tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sinoatrial Node Radiation Dose and Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Nikhil Yegya-Raman, Salma K. Jabbour, Steven J. Feigenberg
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Oncology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Oncology journal
Association of Immune-Related Adverse Events With Efficacy of Atezolizumab in Patients With Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Mark A. Socinski, Robert M. Jotte, Federico Cappuzzo, Makoto Nishio, Tony S. K. Mok, Martin Reck, Gene G. Finley, Monika D. Kaul, Wei Yu, Nindhana Paranthaman, Ilze Bāra, Howard J. West
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2023)

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) arising from immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) cancer therapy may potentially predict improved outcomes.
Typhoid Fever Surveillance, Incidence Estimates, and Progress Toward Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Introduction — Worldwide, 2018–2022
Authors: Molly Hancuh, Jenny Walldorf, Anna A. Minta, Carol Tevi-Benissan, Kira A. Christian, Yoann Nedelec, Kristen Heitzinger, Matthew Mikoleit, Amanda Tiffany, Adwoa D. Bentsi-Enchill, Lucy Breakwell
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2023)

Typhoid fever, an acute febrile illness caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), is endemic in many low- and middle-income countries
Accuracy of Gallium-68 Pentixafor Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography for Subtyping Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Jinbo Hu, Tingting Xu, Hang Shen, Ying Song, Jun Yang, Aipin Zhang, Haoyuan Ding, Naiguo Xing, Zhuoyuan Li, Lin Qiu, Linqiang Ma, Yi Yang, Zhengping Feng, Zhipeng Du, Wenwen He, Yue Sun, Jun Cai, Qifu Li, Yue Chen, Shumin Yang, Mei Mei, Suxin Luo, Kangla Liao, Yao Zhang, Yunfeng He, Yihong He, Bin Peng, Ming Xiao
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the recommended procedure for subtyping primary aldosteronism (PA) as unilateral PA (UPA) or bilateral PA (BPA), with different treatment needed for each: adrenalectomy for UPA and medication for BPA. However, AVS is invasive and technically difficult, and how to subtype PA noninvasively is currently a great challenge.To evaluate the accuracy of gallium-68 pentixafor positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) in subtyping PA using AVS as a reference standard.This diagnostic study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in China among patients diagnosed with PA. Enrollment was started in November 2021, with follow-up ending in May 2022.: Patients were recruited to undergo gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT and AVS.Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of each adrenal gland during PET-CT was measured to calculate the lateralization index of SUVmax. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), specificity, and sensitivity were used to analyze the accuracy of the lateralization index based on SUVmax for subtyping PA.Among 100 patients with PA who completed the study (47 female [47.0%] and 53 male [53.0%]; median [IQR] age, 49 [38-56] years), 43 individuals had UPA and 57 individuals had BPA. Aldosterone-cortisol ratio (Spearman ρ = 0.26; P < .001) in adrenal veins was positively correlated with SUVmax of adrenal glands at 10 minutes during PET-CT. Using lateralization index based on SUVmax at 10 minutes to identify UPA, the AUROC was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.97). A cutoff value for lateralization index based on SUVmax at 10 minutes set at 1.65 conferred a specificity of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.94-1.00) and sensitivity of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61-0.88). The diagnostic concordance rate of PET-CT and AVS was 90 patients (90.0%) compared with 54 patients (54.0%) between traditional CT and AVS.This study found good diagnostic accuracy of gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT in differentiating UPA from BPA. These findings suggest that gallium-68 pentixafor PET-CT may be used to avoid invasive AVS in some patients with PA.
How longitudinal data can contribute to our understanding of host genetic effects on the gut microbiome
Authors: Laura Grieneisen, Ran Blekhman, Elizabeth Archie
Journal: Gut Microbes (2023)

A key component of microbiome research is understanding the role of host genetic influence on gut microbial composition. However, it can be difficult to link host genetics with gut microbial composition because host genetic similarity and environmental similarity are often correlated. Longitudinal microbiome data can supplement our understanding of the relative role of genetic processes in the microbiome. These data can reveal environmentally contingent host genetic effects, both in terms of controlling for environmental differences and in comparing how genetic effects differ by environment. Here, we explore four research areas where longitudinal data could lend new insights into host genetic effects on the microbiome: microbial heritability, microbial plasticity, microbial stability, and host and microbiome population genetics. We conclude with a discussion of methodological considerations for future studies.For humans and animals, host genes play a role in shaping the gut microbiome. However, measuring these effects is difficult because host genetic and environmental similarities are often correlated. For instance, relatives often live together and share similar diets and lifestyles—forces that can also change gut microbial communities. Watching the microbiome over time, through longitudinal sampling, can help solve this problem by breaking gene-environment correlations. Here, we review this idea and several other research areas where longitudinal data will be helpful for understanding host genetic effects on the microbiome. We believe this approach will shed new light on the evolution of host–microbe relationships and can inform new microbiome therapies.
Inhibition of SUMOylation enhances DNA hypomethylating drug efficacy to reduce outgrowth of hematopoietic malignancies
Authors: Jessie S. Kroonen, Ilona J. de Graaf, Sumit Kumar, Dennis F. G. Remst, Anne K. Wouters, Mirjam H. M. Heemskerk, Alfred C. O. Vertegaal
Journal: Leukemia (2023)

