tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Organizations
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Inebriety: Its Causes, its Results, its Remedy.
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 5205: EWS-FLI1 activates <i>HOXD13</i> expression through enhancer reprogramming
Authors: April Ann Apfelbaum, Laurie Svoboda, Brian Magnuson, Mats Ljungman, Elizabeth Lawlor
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Ewing sarcomas (ES) are bone tumors of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) origin. ES is defined by EWS-FLI1 fusions, which initiate tumorigenesis via enhancer reprogramming. Posterior homeobox D (HOXD) genes, in particular HOXD13, are over-expressed by ES, where they function as obligate, cooperative oncogenes. These genes play crucial roles in limb development and spatiotemporal control of HOXD13 expression depends on long-range enhancers that flank the HOXD locus. We hypothesize that HOXD13 is aberrantly activated in the ES cell of origin as a result of EWS-FLI1-dependent hijacking of developmental enhancers. We interrogated ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data to identify EWS-FLI1 binding sites and HOXD13 activation states in ES cells. These analyses revealed an EWS-FLI1 binding site within the developmentally conserved posterior HOXD enhancer region, which we will refer to as Desert Enhancer 268 (DE268). These sites were also marked with the active enhancer marks, H3K27Ac and H3K4me1. EWS-FLI1 knockdown was associated with loss of EWS-FLI1 binding, loss of H3K27Ac and H3K4me1, and loss of HOXD13 expression. Findings were independently validated by ChIP-qPCR and RT-qPCR. Through BruUV-seq we also identified that DE268 has eRNA expression that is lost upon EWS-FLI1 knockdown. Thus, HOXD13 expression in ES cells is maintained by EWS-FLI1-mediated enhancer activation. To address whether hijacking of HOXD13 enhancers is an initiating event in tumorigenesis, we evaluated enhancer profiles in MSCs ± EWS-FLI1. Whereas DE268 was not active in parent MSC, EWS-FLI1 binding and enhancer activation were evident in EWS-FLI1+ MSC. However, although EWS-FLI1 reproducibly binds and activates DE268, expression of HOXD13 is limited to discrete conditions. Together, these results suggest that EWS-FLI1 is necessary for enhancer activation, but that the fusion is alone is insufficient for induction of HOXD13 expression. Ongoing studies will utilize CRISPRi technologies to determine the contribution of DE268 on HOXD13 gene expression. Citation Format: April Ann Apfelbaum, Laurie Svoboda, Brian Magnuson, Mats Ljungman, Elizabeth Lawlor. EWS-FLI1 activates HOXD13 expression through enhancer reprogramming [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5205.
MEDICAL NEWS
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Lifelong learning tailored to individual clinical practice
Authors: P. R. Manning
Journal: JAMA (1992)

For decades, critics have contested the value of continuing medical education (CME), as well as the efficacy of many CME studies, pointing to methodologic flaws that preclude valid assessment. Although testing for knowledge before and after participation in a given educational program usually shows that physicians learn facts,<sup>1</sup>the effect of education on performance in practice and ultimately on patient care has been difficult to establish. Nevertheless, direct observations indicate that, after graduation, physicians incorporate new skills and new knowledge into their practices. In 1973, Caplan<sup>2</sup>pointed out, "Scientific proof of effectiveness rests upon varying types of evidence." Citing an old example, he asked, "How many physicians whose formal medical education occurred pre-1940 today treat syphilis with arsphenamine [Salvarsan] or lobar pneumonia with type-specific antisera? Their switch to penicillin (behavior) testifies that somehow they learned something new (education)." Numerous modern examples corroborate such adoption of medical advances. Cardiologists
Intracellular Conversion of Thyroxine to Triidothyronine Is Required for the Optimal Thermogenic Function of Brown Adipose Tissue
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Figure 3.In the legends to Tables I and III, references to Figure 2 and 2 A should be changed to read Figure 3 and 3 A, respectively.On page 298, column 2, line 4, Figure 2 B should read Figure 3 B.
PMO-091 TLR 9 inhibition: a novel target of therapy for primary liver cancer
Authors: F Mohamed, S Minogue, N Shah, N Davies, A Habtesion, T Luong, A Winstanley, A P Dhillon, R Mookerjee, R Jalan
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a member of the nucleotide-sensing endosomal TLR family which is critical to the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. TLR9 is activated by unmethylated CpG which is highly specific for bacterial DNA. Upon activation, TLR9 traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endosomes TLR9 signalling is inhibited by the aminoquinolone drug chloroquine. <h3>Aims</h3> (1) assess changes in TLR9 subcellular distribution. (2) Detect any changes in the endolysosomal system. (3) Determine the effects on cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangio carcinoma cell (CC) lines upon stimulation and inhibition of TLR9 signalling in each case. <h3>Methods</h3> Huh7D and HUCCT cells were treated with unmethylated <i>CpG (ODN 2006)</i> to stimulate, or chloroquine and Dynavax; IRS compound to inhibit TLR9 signalling. Cells were also treated with the TLR9 antagonist iODN. Cell growth was assessed and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy was used to determine TLR9 subcellular localisation using EEA1 and LAMP1, markers of the endolysosomal system. <h3>Results</h3> Confocal microscopy indicated a marked nuclear translocation of TLR9 in HUCCT and Huh7D when stimulated with <i>CpG,</i> while unstimulated controls showed cytoplasmic TLR9 localisation. TLR9 inhibition by iODN and chloroquine resulted in decreased cytoplasmic TLR9 meanwhile Dynavax treatment caused translocation of TLR9 to the perinuclear membranes. Dramatic changes were also observed in the distribution of LAMP1 and EEA1, which were found to be localise to juxtanuclear punctae on TLR9 stimulation. While following inhibition they translocated to perinuclear membranes. Huh7D cell counts the <i>CpG</i> treated cells, iODN, chloroquine and Dynavax compound were 4.5×10<sup>5</sup> 2.1×10<sup>5</sup>, 1.5×10<sup>5</sup> and 1.7×10<sup>5</sup> per ml respectively, compared with the untreated cells 3×10<sup>5</sup> per ml which indicate a significant increase in proliferation with increased TLR9 stimulation and a significant decrease with TLR9 inhibition (p &lt;0.03). In HUCCT, the <i>CpG</i> treated cells, iODN, chloroquine and Dynavax were respectively 3.3×10<sup>5</sup>, 1.8×10<sup>5</sup>, 1.4×10<sup>5</sup> and 1.5×10<sup>5</sup> per ml compared with the untreated cells at 1.7×10<sup>5</sup> per ml. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our study indicates that TLR9 activation increases cell proliferation whereas inhibition reduces it. Our data suggest that TLR9 may be associated with tumour proliferation and may provide a potential target for therapy in liver tumours. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
The effect of standard- and high-dose epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: N. A. Paradis
Journal: JAMA (1991)

We studied the effect of standard and high doses of epinephrine on coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 32 patients whose cardiac arrest was refractory to advanced cardiac life support. Simultaneous aortic and right atrial pressures were measured and plasma epinephrine levels were sampled. Patients remaining in cardiac arrest after multiple 1-mg doses of epinephrine received a high dose of 0.2 mg/kg. The increase in the coronary perfusion pressures was 3.7 ± 5.0 mm Hg following a standard dose, not a statistically significant change. The increase after a high dose was 11.3 ± 10.0 mm Hg; this was both statistically different than before administration and larger than after a standard dose. High-dose epinephrine was more likely to raise the coronary perfusion pressure above the previously demonstrated critical value of 15 mm Hg. The highest arterial plasma epinephrine level after a standard dose was 152 ± 162 ng/mL, and after a high dose, 393 ± 289 ng/mL. Because coronary perfusion pressure is a good predictor of outcome in cardiac arrest, the increase after high-dose epinephrine may improve rates of return of spontaneous circulation. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1991;265:1139-1144)
THE MONEY VALUE OF PAIN.
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Low- and high-dose intravenous insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: C. Gonzalez-Villalpando
Journal: JAMA (1979)

We compared low-dose, continuous insulin infusion with a conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method of insulin administration in 18 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The average rate of reduction in serum glucose concentration was 9.5±3.8%/hr in the continuous infusion group and 10.7± 4.7%/hr in the bolus group. Arterial blood pH was corrected to 7.35 by 9.9±2.6/hours in the continuous infusion group and by 10.4±3.2/hours in the bolus group. The above means are not significantly different between groups. By the time pH was corrected to 7.35, patients in the continuous infusion group had received 121±44 units of insulin, whereas those in the bolus group had received 326±152 units. The continuous low-dose insulin infusion method is as safe and efficacious as the conventional high-dose intravenous bolus method. (<i>JAMA</i>241:925-927, 1979)
<i>Announcement:</i> American Heart Month — February 2017
Authors: Jiaquan Xu, Sherry Murphy, Kenneth Kochanek, Elizabeth Arias
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2017)

Each February, the observance of American Heart Month helps raise awareness of ways to stay heart healthy and prevent heart disease. For 30 years, the number of deaths from heart disease, the number one killer of persons in the United States, declined. However, that progress has stalled in recent years, potentially because of high rates of obesity and hypertension, important risk factors for heart disease (1). With increased awareness and education, everyone can work together to prevent the conditions that lead to heart disease.
Cardiac problems in pregnancy. II. Fetal aspects: advances in intrauterine diagnosis and therapy
Authors: N. Gleicher
Journal: JAMA (1984)

