The Thermogenic Effect of Thyroid Hormone and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: J. Enrique Silva
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Reviews5 August 2003The Thermogenic Effect of Thyroid Hormone and Its Clinical ImplicationsJ. Enrique Silva, MDJ. Enrique Silva, MDFrom Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-3-200308050-00010 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Clinical PrinciplesThere is a popular belief, even among physicians, that weight changes are frequent manifestations of thyroid dysfunction.Thyrotoxicosis is usually associated with weight loss and heat intolerance. Cold intolerance, but not weight gain, is a prominent feature of hypothyroidism.Pathophysiologic PrinciplesThyroid hormones increase heat production only in homeothermic species.Thermogenesis is energy dissipation as heat.The thermogenic effect of thyroid hormones is closely linked to increased appetite and lipogenesis to ensure fuel availability and avoid wasting.Major thermogenic mechanisms include increased turnover of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and programmed reduction in the efficiency of ATP synthesis.Reduced efficiency in ATP synthesis is relatively more important than ...References1. Else PL, Hulbert AJ. Comparison of the mammal machine and the reptile machine: energy production. Am J Physiol. 1981;240:R3-9. [PMID: 6257122] MedlineGoogle Scholar2. Woledge RC. Energy transformations in living muscle.. In: Wieser W, Gnaiger E, eds. Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1989:36-45. Google Scholar3. Dollberg S, Demarini S, Donovan EF, Hoath SB. Maturation of thermal capabilities in preterm infants. Am J Perinatol. 2000;17:47-51. [PMID: 10928604] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Berry MN, Gregory RB, Grivell AR, Henly DC, Phillips JW, Wallace PG, . The thermodynamic regulation of cellular metabolism and heat production.. In: Wieser W, Gnaiger E, eds. Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 1989:18-27. Google Scholar5. Hulbert AJ, Else PL. Comparison of the mammal machine and the reptile machine: energy use and thyroid activity. Am J Physiol. 1981;241:R350-6. [PMID: 7304780] MedlineGoogle Scholar6. Weirich RT, Schwartz HL, Oppenheimer JH. An analysis of the interrelationship of nuclear and plasma triiodothyronine in the sea lamprey, lake trout, and rat: evolutionary considerations. Endocrinology. 1987;120:664-77. [PMID: 3803297] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Magnus-Levy A. Ueber den respiratorischen Gaswechsel unter Einfluss de Thyroidea sowie unter verschiedenen pathologische Zustand. Berlin Klin Wochschr. 1895;32:650-2. Google Scholar8. Seydoux J, Giacobino JP, Girardier L. Impaired metabolic response to nerve stimulation in brown adipose tissue of hypothyroid rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1982;25:213-26. [PMID: 6276252] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Bianco AC, Silva JE. Intracellular conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is required for the optimal thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:295-300. [PMID: 3793928] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. Weiss M, Milman B, Rosen B, Zimlichman R. Quantitation of thyroid hormone effect on skin perfusion by laser Doppler flowmetry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:680-2. [PMID: 8445026] MedlineGoogle Scholar11. Vagn Nielsen H, Hasselstrom K, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Mehlsen J, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Friis T, . Increased sympathetic tone in forearm subcutaneous tissue in primary hypothyroidism. Clin Physiol. 1987;7:297-302. [PMID: 3621867] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Mory G, Ricquier D, Pesquies P, Hemon P. Effects of hypothyroidism on the brown adipose tissue of adult rats: comparison with the effects of adaptation to cold. J Endocrinol. 1981;91:515-24. [PMID: 7328374] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13. Bianco AC, Silva JE. Optimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in BAT depends on local T3 generation. Am J Physiol. 1987;253:E255-63. [PMID: 3631256] MedlineGoogle Scholar14. Carvalho SD, Kimura ET, Bianco AC, Silva JE. Central role of brown adipose tissue thyroxine 5-deiodinase on thyroid hormone-dependent thermogenic response to cold. Endocrinology. 1991;128:2149-59. [PMID: 2004619] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Silva JE. Thyroid hormone control of thermogenesis and energy balance. Thyroid. 1995;5:481-92. [PMID: 8808101] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Rolfe DF, Brown GC. Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiol Rev. 1997;77:731-58. [PMID: 9234964] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Nicholls DG, Locke RM. Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat. Physiol Rev. 1984;64:1-64. [PMID: 6320232] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. Cannon B, Nedergaard J. The biochemistry of an inefficient tissue: brown adipose tissue. Essays Biochem. 