tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder: A systematic review of studies using neuroimaging software
Authors: Anna Campabadal, Barbara Segura, Carme Junque, Alex Iranzo
Journal: Sleep Medicine Reviews (2021)

Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is a harbinger for developing clinical synucleinopathies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been suggested as a tool for understanding the brain bases of iRBD and its evolution. This review systematically analyzed original full text articles on structural and functional MRI in patients with video-polysomnography-confirmed iRBD according to systematic procedures suggested by Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The literature search was conducted via the PubMed database for articles related to structural and functional MRI in iRBD from 2000 to 2020. Investigations to date have been diverse in terms of methodology, but most agree that patients with iRBD have structural changes in deep gray matter nuclei, cortical gray matter atrophy, and disrupted functional connectivity within the basal ganglia, the cortico-striatal and cortico-cortical networks. Furthermore, there is evidence that MRI detects structural and functional brain changes associated with the motor and non-motor symptoms of iRBD. The current review highlights the need for larger multicenter and longitudinal studies, using complex approaches based on data-driven and unsupervised machine learning that will help to identify structural and functional patterns of brain degeneration. In turn, this may even allow for the prediction of subsequent phenoconversion from iRBD to the clinically defined synucleinopathies.
Severe COVID-19 in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Sweden: A nationwide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Aidin Rawshani, Elin Allansson Kjölhede, Araz Rawshani, Naveed Sattar, Katarina Eeg-Olofsson, Martin Adiels, Johnny Ludvigsson, Marcus Lindh, Magnus Gisslén, Eva Hagberg, Georgios Lappas, Björn Eliasson, Annika Rosengren
Journal: The Lancet Regional Health - Europe (2021)

Whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to excess risk of requiring hospitalization or intensive care in persons with diabetes has not been reported, nor have risk factors in diabetes associated with increased risk for these outcomes.
THE SAFETY OF PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND CHRONIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA-RESULTS FROM THE NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE DATABASE
Authors: Karam Ayoub, Ethan Fry, Meera Marji, Ahmad Masri, Kristin Ellison, Aaron Hesselson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset
Authors: Sai Priya Anand, Jérémie Prévost, Manon Nayrac, Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières, Mehdi Benlarbi, Romain Gasser, Nathalie Brassard, Annemarie Laumaea, Shang Yu Gong, Catherine Bourassa, Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham, Halima Medjahed, Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage, Guillaume Goyette, Laurie Gokool, Chantal Morrisseau, Philippe Bégin, Valérie Martel-Laferrière, Cécile Tremblay, Jonathan Richard, Renée Bazin, Ralf Duerr, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Andrés Finzi
Journal: Cell Reports Medicine (2021)

With the recent approval of highly effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, functional and lasting immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently under investigation as antibody levels in plasma were shown to decline during convalescence. Since the absence of antibodies does not equate to absence of immune memory, we evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells in convalescent individuals. Here, we report a longitudinal assessment of humoral immune responses on 32 donors up to 8 months post-symptom onset. Our observations indicate that anti-Spike and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin M (IgM) in plasma decay rapidly, whereas the reduction of IgG is less prominent. Neutralizing activity also declines rapidly when compared to Fc-effector functions. Concomitantly, the frequencies of RBD-specific IgM+ B cells wane significantly when compared to RBD-specific IgG+ B cells, which remain stable. Our results add to the current understanding of immune memory following SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical for secondary infection prevention and vaccine efficacy.
TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND METABOLOMIC SIGNATURES OF CHEMOGENETIC HEART FAILURE
Authors: Fotios Spyropoulos, Andrea Sorrentino, Jiska Van Der Reest, Peiran Yang, Markus Waldeck-Weiermair, Benjamin Steinhorn, Paul Yu, Marcia Haigis, Helen Christou, Thomas Michel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
SEX DIFFERENCES IN HEART FAILURE FOLLOWING ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
Authors: Edina Cenko, Jinsung Yoon, Mihaela Van der Schaar, Maria Bergami, Olivia Manfrini, Zorana Vasiljevic, Goran Stankovic, Marija Vavlukis, Sasko Kedev, Davor Milicic, Lina Badimon, Raffaele Bugiardini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
TOTAL OCCLUSION OF RIGHT MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY IN A PATIENT WITH SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cynthia Jackson-Pedroza, Oscar Garcia-Padron, Leticia Gallardo Grajeda, Carlos Dattoli-Garcia, Fabio Solis-Jimenez, Andrea Rugerio-Cabrera, Tomas Pulido, Gerardo Zavala-Garcia
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
CRYOBALLOON ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND EITHER REDUCED OR PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION: REAL-WORLD RESULTS OF THE CRYO AF GLOBAL REGISTRY
Authors: Roberto Rordorf, Fernando Scazzuso, K.R. Julian Chun, Surinder Khelae, Fred Kueffer, Kendra Braegelmann, Ken Okumura, Fawzia Al-Kandari, Young Keun On, Csaba Földesi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
DeeReCT-APA: Prediction of Alternative Polyadenylation Site Usage Through Deep Learning
Authors: Zhongxiao Li, Yisheng Li, Bin Zhang, Yu Li, Yongkang Long, Juexiao Zhou, Xudong Zou, Min Zhang, Yuhui Hu, Wei Chen, Xin Gao
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2021)

Abstract Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a crucial step in post-transcriptional regulation. Previous bioinformatic studies have mainly focused on the recognition of polyadenylation sites (PASs) in a given genomic sequence, which is a binary classification problem. Recently, computational methods for predicting the usage level of alternative PASs in the same gene have been proposed. However, all of them cast the problem as a non-quantitative pairwise comparison task and do not take the competition among multiple PASs into account. To address this, here we propose a deep learning architecture, Deep Regulatory Code and Tools for Alternative Polyadenylation (DeeReCT-APA), to quantitatively predict the usage of all alternative PASs of a given gene. To accommodate different genes with potentially different numbers of PASs, DeeReCT-APA treats the problem as a regression task with a variable-length target. Based on a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture, DeeReCT-APA extracts sequence features with CNN layers, uses bidirectional LSTM to explicitly model the interactions among competing PASs, and outputs percentage scores representing the usage levels of all PASs of a gene. In addition to the fact that only our method can quantitatively predict the usage of all the PASs within a gene, we show that our method consistently outperforms other existing methods on three different tasks for which they are trained: pairwise comparison task, highest usage prediction task, and ranking task. Finally, we demonstrate that our method can be used to predict the effect of genetic variations on APA patterns and sheds light on future mechanistic understanding in APA regulation. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/lzx325/DeeReCT-APA-repo.
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) inhibition in systemic sclerosis (SSc)
Authors: Christina Bergmann, Ludwig Hallenberger, Sara Chenguiti Fakhouri, Benita Merlevede, Amelie Brandt, Clara Dees, Honglin Zhu, Ariella Zehender, Xiang Zhou, Annemarie Schwab, Chih-Wei Chen, Andrea Hermina Györfi, Alexandru Emil Matei, Debomita Chakraborty, Thuong Trinh-Minh, Simon Rauber, Roland Coras, Aline Bozec, Alexander Kreuter, Mirjana Ziemer, Georg Schett, Jörg H W Distler
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2021)

Objective X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a multifunctional protein with important functions in apoptosis, cellular differentiation and cytoskeletal organisation and is emerging as potential target for the treatment of various cancers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of XIAP in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods The expression of XIAP in human skin samples of patients with SSc and chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) and healthy individuals was analysed by quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot. XIAP was inactivated by siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition. The effects of XIAP inactivation were analysed in cultured fibroblasts and in the fibrosis models bleomycin-induced and topoisomerase-I-(topoI)-induced fibrosis and in Wnt10b-transgenic mice. Results The expression of XIAP, but not of other inhibitor of apoptosis protein family members, was increased in fibroblasts in SSc and sclerodermatous cGvHD. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) induced the expression of XIAP in a SMAD3-dependent manner. Inactivation of XIAP reduced WNT-induced fibroblast activation and collagen release. Inhibition of XIAP also ameliorated fibrosis induced by bleomycin, topoI and overexpression of Wnt10b in well-tolerated doses. The profibrotic effects of XIAP were mediated via WNT/β-catenin signalling. Inactivation of XIAP reduces binding of β-catenin to TCF to in a TLE-dependent manner to block WNT/β-catenin-dependent transcription. Conclusions Our data characterise XIAP as a novel link between two core pathways of fibrosis. XIAP is overexpressed in SSc and cGvHD in a TGF-β/SMAD3-dependent manner and in turn amplifies the profibrotic effects of WNT/β-catenin signalling on fibroblasts via transducin-like enhancer of split 3. Targeted inactivation of XIAP inhibits the aberrant activation of fibroblasts in murine models of SSc.
Self-control from a multiple goal perspective of mixed reward options
Authors: Zita Mayer, Alexandra M. Freund
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2021)

Abstract We introduce a distinct type of choice that has yet to be addressed by self-control research: Choosing between activities that offer both delayed and immediate rewards. We describe when and why such mixed-reward choices pose challenges to self-control, and suggest that self-control in mixed-reward choices may be supported (rather than undermined) by delay discounting.
Abstract 14029: All-Extremity High-Intensity Interval Training Reduces Net Arterial Load on Left Ventricle in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chueh-Lung Hwang, Jisok Lim, Han-Kyul Kim, Jeung-Ki Yoo, Moon-Hyon Hwang, Eileen M Handberg, Wilmer W Nichols, Demetra D Christou
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: Arterial elastance (Ea) reflects the net arterial load on the left ventricle (LV) and LV end-systolic elastance (Ees) reflects LV chamber stiffness at end systole. Aging and diabetes ...
MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS FOLLOWING ENDOVASCULAR ANEURYSM REPAIR
Authors: Emmanuelle Duceppe, John Harlock, Stephane Elkouri, Luc Dubois, Joel Parlow, Rikesh Parekh, Vikas Tandon, Emilie P Belley-Cote, Jessica Spence, Flavia K Borges, P.J. Devereaux
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
PREDICTION OF 1-YEAR MORTALITY AFTER ISOLATED ORTHOTOPIC HEART TRANSPLANTATION USING MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Authors: Polydoros Kampaktsis, Serafeim Moustakidis, Aspasia Tzani, Ilias P Doulamis, Andreas Tzoumas, Alexandros Briasoulis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
PREDICTORS OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION COMPLETION
Authors: Majed Mazen Malak, Pavel Hushcha, S. Hammad Jafri, Gisele Bousquet, Lexie Cabral, Christine Lutfy, Lauren Mellett, Lindsay Sonis, Michelle Young, Pranav Dorbala, Donna Polk, Hicham Skali
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
CONTEMPORARY NATURAL HISTORY OF ISOLATED SEVERE TRICUSPID REGURGITATION BY ETIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Tom Kai Ming Wang, Kevser Akyuz, Jason Kirincich, Alejandro Duran Crane, Samantha Xu, Gosta Pettersson, A. Gillinov, Zoran Popovic, Bo Xu, Brian Griffin, Milind Desai
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
Checkpoint inhibition: protecting against or predisposing for second primary tumors? Reply to the Letter to the Editor ‘Checkpoint inhibition: protecting against or predisposing for second primary tumors?’ by K. P. M. Suijkerbuijk, A. M. May and M. J. M. van Eijs
Authors: P. Heudel, S. Chabaud, D. Perol, I. Ray-Coquard, J.-Y. Blay
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
NOVEL MODELING FOR PATIENT SPECIFIC PREDICTION OF TECHNICAL SUCCESS FOLLOWING MITRACLIPTMINTERVENTION - A NEURAL SYSTEM DYNAMICS ANALYSIS FROM THE COAPT TRIAL
Authors: Nadira Hamid, Joydeep Sarkar, Bjorn Redfors, Jesisca Tandi, Abhijit Ghosh, Maria Alu, Srinesh Shenoi, Yiran Zhang, Martin Leon, Gregg Stone, Juan Granada
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
RISK FACTORS AND OUTCOMES OF YOUNG ADULTS WHO EXPERIENCE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: INSIGHTS FROM THE NORIN-STEMI REGISTRY
Authors: Puneet Gupta, Sameer Arora, Ankit Bansal, Arman Qamar, Sumod Kurien, Girish Palleda, Vishal Batra, Sudhanshu Mahajan, Michael Hendrickson, Gagan Jain, Safal Safal, Atulya Aman Khosla, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Deepak Bhatt, Mohit Gupta
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2021)
Barriers to Technology Use and Endocrinology Care for Underserved Communities With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ashby F. Walker, Korey K. Hood, Matthew J. Gurka, Stephanie L. Filipp, Claudia Anez-Zabala, Nicolas Cuttriss, Michael J. Haller, Xanadu Roque, Diana Naranjo, Gina Aulisio, Ananta Addala, Jason Konopack, Sarah Westen, Katarina Yabut, Elvira Mercado, Sydney Look, Brian Fitzgerald, Jennifer Maizel, David M. Maahs
Journal: Diabetes Care (2021)

