tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Aspects
Authors: Eleanor J. Macdonald
Journal: JAMA (1974)

GASTRIC cancer is a major concern in every country for which valid data are available. The extreme high and low incidence rates predicate environmental factors as causative agents. A study by state and by region of the ten-year average-age adjusted mortality from gastric cancer in the United States showed a definite pattern, with substantial differences from region to region.<sup>10</sup>North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Louisiana have unusually high death rates. Death rates for men are generally twice those for women; non-whites in the United States have higher rates than whites (Fig 1). Information on incidence of gastric cancer in 69 population groups has become available.<sup>11</sup>The 23-year unpublished personal study of six regions in Texas—covering 4 million people— Latin, Negro, and Anglo, also is available. The range is from a low incidence of cancer among Caucasian men; 7.9/100,000 persons for El Paso, Texas, to a high incidence, 95.3/
Populations at Risk: Addressing Health Effects Due to Complex Mixtures with a Focus on Respiratory Effects
Authors: Michael D. Lebowitz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Some individuals in the population may be sensitive or susceptible be to the effects of air pollutants. Such sensitivity may be to specific pollutants or classes of pollutants. However, sensitivity or susceptibility in some individuals can be to all irritants, but the sensitivity is likely to be response specific or organ specific. The U.S. Clean Air Act specifically recognizes that some individuals in the population are sensitive to air pollutants and indicates that such individuals need to be protected by air quality standards. It is usually difficult to determine the cause of sensitivity, though various biological mechanisms have been studied. Biological age may be a factor, with the young being most sensitive and susceptible to being affected. An example is the heightened bronchial lability and responsiveness in the very young that appears to disappear with growth. Susceptibility may be innate (e.g., genetic) and/or induced by events/exposures. Frequently, those with preexisting illnesses are part of the sensitive population because they may often respond, sometimes hyperrespond, to a pollutant exposure that may not affect most people. Asthmatics are excellent examples of individuals who were susceptible to the disease and, once inflicted, are susceptible to the effects of many environmental and nonenvironmental agents. Usually only a fraction of the general population will respond with heightened reactions at lower doses. Such individuals require special evaluation and attention in all exposure-response studies and risk assessments. Thus, the conditions defining populations at risk and the methodologies to discover and study them can be reviewed.
Therapy of aggressive fibromatosis is still an open question: A series of patients treated at a single institution
Authors: Z. M. Tomasevic, D. Ristic
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

9060 Background: Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare, variable disease with several different clinical entities (abdominal, extra-abdominal, etc.). The potential morbidity of surgery and radiotherapy and the high local recurrence have lead investigators to assess the role of non-cytotoxic and cytotoxic chemotherapy in settings in which surgery and radiotherapy are either not possible or unsuccessful. The theory of hormone dependency has been supported by preclinical and clinical investigations. Methods: We reported a series of patients with inoperable, deep extra-abdominal aggressive fibromatosis, treated with combination of chemo-hormonal therapy. Therapy consisted of six cycles standard CVP regimen, followed by tamoxifen, 20 mg daily. Results: During 1995 to 2003, nine patients, concomitantly, without selection, were included in this investigation. Median age was 24, with predominantly male sex (6/9). Extremities, was the most frequent localization (5/9); chest wall in 3 and abdominal wall in one patient. Tumor size in most patients was 5–10 cm, and three patients had bulky disease (over 10 cm). Five patients underwent previous surgery, 3 wide excisions and 2 palliative interventions. Complete remission was observed in one patients, partial remission in four and stabilization of disease in four patients. In category of responders, median duration to onset of response was 10 months (range 4–14); median response duration was 20+ months. Until now, no relapse of disease was observed. Conclusions: Systemic treatment should be considered in patients with aggressive fibromatosis for whom local treatment approaches are primary not possible or have failed. All patients should be included in clinical trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
This Week in &lt;EMPH TYPE="ITAL"&gt;JAMA&lt;/EMPH&gt;
Journal: JAMA (2004)

An innovative partnership between medical schools in the United States and Kenya is bringing comprehensive health care and other kinds of assistance to HIV-infected patients. SEE PAGE 157 Hepatotoxicity and HIV InfectionKottilil and colleagues review the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by asymptomatic liver enzyme elevations in patients with HIV infection.
Macrophage Induction of T-Suppressor Cells in Pesticide-Exposed and Protozoan-Infected Mice
Authors: Leland D. Loose
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

The use of infectious pathogens has allowed the detection of the development of synergism between pathogens and ubiquitous environmental chemical contaminants. This synergism has been demonstrated to result in a state of immunosuppression which either did not occur in the independent and singular presence of the chemical or pathogen and/or was greater than additive when both were combined. The immunosuppression was distinct with regard to the organochloride used and, therefore, is not a ubiquitous characteristic of all organohalides. The production of a macrophage soluble factor which appeared to induce T-suppressor cells was demonstrated in hepatic Kupffer cells from mice administered 5 ppm of dieldrin for 10 weeks and then infected with Leishmania tropical promastigotes. The factor was not generated in mice administered dieldrin and infected with malaria nor in mice administered only dieldrin nor in mice only infected with Leishmania. Additional studies revealed a profound impairment in macrophage antigen processing with macrophages obtained from mice administered dieldrin. The use of pathogen models may allow the immunosuppressive potential of environmental chemical contaminants to be expressed in a more sensitive manner.
Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections with Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food — Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016–2019
Authors: Danielle M. Tack, Logan Ray, Patricia M. Griffin, Paul R. Cieslak, John Dunn, Tamara Rissman, Rachel Jervis, Sarah Lathrop, Alison Muse, Monique Duwell, Kirk Smith, Melissa Tobin-D’Angelo, Duc J. Vugia, Joanna Zablotsky Kufel, Beverly J. Wolpert, Robert Tauxe, Daniel C. Payne
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2020)

To evaluate progress toward prevention of enteric illnesses, the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of CDC's Emerging Infections Program monitors the incidence of laboratory-diagnosed infections caused by eight pathogens transmitted commonly through food at 10 U.S. sites.* This report summarizes preliminary 2019 data and describes changes in incidence compared with that during 2016-2018. The incidence of enteric infections caused by these eight pathogens reported by FoodNet sites in 2019 continued to increase or remained unchanged, indicating progress in controlling major foodborne pathogens in the United States has stalled. Campylobacter and Salmonella caused the largest proportion of illnesses; trends in incidence varied by Salmonella serotype. Widespread adoption of whole genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria has improved the ability to identify outbreaks, emerging strains, and sources of pathogens. To maximize the potential of WGS to link illnesses to particular sources, testing of isolates by clinical and public health laboratories is needed. Reductions in Salmonella serotype Typhimurium suggest that targeted interventions (e.g., vaccinating chickens and other food animals) might decrease human infections. Reducing contamination during food production, processing, and preparation will require more widespread implementation of known prevention measures and of new strategies that target particular pathogens and serotypes.
Treatment of Clostridial Infections with Hyperbaric Oxygen Drenching
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Family practitioners' knowledge about treatment of depressive illness
Authors: R. Ketai
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Since nonpsychiatrists, particularly family practitioners, treat a large proportion of patients with depressive illness, their knowledge in this area should be assessed. An audience of 227 family practitioners at a postgraduate symposium were examined on basic principles of treatment of depressive illness, particularly the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Their responses were compared to a group of 17 university psychiatrists. The results showed that the family practitioners knew the right treatment for endogenous depression but tended to prescribe inadequate doses of tricyclics and gave too short a therapeutic trial as compared to psychiatrists. Both the psychiatrists and family practitioners tended to discontinue medications about three to six months after improvement, which is considered a somewhat short treatment span but not inappropriate. Family practitioners need to become better informed about tricyclic dosages and therapeutic trials. (<i>JAMA</i>235:2600-2603, 1976)
Phrenic nerve injury from subclavian vein catheterization. Diagnosis by electromyography
Authors: D. H. Drachler
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A SUSTAINED phrenic nerve injury occurred following the placement of a central venous catheter (CVC) when a percutaneous supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein was used. We call attention to the usefulness of electromyography (EMG) in confirming the diagnosis of a paralyzed hemidiaphragm. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 59-year-old man was transferred to University Hospital for management of bleeding esophageal varices. A CVC was inserted via a supraclavicular approach to the left subclavian vein. The unusual location of the catheter tip in the left mediastinal area and the widened mediastinum on a subsequent chest roentgenogram (Fig 1) were not appreciated. The CVC was discontinued after 1,700 ml 10% dextrose in water had been infused. A chest roentgenogram 48 hours later showed almost complete opacification of the left hemithorax. At thoracentesis, 650 ml of fluid with a protein concentration of less than 1.0 gm/100 ml was removed. After several weeks the
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Jeffrey M. Hoeg
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>SELECTED CASES</h3><h3>Case 1</h3> A 6-year-old boy was referred to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1974 for evaluation of xanthomas and hypercholesterolemia. Raised, yellowish plaques had first appeared between his fingers at the age of 4 years. When he was 6 years of age, his pediatrician also noted the presence of tuberous xanthomas on his elbows and knees. After it was determined that his blood cholesterol level was 29.2 mmol/L (1120 mg/dL), the patient was referred to the NIH for evaluation and treatment. Physical examination disclosed the presence of planar and tuberous xanthomas on the hands (Fig 1, A), circumferential arcus corneae (Fig 1, B), and tuberous xanthomas on the elbows (Fig 1, C). Planar xanthomas on the knees were also detected (Fig 1, D). Cardiac examination disclosed a normal S1 and S2, but a III/VI systolic ejection murmur at the left base radiated throughout the precordium and
Correction: Signatures of inflammation and impending multiple organ dysfunction in the hyperacute phase of trauma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Claudia P. Cabrera, Joanna Manson, Joanna M. Shepherd, Hew D. Torrance, David Watson, M. Paula Longhi, Mimoza Hoti, Minal B. Patel, Michael O’Dwyer, Sussan Nourshargh, Daniel J. Pennington, Michael R. Barnes, Karim Brohi
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2018)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002352.].
Improving cascade genetic testing for families with inherited pancreatic cancer (PDAC) risk: The genetic education, risk assessment and testing (GENERATE) study.
Authors: Matthew B. Yurgelun, C. Sloane Furniss, Barbara Kenner, Alison Klein, Catherine C. Lafferty, Andrew M. Lowy, Florencia McAllister, Maureen E Mork, Scott H. Nelson, Alison Robertson, Jill E. Stopfer, Meghan Underhill, Allyson J. Ocean, Lisa Madlensky, Gloria M. Petersen, Judy Ellen Garber, Scott Michael Lippman, Michael Goggins, Anirban Maitra, Sapna Syngal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019)

TPS4162 Background: 4-10% of PDAC patients harbor pathogenic germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes, including APC, ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53. For families with such pathogenic variants, the greatest potential impact of germline testing is to identify relatives with the same pathogenic variant (cascade testing), thereby providing the opportunity for early detection and cancer interception of PDAC and other associated malignancies. Numerous factors limit cascade testing in real-world practice, including family dynamics, widespread geographic distribution of relatives, access to genetic services, and misconceptions about the importance of germline testing, such that the preventive benefits of cascade testing are often not fully realized. The primary aim of this study is to analyze two alternative strategies for cascade testing in families with inherited PDAC susceptibility. Methods: 1000 individuals (from approximately 200 families) with a confirmed pathogenic germline variant in any of the above genes in a 1 st /2 nd degree relative and a 1 st /2 nd degree relative with PDAC will be remotely enrolled through the study website (www.generatestudy.org) and randomized between two different methods of cascade testing (individuals with prior genetic testing will be ineligible): Arm 1 will undergo pre-test genetic education with a pre-recorded video and live interactive session with a genetic counselor via a web-based telemedicine platform (Doxy.me), followed by germline testing through Color Genomics; Arm 2 will undergo germline testing through Color Genomics without dedicated pre-test genetic education. Color Genomics will disclose results to study personnel and directly to participants in both arms. Participants in both arms will have the option of pursuing additional telephone-based genetic counseling through Color Genomics. The primary outcome will be uptake of cascade testing. Secondary outcomes will include participant self-reported genetic knowledge, cancer worry, distress, decisional preparedness, familial communication, and screening uptake, which will be measured via longitudinal surveys. Enrollment will begin February, 2019. Clinical trial information: NCT03762590.
Signs and symptoms in pulmonary medicine
Journal: Thorax (1984)

Cavernoscopic evacuation of an intrapulmonary asper- gilloma causing appreciable haemoptysis appears to offer a useful alternative approach in high risk patients such as those with ankylosing spondylitis.It appears to be a rela- tively safe procedure with low morbidity and may be re- peated as necessary.It avoids the risks of surgical resection in patients with poor respiratory function and is preferable to open drainage.
Geographic Information Systems: Their Use in Environmental Epidemiologic Research
Authors: Marilyn F. Vine, Darrah Degnan, Carol Hanchette
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Advances in geographic information system (GIS) technology, developed by geographers, provide new opportunities for environmental epidemiologists to study associations between environmental exposures and the spatial distribution of disease. A GIS is a powerful computer mapping and analysis technology capable of integrating large quantities of geographic (spatial) data as well as linking geographic with nongeographic data (e.g., demographic information, environmental exposure levels). In this paper we provide an overview of some of the capabilities and limitations of GIS technology; we illustrate, through practical examples, the use of several functions of a GIS including automated address matching, distance functions, buffer analysis, spatial query, and polygon overlay; we discuss methods and limitations of address geocoding, often central to the use of a GIS in environmental epidemiologic research; and we suggest ways to facilitate its use in future studies. Collaborative efforts between epidemiologists, biostatisticians, environmental scientists, GIS specialists, and medical geographers are needed to realize the full potential of GIS technology in environmental health research and may lead to innovative solutions to complex questions.
ILLEGITIMATE PREGNANCY AND THE EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY.
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Model Studies in Cytochrome P-450-Mediated Toxicity of Halogenated Compounds: Radical Processes Involving Iron Porphyrins
Authors: D. Brault
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

Haloalkane toxicity originates from attack on biological targets by reactive intermediates derived from haloalkane metabolism by a hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450. Carbon-centered radicals and their peroxyl derivatives are most likely involved. The reactions of iron porphyrin--a model for cytochrome P-450--with various carbon-centered and peroxyl radicals generated by pulse radiolysis are examined. Competition between iron porphyrin and unsaturated fatty acids for attack by peroxyl radicals is pointed out. These kinetic data are used to derive a model for toxicity of haloalkanes with particular attention to carbon tetrachloride and halothane. The importance of local oxygen concentration and structural arrangement of fatty acids around cytochrome P-450 is emphasized.
Anxiety and pain
Authors: H. K. Beecher
Journal: JAMA (1969)

For years it has been held that, when a given number of pain endings are injured and stimulated, a given degree of pain will be experienced; and that, for a given degree of pain, a given dose of morphine or similar agent is required. These propositions need to be examined. Any small boy in a fist fight feels no pain at the time of injury. This comes later, when his bloody nose begins to drip or his mother arrives to console him. The severely wounded soldier, not in shock but clear mentally, has surprisingly little need for a narcotic.<sup>1</sup>In the early hours after wounding, only a minority request it, whereas the civilian recovering from surgery with a much smaller wound receives two to three times as much narcotic as the soldier with his more extensive wound. We can conclude from this that our first proposition is false: There is
Bone resorption of the distal clavicle
Authors: J. F. Norfray
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>History</h3> An abnormality of the distal left clavicle was identified on a routine chest film of a professional hockey player, and this was confirmed on a shoulder roentgenogram (Fig 1). He denied pain or weakness in the left arm. <h3>Diagnosis</h3> Traumatic osteolysis of the distal end of the clavicle. <h3>Comment</h3> The shoulder films (Fig 1 and 2) show resorption of the distal clavicle resulting in an increased distance between the clavicle and acromion. Bony fragments are present adjacent to the tapered distal clavicle (large arrow). The insertion of the acromioclavicular ligament is calcified from past trauma (small arrow). Traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle follows severe injury to the shoulder. It is seen in contact sports (rugby,<sup>1</sup>football,<sup>2</sup>hockey,<sup>3</sup>and judo<sup>4</sup>) and in certain other occupations, but most frequently follows a fall<sup>2,5</sup>or motor vehicle accident.<sup>2,6</sup>The injury is reported infrequently; it is first
Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Byron J. Bailey
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Exciting advances during the past year in the specialty of otolaryngology—head and neck surgery have increased our understanding of several common diseases and disorders and improved our ability to treat patients with these problems. Reconstructive surgery, pediatric otolaryngology, and otology have benefited particularly from important new scientific information. Restoring facial contour, speech, and swallowing and chewing functions to near-normal levels after segmental mandibular resection for cancer is a challenging goal. The movement of the jaw and tongue and the large forces applied during mastication combine with complex anatomic features and the need for sensory input to create demands that have not been met fully prior to the introduction of microvascular free-tissue transfer techniques. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the greater viability and durability of composite-free grafts (bone, muscle, and skin) that are vascularized. The iliac crest, scapula, metatarsus, rib, and radius are the most common donor sites, with the selection