tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Patient, Caregiver, and Oncologist Experiences With and Perceptions of Racial Bias and Discrimination in Cancer Care Delivery
Authors: Alyssa A. Schatz, Keysha Brooks-Coley, Elizabeth Harrington, Mary Stober Murray, Robert W. Carlson
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022)

Cancer prevention and treatment systems are significantly impacted by interpersonal, organizational, and structural and systemic racism. A wide body of research has found that racial disparities in access to guideline-adherent cancer care are pervasive throughout the United States and contributing factors include social determinants of health, insurance status, and bias and discrimination in care delivery. Although the existence of racial disparities in cancer care and outcomes is well established, there has been limited research exploring the patient and caregiver experience with bias and discrimination in cancer care.Two national surveys were conducted, one of patients and caregivers and one of oncologists. The surveys examined patient and caregiver experiences with and oncologist perceptions of racial disparities in cancer care.The surveys found that when patients and caregivers were asked about negative care experiences, differences across race were observed. Patients and caregivers identifying as African American/Black (AA/B) or Hispanic/Latino (H/L) were more likely to report at least one negative care experience than patients and caregivers identifying as White (W). Patients who were AA/B or H/L were also more likely than W patients to report that the healthcare system treats people unfairly based on their racial or ethnic background and that racial bias occurs often or very often when a patient and doctor are of different racial/ethnic background. A slight majority of oncologists reported that the healthcare system treats people unfairly based on their racial or ethnic background.The survey results highlight a need for improved racial representation in the oncology professional workforce, improved implicit bias training, and improved clinical trial recruitment efforts.
Oral Chemotherapy Metric Performance in Quality Oncology Practice Initiative Practices: Updated Trends and Analysis
Authors: Victoria S. Blinder, Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer, Paul B. Jacobsen, Mary May Kozlik, Merry Jennifer Markham, Robert D. Siegel, Arif H. Kamal, Stephanie T.S. Crist, Jon Rosenthal, Anne C. Chiang, _ _
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022)

Oral chemotherapy performance measures were first introduced into ASCO's Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI) in 2013. This study examined performance on these measures among QOPI-participating practices and evaluated whether it differed among practices based on meeting QOPI Certification Program standards.A total of 192 QOPI-participating practices (certified, n=50 [26%]; not certified, n=142 [74%]) reported performance on oral chemotherapy measures in 2017 and 2018. Inclusion was limited to practices reporting on ≥3 charts for ≥1 oral chemotherapy measure. Performance was defined as the percentage of charts examined that adhered to the measure. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize performance within and across practices, and mixed-effects logistic regression models were conducted to compare performance based on certification status.Median performance across practices for the 9 oral chemotherapy measures examined ranged from 44% (education before the start of treatment addressing missed doses, toxicities, and clinical contact instructions [composite measure]) to 100% (documented dose, documented plan, and education about toxicities). Certified practices were more likely to provide education about clinic contact instructions than noncertified practices (odds ratio, 4.87; 95% CI, 1.00-24.0). Performance on all other measures was not significantly associated with certification status.There is wide variability in quality related to performance on oral chemotherapy measures across all QOPI-participating practices, and several areas were identified in which administration of oral chemotherapy could be improved. Our findings highlight the need for the development and implementation of appropriate standards that apply to oral chemotherapy and address the complexities that set it apart from parenteral treatment.
Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Cancer in Patients Younger Than 50 Years: Rising Global Incidence and Unique Challenges
Authors: Daenielle Lang, Kristen K. Ciombor
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022)

The global incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma is stable or decreasing overall; however, the incidence of colorectal cancer in patients aged &lt;50 years is increasing. Although some of this increase is due to hereditary cancer syndromes, this is not the sole explanation. Patients with early-onset rectal cancer in particular have unique disease patterns and face distinct challenges in their treatment. Molecular patterns of disease in this patient cohort are noteworthy and often represent an opportunity to target these cancers more effectively. Recent and ongoing trials focusing on minimizing toxicities and necessary therapy modalities and maximizing response and patient outcome are of paramount importance in this patient population. Additional resources are needed for this patient population, including fertility counseling and preservation, financial guidance, genetic counseling, and psychosocial support.
Rectal Cancer, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: Al B. Benson, Alan P. Venook, Mahmoud M. Al-Hawary, Nilofer Azad, Yi-Jen Chen, Kristen K. Ciombor, Stacey Cohen, Harry S. Cooper, Dustin Deming, Ignacio Garrido-Laguna, Jean L. Grem, Andrew Gunn, J. Randolph Hecht, Sarah Hoffe, Joleen Hubbard, Steven Hunt, William Jeck, Kimberly L. Johung, Natalie Kirilcuk, Smitha Krishnamurthi, Jennifer K. Maratt, Wells A. Messersmith, Jeffrey Meyerhardt, Eric D. Miller, Mary F. Mulcahy, Steven Nurkin, Michael J. Overman, Aparna Parikh, Hitendra Patel, Katrina Pedersen, Leonard Saltz, Charles Schneider, David Shibata, John M. Skibber, Constantinos T. Sofocleous, Eden Stotsky-Himelfarb, Anna Tavakkoli, Christopher G. Willett, Kristina Gregory, Lisa Gurski
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022)

This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer focuses on management of malignant polyps and resectable nonmetastatic rectal cancer because important updates have been made to these guidelines. These recent updates include redrawing the algorithms for stage II and III disease to reflect new data supporting the increasingly prominent role of total neoadjuvant therapy, expanded recommendations for short-course radiation therapy techniques, and new recommendations for a "watch-and-wait" nonoperative management technique for patients with cancer that shows a complete response to neoadjuvant therapy. The complete version of the NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer, available online at NCCN.org, covers additional topics including risk assessment, pathology and staging, management of metastatic disease, posttreatment surveillance, treatment of recurrent disease, and survivorship.
Cap-suction underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for en bloc resection of nongranular pseudodepressed colonic lesion: a novel technique when conventional snaring is not possible
Authors: Hugo Uchima, Anna Calm, Juan Colán-Hernández, Raquel López, Caterina Fumagalli, Alba Hernández, Vicente Moreno
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Colorectal lesions with a nongranular depressed component are difficult to snare and have a high risk of submucosal invasion; thus, en bloc resection of these lesions is mandatory, usually by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) [1] [2].
NGS better discriminates true MRD positivity for the risk stratification of childhood ALL treated on an MRD-based protocol
Authors: Michael Svaton, Aneta Skotnicova, Leona Reznickova, Andrea Rennerova, Tatana Valova, Michaela Kotrova, Vincent H. J. van der Velden, Monika Brüggemann, Nikos Darzentas, Anton W. Langerak, Jan Zuna, Jan Stary, Jan Trka, Eva Fronkova
Journal: Blood (2022)

We compared minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) levels evaluated by routinely used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) patient-specific assays and by next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach in 780 immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor (TR) markers in 432 children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 protocol. Our aim was to compare the MRD-based risk stratification at the end of induction. The results were concordant in 639 of 780 (81.9%) of these markers; 37 of 780 (4.7%) markers were detected only by NGS. In 104 of 780 (13.3%) markers positive only by qPCR, a large fraction (23/104; 22.1%) was detected also by NGS, however, owing to the presence of identical IG/TR rearrangements in unrelated samples, we classified those as nonspecific/false-positive. Risk group stratification based on the MRD results by qPCR and NGS at the end of induction was concordant in 76% of the patients; 19% of the patients would be assigned to a lower risk group by NGS, largely owing to the elimination of false-positive qPCR results, and 5% of patients would be assigned to a higher risk group by NGS. NGS MRD is highly concordant with qPCR while providing more specific results and can be an alternative in the front line of MRD evaluation in forthcoming MRD-based protocols.
Optimal Neoadjuvant Strategies for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer by Risk Assessment and Tumor Location
Authors: Anurag Saraf, Hannah J. Roberts, Jennifer Y. Wo, Aparna R. Parikh
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2022)

Neoadjuvant therapy is standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Advancements in multimodality therapy options and sequencing of radiation therapy (RT), surgery, and chemotherapy make decision-making challenging. Traditional treatment of patients with LARC involves neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by total mesorectal excision and consideration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Advancement in RT has led to trials offering both short-course and long-course RT with good long-term clinical outcomes. Intensification of therapy in high-risk patients has led to studies of total neoadjuvant therapy with chemotherapy and chemoradiation, now standard management for most LARC. De-escalation of therapy in patients with favorable prognosis has led to several considerations, including non–total mesorectal excision management or neoadjuvant chemotherapy only. Several considerations of patient and disease factors can help inform the optimal chemotherapy regimens in different sequencing of neoadjuvant strategies. Finally, novel biomarkers, such as microsatellite instability, has led to utilization of novel therapies, including neoadjuvant immunotherapy, with substantial response. This review attempts to frame the rapidly growing data in LARC in context of disease and patient risk factors, to inform optimal, personalized treatment of patients with LARC.
Histopathological Features of Pendred Syndrome Thyroids Align with Differences in the Expression of Thyroid-Specific Markers, Apical Iodide Transporters, and Ciliogenesis Process
Authors: V. Vázquez-Román, J. M. Cameselle-Teijeiro, J. M. Fernández-Santos, M. J. Ríos-Moreno, L. Loidi, T. Ortiz, I. Martín-Lacave
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2022)

Pendred syndrome (PDS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes pendrin. Pendred thyroid tissue is supposedly altered by the absence of functional pendrin, but it is still unknown whether other iodide exchangers could compensate for the loss of the protein. Moreover, we have recently described that primary cilium, a conserved structure present at the apical surface of normal follicular cells, suffers different alterations in functional thyroid diseases. We aimed (1) to better understand the histopathological changes experienced by PDS thyroids, (2) to analyze the expression of different thyroid-specific genes and alternative iodide transporters and, finally, (3) to determine whether those changes may alter the morphological pattern of primary cilia in follicular cells. Thyroid samples from a series of four PDS patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence, and morphometry to evaluate changes in primary cilia frequency and length. We found thyroid follicular nodular disease in all PDS thyroids, frequently in association with follicular adenomas. There were only slight changes in the expression of thyroid-specific markers. Although no positivity for pendrin was found, cytoplasmic immunostaining for ANO-1, CLC-5, and CFTR was stronger in diffuse hyperplastic areas when compared to areas with highly cellular follicular nodules (HCFNs). HCFNs and follicular adenomas always showed diminished ciliary frequency and length. Our results suggest a direct relationship between the absence of functional pendrin and the loss of the normal thyroid architecture in PDS patients, which was also accompanied by differences in the expression of specific immunohistochemical markers and altered ciliogenesis. The present data may help the pathologist in screening for PDS.
Impending Relief for Medicare Beneficiaries — The Inflation Reduction Act
Authors: Stacie B. Dusetzina, Haiden A. Huskamp
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Interview with Dr. Stacie Dusetzina on the potential effects of new legislation on spending on prescription drugs. (11:00)Download For many Medicare beneficiaries, the Inflation Reduction Act will reduce out-of-pocket spending for retail prescription drugs, but some effects of the law will have to be carefully monitored by CMS.
Dysphagia Due to Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Authors: Jihye Park, Hyung-Youl Park
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

A 70-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of dysphagia. Compression of the hypopharyx by large cervical osteophytes was seen in a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (shown in a video).
Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment
Authors: Xiao Liang, Nini Dai, Kangliang Sheng, Hengqian Lu, Jingmin Wang, Liping Chen, Yongzhong Wang
Journal: Gut Microbes (2022)

