tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fixed Combinations of Antimicrobial Agents
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Abstract A review of the claims put forward for the use of penicillin-sulfonamides, penicillin-streptomycin and certain other fixed combinations of antimicrobial agents has convinced five panels organized under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences —National Research Council that such combinations are "ineffective as fixed dose combinations." Although the individual active ingredients may be useful in specific entities, no greater effectiveness can be expected for the combination than for any one ingredient. Use of a proper dose of one ingredient may require excessive or inadequate doses of the other. It is the judgment of the panels that the use of these fixed combinations should be discontinued and that the physician should use the individual components according to his best clinical judgment.
Medical Hypothesis: Xenoestrogens As Preventable Causes of Breast Cancer
Authors: Devra Lee Davis, H. Leon Bradlow, Mary Wolff, Tracey Woodruff, David G. Hoel, Hoda Anton-Culver
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Changes in documented risk factors for breast cancer and rates of screening cannot completely explain recent increases in incidence or mortality. Established risk factors for breast cancer, including genetics, account for at best 30% of cases. Most of these risk factors can be linked to total lifetime exposure to bioavailable estrogens. Experimental evidence reveals that compounds such as some chlorinated organics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), triazine herbicides, and pharmaceuticals affect estrogen production and metabolism and thus function as xenoestrogens. Many of these xenoestrogenic compounds also experimentally induce mammary carcinogenesis. Recent epidemiologic studies have found that breast fat and serum lipids of women with breast cancer contain significantly elevated levels of some chlorinated organics compared with noncancer controls. As the proportion of inherited breast cancer in the population is small, most breast cancers are due to acquired mutations. Thus, the induction of breast cancer in the majority of cases stems from interactions between host factors, including genetics and environmental carcinogens. We hypothesize that substances such as xenoestrogens increase the risk of breast cancer by mechanisms which include interaction with breast-cancer susceptibility genes. A series of major epidemiologic studies need to be developed to evaluate this hypothesis, including studies of estrogen metabolism, the role of specific xenoestrogenic substances in breast cancer, and relevant genetic-environmental interactions. In addition, experimental studies are needed to evaluate biologic markers of suspect xenoestrogens and biologic markers of host susceptibility and identify pathways of estrogenicity that affect the development of breast cancer. If xenoestrogens do play a role in breast cancer, reductions in exposure will provide an opportunity for primary prevention of this growing disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lower Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome Compared to Obese and Lean Control Subjects
Authors: Joan C. Han, Michael J. Muehlbauer, Huaxia N. Cui, Christopher B. Newgard, Andrea M. Haqq
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2010)

ABSTRACT Context Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) haploinsufficiency is associated with hyperphagia and obesity in both animals and humans. BDNF appears to function downstream of the leptin-melanocortin signaling pathway to control energy balance. The potential role of BDNF in the etiology of the severe hyperphagia associated with PWS has not been previously explored. Objective The aim was to compare BDNF concentrations in subjects with PWS and obese controls (OC) and lean controls (LC). Design and Setting We conducted a cross-sectional study at an outpatient clinical research center. Participants We studied 13 subjects with PWS [five males and eight females; mean ± sd: age, 11.0 ± 4.1 yr; body mass index (BMI)-Z, 2.05 ± 0.78], 13 OC (eight females, five males; age, 12.3 ± 2.7 yr; BMI-Z, 2.18 ± 0.61), and 13 LC (six females, seven males; age, 12.4 ± 2.6 yr; BMI-Z, −0.57 ± 0.73). Main Outcome Measure BDNF was measured in serum and plasma by ELISA. Analysis of covariance adjusted for age, sex, and BMI-Z. Results All groups were comparable for age (P = 0.50) and sex distribution (P = 0.49). BMI-Z was comparable between PWS and OC (P = 0.89) and lower in LC (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Adjusted serum BDNF was comparable (P = 0.35) in OC (mean ± sem: 13.5 ± 1.2 ng/ml) and LC (19.2 ± 1.3 ng/ml), but lower in PWS (8.3 ± 1.2 ng/ml; P = 0.01 vs. OC; P = 0.03 vs. LC). Adjusted plasma BDNF in PWS (217 ± 130 pg/ml) was lower than OC (422 ± 126 pg/ml; P = 0.02), but statistically comparable with LC (540 ± 143 pg/ml; P = 0.10). Conclusions Lower BDNF in PWS suggests insufficient central BDNF production because BDNF in peripheral circulation is believed to reflect cerebral BDNF output. Decreased BDNF may be a potential cause for the disordered satiety and morbid obesity associated with PWS. Further studies are needed to confirm this preliminary pilot study in a larger cohort of patients with PWS.
Breast cancer, early
Authors: Anne Fortier, Michael Duvall, Antonio Ruiz, Emily Kough, Kim Sim, Denise Pawlowski, Peter Bojko, Jan Schroder, Werner Stellberg, Malqorzata Muc-Wierzgon, J Wierzgon, T Kokot, K Madej, Falah Alkhatib, Shafika Alawadi, Pentti Grohn, Mohamed Motawy, Salah Fayaz, Jayandilal Patel, Nagla Attia, Dhia Trad, Mukesh Delvadia
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2000)
The relationship between bone lead and hemoglobin
Authors: H. Hu
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine whether the concentration of lead in bone constitutes a biological marker that is more sensitive for chronic toxicity than blood lead levels. <h3>Design.</h3> —Survey. <h3>Setting.</h3> —A construction trade union with members who engage in carpentry, demolition, and other construction activities. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Members of the construction trade union. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —We measured blood pressure, serum creatinine, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. We measured blood lead by anodic stripping voltametry and used a cadmium 109 K x-ray fluorescence instrument to make in vivo measurements of lead in the tibia (a heavily cortical bone) and the patella (a heavily trabecular bone). Information was also collected on medical history, smoking, and alcohol ingestion. <h3>Results.</h3> —Bone lead levels in the patella were found to be significantly correlated with a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit, even after adjusting for age, blood lead, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and alcohol ingestion and removing outliers. Blood lead levels were low (mean=0.40 μmol/L [8.3 μg/dL]) and were not correlated with either hemoglobin or hematocrit. In the final multivariate regression model that corrected for measurement error, an increase in patella bone lead level from the lowest to highest quintile in this study population (37 μg/g) was associated with a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit of 11 g/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 19.3 g/L) and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.05), respectively. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —We conclude that patella bone lead levels are associated with decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels despite the presence of low blood lead levels. This conclusion may reflect a subclinical effect of bone lead stores on hematopoiesis and is the first epidemiological evidence that bone lead may be an important biological marker of ongoing chronic toxicity. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:1512-1517)
Reconstructive Vascular Surgery
Authors: Robert S. Shaw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THE three years since the last Medical Progress report on this subject1 have seen a continuing avalanche of clinical reports tending to confirm the hypothesis that restoration of normal functional anatomy can be accomplished in any obstructed or diseased major vessel. Hopefully, this period is seeing the end of reconstructive vascular surgery's youth, in which the successful accomplishment of a technical procedure of itself, without regard to the eventual fate of the patient, justified publication. In this sense, vascular surgery has been about where cancer surgery was half a century ago.The great body of reconstructive vascular surgery is directed . . .
Evidence based cardiology: Prevention of ischaemic stroke
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment can be a side effect of treatment with antipsychotic drugs and other drugs, and it may occur at an early stage of treatment. 1 2Acute dystonia is often frightening and may seriously disturb the relationship between the doctor and the patient.Therefore, every doctor who prescribes dopamine blocking agents should be familiar with the prevalence of and the risk factors for acute dystonia and should know how to prevent and treat the condition. MethodsWe searched Medline and Embase for the period 1980-98 using the key terms extrapyramidal syndromes, dyskinesia, dystonia, movement disorders, side effects, and antipsychotics, and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we identified.][5]
Immunologic Mechanisms of Parenchymal Lung Injury
Authors: William F. Willoughby, Judith Barbaras Willoughby
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

The lung, like most other organs, is susceptible to injury by circulating immune complexes, and also by humoral autoantibody and immune lymphocytes which specifically recognize selected lung antigens. In addition, by virtue of its direct communication with the external environment, the lung can also be injured by inhaled environmental agents which trigger inflammatory reactions mediated by immune effector systems. Although major emphasis to date has been placed on the ability of inhaled antigens to first sensitize, then provoke, immunologically specific reactions in the lung, there is increasing evidence to show that these same immune effector systems are also triggered in an immunologically nonspecific fashion by a certain environmental agents (termed "mitogens") which activate leukocytes in a polyclonal fashion. Such agents include certain viruses and other microorganisms, bacterial endotoxin, a wide variety of plant lectins, and certain chemicals, such as the phorbol esters. Although such agents act in an immunologically nonspecific fashion, they are nonetheless quite specific from a chemical viewpoint, and in many cases act by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. By activating macrophages directly, and by activating much larger percentages of a given lymphocyte population than do specific antigens, they induce correspondingly amplified inflammatory reactions in vivo. Recent studies with animal models indicate that inhaled mitogens are strikingly effective in inducing pulmonary inflammation, whereas inhaled antigens (lacking mitogenic activity) produce little if any parenchymal injury in immunized recipients, unless administered in conjunction with a mitogen. Ongoing studies using such models promise to provide valuable new insight into the biologic properties which govern the pathogenicity of inhaled environmental agents, the mediators they release, and the biochemical basis for variations in individual susceptibility to injury by such agents.
In Reply
Authors: Daphne de Jong, Hugo Horlings, Jelle Wesseling, Laura van't Veer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinomas was made in two tumors expressing more than two markers of relatively specific mesothelial differentiation (calretinin plus CK5/6, and Wilms' tumor 1 plus calretinin), making a diagnosis of mesothelioma consistent in these patients.In addition, even when IHC suggested two or three primary tumor possibilities, major discrepancies in therapeutic strategies were limited to a couple of patients.Finally, in our experience, we have had difficulty finding patients in whom a close clinicopathologic correlation coupled with adequate immunohistochemical stains and imaging studies failed to demonstrate primary tumor, or at least to permit two or three diagnostic suggestions without dramatic changes in therapeutic options (ie, advanced cancer from upper GI tract, pancreas, stomach or biliary tract, and gallbladder).In the end, although we understand the value of gene expression profiling as one of the novel methods in understanding the mechanisms underlying diseases, in tailoring management of patients with neoplastic or non-neoplastic diseases, and in predictive and prognostic fields, as pathologists, we are also worried about these molecular studies, because they cannot take into consideration the most imponderable and key diagnostic factors-namely, morphologic features.Provided that we place morphology and molecular studies side by side even more closely in the future, we advise clinicians and young pathol-ogists that a careful morphologic examination of well-fixed and wellperformed hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides by a prepared and experienced pathologist is indispensable and invaluable, and sometimes also enables the anticipation of new tumor entities characterized by peculiar molecular characteristics.
Social Talk
Authors: Lewis Thomas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

NOT all social animals are social with the same degree of commitment, obviously. In some species, the members are so tied to each other and interdependent as to seem the loosely conjoined cells of a tissue. The social insects are like this: they move, and live all their lives, in a mass; a beehive is a spherical animal. In other species, less compulsively social, the members make their homes together, pool resources, travel in packs or schools and share the food, but any single one can survive solitary, detached from the rest. Others are social only in the sense of . . .
Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Low-Dose Involved-Field Radiotherapy for Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: H. Aoyama
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of chemotherapy followed by low-dose involved-field radiotherapy for the treatment of intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with GCTs, including 16 pure germinomas, 11 human chorionic gonadotropin-beta (HCG-β)–secreting germinomas, three mixed GCTs composed of immature teratomas plus germinomas (IMT/G), and three highly malignant mixed GCTs, were treated. Etoposide and cisplatin (EP) were used for the treatment of solitary pure germinomas, and ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide (ICE) were used for the treatment of other GCTs. The dose schedule was 24 Gy for germinomas and 40 to 54 Gy for other GCTs. An involved-field set-up was used except for highly malignant GCTs, in which craniospinal irradiation was used. The median follow-up was 58 months (range, 18 to 102 months). RESULTS: Disease-related, overall, and relapse-free survival rates at 5 years were 100%, 93%, and 69% for all patients, 100%, 100%, and 86% for patients with pure germinomas, and 100%, 75%, and 44% for patients with HCG-β-secreting germinomas, respectively. All six patients with nongerminomatous GCTs were alive at the last follow-up. All eight relapses (one pure germinoma, five HCG-β-secreting germinomas, and two IMT/G), except one in a course of salvage treatment, were salvaged and free of disease at the last follow-up. No decline was observed in the full-scale, verbal, or performance intelligence quotient at 12 to 51 months after the treatment in 11 patients. CONCLUSION: Our results support an excellent prognosis after EP and ICE regimens followed by radiotherapy. Dose and volume can be reduced to 24 Gy in 12 fractions and involve a field set-up after EP chemotherapy for the treatment of pure germinomas.
Errors in Table.
Authors: Richard Satava
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Paul K. Whelton, MD; Lawrence Appel, MD; Jeanne Charleston, RN; Arlene Taylor Dalcin, RD; Craig Ewart, PhD; Linda Fried, MD; Delores Kaidy; Michael J. Klag, MD; Shiriki Kumanyika, PhD; Lyn Steffen, MPH; W. Gordon Walker, MD; Albert Oberman, MD; Karen Counts, RD; Heidi Hataway, MS; James Raczynski, PhD; Neil Rappaport, PhD; Roland Weinsier, MD; Nemat O. Borhani, MD; Edmund Bernauer, PhD; Patricia Borhani; Carlos de la Cruz; Andrew Ertl; Doug Heustis; Marshall Lee, MD; Wade Lovelace; Ellen O'Connor; Liz Peel; Carolyn Sugars, RD; James O. Taylor, MD; Beth Walker Corkery, MPH; Denis A. Evans, MD; Mary Ellen Keough, MPH; Martha Clare Morris, MPH; Eleanor Pistorino, RN; Frank Sacks, MD; Mary Cameron, MS; Sheila Corrigan, PhD; Nancy King Wright; William B. Applegate, MD; Amy Brewer, RD; Laretha Goodwin, RN; Stephen Miller, MD; Joe Murphy, PhD; Judy Randle; Jay Sullivan, MD; Norman L. Lasser, MD; David M. Batey, PhD; Lee Dolan; Sheila Hamill; Pat Kennedy, RD; Vera I. Lasser, MA; Lewis H. Kuller, MD; Arlene W. Caggiula, PhD; N. Carole Milas, MS; Monica E. Yamamoto, DrPH; Thomas M. Vogt, MD; Merwyn R. Greenlick, PhD; Jack Hollis, PhD; Victor Stevens, PhD; Jerome D. Cohen, MD; Mildred Mattfeldt-Beman, RD; Connie Brinkmann, RN; Katherine Roth, RD; Lana Shepek, RD; Charles H. Hennekens, MD; Julie Buring, ScD; Nancy Cook, ScD; Ellie Danielson, MIA; Kim Eberlein, MPH; David Gordon, MAT; Patricia Hebert, PhD; Jean MacFadyen; Sherry Mayrent, PhD; Bernard Rosner, PhD; Suzanne Satterfield, MD; Heather Tosteson, PhD; Martin Van Denburgh; Jeffrey A. Cutler, MD; Erica Brittain, PhD; Marilyn Farrand, RD; Peter Kaufmann, PhD; Ed Lakatos, PhD; Eva Obarzanek, PhD.; John Belcher; Andrea Dommeyer; Ivan Mills; Peggy Neibling; Margo Woods, ScD; B.J. Kremen Goldman, RD, MS; Elaine Blethen, RD
Cardiac surgery
Authors: L. A. Belli, W. B. Carvalho, A. C. C. Carvalho, C. A. Longui, M. Malluf, M. M. S. Marone, M. C. Seghaye, J. Duchateau, J. Bruniaux, S. Demontoux, H. Détruit, C. Bosson, G. Lecronier, E. Mokhfi, A. Serraf, C. Planché, R. G. Grabitz, A. Meyer, M. Redaelli, H. Hörnchen, B. J. Messmer, G. von Bernuth, Pérez Augusto, Schnitzler Eduardo, Mices Pablo, C. -F. Wippermann, B. Eberie, F. X. Schmid, T. Humpl, R. Huth, P. Habermehl, I. Michel-Behnke, D. Schranz, R. L. Souza, J. G. Gerstler, K. M. P. C. Branco, R. Jünemann, F. Kotlarek, K. Rauschning, G. Rau
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1996)
Combining FoxP3 and Helios with GARP/LAP markers to identify expanded Treg subsets in cancer patients.
Authors: Eyad Elkord, May Abd Al Samid, Belal Chaudhary, Yazan Khaled, Basil Ammori
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

e23118 Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) comprise numerous heterogeneous subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional features. Identifying Treg markers is critical to investigate the role and clinical impact of various Treg subsets in pathological settings, and also for developing more effective immunotherapies. Methods: We investigated different Treg subsets as defined by expression of FoxP3 and Helios transcription factors and GARP and LAP immunosuppressive markers in peripheral blood samples isolated from patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) and liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LICRC), and compared their levels to control groups. Results: We have recently shown that non-activated FoxP3–Helios+ and activated FoxP3+/–Helios+ CD4+ T cells express GARP/LAP immunosuppressive markers in healthy donors. In this study, we report similar observations in the peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) and liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LICRC). Comparing levels of different Treg subpopulations in cancer patients and controls, we report that in PC patients, and unlike LICRC patients, there was no increase in Treg levels as defined by FoxP3 and Helios. However, defining Tregs based on GARP/LAP expression showed that FoxP3–LAP+ Tregs in non-activated and activated settings, and FoxP3+Helios+GARP+LAP+ activated Tregs were significantly increased in both groups of patients, compared with controls. Additionally, GARP–/+LAP+ CD4+ T cells made IL-10, and not IFN-g, and levels of IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells were elevated in LICRC patients, especially with higher tumor staging. Conclusions: This work implies that a combination of Treg-specific markers could be used to more accurately determine expanded Treg subsets and to understand their contribution in cancer settings, and investigations of Treg levels in different cancers should consider diverse Treg-related markers such as GARP, LAP, Helios, and others and not only FoxP3 as a sole Treg-specific marker.
Caloric intake, exercise, body mass index and cardiovascular mortality: NHANES I
Authors: Jing Fang, Hillel Cohen, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Robert Kaplan, Michael H Alderman
Journal: Circulation (2001)

P75 The relationships of exercise and body mass index (BMI) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are well established. While animal studies suggest that caloric restriction extend life, observational data in human has paradoxically equated longer life with higher energy intake. To further explore these relationships, we analyzed the NHANES I and 1992 follow-up study. Of 14,407 NHANES I participants, 9997 subjects with complete data, no heart disease, stroke and cancer, follow-up≥2 years were included. Mean age was 49±16 years. Mean caloric intake was 1760±851 Kcal/day. During an average of 17 years follow-up, of 3183 deaths, 1531 were CVD deaths (9.11/1000 person-years). From the highest to the lowest tertile of caloric intake, age- gender- race-adjusted CVD mortality rates were: 7.5, 9.1 and 10.9/1000 person-years respectively (p=0.02). In Cox regression analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic and CVD risk factors, lower caloric intake was associated with higher CVD mortality, as were lower exercise level and high BMI ( Table). Furthermore, subjects with history of diabetes, kidney disease or hypertension (n=5292) had lower caloric intake than those without these conditions. Excluding subjects with these diseases, after adjustment, no association was found between caloric intake and CVD mortality, while the associations of exercise and BMI with CVD persisted ( Table). In summary, the expected positive relationship of high BMI and low exercise to CVD mortality is again demonstrated in this national sample population. However, the surprising paradoxical association sometimes noted for caloric intake is found to be the result of confounding by chronic disease history. Table 1.
Error in Figure
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2019)

Yuesong Pan, PhD; Jordan J. Elm, PhD; Hao Li, PhD; J. Donald Easton, MD; Yilong Wang, MD, PhD; Mary Farrant, RN, MBA; Xia Meng, MD, PhD; Anthony S. Kim, MD; Xingquan Zhao, MD, PhD; William J. Meurer, MD, MS; Liping Liu, MD, PhD; Dennis Dietrich, MD; Yongjun Wang, MD; S. Claiborne Johnston, MD, PhD