tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Highlights
Journal: JAMA (2019)

Prevalence of Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity 2389Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes in Hispanic and Asian populations is higher than in populations of European or African origin.Cheng and colleagues analyzed data from nationally representative cross-sectional surveys of 7575 US adults and found that the prevalence of diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes varied by race and ethnicity and among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian subpopulations.In an Editorial, Matsushita and colleagues suggest that future studies should rely on defi nitions for diabetes and prediabetes that more closely refl ect clinical practice.
Comparison of reliability of tests to distinguish upper from lower urinary tract infection
Authors: G H C Schardijn, L W S. Van Eps
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The results of scintiphotography with gallium-67 (67Ga), renography with technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid, immunofluorescence of antibody coated bacteria, and determination of renal P, micro- globulin excretion were compared in 19 patients with upper and 15 patients with lower urinary tract infection.All patients with acute pyelonephritis showed an appre- ciable unilateral or bilateral uptake of 67Ga and an increased excretion of 32 microglobulin, whereas im- munofluorescence of antibody coated bacteria yielded positive results in only 10.In patients with lower urinary tract infections excretion of 2 microglobulin and uptake of 67Ga were always normal, whereas immunofluores-
Roentgenographic exercise test. A new test of myocardial state
Authors: G. M. Boelling
Journal: JAMA (1967)

In the roentgenographic exercise test, the systolic heart size (transverse diameter) is recorded before and immediately after a 100-yard walk. All normal subjects in this study responded with a 1- to 10-mm reduction in diameter. The diameter became larger or did not change in 83% of patients with angina pectoris. Myocardial infarction provoked abnormal response during convalescence. Persistent abnormality was noted only in those patients who continued to have chest pain. Normal response was unaffected by valvular disease, noncardiac chest pain, pulmonary embolism, or nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities in the absence of myocardial disease. Roentgenographic exercise tests accurately indicated the presence of coronary disease when the patient was resting and when the electrocardiograms from the Master 2-step test were normal. When performed, coronary angiography confirmed the results of roentgenographic exercise tests in each instance. The test appears to be a useful means of determining the state of the myocardium.
Purified T Depleted Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow CD34 Transplantation from Haploidentical Mother to Child with Thalassemia.
Authors: Pietro Sodani, Marco Andreani, Paola Polchi, Javid Gaziev, Filippo Centis, Claudio Giardini, Sonia Nesci, Silvia Cicconi, Luca Spitaleri, Flaminia Cassiani, Guido Lucarelli
Journal: Blood (2004)
THE GOUTY PARASITOLOGIST
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Anesthesia History
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Efficacy of Novel Agents on Soft-Tissue Plasmacytomas in Patients with Relapsed Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Raquel Jiménez-Segura, Carlos Fernández De Larrea, Maite Cibeira, Natalia Tovar, Esther Bladé, Ignacio Isola, Joan Bladé, Laura Rosiñol
Journal: Blood (2016)
The Disease of the Skin called Paget's Disease.
Journal: JAMA (1890)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Chlorpropamide-induced hypoglycemia in a child with diabetes insipidus
Authors: L. R. Kuhns
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> My curiosity is raised about the cover illustration of your Oct 20 issue, Frank Mechau's "Saturday P. M." Are the dashing hombres on their galloping horses earlier day medical conventioners? Is the woman at the saloon door waiting for a physicianhusband astray from the scientific sessions? Does the equine anatomy facing the viewer carry symbolic connotation? Your cover legend offers no clue.
A TECHNIC FOR THE REPAIR OF RELAXED OR LACERATED PERINEUM
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
First Meeting of the International Society of Clinical Biostatistics
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

Journal Article First Meeting of the International Society of Clinical Biostatistics Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 62, Issue 2, February 1979, Page 437, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/62.2.437-a Published: 01 February 1979
European Perspectives
Authors: Adriana Gittenberger-De Groot, Jennifer Taylor, Lars Køber, Gittenberger-De Groot, Judy Ozkan
Journal: Circulation (2010)

is best known for his work on the Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) trial.His main research interests are heart failure, cardiovascular epidemiology, and myocardial and endothelial function, and over the past 5 years, the genetics of heart failure.
Is hospital admission an ideal condition for HCV screening? A survey from the Venetian area (north-east of Italy)
Authors: Alessandro Caroli, Irene Franceschet, Federica Fascì-Spurio, Lisa Girardi, Roberto Cappuccio, Davide Checchin, Francesca Lamboglia, Andrea Forti, Claudio Scarparo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)
Radiation dosimetry.
Authors: J Cameron
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

This article summarizes the basic facts about the measurement of ionizing radiation, usually referred to as radiation dosimetry. The article defines the common radiation quantities and units; gives typical levels of natural radiation and medical exposures; and describes the most important biological effects of radiation and the methods used to measure radiation. Finally, a proposal is made for a new radiation risk unit to make radiation risks more understandable to nonspecialists.
A NEW DISINFECTING AND DEODORIZING LAMP, AND A NEW FORMALIN DISINFECTOR.
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
ORGANIZED LABOR AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Journal: JAMA (1921)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Characterization of acute hepatitis C virus infection and transmission clusters by next-generation sequencing among people who inject drugs in Catalonia
Authors: Adrian Antuori Torres, Vincent Montoya, Verónica Saludes, Jeffrey Joy, Mel Krajden, Sara González-Gómez, Cinta Folch, Jordi Casabona, Joan Colom, Elisa Martró
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)
Uterine Tumors: Their Pathology and Treatment.
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Stat Bite: National Cancer Institute Patent Royalty Income
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Stat Bite: National Cancer Institute Patent Royalty Income Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 10, 18 May 1994, Page 749, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.10.749 Published: 18 May 1994
Hypnosis in Treatment
Authors: N. Murray
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>Context:</h3> Pregnancy is an opportunity to engage women with opioid use disorder (OUD) in treatment. Models of care (MOC) for pregnant women with OUD vary widely, resulting in challenges for research. <h3>Objective:</h3> To enhance research capacity, we formed a multi-site collaborative and conducted a pilot study between 4 treatment clinics (UAMS, UK, UNM, UU) with dissimilar MOCs. Presented here are preliminary findings and comparisons of retention in treatment across MOCs. <h3>Study Design and Analysis:</h3> We conducted a multisite prospective study among pregnant with OUD who were in treatment for OUD during pregnancy. Data were collected during pregnancy at 2 time points. Descriptive statistics were computed. <h3>Setting:</h3> All 4 sites provided outpatient treatment for OUD among pregnant women; 2 sites provided integrated OUD treatment and prenatal care (Integrated; UU, UNM); 2 sites provided treatment of OUD in coordination with patients’ obstetric providers (Coordinated; UAMS, UK). <h3>Population:</h3> Eligibility included: &gt; 18 years; gestational age &gt; 22 weeks, receiving medication for OUD, English speaking, consented. <h3>Intervention/Instrument:</h3> We developed and tested an intake questionnaire administered to participants while waiting for clinic appointments, including social determinants of health (SDH). We collected mental health, comorbidities and demographic data. <h3>Outcome Measures:</h3> We compared retention in treatment operationalized as completion of questionnaire at second time point between Integrated vs. Coordinated treatment for OUD with prenatal care. We considered SDH as a possible confounder. <h3>Results:</h3> We reached our recruitment goal of 80 women with OUD who completed the initial questionnaire (UAMS=16, UK=20, UNM=20, UU=24). Mean age was 29; 66% were White, non-Hispanic; 79% graduated from high school; 24% were married; and 78% reported the father of the baby was involved in this pregnancy. Overall, demographic characteristics across sites were similar. Women in integrated treatment had higher proportions of any SDH compared to coordinated treatment (88% vs. 80%). Retention in study was lower for Integrated compared to Coordinated treatment (66% vs 72%), but similar when stratified by having any SDH. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> This small multisite pilot study provides a foundation of future research to study pregnant women with opioid use disorder. Comparisons between integrated versus coordinated care suggest similar retention rates when stratified by social determinants of health.
Variable stiffness colonoscope versus regular adult colonoscope: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: M. Othman, A. Bradley, A. Choudhary, R. Hoffman, P. Roy
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

M. O. Othman, A. G. Bradley, A. Choudhary, R. M. Hoffman, P. K. Roy. Variable stiffness colonoscope versus regular adult colonoscope: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trialsEndoscopy 2009; 41: 17 – 25.
Health Effects of the Chernobyl Disaster: Illness or Illness Behavior? A Comparative General Health Survey in Two Former Soviet Regions
Authors: Johan Havenaar, Galina Rumyantzeva, Anatoli Kasyanenko, Karin Kaasjager, Anneke Westermann, Wim van den Brink, Jan van den Bout, Jean Savelkoul
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)
MINING FATALITIES.
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Coronary Drug Project-Reply
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
National Vaccine Program Office Workshop on Aluminum in Vaccines
Journal: JAMA (2000)

A REVIEW WITHIN CDC AND BY OUTside experts of an investigation of acute pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis in infants has identified shortcomings in the implementation and reporting of the investigation described in MMWR 1,2 and detailed in other scientific publications authored, in part, by CDC personnel. [3]4][5] The reviews led CDC to conclude that a possible association between acute pulmonary hemorrhage/ hemosiderosis in infants and exposure to molds, specifically Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly referred to by its synonym Stachybotrys atra, was not proven.This report describes the specific findings of these internal and external reviews.
Acute renal failure
Authors: R. W. Schrier
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>Acute Renal Failure Defined</h3> The term<i>acute renal failure</i>can be used for any situation in which the patient's BUN and creatinine levels rise. However, I favor a more restrictive use of the term for situations in which the rise in BUN and creatinine levels are not reversible immediately by altering extrarenal factors. For example, when volume depletion occurs (eg, diarrhea) and the kidney is hypoperfused, there is increased tubular back-diffusion of urea into the circulation, with a resultant rise in BUN level. We use the term<i>prerenal azotemia</i>for this condition. The BUN concentration returns to normal within 24 hours if volume repletion is effected. The BUN level also will rise with bladder-outlet obstruction (eg, prostatic hypertrophy), since the accompanying slower flow of fluid through the renal tubules is also associated with back-diffusion of urea. This situation is termed<i>postrenal azotemia</i>, and a bladder catheter to relieve the obstruction
New Treatment for Invasive Bladder Cancer: Early Results
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Journal Article New Treatment for Invasive Bladder Cancer: Early Results Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 80, Issue 4, 20 April 1988, Pages 223–225, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/80.4.223 Published: 20 April 1988
Electrotherapy
Authors: C. B. Heald
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Fifty consecutive unmarried women seeking termination of pregnancy in a state run general hospital in Singapore were screened for cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection before abortion. Chlamydial infection was diagnosed by taking a cervical swab, culturing the organism in tissue culture media, and identifying the inclusion bodies by dark ground fluorescent microscopy. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered in as many as 14% of cases. None of the patients gave any history suggestive of promiscuity. Compared with gonorrhoea in the non-prostitutes sexually active women of the population studied, the incidence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis was found to be high. Patients with positive cultures often defaulted from follow up, thus posing a genuine risk of the spread of the disease by vertical and horizontal transmission.