tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
'Binge' Drinkers at Massachusetts Colleges
Authors: Henry Wechsler
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare drinking patterns among college freshmen with those found among students at similar schools 12 years ago, and to describe in detail the differences between "binge" drinkers and "nonbinge" drinkers. <h3>Design.</h3> —Mailed survey. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Fourteen 4-year colleges in Massachusetts. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 1669 first-year college students. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The survey instrument contains a variety of self-report measures of drinking behaviors, attitudes, and consequences. "Binge" drinking is defined as the consumption of five or more drinks on one or more occasions in the past 2 weeks. <h3>Main Results.</h3> —The proportion of "frequent-heavy" drinkers remained constant between the 1977 and 1989 surveys (30% vs 31% of men; 13% vs 14% of women), but today's students get intoxicated more often and are more motivated to drink to get drunk. The proportion of students who said "to get drunk" was a "somewhat" or "very important" reason for drinking was two to three times as high in 1989 as in 1977. Among students surveyed in 1989, binge drinkers drank greater quantities, with greater regularity, and experienced more intoxication and alcohol-associated problems than did nonbinge drinkers. Close to half of the binge drinkers (46.5% of men, 48.3% of women) were drunk twice or more in the past month, compared with 5% or fewer of the nonbinge drinkers. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The stability over time of the prevalence of frequent heavy drinking among college students indicates an apparent failure of both social and institutional policies to alter this behavior. Binge drinkers in particular appear to be a population whose drinking patterns and attitudes place them and those around them at increased risk for adverse consequences. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:2929-2931)
Intracranial nanomedicine-gel with deep brain-penetration for glioblastoma therapy
Authors: Devika Das, Dhanya Narayanan, Ranjith Ramachandran, Genekehal Siddaramana Gowd, Maneesh Manohar, Thennavan Arumugam, Dilip Panikar, Shantikumar V. Nair, Manzoor Koyakutty
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2023)
Chemogenetics for Gene Therapy Based Targeted Cardiac Electrophysiological Modulation
Authors: Yehuda Wexler, Matteo Ghiringhelli, Naim Shaheen, Shany Glatstein, Irit Huber, Oded Edri, Yousef Abboud, Michal Landesberg, Daniel Shiff, Gil Arbel, Lior Gepstein
Journal: Circulation Research (2023)
Peri‐implantitis as the consequence of errors in implant therapy
Authors: Andrea Roccuzzo, Jean‐Claude Imber, Giovanni Edoardo Salvi, Mario Roccuzzo
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (2023)

Abstract Peri‐implantitis is a plaque‐associated pathologic condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri‐implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. It is a highly prevalent disease, as extensively estimated by large‐population, cross‐sectional studies. As peri‐implant diseases represent opportunistic infections, it is reasonable to assume that nonideal conditions, local and/or general, may favor the progression of peri‐implant inflammation. Some of these conditions could be a result of poor planning and/or inadequate execution of any step of the entire process treatment. This article describes the major possible factors in implant therapy that may lead to peri‐implantitis. For some of these (ie, inappropriate patient selection, insufficient periodontal therapy, lack of diagnosis and management of peri‐implant mucositis, erratic supportive peri‐implant/periodontal therapy) there is a good level of evidence, whereas for others (ie, wrong implant placement, poor postoperative care, inadequate prosthetic reconstruction, lack of assessment and management of peri‐implant soft‐tissue deficiencies) there is little scientific evidence. More research is therefore needed to clearly identify the errors and/or complications possibly leading to peri‐implantitis, particularly over the long term.
Bone Marrow Avatars: Mimicking Hematopoiesis in a Dish
Authors: Marta Derecka, John D. Crispino
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2023)

Summary: Faithful recapitulation of human bone marrow complexity has been a major challenge for the sci­entific community for many years. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Khan and colleagues present an improved induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation protocol that generates bone marrow organoids re-creating key characteristics of human marrow. See related article by Khan et al., p. 364 (8).
Effect of Antibiotic Prescription Audit and Feedback on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care
Authors: Soheila Aghlmandi, Florian S. Halbeisen, Ramon Saccilotto, Pascal Godet, Andri Signorell, Simon Sigrist, Dominik Glinz, Giusi Moffa, Andreas Zeller, Andreas F. Widmer, Andreas Kronenberg, Julia Bielicki, Heiner C. Bucher
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in primary care, increasing the risk of antimicrobial resistance in the population.
Segmented filamentous bacteria impede rotavirus infection via retinoic acid receptor-mediated signaling
Authors: Vu L. Ngo, Zhenda Shi, Baoming Jiang, Andrew T. Gewirtz
Journal: Gut Microbes (2023)