UNTIL very recently fetal cardiology was restricted to the study of the embryology of the fetal heart with the primary emphasis on the understanding of the development of structural congenital cardiac abnormalities. Cardiology, and in this sense pediatric cardiology, started with the birth process and was again primarily directed toward recognition, diagnosis, and therapy of neonatally recognized structural congenital heart problems. During the last decade, the fetal heart has attracted increasing interest both on the part of the obstetrician-perinatologist and the pediatric cardiologist. Research into the developing heart has concentrated on embryology but has covered such important areas as the biophysics of the developing heart, the autonomic control of fetal cardiac activity, as well as genetic, infectious, metabolic, and environmental causes for congenital heart abnormalities. The advances and the understanding of basic physiology of the fetal heart as well as the development of newer diagnostic means have, in turn, improved
Angiogenesis and Invasion
Authors: R. A. Fishman, E. Happ, T. Stevens, L. Kunschner, D. M. Jaworski, H. M. Stradecki, P. L. Penar, W. W. Pendlebury, C. J. Pennington, D. R. Edwards, W. C. Broaddus, H. L. Fillmore, J. Mukherjee, C. Hawkins, A. Guha, P. D. Pioli, S. Milani, M. E. Linskey, Y.-H. Zhou, V. Marchetti, F. Barnett, M. Wang, L. Scheppke, J. Sanchez-Cespedes, C. De Rossi, G. Nemerow, B. Torbett, M. Friedlander, S. A. Goldlust, S. Singer, L. M. DeAngelis, A. B. Lassman, C. P. Nolan, S.-H. Yang, S. W. Lee, Z.-p. Chen, X.-m. Liu, J. A. Wojton, Z. Chu, X. Qi, B. Kaur, Y.-H. Zhou, Y. Hu, P. D. Pioli, E. Siegel, D. I. Ro, S. Marlon, N. Hsu, S. N. Milani, S. Mohan, L. Yu, K. R. Hess, M. E. Linskey, Y. Liu, E. Carson-Walter, K. Walter, H. Raghu, C. S. Gondi, M. Gujrati, D. H. Dinh, J. S. Rao, A. Narayana, S. D. Kunnakkat, P. Medabalmi, J. Golfinos, E. Parker, E. Knopp, D. Zagzag, D. Gruber, M. L. Gruber, K. Burrell, S. Jelveh, P. Lindsey, R. Hill, G. Zadeh, S. Ivkovic, C. Beadle, S. C. Massey, K. R. Swanson, P. Canoll, S. S. Rosenfeld, S. McAllister, L. Soroceanu, A. Pakdel, C. Limbad, I. Adrados, P.-Y. Desprez, M. Nakada, E. Nambu, N. Furuyama, Y. Yoshida, D. Kita, Y. Hayashi, Y. Hayashi, J.-i. Hamada, M. Seyed Sadr, D. Maret, E. Seyed Sadr, V. Siu, J. Alshami, J.-S. Denault, D. Faury, N. Jabado, A. Nantel, R. Del Maestro, S. D. Kunnakkat, D. Perretta, P. Medabalmi, M. L. Gruber, D. Gruber, J. Golfinos, E. Parker, A. Narayana, P. D. Pioli, M. E. Linskey, Y.-H. Zhou, G. Nagaiah, M. Almubarak, A. Torres-Trejo, M. Newton,, P. Willey, R. Altaha, S. F. Murphy, M. Banasiak, G.-T. Yee, M. Wotoczek-Obadia, Y. Tran, A. Prak, R. Albright, M. Mullan, D. Paris, S. Brem, Y.-P. Yang, M. Ennis, N. Tran, M. Symons, J. Najbauer, P. C. Huszthy, E. Garcia, M. Z. Metz, M. Gutova, R. T. Frank, H. Miletic, C. A. Glackin, M. E. Barish, R. Bjerkvig, K. S. Aboody, D. A. Clump, J. A. Engh, A. H. Mintz, J. Cunnick, D. C. Flynn, A. J. Clark, N. A. Butowski, S. M. Chang, M. D. Prados, J. Clarke, M.-Y. C. Polley, M. E. Sughrue, M. W. McDermott, A. T. Parsa, M. S. Berger, M. K. Aghi, J. F. Megyesi, P. Costello, W. Macdonald, E. Dyer, D. Macdonald, R. Hammond, Y. Kalache, J. Easaw, J. McIntyre, S. C. Williams, M. A. Karajannis, L. Chiriboga, A. von Deimling, D. Zagzag, A. Ajlan, S. Husaine, K. Petrecca, N. Magnus, D. Garnier, B. Meehan, J. Rak
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2010)
Time of Catheterization
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Transgastroscopic Ultrasonography
Authors: H. Lutz, W. Rösch
Journal: Endoscopy (1976)

A newly designed ultrasonography probe is presented which can be advanced through the instrumentation channel of an operative endoscope (TGF-Olympus). The A-scan allows the differentiation between solid and cystic masses in the upper abdomen leading to gastric impression. Guided puncture of pancreatic pseudocysts is based on a solid diagnosis and can be performed from the gastric lumen thus avoiding the development of pancreato-cutaneous fistulas.
Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: John Milne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

INFECTIOUS mononucleosis, or glandular fever, was first described in 1889 by Pfeiffer.1 The earliest report on the subject in this country was that by West2 in 1896. The hematologic aspects of the process were extensively studied during the first three decades of this century and were crystallized by the work of Downey and McKinlay3 in 1923. In 1932, Paul and Bunnell4 observed that the serum of patients with infectious mononucleosis agglutinated the erythrocytes of sheep in concentrations above a normal titer. Since then there have been numerous reports on the disease, outstanding of which is the classic review by Bernstein. . . .
THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE AS A BUSINESS.
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
"PERUNA AND THE BRACERS."
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal