Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis C diagnosis in Brazil: Is the global hepatitis C elimination strategy at risk?
Authors: Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo, Carlos Dornels Freire de Souza
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2021)

Impact of COVID-19 on global HCV elimination effortsJournal of HepatologyVol. 74Issue 1PreviewCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed a significant strain on national healthcare systems at a critical moment in the context of hepatitis elimination. Mathematical models can be used to evaluate the possible impact of programmatic delays on hepatitis disease burden. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the incremental change in HCV liver-related deaths and liver cancer, following a 3-month, 6-month, or 1-year hiatus in hepatitis elimination programs. Full-Text PDF We have read with interest the article by Blach et al. evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on global hepatitis C elimination efforts. A delay in elimination programs will be associated with an increase in global morbidity and mortality related to hepatitis C over the next 10 years.1Blach S. Kondili L.A. Aghemo A. Cai Z. Dugan E. Estes C. et al.Impact of COVID-19 on global HCV elimination efforts.J Hepatol. 2021; 74: 31-36https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2020.07.042Google Scholar The emergence of the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, at the end of 2019, placed great pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. In Brazil, the first case of COVID-19 was registered on February 26, 2020;2Candido D.D.S. Watts A. Abade L. Kraemer M.U.G. Pybus O.G. Croda J. et al.Routes for COVID-19 importation in Brazil.J Travel Med. 2020; 27: 1-3https://doi.org/10.1093/JTM/TAAA042Google Scholar since then, the country has been one of the main pandemic epicenters, ranking third in number of cases and second in number of deaths worldwide.3Johns Hopkins University [homepage on the Internet]. COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center n.d. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed July 23, 2021).Google Scholar Due to the pandemic, the actions of surveillance and control programs for infectious diseases in Brazil have been severely affected, leading to the regression of achievements made in recent years.4De Souza C.D.F. Coutinho H.S. Costa M.M. Magalhães M.A.F.M. Carmo R.F. Impact of COVID-19 on TB diagnosis in Northeastern Brazil.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020; 24: 1220-1222https://doi.org/10.5588/IJTLD.20.0661Google Scholar These include the viral hepatitis control program, which, in accordance with the World Health Organization, in 2018, launched a plan to eliminate hepatitis C by 2030. Some countries have already indicated significant impacts on diagnosis of new cases of hepatitis as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.5Buti M. Domínguez-Hernández R. Casado M.A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCV elimination in Spain.J Hepatol. 2021; 74: 1246-1248https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2020.12.018Google Scholar,6Sonneveld M.J. Veldhuijzen I.K. van de Laar T.J.W. de Coul ELM Op van der Meer A.J. Decrease in viral hepatitis diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands.J Hepatol. 2021; (0)https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2021.04.015Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (10) Google Scholar Our objective, therefore, was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and number of cases of hepatitis C in Brazil. We conducted a time series study, involving all confirmed cases of hepatitis C registered in Brazil between January 2015 and December 2020. The period from 2015 to 2019 was used to calculate the expected number of cases of hepatitis C for the year 2020. Data were extracted from the Department of Chronic Conditions and Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Brazilian Ministry of Health,7Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde.Departamento de Doenças de Condições Crônicas e Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Indicadores Hepatites - DCCI n.d. http://indicadoreshepatites.aids.gov.br/ (accessed July 23, 2021).Google Scholar and data on COVID-19 were extracted from the CoVida network.8Rede CoVida – Ciência, Informação e Solidariedade n.d. https://redecovida.org/ (accessed July 23, 2021).Google Scholar For analysis, an adaptation of the P score was applied,9Ritchie H. Ortiz-Ospina E. Beltekian D. Mathieu E. Hasell J. Macdonald B. et al.Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World Data, 2020Google Scholar considering the following equation:P−Score=No.ofHCVcasesin2020(pandemicyear)−ExpectedHCVcasenumbersin2020ExpectedHCVcasenumbersin2020x100where: The expected value of the event is calculated considering the average of the past 5 years, prior to the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic (2015 to 2019), as recommended.9Ritchie H. Ortiz-Ospina E. Beltekian D. Mathieu E. Hasell J. Macdonald B. et al.Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World Data, 2020Google Scholar The results are expressed as percentages, where positive values indicate excess, and negative values indicate a decrease in the number of cases. Between 2015 and 2020, 129,499 new cases of hepatitis C were diagnosed in Brazil, 56.4% of which were in males (n = 73,068). In 2020, 24,043 new cases were expected (incidence of 13.2/100,000 inhabitants). However, only 9,286 (5.2/100,000) were diagnosed. This represents a 61.4% decrease in the number of diagnoses and a 62.0% decrease in the incidence rate. A total of 14,700 individuals were not diagnosed in 2020. Females showed the greatest drop in the number of new diagnosed cases (number of cases: −63.5%; incidence rate: −64.0%) (Fig. 1A,B). In relation to regions of Brazil, impacts were greatest in the Southeast Region (number of cases: −68.4%; incidence rate: −69.1%). In females, there was a 70.8% decrease in the number of cases diagnosed and a 71.5% decrease in the incidence rate. These results indicate that approximately 4,600 men and 3,900 women with hepatitis C in the Southeast Region went undiagnosed (Fig. 1C) On the municipal level, a decrease in the number of diagnoses was observed in 3,211 municipalities, accounting for 85.5% of the notifying municipalities, i.e., excluding those that did not report any cases during the period from 2015 to 2020 (n = 1,808; 32.5%). The 545 municipalities with an increased number of diagnoses have small populations and accounted for only 2.6% (n = 3,332) of cases during the entire period (Fig. 1D). Due to the pandemic, health services have had to reallocate professionals and suspend outpatient care and surgeries in order to meet the growing demand stemming from severe acute respiratory syndrome. Moreover, due to fears of contracting COVID-19 at health services, patients have delayed seeking medical care when symptoms appear or when they have been exposed to risk factors. As a result of these changes, there have been negative impacts on surveillance programs and detection of new cases of several diseases.4De Souza C.D.F. Coutinho H.S. Costa M.M. Magalhães M.A.F.M. Carmo R.F. Impact of COVID-19 on TB diagnosis in Northeastern Brazil.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020; 24: 1220-1222https://doi.org/10.5588/IJTLD.20.0661Google Scholar,10Matos T.S. do Nascimento V.A. do Carmo R.F. Fernandes T.R.M.O. de Souza C.D.F. da Silva T.F.A. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of new leprosy cases in Northeastern Brazil, 2020.Int J Dermatol. 2021; 60: 1003-1006https://doi.org/10.1111/IJD.15705Google Scholar If the challenges to eliminating hepatitis C were momentous before the pandemic, this plan has now become even more challenging. The COVID-19 pandemic has jeopardized the Brazilian plan for eliminating hepatitis C by 2030. Thus, it is crucial, along with advances in COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil, to concentrate efforts on controlling hepatitis C throughout the country, focusing on diagnosis and treatment of new cases. The authors received no financial support to produce this manuscript. R.F.C and C.D.F.S conceived the study, carried out the analysis and drafted the manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest that pertain to this work. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details. The following are the supplementary data to this article: Download .pdf (.29 MB) Help with pdf files Multimedia component 1