tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis
Authors: Guilherme Polanczyk
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2007)

Objective: The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence. Method: The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD/HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD/HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria. Results: The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 subjects from all world regions were included. The ADHD/HD worldwide-pooled prevalence was 5.29%. This estimate was associated with significant variability. In the multivariate metaregression model, diagnostic criteria, source of information, requirement of impairment for diagnosis, and geographic origin of the studies were significantly associated with ADHD/HD prevalence rates. Geographic location was associated with significant variability only between estimates from North America and both Africa and the Middle East. No significant differences were found between Europe and North America. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD/HD prevalence estimates worldwide. Instead, this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
Endoscopy
Authors: Edward B. Benedict
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

Esophagoscopy Benign Tumor Harrington and Moersch34 regard benign tumors of the esophagus as potentially malignant, and point out that extensive operative procedures may be required for their removal. They are divided into two main groups: mucosal and extramucosal tumors. The mucosal tumors are often pedunculated and arise from the submucosa. They are usually fibrolipomas or fibromyxomas and are covered by normal epithelium of the esophagus. The extramucosal or intramural tumors arise from the muscle of the wall of the esophagus; they do not involve the mucosa and are usually leiomyomas. The growth of benign tumors of the esophagus is slow, . . .
Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: N. S. Padian
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To examine rates of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated risk factors and to determine the relative efficiency of female-to-male and male-to-female transmission. <h3>Design.</h3> —Survey of infected individuals and their heterosexual partners recruited since 1985. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Participants were recruited from various HIV counseling and testing sites throughout California but were generally interviewed and tested in their homes. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Data from 379 couples at entry to the study are reported: 72 male partners of infected women and 307 female partners of infected men. The infected index case had a well-established source of risk; couples were eliminated if the direction of transmission could not be established. The majority of couples were monogamous since 1978, white, and in their 30s. Most partners did not know their serostatus at entry into the study. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —HIV serostatus in the exposed sexual partner. <h3>Results.</h3> —We observed one probable instance (1%) of female-to-male transmission compared with 20% transmission rates in the female partners of infected men. All couples were sampled in the same way. Male index cases were more likely to be symptomatic than female index cases. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The odds of male-to-female transmission were significantly greater than female-to-male transmission. The one case of female-to-male transmission was unique in that the couple reported numerous unprotected sexual contacts and noted several instances of vaginal and penile bleeding during intercourse. (JAMA. 1991;266:1664-1667)
The Future of General Internal Medicine
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
ADVANCES IN CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The continuing education of the practicing physician has been described frequently as the last remaining undeveloped frontier in American medical education. According to this philosophy, most of the major objectives and procedures of undergraduate and graduate medical education have been well defined and generally accepted and most of the major problems resolved. Only in the field of continuing or postgraduate medical education is there need for intensive development of new programs and unrestricted opportunity for bold imagination in the design of new curricular patterns. This is undoubtedly an oversimplification of the status of undergraduate and graduate medical education. Those who have observed the evolutionary changes in American medical schools over the past years are aware that there is nothing static about the pattern of education leading to the M.D. degree. And major problems are still present in such matters as medical school financing, recruitment of to -level students and faculty,
Blutkrankheiten und Blutdiagnostik.
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Approval expected for 'prelude' to gene therapy
Authors: C. Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1989)

AUTHORIZATION TO INSERT a gene into humans is imminent. It only remains for James B. Wyngaarden, MD, National Institutes of Health (NIH) director, and Frank E. Young, MD, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commissioner, to give approval, which they are expected to do this month. The numerous reviews are an indication of the care with which this proposal was considered (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:2783). Even though "it does not constitute gene therapy<i>per se</i>, it must be regarded as a prelude to such experiments," Wyngaarden has noted. The work involves placing the gene for neomycin resistance into tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes as a marker for following the fate of these cells when they are injected into cancer patients. The use of the gene is not directly therapeutic, although the goal is an improved antitumor regimen. The tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are cultures of cells obtained from the patient's tumor and subsequently injected back into the patient.
Abstract 1974: Autocrine TIMP-1-mediated chemoresistance via induction of IL-6 in NSCLC
Authors: Wei Xiao, Amyn M. Rojiani, Sampa Ghoshal Gupta, Mumtaz V. Rojiani
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Our previous studies have confirmed the well-defined antiapoptotic functions of TIMP-1. We have shown that overexpressing TIMP-1 in NSCLC cells increases cell survival with activation of the ERK pathway via phosphorylation of BAD at serine 112. Knocking down TIMP-1 in NSCLC cells increased the levels of miR-125a-5p with concomitant upregulation in apoptosis. These studies beg the question- does modulation of TIMP-1 affect chemotherapy in NSCLC? To address this question we examined two cell lines, A549 and H460, and their specific shRNA-mediated TIMP-1 gene knockdown clones. We found that TIMP-1 mediated chemoresistance against two front line chemotherapeutic agents (Gemcitabine and Cisplatin) as determined by increased apoptosis in the KD clones. In order to determine any contribution of cytokine activity towards this antiapoptotic function of TIMP-1, we carried out a cytometric bead array assay. The results of this screening assay which included potential inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, indicated that IL-6 plays a role in mediating the chemoresistance in TIMP-1 expressing NSCLCs. We then determined endogenous IL-6 levels in our array of NSCLC cell lines and found a direct correlation of IL-6 levels with TIMP-1 levels. It is important to note that IL-6 expression is precisely regulated with TIMP-1 production at both protein and mRNA levels. The effect of TIMP-1 on IL-6 levels is more pronounced under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions. Importantly, IL-6 expression is upregulated by addition of exogenous human recombinant TIMP-1 in a time- and dose- dependent manner. Blocking of TIMP-1 signaling with specific neutralizing antibodies delayed the IL-6 upregulation. Moreover, addition of rhTIMP-1 or rhIL-6 rescued apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents albeit to a limited extent. Although early in the investigation, our studies suggest that interventions impacting the TIMP-1/IL-6 axis in NSCLCs may provide an efficient target to boost effects of clinical chemotherapy. Citation Format: Wei Xiao, Amyn M. Rojiani, Sampa Ghoshal Gupta, Mumtaz V. Rojiani. Autocrine TIMP-1-mediated chemoresistance via induction of IL-6 in NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1974.
Bacterial translocation in acute and chronic portal hypertension
Authors: Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Agustin Albillos, G. E. Barden, Brian A. West
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Patients with cirrhosis are predisposed to develop spontaneous bacteremias and peritonitis, mainly by enteric bacteria. Portal hypertension, by producing congestion and edema of the bowel wall, could increase the passage of bacteria from the intestinal lumen to regional lymph nodes to the systemic circulation or to both, a process termed bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial translocation at two stages of experimental portal hypertension: (a) acute (when shunting is minimal); and (b) chronic (when shunting is extensive and mimics the portal hypertension of cirrhosis). Rats were killed 2 days (acute) or 15 days (chronic) after partial portal vein ligation or control surgeries. Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, liver and spleen for standard bacteriological cultures and a fragment of ileum for histological examination were obtained. Two days after surgery, a significantly greater proportion of rats with acute portal hypertension (12 of 13 or 92%) had positive mesenteric lymph node cultures compared with both control groups: sham-operated (4 of 13 or 31%) and inferior vena cava-ligated (3 of 10 or 33%) animals (p &lt; 0.01). However, 15 days after surgery no differences in translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes were found between rats with chronic portal hypertension (3 of 15 or 20%) and sham-operated controls (3 of 11 or 27%). In neither the acute nor the chronic rats were bacteria isolated from blood, spleen or liver. Rats with acute portal hypertension had significantly greater mesenteric inflammation than rats with chronic portal hypertension and control animals. Results suggest that portal hypertension alone may not be a major factor in the development of spontaneous infections in cirrhosis and that other mechanisms, such as a defective immune system, may be more important. (Hepatology 1993;17:1081-1085.)
Error in Figure
Authors: John Ioannidis
Journal: JAMA (2018)

Otavio Berwanger, MD, PhD; Eliana Vieira Santucci, RT; Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva, MD, MHS, PhD; Isabella de Andrade Jesuíno, Pharm; Lucas Petri Damiani, MSc; Lilian Mazza Barbosa, RT; Renato Hideo Nakagawa Santos, Stat; Ligia Nasi Laranjeira, RT; Flávia de Mattos Egydio, BiolSc, MSc; Juliana Aparecida Borges de Oliveira, CN; Frederico Toledo Campo Dall Orto, MD; Pedro Beraldo de Andrade, MD, PhD; Igor Ribeiro de Castro Bienert, MD, PhD; Carlos Eduardo Bosso, MD; José Armando Mangione, MD, PhD; Carisi Anne Polanczyk, MD, PhD; Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego Sousa, MD, PhD; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil, MD, PhD; Luciano de Moura Santos, MD; Andrei Carvalho Sposito, MD, PhD; Rafael Luiz Rech, MD, PhD; Antônio Carlos Sobral Sousa, MD, PhD; Felipe Baldissera, MD; Bruno Ramos Nascimento, MD, PhD; Roberto Rocha Corrêa Veiga Giraldez, MD, PhD; Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti, MD, PhD; Sabrina Bernardez Pereira, MD, PhD; Luiz Alberto Mattos, MD, PhD; Luciana Vidal Armaganijan, MD, PhD; Hélio Penna Guimarães, MD, PhD; José Eduardo Moraes Rego Sousa, MD, PhD; John Hunter Alexander, MD, MHS; Christopher Bull Granger, MD; Renato Delascio Lopes, MD, MHS, PhD; for the SECURE-PCI Investigators
Once more: the pathogenic effects of the sickle cell trait
Authors: P. Heller
Journal: JAMA (1973)

