Neurocognitive Functioning in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Ana Catalan, Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo, Claudia Aymerich, Stefano Damiani, Veronica Sordi, Joaquim Radua, Dominic Oliver, Philip McGuire, Anthony J. Giuliano, William S. Stone, Paolo Fusar-Poli
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Neurocognitive functioning is a potential biomarker to advance detection, prognosis, and preventive care for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). The current consistency and magnitude of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P are undetermined. <h3>Objective</h3> To provide an updated synthesis of evidence on the consistency and magnitude of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P. <h3>Data Sources</h3> Web of Science database, Cochrane Central Register of Reviews, and Ovid/PsycINFO and trial registries up to July 1, 2020. <h3>Study Selection</h3> Multistep literature search compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology performed by independent researchers to identify original studies reporting on neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P. <h3>Data Extraction and Synthesis</h3> Independent researchers extracted the data, clustering the neurocognitive tasks according to 7 Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) domains and 8 CHR-P domains. Random-effect model meta-analyses, assessment of publication biases and study quality, and meta-regressions were conducted. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary effect size measure was Hedges<i>g</i>of neurocognitive functioning in individuals at CHR-P (1) compared with healthy control (HC) individuals or (2) compared with individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) or (3) stratified for the longitudinal transition to psychosis. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 78 independent studies were included, consisting of 5162 individuals at CHR-P (mean [SD; range] age, 20.2 [3.3; 12.0-29.0] years; 2529 [49.0%] were female), 2865 HC individuals (mean [SD; range] age, 21.1 [3.6; 12.6-29.2] years; 1490 [52.0%] were female), and 486 individuals with FEP (mean [SD; range] age, 23.0 [2.0; 19.1-26.4] years; 267 [55.9%] were female). Compared with HC individuals, individuals at CHR-P showed medium to large deficits on the Stroop color word reading task (<i>g</i> = −1.17; 95% CI, −1.86 to −0.48), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (<i>g</i> = −0.86; 95% CI, −1.43 to −0.28), digit symbol coding test (<i>g</i> = −0.74; 95% CI, −1.19 to −0.29), Brief Assessment of Cognition Scale Symbol Coding (<i>g</i> = −0.67; 95% CI, −0.95 to −0.39), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (<i>g</i> = −0.55; 95% CI, −0.97 to −0.12), Hinting Task (<i>g</i> = −0.53; 95% CI, −0.77 to −0.28), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (<i>g</i> = −0.50; 95% CI, −0.78 to −0.21), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (<i>g</i> = −0.50; 95% CI, −0.64 to −0.36), and National Adult Reading Test (<i>g</i> = −0.52; 95% CI, −1.01 to −0.03). Individuals at CHR-P were less impaired than individuals with FEP. Longitudinal transition to psychosis from a CHR-P state was associated with medium to large deficits in the CVLT task (<i>g</i> = −0.58; 95% CI, −1.12 to −0.05). Meta-regressions found significant effects for age and education on processing speed. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Findings from this meta-analysis support neurocognitive dysfunction as a potential detection and prognostic biomarker in individuals at CHR-P. These findings may advance clinical research and inform preventive approaches.