tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hirschsprung's Disease in Infancy
Authors: E. D. Burnard
Journal: BMJ (1950)

PROGUANIL-RESISTANT FALCIPARUM MALARIA MBRMSH 151 or will they spread, and will resistance increase, until the drug ceases to be a useful schizonticide ?Proguanil resistance in malaria seems most likely to arise when the drug is used to treat acute infections with- out curing them, and when sporadic bursts of parasitaemia occur during haphazard suppression.We may discourage the emergence of resistant strains by raising the standards of treatment.Covell et al. (1949) have already proposed that proguanil therapy in acute falciparum malaria should be reinforced with mepacrine to raise the cure rate.This danger of proguanil resistance lends further support to their recommendation.Regular suppression is theoretically a safeguard against the spread of resistant strains, for proguanil not only arrests the development of P. falciparum in the mosquito (Fairley et al., 1946; Mackerras and Ercole.1948; Covell et al., 1949) but also destroys the parasite in the human host at the pre-erythrocytic stage, which is not known to become resistant (Fairley et al., 1946).But haphazard proguanil suppression is a potential menace, and we may have to consider whether, if we cannot use proguanil efficiently, we should use the drug at all for this purpose, or whether, if we cannot guarantee regular administration, it would be advantageous to alternate proguanil suppression with suppressive measures based on mepacrine or chloroquine, which are not known to produce resistant strains.These are problems which demand attention if proguanil is to retain the important role in the treatment and prevention of malaria which its out- standing merits have so deservedly won. SummaryAcute falciparum infections treated in the Tampin district of the Feeeration of Malaya with a single dose of 100-300 mg. of proguanil do not respond as they did two years ago.There were no failures in 1947: now about one infection in every four fails to respond.Until May, 1949, no falciparum infection treated by us had resisted full therapeutic doses of proguanil: seven infections observed between May and July, 1949, resisted proguanil doses as great as, or greater than, the standard therapeutic course.The daily parasitaemia in five of these infections is recoreed.Proguanil has been used widely but probably sporadically for the past two years throughout the Tampin district, whence the patients were drawn.The implications of these observations are briefly discussed.
Studies on Reovirus. III. A Labile, Single-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid Associated With the Late Stages of Infection&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Heather Donald Mayor
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1965)

A labile ribonucleic acid (RNA) that stains red with acridine orange has been located in the cytoplasm of monkey kidney cells during the late stages of the infectious cycle with reovirus. This RNA is distinct from the double-stranded “Veen staining” RNA forming the core of the mature virion. Apparently this is a single-stranded, extremely labile RNA, associated with reovirus-infected monkey kidney cells late in the Infectious cycle. At this time large amounts of antigenic reovirus protein can be detected readily by staining with fluorescent antibody.
Definition of the sudden infant death syndrome Keep current definition
Authors: E A Mitchell, D M P Becroft, R W Byard, P J Berry, P J Fleming, H F Krous, K Helweg-Larsen, M Valdes-Dapena, J Knighton, K Knighton
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Message about supine sleeping slow to catch on EDrTOR,-The sudden infant death syndrome remains the commonest cause of death of infants over 1 week old, and publicity for research has been renewed with the recent observation by
Outlines of Nursing History.
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Cause and timing of first allograft failure in orthotopic liver transplantation: A study of 177 consecutive patients
Authors: Jorge Quiroga, Inmaculada Colina, Jake A. Demetris, Thomas E. Starzl, David H. van Thiel
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The cause and timing of first liver allograft failure was evaluated in 177 patients who underwent a second liver transplant between January 1984 and December 1988. The population studied consisted of 94 men and 83 women with a mean age 41.3 ± 1.0 yr (mean ± S.E.M.). Mean first-graft survival was 130.6 ± 22.9 days (range = 0 to 2,073 days). Sixty-eight percent of the grafts failed in the first postoperative month, 26% failed between the second and twelfth month and only 6% failed beyond the twelfth month from the date of the initial transplant. Six principal causes of graft failure were identified. Early allograft losses occurred as a result of four major problems: primary graft nonfunction (30.0% of all grafts; mean graft survival = 3.4 ± 0.3 days); ischemic injury of the graft without overt vascular injury (9.6%; mean graft survival = 17.5 ± 1.9 days); acute rejection (10.7%; mean graft survival = 30.4 ± 6.4 days); and overt vascular complications (26.6%; mean graft survival = 59.6 ± 24.1 days). Late graft failures were the result of either chronic rejection (11.3%; mean graft survival = 496.3 ± 136.0 days) or recurrence of the primary liver disease (6.8%; mean graft survival = 550.5 ± 172.1 days). Graft failure occurred as a result of a variety of miscellaneous causes in 5% of the cases (mean graft survival in this group = 300.0 ± 110.6 days). Overall 6-mo patient survival after a second liver transplant was 46.3%. Patients who had a retransplant because of chronic rejection and ischemic injury had the greatest (65%) and least (23%) 6-mo survival rates respectively after second grafting (p &lt; 0.05). Those who survived the second transplant procedure for 6 mo or more tended be younger (p &lt; 0.01) and had a reduced first transplant requirement for red blood cells (p &lt; 0.05), latelets (p &lt; 0.01) and fresh frozen plasma (p &lt; 0.01) than did those who died during the 6 mo after their second transplant procedure. (Hepatology 1991;14:1054-1062.)
Present Status of Surgical Adjuvant Lung-Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Felix A. Hughes
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The concept, methods, materials, and present findings of the Veteran's Administration Surgical Adjuvant Lung-Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group are summarized. There is no indication that mechlorethamine (Mustargen) hydrochloride as used by the group has a beneficial effect on survival. The effect of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy has been observed only briefly. Curative pulmonary resection offers hope of cure to 30% of patients surviving operation. Surgical resection of cancer apparently limited to the lung has long offered the main chance of cure, but this has been true for only about 30% of carefully selected cases. Experimental evidence that small tumor implants could be prevented by chemotherapy created hope of a beneficial effect in patients.<sup>17</sup> The Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center of the National Cancer Institute<sup>18</sup>in 1957 started a program of research to develop and screen tumoricidal compounds for use on patients. Mechlorethamine was being used clinically and was selected by
Diuretics and Antihypertensives
Authors: George A. Perera
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Diuretic and antihypertensive drugs are used extensively and the untoward reactions they produce extend over the entire spectrum of drug effects. But the problem is compounded and confounded further by a common denominator that must be in the forefront of the physician's mind on all occasions, namely, that the beneficial action of these drugs is accomplished principally by hurting rather than helping, frequently at sites already damaged by the diseases under treatment. This statement calls for explanation. Diuretics act on the kidneys to increase the urinary output. They are effective, not by correcting an abnormal state, but by interfering with or blocking the normal mechanisms involved in renal tubular reabsorption. With many edematous states—such as those seen in congestive failure, in cirrhosis with its attendant secondary hyperaldosteronism, in nephritis, in nephrosis—the function of the kidneys already is damaged or deranged. The majority of antihypertensive drugs act through parts of the
Highlights from Recent Cancer Literature
Journal: Cancer Research (2018)

Photodynamic Priming Improves Drug DeliveryPhysiological barriers to drug delivery reduce survival outcomes in cancer patients.Huang and colleagues present preclinical evidence that a subtumoricidal photodynamic priming (PDP) strategy can relieve drug delivery barriers in the tumor microenvironment to improve the therapeutic index of a nanoformulated cytotoxic drug.PDP simultaneously increased the local concentration in tumors of a topoisomerase inhibitor, irinotecan, while also increasing the duration of drug exposure above a critical therapeutic threshold.PDP also attenuated surges in CD44 and CXCR4, which mediate chemoresistance, leading to superior treatment outcomes in orthotopic models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Expert Commentary: This study offers preclinical proof of concept for the effectiveness of PDP to minimize risks of relapse, progression, and drug resistance, and to extend survival.Building on the recent clinical advances using photodynamic therapy for locally advanced PDAC patients, these findings offer prospects to design new PDP-based approaches that enhance drug accessibility while minimizing treatment-induced selection for resistance, without added side effects.
Gene Therapy and the Hemophilias
Authors: Jay Nelson Lozier
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Gene therapy for hemophilia A and B, now in the developmental stage, holds promise of a therapeutic revolution, resulting in amelioration or cure of the hemorrhagic diatheses. The genes for factor VIII and IX have been cloned, and vectors for the transfer of their cDNA into cells have been developed. Although viral and nonviral constructs containing the hemophilia gene have been used, most often modified retroviruses or adenoviruses have been employed. Cells that have been targeted for genetic modification to produce the antihemophilic proteins include hepatocytes, muscle cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. The delivery system may be (1) ex vivo, with implantation of modified cultured hemophilic cells in the donor, either in tissues or in semipermeable capsules, or (2) in vivo, the vector being delivered directly to target cells, genetically modifying them in situ. Successful in vivo therapy has been demonstrated in a hemophilic animal model, with conversion to a less severe hemophilic state. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;271:47-51)
Small-Bowel Obstruction From Bran Cereal
Authors: Daniel L. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> During the past decade, a diet high in fiber has been recommended in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes, colon cancer, heart disease, irritable bowel disease, diverticular disease, hypercholesterolemia, and constipation.<sup>1,2</sup>Today, concentrated dietary fiber (ie, whole-grain cereals) is the most commonly used source of fiber in the United States.<sup>3</sup>However, use of concentrated fiber has not been without complications. Cases of diarrhea and small-bowel obstruction have been reported.<sup>4,5</sup>Recently, we treated a 34-year-old man for small-bowel obstruction caused by a bran cereal bezoar. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> The patient was instructed by his physician to eat a large bowl of bran cereal, approximately 20 g/d, for constipation. After 10 days of eating the bran cereal, he developed periumbilical pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. His medical history revealed only that he had a 2-year history of hypertension that required daily diuretic therapy. The patient
Does uptake of antenatal HIV testing depend on the individual midwife? Cross sectional study
Authors: S. Jones, T. Sadler, N. Low, M. Blott, J. Welch
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Although poor, this detection rate is no worse than that calculated from unlinked anonymous testing in London and south east England as a whole. 3 In 1995 the estimated proportion of HIV positive women giving birth who were aware of their diagnosis was 13%.The proportion detected by antenatal testing was 4.8%.These figures are particularly disappointing because antenatal diagnosis allows the use of perinatal antiretroviral therapy, an intervention that dramatically reduces the transmission of HIV from mother to child. 4 In addition, HIV positive mothers can be advised to avoid breastfeeding as this will also reduce the risk of the infant being infected.Most HIV positive children in this study were diagnosed after the first year of life.Most presented with symptomatic disease, usually in the form of repeated or opportunistic infections, but signs of organ involvement (such as lymphadenopathy, parotitis, and hepatosplenomegaly) were identified in two thirds of the children.Prospective studies have shown that 80% of vertically infected children show such signs during infancy. 5 Wider recognition of these manifestations, together with the awareness that, in London at least, most HIV infected children are of black African origin, 3 would probably result in more children being identified before they develop symptoms.Early diagnosis of HIV infection is important because it allows children to benefit from interventions such as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections (especially pneumocystis pneumonia), prompt treatment of established infections, parental education, and social support.Early diagnosis may also be associated with a better response to antiretroviral drugs.It is likely that combination antiretroviral therapy will be most effective in children who start treatment before their immune systems are severely damaged.We thank Dr Angus Nicoll for his help in the preparation of this article.Contributions: MPR conceived the study, collected and analysed the data, and wrote the first draft of the paper.MS recognised the problem of late diagnosis and supervised the study.
Influence of α-Naphthyl-Isothiocyanate on Liver Tumorigenesis in Rats Ingesting Ethionine and &lt;italic&gt;N-2&lt;/italic&gt;-Fluorenylacetamide&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1966)

Journal Article Influence of α-Naphthyl-Isothiocyanate on Liver Tumorigenesis in Rats Ingesting Ethionine and N-2-Fluorenylacetamide Get access Herschel Sidransky, Herschel Sidransky Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nobuyuki Ito, Nobuyuki Ito Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ethel Verney Ethel Verney Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 37, Issue 5, November 1966, Pages 677–686, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/37.5.677 Published: 01 November 1966 Article history Received: 11 April 1966 Published: 01 November 1966
An Atlas of the Commoner Skin Diseases
Journal: JAMA (1953)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: George R. Huggins
Journal: JAMA (1990)

During the past several years the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) therapy has provided the gynecologist with significant new therapies in infertility and general gynecology. Perhaps 25% to 33% of female infertility is the result of ovulatory failure. The initiating problem may be located in one or multiple foci in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Since 1971 when gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was first isolated, numerous studies have demonstrated its value in diverse regimens designed to overcome ovulatory dysfunction. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, located primarily in the hypothalamus, is normally released in a pulsatile fashion into the pituitary portal circulation, where it stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Despite intensive study and widespread availability, the use of GnRH has often proved disappointing in the induction of ovulation for patients with ovulatory dysfunction and for patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization/gamete intrafallopian transfer. Leuprolide ([D-Leu<sup>6</sup>, Pro
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Authors: David R. Dantzker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Carcinoma of the lung is the most common lethal cancer in the United States, accounting for approximately 146 000 deaths in 1992.<sup>1</sup>Exposure to carcinogens in cigarette smoke can initiate tumor development by producing alterations in specific growth-regulating genes called proto-oncogenes. Examples include members of the<i>myc</i>family of genes, the products of which are proteins involved in cell-cycle regulation, and members of the<i>ras</i>family of genes, whose proteins may be involved in transduction of growth signals. Recessive or tumor-suppressor genes can inhibit the expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. Examples include proteins encoded by the retinoblastoma gene and the p53 gene, both of which have been found to be deleted or mutated in cancer of the lung.<sup>2</sup>Activation of dominant oncogenes promotes a deregulation of cell growth, while mutation or deletion of recessive oncogenes may be required for malignant transformation. Once this tumor initiation occurs, peptide hormones,
Legal Medicine and Toxicology.
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
UK government consults on clinical disputes
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following UK government consults on clinical disputes Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Treatment of Addiction in British Columbia
Authors: R. Halliday
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The treatment of addicts is a difficult and complex process, and is not confined merely to supplying drugs, narcotic and others, whether for short-term or "prolonged" withdrawal. Drug therapy may be the beginning of the beginning and short-term withdrawal the end of the beginning with much more to be done in medical, psychological, social and rehabilitative therapies. Since 1959 at the Narcotic Addiction Foundation of British Columbia we have been attempting to treat voluntary narcotic addict patients, both as outpatients and as inpatients, and we support Dole and Nyswander's findings that the drug and other habits of these patients may be greatly modified and improved when a comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation program<i>within the addict's community</i>is offered to him. Since mid-1963 a number of our patients have been on a treatment program which includes daily supplies of oral methadone (to a daily maximum of 40 mg),
Colonic Polyps, Occult Blood, and Chance
Authors: Jerome B. Simon
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is the simplest and cheapest way to screen the populace for colorectal tumors. Though primarily intended to uncover early malignant neoplasms, it also reveals benign neoplastic polyps.<sup>1</sup>This is a potentially important benefit of FOBT, because most colorectal cancers arise from malignant transformation of benign polyps—the so-called adenoma-carcinoma sequence.<sup>2</sup>Hence, widespread detection and removal of asymptomatic polyps could dramatically decrease the incidence of bowel cancer, at least in theory. The best studies of FOBT indicate a substantial yield of adenomas—about 20% of individuals with positive test results aged 50 through 59 years, rising to about one third of those over 70 years.<sup>3</sup>These are impressive numbers and, on the surface, lend support to those who advocate general FOBT surveillance of middle-aged and elderly people. In this issue ofThe Journal, however, Ransohoff and Lang<sup>4</sup>argue that a major proportion of small (&lt;1