Endotyping asthma related to 3 different work exposures
Authors: Hille Suojalehto, Joseph Ndika, Irmeli Lindström, Liisa Airaksinen, Piia Karisola, Harri Alenius
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021)

BackgroundWork exposures play a significant role in adult-onset asthma, but the mechanisms of work-related asthma are not fully elucidated.ObjectiveWe aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms of work-related asthma associated with exposure to flour (flour asthma), isocyanate (isocyanate asthma), or welding fumes (welding asthma) and identify potential biomarkers that distinguish these groups from each other.MethodsWe used a combination of clinical tests, transcriptomic analysis, and associated pathway analyses to investigate the underlying disease mechanisms of the blood immune cells and the airway epithelium of 61 men.ResultsCompared with the healthy controls, the welding asthma patients had more differentially expressed genes than the flour asthma and isocyanate asthma patients, both in the airway epithelia and in the blood immune cells. In the airway epithelia, active inflammation was detected only in welding asthma patients. In contrast, many differentially expressed genes were detected in blood cells in all 3 asthma groups. Disease-related immune functions in blood cells, including leukocyte migration and inflammatory responses, and decreased expression of upstream cytokines such as TNF and IFN-γ were suppressed in all the asthma groups. In transcriptome-phenotype correlations, hyperresponsiveness (R ∼ |0.6|) had the highest clinical relevance and was associated with a set of exposure group–specific genes. Finally, biomarker subsets of only 5 genes specifically distinguished each of the asthma exposure groups.ConclusionsThis study provides novel data on the molecular mechanisms underlying work-related asthma. We identified a set of 5 promising biomarkers in asthma related to flour, isocyanate, and welding fume exposure to be tested and clinically validated in future studies. Work exposures play a significant role in adult-onset asthma, but the mechanisms of work-related asthma are not fully elucidated. We aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms of work-related asthma associated with exposure to flour (flour asthma), isocyanate (isocyanate asthma), or welding fumes (welding asthma) and identify potential biomarkers that distinguish these groups from each other. We used a combination of clinical tests, transcriptomic analysis, and associated pathway analyses to investigate the underlying disease mechanisms of the blood immune cells and the airway epithelium of 61 men. Compared with the healthy controls, the welding asthma patients had more differentially expressed genes than the flour asthma and isocyanate asthma patients, both in the airway epithelia and in the blood immune cells. In the airway epithelia, active inflammation was detected only in welding asthma patients. In contrast, many differentially expressed genes were detected in blood cells in all 3 asthma groups. Disease-related immune functions in blood cells, including leukocyte migration and inflammatory responses, and decreased expression of upstream cytokines such as TNF and IFN-γ were suppressed in all the asthma groups. In transcriptome-phenotype correlations, hyperresponsiveness (R ∼ |0.6|) had the highest clinical relevance and was associated with a set of exposure group–specific genes. Finally, biomarker subsets of only 5 genes specifically distinguished each of the asthma exposure groups. This study provides novel data on the molecular mechanisms underlying work-related asthma. We identified a set of 5 promising biomarkers in asthma related to flour, isocyanate, and welding fume exposure to be tested and clinically validated in future studies.