tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Branchial Anomalies
Authors: G. Donald Albers
Journal: JAMA (1963)

A graphic color scheme has been used to classify more clearly various normal and abnormal branchial derivatives. First proposed by Patton for branchiomeric nerves, muscles, and arteries, this idea has been further developed. The main branchial structures derived from each arch have been listed under their appropriate germ layer: ectoderm, mesoderm, and entoderm. The posterior surface of the anterior half of a coronal section of a 6-week human embryo has been utilized to show diagrammatic relationships of each arch, cleft, and pouch. Composite drawings of normal branchial derivatives and anomalies illustrate their origins more easily when corresponding colors for each arch are used. The broad range of branchial abnormalities, from aortic vascular rings to zygomatic sinuses, prompts further study of this subject. Minor dysfunction of an organ may be the first evidence of a branchial anomaly.
Cytogenetic effects of tranquilizing drugs in vivo and in vitro
Authors: M. M. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1969)

During a recent investigation of the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on human chromosomes, three individuals, included as controls, showed elevated frequencies of chromosomal breakage while being treated with chlorpromazine.<sup>1</sup>Subsequently, invitro observations on human leukocytes and fibroblasts suggested that diazepam is also capable of inducing chromosome damage.<sup>2</sup>Due to the widespread clinical use of such drugs in our population, an in-vivo and invitro cytogenetic study of several tranquilizing agents was carried out. <h3>Materials and Methods:</h3> <i>In Vitro Studies</i>.—Peripheral leukocyte cultures were initiated from two normal, healthy donors (one male and one female) with no known history of prior drug ingestion, radiation exposure, or recent viral infection. Chromosomes were obtained from cells of whole-blood inoculum (3 to 4 drops), grown in commercially available microculture kits, and incubated at 37 C for 72 hours. Two hours before harvest, colcemide was added at a final concentration of 0.05μg/ml
Germinal Cell Mutagenesis in Specially Designed Maize Genotypes
Authors: Michael J. Plewa, Elizabeth D. Wagner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

We have used three inbreds of Zea mays in our in situ and laboratory studies in environmental mutagenesis. Inbred W22 plants homozygous for wx-C were used in a study to detect the possible mutagenic properties of 32 pesticides or combination of pesticides under modern agricultural conditions. The large numbers of pollen grains analyzed and the ease in detecting mutant pollen grains enabled us to treat the experimental plants with field recommended rates of pesticides. In a current study we are evaluating the possible mutagenicity of Chicago municipal sewage sludge. We are measuring the frequency of mutant pollen grains in inbred M14 at both the wx-C and wx-90 heteroalleles. These plants were exposed to various concentrations of municipal sewage sludge under field conditions. We have inbred Early-Early Synthetic for five generations and tested this inbred with known mutagens. Early-Early Synthetic is a rapidly maturing inbred growing from kernel to anthesis in approximately 4 weeks and attaining a height of approximately 50 cm. Plants of this inbred have been chronically treated with ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) or maleic hydrazide (MH) under laboratory conditions and forward mutation at the wx locus was measured in the pollen grains. EMS and MH were mutagenic at concentrations of 1 microM and 10 nM, respectively. The concentrations of EMS and MH were calibrated in Early-Early Synthetic to a linear increase in the frequency of forward mutant pollen grains. The construction of a maize monitor for environmental mutagens is currently in progress. This assay will measure forward or reverse mutation at the wx locus in pollen grains, point mutation in somatic cells and will incorporate a cytogenetic endpoint in root-tip cells.
DOMESTIC CORRESPONDENCE.
Authors: T. E. B. Kernan
Journal: JAMA (1892)

<h3>To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association:</h3> In giving the following statement, as the result of a careful investigation of the sanitary condition of the Hotels Ponce de Leon, Alcazar, and Cordova in St. Augustine, Fla., and of such accounts of the cases of fever which occurred in guests of these hotels during the spring of 1892 as it has thus far been possible to obtain, I am satisfied that no one of these cases of fever was caused by the water supply, or by the drainage of the buildings, or by anything connected with them or their surroundings. The water supply has been examined chemically and bacteriologically, the plumbing and house drainage of each hotel have been carefully scrutinized, the sources of milk supply, of ice, and of fresh vegetables for the use of the guests of these hotels have been investigated, and no causes
Surgical standby for coronary balloon angioplasty
Authors: B. Meier
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the predictability of need for emergency surgery after coronary balloon angioplasty. <h3>Design.</h3> —Nonrandomized intervention study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Nonprofit university hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Prior to balloon angioplasty, 1000 consecutive patients were assigned to either the "standby" group (189 patients [19%]) or the "no-standby" group (811 patients [81%]). Patients in the standby group (intervention coordinated with cardiac surgery) included all operable patients undergoing angioplasty of their largest coronary arteries that were not currently or previously totally occluded or collateralized; the no-standby group consisted of the remainder of patients. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Allocation to coronary angioplasty with or without surgical standby. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Need for bypass surgery, occurrence of myocardial infarction, and mortality from complications of angioplasty. <h3>Results.</h3> —Bypass surgery immediately after angioplasty was done in one patient in each group (standby, 0.5%, vs no-standby, 0.1%). The frequency of infarction was 5% vs 4%, respectively. All eight deaths occurred in the no-standby group (1.0%), but none of them were consequences of a lack of surgical standby. They occurred in situations in which bypass surgery would not have changed the outcome (two cardiac failures late after technically successful angioplasty for postinfarct cardiogenic shock, one in-laboratory rupture of an unrecognized ventricular pseudoaneurysm, and one protamine reaction), secondary to acute problems late after successful angioplasty (two sudden deaths and one vessel occlusion in an inoperable patient), or despite surgery (one patient with left main stem dissection). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Performing roughly 80% of coronary angioplasties without surgical standby did not increase patient risk. Coronary angioplasty without surgical backup, albeit not an ideal setting, appears ethically feasible in selected patients if dictated by logistic considerations. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:741-745)
Urologic Cancer
Authors: Frank Hinman
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In just under 750 pages this multiauthored book covers the epidemiology, pathology, diagnostic procedures, and treatment—surgical, radiological and chemotherapeutic—of the four areas of genitourinary cancer: prostate, bladder, kidney, and testis. With an average of 15 pages for each chapter, the authors have had to restrict themselves to the basics. For some topics, like epidemiology and screening for prostatic carcinoma, the coverage is original and thorough; for others, like surgical treatment, the amount of information that can be given is not enough to help the surgeon, who will have to supplement it from other sources. The book has the advantage that its authorities come from several disciplines, giving the radiotherapist, for example, the fundamentals in surgery and the surgeon those in radiotherapy. The selection of authors is refreshing, not the ones usually called upon. As is common to all multiauthored books, sub-missions vary in quality; sometimes the work
Correction
Authors: Aitpr -At, Denison Roadl, Victoria Park, Mrs Archer, Son -On, Jtly 5th, D Batterlhani, Mis Deakin Of, Giove Place, 3ouper -At, M Souiper, Liffonr.-On Juily, Hiarold Clifford, Gvnaecological Suirgeon, Mrs Thomas, Maule-Smith.-On July, Dagger Lane, Wvest Bromvwieh, William Maule-Smith
Journal: BMJ (1925)
Abstract 385: Endothelial Vasomotor Dysfunction in Brachial Artery Predicts Early Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Takamitsu Nakamura, Mitsumasa Hirano, Yoshinobu Kitta, Yasushi Kodama, Jun-ei Obata, Hajime Takano, Ken-ichi Kawabata, Keita Sano, Akira Mende, Kiyotaka Kugiyama
Journal: Circulation (2007)

There is an intimate relation between coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic kidney disease. Endothelial function in renal vasculature plays an important role in regulation of renal hemodynamics in normal and pathological states. Endothelial dysfunction is a systemic disorder, and there may be possible relation of endothelial function between brachial artery and renal vasculature. We examined whether endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in brachial artery may predict early renal dysfunction in patients with CAD. Methods and Results: Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD, % increase in diameter from baseline) in brachial artery was measured by ultrasound in 558 consecutive patients with CAD. Patients with advanced renal failure (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] &lt; 50 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) were not included. A subgroup of 402 patients with normal renal function at the enrollment (normo-albuminuria [&lt; 30 mg/day] and normal serum creatinine levels [&lt; 1.0 mg/dL]) were prospectively followed up for 1 year. The end point was the occurrence of either microalbuminuria (≥ 30 mg/day) or serum creatinine levels &gt; 1.5 mg/dL. At the enrollment, patients with impaired FMD (≤ 4.4%, 50 th percentile of the distribution in all study patients) had higher levels of urine albumin excretion (24 ± 2 vs. 17 ± 1 mg/day, p &lt; 0.05) and serum creatinine (0.8 ± 0.1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1 mg/dL, p &lt;0.05), and lower GFR (72 ± 3 vs. 80 ± 2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , p &lt; 0.05) than patients with preserved FMD (&gt; 4.4%). Over 1 year follow up, 30 (17%) patients with impaired FMD had an end point (12 patients, increase in serum creatinine levels; 18, microalbuminuria), while 15 (6.7%) patients with preserved FMD had an end point (6, increase in serum creatinine levels; 9, microalbuminuria) (p &lt; 0.01). Using multivariate logistic analysis, impaired FMD was the most strongest predictor of occurrence of either increase in serum creatinine levels or microalbuminuria during 1 year follow up (OR; 2.8, 95% CI; 1.5 – 5.5, p &lt; 0.01) among covariates including hypertension, diabetes, age. Conclusion: Endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in brachial artery is an independent predictor of development of early renal dysfunction in patients with CAD. Measurement of FMD is useful for stratification of risk for future renal dysfunction.
Lilly to provide consumer leaflet on Darvon
Authors: J. Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1979)

In the continuing saga of the widely used pain-killing drug propoxyphene hydrochloride, Eli Lilly and Company, the principal manufacturer of the drug, has agreed to voluntarily distribute a warning on the hazards of using its product (Darvon) in excess or in combination with other drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has announced that the new consumer leaflet will be available from pharmacists when prescriptions for Darvon are filled. "Darvon is a safe drug when used properly," said acting FDA Commissioner Sherwin Gardner. He added, however, that there is a "potentially lethal" risk involved when the drug is used with alcohol, tranquilizers, or sedatives. On his last day in office, however, former HEW Secretary Joseph Califano criticized the warnings as inadequate. He said that they fail to mention such things as the maximum recommended dose or the signs of drug dependency. Lilly manufactures at least 80% of the propoxyphene used in
High-dose methotrexate for primary CNS lymphoma in the elderly
Authors: S. Ng
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2000)

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in the immunocompetent patient reaches a peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decades of life.This retrospective study reviewed the ef cacy and tolerability of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) in an elderly patient population.Between May 1995 and September 1998, ten consecutive elderly patients with histologically proven PCNSL were treated with HDMTX.The median age was 72.5 years and eight patients (80%) were older than 70 years.HDMTX was well tolerated with no episodes of grade 4 toxicity nor febrile neutropenia.Toxicity included grade 3 nausea (1), grade 2 mucositis (2), and grade 2 asymptomatic elevation of liver transaminases (2).Grade 1 toxicity occurred in three patients with nausea, diarrhea, and mild reversible elevation in serum creatinine in one patient each.Six patients had a complete response and three patients achieved a partial response, giving an overall response rate of 90% (95% con dence interval, 56%-100%).The median overall survival for the cohort was 36 months (range 4-43 months).In summary, HDMTX is well tolerated in this elderly population with PCNSL and achieves response rates and median survival comparable with other chemotherapy or radiotherapy regimens.
Personal view
Journal: BMJ (2002)

found that only 49% of patients were treated correctly, and that there was no improvement over three months despite instruction and reminders.However, when triage nurses became involved 80% of patients were treated correctly. 3Another study showed that 23% of patients were incorrectly treated in emergency rooms, with those in the highest risk group being the least likely to receive correct treatment for tetanus. 7 Elsewhere, less than 10% of patients referred for plastic surgery were correctly questioned about their tetanus immunisation status. 8 Adverse reactions to adsorbed tetanus vaccine occur in less than 1% of patients; most commonly these are local reactions such as pain, redness, and swelling. 9General reactions, including lethargy, malaise, myalgia, and pyrexia, are less common. 1 Anaphylaxis is rare.On the basis of the low adverse reaction rate and noticeable benefit, resources are already allocated to the national immunisation programme.As immunity in the community improves the use of tetanus immunoglobulin will decrease and will be required only for highly contaminated wounds.This case shows how the omission of the smallest detail can have a fatal outcome.Complete management of an injured patient includes a full history of tetanus immunisation and adherence to the Department of Health's immunoprophylaxis protocol.
Is it harmful to lower HDL levels?
Authors: J. Henahan
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A reduction in the expected number of "coronary events" among patients at high risk for heart disease is ascribed to the drug probucol, according to a Finnish study presented at a recent international conference on lipoproteins and coronary atherosclerosis in Lugano, Switzerland. Since the agent also lowered the patients' high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels, the findings question the growing belief that high levels of HDL may protect against heart disease. In the five-year study, the incidence of sudden death and fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction among 184 persons who took probucol in conjunction with a low-cholesterol diet was calculated as 9 per 1,000 per five years, said Dr Tatu Miettinen of the Second Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki. According to a risk index calculated on the basis of initial cholesterol levels, age, weight, blood pressure, and other factors, the expected coronary incidence in this group would have been 18±15 per
Impact of omission of completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND) or axillary radiotherapy (ax RT) in breast cancer patients with micrometastases (pN1mi) or isolated tumor cells (pN0[i+]) in the sentinel lymph node (SN): Results from the MIRROR study
Authors: V. C. Tjan-Heijnen, M. J. Pepels, M. de Boer, G. F. Borm, J. A. van Dijck, C. H. van Deurzen, E. M. Adang, M. B. Menke-Pluymers, P. J. van Diest, P. Bult
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

CRA506 Background: The Dutch MIRROR study is the largest cohort study on pN1mi and pN0(i+) in the SN era with long-term follow-up, central pathology review (6 th AJCC-classification), and separate analyses on the use of adjuvant systemic therapy (AST). In patients not receiving AST, pN1mi and pN0(i+) as final N-stage were shown to be independent prognosticators for disease-free survival (SABCS 2008, #23, oral). As a substantial number of patients in the MIRROR study did not undergo cALND or ax RT, we questioned whether this policy was safe in patients with pN1mi(sn) or pN0(i+)(sn). Methods: Patients operated for breast cancer in all Dutch hospitals in the years 1998–2005, having favorable primary tumor characteristics, and having undergone an SN biopsy without macrometastases as final N-stage were included. For this present research question, patients were categorized by their SN-stage. Median follow-up was 4.7 years. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate 5-year axillary recurrence (AR) rates, and Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR). In the analyses, the effect of AST was taken into account. Results: In total, 835 patients with pN0(i-)(sn), 799 patients with pN0(i+)(sn), and 958 patients with pN1mi(sn) were included. AR rates, and HRs on AR are displayed below. Conclusions: Omission of cALND or ax RT in patients with pN1mi(sn) resulted in a significantly higher 5-year AR rate, even after correction for AST, and other patient and tumor characteristics. This indicates that patients with pN1mi(sn) should undergo cALND or ax RT to prevent AR. Support: The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) and the Dutch Breast Cancer Trialists’ Group (BOOG). [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Phase II trial of high-dose bolus IL-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma (mm) who have previously failed biochemotherapy (BCT)
Authors: S. S. Agarwala, W. Gooding, G. D'Angelo, J. M. Kirkwood, L. L. Stover, J. Baar, J. Shipe-Spotloe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

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Abstract 2220: The Relative Safety and Efficacy of Clopidogrel in Women and Men: Meta-Analysis of 79,613 Patients Enrolled in CREDO, CURE, CLARITY-TIMI 28, COMMIT, and CHARISMA
Authors: Jeffrey S Berger, Deepak L Bhatt, Christopher P Cannon, Zhengming Chen, J B Jones, Shamir R Mehta, Marc S Sabatine, Steven R Steinhubl, Eric J Topol, Peter B Berger
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background : Previous analyses have demonstrated sex-based differences in the efficacy of several anti-platelet medications. Little is known about the safety and efficacy of clopidogrel in women and men. Methods : We performed a meta-analysis of all blinded randomized clinical trials comparing clopidogrel and placebo (CREDO, CURE, CLARITY-TIMI 28, COMMIT, and CHARISMA). The relative safety and efficacy of clopidogrel at reducing cardiovascular events (death, MI or stroke) in women and men was estimated using random-effects modeling. Results : In all 79,613 patients, there was a reduction of cardiovascular events with clopidogrel vs placebo (9.7% vs 8.7%; OR 0.88 [0.84–0.93], P&lt;0.01). Among the 23,522 women enrolled, there were 1289/11757 (11.0%) cardiovascular events in the clopidogrel group vs. 1372/11766 (11.7%) in the placebo group (OR 0.93 [0.86–1.01], P=0.09). Clopidogrel had its greatest effect in reducing the risk of MI (OR 0.82 [0.70–0.95], P=0.01) in women. No significant reduction was noted for stroke (OR 0.91 [0.67–1.24], P=0.56) or death (OR 0.99 [0.90–1.08], P=0.78). Among the 56,091 men enrolled, there were 2166/28064 (7.7%) cardiovascular events in the clopidogrel group vs 2492/28027 (8.9%) in the placebo group (OR 0.85 [0.79–0.91], P&lt;0.01). Clopidogrel significantly reduced the risk of MI (OR 0.84 [0.76–0.92], P&lt;0.01), stroke (OR 0.83 [0.71–0.96], P=0.01), and death (OR 0.91 [0.84–0.98], P&lt;0.01). Clopidogrel increased the risk of major bleeding in both women (1.6% vs 1.1%, OR 1.43 [1.14–1.79]) and men (1.2% vs 1.0%, OR 1.21 [1.03–1.42]). The safety and efficacy were similar in patients with an acute coronary syndrome and established cardiovascular disease. There was no evidence of statistical heterogeneity (as measured by the Q-test and I 2 ) in pooled analyses comparing women and men for the composite endpoint, its individual components, or bleeding. Conclusions : Clopidogrel reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in both women and men. While the directionality and proportionality of the reductions are roughly similar, the effect was driven by a reduction of MI in women. The reduction of MI, stroke and death by clopidogrel in men were all significant. Clopidogrel increased the risk of major bleeding by 43% in women and 21% in men.
New mutations stabilize NOTCH1
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

All B cells need is BAFFB cells usually conspire with T cells to break tolerance against the host and cause lupus.But Groom et al. (page 1959) now show that B cells don't always need T cells to egg them on.An activating cytokine empowers them to cause trouble all on their own.This cytokine, called BAFF (B cellactivating factor), helps B cells survive as they transit through developmental checkpoints.BAFF also enhances T cell activation.With too much BAFF, however, even B cells that should have been eliminated-such as self-reactive ones-survive.The autoreactive antibodies first secreted by these cells are relatively harmless.But presumably with help from BAFF-activated T cells, these B cells switch their antibody genes and start producing pathogenic autoantibodies.Groom et al. now find that the antibody-switching signal doesn't have to come from T cells.Mice that overexpressed BAFF but lacked T cells still developed lupus.The B cells instead derived the extra push through their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9, whose expression was strongly enhanced by BAFF.The authors speculate that nucleic acids released by dying cells might trigger these TLRs on self-reactive B cells.The presence of disease-inducing antibodies even when T cells are absent might explain why not all lupus patients respond to treatments that suppress T cell functions.The team is now investigating whether these patients have high levels of BAFF.
Kinderheilkunde.
Journal: JAMA (1925)

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