tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of alopecia areata and population-wide comorbidities in Germany: analysis of longitudinal claims data
Authors: Matthias Augustin, Nesrine Ben-Anaya, Katharina Müller, Kristina Hagenström
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2023)

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterized by acute-onset hair loss. The hair loss can range from small, circumscribed hairless areas on the scalp to complete loss of hair on the head and body hair. However, data on the epidemiology of AA are limited. Current evaluations are lacking in Germany. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and comorbidity of AA in Germany based on claims data.
Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer — Tilting the Scale
Authors: Ana Aparicio
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

The state of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer is one in which rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels point to the existence of disease that remains radiographically invisible on computed tomography and technetium-99m bone scans. Because most prostate cancers have a prolonged natural history and largely affect older men with many competing causes of death, a sizable proportion of patients will never suffer or die from their metastases.1,2 For such patients, cancer therapies can only result in harm. Still, many biochemical recurrences are harbingers of prostate cancer–related morbidity and mortality, prompting some practitioners to use androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) to curtail . . .
Case 32-2023: A 62-Year-Old Woman with Recurrent Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Evin Yucel, Nilay K. Patel, Daniela R. Crousillat, Vinit Baliyan, Arminder S. Jassar, Igor Palacios, Ignacio Inglessis, R. Neal Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

A 62-year-old woman was evaluated for recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusion. Fourteen years earlier, she had undergone transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect. A diagnosis was made.
Trial of Vancomycin and Cefazolin as Surgical Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty
Authors: Trisha N. Peel, Sarah Astbury, Allen C. Cheng, David L. Paterson, Kirsty L. Buising, Tim Spelman, An Tran-Duy, Sam Adie, Glenn Boyce, Catherine McDougall, Robert Molnar, Jonathan Mulford, Peter Rehfisch, Michael Solomon, Ross Crawford, Tiffany Harris-Brown, Janine Roney, Jessica Wisniewski, Richard de Steiger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

The addition of vancomycin to beta-lactam prophylaxis in arthroplasty may reduce surgical-site infections; however, the efficacy and safety are unclear. Download a PDF of the Research Summary. In this multicenter, double-blind, superiority, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned adult patients without known methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization who were undergoing arthroplasty to receive 1.5 g of vancomycin or normal saline placebo, in addition to cefazolin prophylaxis. The primary outcome was surgical-site infection within 90 days after surgery. A total of 4239 patients underwent randomization. Among 4113 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (2233 undergoing knee arthroplasty, 1850 undergoing hip arthroplasty, and 30 undergoing shoulder arthroplasty), surgical-site infections occurred in 91 of 2044 patients (4.5%) in the vancomycin group and in 72 of 2069 patients (3.5%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94 to 1.73; P=0.11). Among patients undergoing knee arthroplasty, surgical-site infections occurred in 63 of 1109 patients (5.7%) in the vancomyin group and in 42 of 1124 patients (3.7%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.23). Among patients undergoing hip arthroplasty, surgical-site infections occurred in 28 of 920 patients (3.0%) in the vancomyin group and in 29 of 930 patients (3.1%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.63). Adverse events occurred in 35 of 2010 patients (1.7%) in the vancomycin group and in 35 of 2030 patients (1.7%) in the placebo group, including hypersensitivity reactions in 24 of 2010 patients (1.2%) and 11 of 2030 patients (0.5%), respectively (relative risk, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.49), and acute kidney injury in 42 of 2010 patients (2.1%) and 74 of 2030 patients (3.6%), respectively (relative risk, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.83). The addition of vancomycin to cefazolin prophylaxis was not superior to placebo for the prevention of surgical-site infections in arthroplasty among patients without known MRSA colonization. (Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12618000642280.) QUICK TAKE VIDEO SUMMARYVancomycin and Cefazolin Prophylaxis in Arthroplasty 02:01
Improved Outcomes with Enzalutamide in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Authors: Stephen J. Freedland, Murilo de Almeida Luz, Ugo De Giorgi, Martin Gleave, Geoffrey T. Gotto, Christopher M. Pieczonka, Gabriel P. Haas, Choung-Soo Kim, Miguel Ramirez-Backhaus, Antti Rannikko, Jamal Tarazi, Swetha Sridharan, Jennifer Sugg, Yiyun Tang, Ronald F. Tutrone, Balaji Venugopal, Arnauld Villers, Henry H. Woo, Fabian Zohren, Neal D. Shore
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

Patients with prostate cancer who have high-risk biochemical recurrence have an increased risk of progression. The efficacy and safety of enzalutamide plus androgen-deprivation therapy and enzalutamide monotherapy, as compared with androgen-deprivation therapy alone, are unknown. Download a PDF of the Research Summary. In this phase 3 trial, we enrolled patients with prostate cancer who had high-risk biochemical recurrence with a prostate-specific antigen doubling time of 9 months or less. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1:1 ratio, to receive enzalutamide (160 mg) daily plus leuprolide every 12 weeks (combination group), placebo plus leuprolide (leuprolide-alone group), or enzalutamide monotherapy (monotherapy group). The primary end point was metastasis-free survival, as assessed by blinded independent central review, in the combination group as compared with the leuprolide-alone group. A key secondary end point was metastasis-free survival in the monotherapy group as compared with the leuprolide-alone group. Other secondary end points were patient-reported outcomes and safety. A total of 1068 patients underwent randomization: 355 were assigned to the combination group, 358 to the leuprolide-alone group, and 355 to the monotherapy group. The patients were followed for a median of 60.7 months. At 5 years, metastasis-free survival was 87.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83.0 to 90.6) in the combination group, 71.4% (95% CI, 65.7 to 76.3) in the leuprolide-alone group, and 80.0% (95% CI, 75.0 to 84.1) in the monotherapy group. With respect to metastasis-free survival, enzalutamide plus leuprolide was superior to leuprolide alone (hazard ratio for metastasis or death, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.61; P<0.001); enzalutamide monotherapy was also superior to leuprolide alone (hazard ratio for metastasis or death, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.87; P=0.005). No new safety signals were observed, with no substantial between-group differences in quality-of-life measures. In patients with prostate cancer with high-risk biochemical recurrence, enzalutamide plus leuprolide was superior to leuprolide alone with respect to metastasis-free survival; enzalutamide monotherapy was also superior to leuprolide alone. The safety profile of enzalutamide was consistent with that shown in previous clinical studies, with no apparent detrimental effect on quality of life. (Funded by Pfizer and Astellas Pharma; EMBARK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02319837.) QUICK TAKE VIDEO SUMMARYEnzalutamide for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer 02:17
Optical Coherence Tomography — Light and Truth
Authors: Harold L. Dauerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses near-infrared light waves to image the tissue microstructure in coronary arteries with resolution that is 10 times greater than that provided by intravascular ultrasonography. The axial resolution of OCT is 10 to 15 μm and thus allows visualization of atherosclerosis in a coronary artery to the level of a macrophage. OCT has made coronary artery disease more visible and more complex; we have moved from the simplicity of characterizing coronary artery atherosclerosis as only a lipid-rich plaque rupture to a more complex pathophysiology involving multiple thin-cap fibroatheromas, plaque erosions, and calcified nodules.1,2 Can we use . . .
Type 2 Diabetes — Controlling the Epidemic, Episode 4: Understanding Old and New Therapies for Diabetes
Authors: E. Dale Abel, Julie R. Ingelfinger, Suyanna Linhales Barker, Monica Peek, Jane E.B. Reusch, Clifford J. Rosen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)

In this fourth episode of "Type 2 Diabetes — Controlling the Epidemic," a four-part Double Take video miniseries from the New England Journal of Medicine, Drs. Jane E.B. Reusch (University of Colorado) and E. Dale Abel (UCLA) describe old and new drugs available for diabetes therapy and discuss their benefits and side effects. Dr. Monica Peek (University of Chicago) and other experts reflect on the cost barriers faced by patients with diabetes and strategies used to overcome those challenges. For further reading, the following articles, referenced in this video, are available at NEJM.org, where you can also watch Quick Take video summaries of the research articles: Weekly Icodec versus Daily Glargine U100 in Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin (Rosenstock et al., in the July 27, 2023, issue), Building a Better Insulin — Whom Will It Help? (Reusch, in the July 27, 2023, issue), Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (Wilding et al., in the March 18, 2021, issue), Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (Jastreboff et al., in the July 21, 2022, issue), and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Efpeglenatide in Type 2 Diabetes (Gerstein et al., in the September 2, 2021, issue).
Gastrointestinal Angiodysplasia before and after Treatment of Severe Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Masaki Yashige, Ken Inoue, Kan Zen, Reo Kobayashi, Shunsuke Nakamura, Tomotaka Fujimoto, Kazuaki Takamatsu, Satoshi Sugino, Michiyo Yamano, Tetsuhiro Yamano, Takeshi Nakamura, Tsuyoshi Doman, Satoshi Teramukai, Hisanori Horiuchi, Yoshito Itoh, Satoaki Matoba
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2023)
A ticking time bomb hidden in plain sight
Authors: Sukanya Narasimhan, Durland Fish, Joao H. F. Pedra, Utpal Pal, Erol Fikrig
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

The deer tick transmits nearly half of the known tick-borne pathogens in the United States, and its expanding geographic range increases the risk of human infection. To decrease the abundance of and infection risk from deer ticks, approaches that include vaccines for human use and for animal hosts are desired.
Wastewater surveillance facilitates climate change–resilient pathogen monitoring
Authors: Megan B. Diamond, Elizabeth Yee, Manisha Bhinge, Samuel V. Scarpino
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

Traditional disease surveillance systems are ill-equipped to handle climate change–driven shifts in pathogen dynamics. If paired with wastewater surveillance, a cost-effective and scalable approach for generating high-resolution health data, such next-generation systems can enable effective resource allocation and delivery of targeted interventions.
Backyard zoonoses: The roles of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife
Authors: Amandine Gamble, Ximena A. Olarte-Castillo, Gary R. Whittaker
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

The spillover of human infectious diseases from animal reservoirs is now well appreciated. However, societal and climate-related changes are affecting the dynamics of such interfaces. In addition to the disruption of traditional wildlife habitats, in part because of climate change and human demographics and behavior, there is an increasing zoonotic disease risk from companion animals. This includes such factors as the awareness of animals kept as domestic pets and increasing populations of free-ranging animals in peri-domestic environments. This review presents background and commentary focusing on companion and peri-domestic animals as disease risk for humans, taking into account the human-animal interface and population dynamics between the animals themselves.
Zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviruses: Spillover, spillback, and realistic mitigation strategies
Authors: Rafael K. Campos, Shannan L. Rossi, Robert B. Tesh, Scott C. Weaver
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

Emerging zoonotic mosquito-borne viruses pose increasing health threats because of growing mosquito population, geographic expansions, and control challenges. We emphasize the need for global preparedness to effectively mitigate the health, societal, and economic impacts of spillover by these viruses through proactive measures of prediction, surveillance, prevention, and treatment.
Drug discovery in Africa tackles zoonotic and related infections
Authors: Christabel N. Hikaambo, Natalia Shakela, John G. Woodland, Kathryn J. Wicht, Kelly Chibale
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

Zoonotic and related infections pose an enormous health threat to the world’s second-most populous continent. Despite the challenges faced by drug discovery scientists in Africa, recent progress toward identifying potential medicines across diverse disease areas is a cause for optimism and an indicator of progress in African-led scientific initiatives.
Many potential pathways to future pandemic influenza
Authors: David M. Morens, Jaekeun Park, Jeffery K. Taubenberger
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2023)

Although influenza A viruses have caused pandemics for centuries, future pandemics cannot be predicted with our current understanding and resources. Concern about an H5N1 avian influenza pandemic has caused alarm since 1997, but there are many other possible routes to pandemic influenza.
Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of Abnormal Positron Emission Tomography Among Asymptomatic Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Krishna K. Patel, Annapoorna Singh, Poghni A. Peri-Okonny, Femina S. Patel, Kevin F. Kennedy, Brett W. Sperry, Randall C. Thompson, A. Iain McGhie, John A. Spertus, Leslee J. Shaw, Timothy M. Bateman
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2023)
Sex Differences in CardioMEMS Utilization and Impact on Readmissions and Mortality in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Favour Markson, Temidayo A. Abe, Demilade Adedinsewo, Titilope Olanipekun, Garba Rimamskep Shamaki, Onoriode Kesiena, Robert J. Mentz, Erin D. Michos
Journal: JACC Heart Failure (2023)
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Coupling in Severe Aortic Stenosis With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Yohann Bohbot, Emilion Hucleux, Dan Rusinaru, Momar Diouf, Franck Levy, Alexandre Altes, Sylvestre Maréchaux, Christophe Tribouilloy
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2023)
Prediction of survival in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Caihong Ning, Hui Ouyang, Dingcheng Shen, Zefang Sun, Baiqi Liu, Xiaoyue Hong, Chiayan Lin, Jiarong Li, Lu Chen, Xinying Li, Gengwen Huang
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2023)

Infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a severe complication of acute pancreatitis, with mortality rates ranging from 15 to 35%. However, limited studies exist to predict the survival of IPN patients and nomogram has never been built. This study aimed to identify predictors of mortality, estimate conditional survival (CS), and develop a CS nomogram and logistic regression nomogram for real-time prediction of survival in IPN patients. A prospective cohort study was performed in 335 IPN patients consecutively enrolled at a large Chinese tertiary hospital from January 2011 to December 2022. The random survival forest method was first employed to identify the most significant predictors and capture clinically relevant nonlinear threshold effects. Instantaneous death risk and CS was first utilized to reveal the dynamic changes in the survival of IPN patients. A Cox model-based nomogram incorporating CS and a logistic regression-based nomogram were first developed and internally validated with a bootstrap method. The random survival forest model identified seven foremost predictors of mortality, including the number of organ failures, duration of organ failure, age, time from onset to first intervention, hemorrhage, bloodstream infection, and severity classification. Duration of organ failure and time from onset to first intervention showed distinct thresholds and nonlinear relationships with mortality. Instantaneous death risk reduced progressively within the first 30 days, and CS analysis indicated gradual improvement in real-time survival since diagnosis, with 90-day survival rates gradually increasing from 0.778 to 0.838, 0.881, 0.974, and 0.992 after surviving 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days, respectively. After further variables selection using step regression, five predictors (age, number of organ failures, hemorrhage, time from onset to first intervention, and bloodstream infection) were utilized to construct both the CS nomogram and logistic regression nomogram, both of which demonstrated excellent performance with 1000 bootstrap. Number of organ failures, duration of organ failure, age, time from onset to first intervention, hemorrhage, bloodstream infection, and severity classification were the most crucial predictors of mortality of IPN patients. The CS nomogram and logistic regression nomogram constructed by these predictors could help clinicians to predict real-time survival and optimize clinical decisions.
Unlocking the Mysteries of Chromatin Biology through Functional Epigenomics
Authors: Ziyang Ye, Alexey A. Soshnev, Yadira Soto-Feliciano
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract In the ever evolving field of functional genomics, CRISPR-based screening technologies have become pivotal tools for elucidating gene function across various cell types. A recent study by Gilan and colleagues advances this technological frontier by introducing CRISPR-ChIP, a platform designed to investigate the complex dynamics of epigenetic regulation of chromatin. In proof-of-concept experiments, the authors demonstrate the potential of this tool to identify key molecular regulators of two major histone modifications associated with active transcription, H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3 lysine 79 dimethylation (H3K79me2). They further unveiled a previously unknown functional partitioning of the H3K79-specific methyltransferase DOT1L into an oncogenic complex with MLL-AF9 and a native complex with MLLT10, which cooperatively regulate mixed lineage leukemia fusion protein (MLL-FP) target gene expression. This novel epigenomic approach integrates high-throughput CRISPR screening with chromatin immunoprecipitation–based direct readout of chromatin modifications in situ, offering a powerful tool to investigate the epigenetic regulatory layers across a diverse spectrum of biological processes and disease states.
Hierarchical eco-evo dynamics mediated by the gut microbiome
Authors: Ellen Decaestecker, Broos Van de Moortel, Shinjini Mukherjee, Aditi Gurung, Robby Stoks, Luc De Meester
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2023)

The concept of eco-evolutionary (eco-evo) dynamics, stating that ecological and evolutionary processes occur at similar time scales and influence each other, has contributed to our understanding of responses of populations, communities, and ecosystems to environmental change. Phenotypes, central to these eco-evo processes, can be strongly impacted by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome shapes eco-evo dynamics in the host community through its effects on the host phenotype. Complex eco-evo feedback loops between the gut microbiome and the host communities might thus be common. Bottom-up dynamics occur when eco-evo interactions shaping the gut microbiome affect host phenotypes with consequences at population, community, and ecosystem levels. Top-down dynamics occur when eco-evo dynamics shaping the host community structure the gut microbiome.
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Prostate Cancer Screening at the Age of 45 Years: Results from the First Screening Round of the PROBASE Trial
Authors: Matthias Boschheidgen, Peter Albers, Heinz-Peter Schlemmer, Susanne Hellms, David Bonekamp, Andreas Sauter, Boris Hadaschik, Agne Krilaviciute, Jan Philipp Radtke, Petra Seibold, Jale Lakes, Christian Arsov, Jürgen E. Gschwend, Kathleen Herkommer, Marcus Makowski, Markus A. Kuczyk, Frank Wacker, Nina Harke, Jürgen Debus, Stefan A. Körber, Axel Benner, Glen Kristiansen, Frederik L. Giesel, Gerald Antoch, Rudolf Kaaks, Nikolaus Becker, Lars Schimmöller
Journal: European Urology (2023)
The role of radiolabeling in BNCT tracers for enhanced dosimetry and treatment planning
Authors: Sajid Mushtaq, Park Ji Ae, Jung Young Kim, Kyo Chul Lee, Kwang Il Kim
Journal: Theranostics (2023)

Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are potent technologies for non-invasive imaging of pharmacological and biochemical processes in both preclinical and advanced clinical research settings.In the field of radiation therapy, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) stands out because it harnesses biological mechanisms to precisely target tumor cells while preserving the neighboring healthy tissues.To achieve the most favorable therapeutic outcomes, the delivery of boron-enriched tracers to tumors must be selective and efficient, with a substantial concentration of boron atoms meticulously arranged in and around the tumor cells.Although several BNCT tracers have been developed to facilitate the targeted and efficient delivery of boron to tumors, only a few have been labeled with PET or SPECT radionuclides.Such radiolabeling enables comprehensive in vivo examination, encompassing crucial aspects such as pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, tumor selectivity, and accumulation and retention of the tracer within the tumor.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the essential aspects of BNCT tracers, focusing on their radiolabeling with PET or SPECT radioisotopes.This leads to more effective and targeted treatment approaches which ultimately enhance the quality of patient care with respect to cancer treatment.
Aptamer-engineered (nano)materials for theranostic applications
Authors: Navid Rabiee, Suxiang Chen, Sepideh Ahmadi, Rakesh N. Veedu
Journal: Theranostics (2023)

A diverse array of organic and inorganic materials, including nanomaterials, has been extensively employed in multifunctional biomedical applications.These applications encompass drug/gene delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, and combinatorial sciences.Surface and bulk engineering of these materials, by incorporating biomolecules and aptamers, offers several advantages such as decreased cytotoxicity, improved stability, enhanced selectivity/sensitivity toward specific targets, and expanded multifunctional capabilities.In this comprehensive review, we specifically focus on aptamer-modified engineered materials for diverse biomedical applications.We delve into their mechanisms, advantages, and challenges, and provide an in-depth analysis of relevant literature references.This critical evaluation aims to enhance the scientific community's understanding of this field and inspire new ideas for future research endeavors.