tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tetanus Immunization
Authors: N. H. Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (1958)

<h3>Background and importance</h3> Erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab and eptinezumab are monoclonal antibodies targeting the calcitonin gene related peptide pathway (anti-CGRP), used as preventive treatment in chronic migraine (CM). <h3>Aim and objectives</h3> To evaluate whether anti-CGRP drugs are equivalent therapeutic alternatives (ETA) in CM through an adjusted indirect treatment comparison (ITC). <h3>Material and methods</h3> A bibliographic search of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in Pubmed was performed (20 May 2019). Inclusion criteria: phase II/III RCTs of anti-CGPR with similar populations, follow-up duration and comparator treatments. CM was defined as ≥15 headache days/month, of which ≥8 were migraine days (event duration ≥4 hours). Exclusion criteria: RCTs with different clinical CM context and other CM definitions. Efficacy end point was ≥50% reduction in migraine days/month (measured from the beginning of treatment to 12 weeks). An ITC was developed using Bucher’s method. Delta value (Δ, maximum difference as a clinical criterion of equivalence) was calculated according to the ETA guide<sup>1</sup>: use was made of half of the absolute risk reduction (ARR) obtained in the meta-analysis of RCTs included in the ITC (pooled ARR=20%; Δ=10%). <h3>Results</h3> <h3>Six clinical trials were found</h3> erenumab (n=3), fremanezumab (n=2), glacanezumab (n=1) and eptinezumab (n=0). One study of erenumab<sup>2</sup> and another of fremanezumab<sup>3</sup> were selected. The rest were not included in the ITC (non-compliance with the inclusion criteria). Trials included were three arm (control and two different drug regimens), double blind, placebo controlled RCTs. Results of the ITC are shown in table 1. In all cases, there were no statistically significant differences; most 95% CI values were within the calculated delta margins. <h3>Conclusion and relevance</h3> ITC showed no statistically significant differences in ≥50% reduction in migraine days/month between erenumab and fremanezumab. Probable clinical equivalence was found between erenumab and fremanezumab. These drugs could be considered ETA in CM. Further studies are necessary to include galcanezumab and eptinezumab in the ITC. <h3>References and/or acknowledgements</h3> 1. Alegre-del-Rey EJ, et al. Evaluación y posicionamiento de medicamentos como alternativas terapéuticas equivalentes. <i>Med Clin</i> 2014;143:85–90. 2. Tepper S, et al. Safety and efficacy of erenumab for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. <i>Lancet Neurol</i> 2017;16:425–434. 3. Silberstein SD, et al. Fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine. <i>N Engl J Med</i> 2017;377:2113–2122. No conflict of interest.
Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Authors: Allen R. Walker
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Infections caused by penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>are becoming important clinical problems in a number of areas of the country and of the world. [See also Infectious Diseases.—Ed.] A study of invasive pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease in Memphis, Tenn,<sup>1</sup>described 6 children who were infected with multiply-resistant pneumococcus. Two of these children died. A review of the experience in this sickle cell disease treatment center showed that 15% of the strains that caused pneumococcal sepsis during a 4½-year period were resistant to penicillin. Vancomycin hydrochloride remains uniformly effective against pneumococcus, and the authors suggest that vancomycin be added to cefotaxime sodium in children with sickle cell disease who have meningitis or another "potentially serious focus of infection such as pneumonia," evidence of overwhelming infection, or a history of sepsis. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci are generally susceptible to the serum concentrations that can be achieved with
Ischemic burden in the standard ECG identifies patients who benefits most from an early invasive strategy in unstable coronary artery disease: A FRISC2 substudy Lene Holmvang, Peter Clemmensen, Bertil Lindahl, Bo Lagerqvist, Per Venge, Lars Wallentin, Peer Grande. The National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Epidermal Hyperplasia in Mouse Skin Following Treatment with Alternative Drinking Water Disinfectants
Authors: Merrel Robinson, Richard J. Bull, Marlene Schamer, Richard E. Long
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

Female SENCAR mice were treated with aqueous solutions of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and monochloramine (NH2Cl) by whole body exposure (except head) for a 10-min period for 4 days in the first experiment and for 1 day (except NH2Cl) in the second experiment. Animals were sacrificed the day following the last treatment (experiment 1) or on day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, and 12 following treatment (experiment 2), and skin thickness was measured by light microscopy at X400 by use of an eyepiece micrometer. Concentrations of disinfectants were 1, 10, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/L, for experiment 1 and 1000 mg/L for experiment 2. Thickness of the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) for control animals was 15.4 +/- 1.5 micron. After 4 days of treatment at 1000 mg/L, HOCl and ClO2 increased thickness to 39 +/- 7.0 and 40.2 +/- 11.8, and NaOCl increased thickness to 25.2 +/- 6.1 micron. Only HOCl and ClO2 were tested at 300 mg/L, yielding an IFE thickness of 30.0 +/- 13.1 and 16.8 +/- 0.8 micron, respectively. The response to HOCl was found to be dose-related; the minimally effective dose was 100 mg/L. In earlier, preliminary tests to determine optimum treatment schedule, the response to HOCl appeared to be maximal after 4 days of treatment and tended to decrease with further treatment. The time-course study following a single treatment of 1000 mg/L HOCl, however, showed a progression of IFE thickening of from 18.3 +/- 1.4 at 1 day to 30.8 +/- 8.0 at 8 days, decreasing to 19.1 +/- 6.2 micron at 12 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Urology
Authors: G. W. Chodak
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Last year, the Contempo section on urology discussed several issues involving benign and malignant prostatic disease. Since then interest has further increased, in part because several well-known individuals died of the disease and because new knowledge has been gained. Therefore, revisiting the topic is in order. The diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate is being made more often, with more than 165 000 cases detected in 1993 and 200000 projected for 1994. A likely explanation is widespread testing for the disease, especially by measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Proponents of this test point to the increased proportion of tumors that are detected while still clinically and pathologically confined to the prostate as the obvious benefit of screening for this disease.<sup>1</sup>A controversy exists, however, about whether screening of asymptomatic men should be recommended. The American Cancer Society and the American Urological Association recommend annual testing beginning at age 50 years,
Treatment-related toxicity predicts for improved outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Authors: David J. Pinato, Yinghong Wang, Thomas U. Marron, Anwaar Saeed, Tomi Jun, Abdul Rafeh Naqash, Sirish Dharmapuri, Uqba Khan, Francesca Benevento, Musharraf Navaid, Mahvish Muzaffar, ChiehJu Lee, Anushi Bulumulle, Bo Yu, Sonal Paul, Neil Nimkar, Bettinger Dominik, Hannah Hildebrand, Tiziana Pressiani, Yehia Abugabal, Nicola Personeni, Ahmed Kaseb, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Celina Ang, Elias Allara, Lorenza Rimassa
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)
From the NIH
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Authors: T J Marrie
Journal: Thorax (1993)

Chlamydia pneumoniaeIn 1986 Grayston and coworkers described a new Chlamydia psittaci strain isolated from eight students at the University of Washington, Seattle, who had acute respira- tory tract infections.'This was the culmination of many years of work by Grayston and his team.The first isolate, TW-183, was obtained from the eye of a primary school child on Twain in October 1965.2It was not C trachomatis.The next set of isolates was obtained from adults with acute respiratory disease,2 so Grayston named this new microorganism Chlamydia psittaci strain TWAR-TW from "TWAIN" and AR from "acute respiratory."Subsequently, this microorganism has been shown to be the third species of Chlamydia and is now known as C pneumoniae.3 C pneumoniae is compared with C trachomatis and C psittaci in the table.47Features of Chlamydia pneumoniae Initially C pneumoniae was thought to have pear shaped elementary bodies that were distinct from those of C psittaci and C trachomatis3; additional studies in two cell lines, however, found no unique morphological features of this microorganism.8C pneumoniae undergoes the same developmental cycle as C trachomatis.9The elementary body has an average size of 0-38 gm and the reticulate body an average diameter of 0 51 pm.3The major outer mem- brane protein of Cpneumoniae is less antigenically complex than that of the other chlamydial species and it is not the immunodominant antigen recognised during infection.'0A 60 kDa protein of C pneumoniae is an analogue of the C trachomatis delayed type hypersensitivity antigen and the Escherichia coli heat shock protein."It has been suggested that repeated exposure to the chlamydia delayed type hypersensitivity antigen contributes to the deleterious effects of C trachomatis and C psittaci infection" and, by inference, to the growing list of extrapulmonary manifes- tations of C pneumoniae infection. DiagnosisMany of the studies that have elucidated the epidemiology of C pneumoniae have relied on serological criteria for diagnosis.'2"In general, serological studies used the elementary body antigens of the TWAR strain in a micro- immunofluorescence test.'2The usual criteria for acute infection are: fourfold or greater rise in either the IgM or Selectedfeatures of three Chlamydia species"7 C trachomatis C psittaci C pneumoniae DNA homology with C pneumoniae (%) < 5 <10 94-100 Sulphonamide sensitivity
Gastroenterology
Authors: Howard M. Spiro
Journal: JAMA (1975)

"Bockus" has so long been synonymous with gastroenterology that it is good once again to see a new edition of this classic textbook, now split into a projected four volumes. Physicians can now buy and read the first volume covering disorders of the esophagus and stomach as well as a general approach to the patient and his examination. The other three volumes are in preparation. Harry Bockus has wisely recognized that a four-volume text is beyond even his stalwart control and capacity, and so five of his former associates serve in a pentarchy as associate editors. He has also turned over many chapters to world-famous experts so that "Bockus" now represents the opinions of a multitude of experts rather than the preferences and prejudices of one of the most experienced clinicians of modern gastroenterology. There are some disappointing omissions. For example, it is hard to find very much on the
Reply
Authors: Sandeep Singh Sidhu, Barjesh Chander Sharma, Omesh Goyal, Harsh Kishore, Navpreet Kaur
Journal: Hepatology (2017)

Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. Author names in bold designate shared co‐first authorship. We thank Dr. Sahaj Rathi and his colleague for their interest in our work. In our study,1 the grade of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was significantly lower over days 1‐4 in the LOLA group. However, on day 5 of therapy, there were no significant differences between the two groups. This was possibly attributed to the effects of LOLA peaking by the fourth day of therapy. The patients receiving intravenous infusion of LOLA had a significantly shorter recovery time and had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay. Hospital stay was, however, longer than the time taken to recover from overt HE, because there were other complications of cirrhosis, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and septicemia, which also required treatment. In the LOLA arm, rapid improvement of HE translated into a rapid mobilization and improvement in general condition and a shorter hospital stay. Lactulose syrup has been used in all the patients in both groups, because it is a part of the standard care of treatment of HE. Lactulose syrup was used in the dose of 30‐120 mL in 3 divided doses through a nasogastric tube/orally to produce two to three semiformed stools and/or lactulose retention enemas (300 mL of lactulose + 700 mL of water) twice‐daily. In patients with constipation, higher dosage of oral lactulose (120 mL TID) along with lactulose enemas were given. There was no significant difference in the mean lactulose dose in each group. The incidence of diarrhea was 2 (2.0%) in the LOLA arm and 5 (5.2%) in the placebo arm. The authors of this letter also stated that the use of LOLA in grade 3‐4 HE did not reduce the time to resolution or hospital stay in this group, limiting its potential use in such patients until the availability of further evidence. However, the results of subgroup analysis based on baseline grade of HE have to be interpreted cautiously, given that the type 1 error rate of observing a false‐negative result is increased because of multiple testing.
Correction: Underweight, Markers of Cachexia, and Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study of Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2016)

This article was republished on May 19th, 2016 to correct poor figure quality in the PDF version, which was introduced during the typesetting process. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001998.].
Journal Irish Medical Association, Dublin
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
MALPRACTICE CASE.
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The nationwide cancer genome screening project in Japan SCRUM-Japan GI-SCREEN: Efficient identification of cancer genome alterations in advanced small intestine cancer
Authors: K. Takayoshi, W. Okamoto, S. Hironaka, Y. Honma, H. Ebi, R. Nakanishi, T. Kajiwara, T. Kudo, T. Tamura, Y. Komatsu, H. Hara, D. Naruge, T. Moriwaki, I. Miki, T. Sudo, S. Nomura, S. Fujii, K. Shitara, A. Ohtsu, T. Yoshino
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2017)
Pharmacokinetics of Vinylidene Chloride in the Rat
Authors: M. J. McKenna, P. G. Watanabe, P. J. Gehring
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

The metabolism of inhaled vinylidene chloride in rats represents a balance of biotransformation pathways leading to the formation of a reactive alkylating species which is normally detoxified by conjugation with glutathione. Detoxification of the reactive intermediate formed from inhaled VDC is dependent upon the availability of hepatic glutathione (GSH); as VDC exposure concentrations are increased, the fraction of the dose detoxified by conjugation with GSH decreases markedly, commensurate with depletion of hepatic GSH. This reactive intermediate in the absence of GSH alkylates hepatic macromolecules and causes cell death. Similarly, hepatic GSH plays a vital role in the detoxification of the reactive metabolite formed from inhaled vinyl chloride (VC). However, the dose--response relationships for the utilization of GSH and the accumulation of alkylating metabolites following inhalation exposure to either VDC or VC point to distinct differences which may explain the differing biological activities of the two materials. Finally, preliminary pharmacokinetic data for inhaled VDC in mice indicate an enhanced susceptibility to VDC by virtue of an increased ability for production of alkylating VDC metabolites over that observed in the rat. The importance of these findings in light of recent evidence for a carcinogenic effect of VDC in mice is discussed.
Multidisciplinary care and pursuit of active surveillance in low-risk prostate cancer.
Authors: Ayal Aizer, Jonathan J. Paly, Anthony L. Zietman, Anthony Victor D'Amico, Paul Linh Nguyen, Clair Beard, Sandhya K Rao, Irving D. Kaplan, Michelle S. Hirsch, Chin-Lee Wu, Jason Alexander Efstathiou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

131 Background: Factors associated with pursuit of active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer are not well-delineated. Methods: 701 patients with low-risk prostate cancer (clinical stage &lt; T2b, Gleason score &lt; 7, and PSA &lt; 10 ng/mL), treated in 2009 at three tertiary care centers affiliated with the same medical school and within the same health care system were identified. All patients were evaluated by one or more urological, radiation, and/or medical oncologists specializing in genitourinary malignancies, either sequentially at independent appointments with differing dates/locations, or concurrently at a multidisciplinary genitourinary oncology clinic in which all three specialists evaluated the patient jointly during a single visit. Pre-treatment and treatment-related variables were recorded. Logistic regression was performed to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with the employment of active surveillance. Results: Forty three percent of patients referred to a multidisciplinary clinic underwent active surveillance, as opposed to 22% of patients seen by individual practitioners (p&lt;.001). On multivariate logistic regression, older age (OR 1.09 (per year), p &lt;.001), increased comorbidities (OR 1.41 (per unit increase in Charlson score), p=.01), unmarried social status (OR 1.76, p=.04), a smaller percentage of positive cores (OR 0.92 (per percent core increase), p&lt;.001), and referral to a multidisciplinary clinic (OR 2.22, p&lt;.01) were all significantly associated with pursuit of active surveillance. The number of physicians or specialities seen in consultation was not significantly associated with pursuit of active surveillance. Conclusions: Older age, increased comorbidities, unmarried social status, and a smaller percentage of positive cores are associated with pursuit of active surveillance. Notably, referral to a multidisciplinary genitourinary oncology clinic significantly increases rates of active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer, implying that the multidisciplinary clinic itself, and not merely the number or type of physicians seen, is important to the shared decision making process for a patient to elect active surveillance.
Questions and Answers
Journal: JAMA (1976)

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