Prevalence of Detection of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Among Asymptomatic Children
Authors: Sarah R. Tougas, Nidhi Lodha, Ben Vandermeer, Diane L. Lorenzetti, Phillip I. Tarr, Gillian A. M. Tarr, Linda Chui, Otto G. Vanderkooi, Stephen B. Freedman
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> Detection of<i>Clostridioides difficile</i>has frequently been described in asymptomatic infants and children, but accurate estimates across the age spectrum are unavailable. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the prevalence of<i>C difficile</i>detection among asymptomatic children across the age spectrum. <h3>Data Sources</h3> This systematic review and meta-analysis included a search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020. Search terms included<i>Clostridium difficile</i>,<i>Peptoclostridium difficile</i>,<i>Clostridioides difficile</i>,<i>CDF</i>OR<i>CDI</i>OR<i>c diff</i>OR<i>c difficile</i>,<i>Clostridium infections</i>OR<i>cd positive diarrhea</i>OR<i>cd positive diarrhea</i>OR<i>Clostridium difficile</i>OR<i>Peptoclostridium difficile</i>OR<i>pseudomembranous colitis</i>OR<i>pseudomembranous enterocolitis</i>,<i>enterocolitis</i>, and<i>pseudomembranous</i>. These were combined with the following terms:<i>bacterial colonization</i>and<i>colonization</i>OR<i>colonized</i>OR<i>colonizing</i>OR<i>epidemiology</i>OR<i>prevalence</i>OR<i>seroprevalence</i>. <h3>Study Selection</h3> Studies were screened independently by 2 authors. Studies were included if they reported testing for<i>C difficile</i>among asymptomatic children (ie, children without diarrhea) younger than 18 years. <h3>Data Extraction and Synthesis</h3> Data were extracted independently and in duplicate by 2 reviewers. Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The primary outcome was prevalence of<i>C difficile</i>detection among asymptomatic children. Secondary outcomes included prevalence of toxigenic vs nontoxigenic strains of<i>C difficile</i>and prevalence of<i>C difficile</i>detection stratified by geographic region, income status, testing method, and year of testing. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 95 studies with 19 186 participants were included. Rates of detection of toxigenic or nontoxigenic<i>C difficile</i>were greatest among infants aged 6 to 12 months (41%; 95% CI, 32%-50%) and decreased to 12% (95% CI, 7%-18%) among children aged 5 to 18 years. The prevalence of toxigenic<i>C difficile</i>colonization was lower, peaking at 14% (95% CI, 8%-21%) among infants aged 6 to 12 months and decreasing to 6% (95% CI, 2%-11%) among children older than 5 years. Although prevalence differed by geographic region (ie, North and South America vs Europe: β, −0.151,<i>P</i> = .001; North and South America vs Western Pacific: β, 0.136,<i>P</i> = .007), there was no difference by testing method (ie, culture vs polymerase chain reaction: β, 0.069,<i>P</i> = .052; culture vs enzyme immunoassay: β, −0.178,<i>P</i> = .051), income class (low-middle income vs high income: β, −0.144,<i>P</i> = .23; upper-middle vs high income: β, −0.020,<i>P</i> = .64), or period (before 1990 vs 2010-2020: β, −0.125,<i>P</i> = .19; 1990-1999 vs 2010-2020: β, −0.037,<i>P</i> = .42; 2000-2009 vs 2010-2020: β, −0.006,<i>P</i> = .86). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this systematic review and meta-analysis,<i>C difficile</i>colonization rates among children were greatest at 6 to 12 months of age and decreased thereafter. These estimates may provide context for interpreting<i>C difficile</i>test results among young children.