tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
XOMA 052, an Anti-IL-1β Monoclonal Antibody, Improves Glucose Control and β-Cell Function in the Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model
Authors: Alexander M. Owyang, Kathrin Maedler, Lisa Gross, Johnny Yin, Lin Esposito, Luan Shu, Jaaee Jadhav, Erna Domsgen, Jennifer Bergemann, Steve Lee, Seema Kantak
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2010)

ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that IL-1β-mediated glucotoxicity plays a critical role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although previous work has shown that inhibiting IL-1β can lead to improvements in glucose control and β-cell function, we hypothesized that more efficient targeting of IL-1β with a novel monoclonal antibody, XOMA 052, would reveal an effect on additional parameters affecting metabolic disease. In the diet-induced obesity model, XOMA 052 was administered to mice fed either normal or high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 19 wk. XOMA 052 was administered as a prophylactic treatment or as a therapy. Mice were analyzed for glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, insulin secretion, and lipid profile. In addition, the pancreata were analyzed for β-cell apoptosis, proliferation, and β-cell mass. Mice on HFD exhibited elevated glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, and elevated lipid profile, which were prevented by XOMA 052. XOMA 052 also reduced β-cell apoptosis and increased β-cell proliferation. XOMA 052 maintained the HFDinduced compensatory increase in β-cell mass, while also preventing the loss in β-cell mass seen with extended HFD feeding. Analysis of fasting insulin and glucose levels suggests that XOMA 052 prevented HFD-induced insulin resistance. These studies provide new evidence that targeting IL-1β in vivo could improve insulin sensitivity and lead to β-cell sparing. This is in addition to previously reported benefits on glycemic control. Taken together, the data presented suggest that XOMA 052 could be effective for treating many aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Stephanie S. Kim, Timothy R. Donahue
Journal: JAMA (2018)

The gallbladder is a small organ underneath the liver that concentrates and stores bile.Bile is fluid made by the liver and released into the small intestine to help digestion.Changes in bile concentration and composition caused by changes in diet, hormones, medications, or rapid weight loss or weight gain can result in formation of solid pieces of bile called gallstones.In the United States, more than 6 million men and 14 million women have had gallstone disease, with higher rates in Native and Hispanic Americans.A small portion of people with gallstones may experience occasional abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, often after meals.Gallstones can sometimes migrate out of the gallbladder, block the normal flow of bile, and lead to inflammation and infection of the gallbladder.This is called cholecystitis and can cause sharp, constant abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.These symptoms warrant a visit to a physician, who can arrange for an ultrasound and make a referral to a surgeon if appropriate.Gallstones do not need to be treated if they are not causing problems.Patients who have cholecystitis or are bothered by symptoms of gallstones are treated with surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy.Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, also known as minimally invasive cholecystectomy, is performed through 4 small incisions with use of a camera to visualize the inside of the abdomen and long tools to remove the gallbladder.Surgery is done under anesthesia, and patients are asleep throughout the entire procedure.Most patients go home on the day of or the day after surgery.Patients can return to eating their usual meals at home.Mild to moderate pain is common for a few days and can be managed with pain medications as prescribed.Dressings on the incisions can typically be removed the day after surgery, at which time patients can resume regular showers, but some incisions may require special care as instructed by the surgeon.A few people may experience diarrhea after cholecystectomy, which goes away after a few weeks or months in most people.Complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are rare but can be serious when structures near the gallbladder are damaged.One of these structures is the common bile duct, which is the main tube that drains bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.Damage to the common bile duct or other biliary ducts can cause leakage or obstruction of bile flow and has symptoms of abdominal pain, fever, and yellowing of skin, known as jaundice.These symptoms can also be caused by a gallstone that is left behind in the
Effects of Diphenylhydantoin and Lidocaine on the Linguomandibular Reflex in Decerebrate Cats
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Babesiosis in Wisconsin. A new focus of disease transmission
Authors: R. W. Steketee
Journal: JAMA (1985)

A confirmed case of human babesiosis was identified in August 1983 in a 54-year-old asplenic Wisconsin resident.<i>Babesia</i>microti was identified as the causative agent by blood smear morphology and hamster inoculation techniques. The patient's wife had clinically confirmed Lyme disease in 1981 and had serologic evidence (immunofluorescent antibody to a<i>B microti</i>titer of 1:1,024) of recent<i>Babesia</i>infection in August 1983. Mice (<i>Peromyscus</i>species) trapped on the patients' property and elsewhere in their Wisconsin county of residence were infected with<i>B microti</i>. Lyme disease and babesiosis have the same tick vector and animal reservoir; serum samples from 116 Wisconsin and Minnesota residents with clinically confirmed Lyme disease between 1980 and 1983 were tested, and none were found to have concurrent<i>Babesia</i>infection. This area of Wisconsin is identified as a new focus for babesiosis transmission, but the risk of transmission seems to be low. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:2675-2678)
Variable intrathoracic airways obstruction masquerading as asthma
Authors: T. Higenbottam
Journal: BMJ (1984)

<h3>OBJECTIVE:</h3> To assess the Hepatitis B status of sportsmen competing in Qatar and to evaluate the risk of transmission. <h3>METHODS:</h3> In a cross-sectional study design, serological analysis was carried out on 780 sportsmen who attended the Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha Qatar, between March 2008 and February 2009 for a pre-participation screening. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> Hepatitis B infection prevalence of 2.2% and a lack of immunity in 53.3%. Highest rates of infection were observed in non-Qatari nationals, particularly those of African origin. There was no clear trend with age and immunity level, but cycling was found to have significantly higher rates of Hepatitis B infection. There was no difference in infection rates between contact and non-contact sports. <h3>CONCLUSION:</h3> The risk of Hepatitis B transmission in football was assessed at one transmission in 12.5 million football matches, but the high rate of non-immunity suggests that sportsmen competing in Qatar are at elevated risk of Hepatitis B infection should they be exposed. This imbalance of infection and immunity rates requires further investigation and urgent redress.
Using National Board of Medical Examiners scores in selection of residents
Authors: R. L. Volle
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Standardized tests were introduced to provide individuals with an opportunity to demonstrate some facets of academic achievement or clinical competence in a way that is fair to all. The broad use of examinations attests to their acceptance within our culture. Nevertheless, critics express valid concerns about examination bias (intended or not), the relationship between examination content and purpose, accessibility to or eligibility for the examination, and the inappropriate use of examination results. McCollister<sup>1</sup>writes about a perceived inappropriate use of National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) examinations in the selection of residents, an issue of moment to the NBME. See also p 240. Certification by the NBME requires successful completion of a three-part examination, graduation from a school of medicine approved by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), and satisfactory completion of one full year in an accredited graduate medical education program. Approximately 80% of the graduates of
Human experimentation in infectious diseases
Authors: H. F. Dowling
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Rarely are investigators so bold as to produce disease in man, but in the field of infectious diseases they have done so repeatedly. Often these diseases were mild, usually they were self-limited, and sometimes they could be cured with drugs; yet the subject of the experiment always ran some risk of disability or death. Since exposing men to such hazards contrasts sharply with the concepts of human dignity embodied in Judeo-Christian ethics, it is interesting to see how these concepts affected the evolution of human experimentation. The surge of scientific discovery during the Renaissance and early modern period involved mostly inanimate objects at first and later animals. The thread of experimentation on humans can be picked up easily in 1721 when a smallpox epidemic was raging in London. George I, loath to have his grandchildren inoculated as recommended by Lady Mary Montagu, ordered the virus given first to six condemned
Correction to: 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Through Cholesterol Management," right column, Take Home Message 4, the first sentence read, "4.In patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia…begin high-intensity statin therapy without calculating 10-year ASCVD risk."It has been updated to read, "4.In patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia…without calculating 10-year ASCVD risk, begin high-intensity statin therapy." 2. On page e1052, in the section "2.1.Measurements of LDL-C and Non-HDL-C," recommendation table:• Recommendation 2 read, "2.In adults who are 20 years of age or older and in whom an initial nonfasting lipid profile reveals a triglycerides level of 400 mg/dL (≥4.5 mmol/L) or higher, a repeat lipid profile in the fasting state should be performed for assessment of fasting triglyceride levels and baseline LDL-C."It has been updated to read, "2.In adults who are 20 years of age or older and in whom an initial nonfasting lipid profile reveals a triglycerides level of 400 mg/dL or higher (≥4.5 mmol/L), a repeat lipid profile in the fasting state should be performed for assessment of fasting triglyceride levels and baseline LDL-C."• Recommendation 3 read, "3.For patients with an LDL-C level less than 70 mg/dL (<1.8 mmol/L), measurement of direct LDL-C or modified LDL-C estimate is reasonable to improve accuracy over the Friedewald formula."It has been updated to read, "3.For adults with an LDL-C level less than 70 mg/dL (<1.8 mmol/L), measurement of direct LDL-C or modified LDL-C estimate is reasonable to improve accuracy over the Friedewald formula." 3. On page e1053, in the section "4.1.Secondary ASCVD Prevention," recommendation table:• Recommendation 4 read, "4.In patients with clinical ASCVD who are judged to be very high risk and who are on maximally tolerated LDL-C lowering therapy with LDL-C 70 mg/dL (≥1.8 mmol/L) or higher or a non-HDL-C level of 100 mg/dL (≥2.6 mmol/L) or higher, it is reasonable to add a PCSK9 inhibitor following a clinician-patient discussion about the net benefit, safety, and cost."It has been updated to read, "4.In patients with clinical ASCVD who are judged to be very high risk and who are on
RARE-39. INTRAVASCULAR LYMPHOMA AFFECTING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: FEATURES AND OUTCOMES IN A CASE SERIES OF THE PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA COLLABORATIVE GROUP (IPCG)
Authors: Alicia Zukas, Nabila Bennani, Claudia Chou, Patrick Johnston, Brian Patrick O’Neill, Marcel Nijland, Tracy Batchelor, Lakshmi Nayak, Maciej Mrugala, Justin Low, Antonio Omuro, Andres Ferreri, Ryo Nishikawa, Kazuhiko Mishima, Christopher Fox, Wyndham Wilson, Caroline Houillier, Marc Chamberlain, David Schiff
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2016)

Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare subtype of extranodal lymphoma, usually of the large B-cell type. It constitutes a subtype of primary central nervous system (CNS) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL) when it is confined to the vascular lumina of the CNS. In this International PCNSL Collaborative Group (IPCG) effort, we describe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with IVL affecting the CNS. We present a retrospective case series of 72 adults with IVL from 16 cancer centers in 6 countries. IVL was present in the CNS in 55 cases, with a mean age of 61.6 years and more than 90% of patients having neurological deficits at the time of diagnosis. There was a mean diagnostic delay of 20 weeks after presentation of stroke-like symptoms or myelopathy. Eighty-five percent had a poor functional status with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≥2 with another eight percent diagnosed post-mortem. Serum LDH was elevated in 87% of available patients with no correlation with treatment outcome. Frontline treatment with intravenous high-dose methotrexate-based combination therapy was the most common first line treatment in the presence of CNS disease. Seventy-two percent of patients receiving any regimen reached one-year survival. There is improved one-year survival for patients having received a regimen containing high-dose methotrexate therapy with or without rituximab vs. non-methotrexate containing combination therapy (OR = 0.0667 95% CI 0.006-0.7451, P=0.028). The median progression free survival in patients treated with combination methotrexate and rituximab is at least 52 months. Multivariate analysis examining prognostic factors for outcome will be updated at time of presentation. This is the first case series to report improved prognosis in intravascular lymphoma with CNS involvement using combination high-dose methotrexate with rituximab.
From the NIH: Prolonged survival of rat islet cells in diabetic mice offers hope
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Comparison of the Effects of Two Doses of Recombinant Hirudin Compared With Heparin in Patients With Acute Myocardial Ischemia Without ST Elevation
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Despite the use of aspirin and heparin, patients with acute ischemic syndromes are at risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or refractory ischemia. Therefore, evaluation of more potent antithrombotic therapies is warranted. Methods and Results Patients (n=909) with unstable angina or suspected acute MI without ST-segment elevation were randomized to receive heparin (5000 IU bolus+1000 to 1200 U/h, n=371), low-dose hirudin (LDHir) (0.2 mg/kg bolus+0.10 mg·kg −1 ·h −1 infusion, n=271), or medium-dose hirudin (MDHir) (0.4 mg/kg bolus+0.15 mg·kg −1 ·h −1 infusion, n=267) for 72 hours. At 7 days, 6.5% of patients in the heparin group, 4.4% in the LDHir group, and 3.0% in the MDHir group ( P =.267 heparin versus low-dose hirudin; P =.047 heparin versus medium-dose hirudin) suffered cardiovascular death, new MI, or refractory angina (primary outcome). The proportions with cardiovascular death, new MI, or refractory or severe angina (secondary outcome) were 15.6%, 12.5%, and 9.4%, respectively ( P =.27 for heparin versus LDHir; P =.02 for heparin versus MDHir). The rates of new MI were 4.9%, 2.6%, and 1.9%, respectively ( P =.14 heparin versus LDHir; P =.046 heparin versus MDHir). Fewer patients underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the two hirudin groups (3.7% low-dose, 1.1% medium-dose group) compared with heparin (4.0%) ( P =.028 for heparin versus MDHir). After cessation of study treatments, there was an increase in ischemic events in the LDHir group at ≈24 hours and at ≈5 days in the medium-dose group. Nevertheless, at 180 days, the differences between hirudin and heparin persisted. Conclusions Hirudin, especially at the medium dose, appears to be superior to heparin in preventing ischemic outcomes in unstable angina or acute MI without ST elevation.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESISTANCE OF THE PERITONEUM TO INFECTION.
Journal: JAMA (1889)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Statistical Analysis of K 2 X 2 Tables: A Comparative Study of Estimators/Test Statistics for Association and Homogeneity
Authors: Thomas W. O'Gorman, Robert F. Woolson, Michael P. Jones, Jon H. Lemke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

In order to control for confounding variables, epidemiologists often obtain data in the form of a 2 x 2 table. One variable is usually the disease status, while the other variable represents a dichotomous exposure variable that is suspected of being a risk factor. If a confounding variable is present, the data are often stratified into several 2 x 2 tables. The objectives of the analysis are to test for the association between the suspected risk factor and the disease and to estimate the strength of this relationship. Before estimating a common odds ratio, it is important to check whether the odds ratios are homogeneous. This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo study that was performed to determine the size and power of a number of tests of association and homogeneity when the data are sparse. We also evaluated the performance of three estimators of the common odds ratio. For the Monte Carlo studies, equal numbers of cases and controls were used in a wide variety of sparse data situations. On the basis of these studies, we recommend the Breslow-Day test for nonsparse data, and the T4 and T5 statistics for sparse data to test for homogeneity. The Mantel-Haenszel test of association is recommended for sparse and nonsparse data sets. With sparse data, none of the odds ratio estimators are entirely satisfactory.
A novel aortic root prosthesis with compliant sinuses for valve sparing operations Mano J. Thubrikar, Francis Robicsek, Kenton J. Zehr, Eric Skipper, Geoffrey G. Gong, Brett L. Fowler.. Heineman Research Laboratory, Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery. Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, Mayo Clinic, Div. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Rochester, MN
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Profiles of expression of carbohydrate chain structures during human intrahepatic bile duct development and maturation: A lectin-histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: T Terada
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

We investigated expression of carbohydrate chain structures during human intrahepatic bile duct development and maturation. Results of staining for ABH antigens were negative in the ductal plate and biliary cells migrating into the mesenchyma but were positive in newly formed bile ducts in the fetal liver and in maturing bile ducts in the postnatal liver. Staining for Lewisa, sialyl Lewisa and Lewisb antigens was negative in the ductal plate but positive in migrating biliary cells, newly formed ducts and maturing ducts. Staining for sialyl Lewisx antigen was positive in the ductal plate, migrating biliary cells and newly formed ducts but negative in the postnatal liver. Lewisy antigen staining was negative in the ductal plate and migrating biliary cells but positive in newly formed ducts and maturing ducts. Staining for T and Tn antigens was negative in the ductal plate, migrating biliary cells and newly formed ducts but positive in maturing ducts. Staining for Lewisx, sialyl Th and carcinoembryonic antigen was negative in all tissues. Receptors of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I and soybean agglutinin were absent in the ductal plate, migrating biliary cells and newly formed ducts but present in maturing large ducts. Staining for receptors of concanavalin A and Ricnus communis agglutinin I was negative in the ductal plate but positive in migrating biliary cells, newly formed ducts and maturing ducts. Staining for the receptor of succinylated wheat germ agglutinin was always positive. These findings suggest that carbohydrate chain structures change during intrahepatic bile duct development and maturation and that new carbohydrate chain structures gradually emerge as intrahepatic bile ducts develop and mature. (Hepatology 1994;20:388–397.)