Intestinal microenvironment dysbiosis is one of the major causes of diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. Microbiota-based strategies have excellent clinical potential in the treatment of repetitive and refractory diseases; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria-host is essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain effective clinical data. Gut bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (GBEVs) are lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted by the gut microbiota and are considered key players in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host communication. This review focusses on the role of GBEVs in gut microbiota interactions and bacteria-host communication, and the potential clinical applications of GBEVs.
Journal club
Authors: Ricardo A Camperos-Moreno
Journal: Thorax (2022)

We have synthesized a series of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, 2,2-diphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine) analogs and tested their ability to inhibit thrombin-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx in human platelets. The analogs were either synthesized by adding various substituents to the oxazaborolidine ring (methyl, dimethyl, <i>tert</i>-butyl, phenyl, methyl phenyl, and pyridyl) or increasing the size of the oxazaborolidine ring to seven- and nine-membered rings. NMR analysis of the boron-containing analogs suggests that each of them exist as a ring structure through the formation of an N→B coordinate bond (except for the hexyl analog). The possibility that these boron-containing compounds formed dimers was also considered. All compounds dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx in human platelets, with the 2,2-diphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine-5-one derivative having the weakest activity at 100 μM, whereas the (<i>S</i>)-4-benzyl and (<i>R</i>)-4-benzyl derivatives of 2-APB were approximately 10 times more potent than the parent 2-APB. Two nonboron analogs (3-methyl and 3-<i>tert</i>-butyl 2,2-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolidine) were synthesized; they had approximately the same activity as 2-APB, and this implies that the presence of boron was not necessary for inhibitory activity. All of the compounds tested were also able to inhibit thrombin-induced calcium release. We concluded that extensive modifications of the oxazaborolidine ring in 2-APB can be made, and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-blocking activity was maintained.
Developing an effective and sustainable national immunisation programme in China: issues and challenges
Authors: Shu Chen, Laiang Yao, Weibing Wang, Shenglan Tang
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2022)

Since its establishment in 1978, China's National Immunization Program has made remarkable achievements in the control of vaccine-preventable diseases. The National Immunization Program is a vertically integrated programme in the health system, which delivers immunisation services to children. However, achieving the ambitious goals of the Immunization Agenda 2030 and Healthy China 2030 will require overcoming challenges to the National Immunization Program's future expansion and development. Key challenges include inclusion of all WHO-recommended vaccines into the routine programme, improving the function and support of the National Immunization Advisory Committee, increasing and sustaining reliable vaccination financing, ensuring uninterrupted vaccine supplies, overcoming regional disparities in immunisation practices and cold chain processes, strengthening the workforce, and integrating immunisation information systems into all aspects of the programme. It is crucially important to strengthen the National Immunization Program to attain universal coverage of life-saving vaccines in China and meet the 2030 goals.
A novel KPC-113 variant conferring carbapenem and ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in a multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate
Authors: Qing Yang, Yue Li, Li Fang, Tailong Lei, Heng Cai, Xiaoting Hua, Min Zheng, Yunsong Yu
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2022)
A Renewal of the TNM Staging System for Patients with Renal Cancer To Comply with Current Decision-making: Proposal from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel
Authors: Umberto Capitanio, Jens Bedke, Laurence Albiges, Alessandro Volpe, Rachel H. Giles, Milan Hora, Lorenzo Marconi, Tobias Klatte, Yasmin Abu-Ghanem, Saeed Dabestani, Sergio Fernández Pello, Fabian Hofmann, Teele Kuusk, Rana Tahbaz, Thomas Powles, Börje Ljungberg, Axel Bex
Journal: European Urology (2022)
Intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulins-associated eczematous reactions occur with a broad range of immunoglobulin types: A French national multicenter study
Authors: Pauline Voland, Camille Barthel, Brahim Azzouz, Nadia Raison-Peyron, Aurélie Du-Thanh, Delphine Staumont-Sallé, Marie Jachiet, Angèle Soria, Audrey Nosbaum, Aude Valois, Camille Leleu, Bénédicte Lebrun-Vignes, Thierry Trenque, Dominique Hettler, Claire Bernier, Manuelle Viguier
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2022)
Regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cancer and cancer stem cells of gynecological malignancies: An update on signaling pathways
Authors: Lubna Therachiyil, Ola J. Hussein, Shahab Uddin, Hesham M. Korashy
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (2022)

Gynecological malignancies are a female type of cancers that affects the reproductive system. Cancer metastasis or recurrence mediated by cellular invasiveness occurs at advanced stages of cancer progression. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) enrichment in tumors leads to chemoresistance, which results in cancer mortality. Exposure to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is associated with an increased the risk of CSC enrichment in gynecological cancers. One of the important pathways that mediates the metabolism and bioactivation of these environmental chemicals is the transcription factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The present review explores the molecular mechanisms regulating the crosstalk and interaction of the AhR with cancer-related signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune checkpoints, and G-protein-coupled receptors in several gynecological malignancies such as ovarian, uterine, endometrial, and cervical cancers. The review also discusses the potential of targeting the AhR pathway as a novel chemotherapy for gynecological cancers.
Using expectation violation models to improve the outcome of psychological treatments
Authors: Winfried Rief, Matthias F.J. Sperl, Kristina Braun-Koch, Zahra Khosrowtaj, Lukas Kirchner, Leonora Schäfer, Rainer K.W. Schwarting, Sarah Teige-Mocigemba, Christian Panitz
Journal: Clinical Psychology Review (2022)

Expectations are a central maintaining mechanism in mental disorders and most psychological treatments aim to directly or indirectly modify clinically relevant expectations. Therefore, it is crucial to examine why patients with mental disorders maintain dysfunctional expectations, even in light of disconfirming evidence, and how expectation-violating situations should be created in treatment settings to optimize treatment outcome and reduce the risk of treatment failures. The different psychological subdisciplines offer various approaches for understanding the underlying mechanisms of expectation development, persistence, and change. Here, we convey recommendations on how to improve psychological treatments by considering these different perspectives. Based on our expectation violation model, we argue that the outcome of expectation violation depends on several characteristics: features of the expectation-violating situation; the dynamics between the magnitude of expectation violation and cognitive immunization processes; dealing with uncertainties during and after expectation change; controlled and automatic attention processes; and the costs of expectation changes. Personality factors further add to predict outcomes and may offer a basis for personalized treatment planning. We conclude with a list of recommendations derived from basic psychology that could contribute to improved treatment outcome and to reduced risks of treatment failures.
Cytometric analysis reveals an association between allergen-responsive natural killer cells and human peanut allergy
Authors: Xiaoying Zhou, Wong Yu, Diane M. Dunham, Jackson P. Schuetz, Catherine A. Blish, Rosemarie H. DeKruyff, Kari C. Nadeau
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2022)

Food allergies are a leading cause of anaphylaxis, and allergen-specific immune responses in both the innate and the adaptive immune system play key roles in its pathogenesis. We conducted a comprehensive phenotypic and functional investigation of immune cell responses from nonallergic (NA) and peanut allergic (PA) participants cultured with media alone or peanut protein and found, surprisingly, that NK cell activation was strongly associated with the immune response to allergen in PA participants. Peanut-responsive NK cells manifested a distinct expression pattern in PA participants compared with NA participants. Allergen-activated NK cells expressed both Th2 and immune regulatory cytokines, hinting at a potential functional role in mediating and regulating the Th2 allergic response. Depletion of CD3+ T cells attenuated the response of NK cells to peanut-allergen stimulation, suggesting that peanut-responsive NK cells are T cell dependent. We also showed that oral immune therapy was associated with decreased NK responses to peanut allergen stimulation in vitro. These results demonstrate that NK cells are associated with the food-allergic immune response, and the magnitude of this mobilized cell population suggests that they play a functional role in allergic immunity.