tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Kidney Cortex of the General Swedish Population: A Study of Biopsies from Living Kidney Donors
Authors: Lars Barregard, Christian Svalander, Andrejs Schutz, Gunnar Westberg, Gerd Sallsten, Ingemar Blohme, Johan Molne, Per-Ola Attman, Per Haglind
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

Cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were detennined in deep-frozen kidney cortex biop- sies taken from 36 living, healthy Swedish kidney donors (18 males and 18 females), who were 30-71 (mean 53) years of age.Information about occupation, smoking, the presence of dental amalgam, and fish consumption could be obtained for 27 ofthe donors.The samples (median dry weight 0.74 mg) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the results were transformed to wet-weight concentrations.The median kidney Cd was 17 pdgg (95% confidence interal, 14-23 pg/g), which was similar in males and females.In 10 active smokers, the median kidney Cd was 24 p/g, and in 12 who never smoked, it was 17 pg/g.The median kidney Hg was 0.29 pglg, with higher levels in females (median 0.54 plgg) than in males (median 0.16 pg/g).Subjects with amalgam fillings had higher kidney Hg (median 0.47 pg/g, n = 20) than those without dental amalgam (median 0.15 pgig, n= 6), but kidney Hg was below the detection limit in some samples.Nearly half of the samples had kidney Pb below the detection limit.The median kidney Pb was estimated as 0.14 pg/g.This is the first study of heavy metals in kidney cortex of living, healthy subjects, and the results are relatively similar to those of a few previous autopsy studies, indicating that results from autopsy cases are not seriously biased in relation to kidney metal concentrations in the general population.Cd concentrations in those who never smoked were relatively high, indicating considerable Cd intake from the diet in Sweden.The effect of dental amalgam on kidney Hg was as expected, although the reason for the difference in Hg levels between males and females is unclear.
Prevalence of gall stones in Dundee: a necropsy study.
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Necropsy records from two large general hospitals in Dundee showed short-term fluctuations in the prevalence of gall stones that had not previously been described. There was no evidence of a rise in the standardised prevalence rate between 1902-9 and 1953-73. A spurious increase was apparent from the crude prevalence rates for these periods, which resulted simply from the increased age of the patients in the later period. Since there was no real increase in prevalence no conclusions can be drawn about dietary or other changes. Patients with stones in the common bile duct were likely to die from an associated cause. This related mainly to a high mortality rate in women. In patients with established epilepsy the prevalence of gall stones was greater than expected, which suggests that phenobarbitone does not diminish the likelihood of gall stones.
Abstract 453: The S1p2 Receptor Is Expressed In Human Platelets,is Linked To The Rhoa-rho Kinase Pathway And Is Degraded By μ-calpain In Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy, Klaus Badenhoop, Rudi Busse, Ingrid Fleming
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid involved in multiple biological processes; it is stored in platelets and released upon activation. Although S1P is known to exert extracellular effects on platelets such as shape change and aggregation, the receptor that mediates these effects and the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to characterize the S1P receptor expressed in platelets as well as the molecular mechanism underlying S1P-mediated platelet activation and eventual changes associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. We found that washed human platelets from healthy volunteers expressed mainly the S1P2 receptor and to a lesser extent the S1P1 receptor. Stimulation of these platelets with exogenous S1P led to a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium as well as to platelet aggregation. The latter response was accompanied by the translocation of RhoA to the membrane and was inhibited (by 50%, P&lt;0.01) by the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 (1 μmol/L). Neither the PKC inhibitor, Ro-318220, the MAPK inhibitor, PD98059, nor the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin A-23, affected the S1P-mediated platelet aggregation. Serum obtained from patients with type 2 diabetes contained 1.5-fold higher levels (P&lt;0.01) of S1P that from healthy individuals. However, platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated an attenuated aggregability to S1P as well as decreased levels of the S1P2 protein. The latter was found to be a target of the calcium-dependent protease μ-calpain which we found to be highly activated in platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes. Finally, stimulation of platelets from healthy donors with high concentration of S1P led to the activation of μ-calpain. Taken together, our results show that S1P can elicit platelet aggregation by activating the S1P2 receptor and the RhoA-Rho kinase pathway. In platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes, in which the circulating concentration of S1P is elevated, responses to S1P are damped, via a phenomenon that correlates with the activation of μ-calpain and the subsequent degradation of the S1P2 receptor. The latter may represent an auto-protective mechanism against exaggerated platelet activation in diabetes.
The Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction: A Model System for Studying Synaptic Development and Function
Authors: H. Keshishian
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1996)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Pharmacology
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Gemcitabine (Gem) plus celecoxib in advanced pancreatic carcinoma: a phase II study
Authors: G. Marini, E. Simoncini, F. Valcamonico, V. Amoroso, L. Vassalli, G. Rangoni, S. Grisanti, P. Marpicati, G. A. M. Tiberio, V. D. Ferrari
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

4103
Organophosphorous Pesticide Exposure Increases the Frequency of Sperm Sex Null Aneuploidy
Authors: Rogelio Recio, Wendy A. Robbins, Guadalupe Ocampo-Gomez, Victor Borja-Aburto, Javier Moran-Martinez, John R. Froines, Rosa Ma. Garcia Hernandez, Mariano E. Cebrian
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

It has been estimated that 4 of 1,000 live births and 35% of spontaneous abortions are aneuploid and that an important proportion of embryo and newborn aneuploidy is of paternal origin. Exposure to organophosphorous pesticides (OP) has been associated with sperm hyperploidy/polyploidy. Therefore, we aimed to assess the frequency of sperm aneuploidy (X, Y, and 18) and its relationship with urinary OP metabolites in agricultural workers. We performed multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization on samples from nine men obtained before and during the pesticide spraying season to assess sperm aneuploidy. We measured urinary OP metabolite levels by gas-liquid chromatography. Aneuploidies were found in 0.67% of total sperm nuclei. The most frequent aneuploidy was the lack of a sexual chromosome or sex null (0.19%), followed by XY18 (0.15%) and XY18-18 (0.06%). OP metabolites detected at higher concentrations were dimethylthiophosphate, dimethyldithiophosphate, and diethylphosphate (DEP). There were no differences in average aneuploidy frequency or urinary metabolite levels between samples collected before and after exposure. However, Poisson regression analysis adjusted for age, alcohol intake, and sperm concentration showed significant associations between OP metabolite concentrations and increased frequency of sperm aneuploidies. The association was more evident between DEP and sex null, and the risk increased further during the spraying season. Thus, OP exposure could interfere with sperm chromosome segregation and increase the risk for genetic syndromes, such as Turner's. Further studies are required to assess the prevalence of spontaneous abortions, birth defects, and genetic syndromes in agricultural communities.
Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group
Authors: J. M. Seddon
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate the relationships between dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among adults. <h3>Design.</h3> —The multicenter Eye Disease Case-Control Study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Five ophthalmology centers in the United States. <h3>Patients.</h3> —A total of 356 case subjects who were diagnosed with the advanced stage of AMD within 1 year prior to their enrollment, aged 55 to 80 years, and residing near a participating clinical center. The 520 control subjects were from the same geographic areas as case subjects, had other ocular diseases, and were frequency-matched to cases according to age and sex. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The relative risk for AMD was estimated according to dietary indicators of antioxidant status, controlling for smoking and other risk factors, by using multiple logistic-regression analyses. <h3>Results.</h3> —A higher dietary intake of carotenoids was associated with a lower risk for AMD. Adjusting for other risk factors for AMD, we found that those in the highest quintile of carotenoid intake had a 43% lower risk for AMD compared with those in the lowest quintile (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.35 to 0.92;<i>P</i>for trend=.02). Among the specific carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, which are primarily obtained from dark green, leafy vegetables, were most strongly associated with a reduced risk for AMD (<i>P</i>for trend=.001). Several food items rich in carotenoids were inversely associated with AMD. In particular, a higher frequency of intake of spinach or collard greens was associated with a substantially lower risk for AMD (<i>P</i>for trend&lt;.001). The intake of preformed vitamin A (retinol) was not appreciably related to AMD. Neither vitamin E nor total vitamin C consumption was associated with a statistically significant reduced risk for AMD, although a possibly lower risk for AMD was suggested among those with higher intake of vitamin C, particularly from foods. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Increasing the consumption of foods rich in certain carotenoids, in particular dark green, leafy vegetables, may decrease the risk of developing advanced or exudative AMD, the most visually disabling form of macular degeneration among older people. These findings support the need for further studies of this relationship. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:1413-1420)
Is there a role for revascularisation in asymptomatic carotid stenosis? Yes
Authors: M. Roffi
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Marco Roffi </b>thinks revascularisation should be the strategy of choice for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis but <b>J David Spence</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.c4900) argues that all but a tiny minority would do better with medical management
The role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins in the aetiology of cholangiocarcinoma: preliminary results from a case-control study in two UK centres
Authors: R. J. Talboys, N. E. Burr, S. Savva, A. Clark, M. Phillips, M. Metcalfe, A. Dennison, R. Robinson, M. Lewis, M. Rhodes, A. Hart
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has increased worldwide with the mortality remaining high. The aetiology is largely unknown but aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and statins may be protective. The growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells is inhibited in both in vitro and animal models by NSAIDs, which block the Cox-2 enzyme, and also statins inhibit the production of intracellular mediators stimulating the cell cycle. The epidemiological data in this area is minimal with no studies having specifically investigated aspirin or statins in western populations. The aim of this study was to investigate if there was a negative association between these medications and the development of cholangiocarcinoma in two centres in The UK. <h3>Methods</h3> Cases of cholangiocarcinoma were identified in Norwich (years 2004–2010) and Leicester (year 2007) from the multi-disciplinary team meeting cancer clinical databases used at the local hospitals. Inclusion required diagnostic evidence from CT scans and/or histology. Controls were patients with basal cell carcinomas treated in the dermatology departments. The case notes of all subjects were reviewed to obtain information on the use of NSAIDS and aspirin. Data were analysed using unconditional logistic regression to calculate ORs with 95% CIs, adjusted for age and gender. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 77 cases of cholangiocarcinoma (median age at diagnosis of 76 years, range 41–96 years, 51% men) and 251 controls were identified. All patients had radiological evidence of cancer and 29% had histological confirmation, with 85% involving the extrahepatic biliary system. The median survival of all patients was 3.6 months (IQ range 0.9–8.0 months). There was a borderline statistically significant negative association between aspirin use and the occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.07, p=0.08) but no association with NSAID use (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.48 p=0.21) or statins (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.38, p=0.31). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This epidemiological data may support biological evidence for aspirin protecting against the development of cholangiocarcinoma. The work is progressing to identify further subjects to more precisely define the effect size. Aetiological work in other populations is required to determine if the association with aspirin is consistent although its use should currently be measured in aetiological studies of cholangiocarcinoma.
National Conference on Radiation Oncology—1984
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

National Conference on Radiation Oncology—1984 Get access JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 72, Issue 2, February 1984, Page 501, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/72.2.501-a Published: 01 February 1984
THE PASSING OF THREE EX-PRESIDENTS OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Scaling Basic Toxicokinetic Parameters from Rat to Man
Authors: Kenneth Bachmann, David Pardoe, Donald White
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Scaling of the quantified dispositional parameters of xenobiotics from animals to man is of interest from the standpoint of toxicology (e.g., poisoning and risk assessment). Scaling is also important from the standpoint of therapeutics because it represents a strategy for predicting first-use-in-human doses in clinical trials of investigational new drugs. Current strategies for scaling either doses of xenobiotics or the dispositional parameters of xenobiotics from animals to man rely on models that take account principally of species differences in weight or body surface area. Interspecies scaling of dispositional parameters such as clearance or volume of distribution commonly involves the comparison of estimates of these parameters for a given xenobiotic among numerous species on the basis of weight with the resultant mathematical relationship used to predict the values of those parameters for that xenobiotic in a species weighing, on average, about 70 kg (i.e., a man). Our approach has been to ascertain whether a useful mathematical model could be developed for predicting the dispositional parameters of a xenobiotic, its half-life and volume of distribution, in humans based exclusively on estimates of those parameters in rats. Based on a data set of about 100 different xenobiotics, we found that values for half-life and volume of distribution of a xenobiotic in humans can be predicted from the estimates of those parameters in rats.
Generic Nomenclature
Authors: Benjamin B. Wells
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract 4174: Familiality of ovarian cancer histotypes in the Utah Population Database
Authors: Mollie E. Barnard, Nicola J. Camp, Jennifer A. Doherty
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease; each histotype has distinct molecular origins, risk factors and outcomes. While it is well established that ovarian cancer has a familial risk component, the familiality of ovarian cancer histotypes has not been well described. The Utah Population Database (UPDB) captures over 10 million individuals, including more than 5 million with a minimum of three generations of genealogy data. By linking records from the UPDB to the Utah Cancer Registry (UCR) and other statewide data sources, we sought to describe the familiality of ovarian cancer histotypes. Methods: Our study includes all ovarian cancer cases in the UPDB and leverages clinical data reported to UCR for the case histotypes. Cases were matched to controls on age, birth cohort and at least three generations of UPDB data versus not. We quantified familiality by comparing the odds of ovarian cancer occurrence among family members of cases to the odds of ovarian cancer among family members of matched controls. We calculated odds ratios for first-degree relatives, second-degree relatives, and first cousins. Results: As of September 2018, the UPDB included 3,989 ovarian cancer cases. We observed an increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer among first-degree relatives (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.36-1.93), second-degree relatives (OR=1.53, 95%CI=1.34-1.74), and first cousins (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.26-1.53) of ovarian cancer cases. When we analyzed epithelial ovarian cancers by histotype, familiality was most evident for high-grade serous, mucinous, and unclassified cancers. For example, we observed a 1.62-fold increased odds (95%CI=1.14-2.29) of high-grade serous ovarian cancer among the first-degree relatives of high-grade serous cases, and a 5.59-fold increased odds (95%CI=2.09-14.92) of mucinous ovarian cancer among first-degree relatives of mucinous ovarian cancer cases. Familiality patterns were less clear among endometrioid and clear cell cases. Conclusions: The UPDB has the potential to contribute greatly to family-based studies of the genetics of ovarian cancer histotypes. Despite the possible variations in quality of histotype data across generations, preliminary results suggest some histotypes may be particularly familial and good candidates for gene mapping studies. Work is ongoing to refine the histotype assignments for cases by performing pathology review using the 2014 World Health Organization guidelines. Analyses are also in progress to stratify analyses by BRCA mutation status, and to consider the potential for shared familiality across ovarian cancer histotypes and with cancers at other sites. Citation Format: Mollie E. Barnard, Nicola J. Camp, Jennifer A. Doherty. Familiality of ovarian cancer histotypes in the Utah Population Database [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4174.