The Association of Baseline Plasma SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Antigen Level and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19
Authors: Angela J. Rogers, Deborah Wentworth, Andrew Phillips, Katy Shaw-Saliba, Robin L. Dewar, Neil R. Aggarwal, Abdel G. Babiker, Weizhong Chang, Nila J. Dharan, Victoria J. Davey, Elizabeth S. Higgs, Norman Gerry, Adit A. Ginde, J.W. Awori Hayanga, Helene Highbarger, Jeroen L. Highbarger, Mamta K. Jain, Virginia Kan, Kami Kim, Perrine Lallemand, Bradley G. Leshnower, Joseph K. Lutaakome, Gail Matthews, Ahmad Mourad, Eleftherios Mylonakis, Ven Natarajan, Maria L. Padilla, Lavannya M. Pandit, Roger Paredes, Sarah Pett, Srikanth Ramachandruni, M. Tauseef Rehman, Brad T. Sherman, D. Clark Files, Samuel M. Brown, Michael A. Matthay, B. Taylor Thompson, James D. Neaton, H. Clifford Lane, Jens D. Lundgren, Angela J. Rogers, Deborah Wentworth, Andrew Phillips, Katy Shaw-Saliba, Robin L. Dewar, Neil R. Aggarwal, Abdel G. Babiker, Weizhong Chang, Nila J. Dharan, Victoria J. Davey, Elizabeth S. Higgs, Norman Gerry, Adit A. Ginde, J.W. Awori Hayanga, Helene Highbarger, Jeroen L. Highbarger, Mamta K. Jain, Virginia Kan, Kami Kim, Perrine Lallemand, Bradley G. Leshnower, Joseph K. Lutaakome, Gail Matthews, Ahmad Mourad, Eleftherios Mylonakis, Ven Natarajan, Maria L. Padilla, Lavannya M. Pandit, Roger Paredes, Sarah Pett, Srikanth Ramachandruni, M. Tauseef Rehman, Brad T. Sherman, D. Clark Files, Samuel M. Brown, Michael A. Matthay, B. Taylor Thompson, James D. Neaton, H. Clifford Lane, Jens D. Lundgren, David Sahner, John Tierney, Susan E. Vogel, Betsey R. Herpin, Mary C. Smolskis, Laura A. McKay, Kelly Cahill, Page Crew, Ratna Sardana, Sharon Segal Raim, Lisa Hensely, Johsua Lorenzo, Rebecca Mock, Judith Zuckerman, Negin Atri, Mark Miller, David Vallee, Lucy Chung, Nayon Kang, Kevin Barrett, Stacey J. Adam, Sarah Read, Ruxandra Draghia-Akli, Judy Currier, Eric Hughes, Rachel H. Harrigan, Laura Amos, Amy Carlsen, Anita Carter, Gary Collins, Bionca Davis, Eileen Denning, Alain DuChene, Kate Eckroth, Nicole Engen, Alex Frase, Greg Gandits, Birgit Grund, Merrie Harrison, Nancy Hurlbut, Payton Kaiser, Joseph Koopmeiners, Gregg Larson, Sue Meger, Shweta Sharma Mistry, Thomas Murray, Ray Nelson, Kien Quan, Siu Fun Quan, Cavan Reilly, Lianne Siegel, Greg Thompson, David Vock, Jamie Walski, Annetine C. Gelijns, Alan J. Moskowitz, Emilia Bagiella, Ellen Moquete, Karen O’Sullivan, Mary E. Marks, Evan Accardi, Emily Kinzel, Sarah Burris, Gabriela Bedoya, Lola Gupta, Jessica R. Overbey, Milerva Santos, Marc A. Gillinov, Marissa A. Miller, Wendy C. Taddei-Peters, Kathleen Fenton, Uriel Sandkovsky, Robert L. Gottlieb, Michael Mack, Mezgebe Berhe, Clinton Haley, Emma Dishner, Christopher Bettacchi, Kevin Golden, Erin Duhaime, Madison Ryan, Sarah Burris, Catherine Tallmadge, Lorie Estrada, Felecia Jones, Samatha Villa, Samatha Wang, Raven Robert, Tanquinisha Coleman, Laura Clariday, Rebecca Baker, Mariana Hurutado-Rodriguez, Nazia Iram, Michelle Fresnedo, Allyson Davis, Kiara Leonard, Noelia Ramierez, Jon Thammavong, Krizia Duque, Emma Turner, Tammy Fisher, Dianna Robinson, Desirae Ransom, Nicholas Maldonado, Erica Lusk, Aaron Killian, Adriana Palacious, Edilia Solis, Janet Jerrow, Matthew Watts, Heather Whitacre, Elizabeth Cothran, Peter K. Smith, Christina E. Barkauskas, Andrew M. Vekstein, Emily R. Ko, Grace R. Dreyer, Neil Stafford, Megan Brooks, Tatyana Der, Marie Witte, Ruwan Gamarallage, John Franzone, Noel Ivey, Rebecca H. Lumsden, Nilima Mosaly, Ahmaad Mourad, Thomas L. Holland, Mary Motta, Kathleen Lane, Lauren M. McGowan, Jennifer Stout, Heather Aloor, Kennesha M. Bragg, Barvina Toledo, Beth McLendon-Arvik, Barbara Bussadori, Beth A. Hollister, Michelle Griffin, Dana M. Giangiacomo, Vicente Rodriguez, Gordon Bokhart, Sharon M. Eichman, Patrick E. Parrino, Stephen Spindel, Aditya Bansal, Katherine Baumgarten, Johnathan Hand, Derek Vonderhaar, Bobby Nossaman, Sylvia Laudun, DeAnna Ames, Shane Broussard, Nilmo Hernandez, Geralyn Isaac, Huan Dinh, Yiling Zheng, Sonny Tran, Hunter McDaniel, Nicolle Crovetto, Emerson Perin, Briana Costello, Prasad Manian, M. Rizwan Sohail, Alexander Postalian, Punit Hinsu, Carolyn Watson, James Chen, Melyssa Fink, Lydia Sturgis, Kim Walker, Kim Mahon, Jennifer Parenti, Casey Kappenman, Aryn Knight, Jeffrey M. Sturek, Andrew Barros, Kyle B. Enfield, Alexandra Kadl, China J. Green, Rachel M. Simon, Ashley Fox, Kara Thornton, Amy Adams, Vinay Badhwar, Sunil Sharma, Briana Peppers, Paul McCarthy, Troy Krupica, Arif Sarwari, Rebecca Reece, Lisa Fornaresico, Chad Glaze, Raquel Evans, Fang Di, Shawn Carlson, Tanja Aucremanne, Connie Tennant, Lisa Giblin Sutton, Sabrina Buterbaugh, Roger Williams, Robin Bunner, Jay H. Traverse, Frank Rhame, Joshua Huelster, Rajesh Kethireddy, Irena Davies, Julianne Salamanca, Christine Majeski, Paige Skelton, Maria Zarambo, Andrea Sarafolean, Michael E. Bowdish, Zea Borok, Noah Wald-Dickler, Douglass Hutcheon, Amytis Towfighi, Mary Lee, Meghan R. Lewis, Brad Spellberg, Linda Sher, Aniket Sharma, Anna P. Olds, Chris Justino, Edward Loxano, Chris Romero, Janet Leong, Valentina Rodina, Christine Quesada, Luke Hamilton, Jose Escobar, Brad Leshnower, William Bender, Milad Sharifpour, Jeffrey Miller, Woodrow Farrington, Kim T. Baio, Mary McBride, Michele Fielding, Sonya Mathewson, None  , Missy Maton, Chari Ponder, Elisabeth Haley, Christine Spainhour, Susan Rogers, Derrick Tyler, Ronson J. Madathil, Joseph Rabin, Andrea Levine, Kapil Saharia, Ali Tabatabai, Christine Lau, James S. Gammie, Maya-Loren Peguero, Kimberly McKernan, Mathew Audette, Emily Fleischmann, Kreshta Akbari, Myounghee Lee, Andrew Chi, Hanna Salehi, Alan Pariser, Phuong Tran Nyguyen, Jessica Moore, Adrienne Gee, Shelika Vincent, Richard A. Zuckerman, Alexander Iribarne, Sara Metzler, Samantha Shipman, Haley Johnson, Crystallee Newton, Doug Parr, Leslie Miller, Beth Schelle, Sherry McLean, Howard R. Rothbaum, Michael S. Alvarez, Shivam P. Kalan, Heather H. Germann, Jennifer Hendershot, Karen Moroney, Karen Herring, Sharri Cook, Pam Paul, Rebecca Walker-Ignasiak, Crystal North, Cathryn Oldmixon, Nancy Ringwood, Ariela Muzikansky, Richard Morse, Laura Fitzgerald, Haley D. Morin, Roy G. Brower, Lora A. Reineck, Karen Bienstock, Jay H. Steingrub, Peter K. Hou, Jay S. Steingrub, Mark A. Tidswell, Lori-Ann Kozikowski, Cynthia Kardos, Leslie DeSouza, Sarah Romain, Sherell Thornton-Thompson, Daniel Talmor, Nathan Shapiro, Konstantinos Andromidas, Valerie Banner-Goodspeed, Michael Bolstad, Katherine L. Boyle, Payton Cabrera, Arnaldo deVilla, Joshua C. Ellis, None  , Sharon Hayes, Conor Higgins, Lisa Kurt, Nicholas Kurtzman, Kimberly Redman, Elinita Rosseto, Douglas Scaffidi, Nathan Shapiro, Michael R. Filbin, Kathryn A. Hibbert, Blair Parry, Justin Margolin, Brooklynn Hillis, Rhonda Hamer, Kelsey Brait, Caroline Beakes, Brenna McKaig, Eleonore Kugener, Alan E. Jones, James Galbraith, Utsav Nandi, Rebekah Peacock, Gregory Hendey, Kirsten Kangelaris, Kimia Ashktorab, Rachel Gropper, Anika Agrawal, Kimberley J. Yee, Alejandra E. Jauregui, Hanjing Zhuo, Eyad Almasri, Mohamed Fayed, Kinsley A. Hubel, Alyssa R. Hughes, Rebekah L. Garcia, George W. Lim, Steven Y. Chang, Gregory Hendey, Michael Y. Lin, Julia Vargas, Hena Sihota, Rebecca Beutler, Trisha Agarwal, Jennifer G. Wilson, Rosemary Vojnik, Cynthia Perez, Jordan H. McDowell, Jonasel Roque, Henry Wang, Ryan M. Huebinger, Bela Patel, Elizabeth Vidales, Timothy Albertson, Erin Hardy, Richart Harper, Marc A. Moss, Amiran Baduashvili, Lakshmi Chauhan, David J. Douin, Flora Martinez, Lani L. Finck, Jill Bastman, Michelle Howell, Carrie Higgins, Jeffrey McKeehan, Jay Finigan, Peter Stubenrauch, William J. Janssen, Christine Griesmer, Olivia VerBurg, Robert C. Hyzy, Pauline K. Park, Kristine Nelson, Jake I. McSparron, Ivan N. Co, Bonnie R. Wang, Jose Jimenez, Norman Olbrich, Kelli McDonough, Shijing Jia, Sinan Hanna, Michelle N. Gong, Lynne D. Richardson, Rahul Nair, Brenda Lopez, Omowunmi Amosu, Obiageli Offor, Hiwet Tzehaie, William Nkemdirim, Sabah Boujid, Jarrod M. Mosier, Cameron Hypes, Elizabeth Salvagio Campbell, Billie Bixby, Boris Gilson, Anitza Lopez, Christian Bime, Sairam Parthasarathy, Ariana M. Cano, R. Duncan Hite, Thomas E. Terndrup, Herbert P. Wiedemann, Kristin Hudock, Hammad Tanzeem, Harshada More, Jamie Martinkovic, Susan Sellers, Judy Houston, Mary Burns, Simra Kiran, Tammy Roads, Sarah Kennedy, Abhijit Duggal, Nirosshan Thiruchelvam, Kiran Ashok, Alexander H. King, Omar Mehkri, Siddharth Dugar, Debasis Sahoo, Donald M. Yealy, Derek C. Angus, Alexandra J. Weissman, Tina M. Vita, Emily Berryman, Catherine L. Hough, Akram Khan, Olivia F. Krol, Emmanuel Mills, Mistry Kinjal, Genesis Briceno, Raju Reddy, Kinsley Hubel, Milad K. Jouzestani, Madeline McDougal, Rupali Deshmukh, Nicholas J. Johnston, Bryce H. Robinson, Staphanie J. Gundel, Sarah C. Katsandres, Peter Chen, Sam S. Torbati, Tanyalak Parimon, Antonina Caudill, Brittany Mattison, Susan E. Jackman, Po-En Chen, Emad Bayoumi, Cristabelle Ojukwu, Devin Fine, Gwendolyn Weissberg, Katherine Isip, Yunhee Choi-Kuaea, Shaunt Mehdikhani, Tahir B. Dar, Nsole Biteghe Fleury Augustin, Dana Tran, Jennifer Emilow Dukov, Yuri Matusov, June Choe, Niree A. Hindoyan, Timothy Wynter, Ethan Pascual, Gregg J. Clapham, Lisa Herrera, Antonia Caudill, D. Shane O’Mahony, Sonam T. Nyatsatsang, David M. Wilson, Julie A. Wallick, Alexandria M. Duven, Dakota D. Fletcher, Chadwick Miller, D. Clark Files, Kevin W. Gibbs, Lori S. Flores, Mary E. LaRose, Leigha D. Landreth, D. Rafael Palacios, Lisa Parks, Madeline Hicks, Andrew J. Goodwin, Edward F. Kilb, Caitlan T. Lematty, Kerilyn Patti, Abigail Grady, April Rasberry, Peter E. Morris, Jamie L. Sturgill, Evan P. Cassity, Sanjay Dhar, Ashley A. Montgomery-Yates, Sarah N. Pasha, Kirby P. Mayer, Brittany Bissel, Terren Trott, Shahnaz Rehman, Marjolein de Wit, Jessica Mason, Joseph Bledsoe, Kirk U. Knowlton, Samuel Brown, Michael Lanspa, Lindsey Leither, Ithan Pelton, Brent P. Armbruster, Quinn Montgomery, Naresh Kumar, Melissa Fergus, Karah Imel, Ghazal Palmer, Brandon Webb, Carolyn Klippel, Hannah Jensen, Sarah Duckworth, Andrew Gray, Tyler Burke, Dan Knox, Jenna Lumpkin, Valerie T. Aston, Darrin Applegate, Erna Serezlic, Katie Brown, Mardee Merril, Estelle S. Harris, Elizabeth A. Middleton, Macy A.G. Barrios, Jorden Greer, Amber D. Schmidt, Melissa K. Webb, Roert Paine, Sean J. Callahan, Lindsey J. Waddoups, Misty B. Yamane, Wesley H. Self, Todd W. Rice, Jonathan