tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
P77.03 A Phase II Study of KN046 (Bispecific Anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4) in Patients (pts) with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: C. Zhou, A. Xiong, W. Li, Z. Ma, X. Li, J. Fang, Q. Xie, Y. Fan, J. Xu, H. Van, P. Kong, F. Yang, J. Li, Y. Lu, T. Xu
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
Abstract 3282: Elevated Triglycerides, Not Cholesterol, Predict Bioprosthetic Pulmonary Valve Degeneration
Authors: Natalie A Bottega, Heidi M Connolly, Joseph A Dearani, Carole A Warnes
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background: The role of lipids in accelerating native valve degeneration is controversial. Bioprosthetic pulmonary valves (BPV) are used frequently in adult patients (pt) with congenital heart dise...
OA09.06 Nivolumab in Recurrent Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Real-World Data From Expanded Access Program In The Netherlands
Authors: R. Belderbos, L. Cantini, C. Gooijer, D. Dumoulin, R. Cornelissen, S. Burgers, P. Baas, J. Aerts
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
The Uncertain Role of Corticosteroids in the Treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Theodore G. Liou, Frederick R. Adler, Nathan D. Hatton
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2020)

Chaomin Wu, MD; Xiaoyan Chen, MD; Yanping Cai, MD; Jia'an Xia, MD; Xing Zhou, MD; Sha Xu, MD; Hanping Huang, MD; Li Zhang, MD; Xia Zhou, MD; Chunling Du, MD; Yuye Zhang, BD; Juan Song, BD; Sijiao Wang, BD; Yencheng Chao, MD; Zeyong Yang, MD; Jie Xu, MD; Xin Zhou, MD; Dechang Chen, MD; Weining Xiong, MD; Lei Xu, MD; Feng Zhou, MD; Jinjun Jiang, MD; Chunxue Bai, MD; Junhua Zheng, MD; Yuanlin Song, MD
Abstract 11376: Successful Reduction of Postoperative Chest Tube Duration and Length of Stay After Congenital Heart Surgery: A Multicenter Pediatric Acute Care Cardiology Collaborative (pac3) and Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (pc4) Improvement Project
Authors: Katherine E Bates, Nicolas L Madsen, Lara Khadr, Margaret Graupe, Anthony M Hlavacek, Evonne Morell, Sara K Pasquali, Jennifer L Russell, Susan K Schachtner, Ronn E Tanel, Adam L Ware, Sharyl Wooton, Alaina K Kipps
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: We previously found variation across congenital heart centers in postoperative chest tube (CT) management including one “model” center with shorter CT duration and length of stay (LOS...
Designed improvement to T-cell immunotherapy by multidimensional single cell profiling
Authors: Irfan N Bandey, Jay R T Adolacion, Gabrielle Romain, Melisa Martinez Paniagua, Xingyue An, Arash Saeedi, Ivan Liadi, Zheng You, Rasindu B Rajanayake, Patrick Hwu, Harjeet Singh, Laurence JN Cooper, Navin Varadarajan
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2021)

Adoptive cell therapy based on the infusion of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has shown remarkable efficacy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. The primary mechanism of action of these infused T cells is the direct killing of tumor cells expressing the cognate antigen. However, understanding why only some T cells are capable of killing, and identifying mechanisms that can improve killing has remained elusive.
A Personalized Approach to Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ashton C. Lai, Solomon W. Bienstock, Raman Sharma, Karl Skorecki, Frans Beerkens, Rajeev Samtani, Andrew Coyle, Tonia Kim, Usman Baber, Anton Camaj, David Power, Valentin Fuster, Martin E. Goldman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
Healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with respect to antibiotics, antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance across 30 EU/EEA countries in 2019
Authors: Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Susan Hopkins, Sagar Vasandani, Eno Umoh, Olaolu Oloyede, Andrea Nilsson, John Kinsman, Linda Elsert, Dominique L Monnet
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2021)

Background While several studies have assessed knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the public, physicians and medical students in a number of EU/EEA countries with respect to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, there is a paucity of literature for other healthcare workers. This survey aimed to fill this gap. Methods A 43-item online questionnaire was developed, validated and pilot-tested through a modified Delphi consensus process involving 87 Project Advisory Group (PAG) members, including national representatives and members of European health professional groups. The survey was distributed by the PAG and via social media to healthcare workers in 30 EU/EEA countries. Results Respondents (n = 18,365) from 30 EU/EEA countries participated. Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic use was higher (97%) than knowledge of development and spread of antibiotic resistance (75%). Sixty percent of respondents stated they had received information on avoiding unnecessary prescribing, administering or dispensing of antibiotics. Among respondents who prescribed, administered or dispensed antibiotics, 55% had provided advice on prudent antibiotic use or management of infections to patients, but only 17% had given resources (leaflets or pamphlets). For community and hospital prescribers, fear of patient deterioration or complications was the most frequent reason (43%) for prescribing antibiotics that were considered unnecessary. Community prescribers were almost twice as likely as hospital prescribers to prescribe antibiotics due to time constraints or to maintain patient relationships. Conclusion It is important to move from raising awareness about prudent antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among healthcare workers to designing antimicrobial stewardship interventions aimed at changing relevant behaviours.
FP09.04 Association Between Family History and Other Risk Factors for Lung Cancer: Analysis of an Internet-Based Risk Assessment
Authors: R. O'Keefe, M. Lariviere, C. Vachani, M. Hampshire, C. Bach, K. Arnold-Korzeniowski, M. Healy, J. Metz, C. Hill-Kayser
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
Identification and validation of hypoxia-derived gene signatures to predict clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses in stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Run Shi, Xuanwen Bao, Kristian Unger, Jing Sun, Shun Lu, Farkhad Manapov, Xuanbin Wang, Claus Belka, Minglun Li
Journal: Theranostics (2021)

Rationale: The current tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is insufficient for precise treatment decision-making and accurate survival prediction for patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Therefore, more reliable biomarkers are urgently needed to identify the high-risk subset in stage I patients to guide adjuvant therapy. Methods: This study retrospectively analysed the transcriptome profiles and clinical parameters of 1,400 stage I LUAD patients from 14 public datasets, including 13 microarray datasets from different platforms and 1 RNA-Seq dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A series of bioinformatic and machine learning approaches were combined to establish hypoxia-derived signatures to predict overall survival (OS) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy response in stage I patients. In addition, enriched pathways, genomic and copy number alterations were analysed in different risk subgroups and compared to each other. Results: Among various hallmarks of cancer, hypoxia was identified as a dominant risk factor for overall survival in stage I LUAD patients. The hypoxia-related prognostic risk score (HPRS) exhibited more powerful capacity of survival prediction compared to traditional clinicopathological features, and the hypoxia-related immunotherapeutic response score (HIRS) outperformed conventional biomarkers for ICB therapy. An integrated decision tree and nomogram were generated to optimize risk stratification and quantify risk assessment. Conclusions: In summary, the proposed hypoxia-derived signatures are promising biomarkers to predict clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses in stage I LUAD patients.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Versus Cyclophosphamide for Remission Induction in Childhood Polyarteritis Nodosa: An Open‐Label, Randomized, Bayesian Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Paul A. Brogan, Barbara Arch, Helen Hickey, Jordi Anton, Este Iglesias, Eileen Baildam, Kamran Mahmood, Gavin Cleary, Elena Moraitis, Charalampia Papadopoulou, Michael W. Beresford, Phil Riley, Selcan Demir, Seza Ozen, Giovanna Culeddu, Dyfrig A. Hughes, Pavla Dolezalova, Lisa V. Hampson, John Whitehead, David Jayne, Nicola Ruperto, Catrin Tudur‐Smith, Despina Eleftheriou
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2021)

Objective Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is used in clinical practice off‐label for the induction of remission in childhood polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) might offer a less toxic alternative. This study was undertaken to explore the relative effectiveness of CYC and MMF treatment in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Methods This was an international, open‐label, Bayesian RCT to investigate the relative effectiveness of CYC and MMF for remission induction in childhood PAN. Eleven patients with newly diagnosed childhood PAN were randomized (1:1) to receive MMF or intravenous CYC; all patients received the same glucocorticoid regimen. The primary end point was remission within 6 months while compliant with glucocorticoid taper. Bayesian distributions for remission rates were established a priori for MMF and CYC by experienced clinicians and updated to posterior distributions on trial completion. Results Baseline disease activity and features were similar between the 2 treatment groups. The primary end point was met in 4 of 6 patients (67%) in the MMF group and 4 of 5 patients (80%) in the CYC group. Time to remission was shorter in the MMF group compared to the CYC group (median 7.1 weeks versus 17.6 weeks). No relapses occurred in either group within 18 months. Two serious infections were found to be likely linked to MMF treatment. Physical and psychosocial quality‐of‐life scores were superior in the MMF group compared to the CYC group at 6 months and 18 months. Combining the prior expert opinion with results from the present study provided posterior estimates of remission of 71% for MMF (90% credibility interval [90% CrI] 51, 83) and 75% for CYC (90% CrI 57, 86). Conclusion The present results, taken together with prior opinion, indicate that rates of remission induction in childhood PAN are similar with MMF treatment and CYC treatment, and MMF treatment might be associated with better health‐related quality of life than CYC treatment.
P05.08 A Propensity Score-Weighted Analysis for SBRT, Lobectomy and Sublobar Resection in Elderly Patients with cStage I NSCLC
Authors: N. Kishi, Y. Matsuo, T. Menju, M. Hamaji, A. Nakakura, H. Hanazawa, K. Takehana, H. Date, T. Mizowaki
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
Outcome of COVID‐19 in Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: Cumali Efe, Renumathy Dhanasekaran, Craig Lammert, Berat Ebik, Fatima Higuera‐de la Tijera, Costica Aloman, Ali Rıza Calışkan, Mirta Peralta, Alessio Gerussi, Hatef Massoumi, Andreea M. Catana, Murat Torgutalp, Tugrul Purnak, Cristina Rigamonti, Andres Jose Gomez Aldana, Nidah Khakoo, Hüseyin Kacmaz, Leyla Nazal, Shalom Frager, Nurhan Demir, Kader Irak, Zeynep Melekoğlu Ellik, Yasemin Balaban, Kadri Atay, Fatih Eren, Laura Cristoferi, Ersin Batıbay, Álvaro Urzua, Romee Snijders, Murat Kıyıcı, Murat Akyıldız, Nazım Ekin, Rotonya M. Carr, Murat Harputluoğlu, Ibrahim Hatemi, Manuel Mendizabal, Marcelo Silva, Ramazan Idilman, Marina Silveira, Joost P.H. Drenth, David N. Assis, Einar Björnsson, James L. Boyer, Pietro Invernizzi, Cynthia Levy, Thomas D. Schiano, Ezequiel Ridruejo, Staffan Wahlin
Journal: Hepatology (2021)

Data regarding outcome of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are lacking.
P79.01 TCR Sequencing to Identify Responders in Patients with Stage III NSCLC Treated with Atezolizumab with Chemoradiation (AFT-16)
Authors: W.Y. Byun, H. Ross, D. Kozono, J. Urbanic, R. Robb, T. Talabere, F. Oezkan, D. Spakowicz, T. Stinchcombe, D. Carbone, T. Williams
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
Leveraging risk communication science across US federal agencies
Authors: William M. P. Klein, Alycia K. Boutté, Heather Brake, Madeline Beal, Katherine Lyon-Daniel, Emily Eisenhauer, Monica Grasso, Bryan Hubbell, Karen E. Jenni, Christopher J. Lauer, Arthur W. Lupia, Christine E. Prue, Paula Rausch, Carl D. Shapiro, Michael D. Smith, William T. Riley
Journal: Nature Human Behaviour (2021)
The organometallic ferrocene exhibits amplified anti-tumor activity by targeted delivery via highly selective ligands to αvβ3, αvβ6, or α5β1 integrins
Authors: Beatrice Stefanie Ludwig, Stefano Tomassi, Salvatore Di Maro, Francesco Saverio Di Leva, Anke Benge, Florian Reichart, Markus Nieberler, Fritz E. Kühn, Horst Kessler, Luciana Marinelli, Ute Reuning, Susanne Kossatz
Journal: Biomaterials (2021)
A Phase Ib Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Study of NUC-1031 in Combination with Carboplatin for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Farasat Kazmi, Shibani Nicum, Rene L. Roux, Laura Spiers, Chat Gnanaranjan, Ajithkumar Sukumaran, Hani Gabra, Essam Ghazaly, Nigel W. McCracken, David J. Harrison, Sarah P. Blagden
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2021)

Abstract Purpose: NUC-1031 is a first-in-class ProTide modification of gemcitabine. In PRO-002, NUC-1031 was combined with carboplatin in recurrent ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods: NUC-1031 was administered on days 1 and 8 with carboplatin on day 1 every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. Four dose cohorts of NUC-1031 (500, 625, and 750 mg/m2) with carboplatin (AUC4 or 5) were investigated. Primary endpoint was recommended phase II combination dose (RP2CD). Secondary endpoints included safety, investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression-free survival (PFS), and pharmacokinetics. Results: A total of 25 women with recurrent ovarian cancer, a mean of 3.8 prior lines of chemotherapy, and a median platinum-free interval of 5 months (range: 7–451 days) were enrolled; 15 of 25 (60%) were platinum resistant, 9 (36%) were partially platinum sensitive, and 1 (4%) was platinum sensitive. Of the 23 who were response evaluable, there was 1 confirmed complete response (4%), 5 partial responses (17%), and 8 (35%) stable disease. The ORR was 26% and CBR was 74% across all doses and 100% in the RP2CD cohort. Median PFS was 27.1 weeks. NUC-1031 was stable in the plasma and rapidly generated high intracellular dFdCTP levels that were unaffected by carboplatin. Conclusions: NUC-1031 combined with carboplatin is well tolerated in recurrent ovarian cancer. Highest efficacy was observed at the RP2CD of 500 mg/m2 NUC-1031 on days 1 and 8 with AUC5 carboplatin day 1, every 3 weeks for six cycles. The ability to deliver carboplatin at AUC5 and the efficacy of this schedule even in patients with platinum-resistant disease makes this an attractive therapeutic combination.
P34.02 Detection of PD-L1 Expression and Its Clinical Significance in Circulating Tumor Cells From Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Y. Cheng, T. Wang, R. Li, X. Lv, L. Yuan, J. Shen, Y. Li, T. Yan, B. Liu, L. Wang
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
FP14.04 Resistance to MET Inhibition in MET Driven NSCLC and Response after Switching from Type I to Type II MET Inhibitors
Authors: R. Riedel, C. Heydt, A. Scheel, H. Tumbrink, J. Brägelmann, J. Fassunke, L. Nogova, S. Michels, M. Scheffler, R. Fischer, S. Koleczko, J. Weber, T. Westphal, D. Abdulla, S. Merkelbach-Bruse, M. Sos, R. Büttner, J. Wolf
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
P60.09 High Circulating Regulatory (FoxP3+) T Cells and TGF-β Predict the Response to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy in NSCLC Patients
Authors: J. Koh, J.Y. Hur, K.Y. Lee, M.S. Kim, J.Y. Heo, B.M. Ku, J. Sun, S. Lee, J.S. Ahn, K. Park, M. Ahn
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
The Cambridge University Hospitals and Anglia Regional Experience of Using PEP-C As Palliative Chemotherapy in Lymphoma
Authors: Simon J Bulley, Isabel C Lentell, Brendan O'Sullivan, Annabel M Follows, Shalal Sadullah, Mamatha Karanth, Sandra Young Min, James Russell, Benjamin J Uttenthal, George A Follows
Journal: Blood (2017)
The Evolution of Sox Gene Repertoires and Regulation of Segmentation in Arachnids
Authors: Luis Baudouin-Gonzalez, Anna Schoenauer, Amber Harper, Grace Blakeley, Michael Seiter, Saad Arif, Lauren Sumner-Rooney, Steven Russell, Prashant P Sharma, Alistair P McGregor
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2021)

Abstract The Sox family of transcription factors regulates many processes during metazoan development, including stem cell maintenance and nervous system specification. Characterizing the repertoires and roles of these genes can therefore provide important insights into animal evolution and development. We further characterized the Sox repertoires of several arachnid species with and without an ancestral whole-genome duplication and compared their expression between the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum and the harvestman Phalangium opilio. We found that most Sox families have been retained as ohnologs after whole-genome duplication and evidence for potential subfunctionalization and/or neofunctionalization events. Our results also suggest that Sox21b-1 likely regulated segmentation ancestrally in arachnids, playing a similar role to the closely related SoxB gene, Dichaete, in insects. We previously showed that Sox21b-1 is required for the simultaneous formation of prosomal segments and sequential addition of opisthosomal segments in P. tepidariorum. We studied the expression and function of Sox21b-1 further in this spider and found that although this gene regulates the generation of both prosomal and opisthosomal segments, it plays different roles in the formation of these tagmata reflecting their contrasting modes of segmentation and deployment of gene regulatory networks with different architectures.
OA06.05 Molecular and Clinical Features Associated with Relapse in Early Stage EGFR-Mutated NSCLC: A Single Institution Knowledge Bank
Authors: S.P.L. Saw, G. Lai, S. Zhou, J. Chen, M. Ang, K. Chua, R. Kanesvaran, Q.S. Ng, A. Jain, W. Tan, T. Rajasekaran, D.W. Lim, K.W. Fong, A. Takano, X.M. Cheng, K.H.T. Lim, T. Koh, B.H. Ong, E. Tan, A. Skanderup, D. Tan
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2021)
The architectural design of CD8+ T cell responses in acute and chronic infection: Parallel structures with divergent fates
Authors: H. Kay Chung, Bryan McDonald, Susan M. Kaech
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2021)

In response to infection, T cells adopt a range of differentiation states, creating numerous heterogeneous subsets that exhibit different phenotypes, functions, and migration patterns. This T cell heterogeneity is a universal feature of T cell immunity, needed to effectively control pathogens in a context-dependent manner and generate long-lived immunity to those pathogens. Here, we review new insights into differentiation state dynamics and population heterogeneity of CD8+ T cells in acute and chronic viral infections and cancer and highlight the parallels and distinctions between acute and chronic antigen stimulation settings. We focus on transcriptional and epigenetic networks that modulate the plasticity and terminal differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and generate functionally diverse T cell subsets with different roles to combat infection and cancer.
Glycemic Control Predicts Severity of Hepatocyte Ballooning and Hepatic Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Anastasia‐Stefania Alexopoulos, Matthew J. Crowley, Ying Wang, Cynthia A. Moylan, Cynthia D. Guy, Ricardo Henao, Dawn L. Piercy, Keri A. Seymour, Ranjan Sudan, Dana D. Portenier, Anna Mae Diehl, Andrea D. Coviello, Manal F. Abdelmalek
Journal: Hepatology (2021)

Background and Aims Whether glycemic control, as opposed to diabetes status, is associated with the severity of NAFLD is open for study. We aimed to evaluate whether degree of glycemic control in the years preceding liver biopsy predicts the histological severity of NASH. Approach and Results Using the Duke NAFLD Clinical Database, we examined patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD/NASH (n = 713) and the association of liver injury with glycemic control as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The study cohort was predominantly female (59%) and White (84%) with median (interquartile range) age of 50 (42, 58) years; 49% had diabetes (n = 348). Generalized linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, diabetes, body mass index, and hyperlipidemia were used to assess the association between mean HbA1c over the year preceding liver biopsy and severity of histological features of NAFLD/NASH. Histological features were graded and staged according to the NASH Clinical Research Network system. Group‐based trajectory analysis was used to examine patients with at least three HbA1c (n = 298) measures over 5 years preceding clinically indicated liver biopsy. Higher mean HbA1c was associated with higher grade of steatosis and ballooned hepatocytes, but not lobular inflammation. Every 1% increase in mean HbA1c was associated with 15% higher odds of increased fibrosis stage (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01, 1.31). As compared with good glycemic control, moderate control was significantly associated with increased severity of ballooned hepatocytes (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01, 3.01; P = 0.048) and hepatic fibrosis (HF; OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 2.33, 9.06; P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions Glycemic control predicts severity of ballooned hepatocytes and HF in NAFLD/NASH, and thus optimizing glycemic control may be a means of modifying risk of NASH‐related fibrosis progression.
Periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe dopamine neurons contribute to sex differences in pain-related behaviors
Authors: Waylin Yu, Dipanwita Pati, Melanie M. Pina, Karl T. Schmidt, Kristen M. Boyt, Avery C. Hunker, Larry S. Zweifel, Zoe A. McElligott, Thomas L. Kash
Journal: Neuron (2021)
Afatinib Exerts Immunomodulatory Effects by Targeting the Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Enzyme CAD
Authors: Hsin-Fang Tu, Chun-Jung Ko, Ching-Tai Lee, Cheng-Fan Lee, Shao-Wei Lan, Hsin-Hsien Lin, Hsin-Ying Lin, Chia-Chi Ku, Der-Yen Lee, I-Chun Chen, Ya-Hui Chuang, Francisco Del Caño-Ochoa, Santiago Ramón-Maiques, Chao-Chi Ho, Ming-Shyue Lee, Geen-Dong Chang
Journal: Cancer Research (2021)

Abstract Current clinical trials of combined EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies show no additional effect. This raises questions regarding whether EGFR-TKIs attenuate ICB-enhanced CD8+ T lymphocyte function. Here we show that the EGFR-TKI afatinib suppresses CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation, and we identify CAD, a key enzyme of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, to be a novel afatinib target. Afatinib reduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte numbers in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)–bearing mice. Early afatinib treatment inhibited CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation in patients with non–small cell lung cancer, but their proliferation unexpectedly rebounded following long-term treatment. This suggests a transient immunomodulatory effect of afatinib on CD8+ T lymphocytes. Sequential treatment of afatinib with anti-PD1 immunotherapy substantially enhanced therapeutic efficacy in MC38 and LLC-bearing mice, while simultaneous combination therapy showed only marginal improvement over each single treatment. These results suggest that afatinib can suppress CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation by targeting CAD, proposing a timing window for combined therapy that may prevent the dampening of ICB efficacy by EGFR-TKIs. Significance: This study elucidates a mechanism of afatinib-mediated immunosuppression and provides new insights into treatment timing for combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy.