tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Alanine protects liver from injury caused by ?-galactosamine and CCl4
Authors: K Maezono
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

The liver is the main organ involved in amino acid metabolism, and it utilizes glucogenic amino acids as substrates for glucose or adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but this process is impaired in clinical and experimental liver diseases. In this study, we administered high doses of amino acids in rats or cultured hepatocytes with experimental models of liver injury to examine whether such supplementation could attenuate liver damage. We found that the addition of alanine reduced enzyme leakage from primary cultured rat hepatocytes treated with D- galactosamine (D-gal), while other amino acids did not. A significant decrease of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was observed when cells were cultured with >6 from mmol/L alanine. Alanine also reduced enzyme leakage from normal hepatocytes that were not treated withD-gal. In D-gal-treated rats, constant infusion of a high dose of alanine significantly reduced the plasma transaminase and total bilirubin levels when compared with infusion of an amino acid mixture. Bolus administration of alanine significantly prevented the elevation of plasma transaminase levels and histological liver damage in CCl4- treated rats, while fructose-1,6 bisphosphate (FDP) had little effect. Alanine might promote the restoration of damaged liver in hepatotoxicant-treated rats, because significant effect was found after the elevation in plasma transaminase levels. Alanine also prevented the decrease of cellular ATP caused by D-gal and appeared to promote ATP production in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. These results indicate that alanine reduces experimental liver damage by a direct effect on hepatocytes. (Hepatology 1996 Jul;24(1):185-91)
Folia Clínica Internacional, Barcelona
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
High Levels of Mercury Contamination in Multiple Media of the Carson River Drainage Basin of Nevada: Implications for Risk Assessment
Authors: Mae Sexauer Gustin, George E. Taylor, Todd L. Leonard
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Approximately 5.5 x 109 g (4.0 x 105) of mercury was discharged into the Carson River Drainage Basin of west-central Nevada during processing of the gold- and silver-rich Comstock ore in the late 1800s. For the past 13 decades, mercury has been redistributed throughout 500 km2 of the basin, and concentrations are some of the highest reported values in North America. This article documents the concentrations of mercury in the air, water, and substrate at both contaminated and noncontaminated sites within the basin and discusses the implications for risk assessment. At contaminated areas, the range of mercury concentrations are as follows: mill tailings, 3-1610 micrograms/g; unfiltered reservoir water, 53-591 ng/l; atmospheric vapor, 2-294 ng/m3. These values are three to five orders of magnitude greater than natural background. In all media at contaminated sites, concentrations are spatially variable, and air and water mercury concentrations vary temporally. The study are in situated in a natural mercuriferous belt, and regional background mercury concentrations in all environmental media are higher than values typically cited for natural background. As a mercury-contaminated site in North America, the Carson River Drainage Basin is unusual for a number of reasons, including its location in a natural mercuriferous belt, high and sustained levels of anthropogenic mercury inputs, long exposure time, aridity of the climate, and the riparian setting in an arid landscape, where biological activity is concentrated in the same areas that contain high levels of mercury in multiple media.
Error in Byline, Affiliation, and Author Contribution
Authors: Sheri Madigan, Joris Van Ouytsel, Jeff Temple
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2018)

Zhonghai Zhu, MSc; Yue Cheng, PhD; Lingxia Zeng, PhD; Mohamed Elhoumed, MSc; Guobin He, BSc; Wenhao Li, BSc; Min Zhang, MSc; Wenjing Li, BSc; Danyang Li, MSc; Sintayehu Tsegaye, BSc; Suying Chang, PhD; Hong Yan, PhD; Emma Yu Wang, PhD; Duolao Wang, PhD; Shabbar Jaffar, PhD; Michael J. Dibley, MB, BS, MPH
A CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT DEFECT WITH RETURN TO NORMAL
Journal: JAMA (1920)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
ROENTGENOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF ULCER HEALING
Journal: JAMA (1921)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence
Authors: J. A. Fantl
Journal: JAMA (1991)

