tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diseases of the skin. Management of eczema. II.
Authors: H Baker
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Steroids in EczemaJudicious use of topical corticosteroids for their non-specific anti-inflammatory effect is central to the management of eczema, whatever its cause.Their effect is suppressive and if the cause of the eczema continues to operate over an indefinite period, topical therapy will have to be prolonged, bringing in its wake the now well-known hazards of such treatment.The prescriber must choose his steroid and also the appropriate vehicle (ointment, cream, gel, or lotion).He should be guided by the intensity of the inflammation, its likely duration, and its site in choosing the steroid-and by the physical nature of the eczematous surface in selecting the vehicle.These points were discussed in detail by Dr. J. H. Hunter in the second article
Is curable lung cancer detected by semiannual screening?
Authors: K. R. Boucot
Journal: JAMA (1973)

For ten years, a population of 6,136 male volunteers aged 45 years and over was screened every six months with 70-mm chest photofluorograms and with questionnaires regarding symptoms; 121 developed bronchogenic carcinoma. Only 8% of the men with cancer survived five years. Intervals between detection of the cancers and prior films read "negative" for cancer varied with volunteer cooperation. The five-year survival rate was 12% for 67 men whose tumors were detected within six months of a negative roentgenogram and 4% for 54 with intervals exceeding six months. In each of these two groups, some cases were found by the screen and some came to medical attention as a result of clinical illness. When cancer was detected by the screen, the survival curves were similar regardless of the interval between detection and the prior negative roentgenogram.
Book Review Diagnosis in Joint Disease . A Clinical and Pathological Study of Arthritis by Nathaniel Allison, M.D., F.A.C.S., Professor of Surgery, in charge of Division of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Chicago; formerly Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Chief of Orthopedic Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Ralph K. Ghormley, M.D., Associate in Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic; Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, …
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1932)
Antiviral Drugs
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A few among us may recall the excitement and astonishment that we experienced when first having access to penicillin to treat serious or life-threatening infections. With the discovery of this antibiotic, a new class of therapeutic agents was founded, and there opened before us therapeutic vistas beyond anything we had dreamed of. The second major antibiotic to be introduced was streptomycin for the treatment of tuberculosis. For the first time, we witnessed recoveries from tuberculous meningitis, a disease that had resulted in 100% mortality. The privilege of using these miracle drugs shortly after their discovery was, for some of us, the most exciting experience of our lifetime. In the years that have followed, we grew accustomed to the discovery of powerful new therapeutic agents, accepted their introduction into medicine with little or no fanfare, and lost the excitement and admiration they should have invoked in us. However, the development of
Correction: Dietary restriction improves repopulation but impairs lymphoid differentiation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells in early aging
Authors: Duozhuang Tang, Si Tao, Zhiyang Chen, Ievgen Oleksandrovich Koliesnik, Philip Gerald Calmes, Verena Hoerr, Bing Han, Nadja Gebert, Martin Zörnig, Bettina Löffler, Yohei Morita, Karl Lenhard Rudolph
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2020)
<i>Erratum</i>: Vol. 66, No. SS-25
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2020)

