tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The use of imagery in global health: an analysis of infectious disease documents and a framework to guide practice
Authors: Esmita Charani, Sameed Shariq, Alexandra M Cardoso Pinto, Raabia Farooqi, Winnie Nambatya, Oluchi Mbamalu, Seye Abimbola, Marc Mendelson
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2022)

We report an empirical analysis of the use of imagery by the key actors in global health who set policy and strategy, and we provide a comprehensive overview, particularly related to images used in reports on vaccination and antimicrobial resistance. The narrative currently depicted in imagery is one of power imbalances, depicting women and children from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) with less dignity, respect, and power than those from high-income countries. The absence of any evidence of consent for using intrusive and out-of-context images, particularly of children in LMICs, is concerning. The framework we have developed provides a platform for global health actors to redefine their intentions and recommission appropriate images that are relevant to the topic, respect the integrity of all individuals depicted, are accompanied by evidence of consent, and are equitable in representation. Adhering to these standards will help to avoid inherent biases that lead to insensitive content and misrepresentation, stigmatisation, and racial stereotyping.
Care cascades for hypertension and diabetes: Cross-sectional evaluation of rural districts in Tanzania
Authors: Brianna Osetinsky, Grace Mhalu, Sally Mtenga, Fabrizio Tediosi
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2022)

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), especially hypertension and diabetes, are rapidly rising in sub-Saharan Africa, necessitating health systems transformations. In Tanzania, current policies aim to improve control of hypertension and diabetes, but information is still needed to assess the gaps in treatment.We conducted a cross-sectional household survey of 784 adults in two districts in Tanzania from December 2020 to January 2021, capturing the cascade-of-care for hypertension and diabetes. The ages of the respondents ranged from 18 to 89 years. Of those screened positive for these conditions, we measured the proportion in each step of the cascades: awareness, care engagement, treatment, and control. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses for all four steps along the hypertension care cascade with the independent variables of social health protection schemes, and prior diagnosis of comorbid diabetes, and demographic information. In our sample, of the 771 who had their blood pressure measured, 41% (95% confidence interval (CI): 38% to 44%) were screened positive for hypertension, and of the 707 who had their blood sugar measured, 6% (95% CI: 4% to 8%) were screened positive for diabetes. Of those with hypertension, 43% (95% CI: 38% to 49%) had a prior diagnosis, 25% (95% CI: 21% to 31%) were engaged in care, 21% (95% CI: 3% to 25%) were on treatment, and 11% (95% CI: 8% to 15%) were controlled. Of the 42 respondents with diabetes, 80% (95% CI: 69% to 93%) had a prior diagnosis. The diabetes care cascade had much less drop-off, so 66% of those with diabetes (95% CI: 52% to 82%) were engaged in care and on treatment, and 48% (95% CI: 32% to 63%) had their diabetes controlled at the point of testing. Healthcare fee exemptions were independently associated with higher odds of being previously diagnosed (OR 5.81; 95% CI [1.98 to 17.10] p < 0.005), engaged in care (OR 4.71; 95% CI [1.59 to 13.90] p 0.005), and retained in treatment (OR 2.93; 95% CI [1.03 to 8.35] p < 0.05). Prior diagnosis of comorbid diabetes was highly associated with higher odds of being engaged in care for hypertension (OR 3.26; 95% CI [1.39 to 7.63] p < 0.005). The two primary limitations of this study were reliance on screening at a single time point only of people available at the village at the time of the sample and dependence on self-report for to inform the three cascade steps of prior diagnosis, healthcare visits for engagement in care, and treatment use.The high burden of hypertension and low levels of control in our study underscores the importance of improving the awareness and treatment of hypertension. The differences in the care cascades for hypertension and diabetes demonstrates that chronic NCD treatment is possible in this setting, but efforts will be needed across the entire care cascade to improve hypertension control.
The effects of intimate partner violence on women's risk of HIV acquisition and engagement in the HIV treatment and care cascade: a pooled analysis of nationally representative surveys in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Salome Kuchukhidze, Dimitra Panagiotoglou, Marie-Claude Boily, Souleymane Diabaté, Jeffrey W Eaton, Francisco Mbofana, Lynnmarie Sardinha, Leah Schrubbe, Heidi Stöckl, Rhoda K Wanyenze, Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
Journal: The Lancet HIV (2022)
Co-design of new post-covid oncology rehabilitation services offers a model for the future
Authors: Justin Roe, Grainne Brady, Lisa Emery, Susanna Walker, Ione de Brito Ashurst, Dianne Mowbray-Pape
Journal: BMJ (2022)

During the covid-19 pandemic the therapies department at the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a tertiary cancer hospital in London, had to change the way it delivered cancer prehabilitation and rehabilitation services and move to remote methods. <b>Justin</b><b>Roe</b>, <b>Grainne Brady</b>, <b>and colleagues</b>, and patient partner <b>Dianne Mowbray-Pape</b>, describe how the department adopted an experience based co-design approach to deliver a new model of service provision which includes telemedicine as well as face-to-face appointments and how their approach is influencing new digital developments in the trust
Remnant Cholesterol Is an Independent Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Ji Hye Huh, Eun Roh, Seong Jin Lee, Sung-Hee Ihm, Kyung-Do Han, Jun Goo Kang
Journal: Diabetes Care (2022)

Although the atherogenic effect of remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) has been widely recognized, the relationship between remnant-C and glucose metabolism remains unclear. This retrospective, longitudinal study investigated the relationship between remnant-C and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a nationwide cohort of Korean adults.A total of 8,485,539 Korean adults without diabetes participated in the national health screening in 2009 and were followed up until 2019. The relationship between remnant-C quartiles and incident T2D was examined by Cox regression models. The risk of incident T2D over the continuum of remnant-C was examined with cubic spline analysis.During the median follow-up period of 9.28 years, 584,649 individuals (6.8%) developed T2D. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, participants in the upper quartile of remnant-C had a higher risk of T2D, with hazard ratios of 1.25 (95% CI 1.24-1.27) in the second quartile, 1.51 (95% CI 1.50-1.53) in the third quartile, and 1.95 (95% CI 1.93-1.97) in the fourth quartile, compared with the lowest quartile. The increase in the risk of T2D owing to high remnant-C concentration was more profound in individuals with fewer traditional T2D risks, such as women, and absence of metabolic abnormalities, including impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Moreover, the magnitude of the increased risk for incident T2D in individuals with higher remnant-C quartiles was higher in younger participants than older participants.These findings indicate that remnant-C profiles provide additional information in predicting future progression of T2D, independent of the conventional lipid parameters.
Re: Adjuvant Atezolizumab Versus Placebo for Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma at Increased Risk of Recurrence Following Resection (IMmotion010): A Multicentre, Randomised, Double-blind, Phase 3 Trial
Authors: Zhenjie Wu, Linhui Wang, Savio D. Pandolfo, Riccardo Autorino
Journal: European Urology (2022)
Highlights of FDA Oncology Approvals in 2022: Tissue-Agnostic Indications, Dosage Optimization, and Diversity in Drug Development
Authors: Elizabeth S. Duke, Michael J. Fusco, Patrick DeMoss, Asma Dilawari, Gulsum E. Pamuk, Jessica Boehmer, Bronwyn Mixter, Kirsten B. Goldberg, Paul Kluetz, Richard Pazdur
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2022)

Summary: In 2022, cancer drug development continued to progress rapidly despite the lingering COVID-19 pandemic. Highlights of U.S. drug approvals for oncology indications this year include ongoing development in rare diseases and molecular subgroups, improved dosage optimization, and updated data for drugs granted accelerated approval, with confirmatory studies demonstrating verification of clinical benefit in some instances, as well as indication withdrawal when clinical benefit was not verified.
Stunting and Overweight Prevalence Among Resettled Yazidi, Syrian, and Iraqi Pediatric Refugees
Authors: Roopa Suppiah, Erin Hetherington, Rabina Grewal, Ada Ip-Buting, Gabriel E. Fabreau
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2022)

This cohort study compares growth abnormalities between Yazidi and non-Yazidi pediatric refugees.
Biliopancreatic Limb Length as a Potential Key Factor in Superior Glycemic Outcomes After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yeongkeun Kwon, Sungho Lee, Dohyang Kim, Ahmad ALRomi, Shin-Hoo Park, Chang Min Lee, Jong-Han Kim, Sungsoo Park
Journal: Diabetes Care (2022)

BACKGROUND Optimal length of biliopancreatic (BP) and Roux limb in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for improved glycemic control are not known. PURPOSE To investigate how the lengths of the BP and Roux limbs in RYGB differentially affect postoperative glycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES We conducted a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. STUDY SELECTION We included studies that reported glycemic outcomes after RYGB and lengths of the BP and Roux limbs. DATA EXTRACTION A total of 28 articles were included for data extraction. Glycemic outcomes after RYGB were assessed on the basis of two definitions: remission and improvement. DATA SYNTHESIS We categorized the included studies into four groups according to the BP and Roux limb lengths. The type 2 diabetes remission/improvement rates were as follows: long BP–long Roux group 0.80 (95% CI 0.70–0.90)/0.81 (0.73–0.89), long BP–short Roux group 0.76 (0.66–0.87)/0.82 (0.75–0.89), short BP–long Roux group 0.57 (0.36–0.78)/0.64 (0.53–0.75), and short BP–short Roux group 0.62 (0.43–0.80)/0.53 (0.45–0.61). Meta-regression analysis also showed that a longer BP limb resulted in higher postoperative type 2 diabetes remission and improvement rates, whereas a longer Roux limb did not. There was no significant difference or heterogeneity in baseline characteristics, including diabetes-related variables, among the four groups. LIMITATIONS Not all included studies were randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSIONS Longer BP limb length led to higher rates of type 2 diabetes remission and improvement by 1 year after RYGB in comparisons with the longer Roux limb length.
Secondary outcomes of lens and cataract surgery: More than just “best-corrected visual acuity”
Authors: Idan Hecht, Piotr Kanclerz, Raimo Tuuminen
Journal: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2022)

Most studies evaluating cataract surgery focus on the primary outcome of early, central, best-corrected visual acuity. However, cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) design have other secondary visual outcomes as well as impacts on various ocular tissues, the visual function, and quality of life. Some of these aspects are more difficult to quantify, or are historically neglected, but might be extremely important to patients. One important development was the addition of blue-light filtering to IOL design. Whether these IOLs truly have the retinal protective qualities they were designed for is disputed, yet other inadvertent desirable and possibly detrimental influences are being examined. Risk of falls, driving accidents, and other injuries decrease following cataract surgery, especially in the elderly, the importance of which cannot be overemphasized. Cataract formation contributes to social isolation and decreases cognitive stimulation in the elderly population, while cataract extraction can reduce the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. Diffractive multifocal and extended depth-of-focus IOLs improve spectacle independence and patient reported outcomes, but positive and negative dysphotopsia may be persistent. Future directions such as using the IOL enabling clear spectacle-free vision at all distances, or intraoperative drug delivery systems show promising preliminary results. It seems inevitable that a higher focus on the secondary outcomes of surgery will increase. We believe that these aspects will become more and more relevant when considering new IOL designs and surgical techniques, a fact that will benefit both the patients and the surgeons.
Evolution and Diversity of TGF-β Pathways are Linked with Novel Developmental and Behavioral Traits
Authors: Wen-Sui Lo, Marianne Roca, Mohannad Dardiry, Marisa Mackie, Gabi Eberhardt, Hanh Witte, Ray Hong, Ralf J Sommer, James W Lightfoot
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2022)

