tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Update to living systematic review on prophylaxis against covid-19
Journal: BMJ (2023)

Update to living systematic review on prophylaxis against covid-19This living systematic review by Bartoszko and colleagues (BMJ 2021;373:n949) has been updated.For the latest update, visit doi:.In this update, 32 randomised trials enrolled 25 147 participants and addressed 21 different prophylactic drugs; adding 21 trials (66%), 18 162 participants (75%), and 16 (76%) prophylactic drugs to the previous iteration.Of the 16 prophylactic drugs analysed, none provided convincing evidence of a reduction in the risk of laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.For admission to hospital and mortality outcomes, no prophylactic drug proved different than standard care or placebo.Hydroxychloroquine and vitamin C combined with zinc probably increase the risk of adverse effects leading to drug discontinuation (moderate certainty evidence).
Effectiveness assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Adrian Lison, Nicolas Banholzer, Mrinank Sharma, Sören Mindermann, H Juliette T Unwin, Swapnil Mishra, Tanja Stadler, Samir Bhatt, Neil M Ferguson, Jan Brauner, Werner Vach
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2023)
Clustering of adverse health and educational outcomes in adolescence following early childhood disadvantage: population-based retrospective UK cohort study
Authors: Aase Villadsen, Miqdad Asaria, Ieva Skarda, George B Ploubidis, Mark Mon Williams, Eric John Brunner, Richard Cookson
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2023)

BackgroundDisadvantage in early childhood (ages 0–5 years) is associated with worse health and educational outcomes in adolescence. Evidence on the clustering of these adverse outcomes by household income is scarce in the generation of adolescents born since the turn of the millennium. We aimed to describe the association between household income in early childhood and physical health, psychological distress, smoking behaviour, obesity, and educational outcomes at age 17 years, including the patterning and clustering of these five outcomes by income quintiles.MethodsIn this population-based, retrospective cohort study, we used data from the Millennium Cohort Study in which individuals born in the UK between Sept 1, 2000, and Jan 1, 2002, were followed up. We collected data on five adverse health and social outcomes in adolescents aged 17 years known to limit life chances: psychological distress, self-assessed ill health, smoking, obesity, and poor educational achievement. We compared how single and multiple outcomes were distributed across early childhood quintile groups of income, as an indicator of disadvantage, and modelled the potential effect of three income-shifting scenarios in early childhood for reducing adverse outcomes in adolescence.FindingsWe included 15 245 adolescents aged 17 years, 7788 (51·1%) of whom were male and 7457 (48·9%) of whom were female. Adolescents in the lowest income quintile group in childhood were 12·7 (95% CI 6·4–25·1) times more likely than those in the highest quintile group to have four or five adverse adolescent outcomes, with poor educational achievement (risk ratio [RR] 4·6, 95% CI 4·2–5·0) and smoking (3·6, 3·0–4·2), showing the largest single risk ratios. Shifting up to the second lowest, middle, and highest income groups would reduce multiple adolescent adversities by 4·9% (95% CI –23·8 to 33·6), 32·3% (–2·7 to 67·3), and 83·9% (47·2 to 120·7), respectively. Adjusting for parental education and single parent status moderately attenuated these estimates.InterpretationEarly childhood disadvantage is more strongly correlated with multiple adolescent adversities than any of the five single adverse outcomes. However, shifting children from the lowest income quintile group to the next lowest group is ineffective. Tackling multiple adolescent adversities requires managing early childhood disadvantage across the social gradient, with income redistribution as a central element of coordinated cross-sectoral action.FundingUK Prevention Research Partnership.
Invasive cervical cancer, precancerous lesions, and cervical screening participation among women with mental illness in Sweden: a population-based observational study
Authors: Kejia Hu, Jiangrong Wang, Pär Sparén, Eva Herweijer, Arvid Sjölander, Hans-Olov Adami, Unnur Valdimarsdóttir, Karin Sundström, Fang Fang
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2023)

BackgroundWHO aims to eliminate cervical cancer. Whether women with mental illness constitute a group at high-risk and require targeted prevention initiatives remains unknown. We aimed to assess whether women with severe mental illness, psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders, have an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer, and an increased risk of precancerous lesions and a lower degree of participation in cervical screening compared with women without severe mental illness.MethodsIn this population-based observational study, 4 112 598 women from 1973 to 2018 in Sweden were included to compare the risk of invasive cervical cancer, high-grade precancerous cervical lesions (CIN2+), and degree of participation in cervical screening (defined as the proportion of time covered by screening during a period when cervical screening is recommended) between women with and without mental illness. We focused on severe mental illness (ie, diagnosed in specialised psychiatric care) and also investigated milder mental illness (ie, use of psychotropic medications prescribed in primary care without specialist diagnosis) as secondary exposure. In two nested case-control studies, we defined the cases as women who have a diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer or CIN2+, and randomly selected individually matched controls from women who did not have these diagnoses.FindingsWomen with a specialist diagnosis of mental illness had a higher risk of invasive cervical cancer (hazard ratio 2·39, 95% CI 2·22–2·57) and CIN2+ (2·22, 2·18–2·26) and a 5·0% (4·8–5·2) lower cervical screening participation compared with matched controls. The risk increment of invasive cervical cancer and CIN2+ was greatest for substance misuse, whereas the screening reduction was greatest for intellectual disability and autism. In contrast, women who used prescribed psychotropic medications without specialist diagnosis had slightly higher screening participation and higher risk of CIN2+ but lower risk of invasive cervical cancer than women with neither specialist diagnosis nor medication use.InterpretationWomen with severe mental illness participate less in screening and experience a higher risk of cervical neoplasia. Refined approaches are needed to better target these women in the elimination agenda of cervical cancer.FundingSwedish Cancer Society.
The association between unpaid labour and mental health in working-age adults in Australia from 2002 to 2020: a longitudinal population-based cohort study
Authors: Jennifer Ervin, Yamna Taouk, Belinda Hewitt, Tania King
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2023)

BackgroundUnpaid labour is a daily part of most people's lives, none more so than for women. Yet, in comparison to paid work, the effect of unpaid labour on mental health is an under-researched area. This study aims to address key gaps in the extant literature, examining how unpaid labour is associated with mental health in working-age men and women, and whether gender differences exist.MethodsIn this longitudinal population-based cohort study, 19 waves of the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey were used to employ a fixed effects regression analysis to examine the associations between unpaid labour and mental health in working-age (aged 25–64 years) Australian adults. Mental health was assessed using the MHI-5 scale. Both the individual and the combined effects of four different domains of unpaid labour (household work, childcare, care for adults, and outdoor tasks) were interrogated, as were the gender differences.FindingsOf the 37 352 participants (297 036 observations) in waves 2002–20 of the HILDA Survey, 22 832 people (190 207 observations) were aged 25–64 years, and after excluding participants with missing data, 21 014 participants (150 163 observations) were included in the analysis. Increasing time in household work was negatively associated with mental health in both men (β coefficient=−0·026 [95% CI −0·04 to −0·01]) and women (β coefficient=−0·009 [−0·02 to 0·001]), as was care for adults (disabled or older people) in women (β coefficient=−0·027 [−0·04 to −0·01]). Conversely, increasing time in childcare for women (β coefficient=0·016 [0·01 to 0·02]) and outdoor tasks for men, was positively associated with mental health (β coefficient=0·067 [0·04 to 0·09]). A null finding for the overall cumulative total unpaid labour exposure for both men and women was probably attributable to the opposing direction of effects between the individual domains that constituted the total load.InterpretationThis study reveals considerable variance and nuance in how different domains of unpaid labour affect mental health, as well as continued inequity in the division of unpaid labour in households, with women doing considerably more unpaid labour than men. This study also exposes important challenges associated with measuring and understanding total (combined) unpaid labour as a determinant of health.FundingUniversity of Melbourne Research Training Scholarship, Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Award, Australian Research Council Linkage Project.
Taking tuberculosis out of the shadows
Authors: None The Lancet Public Health
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2023)

Before COVID-19 took over, tuberculosis was the deadliest infectious disease in the world. Now it is number two but no less worrisome. World Tuberculosis Day is observed on March 24, with this years' theme: "Yes! We can end TB!". A vital and powerful message to inspire hope and encourage high level leadership and increased investment at a time of great setbacks towards the goal of ending tuberculosis. According to the Global Tuberculosis Report 2022, not only did tuberculosis incidence increase by 4·5% for the first time in 20 years, but also deaths increased from 1·5 million in 2020, to 1·6 million in 2021.
Completion, safety, and efficacy of tuberculosis preventive treatment regimens containing rifampicin or rifapentine: an individual patient data network meta-analysis
Authors: Nicholas Winters, Robert Belknap, Andrea Benedetti, Andrey Borisov, Jonathon R Campbell, Richard E Chaisson, Pei-Chun Chan, Neil Martinson, Payam Nahid, Nigel A Scott, Erin Sizemore, Timothy R Sterling, M Elsa Villarino, Jann-Yuan Wang, Dick Menzies
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2023)
Quantifying progression and regression across the spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis: a data synthesis study
Authors: Alexandra S Richards, Bianca Sossen, Jon C Emery, Katherine C Horton, Torben Heinsohn, Beatrice Frascella, Federica Balzarini, Aurea Oradini-Alacreu, Brit Häcker, Anna Odone, Nicky McCreesh, Alison D Grant, Katharina Kranzer, Frank Cobelens, Hanif Esmail, Rein M G J Houben
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2023)
Rosuvastatin adjunctive therapy for rifampicin-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a phase 2b, randomised, open-label, multicentre trial
Authors: Gail B Cross, Intan P Sari, Cissy Kityo, Qingshu Lu, Yogesh Pokharkar, Rajesh B Moorakonda, Han-Nguyen Thi, Quyet Do, Victoria B Dalay, Emmanuel Gutierrez, Vincent M Balanag, Randy J Castillo, Henry Mugerwa, Felic Fanusi, Philip Kwan, Ka Lip Chew, Nicholas I Paton, Cissy Kityo, Henry Mugerwa, Dinah Tumukunde, Joseph Akol, Do Quyet, Han Nguyen, Xuan Su Hoang, Thu Ha Doan, Victoria Dalay, Emmanuel Gutierrez, Vincent Balanag, Randy Joseph Castillo, Monica Barcelo, Rholine Gem Martin S. Veto, Maria Begonia R. Baliwagan, Glenn Balane, Anthony Geronimo, Rupert Rey Flores, Yogesh Pokharkar, Rajesh Babu Moorakonda, Qingshu Lu, Xuanhui Ng, Shanice Tan, Nicholas Iain Paton, Gail Brenda Cross, Intan Permata Sari, Ka Lip Chew, Felic Fanusi, Philip Kwan, Anthony Dominic Kelleher, Christina Chang
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2023)
Carcinogenicity of anthracene, 2-bromopropane, butyl methacrylate, and dimethyl hydrogen phosphite
Authors: Russell C Cattley, Hans Kromhout, Meng Sun, Erik J Tokar, Mohamed A-E Abdallah, Alison K Bauer, Kendra R Broadwater, Laura Campo, Emanuela Corsini, Keith A Houck, Gaku Ichihara, Michiharu Matsumoto, Simone Morais, Jaroslav Mráz, Tetsuo Nomiyama, Kristen Ryan, Huizhong Shen, Takeshi Toyoda, Kirsi Vähäkangas, Marianna G Yakubovskaya, Il Je Yu, Nathan L DeBono, Aline de Conti, Fatiha El Ghissassi, Federica Madia, Heidi Mattock, Elisa Pasqual, Eero Suonio, Roland Wedekind, Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2023)
Laser lithotripsy for the treatment of a giant fecalith obstructing a colorectal anastomosis
Authors: Reidar Fossmark, Peter Lefstad Dalsbø, Kjell Morten Rokseth, Øyvind Hauso
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

A 77-year-old women who had undergone surgical resection of a sigmoid cancer 27 years previously was evaluated for symptoms suggestive of bowel obstruction. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a 36-mm dense rounded mass in the colon on the oral side of a stenotic colorectal anastomosis ([Fig. 1]; [Video 1]). At colonoscopy, the colorectal anastomosis, which had a 6-mm opening ([Fig. 2 a]), was dilated before the mass could be seen ([Fig. 2 b]). Lithotripsy using Holmium laser (Dornier) was started ([Fig. 2 c]) and multiple cavities were made in an attempt to weaken and divide the stone prior to mechanical lithotripsy ([Fig. 2 d]). During attempts to fragment the stone, nine mechanical lithotripters (Olympus) were damaged and this was followed by failure of the emergency lithotripter handle when trying to resolve the problem. Damaged wires impacted in the fecalith had to be divided by laser to separate the lithotripter from the stone. The stone was finally attenuated sufficiently to be fragmented and, after the anastomosis had been dilated to 18 mm, the larger segments were eventually cleared.
Newly developed endoscopic retrieval device: funnel-shaped overtube formed by air inflation-deflation
Authors: Nobuya Kobayashi, Hideki Kobara, Noriko Nishiyama, Kazuhiro Kozuka, Naoya Tada, Akihiro Kondo, Tsutomu Masaki
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

Techniques for endoscopic retrieval require further development. Traditional measures using nets, grasping forceps, and overtubes [1] are sometimes inadequate for retrieval of large, endoscopically resected specimens or sharp foreign bodies with a potential risk of perforation. Although new alternatives include plastic [2], laparoscopic [3], and commercially available bags [4], reliable retrieval of solid gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors (GIMTs) during endoscopic full-thickness resection is still being investigated. Based on our previously published concept [5], we have developed a novel retrieval device, a funnel-shaped overtube formed by air inflation–deflation (Fuji Systems, Tokyo, Japan). We here report a successful animal experiment in which the device achieved retrieval of press-through package (PTP) sheets and simulated gastric GIMTs ([Video 1]).
Effective traction using a clip with rubber band and grasping forceps in endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery
Authors: Hiroyoshi Iwagami, Masayuki Shimoyama, Tomoko Terashita, Takafumi Konishi, Yasuki Nakatani, Takuji Akamatsu, Takashi Tsujimura
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

The number of detected pharyngeal tumors has been increasing. Endoscopic laryngopharyngeal surgery (ELPS) is often performed for these tumors and can be an effective method of preserving speech and swallowing functions. ELPS is also useful for superficial pharyngeal tumors [1] [2]. Conventionally, laryngeal forceps are used to directly grasp and retract the lesion; however, only limited endoscope maneuvering is possible owing to interference between the laryngeal forceps and the endoscope ([Fig. 1]) [3]. To avoid this interference, we customized a clip (ZEOCLIP; Zeon Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan) by attaching a rubber band ([Fig. 2]). This clip has mainly been used for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection, and there are some reports confirming its effectiveness [4] [5]; however, there are no reports about its effectiveness in ELPS. Herein, we report our experience performing ELPS using this customized clip ([Video 1]).
Snare-tip soft coagulation to treat esophageal stent epithelial hyperplasia
Authors: Sunil Gupta, Anthony Whitfield, Andrew Tang, Eric Y. T. Lee, Stephen J. Williams, Nicholas G. Burgess, Michael J. Bourke
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

A 65-year-old man with a spontaneous esophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome) was managed with a partially covered metal stent (23 mm wide × 12.5 mm long). After an indwelling time of 8 weeks, endoscopic removal was attempted. Significant epithelial hyperplasia was noted at the proximal and distal ends of the stent ([Fig. 1 a, b]). Despite treatment with argon plasma coagulation (APC) combined with stent-in-stent insertion [1], attempts at removal failed.
Rendezvous-assisted endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in a patient with annular pancreas and coexisting pancreas divisum
Authors: Yaqi Zhai, Mingyang Li, Huikai Li, Fengchun Cai, Enqiang Linghu
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

An 18-year-old female was hospitalized for chronic pancreatitis of unknown origin. No history of alcohol abuse and hereditary diseases were found. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiography revealed dilated pancreatic duct system and abnormal pancreatic tissue incompletely wrapping around the second portion of the duodenum ([Fig. 1], [Fig. 2]). Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) with intended minor papilla cannulation was attempted and yet failed due to the polypoid nodular papilla ([Fig. 3]).
The natural history of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bianca Sossen, Alexandra S Richards, Torben Heinsohn, Beatrice Frascella, Federica Balzarini, Aurea Oradini-Alacreu, Anna Odone, Ewelina Rogozinska, Brit Häcker, Frank Cobelens, Katharina Kranzer, Rein M G J Houben, Hanif Esmail
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2023)
Attitudes towards booster, testing and isolation, and their impact on COVID-19 response in winter 2022/2023 in France, Belgium, and Italy: a cross-sectional survey and modelling study
Authors: Giulia de Meijere, Eugenio Valdano, Claudio Castellano, Marion Debin, Charly Kengne-Kuetche, Clément Turbelin, Harold Noël, Joshua S. Weitz, Daniela Paolotti, Lisa Hermans, Niel Hens, Vittoria Colizza
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2023)

European countries are focusing on testing, isolation, and boosting strategies to counter the 2022/2023 winter surge due to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. However, widespread pandemic fatigue and limited compliance potentially undermine mitigation efforts.To establish a baseline for interventions, we ran a multicountry survey to assess respondents' willingness to receive booster vaccination and comply with testing and isolation mandates. Integrating survey and estimated immunity data in a branching process epidemic spreading model, we evaluated the effectiveness and costs of current protocols in France, Belgium, and Italy to manage the winter wave.The vast majority of survey participants (N = 4594) was willing to adhere to testing (>91%) and rapid isolation (>88%) across the three countries. Pronounced differences emerged in the declared senior adherence to booster vaccination (73% in France, 94% in Belgium, 86% in Italy). Epidemic model results estimate that testing and isolation protocols would confer significant benefit in reducing transmission (17-24% reduction, from R = 1.6 to R = 1.3 in France and Belgium, to R = 1.2 in Italy) with declared adherence. Achieving a mitigating level similar to the French protocol, the Belgian protocol would require 35% fewer tests (from 1 test to 0.65 test per infected person) and avoid the long isolation periods of the Italian protocol (average of 6 days vs. 11). A cost barrier to test would significantly decrease adherence in France and Belgium, undermining protocols' effectiveness.Simpler mandates for isolation may increase awareness and actual compliance, reducing testing costs, without compromising mitigation. High booster vaccination uptake remains key for the control of the winter wave.The European Commission, ANRS-Maladies Infectieuses Émergentes, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, the Chaires Blaise Pascal Program of the Île-de-France region.
A deep learning model for novel systemic biomarkers in photographs of the external eye: a retrospective study
Authors: Boris Babenko, Ilana Traynis, Christina Chen, Preeti Singh, Akib Uddin, Jorge Cuadros, Lauren P Daskivich, April Y Maa, Ramasamy Kim, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Yossi Matias, Greg S Corrado, Lily Peng, Dale R Webster, Christopher Semturs, Jonathan Krause, Avinash V Varadarajan, Naama Hammel, Yun Liu
Journal: The Lancet Digital Health (2023)

Photographs of the external eye were recently shown to reveal signs of diabetic retinal disease and elevated glycated haemoglobin. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that external eye photographs contain information about additional systemic medical conditions.
Conceptualising commercial entities in public health: beyond unhealthy commodities and transnational corporations
Authors: Jennifer Lacy-Nichols, Sulakshana Nandi, Melissa Mialon, Jim McCambridge, Kelley Lee, Alexandra Jones, Anna B Gilmore, Sandro Galea, Cassandra de Lacy-Vawdon, Camila Maranha Paes de Carvalho, Fran Baum, Rob Moodie
Journal: The Lancet (2023)
Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health
Authors: Anna B Gilmore, Alice Fabbri, Fran Baum, Adam Bertscher, Krista Bondy, Ha-Joon Chang, Sandro Demaio, Agnes Erzse, Nicholas Freudenberg, Sharon Friel, Karen J Hofman, Paula Johns, Safura Abdool Karim, Jennifer Lacy-Nichols, Camila Maranha Paes de Carvalho, Robert Marten, Martin McKee, Mark Petticrew, Lindsay Robertson, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Anne Marie Thow
Journal: The Lancet (2023)
Use of unique endoscope holder and scissor-style knife reduces difficulty of endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Hiroki Kato, Makoto Kobayashi, Motoyoshi Yano
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

The stability of the endoscope tip is very important in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Especially in the case of a scissors-type incision device, it is important to be able to insert and remove the device while maintaining the field of view. This study examined gastric ESD using an endoscope holder, the Endo KEYper (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts, USA) ([Fig. 1], [Fig. 2]), and a scissors-type incision device, the SB Knife (SB-Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan).
Clinical trials of tuberculosis vaccines in the era of increased access to preventive antibiotic treatment
Authors: Molebogeng X Rangaka, Mike Frick, Gavin Churchyard, Alberto L García-Basteiro, Mark Hatherill, Willem Hanekom, Philip C Hill, Yohhei Hamada, Matthew Quaife, Johan Vekemans, Richard G White, Frank Cobelens
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2023)
A modified endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A new closure technique based on the instruction of super minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Xiao Li, Wengang Zhang, Fei Gao, Hao Dong, Jiafeng Wang, Ningli Chai, Enqiang Linghu
Journal: Endoscopy (2023)

Endoscopic resection, including endoscopic submucosal excavation (ESE) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), is an effective and safe method for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). While during traditional EFTR, closure of the defect using a loop-and-clip closure technique or just clips always follows the full-thickness resection, this usually results in the occurrence of gas-related complications, such as pneumoperitoneum [1] [2]. What is more, it is time-consuming and not easy to perform for some lesions larger than 2.0 cm.