Associations Between Polygenic Risk Score Loading, Psychosis Liability, and Clozapine Use Among Individuals With Schizophrenia
Authors: Bochao D. Lin, Justo Pinzón-Espinosa, Elodie Blouzard, Marte Z. van der Horst, Cynthia Okhuijsen-Pfeifer, Kristel R. van Eijk, Sinan Guloksuz, Wouter J. Peyrot, Jurjen J. Luykx, Alkomiet Hasan, Elias Wagner, Christos Pantelis, Ian P. Everall, Y. Ayhan, M. O. Babaoğlu, Maarten Bak, Wouter Alink, E Beld, A Bouhuis, M Edlinger, I .M. Erdoğan, Stefan Gutwinski, Tero Hallikainen, E Jeger-land, Markku Lähteenvuo, Mariken B. de Koning, Carla Morgenroth, A. Müderrisoğlu, Tatiana Oviedo-Salcedo, Stefanie Schreiter, Eila Repo-Tiihonen, Heli Tuppurainen, Mike Veereschild, Selene R.T. Veerman, M de Vos, Dan Cohen, Jan P.A.M. Bogers, A.E. Anıl Yağcıoğlu, Jari Tiihonen, Stephan Ripke, Chad A. Bousman, H Van Beek, Cynthia Okhuijsen-Pfeifer, Marte van der Horst, Kristel van Eijk, A. Ertuğrul, G. Yoca, T. Görlitz, K.P. Grootens, Stefan Leucht, A. Narang, J. Schneider-Thoma, René S. Kahn, Erwin Bekema, Phillip Kleymann, Jurjen J. Luykx, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Therese van Amelsvoort, Wiepke Cahn, Lieuwe de Haan, Frederike Schirmbeck, Claudia J.P. Simons, Jim van Os, Bart Rutten, Ruud van Winkel
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2022)

Predictors consistently associated with psychosis liability and course of illness in schizophrenia (SCZ) spectrum disorders (SSD), including the need for clozapine treatment, are lacking. Longitudinally ascertained medication use may empower studies examining associations between polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and pharmacotherapy choices.To examine associations between PRS-SCZ loading and groups with different liabilities to SSD (individuals with SSD taking clozapine, individuals with SSD taking other antipsychotics, their parents and siblings, and unrelated healthy controls) and between PRS-SCZ and the likelihood of receiving a prescription of clozapine relative to other antipsychotics.This genetic association study was a multicenter, observational cohort study with 6 years of follow-up. Included were individuals diagnosed with SSD who were taking clozapine or other antipsychotics, their parents and siblings, and unrelated healthy controls. Data were collected from 2004 until 2021 and analyzed between October 2021 and September 2022.Polygenic risk scores for SCZ.Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine possible differences between groups by computing risk ratios (RRs), ie, ratios of the probability of pertaining to a particular group divided by the probability of healthy control status. We also computed PRS-informed odd ratios (ORs) for clozapine use relative to other antipsychotics.Polygenic risk scores for SCZ were generated for 2344 participants (mean [SD] age, 36.95 years [14.38]; 994 female individuals [42.4%]) who remained after quality control screening (557 individuals with SSD taking clozapine, 350 individuals with SSD taking other antipsychotics during the 6-year follow-up, 542 parents and 574 siblings of individuals with SSD, and 321 unrelated healthy controls). All RRs were significantly different from 1; RRs were highest for individuals with SSD taking clozapine (RR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.76-3.81; P = 2.47 × 10-46), followed by individuals with SSD taking other antipsychotics (RR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.95-2.72; P = 3.77 × 10-22), parents (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.25-1.68; P = 1.76 × 10-6), and siblings (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.21-1.63; P = 8.22 × 10-6). Polygenic risk scores for SCZ were positively associated with clozapine vs other antipsychotic use (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.22-1.63; P = 2.98 × 10-6), suggesting a higher likelihood of clozapine prescriptions among individuals with higher PRS-SCZ.In this study, PRS-SCZ loading differed between groups of individuals with SSD, their relatives, and unrelated healthy controls, with patients taking clozapine at the far end of PRS-SCZ loading. Additionally, PRS-SCZ was associated with a higher likelihood of clozapine prescribing. Our findings may inform early intervention and prognostic studies of the value of using PRS-SCZ to personalize antipsychotic treatment.