tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of risk factors for heart disease in OXCHECK trial: implications for screening in primary care. Imperial Cancer Research Fund OXCHECK Study Group.
Authors: A Coulter, G Fowler, L Jones, M Lawrence, D Mant, J Muir, A Neil, L Roe, N Rusted, T Schofield, M Thorogood, P Yudkin, D Freedman, M Oggelsby, S Joyce, A Banks, P Bradley, R Brown, S Choudhury, M Clarke, N Curt, J Crarer, H Francis, J Marsden, D Marshall, S Martin, H Mcgill, A Mitchell, O Toole, M Roberts, C Royall, A Sahdev, J Stanton, H Swallow, C Sykes, J Tabert, S Talbot, D Tant, M Waldron, Williams Participating, S Brown, J Draper, P Gazeley, S Lillie, K Mustoe, J Steele, K Tiernan, S Vella, K Warren, P Wolsey, L Young
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To describe the outcome of offering health checks systematically to a general practice adult population, in terms of age and sex specific prevalence of risk factors, follow up workload, and selective screening of cholesterol concentration. DESIGN--Descriptive analysis of data obtained by postal questionnaire and by personal interview and clinical examination by a trained nurse. SUBJECTS--2205 patients aged 35-64 who attended for a health check in 1989-90 from an invited random sample of 2777 patients from five urban general practices in Bedfordshire. RESULTS--Overall, almost three quarters of patients (78% of men, 68% of women) needed specific advice or follow up. Smoking, a high fat diet, and being overweight (body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2) were common characteristics exhibited by 35%, 31%, and 55% respectively of men and 24%, 18%, and 48% of women. The total cholesterol concentration was greater than or equal to 6.5 mmol/l in 37% of patients and greater than or equal to 8 mmol/l in 8%. In terms of workload 13% needed dietary advice only, 15% needed only follow up of hyperlipidaemia or hypertension, and 9% needed advice on smoking only. A further 35% needed follow up for a combination of risk factors. The proportion of patients in whom cholesterol concentration would be measured if a selective screening policy were adopted would vary from 29% to 71%, according to different criteria, but (particularly in men) no combination would be much better than random testing as a means to detect patients with a total cholesterol concentration greater than or equal to 8 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS--If the entire adult population of a practice is offered health checks systematically the acceptance rate is lower and the follow up workload higher than previously understood. The resource implications depend on the age and sex of patients screened and the selective criteria adopted for cholesterol measurement. Health checks are only the beginning of a successful preventive programme--the challenge is to provide effective intervention and follow up.
Standard of dementia care in NHS and private facilities is low
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Low dose liposomal amphotericin B seems to be effective against visceral leishmaniasis Low dose liposomal amphotericin B given as a single dose or short five day course seems effective against visceral leishmaniasis in India.Recommended regimens of liposomal amphotericin are prohibitively expensive in developing countries, but in a pilot study on 91 patients, Sundar et al (p 419) found cure rates of 92% with a dose of 5 mg/kg given either as a single infusion or over five days.If proved effective in larger trials, low dose regimens should help make the drug more affordable.
