tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Plasminogen Activator, Fibronectin, Lymphotoxin Sensitivity, and Natural Skin Reactivity Relationships to Guinea Pig Cell Tumorigenicity&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1982)

The quantitative expression of five properties of chemical carcinogen-induced, neoplastically transformed NIH strain 2 guinea pig fibroblasts was compared in cells possessing thousandfold differences in tumorigenicity. Plasminogen activator synthesis, sensitivity to lymphotoxin inhibition of cell proliferation, and the ability to induce a natural delayed tuberculin-type skin reaction in nonimmune syngeneic guinea pigs correlated directly with the number of cells required to produce a tumor. The most tumorigenic cells (102-cell threshold dose) produced the most plasminogen activator, were most sensitive to lymphotoxin, and produced the greatest skin reactivity. Cells with a threshold tumor dose of 105–107 cells exhibited the lowest expression of these properties. Fibronectin incorporation into an extracellular matrix was diminished in tumorigenic cells, as was anchorage-dependent growth; but neither diminished fibronectin incorporation nor the decreased anchorage requirement correlated quantitatively with the number of cells required to produce a tumor. The present investigation indicates that plasminogen activator synthesis, sensitivity to lymphotoxin, and the capacity of tumorigenic cells to induce natural delayedtype skin reactivity are among the factors that influence initial tumor growth. Plasminogen activator, an extracellular protease, may aid in the growth and spread of tumor cells in vivo by interfering with host fibrin deposition and by inactivating other host proteins such as lymphotoxin.
Ethics of Phase I Clinical Trials
Authors: Alexander M. Capron
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Mortimer Lipsett's sensitive and balanced commentary entitled "On the Nature and Ethics of Phase I Clinical Trials of Cancer Chemotherapies" (1982;248:941) provides a valuable reminder of the need to avoid both manipulating patients with cancer into participation in clinical trials and "overprotecting" them from the opportunity, by contributing to future cures, to give meaning to what is otherwise a personal tragedy. Dr Lipsett seems to be of two minds, however, regarding the purpose of the phase I trials. He begins his description by stating: "First, there is always therapeutic intent" and then describes the additional purposes (determining dosage schedule, toxic effects, and pharmacokinetics). A different emphasis emerges later in the article when Dr Lipsett describes the consent process for trials of anticancer drugs at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md. There, patients are told that "the chief purpose" of such studies is
Contamination of Patient-Contact Surfaces In Radiology Departments
Authors: Philip H. Meyers
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> A bacteriological analysis of patient-contact surfaces in some departments of radiology will show that complete asepsis is lacking.<sup>1</sup> Spillage from a patient receiving a barium enema can at times seem unavoidable. Excretion may contain causitive organisms of disease which primarily affect systems other than the gastrointestinal tract, such as ova, parasites, hepatitis virus, mycobacteria, and coxsackievirus.<sup>2,3</sup> It has been shown that intestinal parasites among hospital employees is not uncommon.<sup>4</sup> It is the purpose of this letter to demonstrate contamination of the x-ray apparatus at its patient-contact surfaces. Culture plates were applied directly to patient-contact surfaces before and after cleansing with a small commercially prepared antiseptic germicidal towel containing benzalkonium chloride (1:750) and alcohol (20%). The areas in which culture plates were applied were as follows: x-ray chest rack and chin support, head of x-ray table, and middle of x-ray table. In addition, to determine
Sympathomimetic modulation of load-dependent changes in the action potential duration in the in situ porcine heart
Authors: S.M. Horner, C.F. Murphy, B. Coen, D.J. Dick, M.J. Lab
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Increased sympathetic stimulation is known to be arrhythmogenic. Likewise increased loading of the myocardium can directly generate arrhythmias. The interaction between the two on the electrophysiology of the myocardium has not been investigated before. We investigated the effect of dobutamine infusion on the shortening of the monophasic action potential duration secondary to increased loading. This was investigated during steady-state pacing and during an alteration in beat-to-beat interval in the form of a restitution curve. Methods: Pigs were anaesthetised and their hearts exposed. Monophasic action potentials and segment lengths were recorded from the anterior surface of the left ventricle. The loading of the ventricle was increased by transiently occluding the aorta. Steady-state pacing and a restitution curve were performed. Recordings were taken before and during dobutamine infusion. Results: At steady state, increased loading of the heart shortened the monophasic action potential duration by a mean (±s.e.m.) of 4.0 (±0.5) ms (P < 0.001). During dobutamine infusion this shortening of the monophasic action potential increased. Shortening of the action potential duration increased with the dose of dobutamine up to 10 μg/kg/min after which a plateau was reached. By comparison to control, dobutamine depressed the electrical restitution curve at short test pulse intervals but did not significantly alter the plateau. Increased loading elevated the initial section of the electrical restitution curve at short test pulse intervals and depressed the plateau in both the control recordings and those taken during dobutamine infusion. Increased loading increased the amplitude of the supernormal phase of the electrical restitution curve in control recordings and those taken during dobutamine infusion. Sympathetic stimulation by dobutamine during the steady state potentiates the effect of mechanoelectric feedback on the myocardium. The effect on the restitution curve varies with test pulse interval. At short test pulse intervals the effect of sympathetic stimulation dominates with only minor antagonistic modification by increased loading. However, at longer test pulse intervals the effect of mechanoelectric feedback is equal to that of sympathetic stimulation and is synergistic with it. Conclusions: The mechanically induced changes we describe in the normal pig heart in situ are relatively small. However, they are in the right direction to possibly contribute to arrhythmia under pathological conditions where mechanical as well as electrophysiological inhomogeneity is prominent.
Flight Surgeon, Corpsman Among First Casualties
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1991)

