tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Empirical Evidence of Bias
Authors: Kenneth F. Schulz
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine if inadequate approaches to randomized controlled trial design and execution are associated with evidence of bias in estimating treatment effects. <h3>Design.</h3> —An observational study in which we assessed the methodological quality of 250 controlled trials from 33 meta-analyses and then analyzed, using multiple logistic regression models, the associations between those assessments and estimated treatment effects. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —Meta-analyses from the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Database. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The associations between estimates of treatment effects and inadequate allocation concealment, exclusions after randomization, and lack of double-blinding. <h3>Results.</h3> —Compared with trials in which authors reported adequately concealed treatment allocation, trials in which concealment was either inadequate or unclear (did not report or incompletely reported a concealment approach) yielded larger estimates of treatment effects (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Odds ratios were exaggerated by 41% for inadequately concealed trials and by 30% for unclearly concealed trials (adjusted for other aspects of quality). Trials in which participants had been excluded after randomization did not yield larger estimates of effects, but that lack of association may be due to incomplete reporting. Trials that were not double-blind also yielded larger estimates of effects (<i>P</i>=.01), with odds ratios being exaggerated by 17%. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —This study provides empirical evidence that inadequate methodological approaches in controlled trials, particularly those representing poor allocation concealment, are associated with bias. Readers of trial reports should be wary of these pitfalls, and investigators must improve their design, execution, and reporting of trials. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:408-412)
The effects of plasma exchange in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Michael Walsh, David Collister, Linan Zeng, Peter A Merkel, Charles D Pusey, Gordon Guyatt, Chen Au Peh, Wladimir Szpirt, Toshiko Ito-Hara, David R W Jayne
Journal: BMJ (2022)

To assess the effects of plasma exchange on important outcomes in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV).Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Randomised controlled trials investigating effects of plasma exchange in patients with AAV or pauci-immune rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and at least 12 months' follow-up.Prior systematic reviews, updated by searching Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL to July 2020.Reviewers independently identified studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Quality of evidence was summarised in accordance with GRADE methods. Outcomes were assessed after at least12 months of follow-up and included all-cause mortality, end stage kidney disease (ESKD), serious infections, disease relapse, serious adverse events, and quality of life.Nine trials including 1060 participants met eligibility criteria. There were no important effects of plasma exchange on all-cause mortality (relative risk 0.90 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.27), moderate certainty). Data from seven trials including 999 participants that reported ESKD demonstrated that plasma exchange reduced the risk of ESKD at 12 months (relative risk 0.62 (0.39 to 0.98), moderate certainty) with no evidence of subgroup effects. Data from four trials including 908 participants showed that plasma exchange increased the risk of serious infections at 12 months (relative risk 1.27 (1.08 to 1.49), moderate certainty). The effects of plasma exchange on other outcomes were uncertain or considered unimportant to patients.There is a relative sparsity of events, and treatment effect estimates are therefore imprecise. Subgroup effects at the participant level could not be evaluated.For the treatment of AAV, plasma exchange has no important effect on mortality, reduces the 12 month risk of ESKD, but increases the risk of serious infections.No funding was received.This is an update of a previously unregistered systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2014.
Miscellany
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Marriages
Journal: JAMA (1933)

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Atheroma: a new hypothesis.
Journal: BMJ (1971)

thymectomy.The incomplete postoperative cure in longstanding or severe myasthenia is due to an associated myositis present in many cases and to the permanent loss of muscle fibres and neuromuscular junctions observed histologically.The myositic lesions are also seen in animals immunized with thymus or muscle and are explained by the cross-reactive antigens.The most interesting problem raised by Goldstein's work is the possible physiological role of thymin in muscular activity and why total thymectomy after the neonatal period does not cause signs of deficiency in the regulation of muscle function.The main role of the thymus is its regulation of the immunity apparatus,17 especially cell-mediated immunity, and co- operation with antibody-producing cells.18But it may have other still obscure endocrine functions to be discovered in the future.
Lecture Notes on Respiratory Medicine. 5th Edition.
Authors: F Bellotto, P Chiavacci, F Laveder, A Angelini, G Thiene, R Marcolongo
Journal: Thorax (1999)

The case history is described of a young woman who presented with primary pulmonary hypertension and non-specific inflammatory signs.The patient received prolonged immunosuppressive treatment with low dose methotrexate and prednisone without any vasodilator agent.After one year the pulmonary artery pressure fell from a mean value of 47 mm Hg to 30 mm Hg and there was a corresponding clinical response.This case suggests that, in patients with pulmonary hypertension of unknown origin, immunopathogenetic factors should be sought in order to consider the utility of immunosuppressive therapy.
Shigellosis in the adult
Authors: E. Barrett-Connor
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Within a four-year period 30 adults with shigellosis unrelated to any recognized epidemic were seen in a large city hospital. Shigella flexneri was responsible for two thirds of the cases and S sonnei for all but one of the remainder. A review of these cases demonstrated the diagnostic problems posed by sporadic disease. With the exception of dysentery, present in one half of the patients, no historical, clinical, or laboratory findings proved helpful diagnostically. One half of the patients received specific antibiotic therapy prior to clinical recovery. The course of the disease was similar in the treated and untreated groups. Antibiotic sensitivity studies performed on ten cultures revealed nine to be resistant to sulfonamides; resistance to antibiotics was unpredictable.
NECROLOGY.
Authors: None J. M. T.
Journal: JAMA (1884)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Comparing methotrexate monotherapy with methotrexate plus leflunomide combination therapy in psoriatic arthritis (COMPLETE-PsA): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, trial
Authors: Michelle L M Mulder, Johanna E Vriezekolk, Tamara W van Hal, Lieke M Nieboer, Nathan den Broeder, Elke M G J de Jong, Alfons A den Broeder, Frank H J van den Hoogen, Philip S Helliwell, Mark H Wenink
Journal: The Lancet Rheumatology (2022)
Thymic Malignancies*
Authors: David S. Ettinger, Wallace Akerley, Gerold Bepler, Matthew G. Blum, Andrew Chang, Richard T. Cheney, Lucian R. Chirieac, Thomas A. D'Amico, Todd L. Demmy, Ramaswamy Govindan, Frederic W. Grannis, Thierry Jahan, David H. Johnson, Anne Kessinger, Ritsuko Komaki, Feng-Ming Kong, Mark G. Kris, Lee M. Krug, Quynh-Thu Le, Inga T. Lennes, Renato Martins, Janis O'Malley, Raymond U. Osarogiagbon, Gregory A. Otterson, Jyoti D. Patel, Katherine M. Pisters, Karen Reckamp, Gregory J. Riely, Eric Rohren, Scott J. Swanson, Douglas E. Wood, Stephen C. Yang
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2010)

NCCN Categories of Evidence and ConsensusCategory 1: The recommendation is based on high-level evidence (e.g., randomized controlled trials) and there is uniform NCCN consensus.Category 2A: The recommendation is based on lowerlevel evidence and there is uniform NCCN consensus.Category 2B: The recommendation is based on lowerlevel evidence and there is nonuniform NCCN consensus (but no major disagreement).Category 3: The recommendation is based on any level of evidence but reflects major disagreement.All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise noted.Clinical trials: NCCN believes that the best management for any cancer patient is in a clinical trial.Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
Intrathecal morphine as sole analgesic during labour.
Authors: Cyril Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1980)

criticism of what is being undertaken.At a recent meeting the regional advisers thought that the development was a useful one and Dr van't Hoff, regional adviser for the West Midlands, is helping the editor over this.It seems to me-writing as a general physician, and remembering well the amount of work involved-that audit on the lines described in this letter is much more likely to be acceptable to the people who actually do the work than is the bureaucratic approach.
Anticoagulation in Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Michael E. Farkouh, Gregg W. Stone, Anuradha Lala, Emilia Bagiella, Pedro R. Moreno, Girish N. Nadkarni, Ori Ben-Yehuda, Juan F. Granada, Ovidiu Dressler, Elizabeth O. Tinuoye, Carlos Granada, Jessica Bustamante, Carlos Peyra, Lucas C. Godoy, Igor F. Palacios, Valentin Fuster
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2022)

Clinical, laboratory, and autopsy findings support an association between coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and thromboembolic disease. Acute COVID-19 infection is characterized by mononuclear cell reactivity and pan-endothelialitis, contributing to a high incidence of thrombosis in large and small blood vessels, both arterial and venous. Observational studies and randomized trials have investigated whether full-dose anticoagulation may improve outcomes compared with prophylactic dose heparin. Although no benefit for therapeutic heparin has been found in patients who are critically ill hospitalized with COVID-19, some studies support a possible role for therapeutic anticoagulation in patients not yet requiring intensive care unit support. We summarize the pathology, rationale, and current evidence for use of anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 and describe the main design elements of the ongoing FREEDOM COVID-19 Anticoagulation trial, in which 3,600 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 not requiring intensive care unit level of care are being randomized to prophylactic-dose enoxaparin vs therapeutic-dose enoxaparin vs therapeutic-dose apixaban. (FREEDOM COVID-19 Anticoagulation Strategy [FREEDOM COVID]; NCT04512079).
Intrauterine fetal transfusion. An unusual occurrence
Authors: J. L. Duhring
Journal: JAMA (1966)

THE WORK of Bevis,<sup>1</sup>Walker,<sup>2</sup>and Liley<sup>3</sup>demonstrated that spectrophotometric analysis of an amniotic-fluid biopsy could provide a precise index of the status of Rh iso-immunized pregnancies. This work has made possible a major revision in the management of these complicated cases. Their work has been confirmed by others.<sup>4,5</sup>With the availability of this improved diagnostic technique, attention has been directed toward therapy for the condition of the jeopardized fetus. One of the contributing factors to intrauterine fetal loss in erythroblastosis is high-output congestive heart failure due to anemia. Liley made the first definitive attempt to correct this anemia. In his study of amniotic-fluid biopsy he had occasionally, inadvertently entered a fetal abdomen distended with ascitic fluid. He subsequently made deliberate attempts to enter the peritoneal cavity of such a jeopardized fetus to infuse blood. Encouraged by his initial results he reported these experiments in 1963.
Emergency Department Response to Domestic Violence—California, 1992
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Emergency Services for Non-Resident Poor Person.
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Resuscitation: how do we decide?
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Charlson et al<sup>1</sup>al1 provide an elegant study of treatment decisions in the hospitalized, potentially terminally ill patient. Despite the clarity of the insight they provide and the data they have so carefully presented, I must take exception with at least some of their conclusions. They have suggested that issues of intervention and resuscitation be discussed not with all severely ill or moribund patients but "with patients whose hospital course is characterized by a slow, progressive deterioration." That assertion represents a philosophical viewpoint, not one that necessarily follows at all from the data provided. The authors state that conducting "discussions about resuscitation with all of the patients would provoke unnecessary anxiety," a result the authors reasonably seek to avoid. Targeting the identified group, the authors further assert, would meet medicolegal concerns. Most (70%) of the studied patients who died would have participated in such discussions, and
Changing trends in gastric cancer incidence and mortality: the role of upper endoscopy in low-risk countries
Authors: Jun Chul Park
Journal: Endoscopy (2022)

Gastric cancer, which is diagnosed in approximately one million new patients annually, is a significant contributor to global cancer burden and cancer-related mortality [1]. East Asia, eastern Europe, and Latin America have the highest incidences, while North America and most of western Europe have relatively low incidences [2]. This geographical variation is thought to be associated with several different predisposing and etiologic factors among the countries, such as tumor biology, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection rate, cigarette smoking, and a high sodium diet with salt-preserved foods. Global age-standardized gastric cancer incidence has steadily declined over the past century, particularly in high-risk countries such as Korea and Japan. This trend has been linked to a decline in noncardia cancer because of the eradication of H. pylori [2]. Contrarily, in countries with low gastric cancer incidence, such as those in western Europe and the USA, the decline in gastric cancer has reduced, especially in the middle-aged population [1] [2]. This phenomenon may also be related to changes in H. pylori infection patterns or the increased proportion of cardia cancer related to epidemic obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease [1]. As with incidence, global gastric cancer mortality has also decreased [2]. Improvements in surgical techniques and the development of chemotherapy regimens have led to better survival outcomes. Above all, early detection of cancer is a crucial factor contributing to the decline in mortality.
Humoral and cellular responses to vaccination with homologous CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 and heterologous third dose with BNT162b2
Authors: Jackelinne Y. Hayashi, Adriana Simizo, Jackson G. Miyamoto, Lucas V.S. Costa, Olívia F. Souza, Tassia Chiarelli, Natália B.S. Bacarov, Rafaela Hidalgo, Letícia D. Garcia, Michel M. Soane, Carla T. Braconi, Juliana T. Maricato, Luiz M. Janini, Reinaldo Salomão, Ana F. Popi, Isaias Glezer, Tatiana Bonetti, Alexandre K. Tashima
Journal: Journal of Infection (2022)
Pathology
Authors: Nelson R. Niles
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Concise textbooks may become increasingly popular, particularly in a subject as immense as pathology. Unfortunately, schools today often tend to emphasize detail at the expense of understanding, and after the examination, the student may remember little. He dearly needs short, clearly written textbooks, but truth must not be sacrificed for brevity. Therefore, only when the elisions oversimplify does anyone find them objectionable. Pinniger and Tighe's<i>Pathology</i>is a reasonable compromise. It has the clarity characteristic of modern British writing. Rightly it attempts to tell its story simply and with a minimum of reliance on description or statistics. This book can be valuable if the curriculum will insure the use of more complete texts where necessary. For any medical student it cannot stand as the only reference in the subject, though it might suffice for nursing students. The established physician may gain by reading through it, if only to learn in
Correction: Beneficial Effects of Myo-Inositol Oxygenase Deficiency in Cisplatin-Induced AKI
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2022)

Rajesh K. Dutta, Vinay K. Kondeti, Isha Sharma, Navdeep S. Chandel, Susan E. Quaggin, Yashpal S. Kanwar: Beneficial Effects of Myo-Inositol Oxygenase Deficiency in Cisplatin-Induced AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 1421–1436, 2017; DOI: [10.1681/ASN.2016070744][1]. The slide section from the kidney of