COVID-19 Symptoms: Longitudinal Evolution and Persistence in Outpatient Settings
Authors: Mayssam Nehme, Olivia Braillard, Gabriel Alcoba, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, Delphine Courvoisier, François Chappuis, Idris Guessous
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2020)

Letters8 December 2020COVID-19 Symptoms: Longitudinal Evolution and Persistence in Outpatient SettingsFREEMayssam Nehme, MD, Olivia Braillard, MD, Gabriel Alcoba, MD, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, MD, Delphine Courvoisier, PhD, François Chappuis, MD, PhD, and Idris Guessous, MD, PhD, for the COVICARE TEAM†Mayssam Nehme, MDGeneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, Olivia Braillard, MDGeneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, Gabriel Alcoba, MDGeneva University Hospitals and Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, MDGeneva University Hospitals and International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, Delphine Courvoisier, PhDGeneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, François Chappuis, MD, PhDGeneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, and Idris Guessous, MD, PhDGeneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandSearch for more papers by this author, for the COVICARE TEAM†Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5926 SectionsSupplemental MaterialAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread, causing a worldwide pandemic, and prolonged effects are emerging (1, 2). The term “long COVID” describes illness in persons who continue to report lasting effects after infection (3, 4). To date, little information exists about outpatient settings in this novel disease where 81% of cases are reportedly on the mild end of the spectrum (5). Informing patients and physicians about COVID-19 symptom evolution may help them recognize the time course of the disease, legitimize patients' concerns, and reassure them when possible. Messages around potentially persisting symptoms could also assist in reinforcing public health measures to avoid the spread of infection.Objective: To describe COVID-19 symptom evolution and persistence in an outpatient setting in Geneva, Switzerland, from day 1 through day 30 to 45 after diagnosis.Methods: From 18 March to 15 May 2020, the Geneva University Hospitals (sole and largest public hospital in Geneva) was 1 of 5 available testing centers and served more than 50% of patients with COVID-19 in the Geneva canton. Only symptomatic persons were tested during that period. Because many practices were closed, persons who were not hospitalized at baseline could benefit from remote follow-up with an ambulatory care center (a process called COVICARE) in case their primary care physician was unavailable for follow-up care (a full description is available at www.covicare24.com). Exclusion criteria were refusal to provide consent and administrative reasons (living outside the Geneva canton).Most patients were called every 48 hours for the first 10 days with a standardized interview inquiring about self-reported symptoms (Supplement). Follow-up during the 10 days was suspended if patients declined follow-up, clinically recovered, or were hospitalized (Figure 1). Participants were called every 24 hours if they reported deteriorating clinical symptoms; those who were unreachable (eligible minus reached) were called again the next day. All patients were then contacted again 30 to 45 days after diagnosis. To address the varying frequency of contacts during the first 10 days, we combined assessments into 2-day intervals: days 1 to 2 through days 9 to 10. When 2 measurements were available, we included only the first observation per assessment interval.Figure 1. Study flow diagram.Out of the initial cohort of 703 participants, 669 ambulatory patients were ultimately included, excluding those who declined to participate (n = 31) or who lived outside the Geneva canton (n = 3). Reasons to suspend follow-up during the first 10 d were clinical recovery (≥10 d from symptom onset and 48 h without symptoms), patient wish, or hospitalization during follow-up. Attempts were made to assess all 669 participants at day 30–45 from diagnosis. Download figure Download PowerPoint Findings: Of 30 557 persons tested in Geneva during the study period, 18.1% tested positive (n = 5534); 22.2% of these were hospitalized (n = 1229), and 703 enrolled in COVICARE follow-up. Out of the initial cohort, 669 persons were ultimately included (Figure 1). The mean age was 42.8 years (SD, 13.7); 60% of included patients were women, 24.6% were health care workers, and 68.8% had no underlying risk factors. Forty participants were hospitalized during the study period. We included their data when available (up to hospitalization and again at day 30 to 45). Hospitalized patients were significantly older (mean age, 53.2 years [SD, 11.7]); 55% were male, 12.5% were health care workers, and 62.5% had underlying risk factors.Figure 2 presents the proportion of the 669 patients with various symptoms over time. Cough and loss of taste or smell were common early in the clinical course. At 30 to 45 days (mean, 43 days) from diagnosis, at least 32% of the 669 originally included patients reported 1 or more symptoms. Fatigue, dyspnea, and loss of taste or smell were the main persistent symptoms. Participants not reached between days 30 and 45 (n = 159) had similar characteristics to those reached in that period (mean age, 41.8 years [SD, 14.8]; 58% were female, 25.9% were health care workers, and 67.9% had no risk factors).Figure 2. Longitudinal evolution of COVID-19 symptoms in outpatient settings (n = 669).Forty of the participants were hospitalized during follow-up. Their data were included in the reported symptoms when available (up to hospitalization and again at day 30–45). COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019. Download figure Download PowerPoint Discussion: Coronavirus disease 2019 can persist and result in prolonged illness. Our study shows persistence of symptoms in a third of ambulatory patients 30 to 45 days after diagnosis even if we assume that those lost to follow-up were all asymptomatic. Fatigue, dyspnea, and loss of taste or smell were the main persistent symptoms. These results are in line with a recent study of 274 participants that reported the persistence of symptoms 14 to 21 days after diagnosis (2).Our study has several limitations, including missing data and ascertainment bias at each assessment interval. Baseline characteristics were similar overall between participants reached and not reached on day 30 to 45.In conclusion, this study shows that patients with COVID-19 develop an array of symptoms that evolve over time. Recognizing the persistence of symptoms could legitimize patients' concerns in an unknown and new disease. Adequate communication can provide reassurance, reduce anxiety, and potentially optimize recovery.Appendix: Members of the COVICARE TEAMMembers of the COVICARE TEAM who authored this work: Mayssam Nehme, Olivia Braillard, and Delphine Courvoisier (Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland); Gabriel Alcoba (Geneva University Hospitals and Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland); Idris Guessous and François Chappuis (Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland); and Sigiriya Aebischer Perone (Geneva University Hospitals and International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland).Members of the COVICARE TEAM who contributed to this work but did not author it: Marwene Grira, Giovanni Innaurato, Jennifer Socquet, Chloé Chevallier-Lugon, Luisa Carnino, Bruno Lab, Jose Sandoval, Silvia Stringhini, Pierre Chopard, Flora Koegler, and Dan Lebowitz (Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland); Simon Regard and Aglaé Tardin (Cantonal Health Service, General Directorate for Health, Geneva, Switzerland); and Camille Genecand (Cantonal Health Service, General Directorate for Health, and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland).References1. Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324:603-605. [PMID: 32644129] doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, et al; IVY Network Investigators. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network — United States, March–June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:993-998. [PMID: 32730238] doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Mahase E. Covid-19: What do we know about “long covid”. BMJ. 2020;370:m2815. [PMID: 32665317] doi:10.1136/bmj.m2815 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Crosby SS. My COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:120-1. [PMID: 32777184] doi:10.7326/M20-5126 Google Scholar5. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323:1239-1242. [PMID: 32091533] doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Comments 0 Comments Sign In to Submit A Comment Anna StrekChair of Structural Mechanics and Material Mechanics Faculty of Civil Engineering Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 Street 31-155 Cracow, Poland4 January 2021 Is persistent fatigue symptom during and post SARS-CoV-2 infection connected with HHV-6? To the Editor, Not only is fatigue common among all symptoms in COVID-19 (according to data from COVID Symptom Study mobile app about one fourth of users complaining from one or more symptoms indicated fatigue [1]), but also its lingering impact is becoming apparent. The latter fact is confirmed by Nehme and colleagues in the letter published online in Annals [2], where they report that after weeks-long recovery slightly less than 15 % of patients still complained of fatigue. This long-lasting trend in symptom manifestation reported by Nehme is confirmed by other studies to an even considerably greater extent: 54 % [3]. Authors of [2] conclude that consciousness of symptoms’ coexistence and duration could be an important factor in reducing patients’ anxiety and helping their recovery. I could not agree more and I find their report as one of the steps bringing the SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment forward. Yet at the same time it brings closer two big questions: how does the coronavirus cause fatigue and how to help patients suffering from it? On the other hand, a disease called chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) manifests itself with long-lasting fatigue. The causes of CFS are partially recognized, one of them is viral infection with HHV-6 [4] (also other viruses e.g. HIV may cause fatigue). Authors of [4] report research results of others and their own according to which 53 – 86 % patients with CFS had elevated antibody titres to the herpesvirus. Having in mind how widespread HHV-6 is, Eymard and colleagues conclude that reactivation of latent herpesvirus “would seem an attractive hypothesis to explain the morbidity of CFS”. Geographically HHV-6 is not spread ideally uniformly; however, it is very common – in [5] we read that “more than 90% of children experience HHV-6B infection early in life” and after that HHV-6 stays latent for the life of the host. The list of potential causes resulting in fatigue accompanying the SARS-CoV-2 infection includes: weakening from the fight against the disease, inflammation process, partial destruction of circulatory or nervous systems, psychological distress. But most frequently one would hear from experts that none of the listed causes has been proven until now. In conclusion then, I would like to pose a question open to a scientific debate: whether or not might the fatigue accompanying the SARS-CoV-2 infection be potentially co-evoked by the HHV-6 virus while the SARS-CoV-2 played the trigger role in its reactivation from the latent state? References: COVID Symptom Study Sweden, accessed online on 30th Dec 2020 via https://csss-resultat.shinyapps.io/csss_dashboard/ Nehme M, Braillard O, Alcoba G, et al. COVID-19 Symptoms: Longitudinal Evolution and Persistence in Outpatient Settings. Ann Intern. Med. 8th Dec 2020 https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-5926. Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K, et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(11) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240784 Eymard D, Lebel F, Miller M, et al. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 1993; 4 https://doi.org/10.1155/1993/414602 Jesse H. Arbuckle, Maria M. Medveczky, Janos Luka, et al. The latent human herpesvirus-6A genome specifically integrates in telomeres of human chromosomes in vivo and in vitro. PNAS. 2010; 107(12) https://doi.org/pnas.0913586107 Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Mayssam Nehme, MD; Olivia Braillard, MD; Gabriel Alcoba, MD; Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, MD; Delphine Courvoisier, PhD; François Chappuis, MD, PhD; Idris Guessous, MD, PhDAffiliations: Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva University Hospitals and Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva University Hospitals and International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland* Drs. Nehme and Braillard contributed equally to this work.† For members of the COVICARE TEAM, see the Appendix.Disclosures: Authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M20-5926.Reproducible Research Statement: Study protocol and statistical code: Available from Dr. Nehme (e-mail, Mayssam.nehme@hcuge.ch). Data set: Available from Dr. Nehme (e-mail, Mayssam.nehme@hcuge.ch). Data are made available upon agreement of the data provider and signature of a data transfer agreement.Corresponding Author: Mayssam Nehme, MD, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; e-mail, Mayssam.nehme@hcuge.ch.This article was published at Annals.org on 8 December 2020. 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