tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Novel Treatments for Hereditary ATTRv Amyloidosis
Authors: Alejandra González-Duarte
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Biomimetic Structural Protein Based Magnetic Responsive Scaffold for Enhancing Bone Regeneration by Physical Stimulation on Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis
Authors: Hai‐Feng Liang, Yan‐Pei Zou, An‐Nan Hu, Ben Wang, Juan Li, Lei Huang, Wei‐Sin Chen, Di‐Han Su, Lan Xiao, Yin Xiao, Yi‐Qun Ma, Xi‐Lei Li, Li‐Bo Jiang, Jian Dong
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2023)

The bone matrix has distinct architecture and biochemistry which present a barrier to synthesizing bone-mimetic regenerative scaffolds. To mimic the natural structures and components of bone, biomimetic structural decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM)/regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) scaffolds incorporated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are prepared using a facile synthetic methodology. The ECM/RSF/MNP scaffold is a hierarchically organized and interconnected porous structure with silk fibroin twined on the collagen nanofibers. The scaffold demonstrates saturation magnetization due to the presence of MNP, along with good cytocompatibility. Moreover, the β-sheet crystalline domain of RSF and the chelated MNP could mimic the deposition of hydroxyapatite and enhance compressive modulus of the scaffold by ≈20%. The results indicate that an external static magnetic field (SMF) with a magnetic responsive scaffold effectively promotes cell migration, osteogenic differentiation, neogenesis of endotheliocytes in vitro, and new bone formation in a critical-size femur defect rat model. RNA sequencing reveals that the molecular mechanisms underlying this osteogenic effect involve calsequestrin-2-mediated Ca
Healthcare-associated infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria in Andalusia, Spain, 2014 to 2021
Authors: Nicolás Francisco Fernández-Martínez, Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, Rocío Ortiz-González-Serna, Virginia Martínez-Ruiz, Pablo Lardelli-Claret, Adrián Hugo Aginagalde-Llorente, María del Carmen Valero-Ubierna, María Auxiliadora Vergara-Díaz, Nicola Lorusso
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2023)

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are among chief causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In Spain, studies addressing multidrug resistance based on epidemiological surveillance systems are lacking.AimIn this observational study, cases of HAIs by MDR bacteria notified to the epidemiological surveillance system of Andalusia, Spain, between 2014-2021, were investigated. Notified cases and their spatiotemporal distribution were described, with a focus on social determinants of health (SDoH).MethodsNew cases during the study period of HAIs caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-/carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, MDR Acinectobacter baumannii, MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa or meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were considered. Among others, notification variables included sex and age, while socio-economic variables comprised several SDoH. Cases' spatial distribution across municipalities was assessed. The smooth standardised incidence ratio (sSIR) was obtained using a Bayesian spatial model. Association between municipalities' sSIR level and SDoH was evaluated by bivariate analysis.ResultsIn total, 6,389 cases with a median age of 68 years were notified; 61.4% were men (n = 3,921). The most frequent MDR bacteria were ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (2,812/6,389; 44.0%); the main agent was Klebsiella spp. (2,956/6,389; 46.3%). Between 2014 and 2021 case numbers appeared to increase. Overall, up to 15-fold differences in sSIR between municipalities were observed. In bivariate analysis, there appeared to be an association between municipalities' sSIR level and deprivation (p = 0.003).ConclusionThis study indicates that social factors should be considered when investigating HAIs by MDR bacteria. The case incidence heterogeneity between Andalusian municipalities might be explained by SDoH, but also possibly by under-notification. Automatising reporting may address the latter.
Using the sender–receiver framework to understand the evolution of languages-of-thought
Authors: Ronald J Planer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Abstract This commentary seeks to supplement the case Quilty-Dunn et al. make for the psychological reality of languages-of-thought (LoTs) in two ways. First, it focuses on the reduced physical demands which LoT architectures often make compared to alternative architectures. Second, it embeds LoT research within a broader framework that can be leveraged to understand the evolution of LoTs.
Is language-of-thought the best game in the town we live?
Authors: Gary Lupyan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

There are towns in which language-of-thought (LoT) is the best game. But do we live in one? I go through three properties that characterize the LoT hypothesis: Discrete constituents, role-filler independence, and logical operators, and argue that in each case predictions from the LoT hypothesis are a poor fit to actual human cognition. As a hypothesis of what human cognition ought to be like, LoT departs from empirical reality.
High attack rate in a large care home outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86, East of England, August 2023
Authors: Lucy Reeve, Elise Tessier, Amy Trindall, Nurin Iwani Binti Abdul Aziz, Nick Andrews, Matthias Futschik, Jessica Rayner, Alexis Didier’Serre, Rebecca Hams, Natalie Groves, Eileen Gallagher, Rachael Graham, Beatrix Kele, Katja Hoschler, Tom Fowler, Edward Blandford, Hamid Mahgoub, Jorg Hoffmann, Mary Ramsay, Gavin Dabrera, Meera Chand, Maria Zambon, Ashley Sharp, Ellen Heinsbroek, Jamie Lopez Bernal
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2023)

We investigated an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86 in an East of England care home. We identified 45 infections (33 residents, 12 staff), among 38 residents and 66 staff. Twenty-nine of 43 PCR swabs were sequenced, all of which were variant BA.2.86. The attack rate among residents was 87%, 19 were symptomatic, and one was hospitalised. Twenty-four days after the outbreak started, no cases were still unwell. Among the 33 resident cases, 29 had been vaccinated 4 months earlier.
The Presence of an Arteria Lusoria Should Be Checked When Reporting 18F-FCH PET/CT Performed to Localize Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Jean-Noël Talbot, Sophie Périé, Marc Tassart, Jean-Baptiste Safa, Françoise Montravers, Sona Balogova
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

Nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve (NRILN) is a rare anatomical variant, which significantly increases the risk of nerve injury during neck surgery, for example, thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy (PTX). The absence of the brachiocephalic trunk and presence of arteria lusoria (AL) are strong predictors of NRILN in the right neck. FCH PET/CT is now a recognized imaging modality in hyperparathyroidism (HPT). We report 2 patients with primary or renal HPT in whom FCH PET detected right HFPTs and low-dose noncontrast CT evidenced AL. The NRILN was thus preserved during PTX. We recommend searching for AL on FCH PET/CT (even low-dose) in HPT before PTX.
Developing an Electroencephalography-Based Model for Predicting Response to Antidepressant Medication
Authors: Benjamin Schwartzmann, Prabhjot Dhami, Rudolf Uher, Raymond W. Lam, Benicio N. Frey, Roumen Milev, Daniel J. Müller, Pierre Blier, Claudio N. Soares, Sagar V. Parikh, Gustavo Turecki, Jane A. Foster, Susan Rotzinger, Sidney H. Kennedy, Faranak Farzan
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Untreated depression is a growing public health concern, with patients often facing a prolonged trial-and-error process in search of effective treatment. Developing a predictive model for treatment response in clinical practice remains challenging.To establish a model based on electroencephalography (EEG) to predict response to 2 distinct selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications.This prognostic study developed a predictive model using EEG data collected between 2011 and 2017 from 2 independent cohorts of participants with depression: 1 from the first Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND) group and the other from the Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care (EMBARC) consortium. Eligible participants included those aged 18 to 65 years who had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Data were analyzed from January to December 2022.In an open-label trial, CAN-BIND participants received an 8-week treatment regimen of escitalopram treatment (10-20 mg), and EMBARC participants were randomized in a double-blind trial to receive an 8-week sertraline (50-200 mg) treatment or placebo treatment.The model's performance was estimated using balanced accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity metrics. The model used data from the CAN-BIND cohort for internal validation, and data from the treatment group of the EMBARC cohort for external validation. At week 8, response to treatment was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in the primary, clinician-rated scale of depression severity.The CAN-BIND cohort included 125 participants (mean [SD] age, 36.4 [13.0] years; 78 [62.4%] women), and the EMBARC sertraline treatment group included 105 participants (mean [SD] age, 38.4 [13.8] years; 72 [68.6%] women). The model achieved a balanced accuracy of 64.2% (95% CI, 55.8%-72.6%), sensitivity of 66.1% (95% CI, 53.7%-78.5%), and specificity of 62.3% (95% CI, 50.1%-73.8%) during internal validation with CAN-BIND. During external validation with EMBARC, the model achieved a balanced accuracy of 63.7% (95% CI, 54.5%-72.8%), sensitivity of 58.8% (95% CI, 45.3%-72.3%), and specificity of 68.5% (95% CI, 56.1%-80.9%). Additionally, the balanced accuracy for the EMBARC placebo group (118 participants) was 48.7% (95% CI, 39.3%-58.0%), the sensitivity was 50.0% (95% CI, 35.2%-64.8%), and the specificity was 47.3% (95% CI, 35.9%-58.7%), suggesting the model's specificity in predicting SSRIs treatment response.In this prognostic study, an EEG-based model was developed and validated in 2 independent cohorts. The model showed promising accuracy in predicting treatment response to 2 distinct SSRIs, suggesting potential applications for personalized depression treatment.
A community cluster of influenza A(H3N2) virus infection with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir due to a PA E199G substitution in Japan, February to March 2023
Authors: Emi Takashita, Seiichiro Fujisaki, Hiroko Morita, Shiho Nagata, Hideka Miura, Yuki Matsuura, Saya Yamamoto, Shoko Chiba, Yumiko Inoue, Iori Minami, Sayaka Yoshikawa, Seiko Yamazaki, Noriko Kishida, Kazuya Nakamura, Masayuki Shirakura, Shinji Watanabe, Hideki Hasegawa
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2023)