In the Surveillance Summary "Abortion Surveillance -United States, 2013," data on the number of known previous induced abortions for women having abortions in this reporting year were erroneously included for New York City.These estimates did not meet reporting standards and should have been excluded from this report.When corrected, among women with abortions in the reporting year, the proportion with no previous induced abortions increased, and the proportion with one or more previous induced abortions decreased.In addition, Nebraska was erroneously excluded as a reporting area for the relevant years of comparison for estimates on reported abortions, by known number of previous induced abortions.Data have been updated to include Nebraska.On page 9, the last paragraph of the first column should have read "Data from the 38 areas that reported the number of previous abortions for women who obtained abortions in 2013 indicate that the majority (57.7%) had no previous abortions, 35.5% had one to two previous abortions, and 6.8% had three or more previous abortions (Table 17).Among the 30 reporting areas § § § § that provided data for the relevant years of comparison (2004 to 2013, 2004 versus 2008, 2009 versus 2013, and 2012 versus 2013), the percentage of women who had zero or one to two previous abortions did not change appreciably over time: 57.8%, 58.2%, and 58.1% had zero previous abortions in 2004, 2012, and 2013, respectively, and 35.9%, 34.9%, and 35.0% had one to two previous abortions in 2004, 2012, and 2013, respectively.In contrast, among these 30 areas, the percentage of women who had three or more previous abortions increased from 2004 to 2013 but did not change appreciably from 2012 to 2013: 6.3% had three or more previous abortions in 2004, as compared with 6.8% in 2012 and 6.8% in 2013."New York City should have been included, and Nebraska should not have been included in the § § § § footnote, which lists reporting areas that were not included in these estimates.In Table 17, the line for New York City should be deleted.For the total line, the numbers and percentages should have read 213,976 (57.7), 92,992 (25.1), 38,551 (10.4), 25,291 (6.8), 370,810 (98.7).
Genetic variants of C1q are a risk for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: D T S L Jansen, N Daha, F A S Kurreeman, S Böhringer, G Stoeken-Rijsbergen, J J Houwing-Duistermaat, T W Huizinga, R E M Toes, L A Trouw
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> C1q, the recognition molecule of the classical pathway, is next to its role in complement activation also implicated in protection against autoimmunity. Both complete genetic deficiency of C1q and several SNPs are associated with development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. In this study, the authors analysed whether genetic variants of C1q would predispose to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). <h3>Methods</h3> For this purpose, the authors genotyped SNPs in C1q in a Dutch set of RA patients and controls (n=845pt/1046ctr). The authors obtained replication in the NARAC and performed a meta-analysis on data from several cohorts (max n=8000pt/23262ctr). In addition, the authors linked genotypes to C1q protein levels and mRNA expression. <h3>Results</h3> The authors tested 13 SNPs in the C1q genes, of which 5 showed a significant association with RA. The authors replicated the most significant SNP in a North American Cohort and by performing meta-analysis using additional small cohorts from the US and Greece. Imputed GWAS data displayed a similar trend. Screening the genomic area around the C1q genes revealed that the association signal was actually derived from the C1q genes and not from neighboring genes. eQTL analysis revealed that in this genomic area only SNPs in the C1q genes associate with mRNA expression levels of the C1q transcripts. Finally, the authors observed a difference in the serum levels of C1q between individuals with the genotypes of the most significant SNP. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Genetic variants in C1q are a risk for the development of RA.
Clinical Lectures on Dislocations, Delivered at the Charing - Cross Hospital
Authors: H. Hancock
Journal: BMJ (1844)

Sir Astley Cooper confines fracture of the head and neck of the humerus to three,varieties irst.Dislocation into the axilla, with fractnre a ¶d detachment Of the head of the bone, which is thrown on the under side of the inferior costa of the scapula!Secondly.Friatures through the neck of the bone, at the tubercles, in which the head of the humerus is broken off, but remains in the glenoid cavity, This fracture occurs at the epiphysis or anatomical neck iof the bope.Thirdly.Fractures below the articulation, between it' and the insertion of the pectoralis, latissimus dorti, teres majior, coraco.brachialis,and deltoid muscles, or surgical neck.But it will appear from the cases I shall have to relate' to you, that qother fract.urswiU lsopetis happen, which, from their situation, and the appearandes presented, a great resemblance to dislocation, which, in point of fact, they are always more or l4ss complicated.These frares take place in a longitudinal direction, through the bicipital groove, sepa- rating the greater tubercle, with more or less of the shaft, from the rest of the bone.The first of Sir Astley Cooper's divisions belongs to the subject of complicated dislocations, and we wvill n4t, therefore, treat of it at present, but proceed to the cop- sideration of fracture occurring through the neck of the bone, or at what is usually denominated its true ana- tomical aeek >Sir Astley Cooper has seen this ac4i.dent both in old and young people, but it is, he sajs, very rare in the middle-aged.In the young it occi'rs at the junction of the epiphysis where the cartilage is situated ; and in the old, it arises from the greater o ness of this part of the bone.Reichel, in his pap4r,
Peripheral airway findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using an ultrathin bronchoscope
Authors: M. Kikawada, Y Ichinose, D Miyamoto, K Minemura, M. Takasaki, K Toyama
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

The authors performed bronchoscopic examination using an ultrathin bronchoscope to determine the characteristics of the peripheral airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study population comprised 13 healthy control subjects, 10 patients with chronic bronchitis without airflow limitation, and 20 patients with COPD. The COPD patients were divided clinically into 10 with chronic bronchitis and 10 with pulmonary emphysema. The peripheral airways were examined using an ultrathin bronchoscope. In chronic bronchitis, peripheral airways of the 11th or 12th generation showed a high frequency of obstruction and mucosal changes such as granulation. In pulmonary emphysema, the peripheral airways frequently showed a net-like appearance of the bronchial epithelium and obstruction at the 11th or 12th generation. Morphological changes of the small airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be detected by an ultrathin bronchoscope, and this method is likely to be useful for investigating the small airways in vivo.
Conversion of polycythemia vera to chronic Di Guglielmo's syndrome
Authors: P. Eastman
Journal: JAMA (1968)

A patient with polycythemia vera was treated with sodium phosphate P 32. The polycythemia vera converted to chronic Di Guglielmo's syndrome, with dwarfed binucleate megakaryocytes, and the patient died of acute myeloid leukemia.
Phase II study of oral vinorelbine plus hormone therapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer
Authors: F. Chiti, F. M. Calais da Silva, A. Canelas, P. Gonçalves, J. M. Gomes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

16075 Background: Vinorelbine (VRL) has been shown to be active in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) in Phase II studies, alone or in combination. Its moderate toxicity profile is well tolerated in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was the investigation of the efficacy of Oral Vinorelbine and its toxicity. Methods: Patients with metastatic prostate cancer, progressive after hormonal therapy, receive Oral VRL 60 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks and hydrocortisone 40 mg/day. Previous chemotherapy was allowed if stopped 6 months before. 87 patients received VRL according to the protocol. Inclusion criteria: Hormone refractory prostate cancer patients with a PSA level >20, performance status WHO <2. The primary endpoint was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, pain and WHO performance status. Their mean (range) age was 72 years (44–91), their median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 230 (38–1000) ng/ml, and the median Gleason score was 8 (7 to 9). 77 (89%) patients had previous chemotherapy and 10 patients (11%) had not previous chemoterapy. Results: Among the 87 patients, 9 with less than 3 cycles were not evaluated. Patients received a mean (range) of 9 (3–44) cycles of therapy. The median follow-up was 12 months. There were no reported drug related Grade 3 toxicities. Only four patients required a blood transfusion. Tumor response: 16 (18%); 37 (43%), PSA stable; 25 (29%) PSA progression; 9 (10%) not evaluated. Survival Status: 40 (46%) patients are alive and 47 (54%) patients died, the median survival is 11 months. Time to PSA response: 7 months. Time to progression: 7 months. Conclusions: Oral Vinorelbine (VRL) is a safe regimen in previous poly- chemotherapy treated hormone-refractory prostate cancer elderly patients and even with response and efficacy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
SWOG S1310: Randomized phase II trial of single agent MEK inhibitor trametinib vs. 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine in refractory advanced biliary cancer.
Authors: Richard D. Kim, Shannon McDonough, Anthony B. El-Khoueiry, Tanios S. Bekaii-Saab, Katherine Guthrie, Howard S. Hochster
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

TPS4142 Background: No standard treatment options are available for patients with advanced biliary cancer (BC) who fail gemcitabine/platinum based regimen. The most commonly used second line regimens are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with leucovorin (LV), or capecitabine based on limited data. Trametinib is an orally bioavailable, potent, and specific allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2. In cell lines, increased sensitivity to trametinib was observed especially in cells with mutations in the MAPK pathway. Aberrant activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway occurs in more than 60% of BC indicating the importance of these pathways. Furthermore other MEK inhibitors have been studied in advanced BC demonstrating promising results including complete responses (Bekkai-Saab et al JCO 2012, Finn RS GI ASCO 2011) Methods: : An open label phase II trial was designed to randomly assign patients to receive trametinib ( 2.0mg daily) versus 5-FU ( 400 mg/m2 bolus and 2400 mg/m2 infusion over 48 hours) with LV( 400 mg/m2) every 2 weeks or capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 BID 14 days on 7 days off) in refractory BC. Eligible patients must have histologically or cytologically documented BC (excluding ampullary cancer) following progression of first line chemotherapy. The primary endpoint is overall survival. Secondary endpoints include progression-free survival and overall response rate. Additional endpoints will assess a 16 gene expression signature as a biomarker of MEK efficacy and to measure inflammatory cytokines. MRI or CT scan will also be obtained for all patients at the time of study entry and at 6 weeks into treatment to estimate lean soft tissue and fat mass weight gain according to treatment with trametinib. Analysis will compare randomized groups, stratified by 5FU/LV versus capecitabine and cholangiocarcinoma versus gall bladder. Assuming a one-sided type 1 error of 10%, 80% power, and 2 years of accrual with an additional year of follow-up, approximately 80 eligible patients (40 per arm) are needed to detect an improvement in median OS from 5 months to 8.25 months (corresponding to a 1.65 hazard ratio). As of Jan 2015, 33 of the planned 89 patients have been randomized. Clinical trial information: NCT 02042443.
Prospective randomized comparison of propylthiouracil
Authors: G. Gwinup
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Forty-nine patients with Graves' disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received propylthiouracil, 150 mg every eight hours, and the other group received propylthiouracil, 450 mg as a single daily dose. All patients' conditions were evaluated clinically and chemically at two-week intervals. The response to the divided dosage schedule was prompt and predictable, and by ten weeks all but one patient had achieved remission. The group that received the single daily dose regimen responded less favorably, and at ten weeks ten patients had failed to achieve remission (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). However, when these patients' regimens were switched to the every-eight-hour schedule, all but one patient became euthyroid in an additional four weeks. (<i>JAMA</i>239:2457-2459, 1978)
Toxic Insecticides
Authors: Z. A. Leitner
Journal: BMJ (1965)

MEDICAL JUNL but unmentioned is an identical peak for 0700 to 0900 hours.What is considered to be the significant factor for road traffic accidents in this period ?It would have been of great value if further data had been collected (or disclosed)-i.e., (a) evidence of any drugs taken ; (b) alcohol levels of persons injured in the road-traffic accidents but not driving, and (c) alcohol levels of persons involved in the road-traffic accidents but not injured.The basic cause of all accidents is careless- ness, and any factor that will cause or is likely to cause a state of carelessness in the majority of drivers should be recognized and, if prac- ticable, excluded.Alcohol is one identifiable factor ; it can be excluded.Blood and/or urine tests should be man- datory on all drivers suspected by police of drunkenness and on all involved in a notifiable traffic accident, and the result be available to the police authorities.This procedure is used abroad and its adoption suggested in this country.The taking of blood or urine samples could at present constitute a trespass against the person, and has given us a reason for opposing such adoption, but the taking of breath for analysis has the same legal defect and also the grave defect that samples cannot easily be kept for independent check analysis.-I am, etc.,
Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Andrew G. Jessiman, Francis D. Moore
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

VII–Planning Treatment for the Individual PatientWith facts gained from the observations and principles described in the foregoing brief account, we may now proceed to look at the patient in a broader frame of reference and to plan her treatment. Our current view of this all-important subject is briefly outlined in this section. In considering each patient, we seek to place her appropriately in the clinical setting ("type") and then answer the six questions posed at the outset of the section entitled "The Study of the Patient." These are, to recapitulate:Where is the patient in the natural course of . . .
Induction of metallothionein and its localization in the nucleus of rat hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy
Authors: C Tohyama
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Metallothioneins, a group of cysteine-rich heavymetal binding proteins, are induced in the regenerating rat liver in response to the stimuli evoked by partial hepatectomy. We have investigated the expression of metallothionein genes and proto-oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun and c-myc), as well as specific localization of metallothionein in the liver cells after partial hepatectomy. Metallothionein mRNA was detected as early as 3 hr and reached a maximal level by 6 hr. Expression of the proto-oncogenes apparently preceded the elevation of metallothionein protein because the latter was maximal 18 hr after partial hepatectomy, followed by a decrease until 70 hr. Hepatocytes of the intact rat liver have metallothionein in the cytoplasm only. Interestingly, metallothionein was localized predominantly in the nucleus as early as 6 hr after partial hepatectomy, and the staining intensity of metallothionein became maximal at 15 hr, followed by detection in both the cytoplasm and nucleus at 24 hr or longer. The use of a confocal laser scanning microscope with both tissue sections and isolated nuclei has clearly shown that metallothionein immunofluorescence exists inside hepatocyte nuclei after partial hepatectomy. Expression of the proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun is elevated after partial hepatectomy, and the resultant heterodimer of gene products may contribute to the observed metallothionein gene induction. However, the observation that metallothionein protein levels were elevated until 18 hr after partial hepatectomy suggests that an alternative pathway for the induction of metallothionein gene expression may also be present. It is proposed that the specific localization of metallothionein in the nucleus may be involved in the early events associated with the compensatory cell proliferation that follows partial hepatectomy. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:1193-1201).
BUDAPEST
Journal: JAMA (1922)

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Multidose jeopardy: HCV transmission risk and management of acute HCV in hospital settings
Authors: D Oldach
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

A new paradigm for antiviral therapy focuses on targeting cellular genes that are critical for viral replication and pathogenesis. Several new technologies have contributed to the identification of such genes for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. These include proteomic approaches that identify cellular proteins that physically interact with viral proteins, genomic approaches that identify and functionally validate essential cellular co-factor genes, and novel cell biology systems that facilitate studies of virus–host interactions.
Characterization of lymphocyte subsets in ascites during spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: MAIT cells show the strongest increase
Authors: Christian Niehaus, Benedikt Strunz, Martin Cornillet, Christine Falk, Ansgar Schnieders, Benjamin Maasoumy, Svenja Hardtke, Michael P. Manns, Anke Kraft, Niklas Björkström, Markus Cornberg
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)