue, EQ-5D, and EPIC bowel/urinary scores. CONCLUSION Compared with dose-escalated RT alone, adding TAS demonstrated clinically meaningful declines only in EPIC hormonal and sexual domains. However, even these PRO differences were transient, and there were no clinically meaningful differences between arms by 1 year.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence System and Volumetric Density on Risk Prediction of Interval, Screen-Detected, and Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Celine M. Vachon, Christopher G. Scott, Aaron D. Norman, Sadia A. Khanani, Matthew R. Jensen, Carrie B. Hruska, Kathleen R. Brandt, Stacey J. Winham, Karla Kerlikowske
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023)

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms improve breast cancer detection on mammography, but their contribution to long-term risk prediction for advanced and interval cancers is unknown.
Drug Self‐Delivery Nanocubes Enhance O<sub>2</sub>‐Economized Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer by Downregulating Wnt/<i>β</i>‐catenin Signaling
Authors: Xianquan Feng, Jialiang Zhang, Lina Wu, Wanjing Lin, Zhihong Liu, Xin Zhou, Yang Qi, Zhenzhen Chen, Lingjun Zeng, Changqing Zheng, Xiaomu Hu, Qian Zhang, Hongtao Song
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2023)

Although the combination of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can treat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the severe effects of chemotherapy on immune cells significantly reduce the efficacy of the ICIs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high selectivity is an alternative to chemotherapy that can also effectively treat hypoxic TNBC. However, high levels of immunosuppressive cells, and low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) limit the efficacy of PDT combined with ICIs. This study aims to evaluate the role of drug self-delivery nanocubes (ATO/PpIX-SMN) combined with anti-PD-L1 in TNBC treatment. Anti-malarial atovaquone (ATO) enhances protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated PDT-induced immunogenic cell death and downregulates tumor Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, the nanocubes combined with anti-PD-L1, which synergistically induce maturation of dendritic cells, promote infiltration of CTLs, reduce regulatory T cells, and significantly activate the host immune system, thus treating primary and distal tumors. This work demonstrates that ATO/PpIX-SMN can enhance the response rate of anti-PD-L1 in TNBC treatment via O2 -economized photodynamic-downregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
What is Death and Why Do We Insist on the Dead Donor Rule? A Response to Our Critics
Authors: Emil J. Busch, Marius T. Mjaaland
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2023)

This article refers to:Does Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule?Not Dead, but Close Enough? You Cannot Have Your Cake and Eat It Too in Satisfying the DDR in cDCDChanging the Focus in the Donation After Circulatory Death DebatesSome Problems with the 'It Has Been Decided That You Will Die and Are No Longer in Need of Your Organs Donor Rule'The Dead Donor Rule Does Require that the Donor is DeadProtecting Life and Ensuring Death—Confounding the Dead Donor RuleDeath Lost in TranslationPragmatic Aspects of Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death and Ethical Considerations for Alternative ApproachesNormothermic Regional Perfusion, Causes, and the Dead Donor RuleCerebral Circulatory Arrest and the Dead Donor RuleDon't Leave the Heart BehindThe Dead Donor Rule Is Not Morally SufficientDefining the Cause of Death and Vitality of Organs in the Ethical Analysis of Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death ProceduresAlmagest Again? An Epistemological Critique of Nielsen Busch and MjaalandDonor Rules—Dead and LivingDead Enough? NRP-cDCD and Remaining Questions for the Ethics of DCD ProtocolsDonors and Organs at the Borders of Vitality and Public Trust: Why DCD Donors Must Be Dead and Not DyingIs Transparency about the Line between Life and Death Good for Organ Donation?The Dead Donor Rule, Reversibility and Donor WishesThe Needs to Focus on Process and Precise Language in Ethical Determination of cDCDWhy We Still Need a Substantive Determination of DeathDCD Donors Are Dying, but Not DeadClarifying the DDR and DCDNever Let Me Go: "Almost Dead" Isn't Good Enough
Capacities to Refuse Treatment: A Reply
Authors: Mark Christopher Navin, Abram Brummett, Jason Adam Wasserman
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2023)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeThis article refers to:Three Kinds of Decision-Making Capacity for Refusing Medical InterventionsGoals- and Burdens-based DMC as Expressions of Value Rather than Manifestations of DMCAuthority, Autonomy, and CapacitySupported Decision Making, Treatment Refusal, and Decisional CapacityRespecting Patients’ Authority to Make Healthcare DecisionsAgainst Multiplying Clinical Ethics Standards without Necessity: The Case for Parsimony in Evaluating Decision-making CapacityReformulating Decision-making CapacityWhy Not Jump out of Decision-Making Capacity? Additional informationFundingThe author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.
The Bioethics of Environmental Injustice: Ethical, Legal, and Clinical Implications of Unhealthy Environments
Authors: Keisha Ray, Jane Fallis Cooper
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2023)

Environmental health remains a niche topic in bioethics, despite being a prominent social determinant of health. In this paper we argue that if bioethicists are to take the project of health justice as a serious one, then we have to address environmental injustices and the threats they pose to our bioethics principles, health equity, and clinical care. To do this, we lay out three arguments supporting prioritizing environmental health in bioethics based on bioethics principles including a commitment to vulnerable populations and justice. We also highlight and advocate for environmental law efforts that align with these priorities, focusing specifically on the need for a right to a healthy environment. Our intention is to draw attention to the legal and ethical concepts that underlie the importance of a healthy environment, and urge bioethicists to prioritize both legal and ethical advocacy against environmental injustices in their practice.
Rationing, Responsibility, and Vaccination during COVID-19: A Conceptual Map
Authors: Jin K. Park, Ben Davies
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2023)

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, shortages of scarce healthcare resources consistently presented significant moral and practical challenges. While the importance of vaccines as a key pharmaceutical intervention to stem pandemic scarcity was widely publicized, a sizable proportion of the population chose not to vaccinate. In response, some have defended the use of vaccination status as a criterion for the allocation of scarce medical resources. In this paper, we critically interpret this burgeoning literature, and describe a framework for thinking about vaccine-sensitive resource allocation using the values of responsibility, reciprocity, and justice. Although our aim here is not to defend a single view of vaccine-sensitive resource allocation, we believe that attending critically with the diversity of arguments in favor (and against) vaccine-sensitivity reveals a number of questions that a vaccine-sensitive approach to allocation should answer in future pandemics.
Changes in Practice of Controlled Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest in the Past 20 Years: A Critical Care Perspective
Authors: Niklas Nielsen, Hans Friberg
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2023)

For 20 years, induced hypothermia and targeted temperature management have been recommended to mitigate brain injury and increase survival after cardiac arrest. On the basis of animal research and small clinical trials, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation strongly advocated hypothermia at 32-34 °C for 12-24 hours for comatose patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or nonperfusing ventricular tachycardia. The intervention was implemented worldwide. In the past decade, hypothermia and targeted temperature management have been investigated in larger clinical randomized trials focusing on target temperature depth, target temperature duration, prehospital versus in-hospital initiation, nonshockable rhythms, and in-hospital cardiac arrest. Systematic reviews suggest little or no effect of delivering the intervention on the basis of the summary of evidence, and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation today recommends only to treat fever and keep body temperature below 37.5 °C (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence). Here we describe the evolution of temperature management for patients with cardiac arrest during the past 20 years and how the accrued evidence has influenced not only the recommendations but also the guideline process. We also discuss possible paths forward in this field, bringing up both whether fever management is at all beneficial for patients with cardiac arrest and which knowledge gaps future clinical trials in temperature management should address.
New Interventions to Prevent Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Infants—Time for Equitable Global Access
Authors: Steve Cunningham, Heather J. Zar
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2023)

"New Interventions to Prevent RSV Disease in Infants – Time for Equitable Global Access." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.
Comparison of Right Ventricular Loading by Lung Inflation During Passive and Assisted Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Douglas Slobod, Nawaporn Assanangkornchai, Sheldon Magder
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2023)

"Comparison of Right Ventricular Loading by Lung Inflation During Passive and Assisted Mechanical Ventilation." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.
Lessons of Vascular Specialization From Secondary Lymphoid Organ Lymphatic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Silvia Arroz-Madeira, Tove Bekkhus, Maria H. Ulvmar, Tatiana V. Petrova
Journal: Circulation Research (2023)

Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
Adapter CAR T cells to counteract T-cell exhaustion and enable flexible targeting in AML
Authors: D. Nixdorf, M. Sponheimer, D. Berghammer, F. Engert, U. Bader, N. Philipp, M. Kazerani, T. Straub, L. Rohrbacher, L. Wange, S. Dapa, D. Atar, C. M. Seitz, K. Brandstetter, A. Linder, M. von Bergwelt, H. Leonhardt, J. Mittelstaet, A. Kaiser, V. Bücklein, M. Subklewe
Journal: Leukemia (2023)

Abstract Although the landscape for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients has changed substantially in recent years, the majority of patients will eventually relapse and succumb to their disease. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation provides the best anti-AML treatment strategy, but is only suitable in a minority of patients. In contrast to B-cell neoplasias, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in AML has encountered challenges in target antigen heterogeneity, safety, and T-cell dysfunction. We established a Fab-based adapter CAR (AdCAR) T-cell platform with flexibility of targeting and control of AdCAR T-cell activation. Utilizing AML cell lines and a long-term culture assay for primary AML cells, we were able to demonstrate AML-specific cytotoxicity using anti-CD33, anti-CD123, and anti-CLL1 adapter molecules in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we show for the first time the feasibility of sequential application of adapter molecules of different specificity in primary AML co-cultures. Importantly, using the AML platform, we were able to demonstrate that chronic T-cell stimulation and exhaustion can be counteracted through introduction of treatment-free intervals. As T-cell exhaustion and target antigen heterogeneity are well-known causes of resistance, the AdCAR platform might offer effective strategies to ameliorate these limitations.
The Lymphatic Vasculature in Cardiac Development and Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Xiaolei Liu, Guillermo Oliver
Journal: Circulation Research (2023)

In recent years, the lymphatic system has received increasing attention due to the fast-growing number of findings about its diverse novel functional roles in health and disease. It is well documented that the lymphatic vasculature plays major roles in the maintenance of tissue-fluid balance, the immune response, and in lipid absorption. However, recent studies have identified an additional growing number of novel and sometimes unexpected functional roles of the lymphatic vasculature in normal and pathological conditions in different organs. Among those, cardiac lymphatics have been shown to play important roles in heart development, ischemic cardiac disease, and cardiac disorders. In this review, we will discuss some of those novel functional roles of cardiac lymphatics, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting lymphatics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.