Characterization of <i>MCL-1</i> in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC): Expression, molecular profiles, and outcomes.
Authors: Pooja Mittal, Francesca Battaglin, Yasmine Baca, Joanne Xiu, Alex Patrick Farrell, Shivani Soni, Jae Ho Lo, Lesly Torres-Gonzalez, Sandra Algaze, Priya Jayachandran, Karam Ashouri, Wu Zhang, Benjamin Adam Weinberg, Emil Lou, Anthony F. Shields, Richard M. Goldberg, John Marshall, Sanjay Goel, Indrakant Kumar Singh, Heinz-Josef Lenz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2023)

3085 Background: Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) is a member of the BCL-2 protein family and is anti-apoptotic/pro-survival in function. Dysregulation of MCL-1 expression has been reported in several solid tumors, including lung and breast cancer. In CRC, MCL-1 has been associated with resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib. Our study aimed to characterize the molecular features associated with MCL-1 gene expression in CRC. Methods: 28,576 CRC samples were analyzed by Caris Life Sciences (Phoenix, AZ) with WTS (Illumina NovaSeq) and NextGen DNA sequencing (NextSeq, 592 Genes and NovaSEQ, WES). MCL-1 expression was stratified by quartiles where top quartile transcripts per million (TPM) were considered high (Q4) and bottom quartile low (Q1). Cell infiltration (CI) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) was estimated by RNA deconvolution analysis using QuantiSEQ. Interferon-gamma and T-cell inflamed signatures were also calculated from RNA data. X2 and Fisher-Exact tests were used, and statistical significance was determined as a P-value adjusted for multiple comparisons ( q &lt; 0.05). Real world survival was obtained from insurance claims data and Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated for molecularly defined patients. Results: MCL-1 expression was significantly increased in rectal tumors compared to other primary tumor sites (median TPM [mTPM] 20.8 vs 18.9 vs 18.7, in rectal vs left-sided vs right-sided, respectively, q &lt; 0.0001). MCL-1 high tumors were associated with increased rate of PD-L1 IHC levels (Q1 vs Q4: 4.2% vs 9.7% [all CRC]; 3.7% vs 8.9% [pMMR/MSS], q &lt; 0.0001), while MCL-1-low showed marginally increased rates of TMB-high (8.0% vs 7.0% [all CRC]; 3.3% vs 2.6% [pMMR/MSS], P &lt; 0.05). MCL-1-high expression was associated with a higher T-cell inflamed signature and IFN score ( q &lt; 0.0001). MCL-1 high was associated with higher mutation rates of CDKN2A, BRCA2, KRAS and GNAS, while lower mutation rates of TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, BRAF, APC, FBXW7, AMER1, SOX9, and SMAD2 and copy number amplifications in several genes ( q &lt; 0.05). MCL-1 high TME had higher CI of M1 and M2 macrophages, monocytes, B cells, NK cells, and T-reg infiltration, while dendritic cells and CD4+ T-cell were lower ( q &lt; 0.05). Patients with high MCL-1 expressing CRC had longer survival (Q4 vs Q1: 33.5 vs 24.8 months, HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.67-0.77, P &lt; 0.0001) and longer time-on-treatment with regorafenib although with limited clinical benefit (Q4 vs Q1: 2.03 vs 1.06 months, HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.50-0.89, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Our data show a strong correlation between distinct immune biomarkers, TME cell infiltration and MCL-1 expression in CRC. Furthermore, increased tumor MCL-1 expression improved patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. These findings suggest a key clinical role for MCL-1 as an important modulator of anti-tumor immunity and TME and a potential biomarker in CRC.