Association of a Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use With Antibiotic Use and Hospital-Onset <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Infection Rates Among US Hospitals
Authors: Pranita D. Tamma, Melissa A. Miller, Prashila Dullabh, Roy Ahn, Kathleen Speck, Yue Gao, Erik Scherpf, Sara E. Cosgrove
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Regulatory agencies and professional organizations recommend antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) in US hospitals. The optimal approach to establish robust, sustainable ASPs across diverse hospitals is unknown. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess whether the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use is associated with reductions in antibiotic use across US hospitals. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> A pragmatic quality improvement program was conducted and evaluated over a 1-year period in US hospitals. A total of 437 hospitals were enrolled. The study was conducted from December 1, 2017, to November 30, 2018. Data analysis was performed from March 1 to October 31, 2019. <h3>Interventions</h3> The Safety Program assisted hospitals with establishing ASPs and worked with frontline clinicians to improve their antibiotic decision-making. All clinical staff (eg, clinicians, pharmacists, and nurses) were encouraged to participate. Seventeen webinars occurred over 12 months, accompanied by additional durable educational content. Topics focused on establishing ASPs, the science of safety, improving teamwork and communication, and best practices for the diagnosis and management of infectious processes. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary outcome was overall antibiotic use (days of antibiotic therapy [DOT] per 1000 patient days [PD]) comparing the beginning (January-February 2018) and end (November-December 2018) of the Safety Program. Data analysis occurred using linear mixed models with random hospital unit effects. Antibiotic use from 614 hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database from the same period was analyzed to evaluate contemporary US antibiotic trends. Quarterly hospital-onset<i>Clostridioides difficile</i>laboratory-identified events per 10 000 PD were a secondary outcome. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 437 hospitals enrolled, 402 (92%) remained in the program until its completion, including 28 (7%) academic medical centers, 122 (30%) midlevel teaching hospitals, 167 (42%) community hospitals, and 85 (21%) critical access hospitals. Adherence to key components of ASPs (ie, interventions before and after prescription of antibiotics, availability of local antibiotic guidelines, ASP leads with dedicated salary support, and quarterly reporting of antibiotic use) improved from 8% to 74% over the 1-year period (<i>P</i> &lt; .01). Antibiotic use decreased by 30.3 DOT per 1000 PD (95% CI, −52.6 to −8.0 DOT;<i>P</i> = .008). Similar changes in antibiotic use were not observed in the Premier Healthcare Database. The incidence rate of hospital-onset<i>C difficile</i>laboratory-identified events decreased by 19.5% (95% CI, −33.5% to −2.4%;<i>P</i> = .03). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Safety Program appeared to enable diverse hospitals to establish ASPs and teach frontline clinicians to self-steward their antibiotic use. Safety Program content is publicly available.