1985;20:110-64. [PMID: 3928372] MedlineGoogle Scholar19. Brand MD. Regulation analysis of energy metabolism. J Exp Biol. 1997;200 Pt 2 193-202. [PMID: 9050227] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. Laloi M, Klein M, Riesmeier JW, Muller-Rober B, Fleury C, Bouillaud F, . A plant cold-induced uncoupling protein [Letter]. Nature. 1997;389:135-6. [PMID: 9296489] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. Vianna CR, Hagen T, Zhang CY, Bachman E, Boss O, Gereben B, . Cloning and functional characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog in hummingbirds. Physiol Genomics. 2001;5:137-45. [PMID: 11285367] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar22. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL, Lane JT, Thompson MP. Functional relationship of thyroid hormone-induced lipogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:125-32. [PMID: 1985090] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23. Clausen T, Van Hardeveld C, Everts ME. Significance of cation transport in control of energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Physiol Rev. 1991;71:733-74. [PMID: 2057526] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. Harper ME, Brand MD. The quantitative contributions of mitochondrial proton leak and ATP turnover reactions to the changed respiration rates of hepatocytes from rats of different thyroid status. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:14850-60. [PMID: 8392060] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar25. Harper ME, Ballantyne JS, Leach M, Brand MD. Effects of thyroid hormones on oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Soc Trans. 1993;21 Pt 3 785-92. [PMID: 8224511] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar26. Leijendekker WJ, van Hardeveld C, Elzinga G. Heat production during contraction in skeletal muscle of hypothyroid mice. Am J Physiol. 1987;253:E214-20. [PMID: 3618771] MedlineGoogle Scholar27. Gong DW, Monemdjou S, Gavrilova O, Leon LR, Marcus-Samuels B, Chou CJ, . Lack of obesity and normal response to fasting and thyroid hormone in mice lacking uncoupling protein-3. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:16251-7. [PMID: 10748195] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar28. Arsenijevic D, Onuma H, Pecqueur C, Raimbault S, Manning BS, Miroux B, . Disruption of the uncoupling protein-2 gene in mice reveals a role in immunity and reactive oxygen species production. Nat Genet. 2000;26:435-9. [PMID: 11101840] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29. Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM. Principles of Biochemistry. 2nd ed. New York: Worth; 1993. Google Scholar30. Barker SB, Klitgaard HM. Metabolism of tissues excised from thyroxine-injected rats. J Physiol (Lond). 1952;170:81-6. Google Scholar31. Lee YP, Lardy HA. Influence of thyroid hormones on l--glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and other dehydrogenases in various organs of the rat. J Biol Chem. 1965;240:1427-36. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar32. Triandafillou J, Gwilliam C, Himms-Hagen J. Role of thyroid hormone in cold-induced changes in rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Can J Biochem. 1982;60:530-7. [PMID: 7104831] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar33. Silva JE, Larsen PR. Interrelationships among thyroxine, growth hormone, and the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of 5-iodothyronine deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 1986;77:1214-23. [PMID: 3958187] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar34. Silva JE, Rabelo R. Regulation of the uncoupling protein gene expression. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136:251-64. [PMID: 9100546] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar35. al-Adsani H, Hoffer LJ, Silva JE. Resting energy expenditure is sensitive to small dose changes in patients on chronic thyroid hormone replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1118-25. [PMID: 9100583] MedlineGoogle Scholar36. Boivin M, Camirand A, Carli F, Hoffer LJ, Silva JE. Uncoupling protein-2 and -3 messenger ribonucleic acids in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of healthy males: variability, factors affecting expression, and relation to measures of metabolic rate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1975-83. [PMID: 10843184] MedlineGoogle Scholar37. Mooradian AD. Age-related differences in body weight loss in response to altered thyroidal status. Exp Gerontol. 1990;25:29-35. [PMID: 2318280] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar38. Sood A, Schwartz HL, Oppenheimer JH. Tissue-specific regulation of malic enzyme by thyroid hormone in the neonatal rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996;222:287-91. [PMID: 8670197] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar39. Blennemann B, Leahy P, Kim TS, Freake HC. Tissue-specific regulation of lipogenic mRNAs by thyroid hormone. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;110:1-8. [PMID: 7672439] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar40. Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, . Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature. 1996;382:250-2. [PMID: 8717038] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar41. Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Brogioni S, Grasso L, Martino E. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of the euthyroid sick syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;138:603-14. [PMID: 9678522] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar42. Clarke SD, Hembree J. Inhibition of triiodothyronine's induction of rat liver lipogenic enzymes by dietary fat. J Nutr. 1990;120:625-30. [PMID: 2352037] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar43. Pijl H, de Meijer PH, Langius J, Coenegracht CI, van den Berk AH, Chandie Shaw PK, . Food choice in hyperthyroidism: potential influence of the autonomic nervous system and brain serotonin precursor availability. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5848-53. [PMID: 11739450] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar44. Syed MA, Thompson MP, Pachucki J, Burmeister LA. The effect of thyroid hormone on size of fat depots accounts for most of the changes in leptin mRNA and serum levels in the rat. Thyroid. 1999;9:503-12. [PMID: 10365683] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar45. Wilding JP. Neuropeptides and appetite control. Diabet Med. 2002;19:619-27. [PMID: 12147141] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar46. Lopez M, Seoane L, Senaris RM, Dieguez C. Prepro-orexin mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamus, and orexin receptors mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamus and adrenal gland are not influenced by the thyroid status. Neurosci Lett. 2001;300:171-5. [PMID: 11226638] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar47. Calza L, Forrest D, Vennstrom B, Hokfelt T. Expression of peptides and other neurochemical markers in hypothalamus and olfactory bulb of mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors. Neuroscience. 2000;101:1001-12. [PMID: 11113349] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. Read NW. Role of gastrointestinal factors in hunger and satiety in man. Proc Nutr Soc. 1992;51:7-11. [PMID: 1508932] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. Meguid MM, Fetissov SO, Varma M, Sato T, Zhang L, Laviano A, . Hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin in the regulation of food intake. Nutrition. 2000;16:843-57. [PMID: 11054589] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:1097-142. [PMID: 11427693] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar51. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Chin WW. Differential and tissue-specific regulation of the multiple rat c-erbA messenger RNA species by thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 1990;85:101-5. [PMID: 2153150] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar52. Freake HC, Santos A, Goldberg Y, Ghysdael J, Oppenheimer JH. Differences in antibody recognition of the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor and c-erbA products. Mol Endocrinol. 1988;2:986-91. [PMID: 2903441] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar53. Forrest D, Vennstrom B. Functions of thyroid hormone receptors in mice. Thyroid. 2000;10:41-52. [PMID: 10691312] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar54. Gloss B, Trost S, Bluhm W, Swanson E, Clark R, Winkfein R, . Cardiac ion channel expression and contractile function in mice with deletion of thyroid hormone receptor or . Endocrinology. 2001;142:544-50. [PMID: 11159823] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar55. Johansson C, Gothe S, Forrest D, Vennstrom B, Thoren P. Cardiovascular phenotype and temperature control in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor- or both alpha1 and . Am J Physiol. 1999;276:H2006-12. [PMID: 10362681] MedlineGoogle Scholar56. Weiss RE, Murata Y, Cua K, Hayashi Y, Seo H, Refetoff S. Thyroid hormone action on liver, heart, and energy expenditure in thyroid hormone receptor -deficient mice. Endocrinology. 1998;139:4945-52. [PMID: 9832432] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar57. Wikstrom L, Johansson C, Salto C, Barlow C, Campos Barros A, Baas F, . Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor 1. EMBO J. 1998;17:455-61. [PMID: 9430637] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar58. Ribeiro MO, Carvalho SD, Schultz JJ, Chiellini G, Scanlan TS, Bianco AC, . Thyroid hormonesympathetic interaction and adaptive thermogenesis are thyroid hormone receptor isoformspecific. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:97-105. [PMID: 11435461] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar59. Sundin U. GDP binding to rat brown fat mitochondria: effects of thyroxine at different ambient temperatures. Am J Physiol. 1981;241:C134-9. [PMID: 7282915] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar60. Silva JE. Catecholamines and the sympathoadrenal system in thyrotoxicosis.. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. 8th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:642-51. Google Scholar61. Silva JE, Larsen PR. Hormonal regulation of iodothyronine 5-deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol. 1986;251:E639-43. [PMID: 3538896] MedlineGoogle Scholar62. Rubio A, Raasmaja A, Silva JE. Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. II: Differential effects of thyroid hormone on 3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 1995;136:3277-84. [PMID: 7628361] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar63. Larsen PR. Mammalian type 2 deiodinase sequences: finally, the end of the beginning [Editorial]. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:242-3. [PMID: 8755629] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar64. Silva JE. Catecholamines and the sympathoadrenal system in hypothyroidism.. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. 8th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000:820-3. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Grant Support: By grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-11550, MT-15101) and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-44071).Disclosures: None disclosed.Corresponding Author: J. Enrique Silva, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, Room E-104, 3755 Chemin de la Cte-Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; e-mail, enrique.[email protected]mcgill.ca. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByPhysiological dynamics in broiler chickens under heat stress and possible mitigation strategiesThyroid wars: the rise of central actionsThyroid Function and Physical Activity: A Population-Based Cohort StudyCentral vs. Peripheral Action of Thyroid Hormone in Adaptive Thermogenesis: A Burning TopicChronic cold exposure induces autophagy to promote fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial turnover, and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissueNon-Invasive Measurement of Thyroid Hormones in Domestic RabbitsCecal microbial transplantation attenuates hyperthyroid‐induced thermogenesis in Mongolian gerbilsRelationship Between Thyroid Hormonal Status in Patients with a Hypothyroid Form of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Iodine Concentrations in Drinking WaterStandard hypothyroid treatment did not restore proper metabolic response to carbohydrateCentral Hypothyroidism Impairs Heart Rate Stability and Prevents Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and PyrexiaHyperthyroidismSeasonal effects on resting energy expenditure are dependent on age and percent body fatEffects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A reviewThermogenesis in Adipose Tissue Activated by Thyroid HormoneFecal stress, nutrition and reproductive hormones for monitoring environmental impacts on tigers (Panthera tigris)Hormones as adaptive control systems in juvenile fishSex Dimorphic Responses of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Thyroid Axis to Maternal Separation and Palatable DietAt thermoneutrality, acute thyroxine-induced thermogenesis and pyrexia are independent of UCP1Tanycytes and the Control of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Flux Into Portal CapillariesDecreased circulating levels of ANGPTL8 in Graves' disease patientsThyroid-Hormone-Induced Browning of White Adipose Tissue Does Not Contribute to Thermogenesis and Glucose ConsumptionMonkey business: Collaborating to grow an ecological physiology of primatesThyroid Hormones in Critical IllnessResolution of Hypothyroidism Restores Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in HumansCold Adaptation as a Means of Increasing Antioxidant ProtectionA Review of Iodine Status of Women of Reproductive Age in the USASerum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 are negatively associated with log transformation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in Graves' disease patients with hyperthyroidism or subjects with euthyroidismThyroid hormones mediate metabolic rate and oxidative, anti-oxidative balance at different temperatures in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)Adaptive Contribution of Thyroid Hormones in ObesityThyroid hormone (T 3 ) stimulates brown adipose tissue activation via mitochondrial biogenesis and MTOR-mediated mitophagyIodothyronines as Lipid-lowering AgentsAssociation between serum thyrotropin within the euthyroid range and obesityIntermittent Dieting: Theoretical Considerations for the AthleteA NEW APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE HUMAN ORGANISMSerum levels of fetuin-A are negatively associated with log transformation levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone in patients with hyperthyroidism or euthyroidismHyperthyroidism and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Thyrotropin Receptor D633H Mutant MiceLeptin regulation of core body temperature involves mechanisms independent of the thyroid axisAdipocyte DIO2 Expression Increases in Human Obesity but Is Not Related to Systemic Insulin SensitivityThe Main Physiological Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in HumansSeasonal changes in plasma levels of thyroid hormones and the effects of the hormones on cellular ATP content in common bottlenose dolphinEffect of Iodothyronines on Thermogenesis: Focus on Brown Adipose TissueCharacterizing the Duration and Severity of Fishing Gear Entanglement on a North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Using Stable Isotopes, Steroid and Thyroid Hormones in BaleenEffects of long-term sucrose overfeeding on rat brown adipose tissue: a structural and immunohistochemical studyThe effect of thyroid dysfunction on nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels in ratsDirect and rapid effects of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2)Thyroid function and metabolic syndrome in the population-based LifeLines cohort studyThyroid hormone fluctuations indicate a thermoregulatory function in both a tropical ( Alouatta palliata ) and seasonally cold‐habitat ( Macaca fuscata ) primateVanWyk-Grumbach syndrome in a male pediatric patient: A rare case report and literature reviewExercise-induced effects on UCP1 expression in classical brown adipose tissue: a systematic reviewThyroid hormone status defines brown adipose tissue activity and browning of white adipose tissues in miceSerum Spot 14 concentration is negatively associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone levelThermoregulatory and Cardiovascular Consequences of a Transient Thyrotoxicosis and Recovery in Male MiceHypothalamus‐Pituitary‐Thyroid AxisReticulo-rumen temperature as a predictor of calving time in primiparous and parous Holstein femalesDeterminants of body weight regulation in humansSerum Levels of Follistatin Are Positively Associated With Serum-Free Thyroxine Levels in Patients With Hyperthyroidism or EuthyroidismUncoupling Proteins and the Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid ThermogenesisHyperthyroidism induced by Graves' disease reversibly affects skin microvascular reactivityAppetite Regulation and ThermogenesisNeuronal Control of Brown Fat ActivityAssociation Between Serum Levels of Adipocyte Fatty Acid-binding Protein and Free ThyroxineEnergy regulation in context: Free-living female arctic ground squirrels modulate the relationship between thyroid hormones and activity among life history stagesMaternal endocrine adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutrient manipulation: Consequences for sexually dimorphic programming of thyroid hormones and development of their progenyThyroid Hormone Regulation of MetabolismCentral Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Under Physiological and Pathophysiological ConditionsEffect of sesame seeds or oil supplementation to the feed on some physiological parameters in Japanese QuailNeonatal Morbidity and Mortality of 31 Calves Derived from Somatic CloningEffects of meat species on the postprandial thermic effect in ratsPeripheral signalling involved in energy homeostasis controlFDG PET/CT in Evaluation of Pyrexia of Unknown OriginClassical Hormones Linked to ObesityThyrotoxicosisHyperthyroidism presenting with hyperglycemia in an adolescent femaleEndokrinologische NotfälleNeuroendocrine and Metabolic Adaptations in the Central Nervous System That Facilitate Weight RegainAppetite Regulation and ThermogenesisThyroid Hormone Effects on Whole-Body Energy Homeostasis and Tissue-Specific Fatty Acid Uptake in VivoPale, soft, exudative turkey—The role of ryanodine receptor variation in meat qualityLes hormones thyroïdiennes, action sur le myocardeCentral Integration of Environmental and Endogenous Signals Important in the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy ExpenditureThyroid hormones and multiple organ dysfunction syndromeType 1 Cannabinoid Receptor-Containing Axons Innervate Hypophysiotropic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Synthesizing NeuronsImpacto do tratamento com GH sobre as funções tireoidiana e adrenalSustained Weight Loss After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Is Characterized by Down Regulation of Endocannabinoids and Mitochondrial FunctionRole of α 1 -adrenoceptor subtypes in the effects of methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) on body temperature in the mouseCharacterization of weight loss and weight regain mechanisms after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in ratsPotential therapeutic applications of thyroid hormone analogsLow-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolismPlacental restriction alters circulating thyroid hormone in the young lamb postnatallyMechanisms of Disease: psychomotor retardation and high T3 levels caused by mutations in monocarboxylate transporter 8Thermogenic Mechanisms and Their Hormonal RegulationHyperthyroidism and cation pumps in human skeletal muscleModulation of Mitochondrial Transition Pore Components by Thyroid HormoneUCP-3: regulação da expressão gênica no músculo esquelético e possível relação com o controle do peso corporalNonalcoholic Fatty Liver (NAFL): OverviewRole of Energy Expenditure in Regulation of Energy HomeostasisInfluencing energy expenditure and substrate utilisation 5 August 2003Volume 139, Issue 3Page: 205-213KeywordsAdenosine triphosphateBrown adipose tissueEnzymesHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismLipogenesisTemperatureThyroidThyroid hormonesTriiodothyronine ePublished: 5 August 2003 Issue Published: 5 August 2003 CopyrightCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...