tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
New Genes Interacted With Recent Whole-Genome Duplicates in the Fast Stem Growth of Bamboos
Authors: Guihua Jin, Peng-Fei Ma, Xiaopei Wu, Lianfeng Gu, Manyuan Long, Chengjun Zhang, De-Zhu Li
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2021)

As drivers of evolutionary innovations, new genes allow organisms to explore new niches. However, clear examples of this process remain scarce. Bamboos, the unique grass lineage diversifying into the forest, have evolved with a key innovation of fast growth of woody stem, reaching up to 1 m/day. Here, we identify 1,622 bamboo-specific orphan genes that appeared in recent 46 million years, and 19 of them evolved from noncoding ancestral sequences with entire de novo origination process reconstructed. The new genes evolved gradually in exon-intron structure, protein length, expression specificity, and evolutionary constraint. These new genes, whether or not from de novo origination, are dominantly expressed in the rapidly developing shoots, and make transcriptomes of shoots the youngest among various bamboo tissues, rather than reproductive tissue in other plants. Additionally, the particularity of bamboo shoots has also been shaped by recent whole-genome duplicates (WGDs), which evolved divergent expression patterns from ancestral states. New genes and WGDs have been evolutionarily recruited into coexpression networks to underline fast-growing trait of bamboo shoot. Our study highlights the importance of interactions between new genes and genome duplicates in generating morphological innovation.
In type 1 diabetes, real-time vs. intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring improved glycemic control
Authors: Darin E. Olson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2021)

Source Citation Visser MM, Charleer S, Fieuws S, et al. Comparing real-time and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes (ALERTT1): a 6-month, prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2275-83. 34089660
Does biologic therapy impact the development of PsA among patients with psoriasis?
Authors: Elana Meer, Joseph F Merola, Robert Fitzsimmons, Thorvardur Jon Love, Shiyu Wang, Daniel Shin, Yong Chen, Sharon Xie, Hyon Choi, Yuqing Zhang, Jose U Scher, C T Ritchlin, Joel M Gelfand, Alexis Ogdie
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2021)

Objective To examine the association of biologic therapy use for psoriasis with incident psoriatic arthritis (PsA) diagnosis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the OptumInsights Electronic Health Record Database between 2006 and 2017 among patients with psoriasis between the ages of 16 and 90 initiating a therapy for psoriasis (oral, biologic or phototherapy). The incidence of PsA was calculated within each therapy group. Multivariable Cox models were used to calculate the HR for biologic versus oral or phototherapy using biologics as a time-varying exposure and next in a propensity score-matched cohort. Results Among 1 93 709 patients with psoriasis without PsA, 14 569 biologic and 20 321 cumulative oral therapy and phototherapy initiations were identified. Mean age was lower among biologic initiators compared with oral/phototherapy initiators (45.9 vs 49.8). The incidence of PsA regardless of therapy exposure was 9.75 per 1000 person-years compared with 77.26 among biologic users, 61.99 among oral therapy users, 26.11 among phototherapy users and 5.85 among those without a prescription for one of the target therapies. Using a multivariable adjustment approach with time-varying exposure, adjusted HR (95% CI) for biologic users was 4.48 (4.23 to 4.75) compared with oral or phototherapy users. After propensity score matching, the HR (95% CI) was 2.14 (2.00 to 2.28). Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, biologic use was associated with the development of PsA among patients with psoriasis. This may be related to confounding by indication and protopathic bias. Prospective studies are needed to address this important question.
Novel biomarkers for the early prediction of pediatric cystic echinococcosis post-surgical outcomes
Authors: Eya Ben Salah, Coralie Barrera, Wahiba Sakly, Sana Mosbahi, Thierry Balliau, Nathalie Franche, Bruno Gottstein, Sabrine Ben Youssef, Mongi Mekki, Hamouda Babba, Laurence Millon
Journal: Journal of Infection (2021)
Avoiding a red card: recommendations for a consistent standard of concussion management in professional football (soccer)
Authors: Vincent Gouttebarge, Edwin A Goedhart, Emmanuel Orhant, Jon Patricios
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2021)

Compared with some collision/contact sports, concussions are relatively uncommon in professional football (soccer).1 2 Nevertheless, professional football has been under repeated scrutiny because of questionable recognition and management (on-field and off-field) of concussions during several high-profile international and national competitions. Given the Concussion in Sport Consensus process has been ongoing for two decades, it is important that professional football adopt consistent policies that represent the highest standard of concussion care.1 We believe the current approach to concussion in some professional football competitions may warrant a red card. Being the world’s highest profile sport, we acknowledge that football’s apparent concussion management oversights may appear to be disproportionately exposed in both the medical and public eye. We also recognise that the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and many professional leagues have made many steps towards promoting high-quality concussion care. Equally, however, variable policies exist that may compromise athlete care, and the sports profile and popularity should be used to promote optimal concussion care and educate millions. As clinicians who have been working in professional football for over 100 cumulated years, we propose a series of measures to improve the recognition and management of concussion across professional football.

### Mandatory education

Educating players, staff and officials regarding concussion should play a significant role in improving concussion recognition and management. This is already implemented in a few football leagues such …
CN50 Let’s talk about bowel problems: The needs of rectal cancer survivors towards the healthcare professional
Authors: E. Pape, Y. Van Nieuwenhove, P. Pattyn, E. Decoene, M. Debrauwere, G. Van Ramshorst, D. Van de Putte, P.R.L. Pattyn, T. Feryn, S. Verhaeghe, A. Van Hecke
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
701P Real-world (RW) treatment (Tx) patterns and clinical outcomes in patients (pts) with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) receiving first-line (1L) Tx: Results from IMPACT UC
Authors: M.A. Bilen, A.D. Xi, A. Wong, A. Schroeder, R. Kim, F.X. Liu, J. Peng, S. Robinson, A. Bhanegaonkar
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
412P Surgery and stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for colorectal cancer lung oligometastases: One centre experience
Authors: A. Piedra-Cascon, A.C. Virgili Manrique, E. Martinez Tellez, N. Farre Bernado, J.C. Trujillo, J. Balart Serra, A. Sebio Garcia, J. Szafranska, M. Aguado Sorolla, P. Gallardo Melo, D. Paez
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
Cardiopulmonary Critical Care.
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Section I: Pathophysiology. Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury. Pulmonary Gas Exchange. Pathophysiology of the Pulmonary Vascular Bed. Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Interactions in Critical Care. Peripheral Control of Venous Return in Critical Illness Role of the Splanchnic Vascular Compartment. The Muscles of Respiration. Cardiac Function. Oxygen Transport and Utilization. The Microcirculation and Tissue Oxygenation. Pulmonary Mechanics in Critical Care. Section II: Principles of Treatment. Principles of Mechanical Ventilation and Weaning. Ventilatory Control in the Critical Care Setting. Critical Care Radiology. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Pharmacologic and Ventilatory Support of the Circulation in Critically Ill Patients. Section III: Specific Disorders. Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiac Rhythm Disorders in the Critical Care Setting: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, And Management. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Heart-Lung Interactions in Sepsis. Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Pneumonia in the Immunosuppressed Host. Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism. Status Asthmaticus. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Smoke Inhalation Injury. Hyperbaric Medicine. Cardiorespiratory Failure Caused By High Altitude.
Real-World Use of Bone-Modifying Agents in Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Aaron P Mitchell, Akriti Mishra Meza, Katherine S Panageas, Allison Lipitz-Snyderman, Peter B Bach, Michael J Morris
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2021)

