tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19
Authors: Carolyn T Bramante, John B Buse, David R Boulware
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19To the Editor: We would like to comment on the ivermectin dose (390 to 470 μg per kilogram of body weight per day) used by Bramante et al. (Aug.18 issue) 1 in their trial.The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of ivermectin has been found to be approximately 2.5 μmol per liter, which corresponds to plasma concentrations that are 50 to 100 times as high as the highest concentration in plasma after a single dose of 200 μg per kilogram.Thus, the effective therapeutic dose of ivermectin may be 10 times as high as that permitted. 2An in vitro study of niclosamide plus ivermectin showed greater efficacy against SARS-CoV-2: the use of the drugs in combination decreased the IC 50 values by up to a factor of 4 relative to the values for each drug alone.This combination may be worth considering for investigation. 3vermectin abuse has reportedly been linked to an increase in adverse drug reactions. 4Despite insufficient evidence, insurers in the United States are heavily subsidizing the costs of ivermectin prescriptions for Covid-19, lowering barriers to a medicine to promote its use instead of the use of Covid-19 vaccines or other, better treatment alternatives. 5
The Coming of Age of Topical Gene Therapy for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: David V. Schaffer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic disorder in which there is a loss of anchoring fibrils and structural integrity in the superficial layers of the dermis owing to mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen (COL7A1), as explained by Payne in this issue of the Journal.1 This process leads to the development of painful skin blisters along with a range of secondary illnesses.2 The condition can be inherited in dominant or recessive patterns and in varying degrees of severity. There are currently no approved therapies for the disorder. Gene therapy has made strides in recent years, and in a . . .
Chlorthalidone vs. Hydrochlorothiazide for Hypertension–Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Areef Ishani, William C. Cushman, Sarah M. Leatherman, Robert A. Lew, Patricia Woods, Peter A. Glassman, Addison A. Taylor, Cynthia Hau, Alison Klint, Grant D. Huang, Mary T. Brophy, Louis D. Fiore, Ryan E. Ferguson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Whether chlorthalidone is superior to hydrochlorothiazide for preventing major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension is unclear.In a pragmatic trial, we randomly assigned adults 65 years of age or older who were patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs health system and had been receiving hydrochlorothiazide at a daily dose of 25 or 50 mg to continue therapy with hydrochlorothiazide or to switch to chlorthalidone at a daily dose of 12.5 or 25 mg. The primary outcome was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure resulting in hospitalization, urgent coronary revascularization for unstable angina, and non-cancer-related death. Safety was also assessed.A total of 13,523 patients underwent randomization. The mean age was 72 years. At baseline, hydrochlorothiazide at a dose of 25 mg per day had been prescribed in 12,781 patients (94.5%). The mean baseline systolic blood pressure in each group was 139 mm Hg. At a median follow-up of 2.4 years, there was little difference in the occurrence of primary-outcome events between the chlorthalidone group (702 patients [10.4%]) and the hydrochlorothiazide group (675 patients [10.0%]) (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.94 to 1.16; P = 0.45). There were no between-group differences in the occurrence of any of the components of the primary outcome. The incidence of hypokalemia was higher in the chlorthalidone group than in the hydrochlorothiazide group (6.0% vs. 4.4%, P<0.001).In this large pragmatic trial of thiazide diuretics at doses commonly used in clinical practice, patients who received chlorthalidone did not have a lower occurrence of major cardiovascular outcome events or non-cancer-related deaths than patients who received hydrochlorothiazide. (Funded by the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02185417.).
Deep Intronic <i>FGF14</i> GAA Repeat Expansion in Late-Onset Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: David Pellerin, Matt C. Danzi, Carlo Wilke, Mathilde Renaud, Sarah Fazal, Marie-Josée Dicaire, Carolin K. Scriba, Catherine Ashton, Christopher Yanick, Danique Beijer, Adriana Rebelo, Clarissa Rocca, Zane Jaunmuktane, Joshua A. Sonnen, Roxanne Larivière, David Genís, Laura Molina Porcel, Karine Choquet, Rawan Sakalla, Sylvie Provost, Rebecca Robertson, Xavier Allard-Chamard, Martine Tétreault, Sarah J. Reiling, Sara Nagy, Vikas Nishadham, Meera Purushottam, Seena Vengalil, Mainak Bardhan, Atchayaram Nalini, Zhongbo Chen, Jean Mathieu, Rami Massie, Colin H. Chalk, Anne-Louise Lafontaine, François Evoy, Marie-France Rioux, Jiannis Ragoussis, Kym M. Boycott, Marie-Pierre Dubé, Antoine Duquette, Henry Houlden, Gianina Ravenscroft, Nigel G. Laing, Phillipa J. Lamont, Mario A. Saporta, Rebecca Schüle, Ludger Schöls, Roberta La Piana, Matthis Synofzik, Stephan Zuchner, Bernard Brais
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

The late-onset cerebellar ataxias (LOCAs) have largely resisted molecular diagnosis.We sequenced the genomes of six persons with autosomal dominant LOCA who were members of three French Canadian families and identified a candidate pathogenic repeat expansion. We then tested for association between the repeat expansion and disease in two independent case-control series - one French Canadian (66 patients and 209 controls) and the other German (228 patients and 199 controls). We also genotyped the repeat in 20 Australian and 31 Indian index patients. We assayed gene and protein expression in two postmortem cerebellum specimens and two induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC)-derived motor-neuron cell lines.In the six French Canadian patients, we identified a GAA repeat expansion deep in the first intron of FGF14, which encodes fibroblast growth factor 14. Cosegregation of the repeat expansion with disease in the families supported a pathogenic threshold of at least 250 GAA repeats ([GAA]≥250). There was significant association between FGF14 (GAA)≥250 expansions and LOCA in the French Canadian series (odds ratio, 105.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.09 to 334.20; P<0.001) and in the German series (odds ratio, 8.76; 95% CI, 3.45 to 20.84; P<0.001). The repeat expansion was present in 61%, 18%, 15%, and 10% of French Canadian, German, Australian, and Indian index patients, respectively. In total, we identified 128 patients with LOCA who carried an FGF14 (GAA)≥250 expansion. Postmortem cerebellum specimens and iPSC-derived motor neurons from patients showed reduced expression of FGF14 RNA and protein.A dominantly inherited deep intronic GAA repeat expansion in FGF14 was found to be associated with LOCA. (Funded by Fondation Groupe Monaco and others.).
Weight and Health — Pathophysiology and Therapies
Authors: Louis J. Aronne, Sarah Bramblette, Amber Huett-Garcia, Julie R. Ingelfinger, Ania M. Jastreboff, Sriram Machineni, Nikki Massie, Clifford J. Rosen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

In this instructional video, Drs. Louis Aronne, Ania Jastreboff, and Sriram Machineni discuss the pathophysiology of weight and explore the risks and benefits of new, effective medical therapies for weight loss. This video delves into the contributions of weight-regulating pathways, genetics, and the current societal environment that influences weight gain. It also explores the negative impacts of weight bias and stigma and discusses surgical and medical treatments for obesity, including the promising new medications tirzepatide and semaglutide. This video draws from two Original Articles published in the Journal — one by Jastreboff et al. (Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity, in the July 21, 2022, issue) and the other by Wilding et al. (Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity, in the March 18, 2021, issue).
Trial of Beremagene Geperpavec (B-VEC) for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Shireen V. Guide, Mercedes E. Gonzalez, I. Sinem Bağcı, Brittani Agostini, Hubert Chen, Gloria Feeney, Molly Steimer, Binoy Kapadia, Kunju Sridhar, Lori Quesada Sanchez, Franshesca Gonzalez, Matthew Van Ligten, Trevor J. Parry, Surya Chitra, Lisa A. Kammerman, Suma Krishnan, M. Peter Marinkovich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a rare genetic blistering skin disease caused by mutations in COL7A1, which encodes type VII collagen (C7). Beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC) is a topical investigational herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based gene therapy designed to restore C7 protein by delivering COL7A1.We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, intrapatient randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients 6 months of age or older with genetically confirmed dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. For each patient, a primary wound pair was selected, with the wounds matched according to size, region, and appearance. The wounds within each pair were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive weekly application of either B-VEC or placebo for 26 weeks. The primary end point was complete wound healing of treated as compared with untreated wounds at 6 months. Secondary end points included complete wound healing at 3 months and the change from baseline to weeks 22, 24, and 26 in pain severity during changes in wound dressing, assessed with the use of a visual analogue scale (scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain).Primary wound pairs were exposed to B-VEC and placebo in 31 patients. At 6 months, complete wound healing occurred in 67% of the wounds exposed to B-VEC as compared with 22% of those exposed to placebo (difference, 46 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24 to 68; P = 0.002). Complete wound healing at 3 months occurred in 71% of the wounds exposed to B-VEC as compared with 20% of those exposed to placebo (difference, 51 percentage points; 95% CI, 29 to 73; P<0.001). The mean change from baseline to week 22 in pain severity during wound-dressing changes was -0.88 with B-VEC and -0.71 with placebo (adjusted least-squares mean difference, -0.61; 95% CI, -1.10 to -0.13); similar mean changes were observed at weeks 24 and 26. Adverse events with B-VEC and placebo included pruritus and chills.Complete wound healing at 3 and 6 months in patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa was more likely with topical administration of B-VEC than with placebo. Pruritus and mild systemic side effects were observed in patients treated with B-VEC. Longer and larger trials are warranted to determine the durability and side effects of B-VEC for this disease. (Funded by Krystal Biotech; GEM-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04491604.).
Case 38-2022: A 21-Year-Old Woman with Fatigue and Weight Gain
Authors: Allison Kimball, Madeleine Sertic, Philip J. Saylor, Sophia C. Kamran, Baris Boyraz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

A 21-year-old woman presented with fatigue, weight gain, abdominal pain, and an adrenal mass. After the administration of dexamethasone, the cortisol level was 9.1 μg per deciliter (reference value, <1.8). Management decisions were made.
Cancers Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors: A Road Map for Prevention
Authors: Giulia Collatuzzo, Paolo Boffetta
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2022)

The implementation of primary and secondary preventive strategies is based on the evidence generated by cancer epidemiology, where the identification of risk factors and the description of their prevalence are fundamental to derive estimates on the burden of cancer from different etiologies, typically expressed as the population attributable fraction, which corresponds to the proportion of a cancer that may be prevented by controlling a given risk factor. However, even when cancer finds its etiology in modifiable factors, its prevention through the control of those factors is not always feasible, or it remains suboptimal despite the possibility of reducing the burden. We reviewed selected associations between modifiable risk factors and cancer, including tobacco smoking, occupational exposures, infections, air pollution, alcohol, and diet and obesity, and illustrated examples of both successes and failures in cancer control, underlying how current understanding of the avoidable causes of cancer is incomplete.
Thiazide-like versus Thiazide Diuretics — Finally, an Answer?
Authors: Julie R. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2022)

The treatment of hypertension has extended millions of lives since the mid-20th century, when hypotensive medications were few. Since then, therapeutic options have expanded to include multiple classes and scores of individual antihypertensive agents — diuretics, beta-blockers, renin–angiotensin system blockers (angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, foremost), calcium-channel blockers, alpha-blockers, α2-receptor agonists, combined alpha- and beta-blockers, vasodilators, and centrally acting compounds. Some of the antihypertensives that were approved first remain in use, including chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like sulfonamide-derived diuretic, which was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1960.1 Chlorthalidone was used heavily over the ensuing 20 . . .
Expression of inducible factors reprograms CAR-T cells for enhanced function and safety
Authors: Anže Smole, Alexander Benton, Mathilde A. Poussin, Monika A. Eiva, Claudia Mezzanotte, Barbara Camisa, Beatrice Greco, Prannda Sharma, Nicholas G. Minutolo, Falon Gray, Adham S. Bear, Miren L. Baroja, Casey Cummins, Chong Xu, Francesca Sanvito, Andrea Lang Goldgewicht, Tatiana Blanchard, Alba Rodriguez-Garcia, Michael Klichinsky, Chiara Bonini, Carl H. June, Avery D. Posey, Gerald P. Linette, Beatriz M. Carreno, Monica Casucci, Daniel J. Powell
Journal: Cancer Cell (2022)
Favipiravir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 (PIONEER trial): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial of early intervention versus standard care
Authors: Pallav L Shah, Christopher M Orton, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Gavin C Donaldson, Brenda Crabtree Ramírez, James Tonkin, Breno R Santos, Sandra W Cardoso, Andrew I Ritchie, Francesca Conway, Maria P D Riberio, Dexter J Wiseman, Anand Tana, Bavithra Vijayakumar, Cielito Caneja, Craig Leaper, Bobby Mann, Anda Samson, Pankaj K Bhavsar, Marta Boffito, Mark R Johnson, Anton Pozniak, Michael Pelly, Damon Foster, Nadia Shabbir, Simon Connolly, Andrea Cartier, Sajjida Jaffer, Carmen Winpenny, Doris Daby, Samuel Pepper, Christine Adamson, Jamie Carungcong, Kribashnie Nundlall, Serge Fedele, Pardina Samson-Fessale, Alexandra Schoolmeesters, Laura Gomes de Almeida Martins, Rhian Bull, Patricia Correia Da Costa, Carina Bautista, Maria Eleanor Flores, Shameera Maheswaran, Lester Macabodbod, Rosalie Houseman, Marie-Louise Svensson, Amrinder Sayan, Carrie Fung, Justin Garner, Dilys Lai, Mark Nelson, Luke Moore, Shewta Gidwani, Gary Davies, Beatrice Ouma, Clovis Salinos, Jad Salha, Redasaad Yassein, Abdul Abbasi, Metod Oblak, Angelica Steward, Mini Thankachen, Amy Barker, Candida Fernandes, Veronica Beatriz, Leah Flores, Alfredo Soler-Carracedo, Alessandra Rocca, Shameera Maheswaran, Carmela Martella, Charlotte Lloyd, Ciara Nolan, Latoya Horsford, Laura Martins, Lervina Thomas, Mark Winstanley, Miriam Bourke, Nicholas Branch, Orhan Orhan, Richard Morton, Sangeetha Saunder, Shashank Patil, Stephen Hughes, Wu Zhe, Ashley De Leon, Ayaan Farah, Grace Rya, Katrin Alizadeh, Kirsty Leong, Laure Trepte, Nupur Goel, Patrick McGown, Ursula Kirwan, Tamiris Vilela Baião, Luana Marins, Sandro Nazer, Raquel Malaguthi de Souza, Marcella Feitosa, Flavia Lessa, Elizabeth Silva de Magalhães, Jamile Costenaro, Rita de Cassia Alves Lira, Ana Carolina, Andréa Cauduro de Castro, Andre Machado Da Silva, Dimas Kliemann, Rita De Cassia Alves Lira, Gemma Walker, Donna Norton, Vicki Lowthorpe, Monica Ivan, Patrick Lillie, Nicholas Easom, Juan Sierra Madero, Álvaro López Iñiguez, Guadalupe Patricia Muñuzuri Nájera, Claudia Paola Alarcón Murra, Audelia Alanis Vega, Teresa Muñoz Trejo, Olivia Pérez Rodríguez
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2022)
Development and validation of the Gender-Equity Model for Liver Allocation (GEMA) to prioritise candidates for liver transplantation: a cohort study
Authors: Manuel Luis Rodríguez-Perálvarez, Antonio Manuel Gómez-Orellana, Avik Majumdar, Michael Bailey, Geoffrey W McCaughan, Paul Gow, Marta Guerrero, Rhiannon Taylor, David Guijo-Rubio, César Hervás-Martínez, Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
Journal: The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2022)
Comparative efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with Tourette's syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Luis C Farhat, Emily Behling, Angeli Landeros-Weisenberger, Jessica L S Levine, Pedro Macul Ferreira de Barros, Ziyu Wang, Michael H Bloch
Journal: The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (2022)
Carfilzomib induction, consolidation, and maintenance with or without autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: pre-planned cytogenetic subgroup analysis of the randomised, phase 2 FORTE trial
Authors: Roberto Mina, Pellegrino Musto, Delia Rota-Scalabrini, Laura Paris, Barbara Gamberi, Angelo Palmas, Sara Aquino, Paolo de Fabritiis, Nicola Giuliani, Luca De Rosa, Alessandro Gozzetti, Claudia Cellini, Luca Bertamini, Andrea Capra, Daniela Oddolo, Iolanda Donatella Vincelli, Sonia Ronconi, Vincenzo Pavone, Norbert Pescosta, Michele Cea, Francesca Fioritoni, Stelvio Ballanti, Mariella Grasso, Elena Zamagni, Angelo Belotti, Mario Boccadoro, Francesca Gay
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2022)
Corrigendum to “Redox-responsive polyprodrug nanoparticles for targeted siRNA delivery and synergistic liver cancer therapy” [Biomater. 234 (2020) 119760]
Authors: Senlin Li, Phei Er Saw, Chunhao Lin, Yan Nie, Wei Tao, Omid C. Farokhzad, Lei Zhang, Xiaoding Xu
Journal: Biomaterials (2022)
Risk of suicide after diagnosis of severe physical health conditions: a retrospective cohort study of 47 million people
Authors: Vahé Nafilyan, Jasper Morgan, David Mais, Katherine E. Sleeman, Asim Butt, Isobel Ward, James Tucker, Louis Appleby, Myer Glickman
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2022)

The diagnosis of a severe physical health condition can cause psychological distress and lead to severe depression. The association between severe physical health conditions and the risk of suicide, and how the risk of suicide changes in the months following diagnosis, are not clear. We estimated whether a diagnosis of severe physical health conditions is associated with an increase in the risk of death by suicide using a dataset based on the 2011 Census linked to hospital records and death registration records covering 47,354,696 people alive on 1 January 2017 in England. Patients diagnosed with a low-survival cancer, chronic ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or degenerative neurological condition were matched to individuals using socio-demographic characteristics from the Census. Using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, we estimated the cumulative incidence of death by suicide occurring between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2021 (registered by 31 December 2021) in patients and matched controls, adjusted for other potential confounders using inverse probability weighting. Diagnosis of severe conditions was associated with an increased risk of dying by suicide. One year after diagnosis, the rate of suicide was 21.6 (95% confidence intervals: 14.9–28.4, number of events (N): 39) per 100,000 low-survival cancer patients compared to 9.5 (5.6–14.6, N:16) per 100,000 matched controls. For COPD patients, the one-year suicide rate was 22.4 (19.4–25.5, N:208) per 100,000 COPD patients (matched controls: 10.6, 8.3–13.0, N:85), for ischaemic heart disease 16.1 (14.1–18.2, N:225) per 100,000 patients (matched controls: 8.8, 7.1–10.4, N:128), for degenerative neurological conditions 114.5 (49.6–194.7, N:11) per 100,000 patients. The increase in risk was more pronounced in the first six months after diagnosis or first treatment. A diagnosis of severe physical illness is associated with higher suicide risk. The interaction of physical and mental illness emphasises the importance of collaborative physical and mental health care in these patients. The Office for National Statistics. KES is the Laing Galazka chair in palliative care at King’s College London, funded by an endowment from Cicely Saunders International and the Kirby Laing Foundation.
Key implementation factors in telemedicine-delivered medications for opioid use disorder: a scoping review informed by normalisation process theory
Authors: Joseph Tay Wee Teck, Giedre Zlatkute, Alberto Perez, Heidi Dritschel, Abhishek Ghosh, Marc N Potenza, Atul Ambekar, Hamed Ekhtiari, Dan Stein, Yasser Khazaal, Shalini Arunogiri, Marta Torrens, Marica Ferri, Susanna Galea-Singer, Alex Baldacchino
Journal: The Lancet Psychiatry (2022)
Digging deeper for new targets in bevacizumab resistance
Authors: Sean E Lawler
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2022)

Journal Article Digging deeper for new targets in bevacizumab resistance Get access Sean E Lawler Sean E Lawler Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence RI, USA Corresponding Author: Sean E. Lawler, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence RI 02903, USA (Sean_lawler@brown.edu) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1633-2339 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Neuro-Oncology, Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2023, Pages 261–262, https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noac269 Published: 14 December 2022 Article history Published: 14 December 2022 Corrected and typeset: 06 January 2023
Re: Umberto Capitanio, Jens Bedke, Laurence Albiges, et al. A Renewal of the TNM Staging System for Patients with Renal Cancer To Comply with Current Decision-making: Proposal from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2023;83:3–5
Authors: Yaxiong Tang, Xu Hu, Kan Wu, Yanxiang Shao, Xiang Li
Journal: European Urology (2022)
Reply to Wei Wang and Guowei Shi’s Letter to the Editor re: Mathew D. Sorensen, Jonathan D. Harper, Michael S. Borofsky, et al. Removal of Small, Asymptomatic Kidney Stones and Incidence of Relapse. N Engl J Med 2022;387:506–13
Authors: Mathew D. Sorensen, Michael R. Bailey, Jonathan D. Harper
Journal: European Urology (2022)
Reply to Yaxiong Tang, Xu Hu, Kan Wu, Yanxiang Shao, and Xiang Li’s Letter to the Editor re: Umberto Capitanio, Jens Bedke, Laurence Albiges, et al. A Renewal of the TNM Staging System for Patients with Renal Cancer To Comply with Current Decision-making: Proposal from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol. 2022;83:3–5
Authors: Umberto Capitanio, Jens Bedke, Laurence Albiges, Alessandro Volpe, Rachel H. Giles, Milan Hora, Lorenzo Marconi, Tobias Klatte, Yasmin Abu-Ghanem, Saeed Dabestani, Sergio Fernández Pello, Fabian Hofmann, Teele Kuusk, Riccardo Campi, Rana Tahbaz, Thomas Powles, Börje Ljungberg, Axel Bex
Journal: European Urology (2022)
Theranos exploited black box medicine
Authors: Benjamin Mazer
Journal: BMJ (2022)

Elizabeth Holmes, the 38 year old founder of failed diagnostic start-up Theranos, was sentenced to more than 11 years in prison this November. 1 The sentence was handed down nearly a year after she was found guilty of defrauding investors about her finger prick blood testing devices, and seven years after the Wall Street Journal published its first investigation exposing the company's struggles. 2 3Her co-conspirator and ex-boyfriend Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani was also convicted this summer and sentenced to almost 13 years in prison.