D. Casey, Jakea Johnson, Christopher Gray, Margaret Hays, Megan Roth, Vidya Menon, Moiz Kasubhai, Anjana Pillai, Jean Daniel, Daniel Sittler, Balavenkatesh Kanna, Nargis Jilani, Francisco Amaro, Jessica Santana, Aleksandr Lyakovestsky, Issa Madhoun, Louis Marie Desroches, Nicole Amadon, Alaa Bahr, Imaan Ezzat, Maryanne Guerrero, Joane Padilla, Jessie Fullmer, Inderpreet Singh, Syed Hamad Ali Shah, Rajeev Narang, Polly Mock, Melissa Shadle, Brenda Hernandez, Kevin Welch, Andrea Payne, Gabriela Ertl, Daniel Canario, Isabel Barrientos, Danielle Goss, Mattie DeVries, Ibidolapo Folowosele, Dorothy Garner, Mariana Gomez, Justin Price, Ekta Bansal, Jim Wong, Jason Faulhaber, Tasaduq Fazili, Brian Yeary, Ruth Ndolo, Christina Bryant, Bridgette Smigeil, Philip Robinson, Rana Najjar, Patrice Jones, Julie Nguyen, Christina Chin, Hassan Taha, Salah Najm, Christopher Smith, Jason Moore, Talal Nassar, Nick Gallinger, Amy Christian, D’Amber Mauer, Ashley Phipps, Michael Waters, Karla Zepeda, Jordan Coslet, Rosalynn Landazuri, Jacob Pineda, Nicole Uribe, Jose Ruiz Garcia, Cecilia Barbabosa, Kaitlyn Sandler, J. Scott Overcash, Adrienna Marquez, Hanh Chu, Kia Lee, Kimberly Quillin, Andrea Garcia, Pauline Lew, Ralph Rogers, Fadi Shehadeh, Evangelia K. Mylona, Matthew Kaczynski, Quynh-Lam Tran, Gregorio Benitez, Biswajit Mishra, Lewis Oscar Felix, Maria Tsikala Vafea, Eleftheria Atalla, Robin Davies, Salma Hedili, Maria Andrea Monkeberg, Sandra Tabler, Britt Harrington, None  , VenkataSandeep Koripalli, Prithvi Muddana, Lakshay Jain, Chaitanya Undavalli, Parasa Kavya, Mofoluwaso Ibiwoye, Hameed Akilo, Bryce D. Lovette, Jamie-Crystal Wylie, Diana M. Smith, Kenneth Poon, Paula Eckardt, None  , None  , Nithya Sundararaman, Doris Alaby, Candice Sareli, Adriana Sánchez, Laura Popielski, Amy Kambo, Kimberley Viens, Melissa Turner, Michael J. Vjecha, Amy Weintrob, Indira Brar, Norman Markowitz, Erika Pastor, Roweena Corpuz, George Alangaden, John McKinnon, Mayur Ramesh, Erica Herc, Nicholas Yared, Odaliz Abreu Lanfranco, Emanuel Rivers, Jennifer Swiderek, Ariella Hodari Gupta, Pardeep Pabla, Sonia Eliya, Jehan Jazrawi, Jeremy Delor, Mona Desai, Aaron Cook, Anja Kathrina Jaehne, Jasreen Kaur Gill, Sheri Renaud, Siva Sarveswaran, Edward Gardner, James Scott, Monica Bianchini, Casey Melvin, Gina Kim, David Wyles, Kevin Kamis, Rachel Miller, Ivor Douglas, Jason Haukoos, Carrie Hicks, Susana Lazarte, Rubria Marines-Price, Alice Osuji, Barbine Tchamba Agbor Agbor, Tianna Petersen, Dena Kamel, Laura Hansen, Angie Garcia, Christine Cha, Azadeh Mozaffari, Rosa Hernandez, James Cutrell, Barbine Tchamba Agbor Agbor, Mina Kim, Natalie DellaValle, Sonia Gonzales, Charurut Somboonwit, Asa Oxner, Lucy Guerra, Michael Hayes, Thi Nguyen, Thanh Tran, Avenette Pinto, Timothy Hatlen, Betty Anderson, Ana Zepeda-Gutierrez, Dannae Martin, Cindi Temblador, Avon Cuenca, Roxanne Tanoviceanu, Martha Prieto, Mario Guerrero, Dannae Martin, Eric Daar, Ramiro Correa, Gabe Hartnell, Glenn Wortmann, Saumil Doshi, Theresa Moriarty, Melissa Gonzales, Kristin Garman, Jason V. Baker, Anne Frosch, Rachael Goldsmith, Brian Driver, Christine Frank, Tzivia Leviton, Matthew Prekker, Hodan Jibrell, Melanie Lo, Jonathan Klaphake, Shari Mackedanz, Linh Ngo, Kelly Garcia-Myers, Ken M. Kunisaki, Chris Wendt, Anne Melzer, Erin Wetherbee, Dimitri Drekonja, Alexa Pragman, Aimee Hamel, Abbie Thielen, Ken M. Kunisaki, Miranda Hassler, Mary Walquist, Michael Augenbraun, Jensen George, Lynette Demeo, Motria Mishko, Lorraine