Safety and Efficacy of Dual Thrombolytic Therapy With Mutant Prourokinase and Small Bolus Alteplase for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Nadinda A. M. van der Ende, Bob Roozenbeek, Lucas E. M. Smagge, Sven P. R. Luijten, Leo A. M. Aerden, Petra Kraayeveld, Ido R. van den Wijngaard, Geert J. Lycklama à Nijeholt, Heleen M. den Hertog, H. Zwenneke Flach, Alida A. Postma, Stefan D. Roosendaal, G. Menno Krietemeijer, Lonneke S. F. Yo, Moniek P. M. de Maat, Daan Nieboer, Gregory J. Del Zoppo, William J. Meurer, Hester F. Lingsma, Aad van der Lugt, Diederik W. J. Dippel, Diederik W.J. Dippel, Aad van der Lugt, Nadinda A.M. van der Ende, Bob Roozenbeek, Moniek P.M. de Maat, Leo A.M. Aerden, Ido R. van den Wijngaard, Heleen M. den Hertog, Petra Kraayeveld, Geert J. Lycklama a Nijeholt, H. Zwenneke Flack, Michael D. Hill, Jeremy Rempel, Ann M. Lowe, Hester F. Lingsma, Nikki van Leeuwen, Daan Nieboer, Gregory J. Del Zoppo, Dingeman C. Rijken, Adam Cohen, Victor Gurewich, Lucas E.M. Smagge, Stefan D. Roosendaal, Alida A. Postma, Lonneke S.F. Yo, G. Menno Krietemeijer, Martin Sterrenberg, Naziha El Ghannouti, Debby Priem, Monique Batenburg, Eva Ponjee, Rieke Eilander, Joke de Meris, Tamara Dofferhoff-Vermeulen, Sanne J. den Hartog, Stijn Kremer, Sven P.R. Luijten, Leontien Heiligers, Angela Lansbergen-Engel, Karin Jager
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2023)

Importance Dual thrombolytic treatment with small bolus alteplase and mutant prourokinase has the potential to be a safer and more efficacious treatment for ischemic stroke than alteplase alone because mutant prourokinase is designed to act only on degraded fibrin without affecting circulating fibrinogen. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of this dual thrombolytic treatment compared with alteplase. Design, Setting, and Participants This controlled, open-label randomized clinical trial with a blinded end point was conducted from August 10, 2019, to March 26, 2022, with a total follow-up of 30 days. Adult patients with ischemic stroke from 4 stroke centers in the Netherlands were enrolled. Interventions Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive a bolus of 5 mg of intravenous alteplase and 40 mg of an intravenous infusion of mutant prourokinase (intervention) or usual care with 0.9 mg/kg of intravenous alteplase (control). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was any intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on neuroimaging at 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included functional outcome at 30 days, symptomatic ICH, and fibrinogen levels within 24 hours. Analyses were by intention to treat. Treatment effects were adjusted for baseline prognostic factors. Results A total of 268 patients were randomized, and 238 (median [IQR] age, 69 [59-77] years; 147 [61.8%] male) provided deferred consent and were included in the intention-to-treat population (121 in the intervention group and 117 in the control group). The median baseline score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 3 (IQR, 2-5). Any ICH occurred in 16 of 121 patients (13.2%) in the intervention group and 16 of 117 patients (13.7%) in the control group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.46-2.12). Mutant prourokinase led to a nonsignificant shift toward better modified Rankin Scale scores (adjusted common odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.74-1.84). Symptomatic ICH occurred in none of the patients in the intervention group and 3 of 117 patients (2.6%) in the control group. Plasma fibrinogen levels at 1 hour remained constant in the intervention group but decreased in the control group (β = 65 mg/dL; 95% CI, 26-105 mg/dL). Conclusions and Relevance In this trial, dual thrombolytic treatment with small bolus alteplase and mutant prourokinase was found to be safe and did not result in fibrinogen depletion. Further evaluation of thrombolytic treatment with mutant prourokinase in larger trials to improve outcomes in patients with larger ischemic strokes is needed. Overall, in patients with minor ischemic stroke who met indications for treatment with intravenous thrombolytics but were not eligible for treatment with endovascular therapy, dual thrombolytic therapy with intravenous mutant prourokinase was not superior to treatment with intravenous alteplase alone. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04256473