tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS
Authors: S. Pahwa
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Acyclovir has become the treatment of choice for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections in immunocompromised individuals. This article describes a 4-year-old girl congenitally infected with human immunodeficiency virus who developed a continuous cutaneous infection with VZV that persisted over a 14-month period until her death. Initial episodes of varicella and zoster were responsive to acyclovir treatment; however, subsequent recurrences necessitated administration of multiple courses of acyclovir. Lesions became markedly hyperkeratotic, slow healing, and persistent despite acyclovir therapy. Numerous attempts to isolate virus from the lesions yielded only one isolate late in the course of therapy. This virus clearly demonstrated acyclovir resistance in vitro. Bizarre manifestations of VZV infection could present both diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Prolonged acyclovir treatment of highly immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and severe VZV may lead to the appearance of resistant virus. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:2879-2882)
Primary Care
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Everyman
Authors: Stephen Workman
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
PROGRESSIVE NEUROTIC MUSCULAR ATROPHY.
Journal: JAMA (1889)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Journal of Endocrinology, London
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Radiology, Detroit
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Lippincott's Medical Dictionary. A complete vocabulary of the terms used in Medicine and the allied Sciences, with their Pronunciation, Etymology and Signification, etc.
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Parkinsonism as a falling sickness
Authors: H. L. Klawans
Journal: JAMA (1974)

In 11 patients, loss of postural reflexes was the initial and predominant manifestation of parkinsonism. None of these patients responded to standard anticholinergic medication. All 11 responded dramatically to amantadine or levodopa. It is important to recognize that parkinsonian deficit can manifest itself solely or predominantly as falling. Such patients usually respond well to amantadine or levodopa. (<i>JAMA</i>230:1555-1557, 1974)
Brain ischemic anoxia. Mechanisms of injury
Authors: B. C. White
Journal: JAMA (1984)

THE DEVELOPMENT of effective therapy to preserve normal neurological function in patients surviving a cardiac arrest hinges on our growing understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic anoxia. It is worthwhile, then, to review our new understanding of these mechanisms, as well as the laboratory search for therapies to protect neurons injured by cardiac arrest. The early doctrine that four to six minutes of ischemic anoxia leads to irreversible brain injury was based on work done in the 1940s with dogs subjected to breathing 100% nitrogen.<sup>1,2</sup>However, it became apparent from work by Ames and Guarian<sup>3</sup>and Hossman and Kleihues<sup>4</sup>that the neurons themselves have substantial intrinsic resistance to complete ischemic anoxia. The evidence suggests that CNS neurons can tolerate between 20 and 60 minutes of complete ischemic anoxia without irreversible injury. Following these severe insults, neurons regain the ability to synthesize protein, produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and
Novel markers to predict virological and clinical relapse onset following antiviral treatment discontinuation in chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Marianne Tuefferd, Marjolein Crabbe, Tsung-Hui Hu, Chi-Yi Chen, Rong-Nan Chien, Wei Kuo-Liang, Cheng-Yuan Peng, Wan-Long Chuang, Wei-Wen Su, Liang Kung-Hao, Anna Shen, Lin Yu-Shuang, Alessandro Di Cara, Jacques Bollekens, Chau-Ting Yeh, Kurt Spittaels, Jeroen Aerssens
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)
Prognostic value of thymidylate synthase and cox-2 expression in colorectal cancer patients' tumors
Authors: M. Aliustaoglu, M. Gumus, A. Midi, C. A. Celikel, M. Ekenel, F. Yumuk, G. Basaran, N. S. Turhal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

3731
Interaction of drug-abusing mother, fetus, types of drugs examined in numerous studies
Authors: S. Silverman
Journal: JAMA (1989)

WHEN a pregnant woman takes a drug, she risks spontaneous abortion or stillbirth. If her infant survives, it may suffer from effects ranging from temporary irritability to seizure or occasional physical birth defects. Which condition occurs depends on both the type of drug and the amount that the fetus absorbs, according to Hazel Szeto, MD, Cornell University Medical Center, New York City. The amount of drug absorbed, in turn, depends on its lipid solubility, she says. A less lipid-soluble substance, like morphine, will not pass as easily through the placenta and will therefore not cause as great adverse effects as a more lipidsoluble substance, such as methadone. <h3>Fetus Has Defenses</h3> But the fetus is not helpless against highly lipid-soluble drugs, Szeto says. It can defend itself. Szeto found, in a study on the effects of opiates on pregnant ewes, that the fetus clears drugs not only by renal elimination and
Stenosing Tenovaginitis (Quervain's Disease)
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Sustained MEK inhibition abrogates myeloproliferative disease in Nf1 mutant mice
Authors: Tiffany Chang, Kimberly Krisman, Emily Harding Theobald, Jin Xu, Jon Akutagawa, Jennifer O. Lauchle, Scott Kogan, Benjamin S. Braun, Kevin Shannon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2016)

The genotype of the Nf1 mutant mice was incorrectly described.The correct text for Methods appears below.Mice and treatment procedures.Mx1-Cre;Nf1 tm1Par/tm1Tyj (referred to as Mx1-Cre;Nf1 flox/-) and control mice (Nf1 flox/+ ) were generated and treated with pIpC (Sigma-Aldrich) at 3-5 days, as described previously ( 16).
Allergy abstracts
Authors: David Stein Suffern, Bernard Siegel Brooklyn, Ohio Monroe, Coleman Stamford, Conn Eugene, Walzer Bridgeport, Berger Freehold, N Kahn, Tex Tyler, N Codispoti Suffern, C Juana, Neil Goldman, Yorkrown Heighrs, N Mural1 Brooklyn
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1981)
Pulmonary Diffusion Studies in Patients Undergoing Nonthoracic, Thoracic, and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Procedures
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
What's new in the other general journals
Authors: Alison Tonks
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Most big scientific meetings have sessions reserved for important late breaking trials. Between 1999 and 2002, 86 trials made it into these sessions at meetings of the American College of Cardiology. Unsurprisingly they were bigger, better, and more likely to be subsequently published than trials presented in other sessions, a recent study has found. Despite their high quality and impact, reports of late breaking trials were just as likely as other trials to change between the meeting stage and full publication up to three years later. Overall, 41% of trials reported different effect sizes, and a quarter reported different sample sizes in the initial report and the full paper. In one trial in seven, the statistical significance of the effect also changed. Effect sizes changed by more than one standard deviation, on average. Credit: JAMA The authors don't explore in detail why discrepancies are so common, but at least some of the sample sizes changed because preliminary results presented at the meetings were later extended. The authors do question, however, whether early reports of important papers should be included in the evidence base for treatments, since so many of them seem unstable. JAMA 2006;295: 1281–1 [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Doctors have been treating croup with humidified air for well over 100 years. That's probably long enough, say researchers from Canada, after their carefully controlled and blinded trial failed to find any evidence of benefit. Children given 40% oxygen at 100% humidity did no better than children who were effectively given enriched room air to breathe. One control group had the standard humidification from flexible tubing directed towards the face by a parent. The other control group had 40% oxygen at 40% humidity via a face mask. The researchers did not include an untreated group because humidification is the standard treatment for croup. Although the trial was small … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DToma%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D295%26rft.issue%253D11%26rft.spage%253D1281%26rft.epage%253D1287%26rft.atitle%253DTransition%2BFrom%2BMeeting%2BAbstract%2Bto%2BFull-length%2BJournal%2BArticle%2Bfor%2BRandomized%2BControlled%2BTrials%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.295.11.1281%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16537738%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.295.11.1281&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=16537738&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbmj%2F332%2F7543%2F713.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000235972600026&link_type=ISI
Pancreatitis
Authors: O. FitzGerald, P. FitzGerald
Journal: BMJ (1959)

Octopamine is a neuromodulator that mediates diverse physiological processes in invertebrates. In some insects, such as honeybees and fruit flies, octopamine has been shown to be a major stimulator of adenylyl cyclase and to function in associative learning. To identify an octopamine receptor mediating this function in<i>Drosophila</i>, putative biogenic amine receptors were cloned by a novel procedure using PCR and single-strand conformation polymorphism. One new receptor, octopamine receptor in mushroom bodies (OAMB), was identified as an octopamine receptor because human and<i>Drosophila</i> cell lines expressing OAMB showed increased cAMP and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels after octopamine application. Immunohistochemical analysis using an antibody made to the receptor revealed highly enriched expression in the mushroom body neuropil and the ellipsoid body of central complex, brain areas known to be crucial for olfactory learning and motor control, respectively. The preferential expression of OAMB in mushroom bodies and its capacity to produce cAMP accumulation suggest an important role in synaptic modulation underlying behavioral plasticity.
Correction
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: influenza activity, 1992
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Bypass enteropathy. Intestinal and systemic manifestations following small-bowel bypass
Authors: E. J. Drenick
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Many manifestations following jejunoileal bypass are due to chronic inflammation of the excluded bowel rather than short bowel malabsorption. Diarrhea, abdominal distention, and gas-fluid levels were common diagnostic features of "bypass enteropathy." Exploration showed the bypassed bowel to be dilated, with serosal inflammation and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. The bypassed loops contained a fecal flora and the mucosa demonstrated nonspecific chronic inflammatory changes. Exudative protein losses were noted. Systemic complications of bypass enteropathy were similar to other inflammatory diseases of the bowel. Improvement following treatment with metronidazole or after dismantling of the bypass suggested that bacterial byproducts originating in the excluded bowel were causally related.