tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanoclusters as Nanoantibiotic Auranofin Analogues
Authors: William Ndugire, N. G. Hasitha Raviranga, Jingzhe Lao, Olof Ramström, Mingdi Yan
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2021)

Abstract Auranofin, a gold(I)‐complex with tetraacetylated thioglucose (Ac 4 GlcSH) and triethylphosphine ligands, is an FDA‐approved drug used as an anti‐inflammatory aid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In repurposing auranofin for other diseases, it was found that the drug showed significant activity against Gram‐positive but was inactive against Gram‐negative bacteria. Herein, the design and synthesis of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) based on the structural motif of auranofin are reported. Phosphine‐capped AuNCs are synthesized and glycosylated, yielding auranofin analogues with mixed triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPMS)/Ac 4 GlcSH ligand shells. These AuNCs are active against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, including multidrug‐resistant pathogens. Notably, an auranofin analogue, a mixed‐ligand 1.6 nm AuNC 4b , is more active than auranofin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , while exhibiting lower toxicity against human A549 cells. The enhanced antibacterial activity of these AuNCs is characterized by a greater uptake of Au by the bacteria compared to Au I complexes. Additional factors include increased oxidative stress, moderate inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and DNA damage. Most intriguingly, the uptake of AuNCs are not affected by the bacterial outer membrane (OM) barrier or by binding with the extracellular proteins. This contrasts with Au I complexes like auranofin that are susceptible to protein binding and hindered by the OM barrier.
In premature ejaculation, SSRIs improve self-perceived symptoms and satisfaction vs. placebo
Authors: Roger E. Thomas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2021)

ACP Journal ClubAugust 2021In premature ejaculation, SSRIs improve self-perceived symptoms and satisfaction vs. placeboRoger E. Thomas, MD, PhDRoger E. Thomas, MD, PhDUniversity of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. (R.E.T.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJ202108170-090 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationSathianathen NJ, Hwang EC, Mian R, et al. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation in adult men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3:CD012799. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33745183Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. (R.E.T.)Disclosures: The commentator has reported no disclosures of interest. The form can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M20-7319.This article was published at Annals.org on 3 August 2021. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics August 2021Volume 174, Issue 8Page: JC90KeywordsAdverse eventsDatabasesDisclosureEjaculationGrading of Recommendations Assessment Development and EvaluationPerceptionQuestionnairesRisk ratioSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsSerotonin ePublished: 3 August 2021 Issue Published: August 2021 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2021 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Higher Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels Correlate With Improved Radiologic Outcomes in Crohn’s Perianal Fistulas
Authors: Michael De Gregorio, Tanya Lee, Krupa Krishnaprasad, Gregory Amos, Yoon-Kyo An, Matthew Bastian-Jordan, Jakob Begun, Nira Borok, Dougal J.M. Brown, Wa Cheung, Susan J. Connor, Jan Gerstenmaier, Lauren E. Gilbert, Robert Gilmore, Bonita Gu, Numan Kutaiba, Allan Lee, Gillian Mahy, Ashish Srinivasan, Lena Thin, Alexander J. Thompson, Christopher J. Welman, Eric X.Z. Yong, Peter De Cruz, Daniel van Langenberg, Miles P. Sparrow, Nik S. Ding
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2021)
Hepatocyte‐specific deletion of adipose triglyceride lipase (adipose triglyceride lipase/patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 2) ameliorates dietary induced steatohepatitis in mice
Authors: Claudia D. Fuchs, Richard Radun, Emmanuel D. Dixon, Veronika Mlitz, Gerald Timelthaler, Emina Halilbasic, Merima Herac, Johan W. Jonker, Onne A. H. O. Ronda, Matteo Tardelli, Guenter Haemmerle, Robert Zimmermann, Hubert Scharnagl, Tatjana Stojakovic, Henkjan J. Verkade, Michael Trauner
Journal: Hepatology (2021)

Increased fatty acid (FA) flux from adipose tissue to the liver contributes to the development of NAFLD. Because free FAs are key lipotoxic triggers accelerating disease progression, inhibiting adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)/patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2), the main enzyme driving lipolysis, may attenuate steatohepatitis.Hepatocyte-specific ATGL knockout (ATGL LKO) mice were challenged with methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) or high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet. Serum biochemistry, hepatic lipid content and liver histology were assessed. Mechanistically, hepatic gene and protein expression of lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers were investigated. DNA binding activity for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and PPARδ was measured. After short hairpin RNA-mediated ATGL knockdown, HepG2 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oleic acid:palmitic acid 2:1 (OP21) to explore the direct role of ATGL in inflammation in vitro. On MCD and HFHC challenge, ATGL LKO mice showed reduced PPARα and increased PPARδ DNA binding activity when compared with challenged wild-type (WT) mice. Despite histologically and biochemically pronounced hepatic steatosis, dietary-challenged ATGL LKO mice showed lower hepatic inflammation, reflected by the reduced number of Galectin3/MAC-2 and myeloperoxidase-positive cells and low mRNA expression levels of inflammatory markers (such as IL-1β and F4/80) when compared with WT mice. In line with this, protein levels of the ER stress markers protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α were reduced in ATGL LKO mice fed with MCD diet. Accordingly, pretreatment of LPS-treated HepG2 cells with the PPARδ agonist GW0742 suppressed mRNA expression of inflammatory markers. Additionally, ATGL knockdown in HepG2 cells attenuated LPS/OP21-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl) 2, and Ccl5.Low hepatic lipolysis and increased PPARδ activity in ATGL/PNPLA2 deficiency may counteract hepatic inflammation and ER stress despite increased steatosis. Therefore, lowering hepatocyte lipolysis through ATGL inhibition represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of steatohepatitis.
Wellbeing at medical school: feeling prepared
Authors: Nikki Nabavi
Journal: BMJ (2021)

As we head towards the end of the summer break and into the start of the academic year, many of you will be preparing to start, or return to, medical school. With the ongoing pandemic, things aren’t quite back to normal—and BMJ Student is here to help you feel as prepared as possible. Whether you are interpreting your own lateral flow tests (doi:10.1136/bmj.n1411) for routine testing or just hoping to understand sensitivity and specificity better for your exams, we’ve got you covered.

Medical students often share that they feel a little useless on the wards. To combat this, we have put together some articles with practical advice, such as how to learn best on a ward round (doi:10.1136/bmj.n1761) and avoid becoming the curtain-shutter-in-chief, and tips for making the most of your psychiatry placement (doi:10.1136/bmj.n133). During your mental health block, you will work with different members of the multidisciplinary team such as a mental health nurse (doi:10.1136/bmj.m2068 …
Evaluation of Long-term Clearance Rates of Interventions for Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Theresa Steeb, Anja Wessely, Anne Petzold, Titus J. Brinker, Lutz Schmitz, Ulrike Leiter, Claus Garbe, Oliver Schöffski, Carola Berking, Markus V. Heppt
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2021)

Multiple interventions are available for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK). However, most randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses focus on short-term efficacy outcomes.To investigate and synthesize the long-term efficacy (≥12 months) of interventions for AK from parallel-arm randomized clinical trials.Searches in MEDLINE, Embase, and Central were conducted from inception until April 6, 2020. The reference lists of the included studies and pertinent trial registers were hand searched. The study was completed February 27, 2021.Two reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of 2741 records. Finally, 17 published reports (original studies and follow-up reports) referring to 15 independent randomized clinical trials with an overall sample size of 4252 patients were included.Two reviewers independently extracted data on study, patient, and intervention characteristics. Network meta-analysis (NMA) of each outcome was conducted with a frequentist approach. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidance for NMA was used to assess the certainty of evidence. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized clinical trials was used to evaluate the methodologic quality.Participant complete clearance, participant partial clearance, and lesion-specific clearance were the outcomes, with each assessed at least 12 months after the end of treatment.Data from 15 independent randomized clinical trials including 4252 patients were extracted and synthesized. Ten studies were included in an NMA for the outcome of participant complete clearance, with photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinate (ALA-PDT) showing the most favorable risk ratio (RR) compared with placebo (RR, 8.06; 95% CI, 2.07-31.37; GRADE, moderate), followed by imiquimod, 5% (RR, 5.98; 95% CI, 2.26-15.84; GRADE, very low), photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate (MAL-PDT) (RR, 5.95; 95% CI, 1.21-29.41; GRADE, low), and cryosurgery (RR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.36-16.66; GRADE, very low). Similarly, ALA-PDT had the highest RR in the NMA for lesion-specific clearance (RR, 5.08; 95% CI, 2.49-10.33; GRADE, moderate). No NMA was possible for participant partial clearance owing to poor reporting of this outcome.This systematic review and network meta-analysis found that therapy including ALA-PDT, imiquimod, 5%, MAL-PDT, and cryosurgery was associated with significant long-term efficacy in the NMA. This study provides data for a possible use in an evidence-based framework for selecting interventions with sustained lesion clearance.
Audio Interview: Monoclonal Antibodies and Booster Shots
Authors: Eric J. Rubin, Lindsey R. Baden, Stephen Morrissey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2021)

Monoclonal Antibodies and Booster Shots In this audio interview conducted on August 10, 2021, the editors look at new studies of vaccine booster shots in immunocompromised persons, as well as monoc...
病院に現れるコロナウイルス疾患2019が疑われる患者における迅速血清学的検査とELISAの診断精度の比較【JST・京大機械翻訳】
Authors: Ong D.S.Y., S J de Man, F A Lindeboom, Koeleman J.G.M.
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2020)
Experimental shock
Authors: D. Walmrath, J. Pilch, F. Grimminger, W. Seeger, P. E. Bollaert, B. Robin-Lherbier, L. Nace, J. M. Escanye, J. P. Mallie, A. Larcan, M. Haisjackl, W. Hasibeder, H. Sparr, G. Luz, R. Germann, B. Friesenecker, Ch. Schwarz, D. Tighe, R. Moss, A. Webb, G. Hayward, N. Al-Saady, D. Bennett, G. R. Nimmo, A. D. Cumming, G. Lamb, G. Hayward, A. Wilson
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1992)
P-288 Individual drug-screening and heterogeneity analyses of patient-derived tumoroids: A roadmap to improving therapy in pancreatic cancer
Authors: C. Nitschke, C. Phan, B. Markmann, L. Konczalla, M. Goetz, M. Sinn, O. Thastrup, J. Izbicki, F. Uzunoglu, T. Sturmheit
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
Multimodal Machine Learning Using Visual Fields and Peripapillary Circular OCT Scans in Detection of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Jian Xiong, Fei Li, Diping Song, Guangxian Tang, Junjun He, Kai Gao, Hengli Zhang, Weijing Cheng, Yunhe Song, Fengbin Lin, Kun Hu, Peiyuan Wang, Ji-Peng Olivia Li, Tin Aung, Yu Qiao, Xiulan Zhang, Daniel Ting
Journal: Ophthalmology (2021)
Covid grief has cracked us open: how clinicians respond could reshape attitudes to bereavement—an essay by Lucy Selman
Authors: Lucy Selman
Journal: BMJ (2021)

People working in healthcare experience grief professionally as well as personally and societally. Attitudinal shifts are needed, argues <b>Lucy Selman</b>, to improve access to formal and informal support and make grief a less lonely experience. Doctors’ openness and willingness to show vulnerability could help
Epicutaneous Testing
Authors: Matti Hannuksela
Journal: Allergy (1979)

The patch test and chamber test are the ordinary methods for detecting delayed type contact allergies. The method, test substances and criteria of positive reactions are already well standardized. Open testing is also used for problematic chemicals such as strong topical medicaments, emulsifiers and propylene glycol. The many problems of standardization are still unresolved in photocutaneous testing. Some chemicals are applied to the skin without occlusion, though the chamber test or patch test methods are used with most of them. The composition of the vehicle and occlusion time vary greatly from one photosensitizing substance to another. A xenon are is recommended for screening any photosensitizers but fluorescent black light tubes are sufficient for routine clinical use. Type I contact allergies are far more common than was previously believed, especially among people allergic to birch pollen. This type of reaction and other forms of contact urticaria can he examined using the scratch chamber or scarification chamber techniques as well as with an open test on diseased or scratched (scarified) skin.
Sex-Related Risk of Cardiac Involvement in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Authors: Angelo Giuseppe Caponetti, Claudio Rapezzi, Christian Gagliardi, Agnese Milandri, Angela Dispenzieri, Arnt V. Kristen, Jonas Wixner, Mathew S. Maurer, Pablo Garcia-Pavia, Ivailo Tournev, Violaine Planté-Bordeneuve, Douglass Chapman, Leslie Amass, Johan van Cleemput, Marcia Waddington-Cruz, Hartmut Schmidt, Klaus-Ulrich Dillmann, Henning Mølgaard, Juan Gonzalez Moreno, Jose Gonzalez Costello, Francisco Munoz Beamud, Lucia Galan Davila, David Adams, Jocelyn Inamo, Olivier Lairez, Giuseppe Vita, Giampaolo Merlini, Calogero Lino Cirami, Marco Luigetti, Michele Emdin, Yoshiki Sekijima, Eun-Seok Jeon, Jeeyoung Oh, Maria Alejandra Gonzalez Duarte Briseno, Hans Nienhuis, Teresa Coelho, Isabel Conceicao, Olga Azevedo, Sorina Badelita, Rayomand Press, Yesim Parman, Sanjiv Shah, Dianna Quan, Tessa Marburger, Michael Polydefkis, Ronald Witteles, Stephen Gottlieb, Nitasha Sarswat, Brian Drachman, David Steidley, Scott Hummel, David Slosky, Daniel Jacoby, Jose Nativi-Nicolau, James Tauras, Sasa Zivkovic, Jose Tallaj, Daniel Lenihan
Journal: JACC Heart Failure (2021)

Because patients with ATTRv cardiomyopathy are more likely to be male, this analysis aimed to increase information on associations between sex and genotype, phenotype, and degree of myocardial involvement in ATTRv amyloidosis.Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy is a progressive, fatal disease that occurs due to accumulation of wild-type or variant (ATTRv) transthyretin amyloid fibrils in the myocardium.The Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey (THAOS) is an ongoing global longitudinal observational survey of patients with ATTR amyloidosis and asymptomatic carriers with TTR mutations. Data from THAOS (data cutoff: January 6, 2020) were analyzed to determine any sex-based differences in genotype, phenotype, and presence of cardiac and neurological symptoms in patients with ATTRv amyloidosis and in patients with ATTRv amyloidosis and cardiomyopathy.There were 2,790 patients with ATTRv amyloidosis enrolled in THAOS, with male patients more likely to have symptoms of cardiac involvement and a cardiac phenotype. Male prevalence was greater in patients with more severe cardiac manifestations of disease, as assessed with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, mean LV wall thickness divided by height, and LV mass index divided by height. Sex, age at disease onset, and genotype category were identified by multivariate analyses as risk factors for the development of cardiomyopathy (defined as increased LV septum thickness divided by height).In this analysis, myocardial involvement was more frequent and pronounced in male patients with ATTRv amyloidosis, suggesting that there may be biological characteristics that inhibit myocardial amyloid infiltration in females or facilitate it in males.
Immunogenicity of single vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at 5–6 weeks post vaccine in participants aged 80 years or older: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Helen Parry, Rachel Bruton, Gokhan Tut, Myah Ali, Christine Stephens, David Greenwood, Sian Faustini, Sam Hughes, Aarnoud Huissoon, Rory Meade, Kevin Brown, Gayatri Amirthalingam, Ashley Otter, Bassam Hallis, Alex Richter, Jianmin Zuo, Paul Moss
Journal: The Lancet Healthy Longevity (2021)

In several countries, extended interval COVID-19 vaccination regimens are now used to accelerate population coverage, but the relative immunogenicity of different vaccines in older people remains uncertain. In this study we aimed to assess the antibody and cellular responses of older people after a single dose of either the BNT162b2 vaccine (tozinameran; Pfizer-BioNTech) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford University-AstraZeneca).
Effectiveness of Self-Help Plus in Preventing Mental Disorders in Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Western Europe: A Multinational Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Marianna Purgato, Kenneth Carswell, Federico Tedeschi, Ceren Acarturk, Minna Anttila, Teresa Au, Malek Bajbouj, Josef Baumgartner, Massimo Biondi, Rachel Churchill, Pim Cuijpers, Markus Koesters, Chiara Gastaldon, Zeynep Ilkkursun, Tella Lantta, Michela Nosè, Giovanni Ostuzzi, Davide Papola, Mariana Popa, Valentina Roselli, Marit Sijbrandij, Lorenzo Tarsitani, Giulia Turrini, Maritta Välimäki, Lauren Walker, Johannes Wancata, Elisa Zanini, Ross White, Mark van Ommeren, Corrado Barbui
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2021)

Self-Help Plus (SH+) is a group-based psychological intervention developed by the World Health Organization for managing stress.
P-127 Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in stage IV pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma naive patients before gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy
Authors: A. Pretta, C. Donisi, M. Persano, G. Pinna, E. Cimbro, A. Parrino, M. Migliari, M. Dubois, N. Liscia, S. Mariani, E. Lai, M. Puzzoni, V. Pusceddu, P. Ziranu, M. Scartozzi
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
A Machine Learning Approach to Liver Histological Evaluation Predicts Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension in NASH Cirrhosis
Authors: Jaime Bosch, Chuhan Chung, Oscar M. Carrasco‐Zevallos, Stephen A. Harrison, Manal F. Abdelmalek, Mitchell L. Shiffman, Don C. Rockey, Zahil Shanis, Dinkar Juyal, Harsha Pokkalla, Quang Huy Le, Murray Resnick, Michael Montalto, Andrew H. Beck, Ilan Wapinski, Ling Han, Catherine Jia, Zachary Goodman, Nezam Afdhal, Robert P. Myers, Arun J. Sanyal
Journal: Hepatology (2021)

The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the standard for estimating portal pressure but requires expertise for interpretation. We hypothesized that HVPG could be extrapolated from liver histology using a machine learning (ML) algorithm.
An AAV-based, room-temperature-stable, single-dose COVID-19 vaccine provides durable immunogenicity and protection in non-human primates
Authors: Nerea Zabaleta, Wenlong Dai, Urja Bhatt, Cécile Hérate, Pauline Maisonnasse, Jessica A. Chichester, Julio Sanmiguel, Reynette Estelien, Kristofer T. Michalson, Cheikh Diop, Dawid Maciorowski, Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet, Mariangela Cavarelli, Anne-Sophie Gallouët, Thibaut Naninck, Nidhal Kahlaoui, Julien Lemaitre, Wenbin Qi, Elissa Hudspeth, Allison Cucalon, Cecilia D. Dyer, M. Betina Pampena, James J. Knox, Regina C. LaRocque, Richelle C. Charles, Dan Li, Maya Kim, Abigail Sheridan, Nadia Storm, Rebecca I. Johnson, Jared Feldman, Blake M. Hauser, Vanessa Contreras, Romain Marlin, Raphaël Ho Tsong Fang, Catherine Chapon, Sylvie van der Werf, Eric Zinn, Aisling Ryan, Dione T. Kobayashi, Ruchi Chauhan, Marion McGlynn, Edward T. Ryan, Aaron G. Schmidt, Brian Price, Anna Honko, Anthony Griffiths, Sam Yaghmour, Robert Hodge, Michael R. Betts, Mason W. Freeman, James M. Wilson, Roger Le Grand, Luk H. Vandenberghe
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2021)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected more than 185 million people worldwide resulting in over 4 million deaths. To contain the pandemic, there is a continued need for safe vaccines that provide durable protection at low and scalable doses and can be deployed easily. Here, AAVCOVID-1, an adeno-associated viral (AAV), spike-gene-based vaccine candidate demonstrates potent immunogenicity in mouse and non-human primates following a single injection and confers complete protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in macaques. Peak neutralizing antibody titers are sustained at 1 year and complemented by functional memory T cell responses. The AAVCOVID vector has no relevant pre-existing immunity in humans and does not elicit cross-reactivity to common AAVs used in gene therapy. Vector genome persistence and expression wanes following injection. The single low-dose requirement, high-yield manufacturability, and 1-month stability for storage at room temperature may make this technology well suited to support effective immunization campaigns for emerging pathogens on a global scale.
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: S. Bonini
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) represents a disease usually classified under the term of allergic conjunctivitis together with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). However, AKC and VKC have clinical and pathophysiological features quite different from SAC and PAC, in spite of some common markers of allergy. This article aims to review personal studies suggesting that allergic conjunctivitis (similarly to asthma, rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) is a heterogeneous disease entity with different preferential pathogenetic mechanisms and a spectrum of clinical expression which varies according to individual cases. AKC and VKC may thus represent a model of atopy quite distinct from the classical type‐1 hypersensitivity mechanism.
Periodic breathing during hypoxia altitude simulation test
Authors: Santiago C. Arce, Guillermo B. Semeniuk, Eduardo L. De Vito
Journal: Thorax (2021)

A 79-year-old slender female patient presented at the pulmonary function laboratory to perform a hypoxia altitude simulation test (HAST). It was indicated on the basis of her intention to travel by plane and a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). She was a former smoker and had a history of arterial hypertension. Her only symptoms were mMRC grade 2 dyspnoea and cough.

The test was performed at sea level through a tightly fitting facemask, attached to a pneumotachograph and a two-way non-rebreathing valve. Dead space of the circuit was 120 mL. Airflow, heart rate, inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide fraction were continuously recorded. Pulse oximetry (SpO2) was recorded trough a finger probe (Massimo Radical 7, California, USA). In the sitting position, the patient breathed ambient air (inspired oxygen percentage=21%) …