Abstract Combination therapies targeting malignancies aim to increase treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity. Hypomethylating drug 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-2’) enhances transcription of tumor suppressor genes and induces replication errors via entrapment of DNMT1, yielding DNA-protein crosslinks. Post-translational modification by SUMO plays major roles in the DNA damage response and is required for degradation of entrapped DNMT1. Here, we combine SUMOylation inhibitor TAK981 and DNA-hypomethylating agent 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine to improve treatment of MYC driven hematopoietic malignancies, since MYC overexpressing tumors are sensitive to SUMOylation inhibition. We studied the classical MYC driven malignancy Burkitt lymphoma, as well as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with and without MYC translocation. SUMO inhibition prolonged the entrapment of DNMT1 to DNA, resulting in DNA damage. An increase in DNA damage was observed in cells co-treated with TAK981 and 5-Aza-2’. Both drugs synergized to reduce cell proliferation in vitro in a B cell lymphoma cell panel, including Burkitt lymphoma and DLBCL. In vivo experiments combining TAK981 (25 mg/kg) and 5-Aza-2’ (2.5 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in outgrowth of Burkitt lymphoma in an orthotopic xenograft model. Our results demonstrate the potential of tailored combination of drugs, based on insight in molecular mechanisms, to improve the efficacy of cancer therapies.
Sinoatrial Node Radiation Dose and Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Gerard M. Walls, Gerard G. Hanna
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Oncology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Oncology journal
Gamma delta T-cell-based immune checkpoint therapy: attractive candidate for antitumor treatment
Authors: Zhifei Gao, Yifeng Bai, Anqi Lin, Aimin Jiang, Chaozheng Zhou, Quan Cheng, Zaoqu Liu, Xin Chen, Jian Zhang, Peng Luo
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2023)

Abstract As a nontraditional T-cell subgroup, γδT cells have gained popularity in the field of immunotherapy in recent years. They have extraordinary antitumor potential and prospects for clinical application. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are efficacious in tumor patients, have become pioneer drugs in the field of tumor immunotherapy since they were incorporated into clinical practice. In addition, γδT cells that have infiltrated into tumor tissues are found to be in a state of exhaustion or anergy, and there is upregulation of many immune checkpoints (ICs) on their surface, suggesting that γδT cells have a similar ability to respond to ICIs as traditional effector T cells. Studies have shown that targeting ICs can reverse the dysfunctional state of γδT cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert antitumor effects by improving γδT-cell proliferation and activation and enhancing cytotoxicity. Clarification of the functional state of γδT cells in the TME and the mechanisms underlying their interaction with ICs will solidify ICIs combined with γδT cells as a good treatment option.
Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Among Immigrant and Canadian-Born Women Residing Within Low-Income Neighborhoods in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Jennifer A. Jairam, Simone N. Vigod, Arjumand Siddiqi, Jun Guan, Alexa Boblitz, Xuesong Wang, Patricia O’Campo, Joel G. Ray
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Evidence indicates that immigrant women and women residing within low-income neighborhoods experience higher adversity during pregnancy. Little is known about the comparative risk of severe maternal morbidity or mortality (SMM-M) among immigrant vs nonimmigrant women living in low-income areas.To compare the risk of SMM-M between immigrant and nonimmigrant women residing exclusively within low-income neighborhoods in Ontario, Canada.This population-based cohort study used administrative data for Ontario, Canada, from April 1, 2002, to December 31, 2019. Included were all 414 337 hospital-based singleton live births and stillbirths occurring between 20 and 42 weeks' gestation, solely among women residing in an urban neighborhood of the lowest income quintile; all women were receiving universal health care insurance. Statistical analysis was performed from December 2021 to March 2022.Nonrefugee immigrant status vs nonimmigrant status.The primary outcome, SMM-M, was a composite outcome of potentially life-threatening complications or mortality occurring within 42 days of the index birth hospitalization. A secondary outcome was SMM severity, approximated by the number of SMM indicators (0, 1, 2 or ≥3 indicators). Relative risks (RRs), absolute risk differences (ARDs), and odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for maternal age and parity.The cohort included 148 085 births to immigrant women (mean [SD] age at index birth, 30.6 [5.2] years) and 266 252 births to nonimmigrant women (mean [SD] age at index birth, 27.9 [5.9] years). Most immigrant women originated from South Asia (52 447 [35.4%]) and the East Asia and Pacific (35 280 [23.8%]) regions. The most frequent SMM indicators were postpartum hemorrhage with red blood cell transfusion, intensive care unit admission, and puerperal sepsis. The rate of SMM-M was lower among immigrant women (2459 of 148 085 [16.6 per 1000 births]) than nonimmigrant women (4563 of 266 252 [17.1 per 1000 births]), equivalent to an adjusted RR of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88-0.97) and an adjusted ARD of -1.5 per 1000 births (95% CI, -2.3 to -0.7). Comparing immigrant vs nonimmigrant women, the adjusted OR of having 1 SMM indicator was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.98), the adjusted OR of having 2 indicators was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.98), and the adjusted OR of having 3 or more indicators was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.87-1.19).This study suggests that, among universally insured women residing in low-income urban areas, immigrant women have a slightly lower associated risk of SMM-M than their nonimmigrant counterparts. Efforts aimed at improving pregnancy care should focus on all women residing in low-income neighborhoods.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning for hemorrhagic trauma care
Authors: Henry T. Peng, M. Musaab Siddiqui, Shawn G. Rhind, Jing Zhang, Luis Teodoro da Luz, Andrew Beckett
Journal: Military Medical Research (2023)

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI), a branch of machine learning (ML) has been increasingly employed in the research of trauma in various aspects. Hemorrhage is the most common cause of trauma-related death. To better elucidate the current role of AI and contribute to future development of ML in trauma care, we conducted a review focused on the use of ML in the diagnosis or treatment strategy of traumatic hemorrhage. A literature search was carried out on PubMed and Google scholar. Titles and abstracts were screened and, if deemed appropriate, the full articles were reviewed. We included 89 studies in the review. These studies could be grouped into five areas: (1) prediction of outcomes; (2) risk assessment and injury severity for triage; (3) prediction of transfusions; (4) detection of hemorrhage; and (5) prediction of coagulopathy. Performance analysis of ML in comparison with current standards for trauma care showed that most studies demonstrated the benefits of ML models. However, most studies were retrospective, focused on prediction of mortality, and development of patient outcome scoring systems. Few studies performed model assessment via test datasets obtained from different sources. Prediction models for transfusions and coagulopathy have been developed, but none is in widespread use. AI-enabled ML-driven technology is becoming integral part of the whole course of trauma care. Comparison and application of ML algorithms using different datasets from initial training, testing and validation in prospective and randomized controlled trials are warranted for provision of decision support for individualized patient care as far forward as possible.
Association of Expanded Child Tax Credit Payments With Child Abuse and Neglect Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Lindsey Rose Bullinger, Angela Boy
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance Poverty has long been associated with a higher risk for child maltreatment, and recent research suggests that income support policies are associated with reduced child abuse and neglect. However, income supports tied to employment cannot separate the associations of income from those of employment. Objective To estimate the short-term association of universal and unconditional income payments to parents with child abuse and neglect. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, variation in the timing of the 2021 expanded child tax credit (CTC) advance payments was used to determine whether receiving unconditional income is associated with child abuse and neglect. A fixed-effects approach was used to compare child abuse and neglect before and after payments were made in 2021. The study compared 2021 trends with the same period in 2018 and 2019, during which no CTC payments were made. Participants were pediatric emergency department (ED) patients identified as experiencing child abuse or neglect at a level I pediatric hospital system in the Southeastern US from July through December 2021. Data were analyzed from July to August 2022. Exposures Timing in the disbursement of the expanded CTC advance payments. Main Outcomes and Measures Daily child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. Results During the study period, there were 3169 ED visits related to child abuse or neglect. The 2021 advance payments of the expanded CTC were associated with fewer child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. There was a decrease in these ED visits in the 4 days following the advance CTC payments, although the reduction was not significant (point estimate, −0.22; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.01; P = .06). There were significant reductions in such ED visits among male children (point estimate, −0.40; 95% CI, −0.75 to −0.06; P = .02) and non-Hispanic White children (point estimate, −0.69; 95% CI, −1.22 to −0.17; P = .01). These reductions did not persist, however. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that federal income supports to parents are associated with immediate reductions in child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. These results are important for discussions of making the temporary expansion of the CTC permanent and are applicable to income support policies more broadly.
Authors’ response: Highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) viruses in farmed mink outbreak contain a disrupted second sialic acid binding site in neuraminidase, similar to human influenza A viruses
Authors: Montserrat Agüero, Isabella Monne, Azucena Sánchez, Bianca Zecchin, Alice Fusaro, María José Ruano, Manuel del Valle Arrojo, Ricardo Fernández-Antonio, Antonio Manuel Souto, Pedro Tordable, Julio Cañás, Francesco Bonfante, Edoardo Giussani, Calogero Terregino, Jesús Javier Orejas
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2023)

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Association of a Mediterranean Diet With Outcomes for Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Advanced Melanoma
Authors: Laura A. Bolte, Karla A. Lee, Johannes R. Björk, Emily R. Leeming, Marjo J. E. Campmans-Kuijpers, Jacco J. de Haan, Arnau Vich Vila, Andrew Maltez-Thomas, Nicola Segata, Ruth Board, Mark Harries, Paul Lorigan, Elisabeth G. E. de Vries, Paul Nathan, Rudolf Fehrmann, Véronique Bataille, Tim D. Spector, Geke A. P. Hospers, Rinse K. Weersma
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2023)

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has improved the survival of patients with advanced melanoma. Durable responses are observed for 40% to 60% of patients, depending on treatment regimens. However, there is still large variability in the response to treatment with ICB, and patients experience a range of immune-related adverse events of differing severity. Nutrition, through its association with the immune system and gut microbiome, is a poorly explored but appealing target with potential to improve the efficacy and tolerability of ICB.To investigate the association between habitual diet and response to treatment with ICB.This multicenter cohort study (the PRIMM study) was conducted in cancer centers in the Netherlands and UK and included 91 ICB-naive patients with advanced melanoma who were receiving ICB between 2018 and 2021.Patients were treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monotherapy or combination therapy. Dietary intake was assessed through food frequency questionnaires before treatment.Clinical end points were defined as overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival at 12 months (PFS-12), and immune-related adverse events that were grade 2 or higher.There were a total of 44 Dutch participants (mean [SD] age, 59.43 [12.74] years; 22 women [50%]) and 47 British participants (mean [SD] age, 66.21 [16.63] years; 15 women [32%]). Dietary and clinical data were prospectively collected from 91 patients receiving ICB between 2018 and 2021 for advanced melanoma in the UK and the Netherlands. Logistic generalized additive models revealed positive linear associations between a Mediterranean dietary pattern that was high in whole grains, fish, nuts, fruit, and vegetables and the probability of ORR and PFS-12 (probability of 0.77 for ORR; P = .02; false discovery rate, 0.032; effective degrees of freedom, 0.83; probability of 0.74 for PFS-12; P = .01; false discovery rate, 0.021; effective degrees of freedom, 1.54).This cohort study found a positive association between a Mediterranean diet, a widely recommended model of healthy eating, and response to treatment with ICB. Large prospective studies from different geographies are needed to confirm the findings and further elucidate the role of diet in the context of ICB.
Co-cultivation is a powerful approach to produce a robust functionally designed synthetic consortium as a live biotherapeutic product (LBP)
Authors: Fabienne Kurt, Gabriel E. Leventhal, Marianne Rebecca Spalinger, Laura Anthamatten, Philipp Rogalla von Bieberstein, Carmen Menzi, Markus Reichlin, Marco Meola, Florian Rosenthal, Gerhard Rogler, Christophe Lacroix, Tomas de Wouters
Journal: Gut Microbes (2023)

The success of fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) has provided the necessary proof-of-concept for microbiome therapeutics. Yet, feces-based therapies have many associated risks and uncertainties, and hence defined microbial consortia that modify the microbiome in a targeted manner have emerged as a promising safer alternative to FMT. The development of such live biotherapeutic products has important challenges, including the selection of appropriate strains and the controlled production of the consortia at scale. Here, we report on an ecology- and biotechnology-based approach to microbial consortium construction that overcomes these issues. We selected nine strains that form a consortium to emulate the central metabolic pathways of carbohydrate fermentation in the healthy human gut microbiota. Continuous co-culturing of the bacteria produces a stable and reproducible consortium whose growth and metabolic activity are distinct from an equivalent mix of individually cultured strains. Further, we showed that our function-based consortium is as effective as FMT in counteracting dysbiosis in a dextran sodium sulfate mouse model of acute colitis, while an equivalent mix of strains failed to match FMT. Finally, we showed robustness and general applicability of our approach by designing and producing additional stable consortia of controlled composition. We propose that combining a bottom-up functional design with continuous co-cultivation is a powerful strategy to produce robust functionally designed synthetic consortia for therapeutic use.