Bone-modifying agent (BMA) therapy is recommended for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer but not metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). BMA treatment in mCSPC may therefore constitute overuse.In this retrospective cohort study using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we included patients diagnosed with stage IV prostate adenocarcinoma from 2007 to 2015 who were 66 years of age or older at diagnosis and had received androgen-deprivation or antiandrogen therapy. We excluded patients who had previously received BMAs or had existing osteoporosis, osteopenia, hypercalcemia, or prior bone fracture. The primary outcome was receipt of BMA (zoledronic acid or denosumab) within 180 days of diagnosis (emergence of CRPC within this time frame is unlikely). The secondary outcome was receipt of a BMA within 90 days. Exposures of interest included practice location (physician office vs hospital outpatient) and the specialty (medical oncologist vs urologist) of the treating physician.Our sample included 2627 patients, of whom 52.9% were treated by medical oncologists and 47.1% by urologists; 77.7% and 22.3% received care in physician office and hospital outpatient locations, respectively. Overall, 23.6% received a BMA within 180 days; 18.4% did within 90 days. BMA therapy was more common among patients treated by oncologists (odds ratio = 8.23, 95% confidence interval = 6.41 to 10.57) and in physician office locations (odds ratio = 1.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 1.69). Utilization has increased: 17.3% of patients received BMAs from 2007 to 2009 (17.3% zoledronic acid, 0% denosumab) and 28.1% from 2012 to 2015 (8.4% zoledronic acid, 20.3% denosumab).Among patients with mCSPC who had no evidence of high osteoporotic fracture risk, more than one-quarter have received BMAs in recent years. This overuse may lead to excess costs and toxicity.
622P Geographical assessment of efficacy and safety of relugolix: A subgroup analysis from the randomized, phase III HERO study vs leuprolide (LEU) in men with advanced prostate cancer (APC)
Authors: A. Bossi, N.D. Shore, R. Tutrone, M.S. Cookson, D.J. George, D.R. Saltzstein, H. Akaza, B. Brown, B. Selby, S. Lu, J. Walling, B. Tombal, F. Saad
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
In COVID-19, therapeutic vs. prophylactic anticoagulation did not improve clinical outcomes and increased bleeding
Authors: Robert Diep, David Garcia
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2021)

Source CitationLopes RD, de Barros E Silva PG, Furtado RH, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2253-63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34097856/AbstractClinical Impact RatingsHospitalists: Infectious Disease: Critical Care:
792P Analysis of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in 102 patients with gastric-type mucinous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A multi-institutional study
Authors: S. Nishio, K. Matsuo, H. Nasu, K. Murotani, Y. Mikami, N. Yaegashi, T. Satoh, A. Okamoto, M. Ishikawa, T. Miyamoto, M. Mandai, K. Takehara, H. Yahata, M. Takekuma, K. Ushijima
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
1432P Characterizing diversity in the immune profile by a transcriptomic customized gene signature to potentially personalize treatment in advanced gastric cancer patients
Authors: M. Cabeza-Segura, L. Alarcón-Molero, V. Gambardella, J.A. Carbonell-Asins, S. Zuñiga, F. Gimeno-Valiente, Z. Garzón-Lloría, M. Gil Raga, A. Durá, P. Richart, N. Alonso, R. Villagrasa, C. Alfaro-Cervello, A. Peña, M. Huerta Alvaro, N. Tarazona, C. Martínez-Ciarpaglini, A. Cervantes, J. Castillo, T. Fleitas
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
MicroRNA-directed pathway discovery elucidates an miR-221/222–mediated regulatory circuit in class switch recombination
Authors: Eric J. Wigton, Yohei Mikami, Ryan J. McMonigle, Carlos A. Castellanos, Adam K. Wade-Vallance, Simon K. Zhou, Robin Kageyama, Adam Litterman, Suparna Roy, Daisuke Kitamura, Emily C. Dykhuizen, Christopher D.C. Allen, Hui Hu, John J. O’Shea, K. Mark Ansel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2021)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) regulate cell fate decisions by post-transcriptionally tuning networks of mRNA targets. We used miRNA-directed pathway discovery to reveal a regulatory circuit that influences Ig class switch recombination (CSR). We developed a system to deplete mature, activated B cells of miRNAs, and performed a rescue screen that identified the miR-221/222 family as a positive regulator of CSR. Endogenous miR-221/222 regulated B cell CSR to IgE and IgG1 in vitro, and miR-221/222-deficient mice exhibited defective IgE production in allergic airway challenge and polyclonal B cell activation models in vivo. We combined comparative Ago2-HITS-CLIP and gene expression analyses to identify mRNAs bound and regulated by miR-221/222 in primary B cells. Interrogation of these putative direct targets uncovered functionally relevant downstream genes. Genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of Foxp1 and Arid1a confirmed their roles as key modulators of CSR to IgE and IgG1.
Early-Life Initiation of Primary Prevention Strategies to Reduce Atherosclerosis Risk
Authors: Gloria Aguilo, Isabel Vinuela, Sergio Verd
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2021)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Cardiology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Cardiology journal
237P Real-world outcomes of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) HER2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) with high tumor mutational burden (hTMB) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)
Authors: S. Chumsri, S. Sammons, L. Alder, E. Sokol, N.A. Danziger, K. Raskina, A.B. Schrock, J. Venstrom, T. Snow, E. Castellanos, E. Ochuonyo, J. Snider, K. Mcgregor
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
1374P A randomized phase III study to compare efficacy and safety between combination therapy and monotherapy as first-line chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer (KCSG ST13-10)
Authors: I. Choi, K-W. Lee, D.Y. Zang, M.H. Ryu, H.S. Han, K.H. Kim, M-J. Kim, S.A. Koh, S.S. Lee, D-H. Koo, Y.H. Ko, B.S. Sohn, J.H. Park, J.W. Kim
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
1825P Prevalence of cancer among e-cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers: A retrospective cross-sectional survey study of NHANES-CDC
Authors: A. Chidharla, R. Rabbani, K. Agarwal, S. Abdelwahed, R. Bhandari, P.S. Manaktala, A. Singh, K. Patel, P. Singh, D. Mehta, P. Malik, U. Patel, S. Pillai, T. Koritala
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
838P Rituximab and non-pegylated liposomial doxorubincin (R-NPLD) treatment in patients 80 years of age or older affected by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): A 2020 update and implications of clinical and pathological factors
Authors: C. Cantò, E. Pennese, M. Di Nicola, G. Ricciuti, F. Restuccia, S. Luciani, F. Angrilli
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
1220P A randomized phase II trial of anlotinib plus docetaxel vs docetaxel for second-line treatment of EGFR-negative NSCLC (ALTER-L018)
Authors: L. Wu, Z. Wu, Z. Xiao, Z. Ma, J. Weng, Y. Chen, Y. Cao, P. Cao, M. Xiao, H. Zhang, H. Duan, Q. Wang, J. Li, Y. Xu, X. Pu, K. Li
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
ヒト心臓粘液腫細胞によるエンドセリン-1とビッグエンドセリン-1の生成-粘液腫起源との関わり
Authors: Sakamoto H, Sakamaki T, Sumino H, Sawada Y, Sato H, Sato M, Fujita K, Kanda T, Tamura J
Journal: Circulation (2004)
Urinary-Tract Malformations
Authors: Leonard S. Girsh, F. E. Karpinski
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IN the past twenty years little mention has been made in the American literature of the familial occurrence of urinary-tract malformations. Reports on cases of double kidney, pelvis and ureter in families are rare and confined entirely to foreign publications.1 2 3 4 Because the literature on this subject is scanty and the relation is probably much more common than has previously been known, it was thought advisable to publish our observations of upper-urinary-tract duplication involving 3 of 4 members of a family.Case ReportsCase 1. N.T., a 5-year-old girl, was admitted to the hospital on February 2, 1953, with complaints of . . .
647TiP PSMAddition: A phase III trial to compare treatment with 177Lu-PSMA-617 plus standard of care (SOC) versus SOC alone in patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer
Authors: S.T. Tagawa, O. Sartor, F. Saad, O. Sakharova, J. de Bono, F. Feng, K. Fizazi, M.J. Morris
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
148P Phase III study of everolimus or placebo in addition to adjuvant hormone therapy for high risk early breast cancer: Subgroup analysis of the UCBG UNIRAD trial
Authors: P.H. Cottu, F. Dalenc, S. Chabaud, D. Allouache, D. Cameron, J-P. Jacquin, J. Grenier, P. Barthelemy, M. Brunt, L. Kaluzinski, A. Mailliez, E. Legouffe, A-C. Hardy-Bessard, S. Giacchetti, M.A. Mouret Reynier, J-L. Canon, J. Bliss, J. Lemonnier, F. André, T. Bachelot
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
1011P FORTITUDE phase I study of NG-350A, a novel tumour-selective adenoviral vector expressing an anti-CD40 agonist antibody: Monotherapy dose escalation results
Authors: A. Naing, L. Rosen, R.D. Camidge, D. Khalil, J. Davies, D. Miles, M. Patel, P. Cockle, B. Champion, D. Krige, T. Lillie
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
Pregnancy After Transplant—Addressing Mode of Obstetrical Delivery Among Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ashley S. Roman
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

Ophelia Yin, MD; Aneesh Kallapur, MBBS; Lisa Coscia, RN, BSN; Lorna Kwan, MPH; Megha Tandel, MPH; Serban Constantinescu, MD, PhD; Michael J. Moritz, MD; Yalda Afshar, MD, PhD
Type I IFNs repolarized a CD169+ macrophage population with anti-tumor potentials in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Jing Liao, Dan-Ni Zeng, Jin-Zhu Li, Qiao-Min Hua, Chun-Xia Huang, Jing Xu, Chong Wu, Limin Zheng, Wei-Ping Wen, Yan Wu
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2021)

Macrophages constitute a major component in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and perform various functions to facilitate disease progression. Reprogramming or reconstituting the tumor surveillance phenotypes of macrophages represents an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy in cancer treatments. The current study identified CD169 as a potential target for macrophage repolarization since it signified a population of macrophages positively correlated with an activated immune signature and better prognosis of patients with HCC. In vitro experiments revealed that a low dose of type I interferon (IFN) could effectively reprogram human monocyte-derived macrophages to upregulate CD169 expression, and such induced CD169+ macrophages exhibited significantly enhanced phagocytotic and CD8+ T cell-activating capacities compared to controls. A low dose of IFNα also inhibited hepatoma growth in mice in vivo, presumably through polarizing the CD169+ macrophage population and enhancing CD8+ T cell activities. Notably, IFNα also induced substantial PD-L1 expression on macrophages in vivo, and thus blockade of PD-L1 could further increase the anti-tumor efficacy of IFNα in the treatment of HCC. We propose a low dose of IFNα in combination with a PD-L1 blocking agent as a potential anti-tumor therapeutic strategy via its effects on macrophage polarization. Macrophages constitute a major component in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and perform various functions to facilitate disease progression. Reprogramming or reconstituting the tumor surveillance phenotypes of macrophages represents an attractive immunotherapeutic strategy in cancer treatments. The current study identified CD169 as a potential target for macrophage repolarization since it signified a population of macrophages positively correlated with an activated immune signature and better prognosis of patients with HCC. In vitro experiments revealed that a low dose of type I interferon (IFN) could effectively reprogram human monocyte-derived macrophages to upregulate CD169 expression, and such induced CD169+ macrophages exhibited significantly enhanced phagocytotic and CD8+ T cell-activating capacities compared to controls. A low dose of IFNα also inhibited hepatoma growth in mice in vivo, presumably through polarizing the CD169+ macrophage population and enhancing CD8+ T cell activities. Notably, IFNα also induced substantial PD-L1 expression on macrophages in vivo, and thus blockade of PD-L1 could further increase the anti-tumor efficacy of IFNα in the treatment of HCC. We propose a low dose of IFNα in combination with a PD-L1 blocking agent as a potential anti-tumor therapeutic strategy via its effects on macrophage polarization.
1152P Real-world outcomes in resected stage IB-IIIA EGFR mutated NSCLC in Canada: Analysis from the POTENT study
Authors: M.S. Kuruvilla, I. Syed, F. Gwadry-Sridhar, R. Sachdeva, A. Pencz, L. Zhan, K. Hueniken, D. Patel, K. Balaratnam, K. Khan, B. Grant, B. Sheffield, S. Noy, K.P. Singh, L. Liu, M. Ralibuz-Zaman, B. Davis, D. Moldaver, M. Shanahan, P. Cheema
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
53P FGFR2 fusion and/or rearrangement profiling in Chinese patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: X-W. Huang, G-M. Shi, T. Zhang, L-Q. Bao, T-F. Wen, B. Zhang, T. Peng, H. Zhao, M. Kuang, W-L. Wang, J-H. Ran, Y-B. Liu, W. Gong, H-B. Mou, Y. Luo, Y. Wang, H. Sun, J. Fan, L-X. Liu, M. Dai
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2021)
Association of Regional White Matter Hyperintensities With Longitudinal Alzheimer-Like Pattern of Neurodegeneration in Older Adults
Authors: Batool Rizvi, Patrick J. Lao, Anthony G. Chesebro, Jordan D. Dworkin, Erica Amarante, Juliet M. Beato, Jose Gutierrez, Laura B. Zahodne, Nicole Schupf, Jennifer J. Manly, Richard Mayeux, Adam M. Brickman
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2021)

Small vessel cerebrovascular disease, visualized as white matter hyperintensities (WMH), is associated with cognitive decline and risk of clinical Alzheimer disease (AD). One way in which small vessel cerebrovascular disease could contribute to AD is through the promotion of neurodegeneration; the effect of small vessel cerebrovascular disease on neurodegeneration may differ across racial and ethnic groups.