Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Children
Authors: Lyudmyla Kompaniyets, Nickolas T. Agathis, Jennifer M. Nelson, Leigh Ellyn Preston, Jean Y. Ko, Brook Belay, Audrey F. Pennington, Melissa L. Danielson, Carla L. DeSisto, Jennifer R. Chevinsky, Lyna Z. Schieber, Hussain Yusuf, James Baggs, William R. Mac Kenzie, Karen K. Wong, Tegan K. Boehmer, Adi V. Gundlapalli, Alyson B. Goodman
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Information on underlying conditions and severe COVID-19 illness among children is limited. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine the risk of severe COVID-19 illness among children associated with underlying medical conditions and medical complexity. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This cross-sectional study included patients aged 18 years and younger with<i>International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification </i>code U07.1 (COVID-19) or B97.29 (other coronavirus) during an emergency department or inpatient encounter from March 2020 through January 2021. Data were collected from the Premier Healthcare Database Special COVID-19 Release, which included data from more than 800 US hospitals. Multivariable generalized linear models, controlling for patient and hospital characteristics, were used to estimate adjusted risk of severe COVID-19 illness associated with underlying medical conditions and medical complexity. <h3>Exposures</h3> Underlying medical conditions and medical complexity (ie, presence of complex or noncomplex chronic disease). <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Hospitalization and severe illness when hospitalized (ie, combined outcome of intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death). <h3>Results</h3> Among 43 465 patients with COVID-19 aged 18 years or younger, the median (interquartile range) age was 12 (4-16) years, 22 943 (52.8%) were female patients, and 12 491 (28.7%) had underlying medical conditions. The most common diagnosed conditions were asthma (4416 [10.2%]), neurodevelopmental disorders (1690 [3.9%]), anxiety and fear-related disorders (1374 [3.2%]), depressive disorders (1209 [2.8%]), and obesity (1071 [2.5%]). The strongest risk factors for hospitalization were type 1 diabetes (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 4.60; 95% CI, 3.91-5.42) and obesity (aRR, 3.07; 95% CI, 2.66-3.54), and the strongest risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness were type 1 diabetes (aRR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.06-2.76) and cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies (aRR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.48-1.99). Prematurity was a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness among children younger than 2 years (aRR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.47-2.29). Chronic and complex chronic disease were risk factors for hospitalization, with aRRs of 2.91 (95% CI, 2.63-3.23) and 7.86 (95% CI, 6.91-8.95), respectively, as well as for severe COVID-19 illness, with aRRs of 1.95 (95% CI, 1.69-2.26) and 2.86 (95% CI, 2.47-3.32), respectively. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> This cross-sectional study found a higher risk of severe COVID-19 illness among children with medical complexity and certain underlying conditions, such as type 1 diabetes, cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies, and obesity. Health care practitioners could consider the potential need for close observation and cautious clinical management of children with these conditions and COVID-19.