OBJECTIVE Disparities in type 1 diabetes related to use of technologies like continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and utilization of diabetes care are pronounced based on socioeconomic status (SES), race, and ethnicity. However, systematic reports of perspectives from patients in vulnerable communities regarding barriers are limited. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To better understand barriers, focus groups were conducted in Florida and California with adults ≥18 years old with type 1 diabetes with selection criteria including hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis, HbA1c &amp;gt;9%, and/or receiving care at a Federally Qualified Health Center. Sixteen focus groups were conducted in English or Spanish with 86 adults (mean age 42 ± 16.2 years). Transcript themes and pre–focus group demographic survey data were analyzed. In order of frequency, barriers to diabetes technology and endocrinology care included 1) provider level (negative provider encounters), 2) system level (financial coverage), and 3) individual level (preferences). RESULTS Over 50% of participants had not seen an endocrinologist in the past year or were only seen once including during hospital visits. In Florida, there was less technology use overall (38% used CGMs in FL and 63% in CA; 43% used pumps in FL and 69% in CA) and significant differences in pump use by SES (P = 0.02 in FL; P = 0.08 in CA) and race/ethnicity (P = 0.01 in FL; P = 0.80 in CA). In California, there were significant differences in CGM use by race/ethnicity (P = 0.05 in CA; P = 0.56 in FL) and education level (P = 0.02 in CA; P = 0.90 in FL). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the experiences of vulnerable communities and demonstrate the need for multilevel interventions aimed at offsetting disparities in diabetes.
Abstract 13355: Obesity is Associated With Incident Cancer in the Community
Authors: Elizabeth E Liu, Samantha M Paniagua, Emily S Lau, Shawn X Li, Manol Jovani, Katherine Takvorian, Bernard E Kreger, Emelia J Benjamin, Greta Lee Splansky, Vasan S Ramachandran, Martin G Larson, Daniel Levy, Susan Cheng, Rudolf A De Boer, Jennifer E Ho
Journal: Circulation (2020)

Introduction: Obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction may be shared risk factors for development of cancer. We sought to examine the association of obesity and abdominal adiposity with incident cancer. Methods: We studied participants of the Framingham Heart Study and Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease study. We examined the association of obesity, body-mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and visceral adiposity (VAT) with future cancer in Cox models. We adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, hypertension treatment, smoking status (current, former, never), and cholesterol ratio. Results: Among 20,667 individuals (mean age 50, 53% women) free of cancer at baseline, we observed 2,619 incident cancer events over a mean follow-up of 13.3±3.3 years. Obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m 2 ) was associated with 30% increased hazard of future gastrointestinal cancer (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.60, P=0.01), 62% increased hazard of gynecologic cancers (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.08-2.45, P=0.02), and by contrast, 38% lower risk of lung cancer (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87, P=0.006). We found similar associations of future cancer with continuous BMI and WC ( Figure ). Among 3,077 individuals with CT scans, VAT was associated with incident cancer (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.31, P=0.01 per 1-SD change in VAT). After adjusting for BMI, higher VAT was associated with greater risk of lung cancer (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.01-3.65, P=0.045). Conclusions: We observed that obesity and abdominal adiposity were associated with future cancer events, including gastrointestinal and gynecologic cancers. Interestingly, obesity was associated with lower risk of lung cancer. However, greater VAT was associated with greater lung cancer risk after adjusting for BMI. These findings highlight the importance of specific obesity-related phenotypes and adipose depots in better understanding the association between obesity and cancer.
Abstract 13031: Universal Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Young Adults: The Young FH Study
Authors: Sachiko Okazaki, Satoru Takase, Masaki Tanaka, Midori Kubota, Eisuke Amiya, Mikio Takanashi, Chengcheng Li, Jingxuan Shi, Hiroshi Noto, Yoko Iizuka, Shintaro Yanagimoto, Takashi Kadowaki, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Hiroaki Okazaki
Journal: Circulation (2020)

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is caused by genetic defects in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor pathway, resulting in a persistent elevation of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are imperative for its management. Currently, FH patients are mainly identified by cascade screening. However, FH is underdiagnosed and undertreated, particularly in young adults, which warrants a systematic screening strategy. Hypothesis: Considering that the prevalence of FH is high (~0.4% in the general population) and that treatment of FH should be initiated earlier at the latest in young adults, we hypothesized that the universal screening of LDL-C in young adults is beneficial for early diagnosis and treatment of FH. Methods: At the University of Tokyo, plasma LDL-C levels have been measured at heath checkups for employees as well as new students. Young adults (18-30 years old) with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL) identified by universal screening and referred to the University of Tokyo Hospital were eligible (the Young FH study). Those who have been identified by cascade screening were excluded. Mutation in FH-causing genes, as well as clinical and biochemical parameters useful for the clinical diagnosis of FH, were analyzed. The protocol was approved by the human genome, gene analysis research ethics committee of the University of Tokyo. Results: Of the total participants (n = 89, mean age 23.4 ± 3.4 years), 36 (40%) had mutations in LDLR or PCSK9 . The prevalence of mutation carriers was higher in non-obese than in obese participants (47% for body mass index (BMI) &lt; 24 kg/m 2 vs. 26% for BMI ≥ 24). The sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis were 28% and 85%, respectively, by Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Criteria (definite + probable FH), or 22% and 98%, respectively, by Japanese diagnostic criteria of FH. Conclusions: The universal screening of LDL-C effectively identifies FH high-risk patients in Japanese young adults. This screening may be beneficial in countries with low-prevalence of obesity or in non-obese populations. The use of clinical diagnostic criteria of FH for universal screening may lead to underdiagnosis.
Use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in hospital patients with covid-19: multinational network cohort study
Authors: Albert Prats-Uribe, Anthony G Sena, Lana Yin Hui Lai, Waheed-Ul-Rahman Ahmed, Heba Alghoul, Osaid Alser, Thamir M Alshammari, Carlos Areia, William Carter, Paula Casajust, Dalia Dawoud, Asieh Golozar, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Paras P Mehta, Mengchun Gong, Daniel R Morales, Fredrik Nyberg, Jose D Posada, Martina Recalde, Elena Roel, Karishma Shah, Nigam H Shah, Lisa M Schilling, Vignesh Subbian, David Vizcaya, Lin Zhang, Ying Zhang, Hong Zhu, Li Liu, Jaehyeong Cho, Kristine E Lynch, Michael E Matheny, Seng Chan You, Peter R Rijnbeek, George Hripcsak, Jennifer CE Lane, Edward Burn, Christian Reich, Marc A Suchard, Talita Duarte-Salles, Kristin Kostka, Patrick B Ryan, Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
Journal: BMJ (2021)

Abstract Objective To investigate the use of repurposed and adjuvant drugs in patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 across three continents. Design Multinational network cohort study. Setting Hospital electronic health records from the United States, Spain, and China, and nationwide claims data from South Korea. Participants 303 264 patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 from January 2020 to December 2020. Main outcome measures Prescriptions or dispensations of any drug on or 30 days after the date of hospital admission for covid-19. Results Of the 303 264 patients included, 290 131 were from the US, 7599 from South Korea, 5230 from Spain, and 304 from China. 3455 drugs were identified. Common repurposed drugs were hydroxychloroquine (used in from &lt;5 (&lt;2%) patients in China to 2165 (85.1%) in Spain), azithromycin (from 15 (4.9%) in China to 1473 (57.9%) in Spain), combined lopinavir and ritonavir (from 156 (&lt;2%) in the VA-OMOP US to 2,652 (34.9%) in South Korea and 1285 (50.5%) in Spain), and umifenovir (0% in the US, South Korea, and Spain and 238 (78.3%) in China). Use of adjunctive drugs varied greatly, with the five most used treatments being enoxaparin, fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. Hydroxychloroquine use increased rapidly from March to April 2020 but declined steeply in May to June and remained low for the rest of the year. The use of dexamethasone and corticosteroids increased steadily during 2020. Conclusions Multiple drugs were used in the first few months of the covid-19 pandemic, with substantial geographical and temporal variation. Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir-ritonavir, and umifenovir (in China only) were the most prescribed repurposed drugs. Antithrombotics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids were often used as adjunctive treatments. Research is needed on the comparative risk and benefit of these treatments in the management of covid-19.