The efficacy of bladder training was evaluated in a randomized clinical trial involving 123 noninstitutionalized women 55 years and older with urinary incontinence. Subjects were urodynamically categorized as those with urethral sphincteric incompetence (N = 88) and those with detrusor instability with or without concomitant sphincteric incompetence (N = 35). Bladder training reduced the number of incontinent episodes by 57%; the effect was similar for both urodynamic diagnostic groups. The quantity of fluid loss was reduced by 54%. This was greater for patients with detrusor instability than for those without it. Diurnal and nocturnal voluntary micturitions were also reduced. The effect on nocturnal micturition, however, was not observed in subjects with unstable detrusor function. It is recommended that bladder training be considered as an initial step in treatment of women with urinary incontinence. Provided prior comprehensive clinical evaluation is done, it can be prescribed without the need for urodynamic characterization. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;265:609-613)
CHAIRMAN'S ADDRESS.
Authors: R. R. ANDREWS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Permit me at the outset of our meeting, to thank you for the honor you have seen fit to confer upon me. We are here, not for the consideration of the various kindergarten processes which go to make up the ordinary technique of our every-day affairs, but rather for the consideration of the higher themes in the realms of scientific research. Our aim should be to search a little further into the borders of the unknown. Some of the theories of yesterday have crystallized into the facts of today, and the knowledge gained benefits our whole professional brotherhood. One of the evidences of advancement is a growing tendency, particularly in the larger cities among our leading men, who are not wholly satisfied with the average society proceedings, to band themselves together in the formation of the various stomatological associations for the consideration and discussion of questions purely scientific, and their
CARDIAC PACING AND ACUTE HEART BLOCK
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Radiology
Authors: R. G. Evens
Journal: JAMA (1994)

There has been a dramatic reduction in the time required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients. Conventional MRI studies require approximately 15 minutes per anatomic or technical sequence. Accordingly, if the radiologist needs more than one imaging plane, ie, frontal and lateral, or differing analyses of the MRI data, ie, T<sub>1</sub>- or T<sub>2</sub>-weighted images, the time required for imaging of a patient may be 1 hour or more. Several new technological approaches could reduce the imaging time to 15 minutes. If these are successful, MRI should become more available and less expensive. As an example, several manufacturers have "fast imaging techniques," eg, fast spin-echo,<sup>1</sup>that reduce imaging time by a factor of at least 10 over standard sequences. There are likely to be additional improvements that will reduce the time for imaging (even with high resolution) even further. The most promising technique being investigated is
OCHRONOSIS.
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Nodular prurigo
Authors: R. Russell Jones
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Journal Article Nodular prurigo Get access R. Russell Jones R. Russell Jones St John's Hospital, Lisle Street, Leicester Square, London WC2H 7BJ, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 114, Issue 4, 1 April 1986, Page 521, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02869.x Published: 01 April 1986
The language of the heart
Authors: R. S. Blacher
Journal: JAMA (1976)

WE HAVE been concerned about the diagnostic terms that colleagues use when describing cardiac disease to their patients. Despite their efforts to be scrupulously honest in their explanations, the technical words they often use may fail to convey an actual understanding of the condition and may indeed mislead the patient and evoke unnecessary and even devastating anxiety. Physicians can translate medical jargon and understand the physiological state we are trying to describe. Not so our patients. For example, to the laymen the term "heart failure" sounds terrifying and implies a terminal cardiac state. When the physician dispenses digitalis to such a patient and tells him that the "heart muscle is a bit tired and lacks the normal vigor of contraction," the message so transmitted is actually more informative and is certainly less destructive to the patient's morale. "Heart block" is another term that is widely misinterpreted. To the physician, this
Neoadjuvant combined modality therapy with weekly docetaxel (D) and cisplatin (P), 5-fluorouracil (5FU) continuous infusion (c.i.) and concurrent radiotherapy (RT) provides high pathological response rate in esophageal cancers (EC): A phase II study
Authors: F. Pasini, G. De Manzoni, A. Grandinetti, C. Pedrazzani, C. Griso, T. Sava, A. Minicozzi, E. Durante, A. Bonetti, S. Maluta, G. Cetto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

4057 Background: The achievement of pathological complete response (pCR) is deemed essential to improve survival in EC. In a phase I study (Pasini et al, Ann Oncol 16; 1123, 2005) we demonstrated the feasibility of a novel protocol of neoadjuvant chemoradiation based on weekly D and P, c.i. of 5-FU and concurrent RT. Based on the promising results of the study, we then performed a phase II study aimed at evaluating pathological response rate and toxicity. Methods: 50 pts with stage II-III EC (26 adenocarcinomas) were enrolled (Simon test: P0=0.2, P1=0.6, alpha 0.05 beta 0.1; 54 pts); median age was 59 yrs (42–73). Treatment consisted of D 35 mg/m 2 and P 25 mg/m 2 d 1,8,15,29,36,43,50,57 plus 5-FU 180 mg/m 2 c.i. d 1–21 and 150 mg/m 2 c.i. d 29–64; concurrent RT (50 Gy) started on d 29. Surgery was performed 6 to 8 weeks after completion of RT. Results: 49/50 pts (98%) completed the planned chemo-radiation. Median follow-up is 22 mo (7–39). During chemo-radiation, grade 3–4 hematological toxicity occurred in 9 pts (18%)(4 pts grade 4) requiring GCSF support and postponement of CT of one week in 4. One HCV+ pt discontinued CT and continued with RT alone. In the last 2 weeks 12 pts (24%) experienced grade 3 non-hematological toxicities (asthenia, esophagitis, nausea) without need of treatment discontinuation. There was a fatal pulmonary embolism in a non neutropenic pt after completion of the therapy. 45 pts underwent surgery, while 5 did not (2 refusal). Pathological findings: pT0 pN0 (pCR): 25 (50%); pTrm pN0: 6 (12%)[residual microfoci]; pT2 pN0: 1 (2%); pT0–4 pN+: 9 (18% ); R+:4 ( 8%). Response rate was similar between adeno and squamous cell carcinoma. With a median follow-up of 24 mo, only 2 of 25 pCRs (8%) died (1 relapse, 1 postoperative death). Conclusions: i) a substantial pCR rate (50%) was achieved; ii) the weekly schedule allowed concomitant chemo-radiation at cumulative doses otherwise impossible with standard three weeks protocols; iii) because of the acceptable, but not negligible toxicity, this protocol requires to be managed in dedicated institutions. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Antianginal and lipid lowering effect of chronic oral androgen supplementation in elderly male patients with coronary heart disease Giuseppe M. C. Rosano, Giuseppe Mercuro, Filippo Leonardo, Sandra Zoncu, Massimo Fini, Daniela Onorati. San Raffaele - Roma - TOSINVEST SANITA', Roma, Italy
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Abstract 3547: MicroRNA-496 inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell proliferation by targeting DEL-1
Authors: Dong Won Baek, Jae-Hwan Jeong, Soo Jung Lee, Jiyeon Lee, Yee Soo Chae, Wan WooK Kim, Jieun Kang, Ho Yong Park, Jin Hyang Jung, Ji Yun Jeong, Ji Young Park, Keon Uk Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background and Objectives: Del-1 is linked to the pathogenesis of various cancers including breast cancer; however, the regulation of Del-1 expression remains unclear. The current study investigated how microRNA-496 (miR-496) regulates Del-1 expression in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: Del-1 mRNA and miR-496 were measured by quantitative PCR in breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, SK-BR3, and T-47D) and tissues from 30 patients with TNBC. The effects of miR-496 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined in MTT, wound healing, and Matrigel Transwell assays, respectively. Results: In MDA-MB-231, miR-496 levels were remarkably low and Del-1 mRNA was higher compared to other breast cancer cell lines. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that miR-496 binds the 3′-UTR of Del-1 and that Del-1 expression is downregulated by miR-496 mimics. Furthermore, miR-496 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. The effects of miR-496 on cell proliferation were additive with those of miR-137, another miRNA that regulates Del-1 expression. Moreover, in the 30 TNBC specimens, miR-496 was downregulated (P &amp;lt; 0.005) and the levels of Del-1 in the plasma was significantly elevated as compared to normal controls (P = 0.0142). TCGA data showed the correlation of miR-496 expression with better overall survival in patients with early TNBC. Conclusions: In in silico and in vitro analyses, we showed that Del-1 is a target of miR-496 in TNBC and thereby affects cancer progression. Our findings suggest that miR-496 and Del-1 might act as modulating factors in TNBC and are new biomarkers for patients with TNBC. Citation Format: Dong Won Baek, Jae-Hwan Jeong, Soo Jung Lee, Jiyeon Lee, Yee Soo Chae, Wan WooK Kim, Jieun Kang, Ho Yong Park, Jin Hyang Jung, Ji Yun Jeong, Ji Young Park, Keon Uk Park. MicroRNA-496 inhibits triple negative breast cancer cell proliferation by targeting DEL-1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3547.
ERCP topics
Authors: Y K Cheon, E L Fogel
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has evolved significantly during the last two decades. While endoscopic management of biliary obstruction was initially hailed as a breakthrough, ERCP has developed tremendously and now offers a number of therapeutic applications. Although many endoscopists have expanded their armamentarium to include complex and controversial areas such as the management of pancreatitis, fluid collections, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), serious complications continue to occur. Numerous abstracts presented at this year’s Digestive Disease Week (DDW) meeting addressed new techniques, while others focused on improving procedure safety. Selected abstracts are reviewed here.
皮肤微生物组检查
Authors: S. Prast‐Nielsen, A.‐M. Tobin, K. Adamzik, A. Powles, L.W. Hugerth, C. Sweeney, B. Kirby, L. Engstrand, L. Fry
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

确定皮肤中存在何种细菌的传统方法是使用拭子取样。这种方法的一个局限是:拭子采样只能从皮肤表面采集,而细菌可能也存在于皮肤的深层。来自瑞典、爱尔兰和英国的研究者们调查了皮肤拭子和实际活检(组织样本)结果的差异。 在 16 名接受躯干或肢体皮损切除(手术去除)的患者中,从相同部位采集了一份拭子样本和一份 2 mm 环钻活检样本。首先润湿使用的拭子,之后对下方的脂肪层进行活检。对活检样本使用一种称为 16S rRNA 基因测序的技术来明确细菌的存在情况。这是一种非常敏感的技术,甚至在细菌不能被培养(生长)的情况发现细菌的 DNA。 活检显示称为梭菌目和拟杆菌门的细菌显著增多。梭菌目不需要氧气即可存活,因此预计可能在更深层皮肤发现。另一方面,其他细菌,如常见的金黄色葡萄球菌,在拭子样本中含量更为丰富。 更准确地了解皮肤中生活着何种细菌具有重要意义,因为这些细菌可能引发免疫反应,此反应对于特应性皮炎、银屑病和化脓性汗腺炎等皮肤病具有重要意义。
A disintegrin-metalloproteinase prevents amyloid plaque formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer disease mouse model
Authors: Rolf Postina, Anja Schroeder, Ilse Dewachter, Juergen Bohl, Ulrich Schmitt, Elzbieta Kojiro, Claudia Prinzen, Kristina Endres, Christoph Hiemke, Manfred Blessing, Pascaline Flamez, Antoine Dequenne, Emile Godaux, Fred van Leuven, Falk Fahrenholz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

During the preparation of this manuscript for publication, an error was introduced into the Results section, in the fourth sentence of the paragraph beginning with "The levels of the APP-derived soluble peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42 in brains of double-transgenic mice and APP [V717I] control animals at the age of 18 weeks were quantified by specific sandwich ELISAs."The correct sentence appears below.We regret this error.In line ADAM10-mo × APP [V717I] , Αβ40 and Aβ42 were reduced by 49% and 20%, and in line ADAM10-hi × APP [V717I] , by 39% and 29%, respectively.
Evolutionary Neurology
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal