tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Metastatic Pulmonary Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Wenxiu Hou, Jiaona Dai, Rong Tian
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

Abstract A 33-year-old woman presents with cough and hemoptysis for 1 month. Chest CT showed a soft tissue mass in the left upper lobe of the lung. FDG PET/CT showed multiple foci of intense activity not only in the lung but also in the lymph nodes and the bones, which was diagnosed as lung malignancy with metastases. Histopathology revealed desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Our case indicated that, although the incidence is low, desmoplastic small round cell tumor should be considered among differential diagnoses of lung malignancies.
Community Health Worker Home Visiting, Birth Outcomes, Maternal Care, and Disparities Among Birthing Individuals With Medicaid Insurance
Authors: Cristian I. Meghea, Jennifer E. Raffo, Xiao Yu, Ran Meng, Zhehui Luo, Peggy Vander Meulen, Celeste Sanchez Lloyd, Lee Anne Roman
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2023)

Home visiting is recommended to address maternal and infant health disparities but is underused with mixed impacts on birth outcomes. Community health workers, working with nurses and social workers in a combined model, may be a strategy to reach high-risk individuals, improve care and outcomes, and address inequities.
The 2022 <scp>EULAR</scp>/<scp>ACR</scp> Points to Consider at the Early Stages of Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis/Macrophage Activation Syndrome (<scp>HLH</scp>/<scp>MAS</scp>)
Authors: Bita Shakoory, Ashley Geerlinks, Marta Wilejto, Kate Kernan, Melissa Hines, Micol Romano, David Piskin, Angelo Ravelli, Rashmi Sinha, Daniel Aletaha, Carl Allen, Hamid Bassiri, Edward M. Behrens, Joseph Carcillo, Linda Carl, Winn Chatham, Jeffrey I. Cohen, Randy Q. Cron, Erik Drewniak, Alexei A. Grom, Lauren A. Henderson, Annacarin Horne, Michael B. Jordan, Kim E. Nichols, Grant Schulert, Sebastiaan Vastert, Erkan Demirkaya, Raphaela Goldbach‐Mansky, Fabrizio de Benedetti, Rebecca A. Marsh, Scott W. Canna
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2023)

Objective Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) are life‐threatening systemic hyperinflammatory syndromes that can develop in most inflammatory contexts. They can progress rapidly, and early identification and management are critical for preventing organ failure and mortality. This effort aimed to develop evidence‐based and consensus‐based points to consider to assist clinicians in optimising decision‐making in the early stages of diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of HLH/MAS. Methods A multinational, multidisciplinary task force of physician experts, including adult and paediatric rheumatologists, haematologist/oncologists, immunologists, infectious disease specialists, intensivists, allied healthcare professionals and patients/parents, formulated relevant research questions and conducted a systematic literature review (SLR). Delphi methodology, informed by SLR results and questionnaires of experts, was used to generate statements aimed at assisting early decision‐making and optimising the initial care of patients with HLH/MAS. Results The task force developed 6 overarching statements and 24 specific points to consider relevant to early recognition of HLH/MAS, diagnostic approaches, initial management and monitoring of HLH/MAS. Major themes included the simultaneous need for prompt syndrome recognition, systematic evaluation of underlying contributors, early intervention targeting both hyperinflammation and likely contributors, careful monitoring for progression/complications and expert multidisciplinary assistance. Conclusion These 2022 EULAR/American College of Rheumatology points to consider provide up‐to‐date guidance, based on the best available published data and expert opinion. They are meant to help guide the initial evaluation, management and monitoring of patients with HLH/MAS in order to halt disease progression and prevent life‐threatening immunopathology.
Silicosis Among Immigrant Engineered Stone (Quartz) Countertop Fabrication Workers in California
Authors: Jane C. Fazio, Sheiphali A. Gandhi, Jennifer Flattery, Amy Heinzerling, Nader Kamangar, Nawal Afif, Kristin J. Cummings, Robert J. Harrison
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

Silicosis associated with inhalation of respirable crystalline silica among engineered stone countertop fabrication workers is an emerging health concern.
Exome Sequencing and the Identification of New Genes and Shared Mechanisms in Polymicrogyria
Authors: Shyam K. Akula, Allen Y. Chen, Jennifer E. Neil, Diane D. Shao, Alisa Mo, Norma K. Hylton, Stephanie DiTroia, Vijay S. Ganesh, Richard S. Smith, Katherine O’Kane, Rebecca C. Yeh, Jack H. Marciano, Samantha Kirkham, Connor J. Kenny, Janet H. T. Song, Muna Al Saffar, Francisca Millan, David J. Harris, Andrea V. Murphy, Kara C. Klemp, Stephen R. Braddock, Harrison Brand, Isaac Wong, Michael E. Talkowski, Anne O’Donnell-Luria, Abbe Lai, Robert Sean Hill, Ganeshwaran H. Mochida, Ryan N. Doan, A. James Barkovich, Edward Yang, Dina Amrom, Eva Andermann, Annapurna Poduri, Christopher A. Walsh, Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Lihadh Al-Gazali, Muna Al Saffar, Edith Alva Moncayo, Dina Amrom, Eva Anderman, Anna-Kaisa Anttonen, Saunder Barnes, Sara Barnett, Todd Barron, Brenda J. Barry, Lina Basel-Vanagaite, Laila Bastaki, Luis Bello-Espinosa, Tawfeg Ben-Omran, Matthew Bernard, Carsten G. Bonneman, Blaise Bourgeois, Stephen Brown, Roberto H. Caraballo, Gergory Cascino, Michael Clarke, Monika Cohen, Yanick Crow, Bernard Dan, Kira A. Dies, William B. Dobyns, François Dubeau, Christelle El Achkar, Gregory M. Enns, Laurence Faivre, Laura Flores-Sarnat, John Gaitanis, Kuchukhidze Giorgi, Andrew Green, Alan Guberman, Renzo Guerrini, Micheil Innes, Richard Jacobsen, Sebastian Jacquemont, Samir Khalil, Joerg Klepper, Dimitri Kranic, Kalpathy Krishnamoorthy, Anna-Elina Lehesjoki, Dorit Lev, Richard J. Leventer, Emily Lisi, Valerie Loik Ramey, Sally Ann Lynch, Laila Mahmoud, David Manchester, David Mandelbaum, Daphna Marom, Deborah Marsden, Mayra Martinez Ojeda, Amira Masri, Livija Medne, Denis Melanson, David T. Miller, Anna Minster, Edward Neilan, Dang Khoa Nguyen, Heather E. Olson, Ignacio Pascual-Castroviejo, Philip L. Pearl, Daniela Pilz, Nada Quercia, Salmo Raskin, Miriam Regev, Lance Rodan, Cynthia Rooney, Michael Rutlin, Mustafa Sahin, Mustafa A. Salih, Pierre Sarda, Harvey B. Sarnat, Ingrid Scheffer, Joseph Shieh, Sharon E. Smith, Janet S. Soul, Siddharth Srivastava, Laszlo Sztriha, Donatella Tampieri, John Tolmie, Meral Topçu, Eugen Trinka, John Tsai, Jack Tsao, Sheila Unger, Iris Unterberger, Goekhan Uyanik, Kette Valente, Thomas Voit, Louise Wilson, Grace Yoon
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2023)

Polymicrogyria is the most commonly diagnosed cortical malformation and is associated with neurodevelopmental sequelae including epilepsy, motor abnormalities, and cognitive deficits. Polymicrogyria frequently co-occurs with other brain malformations or as part of syndromic diseases. Past studies of polymicrogyria have defined heterogeneous genetic and nongenetic causes but have explained only a small fraction of cases.
Identification of extracellular vesicle <scp>microRNA</scp> signatures specifically linked to inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms in obesity‐associated low type‐2 asthma
Authors: Fahd Alhamdan, Timm Greulich, Christian Daviaud, Leigh M. Marsh, Frauke Pedersen, Clemens Thölken, Petra Ina Pfefferle, Thomas Bahmer, Daniel P. Potaczek, Jörg Tost, Holger Garn
Journal: Allergy (2023)

Abstract Rationale and Objective Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a vital source of molecular information about health and disease states. Due to their heterogenous cellular sources, EVs and their cargo may predict specific pathomechanisms behind disease phenotypes. Here we aimed to utilize EV microRNA (miRNA) signatures to gain new insights into underlying molecular mechanisms of obesity‐associated low type‐2 asthma. Methods Obese low type‐2 asthma (OA) and non‐obese low type‐2 asthma (NOA) patients were selected from an asthma cohort conjointly with healthy controls. Plasma EVs were isolated and characterised by nanoparticle tracking analysis. EV‐associated small RNAs were extracted, sequenced and bioinformatically analysed. Results Based on EV miRNA expression profiles, a clear distinction between the three study groups could be established using a principal component analysis. Integrative pathway analysis of potential target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs revealed inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin‐6, transforming growth factor‐beta, interferons) and metabolic factors (e.g., insulin, leptin) signalling pathways to be specifically associated with OA. The miR‐17–92 and miR‐106a–363 clusters were significantly enriched only in OA. These miRNA clusters exhibited discrete bivariate correlations with several key laboratory (e.g., C‐reactive protein) and lung function parameters. Plasma EV miRNA signatures mirrored blood‐derived CD4 + T‐cell transcriptome data, but achieved an even higher sensitivity in identifying specifically affected biological pathways. Conclusion The identified plasma EV miRNA signatures and particularly the miR‐17–92 and ‐106a–363 clusters were capable to disentangle specific mechanisms of the obesity‐associated low type‐2 asthma phenotype, which may serve as basis for stratified treatment development.
Transformed Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus on 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Chengtao Feng, Ke Li, Chun Wang, Sheng Zhao, Long Chen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

Abstract A 50-year-old man experienced cough and bloody sputum for 1 month. CT detected a mass in the right lung. Staging 18 F-FDG PET/CT revealed multiple hypermetabolic lesions in the lung, mediastinum, liver, and bones. Further physical examination revealed black patches in the skin covering most parts of the body, which presented at his birth and were growing very slowly, consistent with giant congenital melanocytic nevus. Pathology examination after biopsy of the lung demonstrated metastatic melanoma.
Association of Social Isolation With Hospitalization and Nursing Home Entry Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Mary Louise Pomeroy, Thomas K. M. Cudjoe, Alison E. Cuellar, Emily S. Ihara, Katherine A. Ornstein, Evan Bollens-Lund, Ashwin A. Kotwal, Gilbert W. Gimm
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

Importance Social isolation is associated with adverse health outcomes, yet its implications for hospitalization and nursing home entry are not well understood. Objective To evaluate whether higher levels of social isolation are associated with overnight hospitalization, skilled nursing facility stays, and nursing home placement among a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adults after adjusting for key health and social characteristics, including loneliness and depressive symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational cohort study included 7 waves of longitudinal panel data from the Health and Retirement Study, with community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older interviewed between March 1, 2006, and June 30, 2018 (11 517 respondents; 21 294 person-years). Data were analyzed from May 25, 2022, to May 4, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures Social isolation was measured with a multidomain 6-item scale (range, 0-6, in which a higher score indicates greater isolation). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed on survey-weighted data to produce national estimates for the odds of self-reported hospitalization, skilled nursing facility stays, and nursing home placement over time. Results A total of 57% of this study’s 11 517 participants were female, 43% were male, 8.4% were Black, 6.7% were Hispanic or Latino, 88.1% were White, 3.5% were other (“other” includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, and other race, which has no further breakdown available because this variable was obtained directly from the Health and Retirement Study), and 58.2% were aged 65 to 74 years. Approximately 15% of community-dwelling older adults in the US experienced social isolation. Higher social isolation scores were significantly associated with increased odds of nursing home placement (odds ratio, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21-3.32) and skilled nursing facility stays (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28) during 2 years. With each point increase in an individual’s social isolation score, the estimated probability of nursing home placement or a skilled nursing facility stay increased by 0.5 and 0.4 percentage points, respectively, during 2 years. Higher levels of social isolation were not associated with 2-year hospitalization rates. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that social isolation was a significant risk factor for nursing home use among older adults. Efforts to deter or delay nursing home entry should seek to enhance social contact at home or in community settings. The design and assessment of interventions that optimize the social connections of older adults have the potential to improve their health trajectories and outcomes.
18F-FDG PET/CT Reveals Localized Inflammation in Lupus Enteritis
Authors: Shota Sakuma, Yoshiyuki Abe, Motoki Takeuchi, Ayako Makiyama, Naoto Tamura
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

Abstract Lupus enteritis is classified into the colon poly-ulcerative type and the small intestine ischemic serositis type. Colon poly-ulcerative lupus enteritis is a disease that is mainly due to mesenteric arteritis. In recent years, 18 F-FDG PET/CT has been frequently used to assess the extent of the disease in patients with systemic vasculitis. We present the case report of 18 F-FDG PET/CT results in a 57-year-old woman with colon poly-ulcerative lupus enteritis.
Association of Early-, Middle-, and Late-Life Depression With Incident Dementia in a Danish Cohort
Authors: Holly Elser, Erzsébet Horváth-Puhó, Jaimie L. Gradus, Meghan L. Smith, Timothy L. Lash, M. Maria Glymour, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Victor W. Henderson
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2023)

Late-life depressive symptoms are associated with subsequent dementia diagnosis and may be an early symptom or response to preclinical disease. Evaluating associations with early- and middle-life depression will help clarify whether depression influences dementia risk.
Comparison of Dietary Intake Before vs After Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Nonessential Energy-Dense Foods in Mexico, 2012 to 2018
Authors: Carolina Batis, Analí Castellanos-Gutiérrez, Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta, Alan Reyes-García, M. Arantxa Colchero, Ana Basto-Abreu, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Juan A. Rivera
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Tax evaluations have shown effectiveness in reducing purchases of taxed items. However, few studies have looked at changes in overall dietary intake according to national surveys.To estimate the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages and foods to dietary intake over time, and the nutritional dietary profile in total beverages and foods consumed.This cross-sectional study used data from 3 National Health and Nutrition Surveys of a nationally representative sample of participants aged older than 1 year in Mexico from 2012 (pretax), 2016, and 2018 (posttax). Data were analyzed from September 2021 to December 2022.Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and nonessential energy-dense foods implemented since 2014.The outcomes were the contribution of taxed and untaxed beverages to total beverage volume, the contribution of taxed and untaxed foods to total food energy, and the energy density and content of added sugars and saturated fats. Outcomes were assessed with 24-hour recalls (24HR) (2012 and 2016) and Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) (2012, 2016, and 2018), and were adjusted by sociodemographic and macroeconomic variables.A total of 17 239 participants were analyzed from 2012, 18 974 from 2016, and 30 027 from 2018; approximately 50% were men, and approximately 75% lived in urban areas. According to 24HRs, the contribution of taxed beverages to total beverage volume changed -2.3 (95% CI, -4.4 to -0.2) percentage points from 2012 to 2016, while water increased. The contribution of taxed foods to total food energy changed -3.0 (95% CI, -4.2 to -1.8) percentage points, while untaxed whole grains, processed meats, other animal sources, and sugars and desserts increased. The content in total beverages of added sugars changed -1.1 kcal/100 mL (95% CI, -2.0 to -0.2), and in total foods, the content of added sugar changed -0.6 %kcal (95% CI, -1.0 to -0.2), saturated fat changed -0.8 %kcal (95% CI, -1.1 to -0.4), and energy density changed -9.8 kcal/100 g (95% CI, -13.8 to -5.8). Main results were consistent with the FFQ (up to 2018), with some differences in subgroups and nutritional components.The findings of this study on 3 cross-sectional national dietary surveys are consistent with previous evaluations; after tax implementation, there was a decrease in the contribution of taxed items. Furthermore, some unhealthy untaxed items increased, but the content of unhealthful nutritional components, particularly added sugar, in overall beverages and foods decreased.
Engineered Stone–Associated Silicosis—A Lethal Variant of an Ancient Disease
Authors: Jeremy T. Hua, Cecile S. Rose, Carrie A. Redlich
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2023)

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Association Between Thrombectomy and Functional Outcomes in Pediatric Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke From Large Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Kartik D. Bhatia, Samyami Chowdhury, Ian Andrews, Robert Goetti, Richard Webster, Christopher Troedson, Russell C. Dale, Prakash Muthusami, Carmen Parra-Farinas, Nomazulu Dlamini, Mahendra Moharir, Christina Miteff, Ferdinand Miteff, John Worthington, Kylie Tastula, Timothy Ang, Romain Briest, Elizabeth Pulcine
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2023)

Pediatric large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke has a poor natural history. However, uptake of mechanical thrombectomy is hindered by a lack of clinical trial data in children. A randomized clinical trial is not feasible due to small sample sizes and absence of equipoise.
The Influence of Long-Acting Somatostatin Analogs on 68Ga-DOTATATE Uptake in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Youssef Chahid, Khaled Hashimi, Ewoudt M.W. van de Garde, Heinz-Josef Klümpen, N. Harry Hendrikse, Jan Booij, Hein J. Verberne
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

A high SUV max tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) of 68 Ga-DOTATATE can be used to select patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In addition, an SUV max TLR ≥ 8.1 is associated with increased progression-free survival in NET patients treated with somatostatin analogs (SSAs). To avoid a theoretical interaction, several guidelines recommend performing PET/CT just before the monthly administration of long-acting SSAs. We aimed to investigate the effect of SSA on the SUV max of 68 Ga-DOTATATE in patients with NET and to identify independent predictors for high SUV max TLR.For this retrospective study, 192 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT scans of 165 patients without (n = 115) and with (n = 77) SSA (octreotide or lanreotide) in the 3 months before PET/CT were collected and reviewed. The effect of SSA on SUV max values was analyzed by a maximum likelihood mixed model.Patients with SSA had a significantly higher median SUV max TLR than patients without SSA (4.7 [IQR], 3.1-7.7) versus 3.2 [IQR, 2.0-5.4]; P < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that SSA use was an independent predictor for SUV max TLR ≥ 8.1 (odds ratio, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-6.72; P = 0.012).Our data suggest that higher SSA concentrations do not have a negative effect on 68 Ga-DOTATATE uptake in tumor lesions. In addition, we found that only SSA use was associated with SUV max TLR ≥ 8.1. Our results are consistent with previously conducted studies and in line with the recently published guideline that suggests that the relatively recent use of SSA does not necessitate any delay in 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT imaging.
False-Positive 68Ga-DOTATATE Uptake in a Uterine Subserosal Fibroid Mimicking Mesenteric Neuroendocrine Tumor
Authors: Kamand Khalaj, Julie H. Rowe, Chakradhar R. Thupili, Varaha S. Tammisetti
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2023)

Abstract 68 Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT is a highly sensitive and specific imaging modality in detecting neuroendocrine tumors. False-positive DOTATATE uptake poses diagnostic challenges. False-positive uptake in a uterine fibroid is the third most common location. We report the case of a 45-year-old woman with clinical concern for possible neuroendocrine tumor showing moderate focal DOTATATE uptake, which was initially thought of to be localized to mesentery on PET/CT images but was subsequently localized to a subserosal uterine fibroid following MRI. Patient underwent hysterectomy, further confirming that the uterine myometrial uptake is within the subserosal fibroid.
An Inflammatory Checkpoint Generated by <i>IL1RN</i> Splicing Offers Therapeutic Opportunity for <i>KRAS</i>-Mutant Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Mao Zhang, Yingying Huang, Jiaomeng Pan, Chen Sang, Youpei Lin, Liangqing Dong, Xia Shen, Yingcheng Wu, Guohe Song, Shuyi Ji, Fen Liu, Mengcheng Wang, Yuyan Zheng, Sirui Zhang, Zefeng Wang, Jianke Ren, Daming Gao, Jian Zhou, Jia Fan, Wu Wei, Jian Lin, Qiang Gao
Journal: Cancer Discovery (2023)

KRAS mutations are causally linked to protumor inflammation and are identified as driving factors in tumorigenesis. Here, using multiomics data gathered from a large set of patients, we showed that KRAS mutation was associated with a specific landscape of alternative mRNA splicing that connected to myeloid inflammation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Then, we identified a negative feedback mechanism in which the upregulation of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN)-201/203 due to alternative splicing confers vital anti-inflammatory effects in KRAS-mutant iCCA. In KRAS-mutant iCCA mice, both IL1RN-201/203 upregulation and anakinra treatment ignited a significant antitumor immune response by altering neutrophil recruitment and phenotypes. Furthermore, anakinra treatment synergistically enhanced anti-PD-1 therapy to activate intratumoral GZMB+ CD8+ T cells in KRAS-mutant iCCA mice. Clinically, we found that high IL1RN-201/203 levels in patients with KRAS-mutant iCCA were significantly associated with superior response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. This work describes a novel inflammatory checkpoint mediated by IL1RN alternative splicing variants that may serve as a promising basis to develop therapeutic options for KRAS-mutant iCCA and other cancers. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 2109.