Effect of Regional vs General Anesthesia on Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery
Authors: Ting Li, Jun Li, Liyong Yuan, Jinze Wu, Chenchen Jiang, Jane Daniels, Rajnikant Laxmishanker Mehta, Mingcang Wang, Joyce Yeung, Thomas Jackson, Teresa Melody, Shengwei Jin, Yinguang Yao, Jimin Wu, Junping Chen, Fang Gao Smith, Qingquan Lian, Han Lin, Jianfeng Ma, Wangning Shangguan, Xuntong Zhang, Yi Wang, Zuokai Xie, Lili He, Wenwen Lin, Yuyu Xiang, Jianlin Wang, Lingsi Kong, Tao Zhang, Yibing Wang, Nana Bao, Xuzhong Xu, Hao Cheng, Lipei Lei, Zengqiang Zhang, Lihua Fan, Yini Wu, Jianmin Wei, Zhonghua Shi, Wei Mei, Foquan Luo, Lili Zhao, Qin Zhang, Shibiao Chen, Xiaoyun Shi, Yuanbo Liang, Jian Xu, Weihe Zhou, Jingwei Zheng, Weiping Yuan, Yan Lin
Journal: JAMA (2021)

<h3>Importance</h3> In adults undergoing hip fracture surgery, regional anesthesia may reduce postoperative delirium, but there is uncertainty about its effectiveness. <h3>Objective</h3> To investigate, in older adults undergoing surgical repair for hip fracture, the effects of regional anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative delirium compared with general anesthesia. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> A randomized, allocation-concealed, open-label, multicenter clinical trial of 950 patients, aged 65 years and older, with or without preexisting dementia, and a fragility hip fracture requiring surgical repair from 9 university teaching hospitals in Southeastern China. Participants were enrolled between October 2014 and September 2018; 30-day follow-up ended November 2018. <h3>Interventions</h3> Patients were randomized to receive either regional anesthesia (spinal, epidural, or both techniques combined with no sedation; n = 476) or general anesthesia (intravenous, inhalational, or combined anesthetic agents; n = 474). <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Primary outcome was incidence of delirium during the first 7 postoperative days. Secondary outcomes analyzed in this article include delirium severity, duration, and subtype; postoperative pain score; length of hospitalization; 30-day all-cause mortality; and complications. <h3>Results</h3> Among 950 randomized patients (mean age, 76.5 years; 247 [26.8%] male), 941 were evaluable for the primary outcome (6 canceled surgery and 3 withdrew consent). Postoperative delirium occurred in 29 (6.2%) in the regional anesthesia group vs 24 (5.1%) in the general anesthesia group (unadjusted risk difference [RD], 1.1%; 95% CI, –1.7% to 3.8%;<i>P</i> = .48; unadjusted relative risk [RR], 1.2 [95% CI, 0.7 to 2.0];<i>P</i> = .57]). Mean severity score of delirium was 23.0 vs 24.1, respectively (unadjusted difference, –1.1; 95% CI, –4.6 to 3.1). A single delirium episode occurred in 16 (3.4%) vs 10 (2.1%) (unadjusted RD, 1.1%; 95% CI, –1.7% to 3.9%; RR, 1.6 [95% CI, 0.7 to 3.5]). Hypoactive subtype in 11 (37.9%) vs 5 (20.8%) (RD, 11.5; 95% CI, –11.0% to 35.7%; RR, 2.2 [95% CI, 0.8 to 6.3]). Median worst pain score was 0 (IQR, 0 to 20) vs 0 (IQR, 0 to 10) (difference 0; 95% CI, 0 to 0). Median length of hospitalization was 7 days (IQR, 5 to 10) vs 7 days (IQR, 6 to 10) (difference 0; 95% CI, 0 to 0). Death occurred in 8 (1.7%) vs 4 (0.9%) (unadjusted RD, –0.8%; 95% CI, –2.2% to 0.7%; RR, 2.0 [95% CI, 0.6 to 6.5]). Adverse events were reported in 106 episodes in the regional anesthesia group and 102 in the general anesthesia group; the most frequently reported adverse events were nausea and vomiting (47 [44.3%] vs 34 [33.3%]) and postoperative hypotension (13 [12.3%] vs 10 [9.8%]). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In patients aged 65 years and older undergoing hip fracture surgery, regional anesthesia without sedation did not significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium compared with general anesthesia. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02213380