Association of Mental Stress–Induced Myocardial Ischemia With Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Viola Vaccarino, Zakaria Almuwaqqat, Jeong Hwan Kim, Muhammad Hammadah, Amit J. Shah, Yi-An Ko, Lisa Elon, Samaah Sullivan, Anish Shah, Ayman Alkhoder, Bruno B. Lima, Brad Pearce, Laura Ward, Michael Kutner, Yingtian Hu, Tené T. Lewis, Ernest V. Garcia, Jonathon Nye, David S. Sheps, Paolo Raggi, J. Douglas Bremner, Arshed A. Quyyumi
Journal: JAMA (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Mental stress–induced myocardial ischemia is a recognized phenomenon in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but its clinical significance in the contemporary clinical era has not been investigated. <h3>Objective</h3> To compare the association of mental stress–induced or conventional stress–induced ischemia with adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CHD. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Pooled analysis of 2 prospective cohort studies of patients with stable CHD from a university-based hospital network in Atlanta, Georgia: the Mental Stress Ischemia Prognosis Study (MIPS) and the Myocardial Infarction and Mental Stress Study 2 (MIMS2). Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and March 2016 (last follow-up, February 2020). <h3>Exposures</h3> Provocation of myocardial ischemia with a standardized mental stress test (public speaking task) and with a conventional (exercise or pharmacological) stress test, using single-photon emission computed tomography. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or first or recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction. The secondary end point additionally included hospitalizations for heart failure. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 918 patients in the total sample pool (mean age, 60 years; 34% women), 618 participated in MIPS and 300 in MIMS2. Of those, 147 patients (16%) had mental stress–induced ischemia, 281 (31%) conventional stress ischemia, and 96 (10%) had both. Over a 5-year median follow-up, the primary end point occurred in 156 participants. The pooled event rate was 6.9 per 100 patient-years among patients with and 2.6 per 100 patient-years among patients without mental stress–induced ischemia. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for patients with vs those without mental stress–induced ischemia was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.8-3.5). Compared with patients with no ischemia (event rate, 2.3 per 100 patient-years), patients with mental stress–induced ischemia alone had a significantly increased risk (event rate, 4.8 per 100 patient-years; HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7) as did patients with both mental stress ischemia and conventional stress ischemia (event rate, 8.1 per 100 patient-years; HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.6-5.6). Patients with conventional stress ischemia alone did not have a significantly increased risk (event rate, 3.1 per 100 patient-years; HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9-2.1). Patients with both mental stress ischemia and conventional stress ischemia had an elevated risk compared with patients with conventional stress ischemia alone (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7-4.3). The secondary end point occurred in 319 participants. The event rate was 12.6 per 100 patient-years for patients with and 5.6 per 100 patient-years for patients without mental stress–induced ischemia (adjusted HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.5). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Among patients with stable coronary heart disease, the presence of mental stress–induced ischemia, compared with no mental stress–induced ischemia, was significantly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Although these findings may provide insights into mechanisms of myocardial ischemia, further research is needed to assess whether testing for mental stress–induced ischemia has clinical value.