tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medical toxicology
Authors: L. R. Goldfrank
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Medical toxicology is the study of physical and chemical agents and their effects on subcellular structures, living cells, and organisms. These effects define a toxicologic problem and are studied from dose-response and mechanistic perspectives. The field of medical toxicology is being considered for subspecialty recognition by the American Board of Medical Specialists. Post-residency fellowships in medical toxicology have been developed at 21 major medical centers and universities. The body of knowledge that is medical toxicology includes the clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, and treatments of acute poisoning (including accidental, suicidal, and substance abuse), acute and chronic exposure to toxins in the workplace, and exposure to environmental toxins. Medical toxicologists working in the country's regional poison centers and teaching hospitals apply this body of knowledge as they care for patients of all ages and backgrounds. The Institute of Medicine has recommended that all primary care physicians improve awareness, understanding, and management of
Diabetic Retinopathy After Two Years of Intensified Insulin Treatment
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
On the Pathology and Treatment of Certain Forms of Nerve Weakness.
Journal: JAMA (1883)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Theophylline-induced behavior change in children. An objective evaluation of parents' perceptions
Authors: B. Bender
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate children who take theophylline for the presence of behavioral side effects and to determine whether the beliefs about these side effects held by their parents are supported by their own observations. <h3>Design.</h3> —A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover protocol. Under both study conditions the children completed tests that measured their attention, impulsivity, memory, activity level, and mood, while the parents rated their behavior. <h3>Patients.</h3> —The subjects were 8- to 12-year-old children with asthma whose parents had observed adverse behavioral side effects while the children were taking theophylline. Among cited side effects were impulsivity, hyperactivity, altered mood, and impaired attention. <h3>Results.</h3> —No differences related to treatment could be detected from the parent questionnaires or from six of nine scores of the psychological evaluation of the children. The children, however, made fewer attention errors and showed a mild increase in anxiety and hand tremor of the dominant hand while they were receiving theophylline. All mean changes were small. No significant relationship was found between theophylline concentrations in the serum and degree of change in mood or attention. Eleven of 42 participants were disqualified for noncompliance during the study. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Parental beliefs about the side effects experienced by their children are not supported by their own observations performed through a blinded protocol. These results are in conflict with reports of a high incidence of adverse behavioral side effects attributed to theophylline therapy. (JAMA. 1992;267:2621-2624)
Use of CDK1 and CDK2 activity to predict renal cell cancer recurrence.
Authors: F. Hongo, N. Takaha, Y. Kimura, T. Nakamura, K. Mikami, S. Nakayama, M. Shibayama, H. Ishihara, T. Sakai, T. Miki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

e15007 Background: We established original methods enabling simultaneous analysis of protein expressions and kinase activities of the CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) molecules in lysate of tumor tissue in a clinical setting (C2P technology, Ishihara et al: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1741; 226- 233, 2005). The clinical utility of the technology was first evaluated in breast cancer, and combination analysis of CDK1 and CDK2 activity was shown to be a significant prognostic indicator for relapse (Kim et al: Ann Oncol. 19; 68-72, 2009). The objective of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of CDK1 and CDK2 activity as a prognostic marker in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: Surgical specimens were obtained from 115 patients with RCC without metastasis. These patients were selected randomly for this study. Protein expression and kinase activity of CDKs and cyclins were analyzed using a newly developed assay system. The system to measure the CDK specific activity (SA) is named C2Ps (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). We then examined the specific activities of CDK1 and CDK2 and calculated CDK2/CDK1 ratio in RCC. Also, risk score (RS) was examined as described in previous study (JGH van Nes et al: Br J Cancer. 100; 494-500, 2009). Cut off value was calculated by ROC analysis. Results: 115 cases were tested, though 32 cases were excluded of low sample quality (30 cases) and of assay failure (2 cases). 83 cases were analyzed. They included 63 male and 20 female patients, ranging in age from 19 to 83 years. At a median follow up of 33 months (1-109M), tumor with low CDK2/CDK1 ratio showed significantly better 5-year progression free survival (PFS) than those with high CDK2/CDK1 ratio (91.2% vs 51.6%, p=0.0016). Also, RS enabled the classification of RCCs into high-risk and low-risk groups, patients with tumors classified as low RS showed better PFS than patients with tumors with high RS (88.9% vs 63.9%, p=0.0488). Conclusions: CDK1 specific activity of tumors and the CDK2 specific activity are both associated with recurrence and prognosis. Analysis of cyclin-dependent kinase activity in the clinical setting could be a powerful approach for predicting cancer recurrence and prognosis in RCC after surgery and has potential for use as a routine laboratory test. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Sysmex Corporation
Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Harry S. Jonas
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> In a time of exploding scientific and technological information, which parallels a period of profound change in societal attitudes toward the delivery of health care, the challenge to medical educators and their institutions has never been greater. Undergraduate medical education is confronted by an expanded knowledge base in the biomedical sciences and pressures to adjust the curriculum accordingly. In addition, in attempting to respond to changing social currents, with ethical dilemmas assuming a new magnitude, a renewed focus has occurred in the development of a proper balance between the art and the science of medicine. The system of undergraduate medical education in the United States consists of medical schools with a diversity of missions. This diversity, combined with a variety of innovations in undergraduate medical education, represents the considerable strength of our system. This annual report on undergraduate medical education in the United States during the 1987-1988 academic year
The Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia
Authors: Janet D. Rowley
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Dr Sandberg's book should be subtitled "An Encyclopedia" because that, in fact, is what it is. Virtually all of the information on the karyotype in human tumors reported by 1980, and some that was still in press, is included in this monograph. The 18 chapters cover every aspect of the chromosome pattern in the leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. The comprehensive nature of this book can be measured by the 102 tables and 133 pages of references in this 750-page volume. The tables are a particularly valuable feature, since they usually include some clinical information, the karyotype, and the reference for each case. To Dr Sandberg's credit, the book is as current as humanly possible. Thus, even one year after publication it remains a prime source of information regarding the chromosome pattern in a particular human cancer. To refer to this book as an encyclopedia is not to imply that
Scientific Inquisitiveness—An Anecdote
Journal: JAMA (2016)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
THE DECREASING GERMAN BIRTH-RATE
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Plasma metallothionein concentration in patients with liver disorders: Special emphasis on the relation with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: T Mulder
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The plasma metallothionein concentration was evaluated in healthy subjects and in patients with several types of liver disorders. Plasma metallothionein concentrations in controls varied between 2.4 and 4.8 ng/ml. Patients with disorders associated with increased liver copper concentrations (i.e., primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis) had significantly (both p <0.002) elevated plasma metallothionein concentrations (range = 1.8 to 52.2 ng/ml), and a considerable number of these were above the maximum control level (21 of 41 patients). In contrast, patients with liver disorders not associated with increased liver copper concentrations (alcoholic and cryptogenic cirrhosis, and acute viral and chronic active hepatitis) generally had normal plasma metallothionein concentrations and only a few were above the maximum control level (11 of 64 patients, maximum = 8.8 ng/ml). The metallothionein concentrations in plasma samples from patients in stage I or II primary biliary cirrhosis were within or slightly above the control range, whereas most patients in stage III had elevated levels (p <0.002), and almost all patients in stage IV had clearly elevated (p < 0.0001) concentrations. In primary biliary cirrhosis the plasma metallothionein concentration tended to increase during the evolution of the disorder, and the concentration correlated significantly with the serum total bilirubin concentration. In conclusion, the plasma metallothionein concentration is significantly elevated in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Although related to the histological stage of primary biliary cirrhosis, the measurement of plasma metallothionein concentrations contributes little to the diagnosis or the evaluation of the severity of these disorders. In patients with liver disorders not associated with increased liver copper concentrations the plasma metallothionein concentration is generally normal. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:1008–1012.)
Video-assisted thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic liver resection for malignant tumors located in the posterosuperior segments.
Authors: Masao Sunahara, Yosuke Ono, Yusuke Tsunetoshi, Takeyuki Sawano, Hiroyuki Kasajima, Yutaka Hara, Shinsaku Suzuki, Shigeru Toyama, Kazuhiro Ogasawara, Jun Kimura
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

e15161 Background: Laparoscopic liver resection has recently become more common. However, it is difficult to resect laparoscopically the liver tumor located in the posterosuperior segments (IVa, VII and VIII), especially for patients with liver cirrhosis. Compared to laparoscopy, gaining access to tumors in the dome of the liver may be more easily obtained via thoracoscopy.Therefore, we describe the technique and outcome of a video-assisted thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic liver resection in patients with a malignant tumor of the liver. Methods: Five female patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic partial hepatectomy. The tumors were located at segment VIII in 4 patients and segment VII in 1. Three patients were preoperatively diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, and two were metastatic tumor of the colorectal cancer. Underlying cirrhosis was staged as Child-Pugh B in 2 cases and Child-Pugh A in 1. Thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic partial hepatic resection was chosen due to the tumor’s location and impaired liver function. The patient was placed in an oblique position with her left side on the table. The ports were placed around the tumor at three levels, the ninth (3cm mini-thoracotomy), the seventh (two ports, 5mm and 12mm), and the fifth (12mm) intercostals spaces. Using thoracoscopic ultrasonography, the portion of the diaphragm located just above the tumor was cut and opened using electric cautery. The partial liver resection was performed using coagulating shears and electric cautery. Results: No conversion to laparotomy occurred. The median blood loss was 200 ml (20-500 ml), and median operating time was 220 min (135-347 min). There were no perioperative deaths, and no patients underwent reoperation. Conclusions: Thoracoscopic hepatic resection can be safely performed in patients with subdiaphragmatic tumors, especially with cirrhosis or previous upper abdominal surgery.
Helicobacter pylori infection is not related to coronary risk factors
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Violations of code of marketing breast milk substitutes are commonThe international code of marketing of substitutes for breast milk was adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1981 to encourage mothers to breast feed and to ensure that women make informed choices when deciding how to feed their babies.On p 1117 Taylor reports the results of a study investigating violations of the code in four countries.Despite their stated support for the code, manufacturers of breast milk substitutes continue to provide free samples of substitutes, bottles, and teats to health professionals.Health facilities play an important part in distributing these samples to pregnant women and mothers of infants.There is an urgent need for implementation and monitoring of the code nationally; the study protocol used to investigate these issues could be applied easily to other countries.
Nomogram predicting treatment-related sexual dysfunction for men with localized prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy (RP), external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and brachytherapy (PI).
Authors: Joseph C. Klink, Martin G. Sanda, Mark S. Litwin, Montserrat Ferrer, Meredith M. Regan, Christopher Saigal, Lorna Kwan, Tianming Gao, Eric A. Klein, Michael W. Kattan, Andrew J. Stephenson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

51 Background: RP, EBRT, and PI for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer may negatively impact sexual function. Predictions of treatment-related sexual problems from patient-reported, prospective data may be useful in decision-making. Methods: Patient-reported data on treatment-related sexual problems was obtained from 4 prospective, longitudinal, health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) protocols comprising 2,668 patients treated between 1999 and 2011 by RP (n = 1,294), EBRT (n = 630), and PI (n = 744). A single HRQOL instrument was not uniformly used for each study, although questions pertaining to the quality and frequency of erections were identical among the studies. Only those patients with quality of erections sufficient for intercourse were included in the model. The endpoint of the model was erections suitable for intercourse on at least half of attempts at 2 years after treatment, with or without the use of oral medications. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to model the clinical information and follow-up data. Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping. Results: Overall, 931 (74%), 249 (42%), and 323 (45%) patients treated by RP, EBRT, and PI were considered to be potent at baseline. Significant differences in baseline characteristics such as patient age, ethnicity, and disease severity existed between the treatment groups. The potency rate at 2 years for 1,215 patients who were potent at baseline and had complete follow-up data was 38%, 51%, and 61% for patients treated by RP, EBRT, and PI, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). In multivariable analysis, age (p &lt; 0.001), baseline frequency of erections (p &lt; 0.001), EBRT (p &lt; 0.001), PI (p &lt; 0.001), PSA (p = 0.001), and institution (p = 0.006), were associated with potency. A nomogram based on the predictive parameters had a concordance index of 0.72 and predictions were well-calibrated with observed outcome. Conclusions: An externally-validated nomogram that predicts 2-year potency after treatment for localized prostate cancer has been developed and may be useful for patient counseling regarding treatment options.
Interspecies Extrapolation in Carcinogenesis: Prediction between Rats and Mice
Authors: Lois Swirsky Gold, Leslie Bernstein, Renae Magaw, Thomas H. Slone
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Interspecies extrapolation in carcinogenesis is studied by evaluating prediction from rats to mice and from mice to rats. The Carcinogenic Potency Database, which includes 3500 cancer tests conducted in rats or mice on 955 compounds, is used for the analysis. About half of the chemicals tested for carcinogenicity are positive in at least one test, and this proportion is similar when rats and mice are considered separately. For 392 chemicals tested in both species, 76% of the rat carcinogens are positive in the mouse, and 70% of mouse carcinogens are positive in the rat. When compounds composed solely of chlorine, carbon, hydrogen, and, optionally, oxygen are excluded from the analysis, 75% of mouse carcinogens are positive in the rat. Overall concordance (the percentage positive in both species plus the percentage negative in both) is 76%. Three factors that affect prediction between rats and mice are discussed: chemical class, mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay, and the dose level at which a chemical is toxic. Prediction is more accurate for mutagens than non-mutagens and for substances that are toxic at low (versus only at high) doses. Species differences are not the result of failure in the bioassay to attain the maximum tolerated dose in the negative species or of more frequent testing in the positive species. An analysis of the predictive value of positivity for the 10 most common target sites indicates that most sites are good predictors of carcinogenicity at some site in the other species; the poorest predictors among these common sites are the rat urinary bladder and the mouse liver.
The sugrical council and basic surgical examination
Authors: R. A. Chase
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The Millis<sup>1</sup>and Coggeshall<sup>2</sup>reports, and the statement of the Committee on Graduate Training adopted by the regents of the American College of Surgeons in 1961,<sup>3</sup>encouraged development of innovative programs by the surgical boards and residency review committees. Last year the American Surgical Association formally urged the specialty boards to stimulate selected institutions to experiment with flexible and imaginative programs of graduate education (Report of Committee on Graduate Education, 1969). A number of boards have responded and others already had studies underway to assess present programs and new means of measuring the quality of the emerging specialists.<sup>4,5</sup>Some specialty boards, excited by the progress being made by others, were aware of the predictable virtues of open interdisciplinary cooperative effort. The useful purpose served by specialty development has become self-evident, but now there is a growing recognition of the dependency of specialists upon one another where