A community cluster of influenza A(H3N2) caused by viruses with an E199G substitution in PA was detected in Nara, Japan, between February and March 2023. The three patients with these mutant viruses had not received antiviral treatment before specimen collection but patients in the same hospital had. The sequences of the mutant viruses were closely related, suggesting clonal spread in Nara. They showed reduced susceptibility to baloxavir in vitro; however, the clinical significance of the PA E199G substitution remains unclear.
Developmental and multiple languages-of-thought
Authors: Andreas Demetriou
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

We agree with the target article that assuming language-of-thought (LoT) is useful for the development of cognitive and developmental theories. We note that the target article is weak in its assumptions about development of LoT and possible existence of multiple LoTs. In response to these weaknesses, we outline several developmental principles for LoT development, showing how a developmental theory of LoT springs from probabilistic LoT. We suggest a system 1.5 of reasoning allowing interchange between Bayesian and logical rules as it fits purposes or domain.
Putting relating at the core of language-of-thought
Authors: Jan De Houwer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Abstract Propositional representations are units of information with a relational content. Their relational nature allows for the six distinctive properties of language-of-thought representations. Putting relating at the core of language-of-thought also fits well with the idea that thinking and reasoning are instances of relational behavior. These propositional and behavioral perspectives can be combined within a functional-cognitive framework.
Phoenix from the Ashes: Celebrating the 2023 North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference
Authors: Andrew Bush, Bonnie Ramsey, Michal Shteinberg, Fernando Martinez
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2023)

"Phoenix from the Ashes: Celebrating the 2023 North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.
Concept learning in a probabilistic language-of-thought. How is it possible and what does it presuppose?
Authors: Matteo Colombo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Abstract Where does a probabilistic language-of-thought (PLoT) come from? How can we learn new concepts based on probabilistic inferences operating on a PLoT? Here, I explore these questions, sketching a traditional circularity objection to LoT and canvassing various approaches to addressing it. I conclude that PLoT-based cognitive architectures can support genuine concept learning; but, currently, it is unclear that they enjoy more explanatory breadth in relation to concept learning than alternative architectures that do not posit any LoT.
Advanced testing of the LoT hypothesis by social reasoning
Authors: David J. Grüning
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Abstract I elaborate on Quilty-Dunn et al.'s integration of the language-of-thought hypothesis in social reasoning by outlining two discrepancies between the experimental paradigms referred to by the authors and the social world: Self-referential projection and deliberate thinking in experiments. Robust tests of the hypothesis in social reasoning should include observational, natural, and cross-cultural approaches.
Oncogenic KRAS Drives Lipofibrogenesis to Promote Angiogenesis and Colon Cancer Progression
Authors: Wen-Hao Hsu, Kyle A. LaBella, Yiyun Lin, Ping Xu, Rumi Lee, Cheng-En Hsieh, Lei Yang, Ashley Zhou, Jonathan M. Blecher, Chang-Jiun Wu, Kangyu Lin, Xiaoying Shang, Shan Jiang, Denise J. Spring, Yan Xia, Peiwen Chen, John Paul Shen, Scott Kopetz, Ronald A. DePinho
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2023)

Oncogenic KRAS (KRAS*) contributes to many cancer hallmarks. In colorectal cancer, KRAS* suppresses antitumor immunity to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Here, we uncovered that KRAS* transforms the phenotype of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) into lipid-laden CAFs, promoting angiogenesis and tumor progression. Mechanistically, KRAS* activates the transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) that upregulates the expression of the proadipogenic factors BMP4 and WNT5B, triggering the transformation of CAFs into lipid-rich CAFs. These lipid-rich CAFs, in turn, produce VEGFA to spur angiogenesis. In KRAS*-driven colorectal cancer mouse models, genetic or pharmacologic neutralization of TFCP2 reduced lipid-rich CAFs, lessened tumor angiogenesis, and improved overall survival. Correspondingly, in human colorectal cancer, lipid-rich CAF and TFCP2 signatures correlate with worse prognosis. This work unveils a new role for KRAS* in transforming CAFs, driving tumor angiogenesis and disease progression, providing an actionable therapeutic intervention for KRAS*-driven colorectal cancer. This study identified a molecular mechanism contributing to KRAS*-driven colorectal cancer progression via fibroblast transformation in the tumor microenvironment to produce VEGFA driving tumor angiogenesis. In preclinical models, targeting the KRAS*-TFCP2-VEGFA axis impaired tumor progression, revealing a potential novel therapeutic option for patients with KRAS*-driven colorectal cancer. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 2489.
<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> benefits from the bile salt deoxycholate under low-oxygen condition in a PldA dependent manner
Authors: Xuefeng Cao, Jos P.M. van Putten, Marc M.S.M. Wösten
Journal: Gut Microbes (2023)

Enteric bacteria need to adapt to endure the antibacterial activities of bile salts in the gut. Phospholipase A (PldA) is a key enzyme in the maintenance of bacterial membrane homeostasis. Bacteria respond to stress by modulating their membrane composition. Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of human worldwide. However, the mechanism by which C. jejuni adapts and survives in the gut environment is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of PldA, bile salt sodium deoxycholate (DOC), and oxygen availability in C. jejuni biology, mimicking an in vivo situation. Growth curves were used to determine the adaptation of C. jejuni to bile salts. RNA-seq and functional assays were employed to investigate the PldA-dependent and DOC-induced changes in gene expression that influence bacterial physiology. Survival studies were performed to address oxidative stress defense in C. jejuni. Here, we discovered that PldA of C. jejuni is required for optimal growth in the presence of bile salt DOC. Under high oxygen conditions, DOC is toxic to C. jejuni, but under low oxygen conditions, as is present in the lumen of the gut, C. jejuni benefits from DOC. C. jejuni PldA seems to enable the use of iron needed for optimal growth in the presence of DOC but makes the bacterium more vulnerable to oxidative stress. In conclusion, DOC stimulates C. jejuni growth under low oxygen conditions and alters colony morphology in a PldA-dependent manner. C. jejuni benefits from DOC by upregulating iron metabolism in a PldA-dependent manner.
The utility of futility
Authors: Rory L. Smoot, David M. Nagorney
Journal: Hepatology (2023)

1Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN Correspondence Rory Smoot, Associate Professor of Surgery, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. Email: [email protected]
Neither neural networks nor the language-of-thought alone make a complete game
Authors: Iris Oved, Nikhil Krishnaswamy, James Pustejovsky, Joshua K. Hartshorne
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Cognitive science has evolved since early disputes between radical empiricism and radical nativism. The authors are reacting to the revival of radical empiricism spurred by recent successes in deep neural network (NN) models. We agree that language-like mental representations (language-of-thoughts [LoTs]) are part of the best game in town, but they cannot be understood independent of the other players.
Rate of Correction and All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Severe Hypernatremia
Authors: Eugene Feigin, Libi Feigin, Merav Ingbir, Orit Kliuk Ben-Bassat, Daniel Shepshelovich
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Importance Hypernatremia is common among hospitalized patients and is associated with high mortality rates. Current guidelines suggest avoiding fast correction rates but are not supported by robust data. Objective To investigate whether there is an association between hypernatremia correction rate and patient survival. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study examined data from all patients admitted to the Tel Aviv Medical Center between 2007 and 2021 who were diagnosed with severe hypernatremia (serum sodium ≥155 mmol/L) at admission or during hospitalization. Statistical analysis was performed from April 2022 to August 2023. Exposure Patients were grouped as having fast correction rates (&amp;amp;gt;0.5 mmol/L/h) and slow correction rates (≤0.5 mmol/L/h) in accordance with current guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures All-cause 30-day mortality. Results A total of 4265 patients were included in this cohort, of which 2621 (61.5%) were men and 343 (8.0%) had fast correction rates; the median (IQR) age at diagnosis was 78 (64-87) years. Slow correction was associated with higher 30-day mortality compared with fast correction (50.7% [1990 of 3922] vs 31.8% [109 of 343]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). These results remained significant after adjusting for demographics (age, gender), Charlson comorbidity index, initial sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, hospitalization in an ICU, and severe hyperglycemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.02 [95% CI, 1.55-2.62]), regardless of whether hypernatremia was hospital acquired (aOR, 2.19 [95% CI, 1.57-3.05]) or documented on admission (aOR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.06-2.55]). There was a strong negative correlation between absolute sodium correction during the first 24 hours following the initial documentation of severe hypernatremia and 30-day mortality (Pearson correlation coefficient, −0.80 [95% CI, −0.93 to −0.50]; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Median (IQR) hospitalization length was shorter for fast correction vs slow correction rates (5.0 [2.1-14.9] days vs 7.2 [3.5-16.1] days; P &amp;amp;lt; .001). Prevalence of neurological complications was comparable for both groups, and none were attributed to fast correction rates of hypernatremia. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of patients with severe hypernatremia found that rapid correction of hypernatremia was associated with shorter hospitalizations and significantly lower patient mortality without any signs of neurologic complications. These results suggest that physicians should consider the totality of evidence when considering the optimal rates of correction for patients with severe hypernatremia.
Fortunate People—50 Years of Country Doctoring
Authors: Amanda Howe
Journal: JAMA (2023)

This Arts and Medicine feature reviews journalist Polly Morland’s A Fortunate Woman, a 2022 follow-up to John Berger’s classic 1967 A Fortunate Man, detailing changes over 50 years in the rewards and challenges of primary care practice in small-town rural general practice in northern England.
Stop me if you've heard this one before: The Chomskyan hammer and the Skinnerian nail
Authors: Alex Madva
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2023)

Abstract The target article signal boosts important ongoing work across the cognitive sciences. However, its theoretical claims, generative value, and purported contributions are – where not simply restatements of arguments extensively explored elsewhere – imprecise, noncommittal, and underdeveloped to a degree that makes them difficult to evaluate. The article's apparent force results from engaging with straw rather than steel opponents.