ONE of only a handful of US Air Force (USAF) physicians who also are active military pilots is among the first servicemen to be listed as missing in the Persian Gulf War. Thomas Flagg Koritz, MD, the 37-year-old pilot of an F-15E jet, failed to return from a mission flown by members of the 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron on the second day of the conflict. <h3>Pilot-Physician Program</h3> Koritz is a 1979 graduate of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Rockford and Chicago. After interning as a family practice physician at Mercy Hospital, Davenport, Iowa, he joined the USAF, where he received his pilot's wings and qualified for the flight surgeon rating by completing a residency at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Tex. He then was attached to the 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro, NC, as
Lessons From US History of Drug Use
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

If men could learn from history, what lessons it might teach us. But passion and party blind our eyes, and the light which experience gives is a lantern on the stern, which shines only on the waves behind us.—Samuel Taylor Coleridge Advertisement for Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, a popular product administered to teething, colicky, or "nervous" children. Like many patent medicines that were not regulated by law until 1906, this mixture contained opiates. ALTHOUGH AMERICA's love-hate relationship with psychoactive substances is older than the nation itself, the interest of historians in drug use and abuse in the United States is a fairly new phenomenon. Since the 1970s, an increasing number of historians and other scholars have turned their attention to the social, economic, and political forces that have driven America's cultural pendulum back and forth repeatedly between celebrating mind-altering substances and condemning them along with their consumers. Evidence of this
Alterations in a cross-hemispheric circuit associates with novelty discrimination deficits in mouse models of neurodegeneration
Authors: Chinnakkaruppan Adaikkan, Jun Wang, Karim Abdelaal, Steven J. Middleton, P. Lorenzo Bozzelli, Ian R. Wickersham, Thomas J. McHugh, Li-Huei Tsai
Journal: Neuron (2022)
In Scotland, Mental Welfare Commission inquires into homicides by psychiatric patients
Authors: J A T Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

CONSORT statement on the reporting standards of clinical trials Recommendations are inappropriate for trial reportsEditor-In his editorial on the CONSORT statement Douglas G Altman states that since "only randomised trials have the potential directly to affect patient care ... it is ... reasonable to require higher standards for papers reporting randomised trials than those describing other types of study." 1 But although randomised trials are usually the preferred approach for the unbiased evaluation of treatments, non-randomised observational studies also influence treatment.Because the correct interpretation of observational studies is much more difficult, largely due to uncontrollable biases, their description and analysis call for at least as much care as do randomised trials.Sometimes, of course, randomised comparisons are unnecessary-for example, to determine the value of fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects.CONSORT is the product of deliberations conducted almost entirely through North American journals. 2Journal editors and statisticians are well represented among those involved, but clinicians and others with experience in actually conducting trials less so.Experience of the procedures recommended seems to be limited and not wholly positive.The authors of one trial report who had been persuaded to rewrite it 3 in the structured format expressed mixed feelings: the paper was rendered less readable with "ideas that are logically linked together (such as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals) torn asunder." 4 Inflexibility and a lengthier manuscript were other reported disadvantages.The editor stated that a journal "should change the way it structures articles only when there is good agreement on the new format in the communities we serve" 4 ; this includes writers and readers of trial reports as well as editors.Feedback from the test case 3 or from other commentators does not seem to have materially altered the final version of CONSORT.By announcing its decision, less than a fortnight after publication of CONSORT, the BMJ pre-empted input from many with experience of planning, conducting, and reporting trials.Few will dispute the need for improvements in the reporting of all studies with implications for patient care, whatever their design.But without appropriate consultation, the BMJ seems to have made its decision on CONSORT prematurely.The requirement that randomised trials report the numbers of patients excluded is generally pointless, 5 and making authors indicate where a large number of checklist items are dealt with would be unduly prescriptive.The CONSORT recommendations should not be imposed unilaterally.Others with experience of trial conduct should be consulted on the nature of any guidelines for the reporting of randomised trials and, more importantly, of observational studies of treatments.
Indirect Leukocyte Migration Inhibition in Breast Cancer and Benign Breast Disease Patients by Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Grown in Feline Kidney Cells
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

Indirect migration inhibition assays were performed with normal and mammary tumor-bearing C3H/HeN mice and patients with breast disease to assess cellular immunity against three different mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) preparations grown in feline kidney cell cultures and against a mouse-derived MTV preparation. MTV obtained after passage through feline kidney cells and the mouse-derived MTV were capable of eliciting macrophage migration inhibitory factor production by mouse spleen cells obtained from normal or mammary tumor-bearing C3H/HeN mice, thus demonstrating a similar degree of antigenicity of these preparations. In experiments with human breast cancer patients' leukocytes, leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) was produced by 32–50% of these patients in response to the mouse-derived MTV or to three different MTV preparations obtained after passage through feline kidney cells. A significant proportion (31–54%) of benign breast disease patients also reacted with both the mouse-derived and feline-derived MTV preparations. Patients with both malignant and benign breast disease, however, had a significantly different (P<.05) pattern of reactivity to mouse- and feline-derived MTV preparations from that observed with normal donors. Finally, some LIF activity was also observed (but not statistically significant with the use of nonparametric analysis methods) when feline leukemia virus was used as antigen with these patients. The data suggest that both breast cancer and benign breast disease patients were reactive against antigens largely specific for MTV in the feline cells and, presumably, were not reactive against feline cellular components, although the second possibility cannot be completely ruled out.
Syncope After Vaccination—United States, January 2005–July 2007
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Syncope (vasovagal reaction), or fainting, can be triggered by various stimuli, including medical procedures. Syncope has been documented to occur after vaccination, most commonly among adolescents, and can result in hospitalization for a medical evaluation or because of injury. During 2005 and 2006, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended use of three newly licensed vaccines for adolescents: the quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine (HPV) (Gardasil(R), Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) in a 3-dose series, the quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) (Menactra, Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania) in a single dose, and the tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) (Adacel, Sanofi Pasteur; Boostrix, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina) in a single dose. To describe trends in occurrence of postvaccination syncope, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for January 1, 2005-July 31, 2007, and compared the results with VAERS reports received during January 1, 2002-December 31, 2004. The findings indicated that, since 2005, reports to VAERS regarding postvaccination syncope have increased, primarily among females aged 11-18 years, and rarely, subsequent serious injuries have occurred. To prevent syncope-related injuries, vaccine providers should follow the ACIP recommendation to strongly consider observing patients for 15 minutes after vaccination.
Cardiovascular and Neurological Effects of 4,000 mg of Procaine
Authors: Jaime A. Wikinski
Journal: JAMA (1970)

A 39-year-old patient inadvertently received 4,000 mg of procaine hydrochloride following administration of thiopental sodium, hexafluorenium bromide, and succinylcholine chloride. Mydriasis, pupils unreactive to light, arterial hypertension, sinus tachycardia, and deepening and widening of the S wave of the electrocardiogram immediately appeared, and lasted for several minutes. The level of procaine in the blood reached a peak of 96 μg/ml, and declined slowly after that. No generalized convulsions developed. The patient recovered spontaneously with no sequelae, a fact largely attributed to the protective effect of artificial ventilation with 100% oxygen.
Report of the organ transplant panel. Corneal transplantation. Council on Scientific Affairs
Authors: George M. Bohigian, E. Harvey Estes, Ira R. Friedlander, William R. Kennedy, John H. Moxley, Patricia J. Numann, Paul S. Salva, William C. Scott, Joseph H. Skom, Richard M. Steinhilber, Jack P. Strong, Henry N. Wagner, William E. Braun, Sharad Deodhar, Charles E. Millard, Vaughn Payne, George A. Richard, Norman E. Shumway, Thomas E. Starzl, Troy L. Thompson
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation practiced in the United States. Two procedures for transplantation are utilized. Penetrating keratoplasty is used in about 90% of the cases, with lamellar keratoplasty being utilized in the remaining situations. Demand for corneal transplantation exceeds the available supply of corneas. Advances in procurement and preservation must continue to meet this demand. Finally, these procedures are not without complications, and these are discussed to provide a clear risk-benefit analysis. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;259:719-722)
Childhood Sacrococcygeal Epidermoid Cyst
Authors: Arthur S. Patchefsky
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A defect during the complex embryological development of the sacrococcygeal area may give rise to a wide variety of lesions. The lesions presenting in the pediatric age group include benign and malignant teratomas, duplication cysts, anterior myelomeningoceles, neurogenic tumors, and, rarely, chordomas.<sup>1</sup>Sacrococcygeal epidermoid cysts have been reported mainly in the female adult and are uncommonly encountered in pediatric practice.<sup>2,3</sup>A 4-year-old male child with a precoccygeal epidermoid cyst is the subject of this case report. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 4-year-old Negro boy was admitted on Feb 16, 1969. to the pediatric surgical service of the Jefferson Medical College Hospital because of a posterior rectal mass. Six days before, during evaluation for nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, the mass was palpateld on rectal examination. The child's symptoms regressed spontaneously after 24 hours, and he remained asymptomatic until admission. A history of intermittent constipation since
Cytology and Cell Physiology
Journal: JAMA (1952)

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The SUPPORT Project and Improving Care for Seriously III Patients
Authors: Mary S. Strong
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The SUPPORT project<sup>1</sup>seems to place the blame for the demonstrated breakdown in communication between physicians and patients squarely on the caregiver. Is this fair? I have spent much of the last 20 years working to empower people to take control of how they are cared for at the end of life. In so doing, I have met many caring nurses and physicians and seen the situations with which they are faced. If I were a physician in a hospital setting, I would hesitate to initiate the subject of end-of-life care if I had never communicated on such a difficult issue with the patient at an earlier time in a less-threatening setting. We must devise the means to make end-of-life care easier to broach. I suggest that when a patient arrives for an appointment with his or her physician, the patient can be asked to fill
A Genetically Caused Embryonal Ectodermal Tumor in the Mouse&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

This study was conducted to determine whether a gene influencing the process of differentiation could produce an abnormally differentiated tissue that was at the same time malignant. Thus the malignant potential of the overgrown primitive streak mass of tw18/tw18 embryos was investigated by their transplantation into adult testes. Fifteen of forty-six 8-day tw18/tw18 embryos, when grafted for over 28 days, produced histologically malignant growths, whereas grafts of their normal littermates became benign teratomas. The malignant tumors resembled neuroblastomas or medulloblastomas with a limited number of ectodermally derived teratomatous elements. A series of 7-day embryos was also transplanted and 5 malignant tumors resulted that were characterized by the same proliferating neuroepithelium. A few malignancies were transplanted secondarily, but all were lost due to their immunological rejection or differentiation into adult-type mature ectodermal derivatives. A discussion of the origin of this type of tumor is presented.
Awards, Appointments, Announcements
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

Awards, Appointments, Announcements Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 20, 18 October 1995, Pages 1513–1514, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.20.1513 Published: 18 October 1995
Academic Dismissals: Due Process
Authors: Henry R. Arkin
Journal: JAMA (1985)

THE Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution requires due process before a government body may deprive an individual of life, liberty, or property. It is now established that students in public institutions, which in fact are government bodies, have a "liberty" or "property" interest under the Fourteenth Amendment in completing their education and receiving their degree. Because this interest is within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment, it may be denied and the student expelled from the public institution only if the school follows the requirements of due process. As will be shown in this article, due process is a flexible concept, and there can be variation in the particular elements constituting due process. Moreover, in due process challenges in the academic setting, there has been a longstanding tradition of judicial restraint and deference to academic discretion. Because private institutions are not entities of government, the Fourteenth Amendment and its