tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hydroquinone Stimulates Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: R. Henschler, H. R. Glatt, C. M. Heyworth
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

To investigate whether hydroxylated metabolites of benzene may be responsible for the amplification of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) observed in mice that inhale benzene, groups of six C57BL6 mice were injected with hydroquinone (HQ) (75 mg/kg) or HQ (50 mg/kg) plus phenol (PHE) (50 mg/kg) twice daily for 11 days.Deviations in blood leukocyte and erythrocyte levels by up to one-third were noted in the treated groups; however, the peripheral blood differential counts were unchanged.Although no changes in bone marrow cellularity were observed in mice treated with HQ, cellularity was decreased by a factor of two in the mice that had received HQ plus PHE.The number of GM-CFC per femur was doubled in both treated groups.In vitro experiments using the murine multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells FDCP mix also showed a duplication of GM-CFC formation in the presence of HQ at concentrations between 106 M and 10-10 M. When HQ and PHE were present at equimolar concentrations, significantly increased colony formation was still observed with 10-12 M of metabolites.The effect was independent of the concentration of GM-colony-stimulating factor used.We suggest that HQ is a major mediator of the stimulatory effect of benzene on GM-CFC in mice.In addition, the in vitro data indicate that a direct effect on GM-CFC is involved.-
Transabdominal Angio-Access Catheter for Long-Term Hemodialysis
Authors: JOHN B. COPLEY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Brief Reports1 February 1984Transabdominal Angio-Access Catheter for Long-Term HemodialysisJOHN B. COPLEY, M.D., LTC. M.C., LINDA S. BARTRAM, M.D., Maj., M.C., BARBARA J. SMITH, R.N., JUAN SANDOVAL, R.N., Capt. A.N.C., MARY K. JAMES, L.P.N., ROBERT O. HICKMAN, M.D.JOHN B. COPLEY, M.D., LTC. M.C.Search for more papers by this author, LINDA S. BARTRAM, M.D., Maj., M.C.Search for more papers by this author, BARBARA J. SMITH, R.N.Search for more papers by this author, JUAN SANDOVAL, R.N., Capt. A.N.C.Search for more papers by this author, MARY K. JAMES, L.P.N.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT O. HICKMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-100-2-236 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptVascular access failure is a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Most of these patients can be dialyzed successfully on a repetitive basis, but it is not unusual for attrition of available access sites to occur. Recently, Frances and associates (1) reported four patients in whom access attrition resulted in placement of a right atrial catheter for long-term vascular access. We report the case of a patient in whom satisfactory long-term hemodialysis has been accomplished using a transabdominal angio-access catheter.A 66-year-old man who had had several angio-access procedures presented with no available access...Reference1. FRANCESWARDTAYLOR DMR. Right-atrial catheters for long-term vascular access in haemodialysis patients. Lancet. 1982;2:301-2. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Fitzsimons Army Medical Center Aurora, Colorado University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byThe Innominate Vein as Alternative Venous Access for Complicated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator RevisionsPercutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava catheter placement for long-term hemodialysis treatmentAmerican Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology Section Editor: Stephen Ash: An Alternative Approach to the Central Circulation from Above the DiaphragmDirect US-guided Puncture of the Innominate Veins for Central Venous AccessPercutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava cannulation for hemodialysisPercutaneous inferior vena cava placement of tunneled silastic catheters for prolonged vascular access in infantsInferior Vena Cava Thrombosis Due to an Indwelling Hemodialysis CatheterTransabdominal Angioaccess Catheter for Long-Term HemodialysisLTC JOHN B. COPLEY, M.D., MC, JAMES A. HASBARGEN, M.D., MC 1 February 1984Volume 100, Issue 2Page: 236-237KeywordsCathetersMedical dialysisMorbidityMortalityNephrologyPatient advocacy Issue Published: 1 February 1984 PDF downloadLoading ...
National Board of Medical Examiners.
Authors: Jno. I. Skelly
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Pekin, Ill., Jan. 11, 1902. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have just read your editorial in to-day's number ofThe Journal, and it occurs to me that there is an easier and simpler way of deciding as to professional qualifications than any yet proposed. The primary object of all medical legislation is to protect the people from the ravages of the army of charlatans that infest the country. Does it succeed? No. Look at our own Illinois, the pioneer in medical legislation: Chicago is full of quacks. Peoria, Quincy, Springfield, and every other city in the state is infested with them. Even in Pekin we have a "magnetic healer" that can not spell<i>sugar</i>, and I am told he is making more money than any competent practitioner in town. Then we have Eddyites galore, and a few Dowieites just out of town. Notwithstanding all this infringement upon the intent of the
LACTIC ACID MILK
Journal: JAMA (1920)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Hyperthyroid Crisis
Authors: William L. Green
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Retrospective analysis of reported cases of myxedema coma leads to the conclusion that vigorous therapy with thyroid hormones favors survival. To derive optimum dosage schedules, our approach, patterned after that of Holvey et al,<sup>1</sup>has been to estimate how much hormone would be needed to bring body hormone stores and plasma levels to normal, and then give somewhat less than this estimated total replacement.<sup>2</sup>Compared to this approach, Newmark et al (230:884, 1974) recommend doses of liothyronine sodium (50μg initially, then 25μg every eight hours) that are too large and doses of levothyroxine sodium (200μg intravenously or 250μg orally initially, then 50μg intravenously or 75μg orally every eight hours) that are too small. <h3>Treatment With Liothyronine.—</h3> The extrathyroidal pool of triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>) in normal individuals is about 50μg. Thus, an initial dose of 50μg of liothyronine sodium would provide sudden total replacement, leading to
A New Semisynthetic Penicillin
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
JAMA Pediatrics
Authors: Phil Fontanarosa, Annette Flanagin, Brenda Gregoline, Tracy Frey, Shannon Sparenga, Nicole Balin, Miriam Cintron, Paul Ruich, Diane Cannon, Connie Manno, Fred Marshall, Laura Copyreaders, Catherine Adamcyzk, Jan Alden, Mary Clavey, Laura Coerver-Connolly, Juliann King, Donna Tarsney, Caroline Thordsen, Wanda Assistant, Larry Bryant, Monica Mungle, Elaine Williams, Lenette Gardner-Gullens, Fanny Brown, Paul Frank, Rachell Lozano, Michaela Mark, Kathryn Muskovich, Kate Pezalla, Gale Saulsberry, Michael Berkwits, Michelle Kurzynski, Eric Butkus, Christopher Hastings, Craig Mccaffrey, Reuben Rios, Ronna Henry, Joshua Bird, Alison Burke, Cassio Lynm, David Song, Deputy Livingston, Thomas Cole, Marla Hall, Deanna Willis, Yolanda Davis, Joseph Thornton, Deanna Bellandi, Jim Periodical, Thomas Staff, Monica Smith, Jeffery Bonistalli Manager, Kathy Russell, Mirna Monal, Tim Melroy, Thalia Moss, Susan Henning, Mark Thornbury, Tricia Castellano, Saskia Bolore, Gretchen Linder, Brian Mccartney, David Baum, Rebecca Haas, Christine Hearne, Irma Lara, Audra Lawlor, Matt Herron, Elizabeth Solaro, Geoffrey Flick, Paul Gee Managers, Rick Bell, Michael Mcgraw, Sara Nagy, Stacy Staff, Millette Jackson-Bates, Karen Adams-Taylor, Karl Elvin, Sue Sherrill, Brian Shields Managers, David Antos, Chris Borden, Debbie Camp, Lydia Cruz, Diane Darnell, Colleen Kelly, Chris Meyer, Jaye Mize, Annemarie Neff, J Neff, Sean O'donnell, Sean Ohlson, Phil O'leary, Susan Price, Denise Steinhauser, Production Services, Kim Boler, Rhonda Brown, Timothy Burke, Daniel Degroot, Jordynn Farrar, Euwanaha Joiner-Smith, Cindy Rendlen, Ellen Yoshihara, Circulation Services, Julie Burton, Dexter Golden, Erin Hinchcliff, Noemi Rivera, Geneine Van Someren, New Media, Gail Barrett, Regina Brownlee, Amanda Camino, Brenda Chandler-Grayer, Scott Curl, Amy Evers, Teri Hutchison, Mary Kuranda, Joshua Lampinen, Patricia Panek, La Son, Diggs Sledge, George Thomson Graphics, Joe Amft, Maria Duda, Fred Furtner, Carolyn Hall, Maria Kowalkowski, Proofreading Carol, Joy Farrell, Daniel James, Judith Literskis, Teresa Omiotek, James Madara, Bernard Hengesbaugh, Dimitri Christakis, Washington Joffe, Ron Keren, Suzanne Shuey, Benjamin French, Peter Cummings, Samir Shah, Howard Bauchner, Frederick Rivara, Joyce Lee, Ann Arbor, Cherrie Boyer, San Francisco, Robert Bradley, Maria Britto, John Campo, Aaron Carroll, Indiana Frank, Joseph Chaloupka, Mitchell Cohen, Chris Feudtner, Kathleen Janz, Iowa City, Terry Klassen, Michigan Michelle, Huckaby Lewis, Maryland Saiman, New York, York Samir, Martha Sola-Visner, Jean-Claude Carel, Shabir Madhi, Ben Marais, Frank Oberklaid, Susan Sawyer, Joan-Carles Surís
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)
P2.03-047 The Main Treatment Failure Pattern for Completely Resected Stage II–IIIA (N1–N2) EGFR-Mutation Positive Lung Cancer
Authors: S. Xu, W. Zhong, Y. Zhang, W. Mao, L. Wu, Y. Shen, Y. Liu, C. Chen, Y. Cheng, L. Xu, J. Wang, K. Fei, X. Li, J. Li, C. Huang, Z. Liu, S. Xu, K. Chen, S. Xu, L. Liu, P. Yu, B. Wang, H. Ma, H. Yan, X. Yang, Y. Wu, Q. Wang
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
VACCINIA OF THE LIP
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Effects of Pioglitazone on Endothelial Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Control in Subjects With Coronary Artery Disease and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Harald Sourij, Robert Zweiker, Thomas C. Wascher
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—About one of five patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) suffers from previously unknown, predominantly postprandial type 2 diabetes. In the process of atherogenesis and the subsequent increased cardiovascular mortality of diabetic patients, endothelial dysfunction is suspected to play an important role, and it is observed in diabetic as well as insulin-resistant states. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of pioglitazone on endothelial dysfunction, insulin sensitivity, and glucose control in newly detected type 2 diabetic patients with CAD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We investigated 42 patients (39 men and 3 women, age 60.25 ± 7.5 years, HbA1c 6.1 ± 0.5%) with manifest CAD and newly detected type 2 diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study with pioglitazone (30 mg/day for 12 weeks) was performed. At study entry and end, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and measurements of endothelial dysfunction by photoplethysmographic pulse wave analysis. RESULTS—Endothelial dysfunction was severely impaired at baseline in both groups. After 12 weeks, endothelial dysfunction was significantly better in the pioglitazone group (change of reflection index 6.5 ± 5.1 vs. 1.6 ± 2.9%, P = 0.002) compared with placebo. Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by homeostasis model assessment (2.20 ± 1.62 vs. 3.61 ± 1.87, P = 0.01), or the change of insulin sensitivity index from baseline to study end (0.021 ± 0.023 vs. −0.003 ± 0.012 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 per pmol/l, P = 0.0001) and β-cell function (57.42 ± 49.86 vs. 21.78 ± 18.54 mU/l per mmol/l, P = 0.0014) significantly improved in the pioglitazone group, with no change observed after placebo. CONCLUSIONS—Pioglitazone improves endothelial dysfunction independently from the observed benefits on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and CAD.
Bacteriology for Nurses with a Laboratory Manual.
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
PROLONGED INTUBATION.
Authors: EDWIN ROSENTHAL
Journal: JAMA (1902)

On the evening of May 23, 1888, I was one of several hundred who listened to Joseph O'Dwyer, in the Hall of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, in a lecture before the Philadelphia County Medical Society. In the proceedings of the society I find the following note: "Before reading his paper, Dr. O'Dwyer exhibited tubes with a metallic attachment to replace the epiglottis in swallowing, one of them being so arranged with a spring that the finger might be introduced behind it, as an extractor. In order to illustrate through how<i>small</i>a space [the italics are mine] breathing can occur, he exhibited a specimen from a case in which there had been no choking of voice or other sign of laryngeal involvement. Many fear that the tube will slip through the trachea. A tube was exhibited in situ in a 3-year-old larynx, showing that this accident can not occur
Treatise on Fractures in General.
Journal: JAMA (1921)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The resource-based relative value scale revisited
Authors: R. D. Gillette
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Maloney's recently published Commentary on the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS)<sup>1</sup>perpetuates many of the errors that invalidated his previous essay on the same subject.<sup>2</sup>He indicates awareness of valid criticisms of the earlier article<sup>2</sup>(references 5 to 15) but does not effectively refute them. It is particularly unfortunate that the author has chosen to continue using a method of calculating adjusted average work weeks for physicians in various specialties that was previously found inappropriate.<sup>3</sup> Even if one accepts his dubious assumptions, the statement in the legend for his Fig 1<sup>1</sup>that "all specialties earn the same annual income within a narrow SD (shaded area), irrespective of time worked" is obviously untrue. Fewer than half of the data points on either part of it fall within the shaded area (±1 SD). Maloney's defense of his use of Mendenhall's data<sup>4</sup>on
Foodborne illness problems more than enteric
Authors: R. Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

IN A MERE 12 months,<i>Escherichia coli</i>0157:H7 has gained renown as a media darling, a target for state legislatures, and a random killer. A year after the potentially deadly bacterial strain struck hundreds of fast-food chain patrons in Washington and three other Western states, federal and state governments are trying to get a better handle on how frequently the pathogen strikes, and how to make it stop. But<i>E coli</i>0157:H7 is just the tip of the iceberg. At last count, foodborne bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections caused 6 million illnesses and 9000 deaths annually. That was in 1983, however. During the intervening years, says the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Ga, no new count has been taken, and public health officials aren't sure if foodborne disease is on the rise or wane. Perhaps the only certainty is that Washington's massive outbreak has ignited new calls
Chronic Rheumatism and the Pre-Rheumatic State.
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Synonyms
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1968)

In discussing linguistic precision a recent letter<sup>1</sup>raised the point whether "there are in fact any two exactly synonymous words in the English language," particularly in medical terminology. The writer challenged readers to identify any such terms, and indicated that the pair "abdomen" and "belly" had already been tested and found wanting, as well as the triad "necropsy," "autopsy," and "postmortem examination." The topic deserves further discussion. A synonym is a word that has the "same sense" as another. Synonyms, according to the<i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, are words that have "the same general sense, but possessing each of them meanings which are not shared by the others, or having different shades of meaning or implications appropriate to different contexts." The essence of synonymy is that, under certain circumstances or<i>in particular contexts</i>, the meanings overlap. It is not possible to have two words that mean the same in all