tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Selective androgen receptor modulation for muscle weakness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised control trial
Authors: Divya Mohan, Harry Rossiter, Henrik Watz, Charles Fogarty, Rachael A Evans, William Man, Maggie Tabberer, Misba Beerahee, Subramanya Kumar, Helen Millns, Sebin Thomas, Ruth Tal-Singer, Alan J Russell, Marie Claire Holland, Chika Akinseye, David Neil, Michael I Polkey
Journal: Thorax (2022)

Background Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) increase muscle mass via the androgen receptor. This phase 2A trial investigated the effects of a SARM, GSK2881078, in conjunction with exercise, on leg strength in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and impaired physical function. Methods 47 postmenopausal women and 50 men with COPD (forced expiratory volume in 1 s 30%–65% predicted; short physical performance battery score: 3–11) were enrolled into a randomised double-blind, placebo control trial. Patients were randomised 1:1 to once daily placebo or oral GSK2881078 (females: 1.0 mg; males: 2.0 mg) for 13 weeks with a concurrent home-exercise programme, involving strength training and physical activity. Primary endpoints were change from baseline in leg strength at 90 days (one-repetition maximum; absolute (kg) and relative (% change)) and multiple safety outcomes. Secondary endpoints included lean body mass, physical function and patient-reported outcomes. Results GSK2881078 increased leg strength in men. The difference in adjusted mean change from baseline and adjusted mean percentage change from baseline between treatment and placebo were: for women, 8.0 kg (90% CI −2.5 to 18.4) and 5.2% (90% CI −4.7 to 15.0), respectively; for men, 11.8 kg (90% CI −0.5 to 24.0) and 7.0% (90% CI 0.5 to 13.6), respectively. Lean body mass increased, but no changes in patient-reported outcomes were observed. Reversible reductions in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and transient elevations in hepatic transaminases were the main treatment-related safety findings. Conclusions GSK2881078 was well tolerated and short-term treatment increased leg strength, when expressed as per cent predicted, in men with COPD more than physical training alone. Trial registration number NCT03359473 .
Performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus assays in paediatric tuberculosis: a multicentre PTBNET study
Authors: Danilo Buonsenso, Antoni Noguera-Julian, Rossana Moroni, Angel Hernández-Bartolomé, Nora Fritschi, Laura Lancella, Laura Cursi, Aleix Soler-Garcia, Renate Krüger, Cornelia Feiterna-Sperling, Michela Sali, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Sara Scarano, Alicia Hernanz Lobo, Maria Espiau, Antonio Soriano-Arandes, Benhur Sirvan Cetin, Folke Brinkmann, Iveta Ozere, Fernando Baquero-Artigao, Maria Tsolia, Tiago Milheiro Silva, Matilde Bustillo-Alonso, Andrea Martín Nalda, Margherita Mancini, Anna Starshinova, Nicole Ritz, Svetlana Velizarova, Laura Ferreras-Antolín, Florian Götzinger, Olga Bilogortseva, Vira Chechenyeva, Marc Tebruegge, Begoña Santiago-García
Journal: Thorax (2022)

Rationale In 2016, a new interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) was introduced, QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus), claimed to have improved sensitivity in active tuberculosis (TB). Objectives This study aimed to determine the performance of QFT-Plus, compared with previous generation IGRAs and the tuberculin skin test (TST), in children with TB in Europe. Methods Multicentre, ambispective cohort study within the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet), a dedicated paediatric TB research network comprising &gt;300 members, capturing TB cases &lt;18 years-of-age diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2019. Measurements and main results 1001 TB cases from 16 countries were included (mean age (IQR) 5.6 (2.4–12.1) years). QFT-Plus was performed in 358, QFT Gold in-Tube (QFT-GIT) in 600, T-SPOT. TB in 58 and TST in 636 cases. The overall test sensitivities were: QFT-Plus 83.8% (95% CI 80.2% to 87.8%), QFT-GIT 85.5% (95% CI 82.7% to 88.3%), T-SPOT. TB 77.6% (95% CI 66.9% to 88.3%) and TST (cut-off ≥10 mm) 83.3% (95% CI 83.3% to 86.2%). There was a trend for tests to have lower sensitivity in patients with miliary and/or central nervous system (CNS) TB (73.1%, 70.9%, 63.6% and 43.5%, respectively), and in immunocompromised patients (75.0%, 59.6%, 45.5% and 59.1%, respectively). Conclusions The results indicate that the latest generation IGRA assay, QFT-Plus, does not perform better than previous generation IGRAs or the TST in children with TB disease. Overall, tests performed worse in CNS and miliary TB, and in immunocompromised children. None of the tests evaluated had sufficiently high sensitivity to be used as a rule-out test in children with suspected TB.
Targeted Oral Naltrexone for Mild to Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder Among Sexual and Gender Minority Men: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Glenn-Milo Santos, Janet Ikeda, Phillip Coffin, John Walker, Tim Matheson, Arsheen Ali, Matthew McLaughlin, Jennifer Jain, Justine Arenander, Eric Vittinghoff, Steven Batki
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2022)

The authors sought to determine the efficacy of targeted naltrexone in sexual and gender minority men (SGM) who binge drink and have mild to moderate alcohol use disorder.In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial, a total of 120 SGM who binge drink and have mild to moderate alcohol use disorder were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive targeted oral naltrexone (50 mg) or placebo with weekly counseling for 12 weeks. The study's primary endpoints were binge-drinking intensity, defined as 1) number of drinks in the past 30 days; 2) any binge drinking in the past week; 3) number of binge-drinking days in the past week; and 4) number of drinking days in the past week. The study also measured changes in alcohol use with two alcohol biomarker measures: ethyl glucuronide in urine samples and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in dried blood spot samples.Ninety-three percent completed the trial, with 85% of weekly follow-up visits completed. In intention-to-treat analyses, naltrexone was associated with a significantly reduced reported number of binge-drinking days (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.74, 95% CI=0.56, 0.98; number needed to treat [NNT]=2), weeks with any binge drinking (IRR=0.83, 95% CI=0.72, 0.96; NNT=7.4), number of drinks per month (IRR=0.69, 95% CI=0.52, 0.91; NNT=5.7 for 10 drinks), and alcohol craving scores (coefficient=-9.25, 95% CI=-17.20, -1.31). In as-treated analyses among those who took their medication on average at least 2.5 days per week (the median frequency in the study), naltrexone reduced any binge drinking (IRR=0.84, 95% CI=0.71, 0.99), number of binge-drinking days (IRR=0.67, 95% CI=0.47, 0.96), and PEth concentrations (coefficient=-55.47, 95% CI=-110.75, -0.20). At 6 months posttreatment, naltrexone had sustained effects in number of drinks per month (IRR=0.69, 95% CI=0.50, 0.97), number of binge-drinking days (IRR=0.67, 95% CI=0.47, 0.95), and any binge drinking in the past week (IRR=0.79, 95% CI=0.63, 0.99).Targeted naltrexone significantly reduced drinking outcomes among SGM with mild to moderate alcohol use disorder during treatment, with sustained effects at 6 months posttreatment. Naltrexone may be an important pharmacotherapy to address binge drinking in populations with mild to moderate alcohol use disorder.
Incidence of adverse events prompting switching between biologics among adults with asthma: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ayobami Akenroye, Guohai Zhou, John W. Jackson, Jodi Segal, G. Caleb Alexander, Sonal Singh
Journal: Allergy (2022)

Appendix S1 Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Basic Requirements for Improving Home Dialysis Utilization: Universal Access to Specialty Nephrology Care and Comprehensive Pre-ESKD Education
Authors: A. M. Shukla, Kerri L. Cavanaugh, Anuradha Wadhwa, Susan T. Crowley, Linda Fried
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2022)

Shukla, A. M.; Cavanaugh, Kerri L.; Wadhwa, Anuradha; Crowley, Susan T.; Fried, Linda Author Information
The framing of decisions “leaks” into the experiencing of decisions
Authors: Barry Schwartz, Nathan N. Cheek
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract We connect Bermúdez's arguments to previous theorizing about “leaky” rationality, emphasizing that the decision process (including decision frames) “leaks” into the experience of decision outcomes. We suggest that the implications of Bermúdez's analysis are broadly applicable to the study of virtually all real-world decision making, and that the field needs a substantive and not just a formal theory of rationality.
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: An Updated Policy Statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology
Authors: Roy S. Herbst, Dorothy Hatsukami, Dana Acton, Meredith Giuliani, Allyn Moushey, Jonathan Phillips, Shimere Sherwood, Benjamin A. Toll, Kasisomayajula Viswanath, Nicholas J.H. Warren, Graham W. Warren, Anthony J. Alberg
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2022)

Combustible tobacco use has reached historic lows, demonstrating the importance of proven strategies to reduce smoking since publication of the 1964 Surgeon General's report. In contrast, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), specifically e-cigarettes, has grown to alarming rates and threatens to hinder progress against tobacco use. A major concern is ENDS use by youth and adults who never previously used tobacco. While ENDS emit fewer carcinogens than combustible tobacco, preliminary evidence links ENDS use to DNA damage and inflammation, key steps in cancer development. Furthermore, high levels of nicotine can also increase addiction, raise blood pressure, interfere with brain development, and suppress the immune system. The magnitude of long-term health risks will remain unknown until longitudinal studies are completed. ENDS have been billed as a promising tool for combustible tobacco cessation, but further evidence is needed to assess their potential efficacy for adults who smoke. Of concern, epidemiological studies estimate that approximately 15% to 42% of adults who use ENDS have never used another tobacco product, and another 36% to 54% "dual use" both ENDS and combustible tobacco. This policy statement details advances in science related to ENDS and calls for urgent action to end predatory practices of the tobacco industry and protect public health. Importantly, we call for an immediate ban on all non-tobacco-flavored ENDS products that contain natural or synthetic nicotine to reduce ENDS use by youth and adults who never previously used tobacco. Concurrently, evidence-based treatments to promote smoking cessation and prevent smoking relapse to reduce cancer incidence and improve public health remain top priorities for our organizations. We also recognize there is an urgent need for research to understand the relationship between ENDS and tobacco-related disparities.
Distinguishing self-involving from self-serving choices in framing effects
Authors: M J Crockett, L A Paul
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract We distinguish two types of cases that have potential to generate quasi-cyclical preferences: self-involving choices where an agent oscillates between first- and third-person perspectives that conflict regarding their life-changing implications, and self-serving choices where frame-based reasoning can be “first-personally rational” yet “third-personally irrational.” We argue that the distinction between these types of cases deserves more attention in Bermúdez's account.
Toward 90-90-90 Goals for Global Mental Health
Authors: Bradley H. Wagenaar, Morgan Turner, Vasco F. J. Cumbe
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2022)

This Viewpoint discusses the adoption of 90-90-90 goals for global mental health, specifically targeting neurologic and substance use disorders, to prioritize mental health quality improvement within existing health services and destigmatize these conditions to promote treatment.
Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis of a Diverse Patient Cohort Reveals a Conserved Architecture in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Rania Bassiouni, Michael O. Idowu, Lee D. Gibbs, Valentina Robila, Pamela J. Grizzard, Michelle G. Webb, Jiarong Song, Ashley Noriega, David W. Craig, John D. Carpten
Journal: Cancer Research (2022)

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease that disproportionately affects African American (AA) women. Limited targeted therapeutic options exist for patients with TNBC. Here, we employ spatial transcriptomics to interrogate tissue from a racially diverse TNBC cohort to comprehensively annotate the transcriptional states of spatially resolved cellular populations. A total of 38,706 spatial features from a cohort of 28 sections from 14 patients were analyzed. Intratumoral analysis of spatial features from individual sections revealed heterogeneous transcriptional substructures. However, integrated analysis of all samples resulted in nine transcriptionally distinct clusters that mapped across all individual sections. Furthermore, novel use of join count analysis demonstrated nonrandom directional spatial dependencies of the transcriptionally defined shared clusters, supporting a conserved spatio-transcriptional architecture in TNBC. These findings were substantiated in an independent validation cohort comprising 17,861 spatial features representing 15 samples from 8 patients. Stratification of samples by race revealed race-associated differences in hypoxic tumor content and regions of immune-rich infiltrate. Overall, this study combined spatial and functional molecular analyses to define the tumor architecture of TNBC, with potential implications in understanding TNBC disparities.Spatial transcriptomics profiling of a diverse cohort of triple-negative breast cancers and innovative informatics approaches reveal a conserved cellular architecture across cancers and identify proportional differences in tumor cell composition by race.
Frames, trade-offs, and perspectives
Authors: Ori Weisel, Ro'i Zultan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Bermúdez argues for rational framing effects based on normatively appropriate quasi-cyclical preferences. We suggest that this argument conflates preferences over specific outcomes with preferences over outcome aspects. Instead of implying quasi-cyclical preferences, framing affects decisions through standard economic trade-offs. Nonetheless, we demonstrate that framing can affect behavior through altering perceptions of particular outcome aspects when framing effects are not decomposable.
Biases and suboptimal choice by animals suggest that framing effects may be ubiquitous
Authors: Thomas R Zentall
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Framing effects attributed to “quasi-cyclical” irrational complex human preferences are ubiquitous biases resulting from simpler mechanisms that can be found in other animals. Examples of such framing effects vary from simple learning contexts, to an analog of human gambling behavior, to the value added to a reinforcer by the effort that went into obtaining it.
Framing, equivalence, and rational inference
Authors: David R. Mandel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Bermúdez's case for rational framing effects, while original, is unconvincing and gives only parenthetical treatment to the problematic assumptions of extensional and semantic equivalence of alternative frames in framing experiments. If the assumptions are false, which they sometimes are, no valid inferences about “framing effects” follow and, then, neither do inferences about human rationality. This commentary recaps the central problem.
The polyphony principle
Authors: Bree Beal
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Bermúdez's “rational framing effects” are consequences of a counterintuitive phenomenon that I call “normative polyphony”: the reality that a single action may, with logical consistency, sustain diverse positive and negative judgments. I show that normative polyphony emerges from “ontological polyphony” – that is, diverse possible framings of relevant details – and illustrate this “polyphony principle” through a reading of Dostoevsky's (1993) Crime and Punishment .
The ecological benefits of being irrationally moral
Authors: Elisabetta Sirgiovanni
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Trolley-like dilemmas are other cases of what Bermúdez refers to as (conscious) quasi-cyclical preferences. In these dilemmas, identical outcomes are obtained through morally non-identical actions. I will argue that morality is the context where descriptive invariance and ecological relevance may be crucially distinguished. Logically irrational moral choices in the short term may promote greater social benefits in the longer term.
Explaining bias with bias
Authors: Krzysztof Przybyszewski, Dorota Rutkowska, Michał Białek
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Bermúdez argues that a framing effect is rational, which will be true if one accepts that the biased editing phase is rational. This type of rationality was called procedural by Simon. Despite being procedurally rational in the evaluation phase framing effect stems from biased way we set a reference point against which outcomes are compared.
Protection against Omicron from Vaccination and Previous Infection in a Prison System
Authors: Elizabeth T. Chin, David Leidner, Lauren Lamson, Kimberley Lucas, David M. Studdert, Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jason R. Andrews, Joshua A. Salomon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Information regarding the protection conferred by vaccination and previous infection against infection with the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited.
A SARM1-mitochondrial feedback loop drives neuropathogenesis in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A rat model
Authors: Yurie Sato-Yamada, Amy Strickland, Yo Sasaki, Joseph Bloom, Aaron DiAntonio, Jeffrey Milbrandt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2022)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) is an axonal neuropathy caused by mutations in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene. MFN2 mutations result in profound mitochondrial abnormalities, but the mechanism underlying the axonal pathology is unknown. Sterile α and Toll/IL-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1), the central executioner of axon degeneration, can induce neuropathy and is activated by dysfunctional mitochondria. We tested the role of SARM1 in a rat model carrying a dominant CMT2A mutation (Mfn2H361Y) that exhibits progressive dying-back axonal degeneration, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) abnormalities, muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial abnormalities - all hallmarks of the human disease. We generated Sarm1-KO (Sarm1-/-) and Mfn2H361Y Sarm1 double-mutant rats and found that deletion of Sarm1 rescued axonal, synaptic, muscle, and functional phenotypes, demonstrating that SARM1 was responsible for much of the neuropathology in this model. Despite the presence of mutant MFN2 protein in these double-mutant rats, loss of SARM1 also dramatically suppressed many mitochondrial defects, including the number, size, and cristae density defects of synaptic mitochondria. This surprising finding indicates that dysfunctional mitochondria activated SARM1 and that activated SARM1 fed back on mitochondria to exacerbate the mitochondrial pathology. As such, this work identifies SARM1 inhibition as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of CMT2A and other neurodegenerative diseases with prominent mitochondrial pathology.
Rationality as the end of thought
Authors: Nick Chater
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract Bermúdez convincingly argues that framing effects are ubiquitous and that this is not a sign of human irrationality, but an unavoidable feature of any intelligent system. The commentary adds that framing effects arise even in formal domains, such as chess and mathematics, which appear paradigms of rational thought. Indeed, finding and attempting to resolve clashes between different frames is a major impetus for deliberative cognition.
Why framing effects can be rational
Authors: Anton Kühberger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract When communication is not disinterested, seemingly inconsistent preferences are predictable from language pragmatics and information non-equivalence. In addition, the classic risky choice framing effect found in the Asian disease task – risk-aversion with gains and risk-seeking with losses – applies to gambles, but tends to be overgeneralized to non-gambling situations.
Rational framing effects and morally valid reasons
Authors: Tomasz Żuradzki
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2022)

Abstract I argue that the scope of rational framing effects may be broader than Bermúdez assumes. Even in many “canonical experiments,” the explanation of the judgment reversals or shifts may refer to reasons, including moral ones. Referring to the Asian disease paradigm (ADP), I describe how non-consequentialist reasons related to fairness and the distinction between doing and allowing may help explain and justify the typical pattern of choices in the cases like ADP.
Naltrexone-Bupropion and Behavior Therapy, Alone and Combined, for Binge-Eating Disorder: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Carlos M. Grilo, Janet A. Lydecker, Sarah K. Fineberg, Jorge O. Moreno, Valentina Ivezaj, Ralitza Gueorguieva
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2022)

Binge-eating disorder, the most prevalent eating disorder, is a serious public health problem associated with obesity, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, and functional impairments. Binge-eating disorder remains underrecognized and infrequently treated, and few evidence-based treatments exist. The authors tested the effectiveness of naltrexone-bupropion and behavioral weight loss therapy (BWL), alone and combined, for binge-eating disorder comorbid with obesity.