tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Myeloid Mutations in Patients with Elevated Hemoglobin
Authors: Pratibha Bhai, Benjamin Chin-Yee, Ian Cheong, Maxim Matyashin, Michael A. Levy, Jenny Ho, Alejandro Lazo-Langner, Aidin Foroutan, Alan Stuart, Cyrus C. Hsia, Hanxin Lin, Ian Chin-Yee, Bekim Sadikovic
Journal: Blood (2021)
Abstract 10679: Tissue-to-Arterial Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure Gradient as a Useful Measure for Monitoring Tissue Perfusion in a Pig Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation
Authors: Yusuke Endo, Lance B Becker, Ryosuke Takegawa, Santiago J Miyara, Ernesto P Molmenti, Kei Hayashida
Journal: Circulation (2021)

Introduction: Transcutaneous CO 2 (tcPCO 2 ) and arterial CO 2 (artPCO 2 ) become decoupled during shock. Aim: To test the hypotheses the gradient between tcPCO 2 and artPCO 2 (tc-artPCO 2 ) can be an early, sensitive measure to detect inadequate tissue perfusion in a pig model of hemorrhage shock. Methods: Six female pigs were used. A transcutaneous monitor was attached to the ear for measuring transcutaneous O 2 (tcPO 2 ) and tcPCO 2 . Pulmonary artery catheter and the pulse index continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) were instrumented for monitoring a variety of hemodynamic parameters. To induce massive hemorrhagic shock, blood was withdrawn stepwisely. Then, animals were resuscitated in stages with transfusions of the stored blood. The parameters were measured at the timings of 10, 20, and 30 ml/kg of blood withdrawals and the completions of 10, 20, and 30 ml/kg of blood transfusion . Levels of systemic oxygen delivery (DO 2 ) were also calculated at all measurement points. Results: Hemorrhage and blood transfusion impacted hemodynamic and laboratory data, such as cardiac output (CO), stroke volume, MAP, heart rate, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, global end-diastolic volume, hemoglobin, and arterial lactate. The tc-artPCO 2 markedly increased as CO decreased ( Figure A ). The critical level of DO 2 (DO 2crit ) was defined as 11.72 ml/kg/min according to tcPO 2 (a threshold as 30 mmHg). There was significant correlation between tc-artPCO 2 and DO 2 (r = -0.83, P&lt;.0001). ROC analyses revealed that the AUCs to predict DO 2crit for tc-artPCO 2 , shock index (SI), and lactate were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87-1.00), 0.78 (0.63-0.93), and 0.65 (0.47-0.82), respectively. The AUC for tc-artPCO 2 was greater with respect to the prediction of DO 2crit than for SI (P&lt;.05) ( Figure B ). Conclusions: The tc-artPCO 2 strongly correlated with CO and DO 2 during hemorrhage shock and resuscitation. The less-invasive tc-artPCO 2 monitoring can sensitively detect systemic inadequate O2 supply in hemorrhagic shock.
Combined berberine and probiotic treatment as an effective regimen for improving postprandial hyperlipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients: a double blinded placebo controlled randomized study
Authors: Shujie Wang, Huahui Ren, Huanzi Zhong, Xinjie Zhao, Changkun Li, Jing Ma, Xuejiang Gu, Yaoming Xue, Shan Huang, Jialin Yang, Li Chen, Gang Chen, Shen Qu, Jun Liang, Li Qin, Qin Huang, Yongde Peng, Qi Li, Xiaolin Wang, Yuanqiang Zou, Zhun Shi, Xuelin Li, Tingting Li, Huanming Yang, Shenghan Lai, Guowang Xu, Junhua Li, Yifei Zhang, Yanyun Gu, Weiqing Wang
Journal: Gut Microbes (2021)

Non-fasting lipidemia (nFL), mainly contributed by postprandial lipidemia (PL), has recently been recognized as an important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as fasting lipidemia (FL). PL serves as a common feature of dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), albeit effective therapies targeting on PL were limited. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether the therapy combining probiotics (Prob) and berberine (BBR), a proven antidiabetic and hypolipidemic regimen via altering gut microbiome, could effectively reduce PL in T2D and to explore the underlying mechanism. Blood PL (120 min after taking 100 g standard carbohydrate meal) was examined in 365 participants with T2D from the Probiotics and BBR on the Efficacy and Change of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (PREMOTE study), a random, placebo-controlled, and multicenter clinical trial. Prob+BBR was superior to BBR or Prob alone in improving postprandial total cholesterol (pTC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (pLDLc) levels with decrement of multiple species of postprandial lipidomic metabolites after 3 months follow-up. This effect was linked to the changes of fecal Bifidobacterium breve level responding to BBR alone or Prob+BBR treatment. Four fadD genes encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase were identified in the genome of this B. breve strain, and transcriptionally activated by BBR. In vitro BBR treatment further decreased the concentration of FFA in the culture medium of B. breve compared to vehicle. Thus, the activation of fadD by BBR could enhance FFA import and mobilization in B. breve and diliminish the intraluminal lipids for absorption to mediate the effect of Prob+BBR on PL. Our study confirmed that BBR and Prob (B. breve) could exert a synergistic hypolipidemic effect on PL, acting as a gut lipid sink to achieve better lipidemia and CVD risk control in T2D.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Positivity in Patients With Acral Lentiginous and Other Subtypes of Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Shayan Cheraghlou, Nelson Ugwu, Michael Girardi
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a rare subtype of malignant melanoma typically occurring on the palmar and plantar surfaces. Although it has distinctive genetic, prognostic, and behavioral characteristics relative to cutaneous melanomas overall, owing to its rarity, treatment is largely guided by data extrapolated from more common subtypes. Although sentinel lymph node (SLN) status has been shown to be a significant prognostic factor for ALM, the independent effect of ALM-subtype disease on the likelihood of SLN positivity and the stage-specific positivity rates for ALM are not well characterized. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the association of ALM with SLN status as well as to characterize the clinical stage-specific rates of SLN positivity for ALM based on the<i>AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, </i>8th edition (AJCC-8). <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> The National Cancer Database (NCDB) includes all reportable cases from Commission on Cancer accredited facilities and represents approximately 50% of all newly diagnosed melanoma cases in the US. This retrospective cohort study included cases of<i>AJCC-8</i>clinical stage I to II melanomas from the NCDB diagnosed from 2012 to 2015. The analysis took place between April 2021 and September 2021. <h3>Exposures</h3> Melanoma histopathologic subtype. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Sentinel lymph node status. <h3>Results</h3> We identified 60 148 patients with malignant melanomas, 959 of whom had ALM-subtype disease. Among patients in the cohort, 25 550 (42.5%) were women and the mean (SD) age was 64 (16) years. Multivariable logistic regression controlling for demographic and histopathologic characteristics revealed that ALM was independently associated with the highest risk for SLN positivity among included subtypes (vs superficial spreading melanoma: odds ratio, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.59-2.28). Subgroup analysis by AJCC clinical stage demonstrated that ALM was independently associated with the highest risk for SLN positivity for both stage IB and II disease. The rate of SLN positivity for patients with stage IB and II ALM was 18.39% (95% CI, 13.82%-24.03%) and 39.53% (34.98%-44.26%), respectively. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this cohort study ALM was independently associated with SLN positivity and had relatively high positivity rates at clinical stage IB and II. This suggests that SLNB should be encouraged for all patients with clinical stage IB and II ALM, and such patients should receive appropriate counseling about the higher regional metastatic risk of their cancers. Future work with a larger cohort is required to elucidate the risk of SLN positivity for stage IA ALM.
Wendy Leigh Thomson
Authors: H A Thomson
Journal: BMJ (2021)

We present the case of a young female with symptoms of biliary colic and a biochemical profile consistent with biliary obstruction. Imaging was suspicious for Mirizzi’s syndrome. Intraoperatively, the patient was found to have a complete intrahepatic gallbladder causing common hepatic duct compression with final pathology confirming acute cholecystitis. We review the embryological development of the gallbladder as well as clinical presentation of Mirizzi’s syndrome. Special consideration for clinical workup and surgical management is discussed.
Error in Figure
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

Farrokh Habibzadeh, MD; Mohammad M. Sajadi, MD; Konstantin Chumakov, PhD; Mahboobeh Yadollahie, MD; Shyamasundaran Kottilil, MD, PhD; Ashraf Simi, BScN; Kristen Stafford, PhD; Saeid Saeidimehr, MD; Mohammad Rafiei, MD; Robert C. Gallo, MD
Association Between Antimicrobial Prophylaxis With Double-Dose Cefuroxime and Surgical Site Infections in Patients Weighing 80 kg or More
Authors: Rami Sommerstein, Andrew Atkinson, Stefan P. Kuster, Danielle Vuichard-Gysin, Stephan Harbarth, Nicolas Troillet, Andreas F. Widmer, Carlo Balmelli, Marie-Christine Eisenring, Jonas Marschall, Didier Pittet, Hugo Sax, Matthias Schlegel, Alexander Schweiger, Laurence Senn, Sarah Tschudin-Sutter, Giorgio Zanetti, Walter Zingg
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Many guidelines recommend a weight-adopted dose increase of cefuroxime for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP). However, the evidence that this approach is associated with lower rates of surgical site infection (SSI) is limited. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess whether double-dose cefuroxime SAP was associated with a decreased SSI rate in patients weighing at least 80 kg. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This cohort study included adult patients (&gt;18 years) weighing at least 80 kg who underwent 9 major surgical procedures with a cefuroxime SAP administration from the Swissnoso SSI surveillance system between January 2015 and December 2019 at 142 Swiss hospitals. The follow-up was 30 days for all surgical procedures and 1 year for implant-related operations. <h3>Exposures</h3> Cefuroxime SAP dose (1.5 vs 3.0 g). <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Overall SSI. A mixed-effects logistic regression adjusted for institutional, epidemiological, and perioperative variables was applied. Results were stratified by weight categories as well as by wound contamination classes. <h3>Results</h3> Of 41 076 eligible patients, 37 640 were included, with 22 625 (60.1%) men and a median (IQR) age of 61.9 (49.9-71.1) years. The outcome SSI was met by 1203 patients (3.2%). Double-dose cefuroxime was administered to 13 246 patients (35.2%) and was not significantly associated with a lower SSI rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.78-1.02;<i>P</i> = .10). After stratification by weight category, double-dose SAP vs single-dose SAP was associated with lower SSI rates among 16 605 patients weighing at least 80 to less than 90 kg (aOR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.97;<i>P</i> = .02) but not in the other weight categories (≥90 to &lt;100 kg, 10 342 patients: aOR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.87-1.47;<i>P</i> = .37; ≥100 to &lt;120 kg, 8099 patients: aOR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.76-1.30;<i>P</i> = .96; ≥120 kg, 2594 patients: aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-1.04;<i>P</i> = .06). After stratification by contamination class, double-dose SAP was associated with lower SSI rates among 1946 patients with contaminated wounds (aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.84;<i>P</i> = .008) but not those with clean wounds (25 680 patients; aOR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.76-1.12;<i>P</i> = .44) or clean-contaminated wounds (10 014 patients; aOR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.73-1.12;<i>P</i> = .37) compared with a single dose. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this study, double-dose SAP with cefuroxime for patients weighing at least 80 kg was not consistently associated with a lower SSI rate.
Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application
Authors: Manni Wang, Siyuan Chen, Danyi Ao
Journal: MedComm (2021)

Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
Percentage Incorrect in 2 Places
Journal: JAMA (2021)

Mikael Norman, MD; Lars Navér, MD; Jonas Söderling, PhD; Mia Ahlberg, PhD; Helena Hervius Askling, MD; Bernice Aronsson, MD; Emma Byström, MSc; Jerker Jonsson, MD; Verena Sengpiel, MD; Jonas F. Ludvigsson, MD; Stellan Håkansson, MD; Olof Stephansson, MD
Empirical Second-Line Therapy in 5000 Patients of the European Registry on Helicobacter pylori Management (Hp-EuReg)
Authors: Olga P. Nyssen, Dino Vaira, Ángeles Pérez Aísa, Luis Rodrigo, Manuel Castro-Fernandez, Laimas Jonaitis, Bojan Tepes, Liudmila Vologzhanina, María Caldas, Angel Lanas, Alfredo J. Lucendo, Luis Bujanda, Juan Ortuño, Jesús Barrio, Jose M. Huguet, Irina Voynovan, Jorge Perez Lasala, Aiman Silkanovna Sarsenbaeva, Luis Fernandez-Salazar, Javier Molina-Infante, Natasa Brglez Jurecic, Miguel Areia, Antonio Gasbarrini, Juozas Kupčinskas, Dmitry Bordin, Ricardo Marcos-Pinto, Frode Lerang, Marcis Leja, Gyorgy M. Buzas, Yaron Niv, Theodore Rokkas, Perminder Phull, Sinead Smith, Oleg Shvets, Marino Venerito, Vladimir Milivojevic, Ilkay Simsek, Vincent Lamy, Peter Bytzer, Lyudmila Boyanova, Lumír Kunovský, Christoph Beglinger, Michael Doulberis, Wojciech Marlicz, Adrian Goldis, Ante Tonkić, Lisette Capelle, Ignasi Puig, Francis Megraud, Colm O’ Morain, Javier P. Gisbert, Giulia Fiorinni, Ilaria Maria Saracino, Manuel Pabon Carrasco, Alma Keco Huerga, Enrique Alfaro Almajano, Samuel Jesus Martinez Dominguez, Horacio Alonso Galan, Benito Velayos, Carmen Dueñas Sadornil, Jose Maria Botargues Bote, Pedro Luis Gonzalez-Cordero, Miguel Areia, Blas Jose Gomez Rodriguez, Rinaldo Pellicano, Óscar Nuñez, Francesco Franceschi, Sergey Alekseenko, Monica Perona, Rustam Abdulkhakov, Manuel Dominguez-Cajal, Pedro Almela Notari, Judith Gomez Camarero, Manuel Jimenez Moreno, Alicia Algaba, Fernando Bermejo, Jose Maria Botargues Bote, Javier Tejedor Tejada, Elida Oblitas Susanibar, Doron Boltin, Sotirios Georgopoulos, Colm OMorain, Asghar Qasim, Ian Beales, Natalia Bakulina, Galina Fadeenko, Peter Malfertheiner, Rosa Rosania, Tatiana Ilchishina, Pavel Bogomolov, Igor Bakulin, Oleg Zaytsev, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina, Marco Romano, Alfredo Di Leo, Giuseppe Losurdo, Ludmila Grigorieva, Pedro Delgado Guillena, Marinko Marusic, Dragan Jurcic, Natalia Nikolaevna Dekhnich, Eduardo Iyo, Luisa Carmen de la Peña Negro, Natalia Baryshnikova, Natalia Bakanova, Halis Simsek, Cem Simsek, Oleksiy Gridnyev, Miguel Fernandez-Bermejo, Teresa Angueira, Rafael Ruiz-Zorrilla Lopez, Barbara Gomez, Mila Kovacheva-Slavova, Adi Lahat, Javier Alcedo, Ana Campillo, Liya Nikolaevna Belousova, Ramon Pajares Villarroya, Neven Ljubicic, Marko Nikolic, Jesús M. González-Santiago, Diego Burgos Santamaría, Anna Pakhomova, Izabela Sekulic-Spasic, Matteo Ghisa, Fabio Farinati, Sabir Irfan Sagdati, Nikola Panic, Frederic Heluwaert, Edurne Amorena, Leticia Moreira, Gloria Fernandez Esparrach, Ekaterina Yuryevna Plotnikova, Michal Kukla, Victor Kamburov, Luis Javier Lamuela Calvo, Ivan Rankovic, Antonio Cuadrado Lavín, Yolanda Arguedas Lazaro, Victor Gonzalez Carrera Agnieszka Dobrowolska, Piotr Eder, Alla Kononova
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2021)
Abstract 13686: Variation in Time in Therapeutic Range for Cooling for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kevin M Wheelock, Lian Chen, Saket Girotra, Paul S Chan, Rohan Khera
Journal: Circulation (2021)

Introduction: For comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), targeted temperature management (TTM) is strongly recommended with a goal temperature of 32-36C for a period of at least 24 hours. However, adherence to this target in clinical practice remains unknown. We developed time-in-therapeutic range (TTR) as a treatment metric for patients receiving TTM and evaluated patient- and site-level variation in TTR. Methods: We used data from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-CCC trial which included patients with OHCA across 10 North American sites during 2011-2015. We identified patients who underwent TTM for &gt;12 hours. Serial temperature measures were evaluated between hypothermia start and end times with temperatures between consecutive measures imputed using a linear interpolation method. TTR was defined as percent of time between 32C and 36C during TTM (Fig A). Site was defined based on trial clusters, which represented hospitals served by the same EMS agency. Site-level variation in TTR&lt;90% was evaluated in hierarchical logistic regression using median odds ratio (OR), after adjustment for patient-level factors. Results: A total of 2,695 patients across 49 clusters were included with a median of 45 (IQR: 34 - 52) patients per cluster. The median duration of hypothermia was 23 (IQR: 21 - 24) hours with a median time outside therapeutic range of 0.9 (IQR: 0.0 - 4.2) hours. The median TTR was 96.1% but 1,654 (61%) patients had at least one temperature outside the therapeutic range and 991 (37%) patients had a TTR &lt;90%. There was large variation across sites in the proportion of patients with TTR&lt;90%, ranging from 10% to 68%, with a median OR of 1.74 (Fig B). Conclusions: Within a large randomized controlled trial, more than 1 in 3 OHCA patients treated with TTM had a TTR &lt;90%, with large variation in TTR across sites. These findings highlight an urgent need to focus on improving quality of TTM in clinical practice.
Impact of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Symptoms and Quality of Life
Authors: Joelle BouSaba, Wassel Sannaa, Sanna McKinzie, Priya Vijayvargiya, Victor Chedid, Xiao Jing Wang, Jessica Atieh, Ting Zheng, Justin Brandler, Ann L. Taylor, Irene Busciglio, W. Scott Harmsen, Michael Camilleri
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2021)
High selenium levels associate with reduced risk of mortality and new‐onset heart failure: data from <scp>PREVEND</scp>
Authors: Ali A. Al‐Mubarak, Niels Grote Beverborg, Navin Suthahar, Ron T. Gansevoort, Stephan J.L. Bakker, Daan J. Touw, Rudolf A. de Boer, Peter van der Meer, Nils Bomer
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2021)
Doppler Ultrasound and Computed Tomography Angiography Application in Planning of Lower Extremities Perforator Flaps for the Reconstruction of Acquired Maxillofacial Defects (Case Report)
Authors: A. A. Trefilov, E. V. Kryukov, V. N. Troyan, S. V. Tereshchuk, V. A. Suharev, I. A. Aseeva, E. V. Gaydukova
Journal: Radiology - Practice (2021)

The study describes a clinical case of preoperative planning of an anterolateral femur perforator flap and a peroneal autograft to eliminate a maxillofacial defect. During preparation for the surgery, an anatomical feature of the structure of both extremities circulatory system was found, which did not allow full use of the donor area tissues for subsequent surgical intervention. This feature was identified by Doppler ultrasound, but the final picture became clear only due to the study by computed tomography angiography.
2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Michael H Le, Yee Hui Yeo, Xiaohe Li, Jie Li, Biyao Zou, Yuankai Wu, Qing Ye, Daniel Q Huang, Changqing Zhao, Jie Zhang, Chenxi Liu, Na Chang, Feng Xing, Shiping Yan, Zi Hui Wan, Natasha Sook Yee Tang, Maeda Mayumi, Xinting Liu, Chuanli Liu, Fajuan Rui, Hongli Yang, Yao Yang, Ruichun Jin, Richard H X Le, Yayun Xu, David M Le, Scott Barnett, Christopher Donald Stave, Ramsey Cheung, Qiang Zhu, Mindie H Nguyen
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2021)
Nicotine Pouch Unit Sales in the US From 2016 to 2020—Reply
Authors: Kristy Marynak, Sherry Emery, Brian A. King
Journal: JAMA (2021)

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Distinct exhaustion features of T lymphocytes shape the tumor-immune microenvironment with therapeutic implication in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Chang Gon Kim, Gamin Kim, Kyung Hwan Kim, Seyeon Park, Sunhye Shin, Dahee Yeo, Hyo Sup Shim, Hong In Yoon, Seong Yong Park, Sang-Jun Ha, Hye Ryun Kim
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2021)

Background Reinvigoration of T-cell exhaustion with antibodies has shown promising efficacy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the characteristics of T-cell exhaustion with regard to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are poorly elucidated in NSCLC. Here, we investigated the exhaustion status of TILs in NSCLC patients at the intraindividual and interindividual levels. Methods We obtained paired peripheral blood, normal adjacent tissues, peritumoral tissues, and tumor tissues from 96 NSCLC patients. Features of T-cell exhaustion were analyzed by flow cytometry. T cells were categorized according to their programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression (PD-1 high , PD-1 int , and PD-1 neg cells). Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of discrete PD-1 high CD8 + TILs. Production of effector cytokines by CD8 + TILs was measured after T-cell stimulation with or without antibodies against immune checkpoint receptors. Results Progressive T-cell exhaustion with marked expression of exhaustion-related markers and diminished production of effector cytokines was observed in PD-1 high CD8 + TILs compared with PD-1 int and PD-1 neg CD8 + TILs. Patients with distinct PD-1 high CD8 + TILs (PD-1 high expressers) exhibited characteristics associated with a favorable anti-PD-1 response compared with those without these lymphocytes (non-PD-1 high expressers). Combined inhibition of dual immune checkpoint receptors further restored effector cytokine production by CD8 + TILs following T-cell stimulation. PD-1 high CD8 + T lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood and tumors were significantly correlated. Conclusions T-cell exhaustion was differentially regulated among individual patients and was prominent in a subgroup of NSCLC patients who may benefit from PD-1 blockade or combined blockade of other immune checkpoint receptors.