tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis in Germany and the United Kingdom: Gender-specific results from a longitudinal observational study
Authors: Niklas Frahm, Firas Fneish, David Ellenberger, Judith Haas, Micha Loebermann, Tina Parciak, Melanie Peters, Dieter Pöhlau, Jeff Rodgers, Anna-Lena Röper, Sarah Schilling, Alexander Stahmann, Herbert Temmes, Uwe K. Zettl, Rodden M. Middleton
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2022)

Vaccines offer people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) an effective protection against severe COVID-19 disease courses. However, representative real-world data on the tolerability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PwMS are limited. We aimed at analysing vaccination reactions (VRs) and MS deterioration following SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in German and United Kingdom (UK) PwMS, especially regarding gender-specific differences.The German Multiple Sclerosis Society and the UK MS Registry acquired health data via an online system following the first (X1) and second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (X2), respectively: sociodemographic and clinical data, vaccines used, VRs, MS deterioration (worsened or new MS symptoms, Germany only) and relapses (Germany only). The frequencies of VRs and MS deterioration were analysed stratified by gender.Following X1 (X2), 2346 (1835) German PwMS and 3796 (683) UK PwMS participated in the study. The most frequent vaccination scheme was two-dose tozinameran for Germany (77·1%, 1424/1847) and two-dose AZD1222 for the UK (61·3%, 419/683). The most common VRs were fatigue, headache and pain (at the injection site) and occurred more often in women compared with men. German PwMS reported VRs more frequently after X2 vs. X1 (65·4% [1201/1835] vs. 61·2% [1435/2346]), while for UK patients it was the opposite (X1 vs. X2: 48·7% [1849/3796] vs. 30·0% [205/683]). MS deterioration occurred in 19·0% (445/2346) of the German PwMS without resulting in gender-specific differences. Fatigue and gait impairment were the most frequent deteriorated MS symptoms.Female PwMS reported experiencing VRs more often than men. Longitudinal data are needed to enable valid statements regarding long-term MS deterioration and long-lasting VRs.German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG Bundesverband e.V.), Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, Mylan, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi.
The Intersection of Immigrant and Environmental Health: A Scoping Review of Observational Population Exposure and Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Kelvin C. Fong, Seulkee Heo, Chris C. Lim, Honghyok Kim, Alisha Chan, Whanhee Lee, Rory Stewart, Hayon Michelle Choi, Ji-Young Son, Michelle L. Bell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2022)

Background: Transnational immigration has increased since the 1950s. In countries such as the United States, immigrants now account for &gt;15% of the population. Although differences in health between immigrants and nonimmigrants are well documented, it is unclear how environmental exposures contribute to these disparities. Objectives: We summarized current knowledge comparing immigrants’ and nonimmigrants’ exposure to and health effects of environmental exposures. Methods: We conducted a title and abstract review on articles identified through PubMed and selected those that assessed environmental exposures or health effects separately for immigrants and nonimmigrants. After a full text review, we extracted the main findings from eligible studies and categorized each article as exposure-focused, health-focused, or both. We also noted each study’s exposure of interest, study location, exposure and statistical methods, immigrant and comparison groups, and the intersecting socioeconomic characteristics controlled for. Results: We conducted a title and abstract review on 3,705 articles, a full text review on 84, and extracted findings from 50 studies. There were 43 studies that investigated exposure (e.g., metals, organic compounds, fine particulate matter, hazardous air pollutants) disparities, but only 12 studies that assessed health disparities (e.g., mortality, select morbidities). Multiple studies reported higher exposures in immigrants compared with nonimmigrants. Among immigrants, studies sometimes observed exposure disparities by country of origin and time since immigration. Of the 50 studies, 43 were conducted in North America. Discussion: The environmental health of immigrants remains an understudied area, especially outside of North America. Although most identified studies explored potential exposure disparities, few investigated subsequent differences in health effects. Future research should investigate environmental health disparities of immigrants, especially outside North America. Additional research gaps include the role of immigrants’ country of origin and time since immigration, as well as the combined effects of immigrant status with intersecting socioeconomic characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, income, and education attainment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9855
US and Canada to roll out the first omicron specific boosters within days
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2022)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following US and Canada to roll out the first omicron specific boosters within days Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Primary Prevention of Hypertension by Nutritional-Hygienic Means
Authors: Rose Stamler
Journal: JAMA (1989)

A 5-year trial involving 201 men and women with high-normal blood pressure at baseline demonstrated the ability to reduce the incidence of hypertension in participants randomized to nutritional-hygienic intervention compared with a control group. The incidence of hypertension was 8.8% among 102 intervention group participants vs 19.2% among 99 control group members. The odds ratio for the incidence of hypertension in the control group was 2.4. Mean trial blood pressure also was lower in the intervention compared with the control group ( -1.2 and -1.9 mm Hg, respectively, for diastolic blood pressure at work-site and office visits and -1.3 and - 2.0 mm Hg, respectively, for systolic blood pressure at the two sites). Net weight loss in the intervention group averaged 2.7 kg during the trial; sodium intake was reduced by 25% and reported alcohol intake decreased by 30%. The majority of intervention participants also reported an increase in physical activity. Effect on blood pressure was related particularly to degree of weight loss. Results indicate that even a moderate reduction in risk factors for hypertension among hypertension-prone individuals contributes to the primary prevention of the disease. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:1801-1807)
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: D. V. Bates
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IN a keynote address to the National Tuberculosis Association in 19641 the Health Commissioner for the New York City Metropolitan Area emphasized the concern he felt over the rising incidence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis as major public-health problems. He stated that the emphysema death rate in New York City had increased 10 times over the past 12 years, and that of chronic bronchitis four times. The increasing use of questionnaires and simple tests of pulmonary function in different parts of the world has led to a realization that chronic respiratory symptoms are surprisingly common in many parts of the . . .
Psychological Aspects of Cancer Therapy
Authors: John S. Stehlin
Journal: JAMA (1966)

No surgeon can observe and treat many patients with cancer without realizing the tremendous emotional impact of the word "cancer" itself upon its victims. Major nonmalignant disorders, regardless of the associated mortality rate, seldom, if ever, evoke the same quality of anxiety as that produced by cancer. This anxiety is an inherent feature of the disease, and is a vital consideration in the total care of these patients. The modern surgeon who is genuinely interested in giving patients with cancer the most effective treatment possible should possess, in addition to surgical knowledge and skill, a familiarity not only with the uses and limitations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but also with the more common psychological problems with which these patients are confronted. An understanding of even the elementary principles of psychotherapy would help us to make better use of that nebulous quality called the "art of medicine" and thus to afford
Spinal Mineral Loss in Oophorectomized Women
Authors: Christopher E. Cann
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Computed tomography (CT) provides precise anatomic localization coupled with quantitative x-ray attenuation information that can be used to determine bone mineral content. A precise and sensitive method for vertebral mineral measurement by CT is described and illustrated with results from an ongoing study of mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Spinal mineral loss measured by quantitative CT is compared with peripheral loss determined by photon absorptiometry and radiogrammetry. Vertebral cancellous bone loss was significant for the group as a whole at 12 months, while mean peripheral measurements showed no change. In two subjects in whom mineral change was significant at both sites, spinal loss was approximately five times greater than peripheral loss. (<i>JAMA</i>244:2056-2059, 1980)
Comorbidity of Mental Disorders With Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse
Authors: Darrel A. Regier
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The prevalence of comorbid alcohol, other drug, and mental disorders in the US total community and institutional population was determined from 20 291 persons interviewed in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Estimated US population lifetime prevalence rates were 22.5% for any non—substance abuse mental disorder, 13.5% for alcohol dependence-abuse, and 6.1% for other drug dependence-abuse. Among those with a mental disorder, the odds ratio of having some addictive disorder was 2.7, with a lifetime prevalence of about 29% (including an overlapping 22% with an alcohol and 15% with another drug disorder). For those with either an alcohol or other drug disorder, the odds of having the other addictive disorder were seven times greater than in the rest of the population. Among those with an alcohol disorder, 37% had a comorbid mental disorder. The highest mental-addictive disorder comorbidity rate was found for those with drug (other than alcohol) disorders, among whom more than half (53%) were found to have a mental disorder with an odds ratio of 4.5. Individuals treated in specialty mental health and addictive disorder clinical settings have significantly higher odds of having comorbid disorders. Among the institutional settings, comorbidity of addictive and severe mental disorders was highest in the prison population, most notably with antisocial personality, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;264:2511-2518)
Angiographic Studies in Cardiorespiratory Diseases
Authors: James K. Alexander
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In 47 patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, selective pulmonary arteriograms disclosed complete or incomplete obstructions of various arterial branches, intra-arterial filling defects, decrease in volume of affected lung segments, and changes in caliber of involved arteries. In 76 other patients with a variety of disorders including left ventricular failure, pneumonia, pulmonary tumor, abscess, bulla, fibrosis, or pulmonary emphysema, the pulmonary arteries were patent to the subsegmental level, showing neither filling defects nor obstructive lesions. Selective pulmonary arteriography has proved practical and relatively safe in our hands. We recommend it as a useful means of establishing the presence and extent of pulmonary thromboemboli, and of determining their location.
Distribution Pattern of Metastatic Bone Disease
Authors: Gerbail T. Krishnamurthy
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Distribution patterns of metastatic bone disease in 62 patients with soft-tissue cancers showed that 60% of bone lesions were located in the axial and 40% in the appendicular skeleton. Thirteen percent of the lesions were in appendicular regions not usually included in routine imaging studies. The majority of the metastatic skeletal lesions were clinically asymptomatic. The serum alkaline phosphatase level is a poor indicator of early bone metastases. (<i>JAMA</i>237:2504-2506, 1977)
The Clinical Nursing Specialist
Authors: Laura L. Simms
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Nursing leaders<sup>1-3</sup>more or less agree that the clinical nursing specialist is a nurse with advanced knowledge and competence, capable of exercising a high degree of discriminative judgment in planning, executing, and evaluating nursing care based upon assessed needs of patients having one or more common clinical manifestations. It is not yet clearly understood, how and at what level nurses are to be prepared as clinical nursing specialists and how they should use their special competencies in the hospital. This paper is directed at the latter issue, although with full recognition of the importance of sound academic preparation for the would-be clinical nursing specialist. The purpose of the paper is to consider certain modifications which seem warranted in hospital nursing services in order to make better use of clinically prepared nurses. The aim is that nursing practice in the hospital may be imbued with the spirit of learning so
Radionuclide Imaging
Authors: Michael J. Gelfand
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Forty-four children were studied for the presence of osteomyelitis by scintigraphy using Tc 99m etidronate tin complex. Evidence of osteomyelitis on radionuclide images was found in 16 of 19 patients considered to have osteomyelitis by their attending physicians. Bone scintigraphic changes were noted prior to or in the absence of roentgenographic abnormalities in 10 of 19 patients. Cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, chronic osteomyelitis, and osteomyelitis caused by penetrating trauma and contiguous infection were identified. Three bone infarctions were correctly diagnosed. (<i>JAMA</i>237:245-247, 1977)
Creation of an Atrial Septal Defect Without Thoracotomy
Authors: William J. Rashkind
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) occurs in approximately 20% of children who die with congenital heart disease.<sup>1</sup>With rare exceptions, patients with this lesion die in the first 6 months of life (50% within the first month). Approximately 40% of patients with TGV have an otherwise normal heart. In recent years, various types of complete corrections for this lesion have been attempted. Mustard et al<sup>2</sup>has simplified these procedures and has reduced mortality to reasonable levels. Best results are obtained in children well beyond 6 months of age. Therefore, it is imperative to provide early palliation that is effective until the optimal age for complete correction and that does not interfere significantly with subsequent surgery. Creation of an interatrial communication seems the best available choice to suit these requirements. The Blalock-Hanlon technique,<sup>3</sup>or some modified version, is commonly used to remove a portion of the atrial
NOD1 induces pyroptotic cell death to aggravate liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Yu Liu, Shipeng Li, Guoliang Zhang, Jinzhen Cai
Journal: MedComm (2022)

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) can direct the release of inflammatory factors and influence autophagy and apoptosis in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice. As pyroptosis is involved in a number of inflammatory reactions, in this report, we investigated the potential for NOD1 to affect pyroptosis. We found that an increased expression of NOD1 during IRI was related to activation of the pyroptotic signaling pathway. With NOD1 activation, cleavage fragments of Caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and interleukin (IL)-1β were all increased. Moreover, downregulation of NOD1 expression in AML12 cells exerted an opposite effect. Expression levels of cleaved-Caspase-1 and cleaved-GSDMD decreased after exposure to IRI and the number of cell membrane pores and apoptotic or pyroptotic cells decreased, along with the contents of inflammatory factors and lactate dehydrogenase in the supernatants of AML12 cells. Based on these findings, we conclude that NOD1 aggravates the pyroptotic cell death associated with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse model via the Caspase-1/GSDMD axis. These findings help to alleviate pyroptotic cell death during liver transplantation or resection, providing new insights into novel protective therapies for liver IRI.
Carcinoma of the Breast Stage I—Surgical Spectrum
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Interest and controversy in the management of breast cancer have simmered and boiled as steadily as the incidence and prevalence of the disease in the past three decades. The vital statistics during the past 28 years, according to the American Cancer Society (written communication, June 1966), show a threefold rise in mortality in the United States-25,401 deaths as of 1963. With the risk of a woman developing breast cancer estimated at 5%,<sup>1</sup>and a continued rise in incidence after 30 years of age, few practitioners of medicine will not have direct contact with this malignancy, as it initially presents or progresses by involving other organ systems. The age distribution of total cases of breast cancer is at variance with the annual incidence of all cancer, skewing the curve into a younger population (Fig 1). The emotional impact is considerable. To the woman, it means loss of a structure identified with
Family History of Psychiatric Disorders as a Risk Factor for Maternal Postpartum Depression
Authors: Mette-Marie Zacher Kjeldsen, Alessio Bricca, Xiaoqin Liu, Vibe G. Frokjaer, Kathrine Bang Madsen, Trine Munk-Olsen
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2022)

Current evidence on the association between family history of psychiatric disorders and postpartum depression is inconsistent; family studies have identified familial risk of postpartum depression, whereas systematic reviews and umbrella reviews, compiling all risk factors for postpartum depression, often have not.
Association of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Reimbursement, New Technology Add-on Payment, and Procedure Volumes With Embolic Protection Device Use
Authors: Angela Lowenstern, Anna Hung, Pratik Manandhar, Zachary K. Wegermann, Samir R. Kapadia, Brian R. Lindman, Kashish Goel, Melissa Levack, Colin M. Barker, Shelby D. Reed, David J. Cohen, Sreekanth Vemulapalli
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2022)

In the setting of uncertain efficacy and additional, unreimbursed cost, use of an embolic protection device (EPD) during transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has had variable uptake. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted a new technology add-on payment to cover EPD use in October 2018.To evaluate the association between CMS TAVR reimbursement rates and EPD use.This cohort study used the Society for Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy registry to identify patients who underwent TAVR between January 2018 and September 2019. Analysis took place between July 2020 and February 2022.The association between EPD use and CMS reimbursement was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for patient characteristics (model 1) and patient/hospital (annualized TAVR volume and teaching status) characteristics (model 2).Among 511 institutions, CMS reimbursement for TAVR ranged from $28 062 to $111 280 with a median (IQR) of $45 884 ($40 331-$53 627). Among 84 353 patients (median [IQR] age, 81.0 [75.0-86.0] years; 46 247 male individuals [54.8%]; 3958 [4.7%] of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity; 78 170 White individuals [92.7%]) treated at the sites, 6012 (7.1%) underwent TAVR with EPD. Patient characteristics associated with EPD use included prior stroke (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.00-1.27]; P = .048), female sex (aOR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.78-0.93]; P < .001), hemodialysis (aOR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.40-0.68]; P < .001), and shock (aOR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.41-0.94]; P = .03). Higher CMS reimbursement up to $50 000 per TAVR was associated with greater likelihood of EPD use in model 1 (per $1000; aOR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.01-1.16]; P = .02). However, this association was no longer apparent after adjusting for site characteristics (model 2; aOR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.96-1.11]; P = .38). Higher TAVR volume was associated with increased EPD use (per 25 TAVRs; aOR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.09-1.21]; P < .001). There was no significant change in the odds of EPD uptake before vs after institution of the CMS new technology add-on payment across tertiles of CMS TAVR reimbursement (Wald χ2 = 3.59; P = .17).EPD use during TAVR remains infrequent and is associated with multiple patient and site characteristics. While CMS reimbursement varies significantly across institutions, TAVR case volume, rather than CMS TAVR reimbursement or the CMS new technology add-on payment, appears to be the predominant factor associated with EPD use. Ongoing work is needed to understand the economic drivers that contribute to the association between procedural volume and EPD use.