tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Understanding what matters to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients when considering treatment options: A US survey.
Authors: Daniel J. George, Ateesha F. Mohamed, Jui-Hua Tsai, Milad Karimi, Ning Ning, Sayeli Jayade, Marc Botteman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022)

80 Background: Nine new treatments for mCRPC, each varying in efficacy and safety, have been approved over the last 10 years, changing the landscape of patient management. Understanding how patients perceive and value the efficacy, safety, and administration burden of these treatments can facilitate shared-decision making to determine optimal management. To our knowledge, this study is the first to elicit patient preferences for mCRPC treatments in the US. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using the discrete-choice experiment (DCE) method, in which participants were asked to state their choices over successive sets of treatment alternatives, defined by varying levels of treatment characteristics (i.e., attributes). Six treatment attributes in this DCE were examined: overall survival (OS), months until patients develop a fracture or bone metastasis, likelihood of requiring radiation to control bone pain, fatigue, nausea, and mode of administration. The levels taken by each of these attributes were selected to reflect clinical practice. Quota sampling was used in an online panel for recruitment to ensure that study sample is representative of the US prostate cancer population by age distribution. The choice responses were used to determine the value (i.e., preference weights) respondents placed on each attribute via the use of conditional and mixed logit models. The importance of attributes and marginal rates of substitutions were also calculated in order to understand how much patients were willing to trade off between different attributes. Results: The final dataset included 160 participants, with a mean age of 71.6 years old and a mean of 8.96 years since prostate cancer diagnosis. Participants noted their preferences for mCRPC treatments characteristics as follows (in decreasing order of importance over the attribute ranges included in the study): OS (relative attribute importance [RAI]: 31%), reduction in the need for bone pain control (23%), nausea (16%), months until patients develop a fracture or bone metastasis (15%), fatigue (11%), and mode of administration (3%). The marginal rates of substitution demonstrated that eliminating moderate nausea was perceived as equivalent to a 1.9-month reduction in OS, and a reduction of fatigue from severe to mild was perceived as equivalent to a reduction in OS of approximately 3.3 months. Conclusions: Improving OS remains the highest priority, but patients are willing to sacrifice some survival to avoid declines in quality of life, including avoiding bone pain/fracture, nausea, and fatigue, in the mCRPC disease state.
ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA
Authors: G. S. Haynes
Journal: BMJ (1921)

Chronic bronclhitis as a distinct entity is especially- prevalent in Manchester and Salford.Many cases date trom an attack of acute bronchitis contracted on active service in France.Attacks of a spasmiodic or astlhmatic type are very frequent.The expectoration varies greatly in different cases, but is usuallv' abundant and muco- purulent.The physical signs include marked diminution of expansion and respiratory capacity, hyper-resonant percussion note, and widespread mixed rales and rhonchi.There is marked deterioration in health and capacity for employ-.. ment, and as a rule there is evidence of cardiac muscle weakness.In the presence of such changes in the physical state of the chest, and probably of permanent changes in the anatomical structure of the lungs, the influence of vaccine treatment must necessarily be limited, but several salient facts emerge from observation of a series of cases treated. in this manner:1.In most cases there is distinct improvement in the patient's general condition, in colour, vigour, and capacity for activity.2. The sputum, which may at first increase in amount, in practically every case diminishes in quantity and loses.its muco-purulent character, becoming white and less.profuse.3. The cough becomes less persistent and the attacks or paroxysms much fewer and less severe, particularly those occurring in the night and early morning.4. A striking feature has been relief from asthmatic attaclksg; from the clinical point of view this is the most' conspicuous effect produced by the treatment.The clinical observers have not known the type of vaccine employed in any given case, and the results must speak for themselves.SumAmary.1.It is not possible, short of 'gross destruction, to detoxicate completely a suspension of pathogenic bacteria.
Mucosal defect closure using a calibrated, small-caliber-tip, transparent hood after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Tatsuma Nomura, Shinya Sugimoto, Taishi Temma, Jun Oyamada, Keiichi Ito, Akira Kamei
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Complete closure of a mucosal defect using a clip with a transparent cylindrical hood reduces the occurrence of adverse incidents after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) [1]. Thus, we developed the “reopenable clip over the line method” (ROLM), a technique that uses a line and a reopenable clip (SureClip, 16 mm; MC Medical, Tokyo, Japan) to close a mucosal defect after ESD [2]. With the ROLM, the mucosal defect can be closed completely without clipping its edges on both sides [3]. However, when a cylindrical hood is used, there is a risk that the clip could enter the hood and impede the endoscopic view ([Fig. 1 a, b]). For this reason, we performed the ROLM using a calibrated, small-caliber-tip, transparent hood (CAST hood; TOP, Tokyo, Japan), to prevent the clips deployed for the mucosal defect closure from interfering with the endoscopic view ([Fig. 1 c, d]).
Radiation technique and outcomes following moderately hypofractionated treatment of low risk prostate cancer: A secondary analysis of the NRG oncology RTOG 0415 randomized clinical trial.
Authors: David James Carpenter, Joseph Kamel Salama, W. Robert Lee, Matthew J Boyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022)

243 Background: While intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is commonly used to deliver moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy (MHRT) for prostate cancer (PC), IMRT has not been prospectively compared to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the context of MHRT. This secondary analysis of the phase III RTOG 0415 trial compares survival outcomes and toxicity across RT technique between IMRT and 3D-CRT for low-risk PC. Methods: The phase III, non-inferiority trial RTOG 0415 randomized patients with low risk PC to either MHRT (70Gy at 2.5Gy/fraction) or conventionally fractionated radiation (CFRT; 73.8Gy at 1.8Gy/fraction) with stratification by RT technique. A secondary analysis for differences in overall (OS), biochemical recurrence free survival (BRFS), or toxicity by EPIC scores and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) was performed. For patient and tumor characteristics, continuous data were compared with Wilcoxon rank sum test and categorical data with Chi-squared test, as appropriate. Rates of BRFS and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 1079 patients received the allocated intervention with a median follow up of 5.8 years. RT technique was balanced between treatment arms, with 79.1% of patients receiving IMRT. RT protocol compliance was &gt; 95% for both IMRT and 3D-CRT. There were no significant differences in BRFS between patients treated with 3D-CRT versus IMRT for all patients (p = 0.33), those randomized to CFRT (p = 0.78), or those randomized to MHRT (p = 0.24). Overall survival did not differ by RT technique as well. For all patients, there was no difference in acute and late GI and GU toxicity rates across RT technique. For patients treated with MHRT, late grade 2 GU toxicity was more common with IMRT than 3D-CRT (31.3% vs 23.4%; p = 0.004). On logistic regression analysis, only poor baseline urinary function, defined as an EPIC score of 90 or below, correlated with acute (p &lt; 0.001) or late (p &lt; 0.001) GU toxicity. Baseline bowel function did not correlate to GI toxicity. Conclusions: RT technique did not impact survival outcomes or toxicity rates following MHRT for low risk PC. Higher rates of late CTCAE grade 2+ GU and GI toxicity observed within the RTOG 0415 MHRT arm were not disproportionally observed following 3D-CRT than IMRT. These data highlight the need for careful consideration of target delineation and normal tissue constraints in the selection and delivery of appropriate RT technique.
Teaching Syphilology to Physicians
Authors: John W. Lentz
Journal: JAMA (1965)

1957 MARKED the beginning of the alarming and widely publicized increase in number of reported cases of infectious syphilis in Philadelphia, similarly noted in other urban areas across the nation.<sup>1,2</sup>The Philadelphia Department of Public Health responded with increased venereal disease control activity, and now conducts a broad program consonant with the US Public Health Service's<i>Task Force Report to the Surgeon General</i><sup>3</sup>of recommendations for the eventual eradication of syphilis. In Philadelphia, particular progress has been made in the field of professional venereal disease education, point four of the<i>Task Force Report</i>. This article will show that syphilis eradication depends upon community physicians who are competent in syphilology and sympathetic to health department efforts. It will also discuss successful project activities in the field. In the past, the bulk of the infectious syphilis cases in Philadelphia were treated in public venereal-disease clinics. The Table, however, shows that
Family Medicine
Authors: Robert D. Gillette
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The challenges placed before family medicine by Edmund D. Pellegrino, MD (240:132, 1978), raise issues beyond those intended by the author. It is undoubtedly true that "every innovation in medical education must ultimately prove itself academically," since the medical schools largely control medical education, but this situation may be less than ideal from the standpoint of meeting the public's health care needs. Family medicine has much to gain by involvement in medical education: a rich heritage of information, teaching methods, and intellectual discipline; knowledge and skills from many medical specialties; and access to medical students interested in becoming family physicians. However, certain hazards must be recognized. One of these becomes apparent as we examine the first of Dr Pellegrino's challenges: "Does [family medicine] have a method and intellectual content not central to any other clinical discipline?" Much effort is being expended to develop an intellectual base for
Table of Contents
Authors: John Sargent, José Moura-Neto, John Daugirdas, Robyn Langham, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Ann Bonner, Alessandro Balducci, Li-Li Hsiao, Latha Kumaraswami, Paul Laffin, Vassilios Liakopoulos, Gamal Saadi, Ekamol Tantisattamo, Ifeoma Ulasi, Katherine Xu, Krzysztof Kiryluk, Kevin Louis, Alexandre Loupy, Carmen Lefaucheur, Jeffrey Pressly, Mengyuan Ge, Alessia Fornoni, Ziad Massy, Sophie Liabeuf, Georg Heinze, Jeppe Christensen, Maria Haller, Ashlene Mckay, Chia Teoh, Elizabeth Lindley, James Tattersall, Christoph Wanner, Kai Lopau, Henrike Haberstroh, Kamal Khan, Dina Ahram, Yangfan Liu, Rik Westland, Rosemary Sampogna, Nicholas Katsanis, Erica Davis, Simone Sanna-Cherchi, James Ashcroft, Philippa Leighton, Tegwen Elliott, Sarah Hosgood, Michael Nicholson, Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis, Rusan Catar, Oskar Wischnewski, Lei Chen, Harald Heidecke, Claudia Rutz, Ralf Schülein, Duska Dragun, Aurélie Philippe, Angelika Kusch, Kentaro Yoshioka, Yosuke Hirakawa, Makoto Kurano, Yuko Ube, Yoko Ono, Kensuke Kojima, Taiga Iwama, Kuniyuki Kano, Sho Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Takashi Shimada, Junken Aoki, Yutaka Yatomi, Masaomi Nangaku, Reiko Open, Sara Falcone, Thomas Nicol, Andrew Blease, Michael Randles, Elizabeth Angus, Anton Page, Frederick Tam, Charles Pusey, Rachel Lennon, Paul Potter, Jie Zhang, Jing Cai, Yu Cui, Shan Jiang, Jin Wei, Young Kim, Jenna Chan, Anish Thalakola, Thanh Le, Lan Xu, Lei Wang, Kun Jiang, Ximing Wang, Haibo Wang, Feng Cheng, Jacentha Buggs, Hermann Koepsell, Volker Vallon, Ruisheng Liu, Takashi Kitani, Kengo Kidokoro, Tomohiro Nakata, Yuhei Kirita, Itaru Nakamura, Kunihiro Nakai, Aya Yagi-Tomita, Tomoharu Ida, Noriko Uehara-Watanabe, Kisho Ikeda, Noriyuki Yamashita, Benjamin Humphreys, Naoki Kashihara, Satoaki Matoba, Keiichi Tamagaki, Tetsuro Kusaba, Camille Ansermet, Gabriel Centeno, Yohan Bignon, Daniel Ortiz, Sylvain Pradervand, Andy Garcia, Laure Menin, Frédéric Gachon, Hikari Yoshihara, Dmitri Firsov, Vera Jankowski, Turgay Saritas, Mads Kjolby, Juliane Hermann, Thimoteus Speer, Anika Himmelsbach, Kerstin Mahr, Marina Heuschkel, Stefan Schunk, Soren Thirup, Simon Winther, Morten Bottcher, Mette Nyegard, Anders Nykjaer, Rafael Kramann, Nadine Kaesler, Joachim Jankowski, Juergen Floege, Nikolaus Marx, Claudia Goettsch, Rizky Sugianto, Nima Memaran, Bernhard Schmidt, Anke Doyon, Daniela Thurn-Valsassina, Harika Alpay, Ali Anarat, Klaus Arbeiter, Karolis Azukaitis, Aysun Bayazit, Ipek Bulut, Salim Caliskan, Nur Canpolat, Ali Duzova, Jutta Gellerman, Jerome Harambat, Denise Homeyer, Mieczyslaw Litwin, Francesca Mencarelli, Lukasz Obrycki, Dusan Paripovic, Bruno Ranchin, Rukshana Shroff, Uwe Tegtbur, Jeannine Von Der Born, Ebru Yilmaz, Uwe Querfeld, Elke Wühl, Franz Schaefer, Anette Open
Journal: Kidney International (2022)
Undernutrition
Authors: D. MacManus
Journal: BMJ (1947)

JOURNAL827Medical Record, 1922, 20, 209, and asked if any similar cases had been observed in other places, there being an epidemic of ;'paracholera" reported about that time.Nobody took any notice of my short paper and I was disappointed not to hear of any similar cases.As I said, the case was typically Asiatic cholera, with very violent vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps, and collapse, with ricewater stools, but bacteriologically no organism was found but pure streptococcus.I wonder if such symptoms have often been associated with pure streptococcal infection.It is very interesting to note the great difference from the clinical manifestations of staphylococcal infection as reported in the paper recently published.-Iam, etc., Durban.
Childhood autism.
Authors: M Sim
Journal: BMJ (1970)

BRITISH strangulation, and convulsions, the last lasting for up to 24 hours.The epidemic spread, by repute only, to a few girls at a factory several miles distant, and the flames were fanned by the rumour that plague was spreading from a cotton bag.The arrival on the scene of Dr. William St. Clare, with his portable electric shock machine and his reassurances that all was "nervous" in origin, brought the epi- demic to a prompt conclusion.-Iam, etc.,
MEDICAL NEWS
Journal: JAMA (1953)

<h3>CALIFORNIA</h3><h3>Research on Air Pollution.—</h3> A $78,084 grant has been made by the U. S. Public Health Service to the University of Southern California School of Medicine in Los Angeles to finance research on the effects of air pollution. Awarding of the research contract was announced on the 25th anniversary of the Southern California medical school, which was observed Sept. 24-25. Dr. Paul Kotin, Dr. Hurley Motley, John W. Mehl, Ph.D., and Hans Falk, Ph.D., will conduct the study. <h3>Conference in Ophthalmology.—</h3> Stanford University School of Medicine, San Francisco, will present the annual postgraduate conference in ophthalmology, March 22-26, 1954. Registration will be open to 30 physicians who limit their practice to the treatment of diseases of the eye or of the eye, ear, nose, and throat. Instructors will be Drs. A. Edward Maumenee, Dohrmann K. Pischel, Jerome W. Bettman, Max Fine, Earle H. McBain, and Arthur J. Jampolsky. Information
The retina: A window in which to view the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jie Zhang, Lei Shi, Yong Shen
Journal: Ageing Research Reviews (2022)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most familiar type of dementia affecting elderly populations worldwide. Studies of AD patients and AD transgenic mice have revealed alterations in the retina similar to alterations which occur in the AD brain. Moreover, AD retinal pathology occurs even earlier than AD brain pathology. Importantly, non-invasive imaging techniques can be utilized for retinal observation due to the unique optical transparency of the eye, which acts as a convenient window in which preclinical pathology in the AD brain can be monitored. In this review, we overview the existing literature covering different forms of AD retinal pathology and propose a basis for the clinical application of using the retina as a window to view AD during preclinical and clinical stages.
Criteria used to determine platinum eligibility and first-line (1L) treatment (tx) patterns among platinum-eligible (PE) and -ineligible (PI) patients (pts) with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) in France, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom (Eu5).
Authors: Neil Milloy, Melissa Kirker, Mia Berry, Michael Kostikas, Rachel Montgomery, Mairead Kearney, Nuno Matos Costa, Jane Chang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2022)

457 Background: European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines recommend tx for mUC based on cisplatin and platinum eligibility. To date, most real-world analyses have not included physician-confirmed eligibility status. This study collected mUC patient data in Eu5 and summarized the criteria used in the real-world setting to determine PE and 1L tx prescribed based on PE. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adelphi mUC Disease-Specific Programme, a real-world point-in-time study conducted from November 2020 to April 2021. Oncologists and urologists were enrolled in the study and recruited the next 8 eligible pts who came for a consultation. Demographic, clinical characteristics, platinum eligibility, and tx patterns were collected. Results: Physicians provided data on 1,868 mUC pts who were receiving or had completed 1L tx and had a known PE status as determined by a physician prior to 1L tx. Renal function contributed to physicians’ platinum eligibility decisions for 72% of pts; ECOG score and age were used in 59% and 38% of pts, respectively. The mean (SD) age was 69.1 (7.88) years and 73% were men. At initial mUC diagnosis (dx), 25% were PD-L1–positive, 17% were PD-L1–negative, and 58% had either unknown PD-L1 status or were not tested. 87% of pts were PE (55% were eligible for cisplatin and carboplatin; 31% were cisplatin ineligible), and 13% were PI. PE pts who were eligible for cisplatin and carboplatin were younger than cisplatin ineligible and PI pts (66.6, 71.9 and 73.1 years, respectively). The percentage of pts with ECOG 0 or 1 at dx was 92%, 79%, and 67% for cisplatin and carboplatin eligible, cisplatin ineligible, and PI pts respectively. Conclusions: Only a small proportion of pts were classified as PI. The majority of PE pts received guideline-recommended tx with platinum-based regimens in the 1L. Overall, there was limited use of immune checkpoint inhibitor tx in the 1L, with use observed primarily among PI pts. Some guideline deviations were observed, including pts deemed PI who still received platinum-based chemotherapy. Recently, ESMO guidelines were updated to include avelumab for 1L maintenance tx in PE pts. Future studies should evaluate concordance with updated guideline recommendations in PE pts and rationale for guideline deviations.[Table: see text]
Animal Vaccination
Authors: J. Greene
Journal: BMJ (1877)

i6i lar walls of this organ.Dr. Leared says it is absolutely impossible.An universal negative is a very sweeping assertion-absolutely impos- sible to any and every human being.This is what Dr. Leared says, but I venture to think he means " ab3olutely impossible to me"; and I hope I shall have his thanks for the alteration I suggest.My own assertion then becomes, " It is easy to me", and I have only to show how the element of friction is eliminated.Dr. Sibson found, as will be seen by reference to his Medical Anatomzy, that there is a point on the anterior aspect of the heart towards which all other parts con- verge, and which is itself almost motionless.In all delicate observa- tions, it was here that the stethoscope, which was flexible and had a small cup, was applied.There was no friction to hear.The statement which he quotes from Dr. Halford, " that neither first nor second sound was heard", is beside the question.Dr. Leared must have heard sound under these conditions, as I have, or his assertion about it was simply unmeaning.-Had he come to the same conclusion as Dr. Halford, I should probably never have written my remarks at all.The second sound disappears altogether, and the first becomes exceed- ingly feeble; but any sound that is audible must be entirely inde- pendent of friction.As regards the anaemic aortic or pulmonic murmur, Dr. Leared accepts my correction, but endeavours to attenuate its effect.When he has restated the proposition put by him as a crux, which I chal- lenged, with the modifications required by his admission that the murmur accompanies instead of replacing the sound, I will again con- sider it.In the meantime, I may give my own version of the question as it now stands.The argument, as I understood it, was, that the shock-sound being replaced by a murmur in consequence of the altered condition of the blood, the shock and murmur owned the same cause- collision or vibration of the blood.To this, my objection, admitted by Dr. Leared to be well founded, was fatal.The new ground now taken up is that, while it is impossible to deny that the sound and murmur coexist, this is only occasional, and the sound is feeble and degenerated;i. e., apparently the sonorous vibrations are divided into shock and murmur.If, therefore, the shock-sound be not notably impaired when a murmur is present, the theory of the common origin of the first sound and murmur falls to the ground.We are now again in the field of
APPENDICITIS.
Authors: JOHN B. DEAVER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

In addressing the medical section at this meeting, I acknowledge to a feeling of great satisfaction, for though my subject is a surgical one, I can come before you without hesitation, since no one has such power to increase the application of surgery as the general practitioner—not by diagnosis alone, but even more by a proper comprehension of these morbid conditions most commonly seen by the surgeon. I shall make a few remarks on appendicitis, and though to some of you this may seem a topic sufficiently discussed, yet many false ideas still cling to it, and each day convinces me of the necessity of threshing out the matter until the priceless grains of truth remain. The appendix is probably the most vulnerable of the abdominal organs, and this from several causes: 1. It is a structure in the process of retrograde metamorphosis; it is deficient in blood, nerve and
A Correction
Journal: BMJ (1899)

tion falls below 7o or 8o the lynmph is defective, and the use of a stronger lymph will produce success in the case of some of the previous failures.We have not -named -our sanatorium " Nordrach-in-Mendip," but Nordrach-upon-Mendip, following the custom of the countryside in naming places here-that is, "Charterhouse-upon-Mendip," "Leigh- 'upon-Mendip," ete.We lhave, furthermore.named our sanatorium after the one where we were both cured, since, with so many so-called open- air cures and pseudo-sanatoria springing up at the present time, we desire definitely to associate ourselves with the methods and aims of Nordrach-Colonie, which are at once so well known and so successful.HEADACHE CAUSED BY ERTTHROL TETRANITRATE.