tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 579: De-differentiation of Somatic Fibroblasts by Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-free Extracts: Multi-lineage Re-differentiation and Therapeutic Efficacy of Re-programmed Cells in Mouse Models of Hind limb and Acute Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Johnson Rajasingh, Erin M Lambers, Evelyn Bord, Hiromichi Hamada, Ilona Goukassian, Gangjian Qin, Douglas W Losordo, Raj Kishore
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background: De-differentiation of adult somatic cells into multipotent progenitor cells might provide an attractive, oocyte-independent alternate source for therapeutic cloning to generate pluripotent, autologous stem cells for regenerative medicine. We tested the hypothesis that exposure of reversibly permeabilized NIH3T3 fibroblasts to mouse embryonic stem cell (mES) extracts may provide regulatory molecules required for epigenetic changes leading to re-programming of terminally differentiated somatic cells and that such reprogrammed cells may display multi-lineage differentiation. Methods and Results: Streptolysin O-permeabilized NIH3T3 cells were exposed to mESC extracts in ATP-regenerating system. Plasma membrane was resealed by culturing in medium 2mM CaCl2. We report that upon exposure to mES extracts 3T3 cells undergo dedifferentiation as evident from morphological changes, induction of mES specific and the loss of lamin A/C, a specific marker of the soma. At epigenetic level, mES extract treatment induced de-methylation of Oct4 promoter and histone3 hyperacetylation at lysine 9 residue, as evident from restriction enzyme mapping, bisulphite genomic sequencing and chromatin immuno-precipitation experiments. Under defined culture conditions in vitro, reprogrammed 3T3 cells can be differentiated into neuronal, adipocyte, cardiomyocyte (CMC) and endothelial cells (EC). Moreover, transplantation of labeled reprogrammed 3T3 cells into mouse hind limb ischemia and acute myocardial infarction models resulted in the gain of physiological functions and showed evidence of acquiring the expression of muscle, EC and CMC specific proteins, in vivo. Moreover, when injected in SCID mice, reprogrammed cells formed teratomas. Conclusion: Taken together our biochemical, molecular and functional data provide a novel and oocyte- independent approach for the generation of functional autologous stem like cells from terminally differentiated somatic cells which may potentially be of therapeutic application in regenerative medicine.
Let's Provide Primary Care to All Uninsured Americans—Now
Authors: Sylvain Fribourg
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> — It is certainly noble for Dr Moore<sup>1</sup>to say, "Let's provide primary care to all uninsured Americans— now!," but there is nothing in our constitutional republic that establishes a precedent for this, no matter how reasonable and humane it seems, and the costs and sacrifices that would need to be borne by all to provide such universal service are hardly touched. Health care is no more to be guaranteed than is optimal nutrition, universal housing, employment, or legal representation, or any other of life's desirables, such as clothing, education, entertainment, and so on. We may need to be sure that all those unable to afford health care insurance are not spending their money—money that could be used to pay health insurance premiums—on such items as baseball games, movie tickets, beer, and cigarettes. The definition of what is primary health care will need determination. Will all
Inguinal Hernia Repair (Analysis of 481 Personal Cases)
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hepatic expression of hepatitis C virus RNA in chronic hepatitis C: A study by in situ reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
Authors: G Lau
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates at a low rate and this makes its detection and intrahepatic localization difficult. To evaluate the clinical implications and effect of interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) therapy on hepatic expression of HCV RNA, HCV RNA was detected by in situ reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (IS-RT-PCR) in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver sections from 26 patients with chronic hepatitis C. Results were compared with RT-PCR of HCV RNA extracted from liver sections/tissue. Twenty-four paired post-IFN-alpha treatment biopsy specimens were also assessed. Using RT-PCR of the extracted RNA as a positive standard and non-HCV liver sections as the negative standard, the sensitivity and specificity of IS-RT-PCR were 69% and 100%, respectively. HCV RNA was detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (median, 5% hepatocytes positive; range, 0 to 35%) and very occasionally in infiltrating mononuclear cells. There was no correlation between hepatic expression of HCV RNA and the clinical, biochemical parameters, total and activity scores of histology activity index. Presence of HCV RNA in liver as detected by IS-RT-PCR was associated with higher serum HCV RNA levels (4.9 x 106 vs. 0.4 x 106 genome Eq/mL, P < .01). There was no difference in the pretreatment proportion of HCV RNA-positive hepatocytes among patients with different biochemical responses to IFN-alpha therapy. In the posttreatment samples, HCV RNA was undetectable by IS-RT-PCR in 16 of 24 patients (P < .01), including all 4 patients who had complete and sustained response (SR). We conclude that HCV RNA was detected by IS-RT-PCR in 0 to 35% of hepatocytes in patients with chronic HCV infection, detection of HCV RNA in liver by IS-RT-PCR was associated with higher viremia levels and IFN-alpha therapy reduced hepatocytic expression of HCV RNA. (Hepatology 1996 Jun;23(6):1318-23)
Marrow Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia and Acute Leukemia
Authors: P Neiman, E D Thomas, C D Buckner, R Storb, A Fefer, H Glucksberg, K G Lerner
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1974)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common, disabling, and treatable. The strongest risk factor is a history of mood or anxiety disorder, especially having active symptoms during pregnancy. As PPD is one of the most common complications of childbirth, it is ...Read More
Contents
Authors: Dan Gong, Jonathan Chang, Miriam Barbany, Borja Corcostegui, Mehmet Fatih, Ka Gan De Girmenci, Hiroto Ishikawa, Zaid Mammo, Emin Ozmert, Tommaso Rossi, Stanley Chang, Tadanobu Yoshikawa, Kenji Obayashi, Kimie Miyata, Keigo Saeki, Nahoko Ogata, Samantha Lee, Nigel Mcardle, Paul Sanfilippo, Seyhan Yazar, Peter Eastwood, Alex Hewitt, Qiang Li, David Bphil, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Takeshi Kezuka, Keigo Shikishima, Akiko Yamagami, Miki Hiraoka, Hideki Chuman, Makoto Nakamura, Keika Hoshi, Toshiaki Goseki, Kimiyo Mashimo, Osamu Mimura, Takeshi Yoshitomi, Keiko Tanaka, Dilraj Grewal, Steve Charles, Barbara Parolini, Kazuaki Kadonosono, Tamer Mahmoud, Michael Koss, Rachel Taylor, James Poulter, Susan Downes, Martin Mckibbin, Kamron Khan, Chris Inglehearn, Andrew Webster, Alison Hardcastle, Michel Michaelides, Paul Bishop, Simon Clark, Graeme Black, Anneke Den Hollander, Carel Hoyng, J Boon, Philip Storey, Maitri Pancholy, Turner Wibbelsman, Anthony Obeid, Daniel Su, Durga Borkar, Sunir Garg, Omesh Gupta, Richard Symes, Sophia Zagora, Christine Younan, Peter Franzco, Alessandro Rabiolo, Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi, Joseph Caprioli
Journal: Ophthalmology (2019)
GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Atlantic City Meeting
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
VISCERAL PHLEBOTOMY.
Authors: GEORGE HARLEY
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<i>Pari passu</i>with the recent advances made in scientific physiology and pathology have most marked changes and improvements taken place in the medical and surgical treatment of disease. Some of them have appeared startling by reason of their novelty, others have intimidated on account of their seeming temerity. Many have been stigmatized as chimerical. While not a few have been actually condemned as being beyond the pale of rational therapeutics. Nevertheless on better acquaintance most of them have been found to be as replete with wisdom as they have proved to be pregnant with advantage to the healing art. Visceral phlebotomy, of which I am about to speak, may not untruthfully be said to belong to the latter class. For when it was first introduced by me to the notice of the profession in 1886 in the form of hepatic phlebotomy it was not only abused as a most dangerous,
Washbasin
Authors: Andrew C. Kidd
Journal: JAMA (2019)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Genealogy of Sex: Sex in Its Myriad Forms, From the One-Celled Animal to the Human Being
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality—United States, 1992
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed nondermatologic cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. In 1996, a total of 184,300 new cases of and 44,300 deaths from invasive breast cancer are projected among women. To assess trends in incidence and death rates for breast cancer among U.S. women, CDC analyzed national incidence data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and death-certificate data from CDC's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). This report presents incidence and death rates for breast cancer for 1992 (the most recent year for which SEER data were available) and summarizes trends in these rates for 1973-1992. Overall, these findings indicate that incidence rates for invasive breast cancer increased among women during 1973-1987 and stabilized during 1988-1992, while mortality rates remained stable during 1973-1988 and decreased during 1989-1992.
"BULLETINS OF NEW YORK'S MEDICAL CLINICS"
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
THE CAUSE OF THE HEART BEAT.
Authors: W. H. HOWELL
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>The Auriculoventricular Bundle.</h3> —It was formerly held that the myogenic theory is inapplicable to the mammalian heart because no muscular connection exists between auricles and ventricles. This objection has been completely removed in recent years. On the anatomical side the work of Kent, W. His, Jr., Retzer, Braeunig, Humblet and Tawara has shown beyond doubt that a small muscular slip passes from the auricle into the ventricular septum. In man, according to Retzer, this bridge is about 1.5 mm. in thickness, 2.5 mm. in width and 18 mm. long. On the physiologic side the experiments of His, Hering, Humblet, Fredericq and especially of Erlanger, have proved with equal certainty that it is along this narrow bundle that the wave of excitation is conveyed from auricle to ventricle. The last named observer has shown in a series of brilliant experiments that if this bridge be compressed by. a specially devised clamp,
Living in Balance
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Assessment (DATTA)
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Errors in Figure and Table
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2017)

Lauran Cole, BScH; Deborah Dewey, PhD; Nicole Letourneau, PhD; Bonnie J. Kaplan, PhD; Kathleen Chaput, PhD; Clare Gallagher, MD, PhD; Jacquie Hodge, MSc; Amalia Floer, MD; Adam Kirton, MD
ERISA ruling creates options for state reforms
Authors: R. Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1995)

FOR SEVERAL years, states interested in expanding access to health care and finding ways to finance it frequently invoked the equivalent of a five-letter swearword: ERISA. Because it broadly preempts state laws that "relate to" employee benefit plans, including health insurance, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 is considered a leading obstacle to health system reform at the state level (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:187-188). Only one state—Hawaii—is exempt because its universal coverage program was enacted shortly before Congress approved ERISA. The remainder haven't been able to extract from Congress ERISA waivers that, while aiding states in financing expanded access, might also prove costly to employers. Last April, however, the states got a burst of good news on the ERISA front. In<i>New York State Conference of Blue Cross &amp; Blue Shield Plans v Travelers Insurance Co</i>, the US Supreme Court sanctioned New York's hospital rate-setting program that, in effect, subsidizes
Just Words
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Ambulance Crash-Related Injuries Among Emergency Medical Services Workers—United States, 1991-2002
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Ambulance crashes are one of many hazards faced by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel. Although no complete national count of ground ambulance crashes exists, the total number of fatal crashes involving ambulances can be ascertained by using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). To characterize risk factors for EMS workers involved in ambulance crashes, CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and NHTSA investigated three case reports of ambulance crashes. This report summarizes these investigations, presents surveillance data, and discusses recommendations for prevention measures. NIOSH is identifying and testing alternative measures to reduce injury risk for EMS workers.