tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FDA Proposes First Guidance for Researchers Studying Psychedelics
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Whole-genome Analyses Reveal Past Population Fluctuations and Low Genetic Diversities of the North Pacific Albatrosses
Authors: Stella Huynh, Alison Cloutier, Guoling Chen, David Tsz Chung Chan, Derek Kong Lam, Kathryn P Huyvaert, Fumio Sato, Scott V Edwards, Simon Yung Wa Sin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023)

Throughout the Plio-Pleistocene, climate change has impacted tropical marine ecosystems substantially, with even more severe impacts predicted in the Anthropocene. Although many studies have clarified demographic histories of seabirds in polar regions, the history of keystone seabirds of the tropics is unclear, despite the prominence of albatrosses (Diomedeidae, Procellariiformes) as the largest and most threatened group of oceanic seabirds. To understand the impact of climate change on tropical albatrosses, we investigated the evolutionary and demographic histories of all four North Pacific albatrosses and their prey using whole-genome analyses. We report a striking concordance in demographic histories among the four species, with a notable dip in effective population size at the beginning of the Pleistocene and a population expansion in the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were low, which resulted in increased potential coastal breeding sites. Abundance of the black-footed albatross dropped again during the Last Glacial Maximum, potentially linked to climate-driven loss of breeding sites and concordant genome-derived decreases in its major prey. We find very low genome-wide (π < 0.001) and adaptative genetic diversities across the albatrosses, with genes of the major histocompatibility complex close to monomorphic. We also identify recent selective sweeps at genes associated with hyperosmotic adaptation, longevity, and cognition and memory. Our study has shed light on the evolutionary and demographic histories of the largest tropical oceanic seabirds and provides evidence for their large population fluctuations and alarmingly low genetic diversities.
Seasonal Temperature Variability and Mortality in the Medicare Population
Authors: James P. Healy, Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi, Yaguang Wei, Xinye Qiu, Alexandra Shtein, Francesca Dominici, Liuhua Shi, Joel D. Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2023)

Background: Seasonal temperature variability remains understudied and may be modified by climate change. Most temperature–mortality studies examine short-term exposures using time-series data. These studies are limited by regional adaptation, short-term mortality displacement, and an inability to observe longer-term relationships in temperature and mortality. Seasonal temperature and cohort analyses allow the long-term effects of regional climatic change on mortality to be analyzed. Objectives: We aimed to carry out one of the first investigations of seasonal temperature variability and mortality across the contiguous United States. We also investigated factors that modify this association. Using adapted quasi-experimental methods, we hoped to account for unobserved confounding and to investigate regional adaptation and acclimatization at the ZIP code level. Methods: We examined the mean and standard deviation (SD) of daily temperature in the warm (April–September) and cold (October–March) season in the Medicare cohort from 2000 to 2016. This cohort comprised 622,427,230 y of person-time in all adults over the age of 65 y from 2000 to 2016. We used daily mean temperature obtained from gridMET to develop yearly seasonal temperature variables for each ZIP code. We used an adapted difference-in-difference approach model with a three-tiered clustering approach and meta-analysis to observe the relationship between temperature variability and mortality within ZIP codes. Effect modification was assessed with stratified analyses by race and population density. Results: For every 1°C increase in the SD of warm and cold season temperature, the mortality rate increased by 1.54% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73%, 2.15%] and 0.69% (95% CI: 0.22%, 1.15%) respectively. We did not see significant effects for seasonal mean temperatures. Participants who were classified by Medicare into an “other” race group had smaller effects than those classified as White for Cold and Cold SD and areas with lower population density had larger effects for Warm SD. Discussion: Warm and cold season temperature variability were significantly associated with increased mortality rates in U.S. individuals over the age of 65 y, even after controlling for seasonal temperature averages. Warm and cold season mean temperatures showed null effects on mortality. Cold SD had a larger effect size for those who were in the racial subgroup other, whereas Warm SD was more harmful for those living in lower population density areas. This study adds to the growing calls for urgent climate mitigation and environmental health adaptation and resiliency. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11588
e-Cigarette Sales, Poison Control Cases Increase; FDA Cracks Down
Authors: Emily Harris
Journal: JAMA (2023)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Understanding and Overcoming Immunosuppression Shaped by Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Linheng Li, Roy A. Jensen
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Use of immunotherapy in recent years has revolutionized cancer treatment for certain types of cancers. However, the broad utility of immunotherapy is limited because there are still many types of cancer that do not respond effectively. Failure of a cancer to respond is due, at least in part, to its phenotypic plasticity, a feature that is established by cancer stem cells (CSC) and their associated microenvironments. This article discusses the current understanding of CSC-mediated immune evasion and provides a prospective view on how researchers can better understand and overcome the intrinsic immune privilege of CSCs and the extrinsic immune-suppressive microenvironment shaped by them.
Exposure Disparities by Income, Race and Ethnicity, and Historic Redlining Grade in the Greater Seattle Area for Ultrafine Particles and Other Air Pollutants
Authors: Kaya Bramble, Magali N. Blanco, Annie Doubleday, Amanda J. Gassett, Anjum Hajat, Julian D. Marshall, Lianne Sheppard
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2023)

Background: Growing evidence shows ultrafine particles (UFPs) are detrimental to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory health. Historically, racialized and low-income communities are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollution. Objectives: Our aim was to conduct a descriptive analysis of present-day air pollution exposure disparities in the greater Seattle, Washington, area by income, race, ethnicity, and historical redlining grade. We focused on UFPs (particle number count) and compared with black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels. Methods: We obtained race and ethnicity data from the 2010 U.S. Census, median household income data from the 2006–2010 American Community Survey, and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining data from the University of Richmond’s Mapping Inequality. We predicted pollutant concentrations at block centroids from 2019 mobile monitoring data. The study region encompassed much of urban Seattle, with redlining analyses restricted to a smaller region. To analyze disparities, we calculated population-weighted mean exposures and regression analyses using a generalized estimating equation model to account for spatial correlation. Results: Pollutant concentrations and disparities were largest for blocks with median household income of &lt;$20,000, Black residents, HOLC Grade D, and ungraded industrial areas. UFP concentrations were 4% lower than average for non-Hispanic White residents and higher than average for racialized groups (Asian, 3%; Black, 15%; Hispanic, 6%; Native American, 8%; Pacific Islander, 11%). For blocks with median household incomes of &lt;$20,000, UFP concentrations were 40% higher than average, whereas blocks with incomes of &gt;$110,000 had UFP concentrations 16% lower than average. UFP concentrations were 28% higher for Grade D and 49% higher for ungraded industrial areas compared with Grade A. Disparities were highest for UFPs and lowest for PM2.5 exposure levels. Discussion: Our study is one of the first to highlight large disparities with UFP exposures compared with multiple pollutants. Higher exposures to multiple air pollutants and their cumulative effects disproportionately impact historically marginalized groups. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11662
Letter regarding “Evidence-based hyponatremia management in liver disease”
Authors: Daphne J. Theodorou, Stavroula J. Theodorou, Ioannis V. Mitselos
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2023)

Recently, Ryu JY et al1 provided an extensive review of hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients, focusing on patients with liver disease.Indeed, this serious disorder of osmolality continues to take a huge toll on patients with hepatic disease, accounting for complications that are associated with high morbidity or death.2,3As such, the authors thoroughly examined the pathophysiology, laboratory findings and clinical aspects of hyponatremia to formulate guidelines for the effective management of patients with advanced liver disease.
Uncovering the Role of CD4+ CAR T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Darya Alizadeh, Dongrui Wang, Christine E. Brown
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed clinical care against blood malignancies and is seeing encouraging progress against solid tumors. While scientific advancement has been rapid, our mechanistic understanding of intrinsic features of CAR-engineered T cells is still evolving. CAR products typically consist of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets at variable ratios, yet a clear understanding of how each subset contributes together and independently to therapeutic response is lacking. CD8+ CAR T cells are well characterized for their perforin-dependent killing effects; however, the role of CD4+ CAR T cells as “helpers” versus “killers” has been variable across models and warrants more in-depth investigation. A recent study by Boulch and colleagues published in Nature Cancer demonstrates that CD4+ CAR T cells, alone, can exert potent antitumor activity through a mechanism involving IFNγ. CD4+ CAR T-cell production of IFNγ creates a cytokine field that can act at a distance to kill both antigen-positive and -negative tumor cells that are sensitive to the proapoptotic effects of IFNγ. These new findings reveal important insights for the antitumor effects mediated by CD4+ CAR T cells, which could have significant clinical implications.
Dissecting the Complex Association Between Age and Sex in Cardiac Arrest Outcomes—Age Disparity, Sex Disparity, or All of the Above?
Authors: Sarah M. Perman, Rachel Beekman
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2023)

Sex and age disparities in cardiac arrest interventions and outcomes represent a major public health concern. It is critically important to quantify disparities and address knowledge gaps regarding pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential biases that propagate inequities for women.
A nationwide UK cohort study reveals an association between atopic dermatitis and venous thromboembolism
Authors: Chien-Hui Hong, Chih-Hung Lee
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2023)

Journal Article Corrected proof A nationwide UK cohort study reveals an association between atopic dermatitis and venous thromboembolism Get access Chien-Hui Hong, Chien-Hui Hong Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Chih-Hung Lee Chih-Hung Lee Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDepartment of Dermatology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, TaiwanInstitute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Correspondence: Chih-Hung Lee. Email: dermlee@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9804-3874 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, ljad221, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljad221 Published: 05 July 2023 Article history Received: 29 June 2023 Accepted: 03 July 2023 Published: 05 July 2023 Corrected and typeset: 11 August 2023
Positron emission tomography‐adapted therapy in low‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: results of a randomized, phase III, non‐inferiority trial
Authors: Qing Shi, Yang He, Hong‐Mei Yi, Rong‐Ji Mu, Xu‐Feng Jiang, Di Fu, Lei Dong, Wei Qin, Peng‐Peng Xu, Shu Cheng, Qi Song, Sai‐Juan Chen, Li Wang, Wei‐Li Zhao
Journal: Cancer Communications (2023)

The current standard of care for non-bulky diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with an International Prognostic Index (IPI) of 0 is four cycles of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (R-CHOP) but whether the same efficacy can be achieved with reduced chemotherapy regimen of four cycles for non-bulky DLBCL patients with an IPI of 1 remains unclear. This study compared four cycles versus six cycles of chemotherapy in non-bulky low-risk DLBCL patients with negative interim positron emission tomography with computed tomography (PET-CT, Deauville 1-3), irrespective of age and other IPI risk factors (IPI 0-1).This was an open-label, randomized, phase III, non-inferiority trial. Patients aged 14-75 years with newly diagnosed low-risk DLBCL, according to IPI, achieving PET-CT confirmed complete response (CR) after four cycles of R-CHOP were randomized (1:1) between four cycles of rituximab (4R-CHOP+4R arm) or two cycles of R-CHOP plus two cycles of rituximab (6R-CHOP+2R arm). The primary endpoint was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS), conducted in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in patients with at least one cycle of assigned treatment. The non-inferiority margin was -8%.A total of 287 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis, the median follow-up was 47.3 months, and the 2-year PFS rate was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 92% to 99%) and 94% (95% CI, 91% to 98%) for the 4R-CHOP+4R and 6R-CHOP+2R arm. The absolute difference in 2-year PFS between the two arms was 1% (95% CI, -5% to 7%), supporting the non-inferiority of 4R-CHOP+4R. Grade 3-4 neutropenia was lower in the last four cycles of rituximab alone in the 4R-CHOP+4R arm (16.7% versus 76.9%), with decreased risk of febrile neutropenia (0.0% versus 8.4%) and infection (2.1% versus 14.0%).For newly diagnosed low-risk DLBCL patients, interim PET-CT after four cycles of R-CHOP was effective in identifying patients with Deauville 1-3 who would have a good response and Deauville 4-5 patients who might have high-risk biological features or develop resistance. Reducing the standard six cycles to four cycles of chemotherapy had comparable clinical efficacy and fewer adverse events in low-risk, non-bulky DLBCL with interim PET-CT confirmed CR.
Association of Visceral Fat Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Myosteatosis with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease without Obesity
Authors: Hong-Kyu Kim, Sung-Jin Bae, Min Jung Lee, Eun Hee Kim, Hana Park, Hwi Seung Kim, Yun Kyung Cho, Chang Hee Jung, Woo Je Lee, Jaewon Choe
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2023)

Background/Aims: To investigate whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in individuals without generalized obesity is associated with visceral fat obesity (VFO), sarcopenia, and/or myosteatosis.Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 14,400 individuals (7,470 men) who underwent abdominal computed tomography scans during routine health examinations. The total abdominal muscle area (TAMA) and skeletal muscle area (SMA) at the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; lumbar vertebral level were measured. The SMA was divided into the normal attenuation muscle area (NAMA) and low attenuation muscle area, and the NAMA/TAMA index was calculated. VFO was defined by visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio, sarcopenia by body mass index-adjusted SMA, and myosteatosis by the NAMA/TAMA index. NAFLD was diagnosed with ultrasonography.Results: Of the 14,400 individuals, 4,748 (33.0%) had NAFLD, and the prevalence of NAFLD among non-obese individuals was 21.4%. In regression analysis, both sarcopenia (men: odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.67, P&lt;0.001; women: OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.40–1.90, P&lt;0.001) and myosteatosis (men: OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.02–1.50, P=0,028; women: OR=1.23, 95% CI 1.04–1.46, P=0.017) were significantly associated with non-obese NAFLD after considering for VFO and other various risk factors, whereas VFO (men: OR=3.97, 95% CI 3.43–4.59 [adjusted for sarcopenia], OR 3.98, 95% CI 3.44–4.60 [adjusted for myosteatosis]; women: OR=5.42, 95% CI 4.53–6.42 [adjusted for sarcopenia], OR=5.33, 95% CI 4.51–6.31 [adjusted for myosteatosis]; all P&lt;0.001) was strongly associated with non-obese NAFLD after adjustment with various known risk factors.Conclusions: In addition to VFO, sarcopenia and/or myosteatosis were significantly associated with non-obese NAFLD.
Shared Evolutionary Path in Social Microbiomes
Authors: Nelson Frazão, Isabel Gordo
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2023)

Social networks can influence the ecology of gut bacteria, shaping the species composition of the gut microbiome in humans and other animals. Gut commensals evolve and can adapt at a rapid pace when colonizing healthy hosts. Here, we aimed at assessing the impact of host-to-host bacterial transmission on Escherichia coli evolution in the mammalian gut. Using an in vivo experimental evolution approach in mice, we found a transmission rate of 7% (±3% 2× standard error [2SE]) of E. coli cells per day between hosts inhabiting the same household. Consistent with the predictions of a simple population genetics model of mutation-selection-migration, the level of shared events resulting from within host evolution is greatly enhanced in cohoused mice, showing that hosts undergoing the same diet and habit are not only expected to have similar microbiome species compositions but also similar microbiome evolutionary dynamics. Furthermore, we estimated the rate of mutation accumulation of E. coli to be 3.0 × 10-3 (±0.8 × 10-3 2SE) mutations/genome/generation, irrespective of the social context of the regime. Our results reveal the impact of bacterial migration across hosts in shaping the adaptive evolution of new strains colonizing gut microbiomes.
Challenges of Using IFNγ in Clinical Settings
Authors: Snahlata Singh, Rumela Chakrabarti
Journal: Cancer Research (2023)

Abstract Cytokines in the tumor microenvironment can affect tumor growth, progression, and response to therapy, making them compelling therapeutic agents and targets. IFNγ is a pleiotropic cytokine predominantly secreted by immune cells that binds to its receptors IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 on target cells. Multiple clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of IFNγ in combination with other therapies for treating patients with cancer and have shown varying results. Here, we summarize the known effects of IFNγ signaling on tumor cells and explore the possibility of its use in clinical settings.
Prevalence estimates of eight big food allergies in Europe: Updated systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Giulia C. I. Spolidoro, Mohamed Mustafa Ali, Yohannes Tesfaye Amera, Sungkutu Nyassi, Daniil Lisik, Athina Ioannidou, Graciela Rovner, Ekaterina Khaleva, Carina Venter, Ronald van Ree, Margitta Worm, Berber Vlieg‐Boerstra, Aziz Sheikh, Antonella Muraro, Graham Roberts, Bright I. Nwaru
Journal: Allergy (2023)

Abstract In 2014, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology published prevalence estimates for food allergy (FA) and food sensitization (FS) to the so‐called eight big food allergens (i.e. cow's milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanut, tree nuts, fish and shellfish) in Europe for studies published between 2000 and 2012. The current work provides 10‐year updated prevalence estimates for these food allergens. A protocol was registered on PROSPERO before starting the research (reference number CRD42021266657). Six databases were searched for studies published 2012–2021, added to studies published up to 2012, resulting in a total of 93 studies. Most studies were graded as at moderate risk of bias. The overall pooled estimates for all age groups of self‐reported lifetime prevalence were as follows: cow's milk (5.7%, 95% confidence interval 4.4–6.9), egg (2.4%, 1.8–3.0), wheat (1.6%, 0.9–2.3), soy (0.5%, 0.3–0.7), peanut (1.5%, 1.0–2.1), tree nuts (0.9%, 0.6–1.2), fish (1.4%, 0.8–2.0) and shellfish (0.4%, 0.3–0.6). The point prevalence of food challenge‐verified allergy were as follows: cow's milk (0.3%, 0.1–0.5), egg (0.8%, 0.5–1.2), wheat (0.1%, 0.01–0.2), soy (0.3%, 0.1–0.4), peanut (0.1%, 0.0–0.2), tree nuts (0.04%, 0.02–0.1), fish (0.02%, 0.0–0.1) and shellfish (0.1%, 0.0–0.2). With some exceptions, the prevalence of allergy to common foods did not substantially change during the last decade; variations by European regions were observed.