Prevention of rotavirus (RV) infection by gut-resident segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) is an example of the influence of gut microbiota composition on enteric viral infection. Yet, the mechanism by which SFB prevents RV infection is poorly understood. A recent report that SFB colonization of germfree mice generates retinoic acid (RA) thus activating RA receptor (RAR) signaling, which protected against Citrobacter rodentium infection, prompted us to investigate whether this pathway might contribute to SFB's protection against RV infection. Colonization of conventional mice by SFB indeed increased intestinal RA levels and direct administration of RA partially mimicked the protection against RV infection conferred by SFB. Moreover, blockade of RAR signaling eliminated SFB's protection against RV infection. Blockade of RAR signaling did not impact RV infection in the absence of SFB, nor did it alter the protection against RV infection conferred by bacterial flagellin, which in contrast to SFB, is dependent upon IL-22 signaling. SFB/RA-mediated prevention of RV infection was associated with an RA-dependent increase in enterocyte migration, consistent with the notion that enhanced anoikis is the ultimate means by which SFB, IL-22, and RA impede RV infection.
Excess Mortality Among US Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Mathew V. Kiang, Lindsey E. Carlasare, Sonoo Thadaney Israni, John J. Norcini, Junaid A. B. Zaman, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

This cross-sectional study examines the death rates among active and nonactive physicians aged 45 to 84 years.
Implementing the White House’s Strategic Plan to Save Lives Amid the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Michael A. Incze, A. Taylor Kelley, Phillip M. Singer
Journal: JAMA (2023)

