tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of the Perceptions of Research Trustworthiness Scale to Measure Trust Among Minoritized Racial and Ethnic Groups in Biomedical Research in the US
Authors: Sarah C. Stallings, Jennifer Cunningham-Erves, Carleigh Frazier, Jabári S. Ichimura, Thelma C. Hurd, Jordan Jurinsky, Amber Acquaye, Jacquelyn S. Dalton, Consuelo H. Wilkins
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Historically, trust in biomedical research has been lower among minoritized racial and ethnic groups who are underrepresented in and excluded from research, with the same groups experiencing worse health outcomes. Unfortunately, instruments that measure trust may not capture components of trust relevant to minoritized racial and ethnic groups. Objective To develop and validate a scale to measure trust in biomedical research among minoritized racial and ethnic groups. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, community-based survey study compared trust and distrust in biomedical research among Black, Latino, and White subgroups in the US using the Perceptions of Research Trustworthiness (PoRT) scale. The scale was developed between March 22, 2016, and September 19, 2018, as part of this study, and its structure, reliability, and validity were examined during pilot (n = 381) and validation (n = 532) phases between February 4, 2019, and July 27, 2021. Convenience samples of adult participants (aged ≥18 years) were recruited locally (Nashville, Tennessee, and San Antonio, Texas) and nationally through the ResearchMatch and Cint online platforms. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall and individual item Trust and Distrust subscale scores were compared. Overall Trust and Distrust scores were compared by race and ethnicity using a Kruskal-Wallis H test and individual item scores were compared using independent samples t test. Results Of the 532 participants in the scale validation study, 144 (27.1%) were Black, 90 (16.9%) were Latino, and 282 (53.0%) were White. Participants had a median age of 43 years (range, 18-90 years), 352 (66.2%) were women, and 198 (37.2%) had educational attainment levels less than a college degree. Factor analysis of the 18-item PoRT scale revealed a 2-factor structure with two 9-item PoRT subscales (Trust and Distrust), which demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.72 and 0.87, respectively). Mean (SD) Trust subscale scores were lower among Black (34.33 [2.02]) and Latino (34.55 [1.97]) participants compared with White participants (36.32 [1.81]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Mean (SD) Distrust subscale scores were higher among Black (21.0 [2.15]) and Latino (20.53 [2.21]) participants compared with White participants (18.4 [2.03]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Individual item results showed that Black and Latino participants were less trusting and more distrusting than White individuals on items related to risks, harms, secrecy, confidentiality, and privacy. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that the PoRT scale incorporates trust and trustworthiness concepts relevant among Black and Latino individuals and may allow more precise assessment of trust in research among these groups.
Population-Level Trends in Emergency Department Encounters for Sexual Assault Preceding and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Across Ontario, Canada
Authors: Katherine A. Muldoon, Robert Talarico, Deshayne B. Fell, Heidi Illingworth, Kari Sampsel, Douglas G. Manuel
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Lockdown measures and the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic are factors associated with increased risk of violence, yet there is limited information on trends in emergency department (ED) encounters for sexual assault. Objective To compare changes in ED encounters for sexual assault during the COVID-19 pandemic vs prepandemic estimates. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective, population-based cohort study used linked health administrative data from 197 EDs across Ontario, Canada, representing more than 15 million residents. Participants included all patients who presented to an ED in Ontario from January 11, 2019, to September 10, 2021. Male and female individuals of all ages were included. Data analysis was performed from March to October 2022. Exposures Sexual assault, defined through 27 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision , procedure and diagnoses codes. Main Outcomes and Measures Ten bimonthly time periods were used to compare differences in the frequency and rates of ED encounters for sexual assault between 2020 to 2021 (during the pandemic) compared with baseline prepandemic rates in 2019. Rate differences (RDs) and age adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) and Wald 95% CIs were calculated using Poisson regression. Results From January 11, 2019, to September 10, 2021, there were 14 476 656 ED encounters, including 10 523 for sexual assault (9304 [88.4%] among female individuals). The median (IQR) age was 23 (17-33) years for female individuals and 15 (4-29) years for male individuals. Two months before the pandemic, ED encounters increased for sexual assault among female individuals (8.4 vs 6.9 cases per 100 000; RD, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.96]; aRR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.38]) and male individuals (1.2 vs 1.0 cases per 100 000; RD, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.05 to 0.36]; aRR, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.87 to 1.64]). During the first 2 months of the pandemic, the rates decreased for female individuals (4.2 vs 8.3 cases per 100 000; RD, −4.07 [95% CI, −4.48 to −3.67]; aRR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.58]) and male individuals (0.5 vs 1.2 cases per 100 000; RD, −0.72 [95% CI, −0.86 to −0.57]; aRR, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.58]). For the remainder of the study period, the rates of sexual assault oscillated, returning to prepandemic levels during the summer months and between COVID-19 waves. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that lockdown protocols should evaluate the impact of limited care for sexual assault. Survivors should still present to EDs, especially when clinical care or legal interventions are needed.
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Ling-Yu Qi, Jing-Wen Yang, Shi-Yan Yan, Jian-Feng Tu, Yan-Fen She, Ying Li, Li-Li Chi, Bang-Qi Wu, Cun-Zhi Liu
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Acupuncture is a promising therapy for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the use of subjective scales as an assessment is accompanied by high placebo response rates. Objectives To preliminarily test the feasibility of using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–recommended end points to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS. Design, Setting, and Participants This pilot, multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted in 4 tertiary hospitals in China from July 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021, and 14-week data collection was completed in March 2021. Individuals with a diagnosis of IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups, including 2 acupuncture groups (specific acupoints [SA] and nonspecific acupoints [NSA]) and a sham acupuncture group (non-acupoints [NA]) with a 1:1:1 ratio. Interventions Patients in all groups received twelve 30-minute sessions over 4 consecutive weeks at 3 sessions per week (ideally every other day). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the response rate at week 4, which was defined as the proportion of patients whose worst abdominal pain score (score range, 0-10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating unbearable severe pain) decreased by at least 30% and the number of type 6 or 7 stool days decreased by 50% or greater. Results Ninety patients (54 male [60.0%]; mean [SD] age, 34.5 [11.3] years) were enrolled, with 30 patients in each group. There were substantial improvements in the primary outcomes for all groups (composite response rates of 46.7% [95% CI, 28.8%-65.4%] in the SA group, 46.7% [95% CI, 28.8%-65.4%] in the NSA group, and 26.7% [95% CI, 13.0%-46.2%] in the NA group), although the difference between them was not statistically significant ( P = .18). The response rates of adequate relief at week 4 were 64.3% (95% CI, 44.1%-80.7%) in the SA group, 62.1% (95% CI, 42.4%-78.7%) in the NSA group, and 55.2% (95% CI, 36.0%-73.0%) in the NA group ( P = .76). Adverse events were reported in 2 patients (6.7%) in the SA group and 3 patients (10%) in NSA or NA group. Conclusions and Relevance In this pilot randomized clinical trial, acupuncture in both the SA and NSA groups showed clinically meaningful improvement in IBS-D symptoms, although there were no significant differences among the 3 groups. These findings suggest that acupuncture is feasible and safe; a larger, sufficiently powered trial is needed to accurately assess efficacy. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000030670
Association of Inherited Genetic Factors With Drug-Induced Hepatic Damage Among Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Wenjian Yang, Seth E. Karol, Keito Hoshitsuki, Shawn Lee, Eric C. Larsen, Naomi Winick, William L. Carroll, Mignon L. Loh, Elizabeth A. Raetz, Stephen P. Hunger, Stuart S. Winter, Kimberly P. Dunsmore, Meenakshi Devidas, Mary V. Relling, Jun J. Yang
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. Hepatotoxic effects, including hyperbilirubinemia and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, are common during all phases of therapy and are linked to several chemotherapeutic agents, including asparaginase, mercaptopurine, and methotrexate.To determine which genetic variants were associated with hyperbilirubinemia and elevated ALT and AST levels in children, adolescents, and young adults treated for ALL.This retrospective analysis of a multiethnic genome-wide association study was conducted between January 1, 2019, and April 15, 2022, including patients treated as part of Children's Oncology Group (COG) trials with centers in the United States, Canada, and Australia, which accrued data from December 29, 2003, to January 21, 2011 (AALL0232), and from January 22, 2007, to July 24, 2014 (AALL0434). Germline genotypes were interrogated using genome-wide arrays and imputed using a National Institutes of Health TOPMed Imputation server. Mixed-effects logistic regressions were used to account for multiple episodes for an individual patient. Genotype × treatment phase interaction was tested to uncover phase-specific genetic risk factors.Total duration of multiagent protocol chemotherapy ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 years.The primary outcomes were National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4) hyperbilirubinemia of grade 3 or higher and elevated liver ALT and AST levels.A total of 3557 participants were included in the analysis (2179 [61.3%] male; median age, 11.1 [range, 1-30] years). Among 576 known variants associated with these liver function test results in the general population, UGT1A1 variant rs887829 and PNPLA3 variant rs738409 were associated with increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia (odds ratio [OR], 2.18 [95% CI, 1.89-2.53]; P = 6.7 × 10-27) and ALT and AST levels (OR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.15-1.40]; P = 3.7 × 10-7), respectively, during treatment for ALL. Corresponding polygenic risk scores were associated with hepatotoxic effects across all therapy phases and were largely driven by UGT1A1 and PNPLA3 variants. Genome-wide association analysis revealed an age-specific variant near the CPT1A gene that was only associated with elevated ALT and AST levels among patients younger than 10 years (OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.18-1.39]; P = 8.7 × 10-10).These results suggest a strong genetic basis for interpatient variability in hyperbilirubinemia and aminotransferase level elevations during leukemia chemotherapy.
Association of Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence With Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Early Childhood Socioemotional Development Among Mothers and Children in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Clariana Vitória Ramos de Oliveira, Christopher Robert Sudfeld, Alfa Muhihi, Dana Charles McCoy, Wafaie W. Fawzi, Honorati Masanja, Aisha K. Yousafzai
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2022)

Importance Approximately 1 in 4 women experience intimate partner violence (IPV) or nonpartner sexual violence during their lifetime. Mothers exposed to IPV are more likely to experience depressive symptoms and to discipline their children harshly, which may affect their children’s socioemotional development; however, there is limited evidence on these outcomes. Objective To examine the association between IPV, maternal depressive symptoms, harsh child discipline, and child stimulation with child socioemotional development. Design, Setting, and Participants This study used cross-sectional follow-up data collected from February 19 to October 10, 2014, from a birth cohort of children aged 18 to 36 months who were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of neonatal vitamin A supplementation in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Data analysis occurred between September 10, 2019, and January 20, 2020. Exposures Lifetime experience of IPV was assessed using an abbreviated module of the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey, maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire, and data on harsh child discipline and maternal stimulation of their children were collected using modules of the United Nations Children's Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Main Outcomes and Measures Child socioemotional development was measured by the Caregiver-Reported Early Childhood Development Instruments. Results A total of 981 mother-child dyads were included in the analytic sample; 388 children (39.6%) were between ages 18 and 24 (mean [SD] age, 27.06 [6.08]) months, and 515 (52.5%) were male children. A negative association was observed between maternal report of physical IPV only (mean difference, −0.022; 95% CI, −0.045 to −0.006) and physical and sexual IPV (mean difference, −0.045; 95% CI, −0.077 to −0.013) with child socioemotional scores, but neither was statistically significant after including depressive symptoms in the model, which is consistent with mediation. Furthermore, a negative association was observed between maternal mild to severe depressive symptoms and child socioemotional development, including adjustment for IPV (mean difference, −0.073; 95% CI, −0.103 to −0.043). Harsh disciplinary practices and stimulation were not associated with child socioemotional development after adjusting for IPV, maternal depressive symptoms, and other factors. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that maternal depressive symptoms may explain the negative association between IPV and child socioemotional development.
Early Estimates of Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults Aged ≥65 Years — IVY Network, 18 States, September 8–November 30, 2022
Authors: Diya Surie, Jennifer DeCuir, Yuwei Zhu, Manjusha Gaglani, Adit A. Ginde, David J. Douin, H. Keipp Talbot, Jonathan D. Casey, Nicholas M. Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Tresa McNeal, Shekhar Ghamande, Kevin W. Gibbs, D. Clark Files, David N. Hager, Harith Ali, Leyla Taghizadeh, Michelle N. Gong, Amira Mohamed, Nicholas J. Johnson, Jay S. Steingrub, Ithan D. Peltan, Samuel M. Brown, Emily T. Martin, Akram Khan, William S. Bender, Abhijit Duggal, Jennifer G. Wilson, Nida Qadir, Steven Y. Chang, Christopher Mallow, Jennie H. Kwon, Matthew C. Exline, Adam S. Lauring, Nathan I. Shapiro, Cristie Columbus, Natasha Halasa, James D. Chappell, Carlos G. Grijalva, Todd W. Rice, William B. Stubblefield, Adrienne Baughman, Kelsey N. Womack, Jillian P. Rhoads, Kimberly W. Hart, Sydney A. Swan, Nathaniel M. Lewis, Meredith L. McMorrow, Wesley H. Self
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2022)

Monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, designed against the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2, successfully reduced COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in the United States and globally (1,2). However, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated hospitalization has declined over time, likely related to a combination of factors, including waning immunity and, with the emergence of the Omicron variant and its sublineages, immune evasion (3). To address these factors, on September 1, 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended a bivalent COVID-19 mRNA booster (bivalent booster) dose, developed against the spike protein from ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 sublineages, for persons who had completed at least a primary COVID-19 vaccination series (with or without monovalent booster doses) ≥2 months earlier (4). Data on the effectiveness of a bivalent booster dose against COVID-19 hospitalization in the United States are lacking, including among older adults, who are at highest risk for severe COVID-19-associated illness. During September 8-November 30, 2022, the Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network
<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Mpox Cases from the Initial Phase of the Outbreak — New York City, May 19–July 15, 2022
Authors: Nang Thu Thu Kyaw, Naama Kipperman, Karen A. Alroy, Jennifer Baumgartner, Addie Crawley, Eric Peterson, Amara Ross, Randal C. Fowler, Victoria E. Ruiz, Mindy Leelawong, Scott Hughes, Mirline Juste-Tranquille, Kevin Lovingood, Celia Deane Joe, Michele Chase, Amanda Shinall, Joel Ackelsberg, Camille Bergeron-Parent, Brittan Badenhop, Sally Slavinski, Vasudha Reddy, Ellen H. Lee
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2022)
<i>QuickStats:</i> Percentage of Emergency Department Visits for Pain* at Which Opioids† Were Given or Prescribed, by Patient Age and Year — National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, United States, 2010–2020
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2022)

Abbreviation: ED = emergency department.* Based on a sample of visits to EDs in noninstitutional general and short-stay hospitals, exclusive of federal, military, and Veterans Administration hospitals, located in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.Pain-related visits were defined using up to three reasons for visit coded according to the National Center for Health Statistics Reason for Visit Classification (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/sr02_078.pdf ) and grouped using an algorithm (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1149438).† Visits with at least one opioid given in the ED or prescribed at discharge.Opioids were defined using the Cerner Multum (https://www.cerner.com/solutions/drug-database)third-level therapeutic category codes for narcotic analgesics (code 60) and narcotic-analgesic combinations (code 191).Visits with only buprenorphine or buprenorphine-naloxone given or prescribed were not included.During 2010-2020, the percentages of ED visits for pain in which an opioid was given or prescribed decreased for all age groups.During this period, visits were lowest for persons aged <18 years, decreasing from 14.1% in 2010 to 6.1% in 2020.Among the adult age groups, adults aged 18-44 years experienced the greatest decrease during the period, declining from 49.1% to 21.3%.At the beginning of the period, percentages were lower for adults aged ≥65 years compared with those aged 18-44 years, but in 2016 that pattern reversed.
