tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pacemaker Malfunction
Authors: David L. Hayes
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

The field of cardiac pacing has expanded rapidly in recent years. Engineering improvements and microprocessor technology have resulted in a vast increase in pacemaker technology. The high-tech edge of cardiac pacing often discourages all but the pacemaker specialist from approaching a malfunctioning pacemaker. Electrocardiographic signs of pacemaker malfunction can be grouped into four categories: failure to output, failure to capture, undersensing, and inappropriate pacemaker rate. For each of these categories, there may be true malfunctions and pseudomalfunctions. In addition, environmental sources of electromagnetic interference, both within and outside the hospital environment, can result in pacemaker malfunction. Approaching pacemaker malfunction with these categories in mind should help minimize confusion.
Erratum: Structure of and influence of a tick complement inhibitor on human complement component 5
Authors: Folmer Fredslund, Nick S Laursen, Pietro Roversi, Lasse Jenner, Cristiano L P Oliveira, Jan S Pedersen, Miles A Nunn, Susan M Lea, Richard Discipio, Lars Sottrup-Jensen, Gregers R Andersen
Journal: Nature Immunology (2008)
术后头颈部皮肤SCC的复发率
Authors: C.B. Lee, B.M. Roorda, M. Wakkee, Q. Voorham, A.L. Mooyaart, H.C. Vijlder, T. Nijsten, R.R. Bos
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

鳞状细胞癌(SSC)是英国第二种最常见的皮肤癌, 仅在英格兰和威尔士就影响10,000人。风险因素包括长时间日晒或日光浴、皮肤白皙、年龄较大及有家族病史。这是一种缓慢生长的癌症, 累及皮肤外层, 但若不加治疗可扩散至其他身体部位。SCC可进行切除治疗, 通常通过手术切除, 但程度较轻的病例有时采用冷冻和膏剂。本研究在荷兰进行, 回顾了579名SSC患者, 对比接受两种不同形式的手术治疗后的癌症复发率。292名患者接受了标准切除术, SCC及一小部分皮肤已被切除并送至实验室确诊, 而且检查确认肿瘤已全部切除。其他380名患者接受了更新的专业手术, 称作Mohs显微外科手术。手术时分层切除肿瘤, 在手术过程中每次均在显微镜下检查样本, 以了解多少肿瘤已被切除。虽然此手术用时更长, 但目的在于保留尽可能多的正常皮肤, 出于美容原因, 这对脸部特别重要。研究人员随访了接受标准切除术5‐7年后的患者群体, 发现8%已出现SSC复发。相较而言, 在接受Mohs显微手术的群体中, 仅3%在4‐9年后复发SSC。总之, 在接受标准切除术的群体中更多SSC复发。经过肿瘤大小和深度校正后, 可得出结论, 接受Mohs显微手术的患者相较标准切除术复发SSC的可能性要低三倍。
The Clinical Study of the Early Symptoms and Treatment of Circulatory Disease in General Practice.
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
l'Os temporal chez l'homme adulte.
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Book Review American Surgical Instruments: An illustrated history of their manufacture and a directory of instrument makers to 1900 (Norman Surgery Series. No. 9.) By James M. Edmonson. 352 pp., illustrated. San Francisco, Norman, 1997. $150. 0-930405-70-6 Surgical and Dental Instrument Catalogues from the Civil War Era (Norman Surgery Series. No. 10.) By Snowden and Brother and John Weiss and Son. 344 pp., illustrated. San Francisco, Norman, 1997. $150. 0-930405-72-2
Authors: Donald Trunkey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)
Surgical Nursing.
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Endothelin
Authors: G Brooks
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Endothelin Get access G Brooks G Brooks London, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 3, March 1994, Page 435, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.3.435 Published: 01 March 1994
Unstable Angina
Authors: WAYNE R. ROGERS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Letters and Corrections1 August 1984Unstable AnginaWAYNE R. ROGERS, M.D., DONALD N. WYSHAM, M.D.WAYNE R. ROGERS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DONALD N. WYSHAM, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-101-2-281_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Oliva(l), in reviewing the mechanisms of unstable rest angina with ST-segment depressions, concludes that surgery may be reserved for "persistent ischemia despite intensive medical therapy." Such a medical regimen often takes several days and has been associated with a myocardial infarction rate of approximately 10% and a death rate of 3% during the initial hospitalization. Most patients continue to be troubled by angina and many have surgery within a few weeks.Coronary arteriography and bypass surgery are now standard procedures with less risk and consistent relief of symptoms. When clinically appropriate within the first day or two...References1. OLIVA P. Unstable angina with ST-segment depression: pathophysiologic considerations and therapeutic implications. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:424-40. LinkGoogle Scholar2. ROGERS W and WYSHAM D. Surgery for angina pectoris [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1973;79:138. LinkGoogle Scholar3. ROGERS W and WYSHAM D. Coronary bypass for acute rest angina: 10 year follow-up. Br Heart J. 1982;47:365-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. KRAUSS K, HUTTER A, and DESANCTIS R. Acute coronary insufficiency: course and follow-up. Circulation. 1972;45(suppl I):I-66-71. Google Scholar2. . Unstable angina pectoris: National Cooperative Study Group to compare surgical and medical therapy: II. In-hospital experience and initial follow-up results in patients with one, two, and three-vessel disease. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42:834-48. Google Scholar3. . Unstable angina pectoris: National Cooperative Study Group to compare surgical and medical therapy: IV. Results in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1981 ;48:517-24. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. KRONENFELD J, CHARLES E, and WAYNE J. Unstable angina pectoris: an examination of modes and costs of therapy. Circulation. 1979; 60(suppl I):I-16-22. Google Scholar5. OLIVA P. Unstable angina with ST-segment depression: pathophysiologic consideration and therapeutic implications. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:424-40. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: WAYNE R. ROGERS, M.D.; DONALD N. WYSHAM, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1984Volume 101, Issue 2Page: 281-282KeywordsAnginaAngiographyDeath ratesHospitalizationsIschemiaMyocardial infarctionStable coronary artery diseaseSurgeryUnstable angina ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1984 PDF downloadLoading ...
Does inappropriate use explain geographic variations in the use of health care services? A study of three procedures
Authors: M. R. Chassin
Journal: JAMA (1987)

We studied the appropriateness of use of coronary angiography, carotid endarterectomy, and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy and its relationship to geographic variations in the rates of use of these procedures. We selected geographic areas of high, average, and low use of these procedures and randomly sampled Medicare beneficiaries who had received one of the procedures in 1981. We determined the indications for the procedures using a detailed review of medical records and used previously developed ratings of appropriateness to assign an appropriateness score to each case. Differences among sites in levels of appropriateness were small. For example, in the high-use site for coronary angiography, 72% of the procedures were appropriate, compared with 81% in the low-use site. Coronary angiography was performed 2.3 times as frequently in the high-use site compared with the low-use site. Under the conditions of this study, we did find significant levels of inappropriate use:17% of cases for coronary angiography, 32% for carotid endarterectomy, and 17% for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. We conclude that differences in appropriateness cannot explain geographic variations in the use of these procedures. (<i>JAMA</i>1987;258:2533-2537)
Anquilostomiasis y paludismo en Venezuela
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Comparison of nilotinib and imatinib in patients (pts) with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP): ENESTnd 24-month follow-up.
Authors: R. A. Larson, D. Kim, G. Rosti, L. Stenke, R. Pasquini, A. Hoenekopp, R. E. Blakesley, N. J. Gallagher, A. Hochhaus, T. P. Hughes, G. Saglio, H. Kantarjian
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

6511 Background: Nilotinib demonstrated superiority vs imatinib in ENESTnd at 12 months (mo). Here, we present data with a minimum follow-up (f/u) of 24 mo. Methods: 846 CML-CP pts were randomized to receive nilotinib 300 mg bid (n = 282), nilotinib 400 mg bid (n = 281), or imatinib 400 mg qd (n = 283). Primary endpoint was major molecular response (MMR, ≤ 0.1% BCR-ABLIS) at 12 mo. Here, we report MMR by 24 mo, overall best molecular response (CMR4 and CMR4.5), progression to AP/BC, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: With minimum 24-mo f/u, response rates were significantly higher for nilotinib vs imatinib. MMR rates remained superior for nilotinib across all Sokal risk groups. Achievement of CMR4 and CMR4.5 were significantly higher for nilotinib vs imatinib. There continued to be significantly fewer progressions to AP/BC on treatment, including clonal evolution (CE), on nilotinib 300 (n = 2) and 400 mg bid (n = 5) vs imatinib (n = 17). At 24 mo, OS remained similar in all groups, but there were fewer CML-related deaths on both nilotinib 300 (n = 5) and 400 mg bid (n = 3) vs imatinib (n = 10). Both drugs were well tolerated. Discontinuation due to adverse events/lab abnormalities was 9% for nilotinib 300 mg bid, 13% for nilotinib 400 mg bid, and 10% for imatinib. Conclusions: Nilotinib continues to demonstrate superior efficacy with significantly improved disease control vs imatinib for the treatment of pts with newly diagnosed CML-CP. Nilotinib 300 mg bid (n = 282) Nilotinib 400 mg bid (n = 281) Imatinib 400 mg qd (n = 283) MMR, % By 24 mo 71* p < .0001* 67* p < .0001* 44 Best molecular response at any time, % ≤ 0.01% IS (CMR4) 44 p < .0001* 36 p < .0001* 20 ≤ 0.0032% IS (CMR4.5) 26 p < .0001* 21 p = .0004* 10 Freedom from progression to AP/BC, (%) Estimated rate at 24 mo Excluding CE 99.3 p = .0059** 98.1 p = .0196** 95.2 Including CE 99.3 p = .0003** 97.3 p = .0089** 93.2 PFS, % Estimated rate at 24 mo OS, % 98.0 p = .0736** 97.7 p = .0437** 95.2 Estimated OS rate at 24 mo 97.4 p = .6485** 97.8 p = .2125** 96.3 Estimated OS rate of CML- related death at 24 mo 98.9 p = .1930** 98.9 p = .0485** 96.7 * Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified by Sokal vs imatinib. ** Log-rank test stratified by Sokal vs imatinib.
Abstract P188: Repeated Blood Pressure Measurements in Relation to Cardiovascular and All[[Unable to Display Character: &amp;#8209;]]cause Mortality in Individuals with and without Antihypertensive Medication: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Johanna M Geleijnse, Susanne M Tielemans, Gail A Laughlin, Hendriek C Boshuizen, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, Daan Kromhout
Journal: Circulation (2016)

Introduction: The predictive value of systolic blood pressure (SBP) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals using antihypertensive medication has not yet been established in epidemiological studies. We investigated the association of average SBP and SBP trajectories with CVD and all-cause mortality, accounting for antihypertensive medication. Methods: Data from 762 participants from the Rancho Bernardo Study were used. Five examinations took place from 1984 - 2002; mortality data were obtained from 2002 - 2013. Average SBP was defined as the mean of all available SBP levels between 1984 - 2002 and SBP trajectories over this period were derived using groupbased trajectory modeling. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to investigate associations of average SBP and SBP trajectories with CVD and all-cause mortality, adjusted for age, sex, plasma cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and antihypertensive medication. We examined whether use of antihypertensive medication modified these associations by means of interaction terms in the multivariable models. Results: Mean (± SD) baseline age was 65.7 ± 8.4 years, and 67% were female. During a median follow-up of 11.7 years, 286 participants died, 34% due to CVD. For average SBP, each 20-mm Hg increment was associated with a 1.4-times greater CVD mortality risk and 1.2-times all-cause mortality risk (Table 1). For SBP trajectories , the highest trajectories were associated with a 2-to-3-times greater CVD mortality risk and 1.5-times greater all-cause mortality risk, compared with the lowest trajectory. These associations were not modified by antihypertensive medication ( P for interaction &gt;0.10). Conclusions: In the general middle-aged and older population of the Rancho Bernardo Study, long-term average SBP levels and trajectories were significant predictors of CVD and all-cause mortality, irrespective of prescribed antihypertensive medication in the 1980s and 1990s.
Nonneoplastic intracranial lesions simulating neoplasms on computed tomographic scan. Excellent sensitivity with limited specificity
Authors: N. Kandalaft
Journal: JAMA (1982)

CEREBRAL neuroradiological diagnostic tools have improved vastly since the introduction of radiology. Ventriculography was soon followed by angiography and radionuclide scanning. With the advent of computed tomographic (CT) scanning, high hopes were attached to its ability to provide accurate preoperative presumptive histological diagnoses of multiple intracranial lesions. Nonetheless, the combined modalities of radionuclide scanning, cerebral angiography, and CT scanning, even with clinical data, still cannot provide a 100% correct preoperative presumptive histological diagnosis, although a high percentage of correct diagnoses is possible. Initiation of treatment without obtaining a histological diagnosis remains hazardous. In this regard, we wish to present four cases that were encountered on the General Neurosurgical Service at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, between January 1978 and June 1980. In these cases, neuroradiological findings provided a preoperative or premortem presumptive diagnosis, or both, that was subsequently proved incorrect. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> The patient
Specific Antibodies to Moesin, a Membrane-Cytoskeleton Linker Protein, Are Frequently Detected in Patients with Immune-Mediated Aplastic Anemia.
Authors: Hiroyuki Takamatsu, Xingmin Feng, Xuzhang Lu, Chiharu Sugimori, Tatsuya Chuhjo, Akiyoshi Takami, Katsuya Okawa, Shinji Nakao
Journal: Blood (2005)
Antibiotics 1999
Authors: Ludwig A. Lettau
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Ad Libitum15 May 1989Antibiotics 1999Ludwig A. Lettau, MDLudwig A. Lettau, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-10-850 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe Glitze Pharmaceuticals rep entered my office at the appointed hour and greeted me with a triumphant smile. In my mind I was already hearing a drum roll and trumpet fanfare heralding something wonderful. Rep: "Dr. Lettau, I appreciate this opportunity to present our new sixth-generation cephalosporin, Cefaholygrail. Its spectrum of activity is not just broad, it's universal. It covers all gram positives including resistant staph and enterococcus, all gram negatives including Pseudomonas, all anaerobes, and even chlamydia and rickettsia."Dr: "I'll bet that coverage includes the flora inhabiting the lower backside of the prescriber. Hmmm, includes rickettsia you say-you... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Ludwig A. Lettau, MDAffiliations: MPH Greenville, South Carolina PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byLime versus Lyme DiseaseLorraine Tosiello, MDImproving Antibiotic Use Has Become Essential-Can Surgery Lead the Way? 15 May 1989Volume 110, Issue 10Page: 850-850KeywordsAntibioticsChlamydiaEnterococcusHearingPseudomonasRickettsia ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 May 1989 Copyright & Permissions©1989 American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...
Does long term calcitonin, calcium and Vit D3 administration in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients prevents bone demineralization? Gastro and Endocrine Units Sta. Maria University Hospital. Lisbon, Portugal.
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Severe combined immunodeficiency can be caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in the DNA recombination machinery, such as recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1), RAG2, or DNA cross-link repair 1C (DCLRE1C). Defective DNA recombination causes a developmental block in T and B cells, resulting in high susceptibility to infections. Hypomorphic mutations in the same genes can also give rise to a partial loss of T cells in a spectrum including leaky severe combined immunodeficiency (LS) and Omenn syndrome (OS). These patients not only experience life-threatening infections because of immunodeficiency but also experience inflammatory/autoimmune conditions caused by the presence of autoreactive T cells.We sought to develop a preclinical model that fully recapitulates the symptoms of patients with LS/OS, including a model for testing therapeutic intervention.We generated a novel mutant mouse (Dclre1cleaky) that develops a LS phenotype. Mice were monitored for diseases, and immune phenotype and immune function were evaluated by using flow cytometry, ELISA, and histology.Dclre1cleaky mice present with a complete blockade of B-cell differentiation, with a leaky block in T-cell differentiation resulting in an oligoclonal T-cell receptor repertoire and enhanced cytokine secretion. Dclre1cleaky mice also had inflammatory symptoms, including wasting, dermatitis, colitis, hypereosinophilia, and high IgE levels. Development of a preclinical murine model for LS allowed testing of potential treatment, with administration of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-Ig reducing disease symptoms and immunologic disturbance, resulting in increased survival.These data suggest that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4-Ig should be evaluated as a potential treatment of inflammatory symptoms in patients with LS and those with OS.
THE OSTEOPATHY BILL.
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal