Rolling out COVID-19 antigen rapid diagnostic tests: the time is now
Authors: Rosanna W Peeling, Piero Olliaro
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2021)

A year into the COVID-19 pandemic, many questions remain regarding how testing, combined with other measures—eg, personal protection, physical distancing, and vaccines—could help curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Yap Boum and colleagues1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar give us a glimpse of what is possible when diagnostics are used wisely. Molecular testing is the method of choice for detecting SARS-Cov-2 infection. But when capacity is restricted, supplies are inconsistent, or delays are experienced in providing results, what alternative technologies and strategies can be adopted for COVID-19 case detection? Boum and colleagues presented the results of PCR, antigen-based, and antibody-based rapid diagnostic tests in individuals with symptomatic COVID-19 during the first, second, and third week after onset of symptoms, and in asymptomatic individuals who volunteered for testing or were contacts of COVID-19 cases.1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar Antigen-based rapid diagnostic test sensitivity was 80·0% (95% CI 71·0–88·0) in the first 7 days after symptom onset and 76·0% (59·0–88·0) in the second week post-symptom onset, dropping to 19·0% (6·0–38·0) by week three, compared with PCR. Conversely, the sensitivity of antibody-based rapid diagnostic testing increased with duration of illness, from 26·8% sensitivity (18·3–36·8) in week one to 76·4% (70·1–82·0) 14 days after symptom onset. To improve case detection among symptomatic individuals, Boum and colleagues used their data to evaluate a diagnostic algorithm combining use of antigen rapid diagnostic tests with PCR confirmation of samples negative at antigen rapid diagnostic tests.1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar In week one, 60% of symptomatic patients tested positive by PCR and 54% of symptomatic patients tested positive by antigen-based rapid diagnostic test. The advantages to this approach are that it is not only highly sensitive (94% on days 0–7 after onset of symptoms), providing most patients with results in 15 min, but also cost-saving, reducing the cost of PCR testing by almost 50% (if antigen rapid tests can detect 54% of infected people in this population, then PCR testing is only needed for the remaining 46% of people who test antigen negative—compared with using PCR on everyone, this has a cost saving of nearly 50%). However, after the first week post-symptom onset, although use of antigen-based rapid diagnostic testing improves the sensitivity of case detection, it is limited by low specificity, which translates into high numbers of false-positive samples that require PCR confirmation. Therefore, timing is everything: the reduced costs and quicker turnaround time of this diagnostic algorithm should prompt decision makers to encourage people to present for testing earlier. Early diagnosis and isolation of individuals with COVID-19 to interrupt transmission remain a key strategy for pandemic control. For screening of asymptomatic individuals, the usefulness of antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests depends on both the purpose of testing and the prevalence of COVID-19 in the population to be screened. For triaging of those who can return to school, work, attend mass gatherings, or travel, it is important that antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests has a high negative predictive value, so that those who test negative are truly negative.2Peeling RW Olliaro PL Boeras DI Fongwen N Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: promises and challenges.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online Feb 23.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00048-7Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar When used instead for case-finding among, for example, contacts of cases, as in Boum and colleagues' study,1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar it is important that individuals identified as antigen-based rapid diagnostic test-positive are truly infected with SARS-CoV-2, meaning a high positive predictive value. Boum and colleagues1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar evaluated an algorithm combining antigen-based rapid diagnostic test screening with antibody-based rapid diagnostic test screening of those who tested antigen-based test-negative, followed by PCR confirmation of IgM-positive samples. This case finding strategy unfortunately only has a sensitivity of 34% (95% CI 23·0–44·0), which is marginally better than PCR alone, with a specificity of 92·0% (88·0–96·0), yielding a low positive predictive value. The use of antibody-based tests in an algorithm to increase sensitivity of detection in people presenting late in their illness or who are asymptomatic is useful but requires tests with specificity of 98% or more to be effective. In Boum and colleagues' study,1Boum Y Fai KN Nicolay B et al.Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; (published online March 25.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00132-8Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar none of the antibody-based rapid diagnostic tests appear to have had sufficiently high specificity compared with a laboratory-based assay for this algorithm to be helpful. Combining antibody-based rapid diagnostic tests with antigen-based diagnostic tests might also be useful to increase sensitivity of case detection, as has been shown for dengue.3Hunsperger EA Muñoz-Jordán J Beltran M et al.Performance of dengue diagnostic tests in a single-specimen diagnostic algorithm.J Infect Dis. 2016; 214: 836-844Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar This combination might also be useful in determining the phase of an individual's infection, and derive information on potential for transmission and protection. Diagnostic algorithms that maximise the advantages of each type of test and use them in combination to mitigate risks of underdiagnosing and overdiagnosing COVID-19 are important tools for pandemic control, especially when we are concerned about the rapid spread of variants of concern. As the diagnostic target of most antigen tests is the nucleocapsid protein and most of the mutations of the variants of concern are on the spike protein, countries should not hesitate to roll out antigen testing. Scaling up testing in tandem with appropriate public health measures and vaccine rollout might effectively contribute to our lives returning to some level of normalcy. We declare no competing interests. Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy studyRapid diagnostic tests had good overall sensitivity for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rapid diagnostic tests could be incorporated into efficient testing algorithms as an alternative to PCR to decrease diagnostic delays and onward viral transmission. Full-Text PDF