Thomas, Luis Tatem, Jack Dehovitz, Mahsa Abassi, Anne-Marie Leuck, Via Rao, Matthew Pullen, Darlette Luke, Derek LaBar, Theresa Christiansen, Diondra Howard, Kousick Biswas, Cristin Harrington, Amanda Garcia, Tammy Bremer, Tara Burke, Brittany Koker, Anne Davis-Karim, David Pittman, Shikha S. Vasudeva, Jaylynn R. Johnstone, Kate Agnetti, Ruby Davis, Barbara Trautner, Casey Hines-Munson, John Van, Laura Dillon, Yiqun Wang, Stephanie Nagy-Agren, Shikha Vasudeva, Tracy Ochalek, Erin Caldwell, Edward Humerickhouse, David Boone, William McGraw, David J. Looney, Sanjay R. Mehta, Scott Thompson Johns, Melissa St. John, Jacqueline Raceles, Emily Sear, Stephen Funk, Rosa Cesarini, Michelle Fang, Keith Nicalo, Wonder Drake, Beatrice Jones, Teresa Holtman, Hien H. Nguyen, Archana Maniar, Eric A. Johnson, Lam Nguyen, Michelle T. Tran, Thomas W. Barrett, Tera Johnston, John T. Huggins, Tatsiana Y. Beiko, Heather Y. Hughes, William C. McManigle, Nichole T. Tanner, Ronald G. Washburn, Magdalena Ardelt, Patricia A. Tuohy, Jennifer L. Mixson, Charles G. Hinton, Nicola Thornley, Heather Allen, Shannon Elam, Barry Boatman, Brittany J. Baber, Rudell Ryant, Brentin Roller, Chinh Nguyen, Amani Morgan Mikail, Marivic Hansen, Paola Lichtenberger, Gio Baracco, Carol Ramos, Lauren Bjork, Melyssa Sueiro, Phyllis Tien, Heather Freasier, Theresa Buck, Hafida Nekach, Mark Holodniy, Aarthi Chary, Kan Lu, Theresa Peters, Jessica Lopez, Susanna Yu Tan, Robert H. Lee, Aliya Asghar, Tasadduq Karim Karyn Isip, Katherine Le, Thao Nguyen, Shinn Wong, Dorthe Raben, Daniel D. Murray, Tomas O. Jensen, Lars Peters, Bitten Aagaard, Charlotte B. Nielsen, Katharina Krapp, Bente Rosdahl Nykjær, Christina Olsson, Katja Lisa Kanne, Anne Louise Grevsen, Zillah Maria Joensen, Tina Bruun, Ane Bojesen, Frederik Woldbye, Nick E. Normand, Frederik V.L. Esman, Thomas Benfield, Clara Lundetoft Clausen, Nichlas Hovmand, Simone Bastrup Israelsen, Katrine Iversen, Caecilie Leding, Karen Brorup Pedersen, Louise Thorlacius-Ussing, Michaela Tinggaard, Sandra Tingsgard, Louise Krohn-Dehli, Dorthe Pedersen, Signe Villadsen, Jens-Ulrik Staehr Jensen, Rikke Overgaard, Ema Rastoder, Christian Heerfordt, Caroline Hedsund, Christian Phillip Ronn, Peter Thobias Kamstrup, Dorthe Sandbaek Hogsberg, Christina Bergsoe, Christian Søborg, Nuria M.S. Hissabu, Bodil C. Arp, Lars Ostergaard, Nina Breinholt Staerke, Yordanos Yehdego, Ane Sondergaard, Isik S. Johansen, Andreas Arnholdt Pedersen, Fredrikke C. Knudtzen, Lykke Larsen, Mathias A. Hertz, Thilde Fabricius, Inge K. Holden, Susan O. Lindvig, Marie Helleberg, Jan Gerstoft, Ole Kirk, Tina Bruun, Tomas Ostergaard Jensen, Birgitte Lindegaard Madsen, Thomas Ingemann Pedersen, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Birgit Thorup Roge, Thomas Michael Hansen, Matilde Kanstrup Glesner, Sandra Valborg Lofberg, Ariella Denize Nielsen, Sebastian Leicht von Huth, Henrik Nielsen, Rikke Krog Thisted, Kristine Toft Petersen, Maria Ruwald Juhl, Daria Podlekareva, Stine Johnsen, Helle Frost Andreassen, Lars Pedersen, Cecilia Ebba Clara Ellinor Lindnér, Lothar Wiese, Lene Surland Knudsen, Nikolaj Julian Skrøder Nytofte, Signe Ravn Havmøller, Maria Expósito, José Badillo, Ana Martínez, Elena Abad, Ana Chamorro, Ariadna Figuerola, Lourdes Mateu, Sergio España, Maria Constanza Lucero, José Ramón Santos, Gemma Lladós, Cristina Lopez, Lydia Carabias, Daniel Molina-Morant, Cora Loste, Carmen Bracke, Adrian Siles, Eduardo Fernández-Cruz, Marisa Di Natale, Sergiu Padure, Jimena