tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Linoleic Acid Biosynthesis Paved the Way for Ecological Success of Termites
Authors: Stanislav Macháček, Michal Tupec, Natan Horáček, Martina Halmová, Amit Roy, Aleš Machara, Pavlína Kyjaková, Ondřej Lukšan, Iva Pichová, Robert Hanus
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023)

Abstract Termites are dominant animals of tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Their success is due to their eusocial organization as well as their ability to digest dead plant tissues. While being extremely abundant, the termite diet is poor in crucial nutrients, such as fatty acids. Linoleic acid (LA) is a precursor for many vital biomolecules, and most animals depend on its dietary supply. Termites count among the exceptions known to produce LA de novo, presumably via the action of an unknown Δ12 fatty acyl desaturase (FAD) introducing the second double bond into monounsaturated oleic acid. Here, we search for the evolutionary origin of LA biosynthesis in termites. To this end, we compile the repertoire of FAD homologs from 57 species of termites and their closest relatives, the cockroaches, analyze FAD phylogeny, and identify a potential Δ12 FAD branch, which arose through duplication of a likely Δ9 FAD. We functionally characterize both paralogs and identify the Δ9 activity in the ancestral FAD-A1a and the Δ12 activity responsible for LA biosynthesis in FAD-A1b. Through the combination of homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we pinpoint structural features possibly contributing to the distinct functions, regiospecificities, and substrate preferences of the two enzymes. We confirm the presence of both paralogs in all 36 studied species of the Blattoidea lineage (Blattidae, Lamproblattidae, Cryptocercidae, and termites) and conclude that we identified an evolutionary event important for the ecological success of termites, which took place in their cockroach ancestors roughly 160 My and remained conserved throughout termite diversification into 3,000 extant species.
Clonal hematopoiesis in older patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy
Authors: Christina Mayerhofer, Mina S Sedrak, Judith O Hopkins, Tianyu Li, Nabihah Tayob, Meredith G Faggen, Natalie F Sinclair, Wendy Y Chen, Heather A Parsons, Erica L Mayer, Paulina B Lange, Ameer S Basta, Adriana Perilla-Glen, Ruth I Lederman, Andrew R Wong, Abhay Tiwari, Sandra S McAllister, Elizabeth A Mittendorf, Christopher J Gibson, Harold J Burstein, Annette S Kim, Rachel A Freedman, Peter G Miller
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2023)

The expansion of hematopoietic stem cells carrying recurrent somatic mutations, termed clonal hematopoiesis (CH), is common in elderly individuals and is associated with increased risk of myeloid malignancy and all-cause mortality. Though chemotherapy is a known risk factor for developing CH, how myelosuppressive therapies affect the short-term dynamics of CH remains incompletely understood. Most studies have been limited by retrospective design, heterogeneous patient populations, varied techniques to identifying CH, and analysis of single timepoints.
Race and Ethnicity as a Sociopolitical Construct That Is Biologically Relevant in Breast Cancer
Authors: Lisa A. Newman
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Surgery HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Surgery journal
Key issues when considering adopting a skin cancer diagnostic tool that uses artificial intelligence
Authors: Laura Kelly, Laura Coote, Jacqueline Dinnes, Colin Fleming, Hayden Holmes, Rubeta N Matin
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2023)

Image-based skin cancer diagnostic technologies utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) are increasing in popularity in dermatology. The World Health Organization has cautioned against overestimating the benefits of AI at the expense of core investment and strategies required to achieve universal health coverage. In the UK, the National Health Service has a fixed budget, and expenditure decisions regarding new AI technologies need to be fully justified. Health economic evaluations can be challenging, but such evaluations can also help to elucidate the factors that determine suitability of a new AI diagnostic tool beyond its immediate costs and purported benefits.
Moderate Exercise Safe for People With Statin-Induced Muscle Pain
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Urine Tests May Miss More Than 400 000 STIs in the US Every Year Using vaginal swabs to test for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) picked up significantly more cases of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae than using urine tests, according to a metaanalysis of 28 studies conducted from 1995 through 2021.Vaginal swabs were also more sensitive for Trichomonas vaginalis, although the difference between test types was not significant.Despite guidelines released in 2014 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in favor of vaginal swabs, most samples analyzed by public health laboratories continue to be urine.The researchers estimated that depending on urine rather than vaginal swab testing could result in more than 400 000 missed STI cases each year."[V]aginal sampling should be the initial choice offered to patients," the researchers wrote in the Annals of Family Medicine, with urine samples only collected from those for whom a vaginal sample is unacceptable.Implementation research is needed to change physicians' go-to tests, they noted.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the central nucleus of amygdala are required for chronic stress-induced hypertension
Authors: Zhao-Fu Sheng, Hua Zhang, Jeffery G Phaup, PeiRu Zheng, XunLei Kang, Zhenguo Liu, Hui-Ming Chang, Edward T H Yeh, Alan Kim Johnson, Hui-Lin Pan, De-Pei Li
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2023)