Looking Forward: The Role of Academic Researchers in Building Sustainable Wastewater Surveillance Programs
Authors: Catherine Hoar, Jill McClary-Gutierrez, Marlene K. Wolfe, Aaron Bivins, Kyle Bibby, Andrea I. Silverman, Sandra L. McLellan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2022)

Background: In just over 2 years, tracking the COVID-19 pandemic through wastewater surveillance advanced from early reports of successful SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in untreated wastewater to implementation of programs in at least 60 countries. Early wastewater monitoring efforts primarily originated in research laboratories and are now transitioning into more formal surveillance programs run in commercial and public health laboratories. A major challenge in this progression has been to simultaneously optimize methods and build scientific consensus while implementing surveillance programs, particularly during the rapidly changing landscape of the pandemic. Translating wastewater surveillance results for effective use by public health agencies also remains a key objective for the field. Objectives: We examined the evolution of wastewater surveillance to identify model collaborations and effective partnerships that have created rapid and sustained success. We propose needed areas of research and key roles academic researchers can play in the framework of wastewater surveillance to aid in the transition from early monitoring efforts to more formalized programs within the public health system. Discussion: Although wastewater surveillance has rapidly developed as a useful public health tool for tracking COVID-19, there remain technical challenges and open scientific questions that academic researchers are equipped to address. This includes validating methodology and backfilling important knowledge gaps, such as fate and transport of surveillance targets and epidemiological links to wastewater concentrations. Our experience in initiating and implementing wastewater surveillance programs in the United States has allowed us to reflect on key barriers and draw useful lessons on how to promote synergy between different areas of expertise. As wastewater surveillance programs are formalized, the working relationships developed between academic researchers, commercial and public health laboratories, and data users should promote knowledge co-development. We believe active involvement of academic researchers will contribute to building robust surveillance programs that will ultimately provide new insights into population health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11519
Targeting SOST using a small-molecule compound retards breast cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Lisha Sun, Yixiao Zhang, Guanglei Chen, Yaoting Ji, Qingtian Ma, Xinbo Qiao, Sijin Wu, Lin Zhou, Jiawen Bu, Xudong Zhu, Xiaoying Zhang, Xiaofan Jiang, Chao Liu, Xinnan Li, Yang Liu, Yongliang Yang, Caigang Liu
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2022)

Abstract Background Breast cancer metastasis to the bone can be exacerbated by osteoporosis, is associated with poor long-term survival, and has limited therapeutic options. Sclerostin (SOST) is an endogenous inhibitor of bone formation, and an attractive target for treatment of osteoporosis. However, it is unclear whether SOST can be used as a therapeutic target for bone metastases of breast cancer, and whether small molecule compounds that target SOST in breast cancer cells can inhibit breast cancer bone metastasis. Methods SOST expression in 442 breast cancer tissues was characterized by immunohistochemistry and statistically analyzed for the association with breast cancer bone metastases. Bone metastatic breast cancer SCP2 cells were induced for SOST silencing or overexpression and their bone metastatic behaviors were tested in vitro and in vivo. To identify potential therapeutics, we screened inhibitors of the interaction of SOST with STAT3 from a small chemical molecule library and tested the inhibitory effects of one inhibitor on breast cancer growth and bone metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that up-regulated SOST expression was associated with breast cancer bone metastases and worse survival of breast cancer patients. SOST silencing significantly reduced the bone metastatic capacity of SCP2 cells. SOST interacted with STAT3 to enhance the TGF-β/KRAS signaling, increasing both tumor growth and bone metastasis. Treatment with one lead candidate, S6, significantly inhibited the growth of breast-cancer organoids and bone metastasis in mice. Conclusions Our findings highlight a new class of potential therapeutics for treatment of bone metastasis in breast cancer.