Written by Humans or Artificial Intelligence? That Is the Question
Authors: Michiel Schinkel, Ketan Paranjape, Prabath Nanayakkara
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2023)

Ideas and Opinions14 March 2023Written by Humans or Artificial Intelligence? That Is the QuestionMichiel Schinkel, MD, Ketan Paranjape, MSc, PhD, and Prabath Nanayakkara, MD, PhDMichiel Schinkel, MDAmsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.)Search for more papers by this author, Ketan Paranjape, MSc, PhDAmsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (K.P., P.N.).Search for more papers by this author, and Prabath Nanayakkara, MD, PhDAmsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (K.P., P.N.).Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M23-0154 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Let us start with a quiz. In the Table, we present part of the introduction of an article published in Annals of Internal Medicine, next to an introduction generated by a software application called Chatbot that uses artificial intelligence (AI) (1, 2). Which of the 2 is generated by AI?Table. Part of the Introduction of an Article Published in Annals and a Version Generated by the AI-Powered ChatbotIntroductionOn 21 January 1677, “Brief Rule to Guide the Common People of New England How to Order Themselves and Theirs in the Small Pocks, or Measles” became the first medical publication ...References1. ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue. Accessed at https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt on 11 January 2023. Google Scholar2. Scott IA. Machine learning and evidence-based medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:44-46. [PMID: 29710098] doi:10.7326/M18-0115 LinkGoogle Scholar3. Image 1 of Brief rule to guide the common people of New England how to order themselves and theirs in the small pocks, or measles. Boston, printed and sold by John Foster. 1677. [Facsimile]. Library of Congress. Accessed at www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.03300900 on 11 January 2023. Google Scholar4. Densen P. Challenges and opportunities facing medical education. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2011;122:48-58. [PMID: 21686208] MedlineGoogle Scholar5. King MR; ChatGPT. A conversation on artificial intelligence, chatbots, and plagiarism in higher education [Editorial]. Cell Mol Bioeng. 2023;16:1-2. [PMID: 36660590] doi:10.1007/s12195-022-00754-8 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. King MR. The future of AI in medicine: a perspective from a chatbot [Editorial]. Ann Biomed Eng. 2023;51:291-295. [PMID: 36572824] doi:10.1007/s10439-022-03121-w CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Balan S. English as the language of research: but are we missing the mark. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2021;3:100043. [PMID: 35480598] doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100043 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. Bolton E, Hall D, Yasunaga M, et al. Stanford CRFM introduces PubMedGPT 2.7B. 15 December 2022. Accessed at https://hai.stanford.edu/news/stanford-crfm-introduces-pubmedgpt-27b on 1 February 2023. Google Scholar9. Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. arXiv. Preprint posted online 26 December 2022. doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.13138 CrossrefGoogle Scholar10. GPTZero. Accessed at https://gptzero.me on 11 January 2023. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, and Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (M.S.)Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (K.P., P.N.).Disclosures: Authors have reported no disclosures of interest. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M23-0154.Corresponding Author: Michiel Schinkel, MD, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; e-mail, m.[email protected]nl.Author Contributions: Conception and design: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape, M. Schinkel.Analysis and interpretation of the data: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape.Drafting of the article: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape, M. Schinkel.Critical revision for important intellectual content: P. Nanayakkara, M. Schinkel.Final approval of the article: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape, M. Schinkel.Administrative, technical, or logistic support: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape, M. Schinkel.Collection and assembly of data: P. Nanayakkara, K. Paranjape.This article was published at Annals.org on 14 March 2023. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics LatestKeywordsArtificial intelligenceHealth careInformation technology ePublished: 14 March 2023 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2023 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...