Muscle fat content is strongly associated with NASH: A longitudinal study in patients with morbid obesity
Authors: Maxime Nachit, Wilhelmus J. Kwanten, Jean-Paul Thissen, Bart Op De Beeck, Luc Van Gaal, Luisa Vonghia, An Verrijken, Ann Driessen, Yves Horsmans, Sven Francque, Isabelle A. Leclercq
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2021)

•Muscle fat content is higher in patients with obesity and NASH than in those with obesity and NAFL.•There is no low muscle mass in patients with obesity-associated NASH.•Muscle fat content is strongly associated with cardinal histological features of NASH.•NASH improvement is associated with a significant decrease of muscle fat content. Background & AimsStudies exploring the relationship between muscle fat content and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are scarce. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the association of muscle mass and fatty infiltration with biopsy-assessed NAFLD in patients with obesity.MethodsAt inclusion (n = 184) and 12 months after a dietary intervention (n = 15) or bariatric surgery (n = 24), we evaluated NAFLD by liver biopsy, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) by CT (CT-SMI) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA-SMI). We developed an index to evaluate absolute fat content in muscle (skeletal muscle fat index [SMFI]) from CT-based psoas muscle density (SMFIPsoas).ResultsMuscle mass was higher in patients with NAFLD than in those without (CT-SMI 56.8 ± 9.9 vs. 47.4 ± 6.5 cm2/m2, p <0.0001). There was no association between sarcopenia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). SMFIPsoas was higher in NASH ≥F2 and early NASH F0-1 than in NAFL (78.5 ± 23.6 and 73.1 ± 15.6 vs. 61.2 ± 12.6, p <0.001). A 1-point change in the score for any of the individual cardinal NASH features (i.e. steatosis, inflammation or ballooning) was associated with an increase in SMFIPsoas (all p <0.05). The association between SMFIPsoas and NASH was highly significant even after adjustment for multiple confounders (all p <0.025). After intervention (n = 39), NASH improvement, defined by NAFLD activity score <3 or a 2-point score reduction, was achieved in more than 75% of patients (n = 25 or n = 27, respectively) that had pre-established NASH at inclusion (n = 32) and was associated with a significant decrease in SMFIPsoas (p <0.001). Strikingly, all patients who had ≥11% reduction in SMFIPsoas achieved NASH improvement (14/14, p <0.05).ConclusionsMuscle fat content, but not muscle mass, is strongly and independently associated with NASH. All individuals who achieved a ≥11% decrease in SMFIPsoas after intervention improved their NASH. These data indicate that muscle fatty infiltration could be a potential marker for (and perhaps a pathophysiological contributor to) NASH.Lay summaryThe fat content in skeletal muscles is highly reflective of the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with morbid obesity. In particular, muscle fat content is strongly associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and decreases upon NASH improvement. These data indicate that muscle fatty infiltration could be a marker and possible pathophysiological contributor to NASH. Studies exploring the relationship between muscle fat content and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are scarce. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the association of muscle mass and fatty infiltration with biopsy-assessed NAFLD in patients with obesity. At inclusion (n = 184) and 12 months after a dietary intervention (n = 15) or bariatric surgery (n = 24), we evaluated NAFLD by liver biopsy, and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) by CT (CT-SMI) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA-SMI). We developed an index to evaluate absolute fat content in muscle (skeletal muscle fat index [SMFI]) from CT-based psoas muscle density (SMFIPsoas). Muscle mass was higher in patients with NAFLD than in those without (CT-SMI 56.8 ± 9.9 vs. 47.4 ± 6.5 cm2/m2, p <0.0001). There was no association between sarcopenia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). SMFIPsoas was higher in NASH ≥F2 and early NASH F0-1 than in NAFL (78.5 ± 23.6 and 73.1 ± 15.6 vs. 61.2 ± 12.6, p <0.001). A 1-point change in the score for any of the individual cardinal NASH features (i.e. steatosis, inflammation or ballooning) was associated with an increase in SMFIPsoas (all p <0.05). The association between SMFIPsoas and NASH was highly significant even after adjustment for multiple confounders (all p <0.025). After intervention (n = 39), NASH improvement, defined by NAFLD activity score <3 or a 2-point score reduction, was achieved in more than 75% of patients (n = 25 or n = 27, respectively) that had pre-established NASH at inclusion (n = 32) and was associated with a significant decrease in SMFIPsoas (p <0.001). Strikingly, all patients who had ≥11% reduction in SMFIPsoas achieved NASH improvement (14/14, p <0.05). Muscle fat content, but not muscle mass, is strongly and independently associated with NASH. All individuals who achieved a ≥11% decrease in SMFIPsoas after intervention improved their NASH. These data indicate that muscle fatty infiltration could be a potential marker for (and perhaps a pathophysiological contributor to) NASH.