AB0360 A DECADE OF SUSPECTED GIANT CELL ARTERITIS: CLINICAL FEATURES OF A HIGHLY HETEROGENEOUS DISEASE
Authors: A. Castro, J. Mathew, O. Azzouqah, J. Diaz, A. Reimold, K. Shwin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2021)

Background: Giant cell arteritis is the most common chronic systemic vasculitis in older adults. Permanent visual loss is the most concerning complication can occur in up to 20% of patients (1). Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory evidence of inflammatory markers, and temporal artery biopsy (TAB) confirming histologic evidence of inflammation. There are no definitive markers of the disease when TAB is negative. Objectives: The objective of this study was to illustrate the clinical features of subjects suspected with GCA evaluated at the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) and identify those features that would differentiate between TAB positive GCA, TAB negative GCA and non-GCA patients. Methods: This retrospective study searched the Dallas VAMC database for subjects between January of 2010 until December 2019 with ICD-9 and ICD-10 entry code for GCA. Based on the 1990 ACR clinical classification criteria for GCA, suspected patients were classified as TAB positive GCA, TAB negative GCA and non-GCA. Subjects with incomplete data needed for classification were excluded. Group comparisons were performed with Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Results: One-hundred and sixty-nine subjects had ICD-9/10 entry code for GCA. Ophthalmology was the specialty who did the initial evaluation in 46% of the suspected cases. Seventy-one patients were excluded due to incomplete data. Of the remaining 98 patients, 42 (42.9%) were diagnosed with GCA out of which 10 patients had a positive TAB. Seventy-six percent of patients diagnosed with GCA had negative temporal artery biopsies. In 56 (57.1%) patients GCA was ruled out (Figure 1). New-onset headache was the predominant symptom suggestive of GCA affecting 88.9% TAB positive and 100% of TAB negative cases compared to 56.6% of non-GCA patients (p&lt; 0.001), followed by scalp tenderness in 33.3%, 58.1% and 10.9%, respectively (p&lt; 0.001), jaw claudication in 57.1%, 34.5% and 14.9% (p=0.021), and elevated sedimentation rate in 33%, 65.6% and 33% (p=0.013) (Table 1). Polymyalgia rheumatica was present in 28.6% and 21.7% of patients diagnosed with GCA compared to zero percent in non-GCA cases (p=0.017). More than 30% of patients with GCA had normal acute phase reactants in this cohort. Table 1. Comparison of demographics and clinical features of patients with suspected GCA GCA TAB Positive (n=10 ) GCA - TAB Negative (n=32 ) non-GCA (n=56 ) n % n % n % p Age (mean/sd) 71.3 (7.8) 67.3 (8.1) 67.3 (8.9) 0.367 Male 9 90 30/32 93.8 51/56 91.1 0.885 Clinical findings New onset headache 8/9 88.9 32/32 100 30/53 56.6 &lt;0.001 Visual symptoms 9/10 90 22/32 68.8 42/54 77.8 0.351 Jaw claudication 4/7 57.1 10/29 34.5 7/47 14.9 0.021 PMR 2/7 28.6 5/23 21.7 0/30 0 0.017 Scalp tenderness 2/6 33.3 18/31 58.1 5/46 10.9 &lt;0.001 Fever 0/5 0 5/23 21.7 2/35 5.7 0.117 ESR &gt; 50 1/3 33.3 21/32 65.6 18/54 33.3 0.013 CRP &gt; 10 1/3 33.3 5/30 16.7 6/54 11.1 0.473 Anemia (hemoglobin &lt; 12 g/ dl) 2/7 28.6 15/32 46.9 21/52 40.4 0.642 Thrombocytosis (platelets &gt;400) 2/7 28.6 3/32 9.4 4/51 7.8 0.228 Conclusion: There is clinical heterogeneity within the patients diagnosed with GCA regardless of TAB. A high index of clinical suspicion needs to be the cornerstone of diagnosis. There is need for new classification criteria to include patients with negative TAB. References: [1]Soriano A, et al. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017 Aug;13(8):476-484. Disclosure of Interests: Adela Castro: None declared, Jiby Mathew: None declared, Ola Azzouqah: None declared, Jesus Diaz: None declared, Andreas Reimold Consultant of: Lilly, Grant/research support from: Abbvie Pfizer Gilead, Kyawt Shwin: None declared