Table of Contents
Authors: Germaine Wong, Toby Coates, Tian Shen, Abraham Levitman, Yuanji Li, Mendel Jacobs, Katherine Xu, Jonathan Barasch, Anna Capasso, Ariella Benigni, Umberto Capitanio, Farhad Danesh, Vincenzo Marzo, Loreto Gesualdo, Giuseppe Grandaliano, Edgar Jaimes, Jolanta Malyszko, Mark Perazella, Qi Qian, Pierre Ronco, Mitchell Rosner, Francesco Trepiccione, Davide Viggiano, Carmine Zoccali, Giovambattista Capasso, Janani Rangaswami, Sripal Bangalore, Bruce Kaplan, Kelly Birdwell, Alexander Wiseman, Peter Mccullough, Darshana Dadhania, Ramy Hanna, Marina Barsoum, Farid Arman, Umut Selamet, Huma Hasnain, Ira Kurtz, Samih Nasr, Agnes Fogo, Lia Bally, Philipp Gubler, Hood Thabit, Sara Hartnell, Yue Ruan, Malgorzata Wilinska, Mark Evans, Mariam Semmo, Bruno Vogt, Anthony Coll, Christoph Stettler, Roman Hovorka, Natalya Kaverina, Diana Eng, Benjamin Freedman, J Kutz, Tyler Chozinski, Joshua Vaughan, Jeffrey Miner, Jeffrey Pippin, Stuart Shankland, Kun-Yi Wu, Ting Zhang, Guo-Xiu Zhao, Ning Ma, Shu-Juan Zhao, Na Wang, Jia-Xing Wang, Zong-Fang Li, Wuding Zhou, Ke Li
Journal: Kidney International (2019)
Gastroenterology
Authors: Sara M. Jordan, Everett D. Kiefer, S. Allen Wilkinson, Francis E. McDonough, John R. Ross, John M. McGrath
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

ColonThe diagnosis of colonic disease still depends on clinical findings, proctosigmoidoscopy and x-ray examination chiefly with the barium enema. A more general use of proctosigmoidoscopy has been adopted particularly as part of a complete medical survey and in all gastrointestinal cases in which rectal symptoms or bleeding is reported.Several improvements in the x-ray examination of the colon have been described during the past five years. The development of newer methods has been stimulated chiefly by an effort to improve the detection of small intraluminal tumors. Two methods in use for several years are the employment of a dilute . . .
Regional Lymph Node Dissection and Malignant Melanoma
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Large abdominal gas pocket
Authors: R. A. Clark
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>Common</h3> Bladder, emphysematous cystitis Cecal distension, obstructive or nonobstructive Gastric obstruction Pneumoperitoneum, free or loculated Volvulus of stomach, small bowel, or colon <h3>Uncommon</h3> Abdominal wall gas (postoperative, abscess) Amnionitis, endometritis Blind loop syndrome Duplication Hernia, obstructed Hydropneumometrocolpos, vaginitis emphysematosa Infected fibroid Liver abscess or gangrene Meckel diverticulum, giant colon diverticulum Pancreatic gas abscess Pregnancy, extrauterine, with perforation into colon Psoas abscess Small-bowel obstruction, chronic Subphrenic abscess Tubo-ovarian abscess <h3>Diagnosis</h3> Tubo-ovarian abscess <h3>Comment</h3> A 47-year-old woman, gravida 6, para 4, abortus 2, was admitted to the hospital because of abdominal pain and a large abdominal mass. She had a temperature of 39 C (102 F) and a white blood cell (WBC) count of 13,300/cu mm. The abdominal mass was palpable from the pelvis extending two to three fingerbreadths above
飞行员和空乘人员的黑色素瘤和皮肤癌
Authors: K. Miura, C.M. Olsen, S. Rea, J. Marsden, A.C. Green
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

来自太阳的紫外线辐射 (UVR) 是皮肤癌的主要原因,其中包括最致命的一种疾病——黑色素瘤。作为其工作的一部分,飞行员和空乘人员会暴露在宇宙辐射中,而且飞行员可能在驾驶舱接受紫外线辐射,可能导致皮肤癌。作者分别来自澳大利亚和英国,因此,他们系统地回顾了所有相关研究,以找出飞行员和空乘人员患黑色素瘤和其他皮肤癌的风险和死亡率。在确定的 12 项研究中,大多数是在 20 世纪 70 年代至 90 年代在欧洲或北美进行的研究。他们发现,黑素瘤和其他皮肤癌在飞行员和空乘人员中的发病率大约是普通人群的两倍。飞行员黑色素瘤的死亡率也翻了一番,但机组人员没有。来自太阳的紫外线 B 辐射是导致黑色素瘤和其他皮肤癌的主要原因,但在现代航空公司的客舱和驾驶舱中,紫外线 B 辐射无法检测到或未增加超过地面水平的值。此外,飞行员和空乘人员的职业宇宙辐射水平也被评估为无害。然而,不能排除航空公司飞行员和空乘人员在休闲活动时暴露在阳光下的时间(即不工作时暴露在阳光下的时间)过多的可能性,特别是在反映过去几十年暴露在阳光下模式的现有的已发表的研究中。作者的结论是,飞行员和空乘人员患黑色素瘤和其他皮肤癌的高风险不能明确归因于职业(工作相关)因素。他们呼吁对这个话题进行最新研究。
Treatment of depression in the elderly
Authors: G. W. Small
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> When so notable a psychopharmacologist as Dr Uhlenhuth (1982;248:1879) discusses antidepressants, people listen. It is for this reason that I feel impelled to point out that physicians treating geriatric patients with depression need additional information not mentioned in Dr Uhlenhuth's editorial. First, recent studies<sup>1,2</sup>indicate that, in the geriatric population, response to tricyclic antidepressants occurs within the first week of treatment and predicts remission. Second, although benzodiazepines may be effective in treating the anxiety that often accompanies major depression, such beneficial effects are overshadowed by the risk of ataxia in the elderly. Moreover, these anxiolytics often accumulate in blood and other tissues of elderly patients, causing oversedation and worsening of depressive symptoms. Although antidepressants, too, are potentially toxic in the elderly, when prescribed in low doses with gradual increments, they are generally safe and effective. In situations complicated by concomitant illnesses, drug intolerance, or danger of
Alexander Gutman and The American Journal of Medicine
Authors: J.R. E.
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Editorials1 August 1971Alexander Gutman and The American Journal of MedicineJ.R. E., E.J. H.J.R. E., E.J. H.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-75-2-312 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOn July first, Alexander B. Gutman stepped down from the editorship of The American Journal of Medicine. This event was no ordinary retirement; few editors have been as closely identified with their journal as was Dr. Gutman. Twenty-five years ago he founded the journal that over the succeeding years has been his editorial contribution to American medical journalism and science; he alone has been primarily responsible for selecting the papers published.Known far and wide as the "Green Journal,"The American Journal of Medicinehas provided a forum for much of the sound experimental medicine produced in this country since... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: J.R. E.; E.J. H. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1971Volume 75, Issue 2Page: 312-313 ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
GeparOLA: A randomized phase II trial to assess the efficacy of paclitaxel and olaparib in comparison to paclitaxel/carboplatin followed by epirubicin/cyclophosphamide as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients (pts) with HER2-negative early breast cancer (BC) and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD).
Authors: Peter A. Fasching, Christian Jackisch, Kerstin Rhiem, Andreas Schneeweiss, Peter Klare, Claus Hanusch, Jens Bodo Huober, Theresa Link, Michael Untch, Sabine Schmatloch, Carsten Denkert, Andrea Stefek, Christoph Uleer, Gabriele Doering, Knut Engels, Fenja Seither, Jens Uwe Blohmer, Sibylle Loibl
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019)

506 Background: The efficacy and toxicity of olaparib in early BC pts with homologous DNA repair deficiency (here defined as HRD score high tumors +/- germline (g) or tumor (t) BRCA mutation) is not well described. GeparOLA investigates olaparib in HER2 negative early BC with HRD. Methods: GeparOLA (NCT02789332) randomized 102 pts to either paclitaxel 80 mg/m² weekly (Pw) plus olaparib 100 mg twice daily for 12 weeks (PwO n = 65) or Pw plus carboplatin (Cb) AUC2 weekly for 12 weeks (PwCb n = 37), both followed by EC. Randomization was stratified by hormone receptor-status (HR+ vs HR-) and age ( &lt; 40 vs ≥40 years). Pts with untreated primary cT2 - cT4a-d or cT1c with either cN+ or pNSLN+ or triple negative or Ki-67 &gt; 20% were included, with either g/t BRCA mutation and/or high HRD score. The primary endpoint is pathological complete response (pCR; ypT0/is ypN0). A one group χ2-test was planned to exclude the pCR rate of ≤55% in PwO→EC arm. Secondary endpoints are other pCR definitions, breast conservation rate, clinical and imaging response, tolerability and safety. Results: A total of 107 pts were randomized between 9/2016 and 7/2018; 106 started treatment. Median age was 47.0 years [range 25.0-71.0]; 36.2% of pts had cT1, 61.0% cT2, 2.9% cT3, and 31.8% cN-positive tumors; G3: 86.8%; Ki-67 &gt; 20%: 89.6%; TNBC 72.6%; confirmed g /tBRCA 1/2 mutation: 60.4%. pCR rate with PwO was 55.1% (90%CI 44.5%-65.3%) vs PwCb 48.6% (90%CI 34.3%-63.2%). Analysis for the stratified subgroups showed higher pCR rates with PwO in the cohorts of pts &lt; 40 years and HR+ pts Clinical trial information: NCT02789332. Conclusions: GeparOla could not exclude a pCR rate of ≤55% in the PwO arm. Subgroup analysis is hypothesis generating and need further confirmation.[Table: see text]
Priority setting reaches its second phase
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Multiple doses of anticholinergics are beneficial in severe, acute childhood asthmaThe addition of anticholinergics to 2 agonist inhalations remains controversial in the treatment of children and adolescents with asthma exacerbations.To examine the efficacy of three management strategies for adding anticholinergics to 2 agonists, Plotnick and Ducharme (p 971) systematically reviewed 10 randomised controlled trials, including single dose, multiple doses (predetermined protocol), and multiple doses (flexible protocol).Only the addition of multiple doses of anticholinergics to 2 agonists in a predetermined protocol reduced the risk of hospital admission (by 30%) and improved pulmonary function tests.Eleven children would need to be treated to avoid one admission.The use of anticholinergics in mild to moderate asthma is not supported by the available evidence.The number and size of pooled studies remain small, thus the conclusions are subject to change with future larger trials. Warm clothing and housing prevent excess winter mortalityCold weather increases death rates from heart disease, stroke, and all causes in western Europe.Donaldson et al studied mortality in Yakutsk in east Siberia, where temperatures average -26.6°C from October to March (p 978).Overall daily death rates did not rise even at temperatures of -48.2°C.An increase in deaths from respiratory disease below -20°C was balanced by a fall in deaths from injury at this temperature.The stable death rate is attributed to very warm outdoor clothing and housing as well as a reduction in outdoor trips at temperatures below -20°C.The authors suggest that most of the excess winter mortality in western Europe is preventable by personal cold protection.
Myocardial Infarction After Exercise Test-Reply
Authors: ARTHUR B. Lintgen
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In response to Dr Naughton's observations, I am in full agreement that the postexercise tracing illustrated in my article is not normal. However, the changes are nonspecific in that they comprise a negative exercise test. The baseline tracing (that was editorially removed from the original manuscript) shows ST-T changes that are identical to those in the illustrated postexercise tracing in AV<sub>R</sub>and AV<sub>F</sub>noted by Dr Naughton. There are clearly ST changes in V<sub>3</sub>and V<sub>4</sub>that are not present in the baseline tracing. However, these are junctional ST depressions, and clearly slope upward from the J point to an isoelectric ST segment at the onset of T wave. By presently accepted criteria, these changes cannot in any way be interpreted as a positive exercise test.
SAT0409 Association between Tobacco Smoking and Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitor Treatment in Psoriatic Arthritis: Results from the Danbio Registry
Authors: P. Højgaard, B. Glintborg, M.L. Hetland, T.H. Hansen, C. Nilsson, P.R. Lage-Hansen, M.H. Petersen, M. Holland-Fisher, A.G. Loft, B.N. Andersen, T. Adelsten, J. Jensen, E. Omerovic, R. Christensen, U. Tarp, R. Østgaard, L. Dreyer
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) has been found in several non-neuronal cells and is described as an important regulator of cellular function. Naturally occurring CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the active suppression of autoimmunity. The present study investigated whether naturally occurring Tregs expressed α7 nAChR and investigated the functionary role of this receptor in controlling suppressive activity of these cells. We found that CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> Tregs from naive C57BL/6J mice positively expressed α7 nAChR, and its activation by nicotine enhanced the suppressive capacity of Tregs. Nicotine stimulation up-regulated the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3) on Tregs but had no effect on the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 by Tregs. In the supernatants of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> Tregs/CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>−</sup> T-cell cocultures, we observed a decrease in the concentration of IL-2 in nicotine-stimulated groups, but nicotine stimulation had no effect on the ratio of IL-4/interferon (IFN)-γ, which partially represented T-cell polarization. The above-mentioned effects of nicotine were reversed by a selective α7 nAChR antagonist, α-bungarotoxin. In addition, the ratio of IL-4/IFN-γ was increased by treatment with α-bungarotoxin. We conclude that nicotine might increase Treg-mediated immune suppression of lymphocytes via α7 nAChR. The effect is related to the up-regulation of CTLA-4 as well as Foxp3 expression and decreased IL-2 secretion in CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> Tregs/CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>−</sup> T-cell coculture supernatants. α7 nAChR seems to be a critical regulator for immunosuppressive function of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> Tregs.
Growing use of medicinal botanicals forces assessment by drug regulators
Authors: C. Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE GROWING USE of botanicals (drugs and other products derived from plants) by the US public is forcing moves to evaluate the health claims of these agents and to develop standards of quality and manufacture. The parties involved—herbal therapists, manufacturers, processors, and distributors of botanicals—and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are circling each other warily. But at a meeting in Washington, DC, sponsored by the National Institute of Health's Office of Alternative Medicine in cooperation with the FDA, all these parties had a frank exchange about the issues that must be addressed if botanical products are to enter the mainstream of medical practice. <h3>Need Scientific Evidence</h3> "There are estimates that as many as one in three Americans are using some form of alternative medicine," said Devra Lee Davis, PhD, MPH, senior adviser to the Assistant Secretary for Health. "Botanicals are becoming widely used. We have to assess a process
From the public health conference Transport policies should be reviewed Public health faculty should be restricted to doctors Discrimination in admission to medical school should end Proposal for school family planning clinics defeated Conference welcomes core values document Community doctors have had some success Trainees are concerned over manpower The conference.. NHS to have code of practice on openness Minister gives assurance on GMC's performance review Health secretary sets out aims …
Authors: L. Beecham
Journal: BMJ (1995)
HEART DISEASE IN INDUSTRY
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Typographical Errors and Omitted Reference to Related Meta-analysis
Authors: Line Jee, Hartmann Rasmussen, Terrie Moffitt, Avshalom Caspi
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2020)

Jennifer Valeska Elli Brown, MSc; Nick Meader, PhD; Kath Wright, MA; Jemma Cleminson, MSc; William McGuire, MD
Urology
Authors: Bernard R. Sears
Journal: JAMA (1970)

The third edition of<i>Urology</i>meets expectations and is recommended as our most comprehensive text in English, valuable for reference and as a textbook. The abundant new material continues Dr. Campbell's original intention to present clinical practice in terms of basic science and in a state of steady development. Apart from general excellence, this new edition is an adroit production; revisions and the addition of seven new chapters, some of them lengthy, have been accomplished without increasing the number of pages. Each volume is of a size comfortable to handle. The new chapters deal with radioisotope diagnosis, vesico-ureteral reflux, pharmacology, renovascular surgery, transplantation, septic shock, and "controversy and perspective." The number of authors has risen from 64 to 74; retirement caused some changes in the roster. Boyarsky and Lapides now write the chapters on neuromuscular function. Prostate physiology is covered by Brendler, and Hudson has taken over perineal prostatectomy. Although
1358 DISTINCT, ALCOHOL-MODULATED EFFECTS OF PNPLA3 GENOTYPE ON PROGRESSION OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: T. Müller, S. Buch, T. Berg, H. Hinrichsen, H. Vollbrecht, R. Günther, J. Rosendahl, J. Hampe, E. Schott, F. Stickel
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
OBITUARIES OF PHYSICIANS PUBLISHED IN 1934
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal