tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
General Aspects in Polymer Synthesis
Authors: H. K. Reimschuessel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

The term, synthetic polymer, denotes a macromolecule composed of simple structural units and usually derived from monomers by a process of polymerization. This process is possible only if certain chemical, thermodynamical, and mechanistic conditions are satisfied. The monomer must have a functionality of two or higher. The polymerization process must be characterized by a negative free energy change. The monomer must have activable or reactive functions. Activable structures are polarizable multiple bonds, and bonds entailing heteroatoms in ring compounds. Suitable reactive functions are those that participate in: carbonyl addition, substitution, multiple bond addition, and free-radical coupling. According to their growth mechanisms, polymerization reactions are divided into two major groups: chain-growth polymerization and step-growth polymerization. Polyaddition and polycondensation occur in either group, but polyinsertion is a chain-growth process exclusively. Radical, ionic, and heterogeneous initiations are entailed in chain growth, whereas both nucleophilic and electrophilic initiation prevails in step-growth. The chemical structure of polymers is determined mainly by constitutional and configuration parameters. Principal constitutional ones are related to interlinking of chains and structural units, composition, substituents, endgroups, and the molecular weight. Configurational ones refer particularly to the position of substituents on a central chain atom relative to the neighboring structural unit and thus to the tacticity of the polymer.
Frontiers in Medicine: The March of Medicine, 1950
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Physician Need
Authors: Steven L. Oreck
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> Drs Mulhausen and McGee<sup>1</sup>purport to show a significant projected oversupply of certain specialties based on an analysis of current health maintenance organization (HMO) staffing levels. One of these specialties is orthopedic surgery, which they feel will be grossly overpopulated within the next 20 years based on their modeling. There is a severe problem with their methods for making this assessment. While they have stated that they do attempt to look at contract and referred-out data, they present none of this and admit backhandedly that it is really not available. It is both my personal experience from practice as well as my observation of many orthopedic surgeons that full-time orthopedic surgeons employed by HMOs are at a level dramatically less than what the HMOs would like. Furthermore, even those who have contractual arrangements are in relatively short supply. A recent perusal of the<i>Journal of Bone</i>
Why can't physicians examine the larynx?
Authors: H. C. Klein
Journal: JAMA (1982)

SOME years ago, attention was focused on the almost total failure of the primary physician to detect promptly tumors of the larynx.<sup>1</sup>This glaring defect was attributed to an inability to cope with the technical demands of the angled laryngeal mirror that, for more than 100 years, had been the only available tool for looking over the top of the tongue down to the glottic bed. As a solution, the article recommended replacing the mirror with the relatively new laryngeal telescopes and then proceeded to elaborate their virtues for the primary physician. They were so simple that they required little training; they afforded a clear view of the larynx in a high percentage of cases; and the examination required only a minute. Now the time has come to look back and see who's gaining on whom. With an effective instrument available, are these tumors being discovered earlier? Has there
Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, Stockholm
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species production in COPD airways: comparison of inhaled corticosteroid and oral theophylline
Authors: T Hirano, T Yamagata, M Gohda, Y Yamagata, T Ichikawa, S Yanagisawa, K Ueshima, K Akamatsu, M Nakanishi, K Matsunaga, Y Minakata, M Ichinose
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Background:</b> Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are thought to be one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study was undertaken to examine the effects of theophylline and fluticasone propionate (FP) on RNS production in subjects with COPD. <b>Methods:</b> Sixteen COPD subjects participated in the study. Theophylline (400 mg/day orally) or FP (400 μg/day inhalation) were administered for 4 weeks in a randomised crossover manner with a washout period of 4 weeks. Induced sputum was collected at the beginning and end of each treatment period. 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), which is a footprint of RNS, was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection method as well as by immunohistochemical staining. <b>Results:</b> Theophylline significantly reduced the level of 3-NT in the sputum supernatant as well as the number of 3-NT positive cells (both p&lt;0.01). FP also reduced 3-NT formation, but the effect was smaller than that of theophylline. Theophylline also significantly reduced the neutrophil cell counts in the sputum (p&lt;0.01), while FP treatment had no effect on the number of inflammatory cells in the sputum, except eosinophils. <b>Conclusions:</b> Theophylline reduces nitrative stress and neutrophil infiltration in COPD airways to a larger extent than inhaled corticosteroid.
Prognostic factors in limited small-cell lung cancer (SCLC): Results of a large retrospective study in a monocentric setting
Authors: J. Fayette, J.-C. Soria, M. Lassalle, M. Wartelle, M. Tarayre, C. Le Pechoux, P. Ruffié, R. Arriagada, J.-P. Pignon, T. Le Chevalier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

7215
Endoscopic suturing for the prevention of stent migration in benign upper gastrointestinal conditions: a comparative multicenter study
Authors: Saowanee Ngamruengphong, Reem Sharaiha, Amrita Sethi, Ali Siddiqui, Christopher DiMaio, Susana Gonzalez, Jennifer Im, Jason Rogart, Sophia Jagroop, Jessica Widmer, Raza Hasan, Sobia Laique, Tamas Gonda, John Poneros, Amit Desai, Amy Tyberg, Vivek Kumbhari, Mohamad El Zein, Ahmed Abdelgelil, Sepideh Besharati, Ruben Hernaez, Patrick Okolo, Vikesh Singh, Anthony Kalloo, Michel Kahaleh, Mouen Khashab
Journal: Endoscopy (2016)

Correction to: Endoscopic suturing for the prevention of stent migration in benign upper gastrointestinal conditions: a comparative multicenter study Endoscopy 2016; 48(09): 802-808DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-108567
Twelfth Annual Symposium for Referring Physicians
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Twelfth Annual Symposium for Referring Physicians Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 59, Issue 4, October 1977, Page 1337, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/59.4.1337-b Published: 01 October 1977
Recombinant Gene Transfer of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Augments Coronary Artery Relaxations During Hypoxia
Authors: David G. Cable, None Vincent J. Pompili, None Timothy O’Brien, None Hartzell V. Schaff
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Coronary arteries respond to hypoxia with transient relaxations, which increases coronary blood flow, in part, by release of nitric oxide. We hypothesized that increased expression of nitric oxide synthase might further augment blood vessel relaxation during hypoxia. The present study examined the effect of adenovirus-mediated transfer of bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on hypoxia-induced transient relaxations in canine coronary arteries. Methods and Results —Paired segments of coronary arteries were exposed to vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline with albumin) or an adenovirus encoding either E coli β-galactosidase (Ad.CMVLacZ, viral control; 10 10 pfu/mL) or eNOS (Ad.CMVeNOS; 10 10 pfu/mL) for 2 hours at 37°C. Immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody specific for eNOS documented both endothelial and adventitial expression in Ad.CMVeNOS arteries, whereas vehicle and viral controls demonstrated only constitutive expression. Levels of cGMP were increased 5-fold in Ad.CMVeNOS arteries compared with controls. In arteries exposed to Ad.CMVeNOS, maximum contraction to prostaglandin F 2α was reduced compared with viral controls, and this effect was eliminated by pretreatment with a competitive inhibitor of eNOS ( N G -monomethyl- l -arginine, 10 −3 mol/L). Hypoxia-induced transient relaxation (95% N 2 -5% CO 2 ) in Ad.CMVeNOS arteries (45.2±8.8%, n=6) was augmented compared with vehicle (26.3±6.0%) or viral (27.2±7.1%) controls. Conclusions —Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of nitric oxide synthase reduces receptor-dependent contractions and augments hypoxia-induced relaxations in canine coronary arteries; this method of augmentation of NO production might be advantageous for reduction of coronary artery vasospasm.
Border control
Authors: Deborah Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The government wants to bar doctors from beyond the European Union from gaining postgraduate medical training places in the United Kingdom. <b>Edwin Borman</b>, from the BMA’s international committee, <b>Ramesh Mehta</b>, president of the British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (BAPIO), and <b>Graham Winyard</b>, a former postgraduate dean and deputy chief medical officer discuss the government’s policy with <i>BMJ</i> features editor <b>Deborah Cohen</b>
Thoracic duct injury. A complication of jugular vein catheterization
Authors: K. G. Khalil
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Iatrogenic injury to the thoracic duct followed percutaneous cannulation of the left internal jugular vein. The case was managed successfully by supraclavicular ligation of the thoracic duct. We feel cannulation of the right internal jugular vein is preferable to cannulation of the left internal jugular vein.
Editorial: The AMA, accreditation, and the number of physicians
Authors: R. L. Egan
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Too many people, including some journalists, seem willing to believe that the American Medical Association limits the output of medical schools. They observe a shortage of physicians, extreme competition to enter US medical schools, US citizens in foreign medical schools, and the immigration of foreign medical graduates, and then declare that the AMA uses accreditation to restrict the output of US medical schools. Granting that we have problems with the number and especially the distribution of physicians, and that not all qualified students can enter medical schools, the facts are otherwise. The AMA Council on Medical Education published its first classification of medical schools in 1907, and since 1942 has been an equal partner with the Association of American Medical Colleges in the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, which is recognized by numerous groups, including the US Office of Education, for its accreditation of medical schools. The Liaison Committee membership
Estimates of the Proportion of Chemicals That Were Carcinogenic or Anticarcinogenic in Bioassays Conducted by the National Toxicology Program
Authors: Kenny S. Crump, Daniel Krewski, Cynthia Van Landingham
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Estimates were made of the proportion of chemicals that were carcinogenic, anticarcinogenic, or either in 397 long-term bioassays conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). The estimates were obtained from the global pattern of p-values obtained from statistical tests applied to individual experiments. These tests accounted for multiple comparisons using a randomization procedure and were found to operate at the correct level of significance. Representative estimates of the proportion of carcinogens [with 90% confidence intervals (CI)] compared to the NTP estimates were as follows: male mice, 0.32 (CI, 0.19-0.44), NTP = 0.29; female mice, 0. 28 (CI, 0.15-0.41), NTP = 0.34; male rats, 0.35 (CI, 0.23-0.47), NTP = 0.36; female rats, 0.34 (CI, 0.21-0.46), NTP = 0.28; all sexes and species, 0.59 (CI, 0.49-0.69), NTP = 0.51. Representative estimates of the proportion of anticarcinogens were as follows: male mice, 0. 34; female mice, 0.27; male rats, 0.40; female rats, 0.44; all sexes and species, 0.66. Thus, there was as much or more evidence in this study for anticarcinogenesis as carcinogenesis. Even though the estimators used were negatively biased, it was estimated that 85% of the chemicals were either carcinogenic or anticarcinogenic at some site in some sex-species group. This suggests that most chemicals given at high enough doses will cause some sort of perturbation in tumor rates.
Fulminant hepatic failure caused by ecarazine hydrochloride (a hydralazine derivative)
Authors: Y Tameda, M Hamada, K Takase, T Nakano, Y Kosaka
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

The cause of fulminant hepatic failure is reported to be unknown in more than half the cases in Japan. We recently reviewed 23 cases of fulminant hepatic failure that had been treated at our hospital. The cause of disease had been regarded as unknown before this study. It was found that seven of these patients had been under ecarazine hydrochloride therapy when they developed fulminant hepatic failure. We examined the reasons why fulminant hepatic failure in these seven patients had not been previously attributed to ecarazine, and found that it could be explained by the following factors: (1) the time from the start of ecarazine therapy to the onset of hepatic failure was long; (2) in all cases, hepatic failure developed more than 10 days after the clinical recognition of hepatitis; and (3) characteristic signs of drug-induced hepatic failure such as a skin rash and positive lymphocytes stimulation test with the drug were absent in all cases. Fulminant hepatic failure in these cases could be characterized by: (1) rapid decrease in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) level after discontinuation of ecarazine, (2) prolonged jaundice despite discontinuation of ecarazine, (3) high incidence of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) (57%), and (4) histological findings of extensive hepatocellular necrosis ranging from bridging necrosis to massive necrosis. Of the seven patients, four died of fulminant hepatic failure. These four patients had received high doses of ecarazine hydrochloride for prolonged periods. Our data suggest that there may be many cases in which the cause of fulminant hepatic failure or acute hepatitis was not previously determined that can be attributed to long- term drug therapy for chronic diseases.
Das Schichtbild der Lunge des Tracheobronchialbaums und des Kehlkopfes
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The transition from phase II to phase III studies
Authors: I. Tannock, A. Gulamhusein, D. R. Berthold
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

6514 Background: Phase II trials are performed to detect potential anti-tumor effects of a new treatment and should be used to decide whether to proceed to a phase 3 trial or not. However, many phase 2 trials never lead to a phase 3 trial despite encouraging results. Here we sought to determine how often (i) positive phase 2 trials have led to phase 3 trials, and (ii) how often phase 2 trials were designed to lead to a phase 3 trial. Methods: We reviewed 200 phase 2 trials, presented at ASCO meetings in 1995–1996, and 2006, selecting randomly 20 abstracts with encouraging results for 5 cancer sites (breast, lung, GI, GU, Gyn) in each time period. For those presented in 1995–1996, we searched systematically for subsequent randomized studies where one treatment arm was similar to that in the phase 2 study. For those presented in 2006, a questionnaire was sent to authors asking whether they recommend evaluating the regimen in a phase 3 trial, whether a phase 3 trial is planned and whether resources (budget, patients, drugs) are available to conduct a phase 3 trial. Results: Ten years after presenting phase 2 trials with positive results, only 13 regimens have been evaluated in a phase 3 trial. Of 100 investigators who presented a phase 2 trial in 2006, 42 returned the questionnaire, 36 confirmed that the results met criteria of efficacy and 25 thought the regimen should be evaluated in a phase 3 trial. Only 10 investigators plan to undertake a phase 3 trial, and 8 stated they had resources to do so. Reasons for not planning a phase 3 study included insufficient efficacy (7), insufficient access to patients (5) or financial support (5), lack of interest from colleagues (6), and lack of support from the company (8). Conclusions: Few (∼13%) phase 2 trials with promising activity are followed by phase 3 trials and this is not increasing with time. Reasons include lack of resources such as money, drugs and patients. Many of these limitations are known when planning the phase 2 study, implying that many phase 2 trials are not planned as precursors of phase 3 trials. Resources spent on such trials would be better applied to practice-changing phase 3 trials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Radiology
Authors: R. G. Evens
Journal: JAMA (1992)

While reviewing the past year in diagnostic radiology, I was reminded of many important developments that have the potential to improve patient care. As Contempo authors are asked to restrict their discussions to only "key" advances likely to be of interest to readers in other specialties, I limit this review to four areas: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sonography, interventional radiology, and economic issues in diagnostic radiology. Magnetic resonance imaging continues to develop in multiple directions. Perhaps most exciting was a report that MRI can actually identify and map the areas of the human brain that are active during a variety of neurological functions.<sup>1</sup>If this is verified, MRI becomes a competitor to positron emission tomography as an imaging technique for identifying and analyzing higher brain function. Positron emission tomography technology is mature and well developed, and its ability to identify regions important to brain function is especially valuable. With
Antibiotics Show Promise as Therapy for Genetic Disorders
Authors: J. Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Erratum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2018)

was published with errors.The last two sentences read as: "As a practicing Catholic, I was reminded of words from Hass' The Servant Song, which for me sums up our mission, not only as doctors but as human beings, whose imperative-underlying everything that we do-must be to care for one another.'We are pilgrims on a journey, We are brothers on the road We are here to help each other Walk the mile and bear the load.'"This should read as: "As a practicing Catholic, I was reminded of words from Haas's The Servant Song, which for me sums up our mission, not only as doctors but as human beings, whose imperative-underlying everything that we do-must be to care for one another.'We are pilgrims on the journey, We are travelers on the road We are here to help each other Walk the mile and bear the load.