This Viewpoint discusses the goals of the inaugural National Drug Control Strategy, which as the ambitious agenda of emphasizing harm reduction practices, medications for treating opioid use disorder, and criminal justice reform, as well as supporting long-term recovery and interrupting illicit drug trafficking.
Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia in a Nationwide Cohort in South Korea
Authors: Keun Hye Jeon, Kyungdo Han, Su-Min Jeong, Junhee Park, Jung Eun Yoo, Juhwan Yoo, Jinkook Lee, SangYun Kim, Dong Wook Shin
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance The impact of serial changes in alcohol consumption on dementia risk has rarely been investigated to date. Objective To investigate the association of comprehensive patterns of changes in alcohol consumption with the incidence of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). Design, Setting, and Participants This is a retrospective cohort study. Data were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Adults aged 40 years and older underwent 2 health examinations in 2009 and 2011. The cohort was assessed until December 31, 2018, and statistical analysis was performed in December 2021. Exposures Alcohol consumption level was categorized into none (0 g per day), mild (&amp;amp;lt;15 g per day), moderate (15-29.9 g per day), and heavy (≥30 g per day) drinking. On the basis of changes in alcohol consumption level from 2009 to 2011, participants were categorized into the following groups: nondrinker, quitter, reducer, sustainer, and increaser. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was newly diagnosed AD, VaD, or other dementia. Results Among 3 933 382 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.0 [9.6] years; 2 037 948 men [51.8%]), during a mean (SD) follow-up of 6.3 (0.7) years, there were 100 282 cases of all-cause dementia, 79 982 cases of AD, and 11 085 cases of VaD. Compared with sustained nondrinking, sustained mild (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.81) and moderate (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79-0.88) drinking were associated with a decreased risk of all-cause dementia, whereas sustained heavy drinking was associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.12). Compared with sustained levels of drinking, reducing alcohol consumption from a heavy to a moderate level (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.99) and the initiation of mild alcohol consumption (aHR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96) were associated with a decreased risk of all-cause dementia. Increasers and quitters exhibited an increased risk of all-cause dementia compared with sustainers. The trends in AD and VaD remained consistent. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of a Korean population, decreased risk of dementia was associated with maintaining mild to moderate alcohol consumption, reducing alcohol consumption from a heavy to a moderate level, and the initiation of mild alcohol consumption, suggesting that the threshold of alcohol consumption for dementia risk reduction is low.
Dry Powder Inhaler with the technical and practical obstacles, and forthcoming platform strategies
Authors: Sachin S. Gaikwad, Snehal R. Pathare, Mayur A. More, Nikita A. Waykhinde, Umesh D. Laddha, Kishor S. Salunkhe, Sanjay J. Kshirsagar, Sakshi S. Patil, Kuldeep H. Ramteke
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2023)
Patterns of Postpartum Primary Care Follow-up and Diabetes-Related Care After Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Rachel D’Amico, Djhenne Dalmacy, Jenifer A. Akinduro, Madison Hyer, Stephen Thung, Shengyi Mao, Naleef Fareed, Seuli Bose-Brill
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance Gestational diabetes (GD) affects up to 10% of pregnancies and increases lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes 10-fold; postpartum diabetes evaluation and primary care follow-up are critical in preventing and detecting type 2 diabetes. Despite clinical guidelines recommending universal follow-up, little remains known about how often individuals with GD access primary care and type 2 diabetes screening. Objective To describe patterns of primary care follow-up and diabetes-related care among individuals with and without GD in the first year post partum. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used a private insurance claims database to compare follow-up in the first year post partum between individuals with GD, type 2 diabetes, and no diabetes diagnosis. Participants included postpartum individuals aged 15 to 51 years who delivered between 2015 and 2018 and had continuous enrollment from 180 days before to 366 days after the delivery date. Data were analyzed September through October 2021 and reanalyzed November 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary care follow-up visits and diabetes-related care (blood glucose testing and diabetes-associated visit diagnoses) were determined by evaluation and management, Current Procedural Terminology , and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes, respectively. Results A total of 280 131 individuals were identified between 2015 and 2018 (mean age: 31 years; 95% CI, 27-34 years); 12 242 (4.4%) had preexisting type 2 diabetes and 18 432 (6.6%) had GD. A total of 50.9% (95% CI, 49.9%-52.0%) of individuals with GD had primary care follow-up, compared with 67.2% (95% CI, 66.2%-68.2%) of individuals with preexisting type 2 diabetes. A total of 36.2% (95% CI, 35.1%-37.4%) of individuals with GD had diabetes-related care compared with 56.9% (95% CI, 55.7%-58.0%) of individuals with preexisting diabetes. Only 36.0% (95% CI, 34.4%-37.6%) of individuals with GD connected with primary care received clinical guideline concordant care with blood glucose testing 12 weeks post partum. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of postpartum individuals, individuals with GD had lower rates of primary care and diabetes-related care compared with those with preexisting type 2 diabetes, and only 36% of those with GD received guideline-recommended blood glucose testing in the first 12 weeks post partum. This illustrates a missed opportunity for early intervention in diabetes surveillance and prevention and demonstrates the need to develop a multidisciplinary approach for postpartum follow-up.
Germline Cancer Gene Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Are Associated with Local and Global Tumor Mutations
Authors: Yuxi Liu, Alexander Gusev, Peter Kraft
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Somatic mutations drive cancer development and are relevant to patient responses to treatment. Emerging evidence shows that variations in the somatic genome can be influenced by the germline genetic background. However, the mechanisms underlying these germline–somatic associations remain largely obscure. We hypothesized that germline variants can influence somatic mutations in a nearby cancer gene (“local impact”) or a set of recurrently mutated cancer genes across the genome (“global impact”) through their regulatory effect on gene expression. To test this hypothesis, tumor targeted sequencing data from 12,413 patients across 11 cancer types in the Dana-Farber Profile cohort were integrated with germline cancer gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project. Variants that upregulate ATM expression were associated with a decreased risk of somatic ATM mutations across 8 cancer types. GLI2, WRN, and CBFB eQTL were associated with global tumor mutational burden of cancer genes in ovarian cancer, glioma, and esophagogastric carcinoma, respectively. An EPHA5 eQTL was associated with mutations in cancer genes specific to colorectal cancer, and eQTL related to expression of APC, WRN, GLI1, FANCA, and TP53 were associated with mutations in genes specific to endometrial cancer. These findings provide evidence that germline–somatic associations are mediated through expression of specific cancer genes, opening new avenues for research on the underlying biological processes. Significance: Analysis of associations between the germline genetic background and somatic mutations in patients with cancer suggests that germline variants can influence local and global tumor mutations by altering expression of cancer-related genes. See related commentary by Kar, p. 1165.
Polygenic Scores Help Reduce Racial Disparities in Predictive Accuracy of Automated Type 1 Diabetes Classification Algorithms
Authors: Aaron J. Deutsch, Lauren Stalbow, Timothy D. Majarian, Josep M. Mercader, Alisa K. Manning, Jose C. Florez, Ruth J.F. Loos, Miriam S. Udler
Journal: Diabetes Care (2023)

OBJECTIVE Automated algorithms to identify individuals with type 1 diabetes using electronic health records are increasingly used in biomedical research. It is not known whether the accuracy of these algorithms differs by self-reported race. We investigated whether polygenic scores improve identification of individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated two large hospital-based biobanks (Mass General Brigham [MGB] and BioMe) and identified individuals with type 1 diabetes using an established automated algorithm. We performed medical record reviews to validate the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. We implemented two published polygenic scores for type 1 diabetes (developed in individuals of European or African ancestry). We assessed the classification algorithm before and after incorporating polygenic scores. RESULTS The automated algorithm was more likely to incorrectly assign a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in self-reported non-White individuals than in self-reported White individuals (odds ratio 3.45; 95% CI 1.54–7.69; P = 0.0026). After incorporating polygenic scores into the MGB Biobank, the positive predictive value of the type 1 diabetes algorithm increased from 70 to 97% for self-reported White individuals (meaning that 97% of those predicted to have type 1 diabetes indeed had type 1 diabetes) and from 53 to 100% for self-reported non-White individuals. Similar results were found in BioMe. CONCLUSIONS Automated phenotyping algorithms may exacerbate health disparities because of an increased risk of misclassification of individuals from underrepresented populations. Polygenic scores may be used to improve the performance of phenotyping algorithms and potentially reduce this disparity.
Palpitations and Shortness of Breath—Just a “Bump in the Road” or Something More?
Authors: Nikita Jhawar, Fred Kusumoto, Nora Goldschlager
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