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential for numerous biologic functions. It is a highly conserved pathway found in all metazoans including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which has also been pivotal in identifying many components. Utilizing a comparative evolutionary approach, we explored TGF-β signaling in nine nematode species and revealed striking variability in TGF-β gene frequency across the lineage. Of the species analyzed, gene duplications in the DAF-7 pathway appear common with the greatest disparity observed in Pristionchus pacificus. Specifically, multiple paralogues of daf-3, daf-4 and daf-7 were detected. To investigate this additional diversity, we induced mutations in 22 TGF-β components and generated corresponding double, triple, and quadruple mutants revealing both conservation and diversification in function. Although the DBL-1 pathway regulating body morphology appears highly conserved, the DAF-7 pathway exhibits functional divergence, notably in some aspects of dauer formation. Furthermore, the formation of the phenotypically plastic mouth in P. pacificus is partially influenced through TGF-β with the strongest effect in Ppa-tag-68. This appears important for numerous processes in P. pacificus but has no known function in C. elegans. Finally, we observe behavioral differences in TGF-β mutants including in chemosensation and the establishment of the P. pacificus kin-recognition signal. Thus, TGF-β signaling in nematodes represents a stochastic genetic network capable of generating novel functions through the duplication and deletion of associated genes.
Histological Validation of FDG and PSMA-Targeted PET/CT Imaging in a Rare Tracheal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Authors: Patrick Sandach, Robert Seifert, Alexis Slama, Dirk Theegarten, Hubertus Hautzel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2022)

Abstract Adenoid cystic carcinomas are the second most common entity of tracheal malignancies, which have an overall incidence as low as only 0.2 in 100,000 persons per year. We present the case of a 64-year-old man with a histologically confirmed adenoid cystic carcinoma who sequentially underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT within 1 day for staging 3 days before surgical resection of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry revealed PSMA expression of the tumor corroborating the PSMA PET findings.
PTEN Loss Expands the Histopathologic Diversity and Lineage Plasticity of Lung Cancers Initiated by Rb1/Trp53 Deletion
Authors: Letian Zhang, Xiang Zhu, Congrong Liu, Bo Zhang, Jie Zheng, Prashant K. Singh, Wiam Bshara, Jianmin Wang, Eduardo Cortes Gomez, Xiaojing Zhang, Yanqing Wang, David W. Goodrich
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2022)

High-grade neuroendocrine tumors of the lung such as SCLC are recalcitrant cancers for which more effective systemic therapies are needed. Despite their histopathologic and molecular heterogeneity, they are generally treated as a single disease entity with similar chemotherapy regimens. Whereas marked clinical responses can be observed, they are short-lived. Inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity is considered a confounding factor in these unsatisfactory clinical outcomes, yet the origin of this heterogeneity and its impact on therapeutic responses is not well understood.
Interactions between NSAIDs, opioids and the gut microbiota - Future perspectives in the management of inflammation and pain
Authors: Zoltán S. Zádori, Kornél Király, Mahmoud Al-Khrasani, Klára Gyires
Journal: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2022)

The composition of intestinal microbiota is influenced by a number of factors, including medications, which may have a substantial impact on host physiology. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics are among those widely used medications that have been shown to alter microbiota composition in both animals and humans. Although much effort has been devoted to identify microbiota signatures associated with these medications, much less is known about the underlying mechanisms. Mucosal inflammation, changes in intestinal motility, luminal pH and bile acid metabolism, or direct drug-induced inhibitory effect on bacterial growth are all potential contributors to NSAID- and opioid-induced dysbiosis, however, only a few studies have addressed directly these issues. In addition, there is a notable overlap between the microbiota signatures of these drugs and certain diseases in which they are used, such as spondyloarthritis (SpA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aims of the present review are threefold. First, we aim to provide a comprehensive up-to-date summary on the bacterial alterations caused by NSAIDs and opioids. Second, we critically review the available data on the possible underlying mechanisms of dysbiosis. Third, we review the current knowledge on gut dysbiosis associated with SpA, RA and neuropathic pain in T2D, and highlight the similarities between them and those caused by NSAIDs and opioids. We posit that drug-induced dysbiosis may contribute to the persistence of these diseases, and may potentially limit the therapeutic effect of these medications by long-term use. In this context, we will review the available literature data on the effect of probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation on the therapeutic efficacy of NSAIDs and opioids in these diseases.
Effect of hybrid immunity and bivalent booster vaccination on omicron sublineage neutralisation
Authors: Markus Hoffmann, Georg M N Behrens, Prerna Arora, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Anne Cossmann, Luis Manthey, Alexandra Dopfer-Jablonka, Stefan Pöhlmann
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2022)
Long COVID and older people
Authors: Victoria Mansell, Sally Hall Dykgraaf, Michael Kidd, Felicity Goodyear-Smith
Journal: The Lancet Healthy Longevity (2022)

Long COVID is a poorly understood condition, with a wide spectrum of effects on multiple body systems and variable presentation in different individuals. Long COVID is of particular concern among older people (ie, aged 65 years or older), who are at greater risk than younger people of persisting symptoms associated with COVID-19. In addition, COVID-19 might trigger or exacerbate chronic conditions that occur commonly in older people, such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and functional decline. In addition, the disruptive effects of COVID-19 for older people should not be underestimated; lockdowns and other restrictions might have reduced the social interactions of older people, and they are also likely to have lost a spouse or loved one during the pandemic, which can contribute to mental and physical decline. COVID-19 vaccination appears to reduce the effects of long COVID, and older people, especially those living in aged care facilities, should remain up-to-date with their COVID-19 vaccinations. Health-care staff should also consider long COVID in the differential diagnosis of relevant symptoms in older people, rather than assume increasing frailty, and should pursue early multidisciplinary assessment and management of persisting symptoms. Addressing physical, psychological, and functional sequelae will mitigate the effect of long COVID and improve the health and quality of life of older people.
Ageing populations: unaffordable demography
Authors: None The Lancet Healthy Longevity
Journal: The Lancet Healthy Longevity (2022)

On Nov 15, 2022, the world's population reached a new high of 8 billion people. This record population is driven partly by high birth rates in some countries, but predominantly by increases in human longevity brought about by public health measures and nutritional and medical advances. Although extended human longevity driving global population growth is a triumph for individuals leading longer, healthier lives, it is a slow-burning catastrophe for societies unprepared for this demographic transition.
The association between mental disorders and subsequent years of working life: a Danish population-based cohort study
Authors: Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Nanna Weye, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Christian Hakulinen, Kathrine Bang Madsen, Maria Klitgaard Christensen, Esben Agerbo, Thomas Munk Laursen, Merete Nordentoft, Allan Timmermann, Harvey Whiteford, Simon Øverland, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, John J McGrath
Journal: The Lancet Psychiatry (2022)
Incidence and Burden of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Sri Harsha Patlolla, Hartzell V. Schaff, Rick A. Nishimura, John M. Stulak, Alanna M. Chamberlain, Sorin V. Pislaru, Vuyisile T. Nkomo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2022)
Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Peng An, Sitong Wan, Yongting Luo, Junjie Luo, Xu Zhang, Shuaishuai Zhou, Teng Xu, Jingjing He, Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Wen-Chih Wu, Fazheng Ren, Simin Liu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2022)
Prognosis of Myocarditis Developing After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Compared With Viral Myocarditis
Authors: Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai, Edward Wai Wa Chan, Lei Huang, Ching Lung Cheung, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Xue Li, Eric Yuk Fai Wan, Carlos King Ho Wong, Esther Wai Yin Chan, Kai Hang Yiu, Ian Chi Kei Wong
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2022)
Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling directly controls airway smooth muscle deregulation and asthmatic lung dysfunction
Authors: Haruka Miki, William B. Kiosses, Mario C. Manresa, Rinkesh K. Gupta, Gurupreet S. Sethi, Rana Herro, Ricardo Da Silva Antunes, Paramita Dutta, Marina Miller, Kai Fung, Ashu Chawla, Katarzyna Dobaczewska, Ferhat Ay, David H. Broide, Alexei V. Tumanov, Michael Croft
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022)
Error in Figure 1
Authors: Geraldine Dawson
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2022)

Ryusuke Ae, MD, PhD; Nobuko Makino, MD, PhD; Masanari Kuwabara, MD, PhD; Yuri Matsubara, MD; Koki Kosami, MD; Teppei Sasahara, MD, PhD; Yosikazu Nakamura, MD, MPH