Clinical characteristics and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy
Authors: Yangli Liu, Haihong Chen, Weiping Tan, Yukun Kuang, Kejing Tang, Yifeng Luo, Yubiao Guo
Journal: Journal of Infection (2021)

Tang and colleagues, in this Journal, drew readers attention to emerging COVID-19.1Tang J.W. Tambyah P.A. DSC H Emergence of a novel coronavirus causing respiratory illness from Wuhan, China.J Infect. 2020; 80: 350-371Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (116) Google Scholar We focused on the pregnant COVID-19 patients. Given the maternal physiologic and immune function changes in pregnancy,2Jamieson D.J. Theiler R.N. Rasmussen S.A. Emerging infections and pregnancy.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12: 1638-1643Crossref PubMed Scopus (446) Google Scholar pregnant individuals might face greater risk of getting infected by SARS-CoV-2 and might have more complicated clinical events. We described epidemiological, clinical characteristics, pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of 13 hospitalized pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in China. We searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the China Science and Technology Journal database (CSTJ) and Wanfang Database for case reports on pregnant patients with COVID-19 infection and identified 13 hospitalized pregnant patients in areas outside of Wuhan, China, with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 15, 2020, and February 29, 2020. Information including age, geographic location, epidemiological history, prenatal course, maternal and newborn hospital course, discharge data and outcome were obtained. This investigation was approved by the institutional review board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. A total of 13 Chinese patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to hospitals outside of Wuhan were included (Table 1). There were 3 patients from other cities of Hubei, 2 patients from Zhejiang, and 1 each from Henan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Beijing, Guangdong, Shanxi, Jiangxi and Anhui. The maternal age ranged between 22 and 38 years. Two women were less than 28 weeks of gestation and the other 11 patients were in their third trimesters at presentation. None of the patients had underlying medical disease.Table 1Characteristics of 13 hospitalized pregnant patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.CharacteristicsPatient 1Patient 2Patient 3Patient 4Patient 5Patient 6Patient 7Patient 8Patient 9Patient 10Patient 11Patient 12Patient 13LocationHenanZhejiangHubeiJiangsuShandongBeijingHubeiGuangdongZhejiangHubeiShanxiJiangxiAnhuiPatient age, yUnknown383228382527323033333022Gestational age at Illness onset, wk16w25w+528w+130w30w+233w+133w+635w+235w+236w+336 w + 537w+338wSymptoms at onsetFever, fatigueFever, coughFever, peaking at 38.9 °C dyspneaFever, dyspneaNausea, diarrhea, fatigueFever, peaking at 38 °CFever, fatigueFever, sore thoratDyspneaFever, peaking at 38 °C, fatigueFever, sore thorat, coughFever, fatigueNoEpidemiologic historyOther family members affectedYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesLinkage to WuhanNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoComplicationsNoNoMaternal hypoxemiaMaternal hypoxemia, Fetal distressNoNosevere preeclampsiaMODS StillbirthFetal distressNoNoFetal distressNoMethod of deliveryNANAC-sectionC-sectionNANAC-sectionC-sectionC-sectionC-sectionC-sectionC-sectionC-sectionMaternal outcomeSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedPremature deliveryNANAYesYesNANAYesYesYesYesYesNoNoFetal outcomeSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedDiedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedSurvivedVertical transmissionNANANoNoNANANoNoNoNoNoNoNoAbbreviation: SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2; MODS=multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; C-section=caesarian section. Open table in a new tab Abbreviation: SARS-CoV-2=severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2; MODS=multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; C-section=caesarian section. Ten patients (77%) presented with fever (range 37.3–38.9 °C), mostly accompanied with fatigue. Three (23%) pregnant patients complained with dyspnea. One patient complained with only gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea, without obvious respiratory symptoms. One had no symptoms but got a positive RNA test result of oropharyngeal swabs after close contact to a diagnosed family member. All the patients had a clear epidemiologic history, either with other family members affected or with linkage to Wuhan (residing in or visiting Wuhan or contact with visitors from Wuhan ≤2weeks before the onset of infection). Four of the patients (31%) improved after hospitalization and got discharged with an uncomplicated ongoing pregnancy. The other 9 patients (69%) all underwent caesarian section. Six of the 9 patients were delivered by emergency cesarean section because of pregnancy complications including maternal hypoxemia (in 2/9 patients), fetal distress (in 3/9 patients), severe preeclampsia (in 1/9) and stillbirth (in 1/9). Seven patients had preterm labor between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation. Patient 8′s condition deteriorated during hospitalization, prompting intensive care unit (ICU) admission with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute hepatic failure, acute renal failure and septic shock requiring intubation, mechanical ventilation and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). As of March 8th, patient 8 recovered well and was transferred out of ICU to the designated hospital for further treatment. The other 12 pregnant patients were all discharged with no obvious complication. Except for 1 stillbirth, 8 newborn infants and 3 fetus were survived. There was no clinical or serologic evidence suggestive of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies suggested that COVID-19 is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities.3Chen N. Zhou M. Dong X. et al.Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.Lancet. 2020; 395: 507-513Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (14440) Google Scholar We reported 13 pregnant COVID-19 patients in China, indicating pregnant women also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Clinical manifestations of the pregnant COVID-19 patients in this study varied widely from asymptomatic to very severe, similar to previous report in non-pregnant patients.4Xu X.W. Wu X.X. Jiang X.G. et al.Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series.BMJ. 2020; 368: m606Crossref PubMed Scopus (1455) Google Scholar Most of the pregnant patients had mild to moderate symptoms. Fever and fatigue were the principal symptoms, and less common symptoms were sore throat and shortness of breath. All the patients had a clear epidemiologic history. One of the 13 patients (7.7%) developed severe pneumonia requiring ICU care with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in the third trimester in our study, similarity with the general population reported to be with critical rate of 5%.5Wu Z. McGoogan J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention.JAMA. 2020; 323: 1239-1242Crossref PubMed Scopus (12705) Google Scholar Cytokine storm might be the reason for very severe cases since Chaolin Huang et al.6Huang C. Wang Y. Li X. et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; 395: 497-506Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (33099) Google Scholar found that compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of various cytokines. Six patients of thirteen (46%) were delivered by emergency cesarean section because of pregnancy complications including maternal hypoxemia, severe preeclampsia, fetal distress and stillbirth. Seven patients (54%) had preterm labor. These perinatal complications could be ascribed to the virus infection as well as the physiologic changes that reducing the woman intolerant to hypoxia during late pregnancy.7Assiri A. Abedi G.R. Al M.M. Bin S.A. Gerber S.I. Watson J.T Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: a report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia.Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63: 951-953Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar Fortunately, no severe neonatal asphyxia was observed in the eight livebirths and no vertical transmission was found. In conclusion, our report showed pregnant women are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 may increase health risks to both mothers and infants during pregnancy. Efforts should be taken to reduce the infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 both in pregnant and perinatal period, and more intensive attention should be paid to pregnant patients. All authors declare that they have no competing interests.