tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fiber mixture-specific effect on distal colonic fermentation and metabolic health in lean but not in prediabetic men
Authors: Emanuel E. Canfora, Gerben D.A. Hermes, Mattea Müller, Jacco Bastings, Elaine E. Vaughan, Marco A. van Den Berg, Jens J. Holst, Koen Venema, Erwin G. Zoetendal, Ellen E. Blaak
Journal: Gut Microbes (2021)

Infusions of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate in the distal colon improved metabolic parameters in men. Here, we hypothesized that combining rapidly and slowly fermentable fibers will enhance distal colonic acetate production and improve metabolic health. In vitro cultivation studies in a validated model of the colon were used to identify fiber mixtures that yielded high distal colonic acetate production. Subsequently, in two randomized crossover studies, lean and prediabetic overweight/obese men were included. In one study, participants received supplements of either long-chain inulin+resistant starch (INU+RS), INU or maltodextrin (PLA) the day prior to a clinical investigation day (CID). The second trial studied beta glucan+RS (BG+RS) versus BG and PLA. During each CID, breath hydrogen, indirect calorimetry, plasma metabolites/hormones were assessed during fasting and postprandial conditions. Additionally, fecal microbiota composition and SCFA were determined. In prediabetic men, INU+RS increased plasma acetate compared to INU or PLA (P < .05), but did not affect metabolic parameters. In lean men, INU+RS increased breath hydrogen and fasting plasma butyrate, which was accompanied by increased energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation and PYY and decreased postprandial glucose concentrations (all P < .05) compared to PLA. BG+RS increased plasma butyrate compared to PLA (P < .05) in prediabetic individuals, but did not affect other fermentation/metabolic markers in both phenotypes. Fiber-induced shifts in fecal microbiota were individual-specific and more pronounced with INU+RS versus BG+RS. Administration of INU+RS (not BG+RS) the day prior to investigation improved metabolic parameters in lean but not in prediabetic individuals, demonstrating that effects were phenotype- and fiber-specific. Further research should study whether longer-term supplementation periods are required to elicit beneficial metabolic health in prediabetic individuals. Trial registration numbers: Clinical trial No. NCT03711383 (Inulin study) and Clinical trial No. NCT03714646 (Beta glucan study).
Small Cell Undifferentiated Histology Does Not Adversely Affect Outcome in Hepatoblastoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group (COG) AHEP0731 Study Committee
Authors: Angela Trobaugh-Lotrario, Howard M. Katzenstein, Sarangarajan Ranganathan, Dolores Lopez-Terrada, Mark D. Krailo, Jin Piao, Nadia Chung, Jessica Randazzo, Marcio H. Malogolowkin, Wayne L. Furman, Elizabeth B. McCarville, Alexander J. Towbin, Greg M. Tiao, Stephen P. Dunn, Max R. Langham, Eugene D. McGahren, James Feusner, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Rebecka L. Meyers, Allison F. O'Neill, Milton J. Finegold
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2021)

Small cell undifferentiated (SCU) histology in hepatoblastoma (HB) tumors has historically been associated with a poor prognosis. Tumors from patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group (COG) study AHEP0731 underwent institutional and central pathologic review for identification of SCU histology.
Comparative accuracy and cost-effectiveness of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and positron emission tomography in the characterisation of solitary pulmonary nodules
Authors: Fiona J Gilbert, Scott Harris, Kenneth A Miles, Jonathan R Weir-McCall, Nagmi R Qureshi, Robert Campbell Rintoul, Sabina Dizdarevic, Lucy Pike, Donald Sinclair, Andrew Shah, Rosemary Eaton, Jeremy Jones, Andrew Clegg, Valerio Benedetto, James Hill, Andrew Cook, Dimitrios Tzelis, Luke Vale, Lucy Brindle, Jackie Madden, Kelly Cozens, Louisa Little, Kathrin Eichhorst, Patricia Moate, Chris McClement, Charles Peebles, Anindo Banerjee, Sai Han, Fat-Wui Poon, Ashley M Groves, Lutfi Kurban, Anthony Frew, Matthew E J Callister, Phil A Crosbie, Fergus Vincent Gleeson, Kavitasagary Karunasaagarar, Osei Kankam, Steve George
Journal: Thorax (2021)

Introduction Dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) and positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) have a high reported accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs). The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and cost-effectiveness of these. Methods In this prospective multicentre trial, 380 participants with an SPN (8–30 mm) and no recent history of malignancy underwent DCE-CT and PET/CT. All patients underwent either biopsy with histological diagnosis or completed CT follow-up. Primary outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity and overall diagnostic accuracy for PET/CT and DCE-CT. Costs and cost-effectiveness were estimated from a healthcare provider perspective using a decision-model. Results 312 participants (47% female, 68.1±9.0 years) completed the study, with 61% rate of malignancy at 2 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values for DCE-CT were 95.3% (95% CI 91.3 to 97.5), 29.8% (95% CI 22.3 to 38.4), 68.2% (95% CI 62.4% to 73.5%) and 80.0% (95% CI 66.2 to 89.1), respectively, and for PET/CT were 79.1% (95% CI 72.7 to 84.2), 81.8% (95% CI 74.0 to 87.7), 87.3% (95% CI 81.5 to 91.5) and 71.2% (95% CI 63.2 to 78.1). The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) for DCE-CT and PET/CT was 0.62 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.67) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.85), respectively (p&lt;0.001). Combined results significantly increased diagnostic accuracy over PET/CT alone (AUROC=0.90 (95% CI 0.86 to 0.93), p&lt;0.001). DCE-CT was preferred when the willingness to pay per incremental cost per correctly treated malignancy was below £9000. Above £15 500 a combined approach was preferred. Conclusions PET/CT has a superior diagnostic accuracy to DCE-CT for the diagnosis of SPNs. Combining both techniques improves the diagnostic accuracy over either test alone and could be cost-effective. Trial registration number NCT02013063
Outcomes and Predictors of Relapse with Use of Hypomethylating Agents in Combination with Venetoclax Prior to Allogeneic Transplant in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Imran Nizamuddin, Timothy Seijung Oh, Yazan Numan, Max Farber Kelsten, Madelyn Burkart, Olga Frankfurt, Carlos E. Vigil, Yasmin Abaza, Jessica K. Altman, Shira Dinner
Journal: Blood (2021)
Inhibitory pattern recognition receptors
Authors: Matevž Rumpret, Helen J. von Richthofen, Victor Peperzak, Linde Meyaard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2021)

Pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In situations such as contact with commensals or during physiological cell death, the immune system should not respond to these patterns. Hence, immune responses need to be context dependent, but it is not clear how context for molecular pattern recognition is provided. We discuss inhibitory receptors as potential counterparts to activating pattern recognition receptors. We propose a group of inhibitory pattern recognition receptors (iPRRs) that recognize endogenous and microbial patterns associated with danger, homeostasis, or both. We propose that recognition of molecular patterns by iPRRs provides context, helps mediate tolerance to microbes, and helps balance responses to danger signals.
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Older Patients With Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Tairo Kashihara, Hiroto Ishiki, Ken Kato
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2021)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Oncology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Oncology journal
Design and aligner-assisted fast fabrication of a microfluidic platform for quasi-3D cell studies on an elastic polymer
Authors: Yingning He, Yue Yu, Yuqian Yang, Yexin Gu, Tianjiao Mao, Yang Shen, Qiong Liu, Ruili Liu, Jiandong Ding
Journal: Bioactive Materials (2021)

While most studies of mechanical stimulation of cells are focused on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems, it is rare to study the effects of cyclic stretching on cells under a quasi-3D microenvironment as a linkage between 2D and 3D. Herein, we report a new method to prepare an elastic membrane with topographic microstructures and integrate the membrane into a microfluidic chip. The fabrication difficulty lay not only in the preparation of microstructures but also in the alignment and bonding of the patterned membrane to other layers. To resolve the problem, we designed and assembled a fast aligner that is cost-effective and convenient to operate. To enable quasi-3D microenvironment of cells, we fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwell arrays (formed by micropillars of a few microns in diameter) with the microwell diameters close to the cell sizes. An appropriate plasma treatment was found to afford a coating-free approach to enable cell adhesion on PDMS. We examined three types of cells in 2D, quasi-3D, and 3D microenvironments; the cell adhesion results showed that quasi-3D cells behaved between 2D and 3D cells. We also constructed transgenic human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); under cyclic stretching, the visualizable live hMSCs in microwells were found to orientate differently from in a 3D Matrigel matrix and migrate differently from on a 2D flat plate. This study not only provides valuable tools for microfabrication of a microfluidic device for cell studies, but also inspires further studies of the topological effects of biomaterials on cells.
Responding to SARS-CoV-2 on College Campuses—Only Beginning to Understand What Works and Why
Authors: A. David Paltiel
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