Gomez, Cristina Ausin, Eva Cervilla, Héctor Balastegui, Carmen Rodríguez Sainz, Paco Lopez, Javier Carbone, Mariam Escobar, Leire Balerdi, Almudena Legarda, Montserrat Roldan, Laura Letona, José Muñoz, Daniel Camprubí, Jose R. Arribas, Rocio Montejano Sánchez, Beatriz Díaz-Pollán, Stefan Mark Stewart, Irene Garcia, Alberto Borobia, Marta Mora-Rillo, Vicente Estrada, Noemi Cabello, M.J. Nuñez-Orantos, I. Sagastagoitia, J.R. Homen, E. Orviz, Adrián Sánchez Montalvá, Juan Espinosa-Pereiro, Pau Bosch-Nicolau, Fernando Salvador, Joaquin Burgos, Jose Luis Morales-Rull, Anna Maria Moreno Pena, Cristina Acosta, Cristina Solé-Felip, Juan P. Horcajada, Elena Sendra, Silvia Castañeda, Inmaculada López-Montesinos, Joan Gómez-Junyent, Carlota Gudiol Gonzáles, Guilermo Cuervo, Miquel Pujol, Jordi Carratalà, Sebastià Videla, Huldrych Günthard, Dominique L. Braun, Emily West, Khadija M’Rabeth-Bensalah, Mareile L. Eichinger, Manuela Grüttner-Durmaz, Christina Grube, Veronika Zink, Josefine Goes, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Jakob J. Malin, Tengiz Tsertsvadze, Akaki Abutidze, Nikoloz Chkhartishvili, Revaz Metchurtchlishvili, Marina Endeladze, Marcin Paciorek, Dominik Bursa, Dominika Krogulec, Piotr Pulik, Anna Ignatowska, Andrzej Horban, Elzbieta Bakowska, Justyna Kowaska, Agnieszka Bednarska, Natalia Jurek, Agata Skrzat-Klapaczynska, Carlo Bienkowski, Malgorzata Hackiewicz, Michal Makowiecki, Antoni Platowski, Roman Fishchuk, Olena Kobrynska, Khrystyna Levandovska, Ivanna Kirieieva, Mykhailo Kuziuk, Pontus Naucler, Emma Perlhamre, Lotta Mazouch, Anthony Kelleher, Mark Polizzotto, Catherine Carey, Christina C. Chang, Sally Hough, Sophie Virachit, Sarah Davidson, Daniel J. Bice, Katherine Ognenovska, Gesalit Cabrera, Ruth Flynn, Barnaby E. Young, Po Ying Chia, Tau Hong Lee, Ray J. Lin, David C. Lye, Sean W.X. Ong, Ser Hon Puah, Tsin Wen Yeo, Shiau Hui Diong, Juwinda Ongko, He Ping Yeo, Nnakelu Eriobu, Vivian Kwaghe, Habib Zaiyad, Godwin Idoko, Blessing Uche, Poongulali Selvamuthu, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Faith Ester Beulah, Narayan Govindarajan, Kowsalya Mariyappan, Marcelo H. Losso, Cecilia Abela, Renzo Moretto, Carlos G. Belloc, Jael Ludueña, Josefina Amar, Marcelo H. Losso, Javier Toibaro, Laura Moreno Macias, Lucia Fernandez, Pablo S. Frare, Sebastian R. Chaio, Valeria Pachioli, Stella M. Timpano, Marisa del Lujan Sanchez, Mariana de Paz Sierra, Vanina Stanek, Waldo Belloso, Flavia L. Cilenti, Ricardo N. Valentini, Martin E. Stryjewski, Nicolas Locatelli, Maria C. Soler Riera, Clara Salgado, Ines M. Baeck, Valentina Di Castelnuovo, Stella M. Zarza, Fleur Hudson, Mahesh K.B. Parmar, Anna L. Goodman, Jonathan Badrock, Adam Gregory, Katharine Goodall, Nicola Harris, James Wyncoll, S. Bhagani, A. Rodger, A. Luntiel, C. Patterson, J. Morales, E. Witele, A-M Preston, A. Nandani, D.A. Price, Aiden Hanrath, Jeremy Nell, Bijal Patel, Carole Hays, Geraldine Jones, Jade Davidson, Anna L. Goodman, T. Bawa, M. Mathews, A. Mazzella, K. Bisnauthsing, L. Aguilar-Jimenez, F. Borchini, S. Hammett, Giota Touloumi, Nikos Pantazis, Vicky Gioukari, Tania Souliou, A. Antoniadou, K. Protopapas, D. Kavatha, S. Grigoropoulou, R-N. Tziolos, C. Oikonomopoulo, C. Moschopoulos, N.G. Koulouris, K. Tzimopoulos, A. Koromilias, K. Argyraki, P. Lourida, P. Bakakos, I. Kalomenidis, V. Vlachakos, Z. Barmparessou, E. Balis, S. Zakynthinos, I. Sigala, N. Gianniou, E. Dima, S. Magkouta, E. Synolaki, S. Konstanta, M. Vlachou, P. Stathopoulou, P. Panagopoulos, V. Petrakis, D. Papazoglou, E. Tompaidou, E. Isaakidou, G. Poulakou, V. Rapti, K. Leontis, T. Nitsotolis, K. Athanasiou, K. Syrigos, K. Argyraki, M-D. Myrodia, K. Kyriakoulis, I. Trontzas, M. Arfara-Melanini, V. Kolonis, Cissy Kityo, Henry Mugerwa, Francis Kiweewa, Ivan Kimuli, Joseph Lukaakome, Christoher Nsereko, Gloria Lubega, Moses Kibirige, William Nakahima, Deus Wangi, Evelyne Aguti, Lilian Generous, Rosemary Massa, Margaret Nalaki, Felix Magala, Phiona Kaweesi Nabaggala, Robert Kidega, Cissy Kityo, Henry Mugerwa, Oryem Daizy Faith, Apio Florence, Ocung Emmanuel, Mugoonyi Paul Beacham, Amone Geoffrey, Dridah Nakiboneka, Paska Apiyo, Francis Kiweewa, Bruce Kirenga, Ivan Kimuli, Angella Atukunda, Winters Muttamba, Kyeyume Remmy, Ivan Segawa, Nsubuga Pheona, David Kigere, Queen Lailah Mbabazi, Ledra Boersalino, Grace Nyakoolo, Francis Kiweewa, Aniongo Fred, Alice Alupo, Doryn Ebong, Edson Monday, Ritah Norah Nalubwama, Milton Kainja, Munu Ambrose, Vanon Kwehayo, Mary Grace Nalubega, Augustine Ongoli, Stephen Obbo, Nicholus Sebudde, Jeniffer Alaba, Geoffrey Magombe, Harriet Tino, Emmanuel Obonya, Joseph Lutaakome, Jonathan Kitonsa, Martin Onyango, Tukamwesiga Naboth, Hadijah Naluyinda, Regina Nanyunja, Muttiibwa Irene, Biira Jane, Kyobejja Wimfred, Ssemazzi Leonard, Tkiinomuhisha Deus, Namasaba Babra, Paul Taire, Joseph Lutaakome, Evelyn Nabankema, Joseph Ogavu, Oscar Mugerwa, Ivan Okoth, Raymond Mwebaze, Timothy Mugabi, Anthony Makhoba, Phiona Arikiriza, Nabuuma Theresa, Hope Nakayima, Kisuule Frank, Patrícia Ramgi, Kássia Pereira, Anu Osinusi, Huyen Cao, Paul Klekotka, Karen Price, Ajay Nirula, Suzette Osei, Craig Tipple, Angela Wills, Amanda Peppercorn, Helen Watson, Rajesh Gupta, Elizabeth Alexander, Erik Mogalian, Leo Lin, Xiao Ding, David Margolis, Li Yan, Jean-Luc Girardet, Ji Ma, Zhi Hong, Quing Zhu, Seth Seegobin, Michael Gibbs, Mickel Latchman, Katarzyna Hasior, Jerome Bouquet, Jianxin Wei, Katie Streicher, Albert Schmelzer, Dennis Brooks, Jonny Butcher, Dimitar Tonev, Douglas Arbetter, Philippe Damstetter, Philippe Legenne, Michael Stumpp, Susana Goncalves, Krishnan Ramanathan, Richa Chandra, Beth Baseler, Marc Teitelbaum, Adam Schechner, H. Preston Holley, Shirley Jankelevich, Amy Adams, Nancy Becker, Suzanne Dolney, Debbie Hissey, Shelly Simpson, Mi Ha Kim, Joy Beeler, Liam Harmon, Mabel Asomah, Yvonne Jato, April Stottlemyer, Olivia Tang, Sharon Vanderpuye, Lindsey Yeon, Molly Buehn, Vanessa Eccard-Koons, Sadie Frary, Leah MacDonald, Jennifer Cash, Lisa Hoopengardner, Jessica Linton, Marylu Schaffhauser, Michaela Nelson, Mary Spinelli-Nadzam, Calvin Proffitt, Christopher Lee, Theresa Engel, Laura Fontaine, C.K. Osborne, Matt Hohn, Michael Galcik, DeeDee Thompson, Stacey Kopka, Denise M. Shelley, Gregg Mendez, Shawn Brown, Sara Albert, Abby Balde, Michelle Baracz, Mona Bielica, Shere Billouin-Frazier, Jay Choudary, Mary Dixon, Carolyn Eyler, Leanne Frye, Jensen Gertz, Lisa Giebeig, Neelam Gulati, Liz Hankinson, Debi Hogarty, Lynda Huber, Gary Krauss, Eileen Lake, Meryan Manandhar, Erin Rudzinski, Jen Sandrus, Connie Suders, Ven Natarajan, Adam W. Rupert, Michael Baseler, Danielle Lynam, Tom Imamichi, Sylvain Laverdure, Ashley McCormack, Sharada Paudel, Kyndal Cook, Kendra Haupt, Ayub Khan, Allison Hazen, Yunden Badralmaa, Kenneth Smith, Bhakti Patel, Amanda Kubernac, Robert Kubernac, Marie L. Hoover, Courtney Solomon, Marium Rashid, Joseph Murphy, Craig Brown, Nadine DuChateau, Sadie Ellis, Adam Flosi, Lisa Fox, Les Johnson, Rich Nelson, Jelena Stojanovic, Amy Treagus, Christine Wenner, Richard Williams
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2022)

Background: Levels of plasma SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) antigen may be an important biomarker in patients with COVID-19 and enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Objective: To evaluate whether levels of plasma antigen can predict short-term clinical outcomes and identify clinical and viral factors associated with plasma antigen levels in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2. Design: Cross-sectional study of baseline plasma antigen level from 2540 participants enrolled in the TICO (Therapeutics for Inpatients With COVID-19) platform trial from August 2020 to November 2021, with additional data on day 5 outcome and time to discharge. Setting: 114 centers in 10 countries. Participants: Adults hospitalized for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with 12 days or less of symptoms. Measurements: Baseline plasma viral N antigen level was measured at a central laboratory. Delta variant status was determined from baseline nasal swabs using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Associations between baseline patient characteristics and viral factors and baseline plasma antigen levels were assessed using both unadjusted and multivariable modeling. Association between elevated baseline antigen level of 1000 ng/L or greater and outcomes, including worsening of ordinal pulmonary scale at day 5 and time to hospital discharge, were evaluated using logistic regression and Fine–Gray regression models, respectively. Results: Plasma antigen was below the level of quantification in 5% of participants at enrollment, and 1000 ng/L or greater in 57%. Baseline pulmonary severity of illness was strongly associated with plasma antigen level, with mean plasma antigen level 3.10-fold higher among those requiring noninvasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula compared with room air (95% CI, 2.22 to 4.34). Plasma antigen level was higher in those who lacked antispike antibodies (6.42 fold; CI, 5.37 to 7.66) and in those with the Delta variant (1.73 fold; CI, 1.41 to 2.13). Additional factors associated with higher baseline antigen level included male sex, shorter time since hospital admission, decreased days of remdesivir, and renal impairment. In contrast, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and immunocompromising conditions were not associated with plasma antigen levels. Plasma antigen level of 1000 ng/L or greater was associated with a markedly higher odds of worsened pulmonary status at day 5 (odds ratio, 5.06 [CI, 3.41 to 7.50]) and longer time to hospital discharge (median, 7 vs. 4 days; subhazard ratio, 0.51 [CI, 0.45 to 0.57]), with subhazard ratios similar across all levels of baseline pulmonary severity. Limitations: Plasma samples were drawn at enrollment, not hospital presentation. No point-of-care test to measure plasma antigen is currently available. Conclusion: Elevated plasma antigen is highly associated with both severity of pulmonary illness and clinically important patient outcomes. Multiple clinical and viral factors are associated with plasma antigen level at presentation. These data support a potential role of ongoing viral replication in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients. Primary Funding Source: U.S. government Operation Warp Speed and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.