A previously healthy person in their 60s with progressive shortness of breath and fatigue for the past 6 months presented to the emergency department with palpitations and shortness of breath. What is your diagnosis?
<scp>EAACI</scp> guidelines on environmental science in allergic diseases and asthma – Leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to develop a causality model in exposomics
Authors: Mohamed H. Shamji, Markus Ollert, Ian M. Adcock, Oscar Bennett, Alberto Favaro, Roudin Sarama, Carmen Riggioni, Isabella Annesi‐Maesano, Adnan Custovic, Sara Fontanella, Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann, Kari Nadeau, Lorenzo Cecchi, Magdalena Zemelka‐Wiacek, Cezmi A. Akdis, Marek Jutel, Ioana Agache
Journal: Allergy (2023)

Allergic diseases and asthma are intrinsically linked to the environment we live in and to patterns of exposure. The integrated approach to understanding the effects of exposures on the immune system includes the ongoing collection of large-scale and complex data. This requires sophisticated methods to take full advantage of what this data can offer. Here we discuss the progress and further promise of applying artificial intelligence and machine-learning approaches to help unlock the power of complex environmental data sets toward providing causality models of exposure and intervention. We discuss a range of relevant machine-learning paradigms and models including the way such models are trained and validated together with examples of machine learning applied to allergic disease in the context of specific environmental exposures as well as attempts to tie these environmental data streams to the full representative exposome. We also discuss the promise of artificial intelligence in personalized medicine and the methodological approaches to healthcare with the final AI to improve public health.
Dr Herman A. Barnett, Black Civil Rights Activists, and the Desegregation of The University of Texas Medical Branch in 1949
Authors: Vanessa Northington Gamble
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

In May 1949, Herman A. Barnett III, a 23-year-old Black veteran, applied to The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston. His application occurred in the wake of Black student protests against the segregationist policies of The University of Texas and of judicial victories by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) to eradicate racial inequalities in state-financed graduate and professional education. Barnett’s application prompted the state to fund a medical school at the Texas State University for Negroes, the only time a state ever attempted to thwart desegregation by financing a separate Black medical school. Barnett was clearly qualified for admission to UTMB, and if the school rejected him, he had agreed to be a plaintiff in an NAACP lawsuit. Legal action was not necessary, however. In August 1949 Barnett was accepted into UTMB, thereby becoming the second African American person to desegregate a Southern medical school. Barnett was technically admitted on a contract basis as a student at the Texas State University for Negroes in Houston and was to have transferred there later. The Black medical school was never built and Barnett graduated from UTMB in 1953. This review analyzes the role that Barnett and Black civil rights activists played in the history of medical education in the US and the dismantlement of racially exclusionary policies in medical schools.
Comprehensive analysis of germline drivers in endometrial cancer
Authors: Sushmita Gordhandas, Eric Rios-Doria, Karen A Cadoo, Amanda Catchings, Anna Maio, Yelena Kemel, Margaret Sheehan, Megha Ranganathan, Dina Green, Anjali Aryamvally, Angela G Arnold, Erin Salo-Mullen, Beryl Manning-Geist, Tiffany Sia, Pier Selenica, Arnaud Da Cruz Paula, Chad Vanderbilt, Maksym Misyura, Mario M Leitao, Jennifer J Mueller, Vicky Makker, Maria Rubinstein, Claire F Friedman, Qin Zhou, Alexia Iasonos, Alicia Latham, Maria I Carlo, Yonina R Murciano-Goroff, Marie Will, Michael F Walsh, Shirin Issa Bhaloo, Lora H Ellenson, Ozge Ceyhan-Birsoy, Michael F Berger, Mark E Robson, Nadeem Abu-Rustum, Carol Aghajanian, Kenneth Offit, Zsofia Stadler, Britta Weigelt, Diana L Mandelker, Ying L Liu
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2023)

We sought to determine the prevalence of germline pathogenic variants (gPVs) in unselected patients with endometrial cancer (EC), define biallelic gPVs within tumors, and describe their associations with clinicopathologic features.