tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
皮肤医学的核心结果集合:来自国际Cochrane皮肤小组核心结果集合倡议的报告
Authors: J. Kottner, L. Jacobi, E. Hahnel, M. Alam, K. Balzer, D. Beeckman, C. Busard, J. Chalmers, S. Deckert, V. Eleftheriadou, K. Furlan, S.E.R. Horbach, J. Kirkham, A. Nast, Ph. Spuls, D. Thiboutot, L. Thorlacius, K. Weller, H.C. Williams, J. Schmitt
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2018)

Summary 业界需要借助临床试验来查明药物或其他治疗对皮肤病患者是否有效。参与临床试验的患者通常被分成两组。一组接受测试治疗,另一组则接受对照治疗。在进行了一段时间的治疗之后,相关人员就会将两组的治疗效果进行比较。病情改善得越多、副作用越少,治疗的效果就越好。非常重要的一点是,要正确衡量患者对治疗的反应,否则研究结论将毫无用处。以瘙痒症状为例,医生可以直接询问患者,也可以查看抓痕。这两种“结果”会提供不同的信息。同等重要的是,研究人员应在对相似患者组进行临床试验时包含相同的结果。以异位性湿疹为例,如果一位研究人员仅衡量皮肤发红、一位研究人员仅衡量瘙痒,而另一位研究人员仅衡量生活质量,那么就很难比较不同治疗的结果。您可能会想,到如今,全球的研究人员会齐聚一堂来选择在某些皮肤疾病中应衡量哪些结果。但事实是,每个人衡量的结果各不相同,因此几乎不可能将各种研究合并成有意义的成果。如今,一组研究人员、患者和其他专家终于齐聚一堂,讨论如何最好地在皮肤病患者的临床试验中衡量治疗效果(或结果)。在2017年1月于德国举行的一次国际性会议中,与会者在查找最佳证据和询问许多人员之后,就选择“核心”结果的最佳方法达成了一致。但如何使患者充分地参与制定此类决策,以及如何在更大规模的专家中达成一致等一些其他问题则更为棘手。国际Cochrane皮肤小组(CSG)-COUSIN组致力于坚持完成其工作并期望提出一组对不同的皮肤病患者都能进行衡量的核心结果,如此一来,患者、医生、护士和医疗保健支付方都能更清楚地了解正在进行中的数百种临床试验。
Re: Giorgio Gandaglia, Maxine Sun, Jim C. Hu, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonists and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.026
Authors: E. David Crawford, Bo-Eric Persson
Journal: European Urology (2014)
Programming and Coding Errors in a Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2018)

Christopher B. Fordyce, MD, MHS, MSc; Pamela S. Douglas, MD; Rhonda S. Roberts, MSPH; Udo Hoffmann, MD, MPH; Hussein R. Al-Khalidi, PhD; Manesh R. Patel, MD; Christopher B. Granger, MD; John Kostis, MD; Daniel B. Mark, MD; Kerry L. Lee, PhD; James E. Udelson, MD; for the Prospective Multicenter Imaging Study for Evaluation of Chest Pain (PROMISE) Investigators
Correction to Typographical Error in Results
Authors: Fausto Petrelli
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2020)

Rachel M. Glicksman, MD; Michael C. Tjong, MD; Wellington F. P. Neves-Junior, BSc; Daniel E. Spratt, MD; Kevin L. M. Chua, MD; Alireza Mansouri, MD; Melvin L. K. Chua, MD, PhD; Alejandro Berlin, MD; Jeff D. Winter, PhD; Max Dahele, MBChB; Ben J. Slotman, MD; Mark Bilsky, MD; David B. Shultz, MD; Marcos Maldaun, MD; Nicholas Szerlip, MD; Simon S. Lo, MD; Yoshiya Yamada, MD; Francisco Emilio Vera-Badillo, MD; Gustavo N. Marta, MD; Fabio Y. Moraes, MD
TI-201, Tc-99m Sestamibi, and Tc-99m HMDP Uptake in Multiple Brown Tumors
Authors: HIROSHI OHNISHI, MASAHIRO ABE, MASAO MIYAGAWA, KAZUTAKA NISHIMURA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2003)

A 62-year-old woman was hospitalized after bone tumors appeared incidentally on chest radiographs. Laboratory data were consistent with primary hyperparathyroidism. Computed tomography of the neck revealed a papillary polyp with a right thyroid cyst and a right inferior parathyroid adenoma. TI-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy revealed uptake not only in the parathyroid adenoma but also in the left clavicle, sternum, and ribs. A bone biopsy revealed a brown tumor. The sensitivity of Tc-99m HMDP is superior to that of TI-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi in detecting brown tumors. Brown tumors can be associated with both false-positive and false-negative findings on TI-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy.
Correction
Journal: BMJ (1954)

ANY QUESTIONIS'?MEDInCAL JOURNAL type and degree, it is wise to inquire more of the surgeon who performed the operation.While the presence of sepsis, abdominal distension, or cough in the immediate post-operative period may all be factors which play some part in encouraging a recurrence, it is generally unsound to counsel patients to " go easy " or take a lighter job.Recurrences do not depend only uipon such factors, and, with few exceptions, it is generally wiser not to be over-cautious in one's advice.Pain in the Neck during Coitus Q.-A married man, aged 50 years, experiences excruciat- ing pain in the nape of the neck at the moment of ejaculation.This first occurred several months ago and recurs
Oral Surg, Oral Med and Oral Path, St. Louis
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Vasectomy
Authors: S. S. Schmidt
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The study by Dr Alderman<sup>1</sup>in this issue concerns the operation most commonly performed on adult men, elective vasectomy for family planning. The author, using the most popular technique of vasectomy (ie, cutting the vas deferens, excising a segment, and ligating the cut ends), reports 97 failures among 5331 men who were available for follow-up. In some of these failures the semen was never clear of sperm; in others sperm reappeared, sometimes several years after initial negative testing. These findings document the fact that the patient can eliminate the sperm from the urethral side of the vas deferens only to have the ducts rejoin later. This should be of deep concern to both the patient and his surgeon. Both need to know when sterility can be considered permanent. An operation with an uncertain result is not a good operation. See also p 3142. Consent to perform surgery is a
The Cover
Authors: C. Dale Parker
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
MYELOFIBROSIS ( PANMYELOSIS ) IN HIROSHIMA
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: E. J. SEIFTER
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Journal Article BOOK REVIEWS Get access Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas in Adults and Children. Lillian M. Fuller, Frederick B. Hagemeister, Margaret P. Sullivan, William Velasquez, eds. New York: Raven Press, 1988, 509 pp. $95.50. ERIC J. SEIFTER ERIC J. SEIFTER The Johns Hopkins Oncology CenterBaltimore, MD 21205 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 81, Issue 7, 5 April 1989, Pages 540–541, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/81.7.540-a Published: 05 April 1989
Abstract 5067: Responsiveness to Low Dose Aspirin Influences Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers
Authors: Rehan Qayyum, Nauder Faraday, Lisa R Yanek, Dhananjay Vaidya, Lewis C Becker, Diane M Becker
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Platelets participate in cellular and humoral immunity; however the effect of low dose aspirin (ASA) therapy on platelet-mediated inflammation is unknown. Healthy family members (N=1934) of patients with premature coronary artery disease (CAD) participated in a 14-day trial of ASA 81 mg/day. Urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (uTxM), which reflects in vivo platelet activation, was measured at baseline and after ASA. Subjects were dichotomized by post-ASA uTxM levels into ASA responsive (lower quartile) and ASA resistant (upper quartile) groups based on previous studies showing an association between the upper quartile and incident CAD events. Levels of the inflammatory biomarkers, plasma hs-CRP and IL-6, were measured at both time points and compared between the two quartile extremes using multivariable-adjusted models. The study sample had 967 participants (females, 59%; blacks, 43%, age, 43.9±13 years). At baseline, plasma hs-CRP levels were similar between the upper and the lower uTxM quartiles, but IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the upper quartile (Table ). After ASA therapy, hs-CRP and IL-6 decreased in the lowest quartile, but increased in the upper (resistant) quartile, and the between-quartile difference (post-adjusted for pre) became significant for both inflammatory markers. Compared to ASA responsive subjects, those who are ASA “resistant” have higher levels of plasma inflammatory markers after ASA therapy and demonstrate lesser reductions in inflammatory markers from baseline. These extreme quartile differences in hs-CRP and IL-6 may reflect differences in ASA’s ability to suppress platelet-mediated inflammation, and may contribute to the increased CAD risk observed in aspirin resistant persons. Table. Comparison of hs-CRP and IL-6 in the Extreme Quartiles of 11-dehydro thromboxane B2 (uTxM)
Tobacco Use and Usual Source of Cigarettes Among High School Students—United States, 1995
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Pneumoperitoneum
Authors: James T. Stringfield
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Pneumoperltoneum occurred in three adults receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Since the presence of a perforated viscus could not be confirmed by combinations of clinical, surgical, or autopsy findings in any of these patients, it appears that the free abdominal air in these patients was a complication of the ventilatory therapy. It is possible that such a complication may be more common than is currently recognized and thus should be added to the differential diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum. (<i>JAMA</i>235:744-746, 1976)
Distribution and Kinetics of PBB Residues in Cattle
Authors: G. F. Fries, G. S. Marrow, R. M. Cook
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

Cows fed a constant amount of polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) reached a steady-state concentration in milk fat within 30 days. This concentration was approximately four times the concentration in the total diet. When feeding of PBB was stopped, the concentration in milk was adequately described as a sum of two first-order elimination rates. Biological half-life in environmentally contaminated cows, studied for 6 months about a year after contamination, was 60 days. The stage of lactation affected the rate of elimination, and in some concentrations increased shortly after calving. Residues were distributed in body tissues proportionally to concentration of fat in the tissues. Liver and brain were exceptions. Concentration in liver fat was generally higher than other tissues and possibly related to the treatment of some cows with phenobarbital. Residues in brain fat were significantly lower than all other tissues. The ratio of the concentrations in milk fat to concentration of residues in the blood of calves and fat of fetal tissues to the concentration in the corresponding tissue in the dams was 0.36:1. It was estimated that people consuming milk from the highly contaminated Michigan cows could have received PBB doses as great as 10 g from this source alone.
Tracking Microbial Populations Effective in Reducing Exposure
Authors: James M. Tiedje, Suzanne M. Thiem, Arturo Massol-Deya, Jong-Ok Ka, Marcos R. Fries
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Microbial ecology provides the link between basic biochemical and molecular studies on toxicity reduction by microbial metabolism and environmental studies that determine exposure.This link provides the ability to determine which microorganisms are responsible for the actual transformations in nature, thereby establishing how predictive the laboratory pathway, kinetic, regulatory, and enzyme mechanistic information is for nature.This information can be important to the rate of toxicant removal, the type and concentration of intermediate product(s), and the identification of condi- tions that limit effective toxicant removal.Nucleic acid-based methods now provide the main means to track important biodegrading populations.Examples of these methods are given that illustrate tracking a biodegrading microbe injected into an aquifer, following community succession in a toluene-degrading fluidized bed reactor, aiding the isolation from nature of novel biodegrading organisms, and rapidly characterizing the extent of microbial diversity in an aquifer stimulated to co-metabolize trichloroethene.-
Trimetrexate Approved for Treatment of PCP
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 1878: Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the β-catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Shiby Paul, Andrew DeCastro, Hong Jin Lee, Amanda K. Smolarek, Jae Young So, Barbara Simi, Chung Xiou Wang, Renping Zhou, Agnes M. Rimando, Nanjoo Suh
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Stilbenes are phytochemicals present in grapes, berries, peanuts and red wine. A widely studied stilbene, resveratrol (trans-3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene), has been shown to exert anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, and anti-aging effects in a number of biological systems. Recently, pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4’-hydroxystilbene), a structurally related stilbene found in blueberries, has been shown to exhibit significant effects against cell proliferation, inflammation, invasion and metastasis in various models. We reported earlier that pterostilbene was effective in reducing the incidence and multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in the colon of rats injected with the carcinogen, azoxymethane (AOM). Our present study was to identify the chemopreventive potential of pterostilbene with colonic tumor formation as an end point, and further to evaluate the mechanistic action of pterostilbene during colon carcinogenesis. F344 rats were given two AOM injections subcutaneously when they were 7 and 8 weeks old, and continuously fed the control or 40 ppm pterostilbene diet for 45 weeks. Overall analyses indicated that pterostilbene reduced colon tumor multiplicity of non-invasive adenocarcinomas, lowered a cell proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and down-regulated the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1. Pterostilbene decreased mucosal levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-4. Colon tumors from pterostilbene fed animals showed reduced expression of the inflammatory enzymes iNOS and COX-2, as well as nuclear staining for phospho-p65, a key molecule in the NF-κB pathway. In cell culture studies using HT-29 cells, pterostilbene reduced the protein levels of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-MYC, altered the cellular localization of β-catenin, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p65. Our data with pterostilbene in suppressing colon tumorigenesis, cell proliferation as well as key inflammatory markers in vivo and in vitro suggest the potential use of pterostilbene for colon cancer prevention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1878.
BLOOD CONCENTRATION IN INFLUENZA AND ITS TREATMENT
Journal: JAMA (1920)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Evidence for a Role of Prolactin in Calcium Homeostasis: Regulation of Intestinal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 6, Intestinal Calcium Absorption, and the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D31α Hydroxylase Gene by Prolactin
Authors: Dare V. Ajibade, Puneet Dhawan, Adam J. Fechner, Mark B. Meyer, J. Wesley Pike, Sylvia Christakos
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2010)

Increased calcium transport has been observed in vitamin D-deficient pregnant and lactating rats, indicating that another factor besides 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is involved in intestinal calcium transport. To investigate prolactin as a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D-deficient male mice were injected with 1,25(OH)2D3, prolactin, or prolactin + 1,25(OH)2D3. Prolactin alone (1 μg/g body weight 48, 12, and 4 h before termination) significantly induced duodenal transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 (TRPV6) mRNA (4-fold) but caused no change in calbindin-D9k. Combined treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 and prolactin resulted in an enhancement of the 1,25(OH)2D3 induction of duodenal TRPV6 mRNA, calbindin-D9k mRNA, and an induction of duodenal calcium transport [P < 0.05 compared with 1,25(OH)2D3 alone]. Because lactation is associated with an increase in circulating 1,25(OH)2D3, experiments were done to determine whether prolactin also has a direct effect on induction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α hydroxylase [1α(OH)ase]. Using AOK B-50 cells cotransfected with the prolactin receptor and the mouse 1α(OH)ase promoter −1651/+22 cooperative effects between prolactin and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 were observed in the regulation of 1α(OH)ase. In addition, in prolactin receptor transfected AOK B-50 cells, prolactin treatment (400 ng/ml) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 significantly induced 1α(OH)ase protein as determined by Western blot analysis. Thus, prolactin, by multiple mechanisms, including regulation of vitamin D metabolism, induction of TRPV6 mRNA, and cooperation with 1,25(OH)2D3 in induction of intestinal calcium transport genes and intestinal calcium transport, can act as an important modulator of vitamin D-regulated calcium homeostasis.