Abstract Aims Chronic stress is a well-known risk factor for the development of hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) are involved in the autonomic responses to chronic stress. Here, we determined the role of CeA-CRH neurons in chronic stress-induced hypertension. Methods and results Borderline hypertensive rats (BHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Firing activity and M-currents of CeA-CRH neurons were assessed, and a CRH-Cre-directed chemogenetic approach was used to suppress CeA-CRH neurons. CUS induced a sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate (HR) in BHRs, while in WKY rats, CUS-induced increases in ABP and HR quickly returned to baseline levels after CUS ended. CeA-CRH neurons displayed significantly higher firing activities in CUS-treated BHRs than unstressed BHRs. Selectively suppressing CeA-CRH neurons by chemogenetic approach attenuated CUS-induced hypertension and decreased elevated sympathetic outflow in CUS-treated BHRs. Also, CUS significantly decreased protein and mRNA levels of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channels in the CeA of BHRs. M-currents in CeA-CRH neurons were significantly decreased in CUS-treated BHRs compared with unstressed BHRs. Blocking Kv7 channel with its blocker XE-991 increased the excitability of CeA-CRH neurons in unstressed BHRs but not in CUS-treated BHRs. Microinjection of XE-991 into the CeA increased sympathetic outflow and ABP in unstressed BHRs but not in CUS-treated BHRs. Conclusions CeA-CRH neurons are required for chronic stress-induced sustained hypertension. The hyperactivity of CeA-CRH neurons may be due to impaired Kv7 channel activity, which represents a new mechanism involved in chronic stress-induced hypertension.
Urine Tests May Miss More Than 400 000 STIs in the US Every Year
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Urine Tests May Miss More Than 400 000 STIs in the US Every Year Using vaginal swabs to test for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) picked up significantly more cases of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae than using urine tests, according to a metaanalysis of 28 studies conducted from 1995 through 2021.Vaginal swabs were also more sensitive for Trichomonas vaginalis, although the difference between test types was not significant.Despite guidelines released in 2014 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in favor of vaginal swabs, most samples analyzed by public health laboratories continue to be urine.The researchers estimated that depending on urine rather than vaginal swab testing could result in more than 400 000 missed STI cases each year."[V]aginal sampling should be the initial choice offered to patients," the researchers wrote in the Annals of Family Medicine, with urine samples only collected from those for whom a vaginal sample is unacceptable.Implementation research is needed to change physicians' go-to tests, they noted.
Effect of Intrapleural Fibrinolytic Therapy vs Surgery for Complicated Pleural Infections
Authors: Candice L. Wilshire, Anee S. Jackson, Eric Vallières, Adam J. Bograd, Brian E. Louie, Ralph W. Aye, Alexander S. Farivar, Peter T. White, Christopher R. Gilbert, Jed A. Gorden
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance There is a paucity of high-quality prospective randomized clinical trials comparing intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT) with surgical decortication in patients with complicated pleural infections. Objective To assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of an algorithm comparing tissue plasminogen activator plus deoxyribonuclease therapy with surgical decortication in patients with complicated pleural infections. Design, Setting, and Participants This parallel pilot randomized clinical trial was performed at a single urban community-based center from March 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, with follow-up for 90 days. Seventy-four individuals were screened and 48 were excluded. Twenty-six patients 18 years or older with clinical pleural infection and positive findings of pleural fluid analysis were included. Of these, 20 patients underwent randomized selection (10 in each group), and 6 were observed. Interventions Intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator plus deoxyribonuclease therapy vs surgical decortication. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were the percentage of patients enrolled to study completion and multidisciplinary adherence. Secondary outcomes included the number of patients with and the reason for inadequate screening, screening to enrollment failures, time to accrual of 20 patients or the number accrued at 1 year, and clinical data. Results Twenty-six patients were enrolled, 10 were randomized to each group, and 6 were observed. There was 100% enrollment to study completion in each treatment group, no protocol deviations, 2 minor protocol amendments, and no screening to enrollment failures. It took 32 months to enroll 26 patients. The 20 randomized patients had a median age of 57 (IQR, 46-65) years, were predominantly men (15 [75%]), and had a median RAPID (Renal, Age, Purulence, Infection Source, and Dietary Factors) score of 2 (IQR, 1-3). Treatment failure occurred in 1 patient and 2 crossover treatments occurred, all of which were in the IPFT group. Intraprocedure and postprocedure complications were similar between the groups. There were no reoperations or in-hospital deaths. Median duration of chest tube use was comparable in the IPFT (5 [IQR, 4-8] days) and surgery (4 [IQR, 3-5] days) groups ( P = .21). Median hospital stay tended to be longer in the IPFT (11 [IQR, 4-18] days) vs surgery (5 [IQR, 4-6] days) groups, although the difference as not significantly different ( P = .08). There were no 30-day readmissions or 30- or 90-day deaths. Conclusions and Relevance In this pilot randomized clinical trial, the study algorithm was feasible, safe, and efficacious. This provides evidence to move forward with a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03873766
Predicting long-term risk of reoperations following abdominal and pelvic surgery: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Masja K. Toneman, Pepijn Krielen, Ahmed Jaber, Tjitske D. Groenveld, Martijn W.J. Stommel, Ewen A. Griffiths, Mike C. Parker, Nicole D. Bouvy, Harry van Goor, Richard P.G. Ten Broek
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2023)

Background: The risk of reoperations after abdominal and pelvic surgery is multifactorial and difficult to predict. The risk of reoperation is frequently underestimated by surgeons as most reoperations are not related to the initial procedure and diagnosis. During reoperation, adhesiolysis is often required, and patients have an increased risk of complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide an evidence-based prediction model based on the risk of reoperation. Materials and methods: A nationwide cohort study was conducted including all patients undergoing an initial abdominal or pelvic operation between 1 June 2009 and 30 June 2011 in Scotland. Nomograms based on multivariable prediction models were constructed for the 2-year and 5-year overall risk of reoperation and risk of reoperation in the same surgical area. Internal cross-validation was applied to evaluate reliability. Results: Of the 72 270 patients with an initial abdominal or pelvic surgery, 10 467 (14.5%) underwent reoperation within 5 years postoperatively. Mesh placement, colorectal surgery, diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, previous radiotherapy, younger age, open surgical approach, malignancy, and female sex increased the risk of reoperation in all the prediction models. Intra-abdominal infection was also a risk factor for the risk of reoperation overall. The accuracy of the prediction model of risk of reoperation overall and risk for the same area was good for both parameters ( c -statistic=0.72 and 0.72). Conclusions: Risk factors for abdominal reoperation were identified and prediction models displayed as nomograms were constructed to predict the risk of reoperation in the individual patient. The prediction models were robust in internal cross-validation.
Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib Treatment in Adolescents With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Amy S. Paller, Barry Ladizinski, Pedro Mendes-Bastos, Elaine Siegfried, Weily Soong, Vimal H. Prajapati, Peter Lio, Jacob P. Thyssen, Eric L. Simpson, Andrew M. Platt, Eliza M. Raymundo, Jianzhong Liu, Brian M. Calimlim, Xiaohong Huang, Yihua Gu, Xiaofei Hu, Yang Yang, John C. Su, Min Zheng, Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada, Henrique D. Teixeira, Alan D. Irvine
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2023)

Importance Atopic dermatitis onset usually occurs in childhood. Persistence of disease into adolescence and adulthood is common. It is important to evaluate new treatment options in adolescents because of the high unmet need in this population. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of upadacitinib to treat moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants Prespecified analysis of adolescents enrolled in 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trials in more than 20 countries across Europe, North and South America, Oceania, the Middle East, and the Asia-Pacific region from July 2018 through December 2020. Participants were adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Data analysis was performed from April to August 2021. Interventions Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to once-daily oral upadacitinib 15 mg, upadacitinib 30 mg, or placebo alone (Measure Up 1 and Measure Up 2) or with topical corticosteroids (AD Up). Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and efficacy, including at least a 75% improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index from baseline and validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) at week 16 (coprimary end points). Results A total of 542 adolescents (284 female; 258 male) were randomized. Mean (SD) age was 15.4 (1.8), 15.5 (1.7), and 15.3 (1.8) years for adolescents in Measure Up 1, Measure Up 2, and AD Up, respectively. In Measure Up 1, Measure Up 2, and AD Up, respectively, a greater proportion of adolescents (% [95% CI]) achieved at least 75% improvement in the Eczema Area and Severity Index at week 16 with upadacitinib 15 mg (75% [64%-85%], 69% [57%-81%], 63% [51%-76%]), and upadacitinib 30 mg (85% [75%-94%], 73% [62%-85%], 84% [75%-94%]), than with placebo (12% [4%-21%], 13% [5%-22%], 30% [19%-42%] nominal P &amp;amp;lt; .001 for all comparisons vs placebo). Similarly, a greater proportion of adolescents treated with upadacitinib achieved a validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis score of 0 or 1 at week 16 and improvements in quality of life with upadacitinib than with placebo. Upadacitinib was generally well tolerated in adolescents. Acne was the most common adverse event, and all acne events were mild or moderate. Conclusions and Relevance In this analysis of 3 randomized clinical trials, upadacitinib was an effective treatment for adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, with an acceptable safety profile. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT03569293 (Measure Up 1), NCT03607422 (Measure Up 2), and NCT03568318 (AD Up)
Association of Year of Surgery and Carotid Stenting Outcomes in High-risk Patients, 2015-2021
Authors: David P. Stonko, Sanuja Bose, Katherine McDermott, Alana Keegan, Jonathan J. Morrison, Caitlin W. Hicks
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2023)

This cohort study quantifies the yearly trends and outcomes of transcarotid artery revascularization vs transfemoral carotid artery stenting among high-risk patients from 2015 to 2021.
Delivering on the Fourth Mission Using the National Cancer Database
Authors: David J. Bentrem, Stephen F. Sener
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2023)

Sharon S. Lum, MD, MBA; Amanda E. Browner, MS; Bryan Palis, MA; Heidi Nelson, MD; Daniel Boffa, MD, MBA; Leticia M. Nogueira, PhD, MPH; Vicki Hawhee, MEd, CTR; Ryan M. McCabe, PhD; Timothy Mullett, MD, MBA; Elizabeth Wick, MD
Geographic differences in patients with acute myocardial infarction in the <scp>PARADISE‐MI</scp> trial
Authors: Jawad H. Butt, Brian L. Claggett, Zi M. Miao, Karola S. Jering, David Sim, Peter van der Meer, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Offer Amir, Myeong‐Chan Cho, Jorge Carrillo‐Calvillo, Julio E. Núñez, Alberto Cadena, Prafulla Kerkar, Aldo P. Maggioni, Philippe G. Steg, Christopher B. Granger, Douglas L. Mann, Béla Merkely, Eldrin F. Lewis, Scott D. Solomon, Yinong Zhou, Lars Køber, Eugene Braunwald, John J.V. McMurray, Marc A. Pfeffer
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2023)
Updated WHO Guidance for Prioritizing COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Urine Tests May Miss More Than 400 000 STIs in the US Every Year Using vaginal swabs to test for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) picked up significantly more cases of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae than using urine tests, according to a metaanalysis of 28 studies conducted from 1995 through 2021.Vaginal swabs were also more sensitive for Trichomonas vaginalis, although the difference between test types was not significant.Despite guidelines released in 2014 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in favor of vaginal swabs, most samples analyzed by public health laboratories continue to be urine.The researchers estimated that depending on urine rather than vaginal swab testing could result in more than 400 000 missed STI cases each year."[V]aginal sampling should be the initial choice offered to patients," the researchers wrote in the Annals of Family Medicine, with urine samples only collected from those for whom a vaginal sample is unacceptable.Implementation research is needed to change physicians' go-to tests, they noted.
Visual Multifunctional Aggregation‐Induced Emission‐Based Bacterial Cellulose for Killing of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Zipeng Shen, Wei Zhu, Yajia Huang, Jiangjiang Zhang, Yifan Wu, Yinzhen Pan, Guang Yang, Dong Wang, Ying Li, Ben Zhong Tang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2023)

Abstract Multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria‐related wound infections are a thorny issue. It is urgent to develop new antibacterial wound dressings that can not only prevent wounds from MDR bacteria infection but also promote wound healing. Herein, an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) molecule BITT‐composited bacterial cellulose (BC) is presented as wound dressings. BC‐BITT composites have good transparency, making it easy to monitor the wound healing process through the composite membrane. The BC‐BITT composites retain the advantages of biocompatible BC, and display photodynamic and photothermal synergistic antibacterial effects under irradiation of a 660 nm laser. Furthermore, the BC‐BITT composites show excellent wound healing performance in a mouse full‐thickness skin wound model infected by MDR bacteria, simultaneously with negligible toxicity. This work paves a way for treating clinically troublesome wound infections.
Height Advantage of City Living Has Decreased Over Time for Children
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Urine Tests May Miss More Than 400 000 STIs in the US Every Year Using vaginal swabs to test for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) picked up significantly more cases of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae than using urine tests, according to a metaanalysis of 28 studies conducted from 1995 through 2021.Vaginal swabs were also more sensitive for Trichomonas vaginalis, although the difference between test types was not significant.Despite guidelines released in 2014 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in favor of vaginal swabs, most samples analyzed by public health laboratories continue to be urine.The researchers estimated that depending on urine rather than vaginal swab testing could result in more than 400 000 missed STI cases each year."[V]aginal sampling should be the initial choice offered to patients," the researchers wrote in the Annals of Family Medicine, with urine samples only collected from those for whom a vaginal sample is unacceptable.Implementation research is needed to change physicians' go-to tests, they noted.