A few weeks ago, the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council published an evaluation of the status of the S-hemoglobinopathies in the Armed Forces, with the recommendation that essentially no limitations in activity—except that of pilots and co-pilots—should be placed on persons with the sickle cell trait.<sup>1</sup>The study by Murphy on the frequency of the sickle cell trait in professional football players published in this issue on p 981 could have served as supporting evidence for that recommendation. Although Murphy's short report does not contain data on morbidity of these football players, it is crucial that these athletes had been exposed to the strains of one of the most demanding sports for many years and had competed successfully for admission to a major league. Can we now rest assured that the 2,000,000 blacks in this country and many more around the world who carry the sickle cell trait
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW.
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Transplant lung.
Authors: A. W. Asscher, J. E. Cotes, D. L. Crosby, J. H. Jones, W. J. Thomas
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Group A Streptococci Resistant to Lincomycin SIR,-We have isolated group A strepto- cocci resistant to lincomycin, erythromycin, and oleandomycin from patients under treat- ment with lincomycin.Early in August 1967 group A strepto- cocci sensitive to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin,
The role of human glutathione transferases and epoxide hydrolases in the metabolism of xenobiotics
Authors: J Seidegård, G Ekström
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Human glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of a wide range of electrophilic compounds of both exogenous and endogenous origin.GSTs are generally recognized as detoxifying enzymes by catalyzing the conjugation of these compounds with glutathione, but they may also be involved in activation of some carcinogens.The mammalian GSTs can be differentiated into four classes of cytosolic enzymes and two membrane bound enzymes.Human epoxide hydrolases (EHs) catalyze the addition of water to epoxides to form the corresponding dihydrodiol.The enzymatic hydration is essentially irreversible and produces mainly metabolites of lower reactivity that can be conjugated and excreted.The reaction of EHs is therefore generally regarded as detoxifying.The mammalian EHs can be distinguished by their physical and enzymatic properties.Microsomal EH (mEH) exhibits a broad substrate specificity, while the soluble EH (sEH) is an enzyme with a "complementary" substrate specificity to mEH.Cholesterol EH and leukotriene A4 hydrolase are two EHs with very limited substrate specificity.The activities of either GSTs or EHs expressed in vivo exhibit a relatively large interindividual variation, which might be explained by induction, inhibition, or genetic factors.These variations in levels or activities of individual isoenzymes are of importance with respect to an individual's susceptibility to genotoxic effects.This article gives a general overview of GSTs and EHs, discussing the modulation of activities, determination of these enzymes ex vivo, and the polymorphic expression of some isoenzymes.
Insights into the molecular mechanisms of bradycardia-triggered arrhythmias in long QT-3 syndrome
Authors: Colleen E. Clancy, Michihiro Tateyama, Robert S. Kass
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Congenital long QT syndrome is a rare disease in which the electrocardiogram QT interval is prolonged due to dysfunctional ventricular repolarization. Variant 3 (LQT-3) is associated with mutations in SCN5A, the gene coding for the heart Na+ channel α subunit. Arrhythmias in LQT-3 mutation carriers are more likely to occur at rest, when heart rate is slow. Several LQT-3 Na+ channel mutations exert their deleterious effects by promoting a mode of Na+ channel gating wherein a fraction of channels fails to inactivate. This gating mode, termed “bursting, ” results in sustained macroscopic inward Na+ channel current (Isus), which can delay repolarization and prolong the QT interval. However, the mechanism of heart-rate dependence of Isus has been unresolved at the single-channel level. We investigate an LQT-3 mutant (Y1795C) using experimental and theoretical frameworks to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Isus rate dependence. Our results indicate that mutation-induced changes in the length of time mutant channels spend bursting, rather than how readily they burst, determines Isus inverse heart-rate dependence.
Hemodynamic Effects of Isoproterenol Infusion in Patients with Normal and Diseased Mitral Valves
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
EARLY SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: D. Ewen Cameron
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1938)

The recent increase of interest in therapy is opening up a new chapter in the attack upon schizophrenia. Whatever may be the eventual evaluation of the more recently introduced therapeutic procedures, they have served to focus our attention upon the fact, long recognized in general medicine, that the results to be obtained from any therapy are dependent not merely upon the nature of that therapy but also upon the recency of the illness. Through having our attention so focused we are forced to appreciate the fact that very early schizophrenia still constitutes a relatively unexplored territory. Entry into this territory calls for new ideas on the social problems involved in bringing the early schizophrenic promptly under treatment, or where the treatment should be carried out and in what it should consist. These fresh steps can, however, be taken only in the light of more extensive acquaintance with the data, both personal and environmental, presented by the early schizophrenic. Hence this survey in which we have attempted to find out what are the earliest things which the relatives, friends, and others in contact with the subsequent patient notice going wrong with him. We have tried to see in what environment the patient is during these early stages and how the various people around him during this time— his relatives and friends, his employer and his physician—react to his growing abnormality. Finally we have considered the development of certain social trends—the growing acceptance of routine health examinations and the increasing utilization of general hospitals for psychiatric treatment—which may be of immense importance in the satisfactory detection and treatment of early schizophrenia.