Neil G. Hockstein, MD; LaKresha Moultrie, JD; Michelle Fisher, DBA; R. Christopher Mason, PhD; Derrick C. Scott, PhD; Joan F. Coker, MD; Autumn Tuxward; Juliana Terheyden, MBA; Nolan Canter, BA; Michael Coons; Saundra DeLauder, PhD; Tony Allen, PhD
TCR signal strength defines distinct mechanisms of T cell dysfunction and cancer evasion
Authors: Mojdeh Shakiba, Paul Zumbo, Gabriel Espinosa-Carrasco, Laura Menocal, Friederike Dündar, Sandra E. Carson, Emmanuel M. Bruno, Francisco J. Sanchez-Rivera, Scott W. Lowe, Steven Camara, Richard P. Koche, Vincent P. Reuter, Nicholas D. Socci, Benjamin Whitlock, Fella Tamzalit, Morgan Huse, Matthew D. Hellmann, Daniel K. Wells, Nadine A. Defranoux, Doron Betel, Mary Philip, Andrea Schietinger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2021)

T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength is a key determinant of T cell responses. We developed a cancer mouse model in which tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST cells) encounter tumor antigens with varying TCR signal strength. High-signal-strength interactions caused TST cells to up-regulate inhibitory receptors (IRs), lose effector function, and establish a dysfunction-associated molecular program. TST cells undergoing low-signal-strength interactions also up-regulated IRs, including PD1, but retained a cell-intrinsic functional state. Surprisingly, neither high- nor low-signal-strength interactions led to tumor control in vivo, revealing two distinct mechanisms by which PD1hi TST cells permit tumor escape; high signal strength drives dysfunction, while low signal strength results in functional inertness, where the signal strength is too low to mediate effective cancer cell killing by functional TST cells. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated fine-tuning of signal strength to an intermediate range improved anti-tumor activity in vivo. Our study defines the role of TCR signal strength in TST cell function, with important implications for T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
Potential Lessons for <i>DSM</i> From Contemporary Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kenneth S. Kendler
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2021)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Psychiatry journal
Acute Appendicitis
Authors: Kristin Walter
Journal: JAMA (2021)

Acute AppendicitisAppendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, a small, tubular organ in the right lower abdomen that is attached to the large intestine. Causes and Symptoms of Acute AppendicitisCommon causes of acute appendicitis include infections, tumors, or accumulation of calcified feces (appendicolith) in the appendix.The most common symptom of acute appendicitis is pain in the right lower abdomen.More than half of patients first experience discomfort in the midabdominal area, which later becomes more localized to the right lower abdominal area.Other symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. How Common Is Acute Appendicitis?Acute appendicitis is diagnosed in about 250 000 people each year in the US and is most common among people 20 to 30 years old.Approximately 8.6% of men and 6.7% of women in the US are diagnosed with appendicitis over their lifetimes. Uncomplicated Versus Complicated AppendicitisAcute appendicitis is defined as uncomplicated if the appendix has not ruptured.Complicated appendicitis occurs when the appendix ruptures, resulting in a widespread infection in the abdomen (peritonitis) or a contained pocket of pus in the abdomen.Men and older adults are at higher risk of developing complicated appendicitis.
Tenofovir alafenamide treatment may not worsen the lipid profile of chronic hepatitis B patients: A propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Joonho Jeong, Jung Woo Shin, Seok Won Jung, Eun Ji Park, Neung Hwa Park
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2021)

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has shown less favorable effect on lipids compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in clinical trials. However, data regarding these outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of TAF on the lipid in patients with CHB.A total of 237 TAF-treated CHB patients compared with TDF, inactive CHB, and non-hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected control groups using propensity score matching (PSM).Following PSM, each analysis was conducted on cohorts via the matching of 70:140 (TAF:TDF), 89:89 (TAF:inactive CHB), 140:560 (TAF:non-HBV infected control), and 368:1,472 (TDF:non-HBV-infected control). A significant decrease in the total cholesterol (TC) level was noted at 48 weeks in the TDF group compared to the TAF group (176.3±32.9 vs. 156.7±27.7, P<0.001) and the non-HBV-infected control group (175.0±29.5 vs. 156.2±28.3, P<0.001). However, no significant change in TC was observed in the TAF group and inactive CHB or non-HBV-infected control groups at 48 weeks. For the subgroup analyses of TAF vs. non-HBV-infected control subjects and inactive CHB patients whose detailed lipid profile information were available, no between-group differences in TC, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, highdensity lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, TC/HDL ratio, and LDL/HDL ratio were observed at 48 weeks.TDF seems to have a lipid-lowering effect compared to the non-HBV-infected control and TAF-treated groups. However, in real practice, TAF might not worsen the lipid profiles of subjects compared to non-HBV-infected controls and patients with inactive CHB.
Implementation Science to Improve Tobacco Cessation Services in Oncology Care
Authors: _ _
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2021)

Every patient with cancer deserves access to evidence-based tobacco cessation interventions as part of their routine oncology care. The NCI Cancer Moonshot funded the Cancer Center Cessation Initiative (C3I) to help establish and/or expand tobacco treatment programs at 52 NCI-designated Cancer Centers. Although this initiative has broadened the availability of tobacco treatment services across US cancer centers, the reach and utilization of these services remains low among patients. To help address the remaining gap between the availability and utilization of evidence-based treatments for tobacco use in the oncologic context, staff and investigators at C3I sites and the C3I Coordinating Center formed the C3I Implementation Science Working Group. The mission of this working group is to bring together clinicians, scientists, and policymakers who share a common interest in implementation science and treating tobacco use in the oncologic context to collaborate on projects aimed at shrinking the practice gap in this area. Through case study examples, we describe how the C3I Implementation Science Working Group is supporting efforts to identify effective ways to increase the utilization of evidence-based tobacco treatments within cancer treatment settings and promote the broader impact and long-term sustainability of C3I.
Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids-based delivery of microRNA-155 inhibits choroidal neovascularization by regulating the polarization of macrophages
Authors: Xin Qin, Lirong Xiao, Ni Li, Chen Hou, Wenman Li, Jiajie Li, Naihong Yan, Yunfeng Lin
Journal: Bioactive Materials (2021)

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common pathological feature of various eye diseases and an important cause of visual impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients. In previous studies, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) showed good carrier performance. In this experiment, we developed microRNA-155-equipped tFNAs (T-155) and explored its biological effects on CNV. Based on the results of in-vitro experiments, T-155 could regulate macrophages into the antiangiogenic M1 type. Then, we injected T-155 into the vitreous of laser-induced CNV model mice and found that T-155 significantly reduced the size and area of CNV, inhibited blood vessel leakage. In summary, we prove that T-155 could regulate the inflammatory process of CNV by polarizing macrophages, thereby improving the symptoms of CNV. Thus, T-155 might become a new DNA-based drug with great potential for treating CNV.
Association of Maternal Cervical Disease With Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among Offspring
Authors: Christopher M. Worsham, Jaemin Woo, André Zimerman, Charles F. Bray, Anupam B. Jena
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Barriers to childhood vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases, such as those due to human papillomavirus (HPV), are well known. However, the role of salience bias—the change in perception of risk due to increased familiarity with the outcome—in decisions to vaccinate children has not been explicitly studied. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess for salience bias in parental decisions to vaccinate children. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This retrospective cohort study used a time-to-event (survival) analysis to compare vaccination rates of children whose mothers had a history of cervical cancer or a cervical biopsy, who have experienced adverse vaccine-preventable outcomes, and for whom vaccination may be more salient, with a control group of children whose mothers had no such history. Participants were accrued from the MarketScan Commercial Database, including US children who turned 11 years old, when HPV vaccination is recommended, from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from December 29, 2020, to September 17, 2021. <h3>Exposures</h3> Maternal history of cervical cancer or cervical biopsy. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Vaccination against HPV. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 757 428 children (370 878 girls [49.0%] and 386 550 boys [51.0%]) were identified, of whom 38 366 had mothers with a history of cervical biopsy alone and 1084 had mothers with a history of cervical cancer. Overall, 54.2% of children (55.7% of girls and 52.7% of boys) received at least 1 vaccination by 16 years of age. In a time-to-event analysis, HPV vaccination did not differ between children whose mothers had cervical cancer vs those whose mothers did not (hazard ratio [HR] for girls, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.86-1.13]; HR for boys, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.94-1.24]). Maternal history of cervical biopsy was associated with a minimally increased hazard of vaccination (HR for girls, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.04-1.09]; HR for boys, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.01-1.06]). There were no clinically meaningful differences between groups for the tetanus/diphtheria/acellular pertussis and meningococcal vaccinations, which are also recommended at 11 years of age. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this analysis of salience bias in childhood vaccination decisions, mothers' personal history of cervical cancer or cervical biopsy was not associated with greater vaccination rates among children against HPV. These findings suggest that salience of vaccine-preventable outcomes may not have a major impact on childhood vaccine hesitancy in HPV; the role of salience should be investigated for other vaccines.