tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis
Authors: Haley Maria Dourron, Camilla Strauss, Peter S. Hendricks
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2022)

The extremes of human experiences, such as those occasioned by classic psychedelics and psychosis, provide a rich contrast for understanding how components of these experiences impact well-being. In recent years, research has suggested that classic psychedelics display the potential to promote positive enduring psychologic and behavioral changes in clinical and nonclinical populations. Paradoxically, classic psychedelics have been described as psychotomimetics. This review offers a putative solution to this paradox by providing a theory of how classic psychedelics often facilitate persistent increases in well-being, whereas psychosis leads down a "darker" path. This will be done by providing an overview of the overlap between the states (i.e., entropic processing) and their core differences (i.e., self-focus). In brief, entropic processing can be defined as an enhanced overall attentional scope and decreased predictability in processing stimuli facilitating a hyperassociative style of thinking. However, the outcomes of entropic states vary depending on level of self-focus, or the degree to which the associations and information being processed are evaluated in a self-referential manner. We also describe potential points of overlap with less extreme experiences, such as creative thinking and positive emotion-induction. Self-entropic broadening theory offers a heuristically valuable perspective on classic psychedelics and their lasting effects and relation to other states by creating a novel synthesis of contemporary theories in psychology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Self-entropic broadening theory provides a novel theory examining the psychedelic-psychotomimetic paradox, or how classic psychedelics can be therapeutic, yet mimic symptoms of psychosis. It also posits a framework for understanding the transdiagnostic applicability of classic psychedelics. We hope this model invigorates the field to provide more rigorous comparisons between classic psychedelic-induced states and psychosis and further examinations of how classic psychedelics facilitate long-term change. As a more psychedelic future of psychiatry appears imminent, a model that addresses these long-standing questions is crucial.
The availability, cost, and affordability of essential medicines for asthma and COPD in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Marie Stolbrink, Helen Thomson, Ruth M Hadfield, Obianuju B Ozoh, Rebecca Nantanda, Shamanthi Jayasooriya, Brian Allwood, David M G Halpin, Sundeep Salvi, Maria Montes de Oca, Kevin Mortimer, Sarah Rylance
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2022)

BackgroundAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Access to safe, effective, quality-assured, and affordable essential medicines is variable. We aimed to review the existing literature relating to the availability, cost, and affordability of WHO's essential medicines for asthma and COPD in LMICs.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was done by searching seven databases to identify research articles published between Jan 1, 2010, and June 30, 2022. Studies on named essential medicines for asthma and COPD in LMICs were included and review articles were excluded. Two authors (MS and HT) screened and extracted data independently, and assessed bias using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. The main outcome measures were availability (WHO target of 80%), cost (compared with median price ratio [MPR]), and affordability (number of days of work of the lowest paid government worker). The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021281069.FindingsOf 4742 studies identified, 29 met the inclusion criteria providing data from 60 LMICs. All studies had a low risk of bias. Six of 58 countries met the 80% availability target for short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs), three of 48 countries for inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), and zero of four for inhaled corticosteroid–long-acting beta-agonist (ICS–LABA) combination inhalers. Costs were reported by 12 studies: the range of MPRs was 1·1–351 for SABAs, 2·6–340 for ICSs, and 24 for ICS–LABAs in the single study reporting this. Affordability was calculated in ten studies: SABA inhalers typically cost around 1–4 days' wages, ICSs 2–7 days, and ICS–LABAs at least 6 days. The included studies showed heterogeneity.InterpretationEssential medicines for treating asthma and COPD were largely unavailable and unaffordable in LMICs. This was particularly true for inhalers containing corticosteroids.FundingWHO and Wellcome Trust.
Novel and safe plastic stent exchange method after endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy with incomplete fistula (side hole method)
Authors: Susumu Hijioka, Yasunari Sakamoto, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Takuji Okusaka, Yutaka Saito
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Stent exchange for stent obstruction after endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) can be safely performed after the fistula is complete [1] [2]. However, reintervention after EUS-HGS before fistula completion (less than 2 weeks) is dangerous due to the risks of missing the fistula after removal of the stent, peritonitis, bile leak, etc. Moreover, a safe stent exchange technique for reintervention of EUS-HGS before fistula completion has not yet been established for plastic stents. Here, we present a novel and safe stent replacement technique (termed "side hole method") for the HGS route with incomplete fistula ([Video 1]).
Texture and color enhancement imaging facilitates the identification of pancreatic and bile duct orifices after endoscopic papillectomy
Authors: Yuki Tanisaka, Masafumi Mizuide, Akashi Fujita, Rie Shiomi, Takahiro Shin, Dai Hirata, Shomei Ryozawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Endoscopic papillectomy has been previously reported for the treatment of localized ampullary adenomas; however, pancreatitis and cholangitis can occur as endoscopic papillectomy-related adverse events [1]. For the prevention of these endoscopic papillectomy-related adverse events, endoscopic pancreatic duct and biliary stenting have been reported as being useful [1] [2] [3]. Pancreatic or biliary cannulation after endoscopic papillectomy is however sometimes difficult as the identification of these orifices can be unclear. Herein, we report a case of endoscopic papillectomy using texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) as part of a new-generation endoscopy system (EVIS X1; Olympus Medical Systems, Japan) [4], which facilitated the identification of the pancreatic and bile duct orifices.
The Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering COVID-19 Dashboard: data collection process, challenges faced, and lessons learned
Authors: Ensheng Dong, Jeremy Ratcliff, Tamara D Goyea, Aaron Katz, Ryan Lau, Timothy K Ng, Beatrice Garcia, Evan Bolt, Sarah Prata, David Zhang, Reina C Murray, Mara R Blake, Hongru Du, Fardin Ganjkhanloo, Farzin Ahmadi, Jason Williams, Sayeed Choudhury, Lauren M Gardner
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2022)
To register and report is good for the science of endoscopy
Authors: Michael B. Wallace, Stephanie Kinnan
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Publication of scientific research is the fundamental mechanism for sharing experimental data. This is true whether it is a novel discovery of the mechanism of the disease or the practical and clinical application of a new endoscopic technique to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It has been widely recognized historically that investigators tend to publish more favorable, positive results than unfavorable and negative results; a phenomenon referred to as publication bias [1]. Publication bias, unfortunately, has been propagated by both publishers and investigators, as journals seek out the highest-impact studies and researchers are led to believe that only significant results have impact. This is quite concerning as it leads to a misperception of the benefits of certain procedures and interventions, and can directly lead to harm if interventions that are ineffective, but unpublished, are performed directly on patients. For this reason, there has been a broad international push to require publication of all clinical trial results whether positive or negative.
ShangRing versus Mogen clamp for early infant male circumcision in eastern sub-Saharan Africa: a multicentre, non-inferiority, adaptive, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Spyridon P Basourakos, Quincy G Nang, Karla V Ballman, Omar Al Hussein Al Awamlh, Nahid Punjani, Kaylee Ho, Mark A Barone, Quentin D Awori, Daniel Ouma, Jairus Oketch, Alice E Christensen, Augustino Hellar, Maende Makokha, Alphonce Isangu, Robert Salim, Jackson Lija, Ronald H Gray, Stephen Kiboneka, Aggrey Anok, Godfrey Kigozi, Regina Nakabuye, Charles Ddamulira, Andrew Mulooki, Silas Odiya, Rose Nazziwa, Marc Goldstein, Philip S Li, Richard K Lee
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2022)

BackgroundUse of medical devices represents a unique opportunity to facilitate scale-up of early infant male circumcision (EIMC) across sub-Saharan Africa. The ShangRing, a circumcision device prequalified by WHO, is approved for use in adults and adolescents and requires topical anaesthesia only. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of the ShangRing versus the Mogen clamp for EIMC in infants across eastern sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsIn this multicentre, non-inferiority, open-label, randomised controlled trial, we enrolled healthy male infants (aged <60 days), with a gestational age of at least 37 weeks and a birthweight of at least 2·5 kg, from 11 community and referral centres in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Infants were randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer-generated text message service to undergo EIMC by either the ShangRing or the Mogen clamp. The primary endpoint was safety, defined as the number and severity of adverse events (AEs), analysed in the intention-to-treat population (all infants who underwent an EIMC procedure) with a non-inferiority margin of 2% for the difference in moderate and severe AEs. This trial is registered with Clinical. Trials.gov, NCT03338699, and is complete.FindingsBetween Sept 17, 2018, and Dec 20, 2019, a total of 1420 infants were assessed for eligibility, of whom 1378 (97·0%) were enrolled. 689 (50·0%) infants were randomly assigned to undergo EIMC by ShangRing and 689 (50·0%) by Mogen clamp. 43 (6·2%) adverse events were observed in the ShangRing group and 61 (8·9%) in the Mogen clamp group (p=0·078). The most common treatment-related AE was intraoperative pain (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale score ≥5), with 19 (2·8%) events in the ShangRing and 23 (3·3%) in the Mogel clamp group. Rates of moderate and severe AEs were similar between both groups (29 [4·2%] in the ShangRing group vs 30 [4·4%] in the Mogen clamp group; difference –0·1%; one-sided 95% CI upper limit of 1·7%; p=0·89). No treatment-related deaths were reported.InterpretationUse of the ShangRing device for EIMC showed safety, achieved high caregiver satisfaction, and did not differ from the Mogen clamp in other key measures. The ShangRing could be used by health systems and international organisations to further scale up EIMC across sub-Saharan Africa.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
HPV vaccines: when one plus one equals three
Authors: Cornelia Liu Trimble, Edward L Trimble
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2022)

In May, 2018, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General of WHO, called for a global initiative for cervical cancer prevention and control. 2 years later, the World Health Assembly endorsed a strategic plan based on three pillars: prophylactic HPV vaccination; screening for HPV-associated precancer with appropriate follow-up; and timely, effective treatment for women found to have invasive cancer, including symptom management and palliative care.1 The strategic plan also included specific goals for member states to aim to meet by 2030 (90% of eligible girls vaccinated, 70% of women screened with an effective screen at least once in their lifetime, 90% of women found to have precancer or cancer receiving timely and effective treatment, and a 30% reduction in deaths from cervical cancer).
Shallow-water mining undermines global sustainability goals
Authors: Laura Kaikkonen, Elina A. Virtanen
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2022)

Coastal mineral resources are promoted as a sustainable option to meet increasing metal demands. However, shallow-water mining contradicts international conservation and sustainability goals and its regulative legislation is still being developed. In the absence of thorough comparisons of different mining practices, there are no justifications in favour of shallow-water mining.
Even with amendments, the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act threatens health
Authors: Jordan Wondrack Zaidi, Kavian Kulasabanathan, Hil Aked
Journal: BMJ (2022)

Nucleoside transport in erythrocytes of various species is inhibited by the binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) to high affinity sites associated with nucleoside transport elements of the plasma membrane. The present study examined binding of [3H]NBMPR to unsealed ghosts and to sealed right-side-out vesicles (ROVs) and inside-out vesicles (IOVs) prepared from pig erythrocytes. Kd values for NBMPR dissociation from the ligand-site complex in unsealed ghosts, ROVs and IOVs were similar (1.6-2.4 nM), and Bmax values (mean +/- SD) were, respectively, 22.2 +/- 5.5, 25.8 +/- 6.4, and 37.3 +/- 4.0 molecules/fg of protein, reflecting differences in the protein content of the membrane preparations. When temperatures were decreased from 22 degrees to 4 degrees, NBMPR binding to erythrocyte membrane preparations was reduced in IOVs relative to that in unsealed ghosts and ROVs. At 22 degrees, the association of NBMPR molecules with IOVs was slower than with ROVs and unsealed ghosts, differences that were virtually eliminated by permeabilization of the membrane preparations with saponin. Thus, the binding sites were more accessible to external NBMPR in sealed ROVs and unsealed ghosts than in sealed IOVs, indicating that the NBMPR sites are located on the extracellular aspect of the membrane.
Long-term follow-up of VIALE-C in patients with untreated AML ineligible for intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Andrew H. Wei, Panayiotis Panayiotidis, Pau Montesinos, Kamel Laribi, Vladimir Ivanov, Inho Kim, Jan Novak, Rebecca Champion, Walter Fiedler, Maria Pagoni, Julie Bergeron, Stephen B. Ting, Jing-Zhou Hou, Achilles Anagnostopoulos, Andrew McDonald, Vidhya Murthy, Takahiro Yamauchi, Jianxiang Wang, Qi Jiang, Yan Sun, Brenda Chyla, Wellington Mendes, Courtney D. DiNardo
Journal: Blood (2022)
One-year mortality and years of potential life lost following bloodstream infection among adults: A nation-wide population based study
Authors: Vered Schechner, Liat Wulffhart, Elizabeth Temkin, Sarah F. Feldman, Amir Nutman, Pnina Shitrit, Mitchell J. Schwaber, Yehuda Carmeli
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2022)
Gaze-assisted automatic captioning of fetal ultrasound videos using three-way multi-modal deep neural networks
Authors: Mohammad Alsharid, Yifan Cai, Harshita Sharma, Lior Drukker, Aris T. Papageorghiou, J. Alison Noble
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2022)

In this work, we present a novel gaze-assisted natural language processing (NLP)-based video captioning model to describe routine second-trimester fetal ultrasound scan videos in a vocabulary of spoken sonography. The primary novelty of our multi-modal approach is that the learned video captioning model is built using a combination of ultrasound video, tracked gaze and textual transcriptions from speech recordings. The textual captions that describe the spatio-temporal scan video content are learnt from sonographer speech recordings. The generation of captions is assisted by sonographer gaze-tracking information reflecting their visual attention while performing live-imaging and interpreting a frozen image. To evaluate the effect of adding, or withholding, different forms of gaze on the video model, we compare spatio-temporal deep networks trained using three multi-modal configurations, namely: (1) a gaze-less neural network with only text and video as input, (2) a neural network additionally using real sonographer gaze in the form of attention maps, and (3) a neural network using automatically-predicted gaze in the form of saliency maps instead. We assess algorithm performance through established general text-based metrics (BLEU, ROUGE-L, F1 score), a domain-specific metric (ARS), and metrics that consider the richness and efficiency of the generated captions with respect to the scan video. Results show that the proposed gaze-assisted models can generate richer and more diverse captions for clinical fetal ultrasound scan videos than those without gaze at the expense of the perceived sentence structure. The results also show that the generated captions are similar to sonographer speech in terms of discussing the visual content and the scanning actions performed.
Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) Trial
Authors: Gus Gazzard, Evgenia Konstantakopoulou, David Garway-Heath, Mariam Adeleke, Victoria Vickerstaff, Gareth Ambler, Rachael Hunter, Catey Bunce, Neil Nathwani, Keith Barton, Mariam Adeleke, Gareth Ambler, Keith Barton, Rupert Bourne, David Broadway, Catey Bunce, Marta Buszewicz, David Crabb, Amanda Davis, Anurag Garg, David Garway-Heath, Gus Gazzard, Daniel Hornan, Rachael Hunter, Hari Jayaram, Yuzhen Jiang, Evgenia Konstantakopoulou, Sheng Lim, Joanna Liput, Timothy Manners, Giovanni Montesano, Stephen Morris, Neil Nathwani, Giovanni Ometto, Gary Rubin, Nicholas Strouthidis, Victoria Vickerstaff, Sarah Wilson, Richard Wormald, David Wright, Haogang Zhu
Journal: Ophthalmology (2022)
Drug allergy: A 2022 practice parameter update
Authors: David A. Khan, Aleena Banerji, Kimberly G. Blumenthal, Elizabeth J. Phillips, Roland Solensky, Andrew A. White, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Derek K. Chu, Anne K. Ellis, David B.K. Golden, Matthew J. Greenhawt, Caroline C. Horner, Dennis Ledford, Jay A. Lieberman, John Oppenheimer, Matthew A. Rank, Marcus S. Shaker, David R. Stukus, Dana Wallace, Julie Wang, David A. Khan, David B.K. Golden, Marcus Shaker, David R. Stukus, David A. Khan, Aleena Banerji, Kimberly G. Blumenthal, Elizabeth J. Phillips, Roland Solensky, Andrew A. White, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Derek K. Chu, Anne K. Ellis, David B.K. Golden, Matthew J. Greenhawt, Caroline C. Horner, Dennis Ledford, Jay A. Lieberman, John Oppenheimer, Matthew A. Rank, Marcus S. Shaker, David R. Stukus, Dana Wallace, Julie Wang
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022)
Liquid versus tissue biopsy for detecting actionable alterations according to the ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets in patients with advanced cancer: a study from the French National Center for Precision Medicine (PRISM)
Authors: A. Bayle, F. Peyraud, L. Belcaid, M. Brunet, M. Aldea, R. Clodion, P. Dubos, D. Vasseur, C. Nicotra, A. Geraud, M. Sakkal, L. Cerbone, F. Blanc-Durand, F. Mosele, P. Martin Romano, M. Ngo Camus, I. Soubeyran, E. Khalifa, M. Alame, L. Blouin, D. Dinart, C. Bellera, A. Hollebecque, S. Ponce, Y. Loriot, B. Besse, L. Lacroix, E. Rouleau, F. Barlesi, F. Andre, A. Italiano
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2022)
Infiltration and local differentiation of bone marrow–derived integrinβ7-positive mast cell progenitors in atopic dermatitis–like skin
Authors: Yuki Honda Keith, Tetsuya Honda, Sachiko Ono, Bernett Lee, Rintaro Shibuya, Sho Hanakawa, Yoshihiro Ishida, Satoshi Nakamizo, Kenji Kabashima
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022)
Follicular lymphoma: 2023 update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Eric Jacobsen
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2022)

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. FL is characterized by diffuse lymphadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, and splenomegaly. Extranodal involvement is less common. Cytopenias are relatively common but constitutional symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss are uncommon in the absence of transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma.The diagnosis is based on histology from a biopsy of a lymph node or other affected tissue. Incisional biopsy is preferred over needle biopsies in order to give adequate tissue to assign grade and assess for transformation. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl-2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl-2 genes.The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas >4. The presence of 0-1, 2, and ≥3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high-risk disease. There are other clinical prognostic models but the FLIPI remains the most common. Other factors such as time to relapse of less than 2 years from chemoimmunotherapy and specific gene mutations may also be useful for prognosis. Regardless of the prognostic model used, modern therapies have demonstrably improved prognosis.Observation continues to be appropriate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias. There is no overall survival (OS) advantage for early treatment with either chemotherapy or single-agent rituximab. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemoimmunotherapy, which has improved overall response rates (ORR), DOR, and OS. Randomized studies have shown additional benefits for maintenance of rituximab. Lenalidomide was non-inferior to chemoimmunotherapy in a randomized front-line study and, when combined with rituximab, was superior to rituximab alone in relapsed FL. Kinase inhibitors, stem cell transplantation (SCT), and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) are also considered for recurrent disease.
Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, cognitive behavioral therapy for pain, and hybrid cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and pain in individuals with comorbid insomnia and chronic pain: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Kiyoka Enomoto, Tomonori Adachi, Haruo Fujino, Masato Kugo, Sakura Tatsumi, Jun Sasaki
Journal: Sleep Medicine Reviews (2022)
Prophylactic Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim in Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery
Authors: Elaine E. L. Wang
Journal: JAMA (1984)

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during a 30-month period to determine whether sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim would decrease the incidence of infections occurring after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. Of the 120 patients who completed the study according to protocol, 55 received sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and 65 received placebo. The incidence of CSF infection in the group receiving sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (4/55) was similar to that in the control group (5/65). There was a trend toward earlier identification of infections in the sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim group (mean, 24.5 days) compared with the control group (mean, 47 days). There was no difference between infected and uninfected patients with respect to frequency of purported risk factors for infection, including history of shunt infection, history of recent myelomeningocele repair, and type and duration of shunt surgery. The incidence of shunt malfunction was similar in uninfected patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis (18/51) compared with that of patients receiving placebo (23/60). We did not find that the perioperative use of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim reduced the incidence of shunt infection or malfunction. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1174-1177)