Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health
Authors: Lukoye Atwoli, Abdullah H Baqui, Thomas Benfield, Raffaella Bosurgi, Fiona Godlee, Stephen Hancocks, Richard Horton, Laurie Laybourn-Langton, Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Ian Norman, Kirsten Patrick, Nigel Praities, Marcel G M Olde Rikkert, Eric J Rubin, Peush Sahni, Richard Smith, Nicholas J Talley, Sue Turale, Damián Vázquez
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2021)

The UN General Assembly in September, 2021, will bring countries together at a critical time for marshalling collective action to tackle the global environmental crisis. They will meet again at the biodiversity summit in Kunming, China, and the UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow, UK. Ahead of these pivotal meetings, we—the editors of health journals worldwide—call for urgent action to keep average global temperature increases below 1·5°C, halt the destruction of nature, and protect health. Health is already being harmed by global temperature increases and the destruction of the natural world, a state of affairs health professionals have been bringing attention to for decades.1World Medical AssociationInternational Council of NursesISDE International, et alIn support of a #HealthyRecovery.https://healthyrecovery.netDate: May 26, 2020Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar The science is unequivocal; a global increase of 1·5°C above the pre-industrial average and the continued loss of biodiversity risk catastrophic harm to health that will be impossible to reverse.2Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSummary for policymakers. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 3Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesSummary for policymakers: the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdfDate: 2019Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar Despite the world's necessary preoccupation with COVID-19, we cannot wait for the pandemic to pass to rapidly reduce emissions. Reflecting the severity of the moment, this Comment appears in health journals across the world. We are united in recognising that only fundamental and equitable changes to societies will reverse our current trajectory. The risks to health of increases above 1·5°C are now well established.2Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSummary for policymakers. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar Indeed, no temperature rise is "safe". In the past 20 years, heat-related mortality among people older than 65 years has increased by more than 50%.4Watts N Amann M Arnell N et al.The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises.Lancet. 2021; 397: 129-170Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (801) Google Scholar Higher temperatures have brought increased dehydration and renal function loss, dermatological malignancies, tropical infections, adverse mental health outcomes, pregnancy complications, allergies, and cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity and mortality.5Rocque RJ Beaudoin C Ndjaboue R et al.Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews.BMJ Open. 2021; 11e046333Crossref PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar, 6Haines A Ebi K The imperative for climate action to protect health.N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 263-273Crossref PubMed Scopus (436) Google Scholar Harms disproportionately affect the most vulnerable, including children, older populations, ethnic minorities, poorer communities, and those with underlying health problems.2Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSummary for policymakers. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 4Watts N Amann M Arnell N et al.The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises.Lancet. 2021; 397: 129-170Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (801) Google Scholar Global heating is also contributing to the decline in global yield potential for major crops, falling by 1·8–5·6% since 1981; this, together with the effects of extreme weather and soil depletion, is hampering efforts to reduce undernutrition.4Watts N Amann M Arnell N et al.The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises.Lancet. 2021; 397: 129-170Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (801) Google Scholar Thriving ecosystems are essential to human health, and the widespread destruction of nature, including habitats and species, is eroding water and food security and increasing the chance of pandemics.3Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesSummary for policymakers: the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services.https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdfDate: 2019Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 7UN Environment ProgrammeInternational Livestock Research InstitutePreventing the next pandemic: zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission.https://72d37324-5089-459c-8f70-271d19427cf2.filesusr.com/ugd/056cf4_b5b2fc067f094dd3b2250cda15c47acd.pdfDate: 2020Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 8Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSummary for policymakers. Climate change and land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems.https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/Date: 2019Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar The consequences of the environmental crisis fall disproportionately on those countries and communities that have contributed least to the problem and are least able to mitigate the harms. Yet no country, no matter how wealthy, can shield itself from these impacts. Allowing the consequences to fall disproportionately on the most vulnerable will breed more conflict, food insecurity, forced displacement, and zoonotic disease—with severe implications for all countries and communities. As with the COVID-19 pandemic, we are globally as strong as our weakest member. Rises above 1·5°C increase the chance of reaching tipping points in natural systems that could lock the world into an acutely unstable state. This would critically impair our ability to mitigate harms and to prevent catastrophic, runaway environmental change.9Lenton TM Rockström J Gaffney O et al.Climate tipping points—too risky to bet against.Nature. 2019; 575: 592-595Crossref PubMed Scopus (869) Google Scholar, 10Wunderling N Donges JF Kurths J Winkelmann R Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming.Earth Syst Dynam. 2021; 12: 601-619Crossref Scopus (170) Google Scholar Encouragingly, many governments, financial institutions, and businesses are setting targets to reach net-zero emissions, including targets for 2030. The cost of renewable energy is dropping rapidly. Many countries are aiming to protect at least 30% of the world's land and oceans by 2030.11High Ambition Coalition.https://www.hacfornatureandpeople.orgDate: 2021Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar These promises are not enough. Targets are easy to set and hard to achieve. They are yet to be matched with credible short-term and longer-term plans to accelerate cleaner technologies and transform societies. Emissions reduction plans do not adequately incorporate health considerations.12Global Climate and Health AllianceAre national climate commitments enough to protect our health?.https://climateandhealthalliance.org/initiatives/healthy-ndcs/ndc-scorecards/Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar Concern is growing that temperature rises above 1·5°C are beginning to be seen as inevitable, or even acceptable, to powerful members of the global community.13Thunberg G Neubauer L Charlier A et al.Climate strikers: open letter to EU leaders on why their new climate law is "surrender". Carbon Brief.https://www.carbonbrief.org/climate-strikers-open-letter-to-eu-leaders-on-why-their-new-climate-law-is-surrenderDate: March 3, 2020Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar Relatedly, current strategies for reducing emissions to net zero by the middle of the 21st century implausibly assume that the world will acquire great capabilities to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.14Fajardy M Köberle A MacDowell N Fantuzzi A BECCS deployment: a reality check. Grantham Institute briefing paper 28.https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/grantham-institute/public/publications/briefing-papers/BECCS-deployment-a-reality-check.pdfDate: January, 2019Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 15Anderson K Peters G The trouble with negative emissions.Science. 2016; 354: 182-183Crossref PubMed Scopus (715) Google Scholar This insufficient action means that temperature increases are likely to be well in excess of 2°C,16Climate action tracker.https://climateactiontracker.orgDate: 2021Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar a catastrophic outcome for health and environmental stability. Crucially, the destruction of nature does not have parity of esteem with the climate element of the crisis, and every single global target to restore biodiversity loss by 2020 was missed.17Secretariat of the Convention on Biological DiversityGlobal biodiversity outlook 5.https://www.cbd.int/gbo5Date: 2020Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar This is an overall environmental crisis.18Steffen W Richardson K Rockström J et al.Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet.Science. 2015; 3471259855Crossref PubMed Scopus (5853) Google Scholar Health professionals are united with environmental scientists, businesses, and many others in rejecting that this outcome is inevitable. More can and must be done now—in Glasgow and Kunming—and in the immediate years that follow. We join health professionals worldwide who have already supported calls for rapid action.1World Medical AssociationInternational Council of NursesISDE International, et alIn support of a #HealthyRecovery.https://healthyrecovery.netDate: May 26, 2020Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 19UK Health AllianceOur calls for action.http://www.ukhealthalliance.org/cop26/Date: 2021Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar Equity must be at the centre of the global response. Contributing a fair share to the global effort means that reduction commitments must account for the cumulative, historical contribution each country has made to emissions, as well as its current emissions and capacity to respond. Wealthier countries will have to cut emissions more quickly, making reductions by 2030 beyond those currently proposed20Climate Action TrackerWarming projections global update.https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/853/CAT_2021-05-04_Briefing_Global-Update_Climate-Summit-Momentum.pdfDate: May 2021Date accessed: August 17, 2021Google Scholar, 21UN Environment ProgrammeEmissions gap report 2020. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi2020Google Scholar and reaching net-zero emissions before 2050. Similar targets and emergency action are needed for biodiversity loss and the wider destruction of the natural world. To achieve these targets, governments must make fundamental changes to how our societies and economies are organised and how we live. The current strategy of encouraging markets to swap dirty for cleaner technologies is not enough. Governments must intervene to support the redesign of transport systems, cities, production and distribution of food, markets for financial investments, health systems, and much more. Global coordination is needed to ensure that the rush for cleaner technologies does not come at the cost of more environmental destruction and human exploitation. Many governments met the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic with unprecedented funding. The environmental crisis demands a similar emergency response. Huge investment will be needed, beyond what is being considered or delivered anywhere in the world. But such investments will produce huge positive health and economic outcomes. These include high quality jobs, reduced air pollution, increased physical activity, and improved housing and diet. Better air quality alone would realise health benefits that easily offset the global costs of emissions reductions.22Markandya A Sampedro J Smith SJ et al.Health co-benefits from air pollution and mitigation costs of the Paris Agreement: a modelling study.Lancet Planet Health. 2018; 2: e126-e133Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar These measures will also improve the social and economic determinants of health, the poor state of which may have made populations more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic.23Paremoer L Nandi S Serag H Baum F Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health.BMJ. 2021; 372: n129Crossref PubMed Scopus (329) Google Scholar But the changes cannot be achieved through a return to damaging austerity policies or the continuation of the large inequalities of wealth and power within and between countries. In particular, countries that have disproportionately created the environmental crisis must do more to support low-income and middle-income countries to build cleaner, healthier, and more resilient societies. High-income countries must meet and go beyond their outstanding commitment to provide US$100 billion a year, making up for any shortfall in 2020 and increasing contributions to and beyond 2025. Funding must be equally split between mitigation and adaptation, including improving the resilience of health systems. Financing should be through grants rather than loans, building local capabilities and truly empowering communities, and should come alongside forgiving large debts, which constrain the agency of so many low-income countries. Additional funding must be marshalled to compensate for inevitable loss and damage caused by the consequences of the environmental crisis. As health professionals, we must do all we can to aid the transition to a sustainable, fairer, resilient, and healthier world. Alongside acting to reduce the harm from the environmental crisis, we should proactively contribute to global prevention of further damage and action on the root causes of the crisis. We must hold global leaders to account and continue to educate others about the health risks of the crisis. We must join in the work to achieve environmentally sustainable health systems before 2040, recognising that this will mean changing clinical practice. Health institutions have already divested more than $42 billion of assets from fossil fuels; others should join them.4Watts N Amann M Arnell N et al.The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises.Lancet. 2021; 397: 129-170Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (801) Google Scholar The greatest threat to global public health is the continued failure of world leaders to keep the global temperature rise below 1·5°C and to restore nature. Urgent, society-wide changes must be made and will lead to a fairer and healthier world. We, as editors of health journals, call for governments and other leaders to act, marking 2021 as the year that the world finally changes course. FG serves on the executive committee for the UK Health Alliance on Climate Change and is a Trustee of the Eden Project. RS is the Chair of Patients Know Best, has stock in UnitedHealth Group, has done consultancy work for Oxford Pharmagenesis, and is chair of the Lancet Commission of the Value of Death. The other authors declare no competing interests. This Comment is being published simultaneously in multiple journals (appendix). This full list of journals, as well as a further list of supporting journals, can also be found on the BMJ website. Download .pdf (.14 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix