tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE MEDICAL JOURNAL AND THE "READING NOTICE."
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Tuberculosis
Authors: Theodore L. Badger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

EpidemiologyPRESENT signs of progress in the control of tuberculosis are temporarily paradoxical. The death rate, which has fallen precipitously to an all time low of 8.41 per 100,000 for the nation, is indeed a "red herring." The incidence of new cases of tuberculosis, in its gentle downward slope, lags far behind the death rate. The morbidity is high, however, with 69,000 new cases reported each year at a cost to the Government amounting to more than $800,000,000 a year.The prevalence of tuberculosis, or the total number of individuals needing medical supervision in the community, is a mounting reservoir . . .
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE PERSONALITY.
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Children of single parents have more accidents, more home visits, and less immunisation
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Cognitive behaviour therapy is promising in childhood depressive disorderOver the past 15 years there has been increasing recognition that children suffer depressive conditions.A systematic review concluded that tricyclics were of unproved benefit.On p 1559 Harrington et al present a systematic review of six trials of a common psychological treatment-cognitive behaviour therapy.The results suggest that it may be useful in mild or moderately severe cases of juvenile depression.Studies that compare cognitive behaviour therapy with antidepressant medication are now required.
A randomized phase II study of thalidomide with or without erythropoietin (EPO) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC)
Authors: C. Famoyin, C. Byrnes, S. Roberts, J. Gollob, M. Atkins, J. Mier, Y.-J. Ko, S. Gautam, D. McDemott
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

4747 Background: Thalidomide (thal) (Celgene) produces tumor responses in some pts with mRCC, but also causes dose dependent fatigue. EPO (Ortho Biotech Products) improves overall quality of life [QOL] in cancer pts by raising hemoglobin (hgb) and reducing fatigue. We added EPO to thal in an effort to enhance its tolerability and efficacy. Methods: Pts with mRCC refractory to immune Rx were randomized to thal (100mg/d) or thal (100mg/d) + EPO (40,000 IU/wk). The dose of thal was escalated by 100mg/wk to 1g or MTD and EPO to 60,000 IU/wk in pts who failed to develop an hgb increase of 1g/dl after 4 wks. Tumor response was assessed by CT scan every 12 wks and QOL (FACT-An and Linear Analog scale) at baseline and q 4 wks for 24 wks. Results: To date, 25 patients (16 M, 9 F); median age 60 yrs (range 36–78); median prior Rx 2 (range 0–4); median number of metastatic sites 3.5 (range 1–7); median Motzer prognostic score 1 (range 0–3) have been enrolled since 4/11/01. 13 have received thal and 12 thal + EPO. Pts on thal had an MTD range from 100–700 (median 200), duration of Rx 2–59 wks (median 8 wks), mean baseline hgb (11.47 g/dl) and hgb variation from baseline range -3.3 to +1.8 (median -1.1 g/dl). Pts on thal + EPO had an MTD range from 100–800 (median 350), duration of Rx 1–119 wks (median 9 wks), mean baseline hgb (10.68 g/dl) and hgb variation from baseline -1.8 to +3.9 (median +0.95 g/dl). The mean change in hgb has been greater for pts on the thal + EPO arm (P=0.08, CI 1.062) Side effects (grade 1–2) including fatigue (80%), constipation (72%), N/V (52%), and neuropathy (40%) have occurred equally between arms. No responses (CR/PR) have been seen in either arm but 3 pts (thal [1pt], thal + EPO [2pts]) had SD lasting 24–119+ wks. So far, 21 of 25 pts have come off the study at or before wk 12 due to disease progression. Conclusions: Addition of EPO to thal produced an improvement in baseline hgb. However, this improvement has not reached statistical significance. The effect of this rise in hgb on QOL will be analyzed at the completion of the study. Rapid disease progression in this poor prognosis pt population limits the ability to determine the impact of EPO on the clinical efficacy of thal at present. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Celgene Celgene Ortho Biotech
Risk Management
Authors: Harriet S. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL WORK.
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
METB-05GLYCOLYSIS AND THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ARE DIFFERENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DICHOTOMOUS REGULATION OF GLIOBLASTOMA CELL MIGRATION VERSUS PROLIFERATION
Authors: Annegret Kathagen, Mareike Holz, Alexander Schulte, Jonathan Weller, Manfred Westphal, Katrin Lamszus
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)
THE AUTOMOBILE NUMBER.
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 2571: Role of XRCC4 downregulation in bioflavonoid-induced chromosomal translocations
Authors: Anindita Ghosh, Christine A. Richardson
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract The faithful repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for genome integrity, and aberrant repair can result in chromosomal translocations, including those associated with infant leukemia. Evidence from our lab and others suggests that environmental and dietary compounds such as bioflavonoids have the potential to promote chromosomal translocations in utero. DSBs can be repaired by either classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) that is mostly accurate or by microhomology-mediated alternative end joining (Alt-EJ) that is more error prone and can cause chromosomal translocations. Ku70/80, Ligase 4 (LIG4), X-Ray Repair Cross-Complementing factor 4 (XRCC4), and XRCC4 like factor (XLF) are central to C-NHEJ. Poly ADP Ribose 1 (PARP 1) and C terminal binding protein interacting protein (CtIP) participate in Alt-EJ. CtIP favors Alt-EJ pathway by promoting the resection of DNA ends to uncover microhomologies supporting the formation of large deletions and chromosomal translocations. Studies suggest that loss of efficient activity in the C-NHEJ repair pathway may promote the use of the other more error-prone pathway such as Alt-EJ. The purpose of the study is to understand the relationship between bioflavonoid exposure, induction of DNA repair proteins, and repair pathway choice to understand the underlying mechanisms of bioflavonoid-induced infant leukemias. Embryonic stem (ES) cells were exposed to genistein 1 hr at doses 0μM-100μM based on determined LD50 values. Following exposure, cells were recovered 4hr, 24hr and 48 hr, followed by protein extraction and Western blotting. Protein levels of γH2AX, Ku70, XRCC4, XLF, CtIP and PARP-1 were measured by densitometry and analyzed using one way ANOVA. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to downregulate C-NHEJ DNA repair protein XRCC4. XRCC4-/- cells will subsequently be exposed to genistein, recovered, followed by protein extraction and Western blotting. Protein levels of γH2AX, Ku70, XRCC4, XLF, CtIP and PARP-1 will measured by densitometry. Protein levels before and after gene editing of XRCC4 will be compared and analyzed using two way ANOVA. We have downregulated the XRCC4 gene in ES cells and anticipate that following exposure to genistein in the absence of XRCC4, we will detect elevated chromosomal translocation frequency in those stem cells by stimulating the Alt-EJ pathway. This research will be highly impactful in understanding how bioflavonoid-induced DNA damage is repaired by cells and whether these compounds promote genome instability analogous to that observed in infant leukemia. Citation Format: Anindita Ghosh, Christine A. Richardson. Role of XRCC4 downregulation in bioflavonoid-induced chromosomal translocations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2571.
Blood-volume studies in cardiac-surgery patients
Authors: J. B. McClenahan
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Eleven adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation were studied with serial blood-volume determinations by radioactive-tag methods. Deficits were demonstrated postoperatively in ten, despite precise measurement and replacement of lost blood. As the usual clinical observations may not accurately reflect hypovolemia, direct measurement, when properly done, is a more reliable method for the estimation of blood volume. Of the two methods employed for measurement of blood volume, the use of radioactive chromium to tag red blood cells appears to be the more reliable when a single sampling technique is used.
α-Herpesvirus glycoprotein D interaction with sensory neurons triggers formation of varicosities that serve as virus exit sites
Authors: Nick De Regge, Hans J. Nauwynck, Kristin Geenen, Claude Krummenacher, Gary H. Cohen, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Herman W. Favoreel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)
Book Review Contributions to Psychiatry, Neurology and Sociology , dedicated to the late Sir Frederick Mott, K.B.E., by his colleagues, friends and former pupils. Edited on behalf of the Mott Memorial Committee by J. R. Lord, C.B.E., M.D. London: H. K. Lewis &amp; Co., Ltd.; New York: P. B. Hoeber, Inc. xiv+401 pages.
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1929)
Professional Liability Problems for the Internist.
Authors: J. F. Sadusk
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1962)

s1 April 1962Professional Liability Problems for the Internist.J. F. Sadusk Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.J. F. Sadusk Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-56-4-682_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptProfessional liability or medical malpractice, as it is commonly known, presents a progressively serious problem for the investigator and practicing physician. The growing sophistication of the public in medicine and in the court room, the increasing tendency to seek redress for damages through financial remuneration and the orientation of the courts to construct doctrines in favor of the plaintiff contribute to making the physician's position more untenable.The internist is particularly vulnerable from the standpoint of toxic drug reactions and failure of diagnosis. A review of the types of claims against the internist is presented along with concrete recommendations for... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: J. F. SaduskJr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Oakland, Calif. (CS) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1962Volume 56, Issue 4Page: 682-683KeywordsDrugs ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1962 PDF downloadLoading ...
Hepatic drug delivery and gene therapy
Authors: M Zern
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

On September 21-22, 1995, an international meeting entitled “Targeting of Novel Therapeutics to the Liver and GI Tract” was held at the Natcher Conference Center on the campus of the National Institutes of Health. The conference was sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases through the Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition and Digestive Diseases Interagency Coordinating Committee (DDICC). Section 440A of Public Law 94-562 in 1976 created the DDICC for the purpose of coordinating the digestive disease-related research activities of relevant federal health agencies into a coordinated program aimed at combating digestive diseases. As part of this federal effort, an assessment of the “state of the art” for targeted drug therapeutics to the liver and gene therapy was undertaken through the conference, cochaired by Dr. Mark Zern (Thomas Jefferson Medical College) and Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal (University of California, San Diego, CA). The conference was divided into four sessions: Session I was Vectors and Techniques; Session II was Liver and Metabolic Diseases; Session III was Hepatitis and GI Disease; and Session IV was Approaches for HIV Infection. This summary focuses on the new technologies and the studies directly pertaining to liver disease. Table 1 lists the techniques and their applications. Table 2 describes viral vectors that have been employed for the purpose of hepatic gene therapy. Table 3 summarizes the studies presented as posters at the conference.
Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Ritual
Authors: Thomas V. Nowak
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

On Being a Patient15 June 1999The RitualThomas V. Nowak, MDThomas V. Nowak, MDCarmel, IN 46032 (Nowak)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-130-12-199906150-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Morphine. It is a delicious drug. I have prescribed it many times. My patients like it, those who have to take it. The choice to take morphine is preferable to the alternative. They tell me it does not stop the pain; rather, it separates the pain from the body. The pain is still there, they say, but it assumes an existence of its own. It becomes a separate entity, distinct from the body it afflicts. The mind knows that the pain is still there, but for the moment, it has become disengaged. For a few moments, at least, a person ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Carmel, IN 46032 (Nowak)Corresponding Author: Thomas V. Nowak, MD, 1472 Stormy Ridge Court, Carmel, IN 46032. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByLife on the Receiving End: A Qualitative Analysis of Health Providers??? Illness Narratives 15 June 1999Volume 130, Issue 12Page: 1025-1026KeywordsChemotherapyEmotionsFearMorphineNatural history of diseaseNursesStarchesSurgeryTouchWheelchairs Issue Published: 15 June 1999 CopyrightCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Errors in Table 2 and Figure 2
Authors: Gabriela Cobos, Caroline Nelson, Abeer Alsarheed, Avery Lachance, Alvaro Laga, Nicole Leboeuf, Ruth Vleugels
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2020)

Melinda J. Gooderham, MD; Seth B. Forman, MD; Robert Bissonnette, MD; Jean S. Beebe, PhD; Weidong Zhang, PhD; Chris Banfield, PhD; Linda Zhu, MD; Jocelyne Papacharalambous, MD; Michael S. Vincent, MD; Elena Peeva, MD
Regulation Of The Release Of Coexisting Neurotransmitters
Authors: T Bartfai
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1988)

Over the past two decades, deadly coronaviruses, with the most recent being the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 2019 pandemic, have majorly challenged public health. The path for virus invasion into humans and other ...Read More
Error in Byline and in Affiliation
Authors: Wolfgang Teja, Eva-Maria Grömer, Helge Siegmann
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2018)

Olivera Story Jovanova, PhD; Ivana Nedeljkovic, MD; Derek Spieler, MD; Rosie M. Walker, PhD; Chunyu Liu, PhD; Michelle Luciano, PhD; Jan Bressler, PhD; Jennifer Brody, BA; Amanda J. Drake, PhD; Kathryn L. Evans, PhD; Rahul Gondalia, MPH; Sonja Kunze, PhD; Brigitte Kuhnel, MSc; Jari Lahti, PhD; Rozenn N. Lemaitre, PhD; Riccardo E. Marioni, PhD; Brenton Swenson, MSc; Jayandra Jung Himali, PhD; Hongsheng Wu, PhD; Yun Li, PhD; Allan F. McRae, PhD; Tom C. Russ, PhD; James Stewart, MSc; Zhiying Wang, MSc; Guosheng Zhang, MSc; Karl-Heinz Ladwig, PhD; Andre G. Uitterlinden, PhD; Xiuqing Guo, PhD; Annette Peters, PhD; Katri Räikkönen, PhD; John M. Starr, PhD; Melanie Waldenberger, PhD; Naomi R. Wray, PhD; Eric A. Whitsel, MD; Nona Sotoodehnia, MD; Sudha Seshadri, MD; David J. Porteous, PhD; Joyce van Meurs, PhD; Thomas H. Mosley, PhD; Andrew M. McIntosh, PhD; Michael M. Mendelson, MD; Daniel Levy, MD; Lifang Hou, PhD; Johan G. Eriksson, PhD; Myriam Fornage, PhD; Ian J. Deary, PhD; Andrea Baccarelli, PhD; Henning Tiemeier, PhD; Najaf Amin, PhD