Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies
Authors: Luigi Pisani, Anna Geke Algera, Ary Serpa Neto, Luciano Azevedo, Tài Pham, Frederique Paulus, Marcelo Gama de Abreu, Paolo Pelosi, Arjen M Dondorp, Giacomo Bellani, John G Laffey, Marcus J Schultz, Amadeu Martinez, Livia Leal, Antonio Jorge Pereira, Marcelo de Oliveira Maia, Josè Aires Neto, Claudio Piras, Eliana Bernadete Caser, Cora Lavigne Moreira, Pablo Braga Gusman, Dyanne Moysés Dalcomune, Alexandre Guilherme Ribeiro de Carvalho, Louise Aline Romão Gondim, Lívia Mariane Castelo Branco Reis, Daniel da Cunha Ribeiro, Leonardo de Assis Simões, Rafaela Siqueira Campos, José Carlos Fernandez Versiani dos Anjos, Frederico Bruzzi Carvalho, Rossine Ambrosio Alves, Lilian Batista Nunes, Álvaro Réa-Neto, Mirella Cristine de Oliveira, Luana Tannous, Brenno Cardoso Gomes, Fernando Borges Rodriguez, Priscila Abelha, Marcelo E Lugarinho, Andre Japiassu, Hélder Konrad de Melo, Elton Afonso Lopes, Pedro Varaschin, Vicente Cés de Souza Dantas, Marcos Freitas Knibel, Micheli Ponte, Pedro Mendes de Azambuja Rodrigues, Rubens Carmo Costa Filho, Felipe Saddy, Théia Forny Wanderley Castellões, Suzana Alves Silva, Luiz Antonio Gomes Osorio, Dora Mannarino, Rodolfo Espinoza, Cassia Righy, Marcio Soares, Jorge Salluh, Lilian Tanaka, Daniel Aragão, Maria Eduarda Tavares, Maura Goncalves Pereira Kehdi, Valéria Maria Campos Rezende, Roberto Carlos Cruz Carbonell, Cassiano Teixeira, Roselaine Pinheiro de Oliveira, Juçara Gasparetto Maccari, Priscylla Souza Castro, Paula Berto, Patricia Schwarz, André Peretti Torelly, Thiago Lisboa, Edison Moraes, Felipe Dal-Pizzol, Cristiane Tomasi Damiani, Cristiane Ritter, Juliana Carvalho Ferreira, Ramon Teixeira Costa, Pedro Caruso, Cristina Prata Amendola, Amanda Maria R R de Oliveira, Ulysses V A Silva, Luciana Coelho Sanches, Rosana D S Almeida, Luciano Cesar Azevedo, Marcelo Park, Guilherme Schettino, Murillo Santucci Assunção, Eliezer Silva, Carlos Eduardo Barboza, Antonio Paulo Nassar Junior, Paulo Fernando G M Marzocchi Tierno, Luis Marcelo Malbouisson, Lucas Oliveira, Davi Cristovao, Manoel Leitão Neto, Ênio Rego, Fernanda Eugênia Fernandes, Marcelo Luz Pereira Romano, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti, Dalton de Souza Barros, Érica Aranha Suzumura, Karla Loureiro Meira, Gustavo Affonso de Oliveira, Paula Menezes Luciano, Evelin Drociunas Pacheco, Bruno Franco Mazza, Flavia Ribeiro Machado, Elaine Ferreira, Ronaldo Batista dos Santos, Alexandra Siqueira Colombo, Antonio Carlos Nogueira, Juliana Baroni Fernandes, Raquel Siqueira Nóbrega, Barbara do CS Martins, Francisco Soriano, Rafaela Deczka Morsch, Andre Luiz Baptiston Nunes, Juliano Pinheiro de Almeida, Ludhmila Hajjar, Sílvia Moulin, Fábio Poianas Giannini, Andre Luiz Baptiston Nunes, Fernando Rios, Frank Van Haren, T Sottiaux, Fredy S Lora, Luciano C Azevedo, P Depuydt, Eddy Fan, Guillermo Bugedo, Haibo Qiu, Marcos Gonzalez, Juan Silesky, Vladimir Cerny, Jonas Nielsen, Manuel Jibaja, Tài Pham, Hermann Wrigge, Dimitrios Matamis, Jorge Luis Ranero, S M Hashemian, Pravin Amin, Kevin Clarkson, Giacomo Bellani, Kiyoyasu Kurahashi, Asisclo Villagomez, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Leo M Heunks, Jon Henrik Laake, Jose Emmanuel Palo, Antero do Vale Fernandes, Dorel Sandesc, Yaasen Arabi, Vesna Bumbasierevic, Jose A Lorente, Anders Larsson, Lise Piquilloud, Fekri Abroug, Daniel F McAuley, Lia McNamee, Javier Hurtado, Ed Bajwa, Gabriel Démpaire, Guy M Francois, Hektor Sula, Lordian Nunci, Alma Cani, Alan Zazu, Christian Dellera, Carolina S Insaurralde, Risso V Alejandro, Julio Daldin, Mauricio Vinzio, Ruben O Fernandez, Luis P Cardonnet, Lisandro R Bettini, Mariano Carboni Bisso, Emilio M Osman, Mariano G Setten, Pablo Lovazzano, Javier Alvarez, Veronica Villar, Cesar Milstein, Norberto C Pozo, Nicolas Grubissich, Gustavo A Plotnikow, Daniela N Vasquez, Santiago Ilutovich, Norberto Tiribelli, Ariel Chena, Carlos A Pellegrini, María G Saenz, Elisa Estenssoro, Matias Brizuela, Hernan Gianinetto, Pablo E Gomez, Valeria I Cerrato, Marco G Bezzi, Silvina A Borello, Flavia A Loiacono, Adriana M Fernandez, Serena Knowles, Claire Reynolds, Deborah M Inskip, Jennene J Miller, Jing Kong, Christina Whitehead, Shailesh Bihari, Aylin Seven, Amanda Krstevski, Helen J Rodgers, Rebecca T Millar, Toni E Mckenna, Irene M Bailey, Gabrielle C Hanlon, Anders Aneman, Joan M Lynch, Raman Azad, John Neal, Paul W Woods, Brigit L Roberts, Mark R Kol, Helen S Wong, Katharina C Riss, Thomas Staudinger, Xavier Wittebole, Caroline Berghe, Pierre A Bulpa, Alain M Dive, Rik Verstraete, Herve Lebbinck, Pieter Depuydt, Joris Vermassen, Philippe Meersseman, Helga Ceunen, Jonas I Rosa, Daniel O Beraldo, Claudio Piras, Adenilton M R Ampinelli, Antonio P Nassar Jr, Sergio Mataloun, Marcelo Moock, Marlus M Thompson, Claudio H Gonçalves, Ana Carolina P Antônio, Aline Ascoli, Rodrigo S Biondi, Danielle C Fontenele, Danielle Nobrega, Vanessa M Sales, Suresh Shindhe, Dk Maizatul Aiman B Pg Hj Ismail, John Laffey, Francois Beloncle, Kyle G Davies, Rob Cirone, Venika Manoharan, Mehvish Ismail, Ewan C Goligher, Mandeep Jassal, Erin Nishikawa, Areej Javeed, Gerard Curley, Nuttapol Rittayamai, Matteo Parotto, Niall D Ferguson, Sangeeta Mehta, Jenny Knoll, Antoine Pronovost, Sergio Canestrini, Alejandro R Bruhn, Patricio H Garcia, Felipe A Aliaga, Pamela A Farías, Jacob S Yumha, Claudia A Ortiz, Javier E Salas, Alejandro A Saez, Luis D Vega, Eduardo F Labarca, Felipe T Martinez, Nicolás G Carreño, Pilar Lora, Haitao Liu, Haibo Qiu, Ling Liu, Rui Tang, Xiaoming Luo, Youzhong An, Huiying Zhao, Yan Gao, Zhe Zhai, Zheng L Ye, Wei Wang, Wenwen Li, Qingdong Li, Ruiqiang Zheng, Wenkui Yu, Juanhong Shen, Xinyu Li, Tao Yu, Weihua Lu, Ya Q Wu, Xiao B Huang, Zhenyang He, Yuanhua Lu, Hui Han, Fan Zhang, Renhua Sun, Hua X Wang, Shu H Qin, Bao H Zhu, Jun Zhao, Jian Liu, Bin Li, Jing L Liu, Fa C Zhou, Qiong J Li, Xing Y Zhang, Zhou Li-Xin, Qiang Xin-Hua, Liangyan Jiang, Yuan N Gao, Xian Y Zhao, Yuan Y Li, Xiao L Li, Chunting Wang, Qingchun Yao, Rongguo Yu, Kai Chen, Huanzhang Shao, Bingyu Qin, Qing Q Huang, Wei H Zhu, Ai Y Hang, Ma X Hua, Yimin Li, Yonghao Xu, Yu D Di, Long L Ling, Tie H Qin, Shou H Wang, Junping Qin, Yi Han, Suming Zhou, Monica P Vargas, Juan I Silesky Jimenez, Manuel A González Rojas, Jaime E Solis-Quesada, Christian M Ramirez-Alfaro, Jan Máca, Peter Sklienka, Jakob Gjedsted, Aage Christiansen, Jonas Nielsen, Boris G Villamagua, Miguel Llano, Philippe Burtin, Gautier Buzancais, Pascal Beuret, Nicolas Pelletier, Satar Mortaza, Alain Mercat, Jonathan Chelly, Sébastien Jochmans, Nicolas Terzi, Cédric Daubin, Guillaume Carteaux, Nicolas de Prost, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Fabrice Daviaud, Tai Pham, Muriel Fartoukh, Guillaume Barberet, Jerome Biehler, Jean Dellamonica, Denis Doyen, Jean-Michel Arnal, Anais Briquet, Sami Hraiech, Laurent Papazian, Arnaud Follin, Damien Roux, Jonathan Messika, Evangelos Kalaitzis, Laurence Dangers, Alain Combes, Siu-Ming Au, Gaetan Béduneau, Dorothée Carpentier, Elie H Zogheib, Herve Dupont, Sylvie Ricome, Francesco L Santoli, Sebastien L Besset, Philippe Michel, Bruno Gelée, Pierre-Eric Danin, Bernard Goubaux, Philippe J Crova, Nga T Phan, Frantz Berkelmans, Julio C Badie, Romain Tapponnier, Josette Gally, Samy Khebbeb, Jean-Etienne Herbrecht, Francis Schneider, Pierre-Louis M Declercq, Jean-Philippe Rigaud, Jacques Duranteau, Anatole Harrois, Russell Chabanne, Julien Marin, Charlene Bigot, Sandrine Thibault, Mohammed Ghazi, Messabi Boukhazna, Salem Ould Zein, Jack R Richecoeur, Daniele M Combaux, Fabien Grelon, Charlene Le Moal, Elise P Sauvadet, Adrien Robine, Virginie Lemiale, Danielle Reuter, Martin Dres, Alexandre Demoule, Dany Goldgran-Toledano, Loredana Baboi, Claude Guérin, Ralph Lohner, Jens Kraßler, Susanne Schäfer, Kai D Zacharowski, Patrick Meybohm, Andreas W Reske, Philipp Simon, Hans-Bernd F Hopf, Michael Schuetz, Thomas Baltus, Metaxia N Papanikolaou, Theonymfi G Papavasilopoulou, Giannis A Zacharas, Vasilis Ourailogloy, Eleni K Mouloudi, Eleni V Massa, Eva O Nagy, Electra E Stamou, Ellada V Kiourtzieva, Marina A Oikonomou, Luis E Avila, Cesar A Cortez, Johanna E Citalán, Sameer A Jog, Safal D Sable, Bhagyesh Shah, Mohan Gurjar, Arvind K Baronia, Mohammedfaruk Memon, Radhakrishnan Muthuchellappan, Venkatapura J Ramesh, Anitha Shenoy, Ramesh Unnikrishnan, Subhal B Dixit, Rachana V Rhayakar, Nagarajan Ramakrishnan, Vallish K Bhardwaj, Heera L Mahto, Sudha V Sagar, Vijayanand Palaniswamy, Deeban Ganesan, Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian, Hamidreza Jamaati, Farshad Heidari, Edel A Meaney, Alistair Nichol, Karl M Knapman, Donall O'Croinin, Eimhin S Dunne, Dorothy M Breen, Kevin P Clarkson, Rola F Jaafar, Rory Dwyer, Fahd Amir, Olaitan O Ajetunmobi, Aogan C O'Muircheartaigh, Colin S Black, Nuala Treanor, Daniel V Collins, Wahid Altaf, Gianluca Zani, Maurizio Fusari, Savino Spadaro, Carlo A Volta, Romano Graziani, Barbara Brunettini, Salvatore Palmese, Paolo Formenti, Michele Umbrello, Andrea Lombardo, Elisabetta Pecci, Marco Botteri, Monica Savioli, Alessandro Protti, Alessia Mattei, Lorenzo Schiavoni, Andrea Tinnirello, Manuel Todeschini, Antonino Giarratano, Andrea Cortegiani, Sara Sher, Anna Rossi, Massimo M Antonelli, Luca M Montini, Paolo Casalena, Sergio Scafetti, Giovanna Panarello, Giovanna Occhipinti, Nicolò Patroniti, Matteo Pozzi, Roberto R Biscione, Michela M Poli, Ferdinando Raimondi, Daniela Albiero, Giulia Crapelli, Eduardo Beck, Vincenzo Pota, Vincenzo Schiavone, Alexandre Molin, Fabio Tarantino, Giacomo Monti, Elena Frati, Lucia Mirabella, Gilda Cinnella, Tommaso Fossali, Riccardo Colombo, Pierpaolo Terragni, Ilaria Pattarino, Francesco Mojoli, Antonio Braschi, Erika E Borotto, Andrea N Cracchiolo, Daniela M Palma, Francesco Raponi, Giuseppe Foti, Ettore R Vascotto, Andrea Coppadoro, Luca Brazzi, Leda Floris, Giorgio A Iotti, Aaron Venti, Osamu Yamaguchi, Shunsuke Takagi, Hiroki N Maeyama, Eizo Watanabe, Yoshihiro Yamaji, Kazuyoshi Shimizu, Kyoko Shiozaki, Satoru Futami, Sekine Ryosuke, Koji Saito, Yoshinobu Kameyama, Keiko Ueno, Masayo Izawa, Nao Okuda, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Tomofumi Harasawa, Michitaka Nasu, Tadaaki Takada, Fumihito Ito, Shin Nunomiya, Kansuke Koyama, Toshikazu Abe, Kohkichi Andoh, Kohei Kusumoto, Akira Hirata, Akihiro Takaba, Hiroyasu Kimura, Shuhei Matsumoto, Ushio Higashijima, Hiroyuki Honda, Nobumasa Aoki, Hiroshi Imai, Yasuaki Ogino, Ichiko Mizuguchi, Kazuya Ichikado, Kenichi Nitta, Katsunori Mochizuki, Tomoaki Hashida, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Tomoyuki Nakamura, Daisuke Niimi, Takeshi Ueda, Yozo Kashiwa, Akinori Uchiyama, Olegs Sabelnikovs, Peteris Oss, Youssef Haddad, Kong Y Liew, Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva, Yves D Jarquin-Badiola, Luis A Sanchez-Hurtado, Saira S Gomez-Flores, Maria C Marin, Asisclo J Villagomez, Jordana S Lemus, Jonathan M Fierro, Mavy Ramirez Cervantes, Francisco Javier Flores Mejia, Daniel R Gonzalez, Dulce M Dector, Claudia R Estrella, Jorge R Sanchez-Medina, Alvaro Ramirez-Gutierrez, Fernando G George, Janet S Aguirre, Juan A Buensuseso, Manuel Poblano, Tarek Dendane, Amine Ali Zeggwagh, Hicham Balkhi, Mina Elkhayari, Nacer Samkaoui, Hanane Ezzouine, Abdellatif Benslama, Mourad Amor, Wajdi Maazouzi, Nedim Cimic, Oliver Beck, Monique M Bruns, Jeroen A Schouten, Myra Rinia, Monique Raaijmakers, Leo M Heunks, Hellen M Van Wezel, Serge J Heines, Marc P Buise, Fabienne D Simonis, Marcus J Schultz, Jennifer C Goodson, Troy S B rowne, Leanlove Navarra, Anna Hunt, Robyn A Hutchison, Mathew B Bailey, Lynette Newby, Colin Mcarthur, Michael Kalkoff, Alex Mcleod, Jonathan Casement, Danielle J Hacking, Finn H Andersen, Merete S Dolva, Jon H Laake, Andreas Barratt-Due, Kim Andre L Noremark, Eldar Søreide, Brit Å Sjøbø, Anne B Guttormsen, Hector H Leon Yoshido, Ronald Zumaran Aguilar, Fredy A Montes Oscanoa, Alain U Alisasis, Joanne B Robles, Rossini Abbie B Pasanting-Lim, Beatriz C Tan, Pawel Andruszkiewicz, Karina Jakubowska, Cristina M Cox, António M Alvarez, Bruno S Oliveira, Gustavo M Montanha, Nelson C Barros, Carlos S Pereira, António M Messias, Jorge M Monteiro, Ana M Araujo, Nuno T Catorze, Susan M Marum, Maria J Bouw, Rui M Gomes, Vania A Brito, Silvia Castro, Joana M Estilita, Filipa M Barros, Isabel M Serra, Aurelia M Martinho, Dana R Tomescu, Alexandra Marcu, Ovidiu H Bedreag, Marius Papurica, Dan E Corneci, Silvius Ioan Negoita, Evgeny Grigoriev, Alexey I Gritsan, Andrey A Gazenkampf, Ghaleb Almekhlafi, Mohamad M Albarrak, Ghanem M Mustafa, Khalid A Maghrabi, Nawal Salahuddin, Tharwat M Aisa, Ahmed S Al Jabbary, Edgardo Tabhan, Yaseen M Arabi, Olivia A Trinidad, Hasan M Al Dorzi, Edgardo E Tabhan, Stefan Bolon, Oliver Smith, Jordi Mancebo, Hernan Aguirre-Bermeo, Juan C Lopez-Delgado, Francisco Esteve, Gemma Rialp, Catalina Forteza, Candelaria De Haro, Antonio Artigas, Guillermo M Albaiceta, Sara De Cima-Iglesias, Leticia Seoane-Quiroga, Alexandra Ceniceros-Barros, Antonio L Ruiz-Aguilar, Luis M Claraco-Vega, Juan Alfonso Soler, Maria del Carmen Lorente, Cecilia Hermosa, Federico Gordo, Miryam Prieto-González, Juan B López-Messa, Manuel P Perez, Cesar P Pere, Raquel Montoiro Allue, Ferran Roche-Campo, Marcos Ibañez-Santacruz, Susana Temprano, Maria C Pintado, Raul De Pablo, Pilar Ricart Aroa Gómez, Silvia Rodriguez Ruiz, Silvia Iglesias Moles, Mª Teresa Jurado, Alfons Arizmendi, Enrique A Piacentini, Nieves Franco, Teresa Honrubia, Meisy Perez Cheng, Elena Perez Losada, Javier Blanco, Luis J Yuste, Cecilia Carbayo-Gorriz, Francisca G Cazorla-Barranquero, Javier G Alonso, Rosa S Alda, Ángela Algaba, Gonzalo Navarro, Enrique Cereijo, Esther Diaz-Rodriguez, Diego Pastor Marcos, Laura Alvarez Montero, Luis Herrera Para, Roberto Jimenez Sanchez, Miguel Angel Blasco Navalpotro, Ricardo Diaz Abad, Raquel Montiel González, Dácil Parrilla Toribio, Alejandro G Castro, Maria Jose D Artiga, Oscar Penuelas, Tomas P Roser, Moreno F Olga, Elena Gallego Curto, Rocío Manzano Sánchez, Vallverdu P Imma, Garcia M Elisabet, Laura Claverias, Monica Magret, Ana M Pellicer, Lucia L Rodriguez, Jesús Sánchez-Ballesteros, Ángela González-Salamanca, Antonio G Jimenez, Francisco P Huerta, Juan Carlos J Sotillo Diaz, Esther Bermejo Lopez, David D Llinares Moya, Alec A Tallet Alfonso, Palazon Sanchez Eugenio Luis, Palazon Sanchez Cesar, Sánchez I Rafael, Corcoles G Virgilio, Noelia N Recio, Richard O Adamsson, Christian C Rylander, Bernhard Holzgraefe, Lars M Broman, Joanna Wessbergh, Linnea Persson, Fredrik Schiöler, Hans Kedelv, Anna Oscarsson Tibblin, Henrik Appelberg, Lars Hedlund, Johan Helleberg, Karin E Eriksson, Rita Glietsch, Niklas Larsson, Ingela Nygren, Silvia L Nunes, Anna-Karin Morin, Thomas Kander, Anne Adolfsson, Lise Piquilloud, Hervé O Zender, Corinne Leemann-Refondini, Souheil Elatrous, Slaheddine Bouchoucha, Imed Chouchene, Islem Ouanes, Asma Ben Souissi, Salma Kamoun, Oktay Demirkiran, Mustafa Aker, Emre Erbabacan, Ilkay Ceylan, Nermin Kelebek Girgin, Menekse Ozcelik, Necmettin Ünal, Basak Ceyda Meco, Onat O Akyol, Suleyman S Derman, Barry Kennedy, Ken Parhar, Latha Srinivasa, Lia McNamee, Danny McAuley, Jack Steinberg, Phil Hopkins, Clare Mellis, Frank Stansil, Vivek Kakar, Dan Hadfield, Christine Brown, Andre Vercueil, Kaushik Bhowmick, Sally K Humphreys, Andrew Ferguson, Raymond Mckee, Ashok S Raj, Danielle A Fawkes, Philip Watt, Linda Twohey, Rajeev R Jha Matthew Thomas, Alex Morton, Varsha Kadaba, Mark J Smith, Anil P Hormis, Santhana G Kannan, Miriam Namih, Henrik Reschreiter, Julie Camsooksai, Alek Kumar, Szabolcs Rugonfalvi, Christopher Nutt, Orla Oneill, Colette Seasman, Ged Dempsey, Christopher J Scott, Helen E Ellis, Stuart Mckechnie, Paula J Hutton, Nora N Di Tomasso, Michela N Vitale, Ruth O Griffin, Michael N Dean, Julius H Cranshaw, Emma L Willett, Nicholas Ioannou, Sarah Gillis, Peter Csabi, Rosaleen Macfadyen, Heidi Dawson, Pieter D Preez, Alexandra J Williams, Owen Boyd, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz De Gordoa, Jon Bramall, Sophie Symmonds, Simon K Chau, Tim Wenham, Tamas Szakmany, Piroska Toth-Tarsoly, Katie H Mccalman, Peter Alexander, Lorraine Stephenson, Thomas Collyer, Rhiannon Chapman, Raphael Cooper, Russell M Allan, Malcolm Sim, David W Wrathall, Donald A Irvine, Kim S Zantua, John C Adams, Andrew J Burtenshaw, Gareth P Sellors, Ingeborg D Welters, Karen E Williams, Robert J Hessell, Matthew G Oldroyd, Ceri E Battle, Suresh Pillai, Istvan Kajtor, Mageswaran Sivashanmugave, Sinead C Okane, Adrian Donnelly, Aniko D Frigyik, Jon P Careless, Martin M May, Richard Stewart, T John Trinder, Samantha J Hagan, Matt P Wise, Jade M Cole, Caroline C MacFie, Anna T Dowling, Javier Hurtado, Nicolás Nin, Javier Hurtado, Edgardo Nuñez, Gustavo Pittini, Ruben Rodriguez, María C Imperio, Cristina Santos, Ana G França, Alejandro Ebeid, Alberto Deicas, Carolina Serra, Aditya Uppalapati, Ghassan Kamel, Valerie M Banner-Goodspeed, Jeremy R Beitler, Satyanarayana Reddy Mukkera, Shreedhar Kulkarni, Jarone Lee, Tomaz Mesar, John O Shinn Iii, Dina Gomaa, Christopher Tainter, Tomaz Mesar, R Adams Cowley, Dale J Yeatts, Jessica Warren, Michael J Lanspa, Russel R Miller, Colin K Grissom, Samuel M Brown, Philippe R Bauer, Ryan J Gosselin, Barrett T Kitch, Jason E Cohen, Scott H Beegle, Renaud M Gueret, Aiman Tulaimat, Shazia Choudry, William Stigler, Hitesh Batra, Nidhi G Huff, Keith D Lamb, Trevor W Oetting, Nicholas M Mohr, Claine Judy, Shigeki Saito, Fayez M Kheir, Adam B Schlichting, Angela Delsing, Mary Elmasri, Daniel R Crouch, Dina Ismail, Thomas C Blakeman, Kyle R Dreyer, Dina Gomaa, Rebecca M Baron, Carolina Quintana Grijalba, Peter C Hou, Raghu Seethala, Imo Aisiku, Galen Henderson, Gyorgy Frendl, Sen-Kuang Hou, Robert L Owens, Ashley Schomer, Vesna Bumbasirevic, Bojan Jovanovic, Maja Surbatovic, Milic Veljovic, Frank Van Haren, Helen Rodgers, Barry Dixon, Roger Smith, Mark Kol, Helen Wong, Werner Schmid, Greet Hermans, Helga Ceunen, Marc Bourgeois, Nathalie Anquez, Johan Decruyenaere, Luc DeCrop, Ary Serpa Neto, Rafaella Souza dos Santos, Daniel Beraldo, Moreno Calcagnotto dos Santos, Jose Augusto Santos Pellegrini, Claudio Piras, Vanessa Oliveira, Carlos Munhoz, Ana Carolina Peçanha, Fernando José da Silva Ramos, Israel Maia, Marina Bahl, Rodrigo Biondi, Daniel Prado, Sérgio Felix Pinto, Jean Salgado, Luis Fernando Falcão, Tiago Macruz, Alexandre Biasi Cavalcanti, Marcelo Luz Pereira Romano, Kessia Ruas, Giovana Colozza Mecatti, Eliane Bernadete Caser, Isabela Ambrósio Gava, Nicolás Carreño, Mauricio Morales, Rossana Avendaño, Stefania Aguirre, Andrej Sribar, Vlasta Klaric, Sonja Skilijic, Matea Bogdanovic Dvorscak, Marijana Krkusek, Matija Jurjevic, Nenad Karanovic, Tatjana Simurina, Petr Stourac, Milan Kratochvil, Jan Máca, Hermann Wrigge, Christian Schlegel, Tanja A Treschan, Maximilian Schaefer, Akut Aytulun, Peter Kienbaum, Kevin Clarkson, Rola Jaafar, Daniel Collins, Robert Plant, Giuseppe Melchionda, Eduardo Di Lauro, Andrea Cortegiani, Vincenzo Russotto, Raffaele Caione, Donatella Mestria, Carlo Alberto Volta, Savino Spadaro, Marco Botteri, Elisa Seghelini, Luca Brazzi, Gabriele Sales, Davide D'Antini, Alexandre Molin, Paolo Severgnini, Alessandro Bacuzzi, Lorenzo Peluso, Pasquale Verrastro, Pasquale Raimondo, Agreta Gecaj-Gashi, Fabienne D Simonis, Pieter Roel Tuinman, Erna Alberts, Ingrid van den Hul, Michael Kuiper, Robert BP de Wilde, Matty Koopmans, Isil Kose, Çiler Zincircioglu, Nazim Dogan, Demet Aydin, Ahmet Sukru Denker, Unase Buyukkocak, Nur Akgun, Güldem Turan, Evren Senturk, Zerrin Demirtürk, Perihan Ergin Özcan, Osman Ekinci, Sedat Saylan, Gulay Eren, Fatma Ulger, Ahmet Dilek, Hulya Ulusoy, Ugur Goktas, Lokman Soyoral, Huseyin Toman, Yavuz Orak, Feda Kahveci, Gary H Mills, Angela Pinder, Rachel Walker, Jonathan Harrison, Jane Snell, Colette Seasman, Rachel Pearson, Michael Sharman, Claire Kaloo, Natalie Bynorth, Kelly Matthews, Chloe Hughes, Alastair Rose, Karen Simeson, Lotta Niska, Nathan Huneke, Jane Adderly, Cheryl Padilla-Harris, Rebecca Oliver, Farooq Brohi, Natalie Wilson, Helen Talbot, Deborah Wilson, Deborah Smith, Paulo Dark, Tracey Evans, Nicola Fisher, Jane Montgomery, Pauline Fitzell, Christoph Muench, Keith Hugill, Emanuel Cirstea, Andrew Bentley, Katie Lynch, Ian White, Jonathan Cooper, Melinda Brazier, Michael Devile, Michael Parris, Pardeep Gill, Tasmin Patel, John Criswell, Dawn Trodd, Denise Griffin, Jane Martin, Caroline Wreybrown, Jeremy Bewley, Katie Sweet, Lisa Grimmer, Marta Kozlowski, Shanaz James, James Limb, Amanda Cowton, David Rogerson, Charlotte Downes, Susan Melbourne, Ryan Humphries, Mark Pulletz, Sarah Moreton, Stephanie Janes, Andrew Corner, Vanessa Linnett, Jenny Ritzema, Malcolm Watters, Steve Windebank, Shailaja Chenna, Richard Howard-Griffin, Kate Turner, Sheeba Suresh, Heather Blaylock, Stephanie Bell, Karl Blenk, Lynn Everett, Phil Hopkins, Clare Mellis, Daniel Hadfield, Clair Harris, Alexandre Chan, Sian Birch, Claire Pegg, Catherine Plowright, Lucy Cooper, Tom Hatton, Iain McCullagh, Stephen Wright, Carmen Scott, Christine Boyd, Mark Holliday, Una Poultney, Hannah Crowther, Sarah Thornthwaite, Nigel Hollister, Jane Hunt, Amanda Skinner, Ramprasad Matsa, Ruth Salt, Claire Matthews, Henrik Reschreiter, Julie Camsooksai, Nicola Venner, Helena Barcraft-Barnes, Lee Tbaily, David Pogson, Johanna Mouland, Steve Rose, Nicola Lamb, Nicholas Tarmey, John Knighton, Julian Giles, Debbie Weller, Isabelle Reed, Anil Hormis, Sallyane Pearson, Meredith Harris, Joanne Howe, Jonathan Paddle, Karen Burt, Ingeborg Welters, Anna Walker, Laura Youds, Sam Hendry, David Shaw, Karen Williams, Robin Hollands, Mandy Carnahan, Johanna Stickley, Claire Miller, Denise Donaldson, Louise Tonks, Ben Creagh-Brown, Daniel Hull, Owen Boyd, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz, Shammer Gopal, Stella Metherell, Hazel Spencer, Christian Frey, Carly Brown, Gayle Clifford, Susannah Leaver, Christine Ryan, Johannes Mellinghoff Mellinghoff, Sarah Prudden Prudden, Helen Green Green, Alistair Roy Roy, Julie Furneval Furneval, Adam Bell Bell, Sandeep Lakhani Lakhani, Lousie Fasting Fasting, Lorna Murray Murray, Kobus Preller, Amy McInerney, Sarah Beavis, Amanda Whileman, Julie Toms, Sue Glenn, Mohamed Ramali, Alison Ghosh, Clare Bullock, Lisa Barrell, Eoin Young, Helen Robertson, Maria Faulkner, Peter MacNaughton, Susan Tyson, Paul Pulak, Terri-Ann Sewell, Christopher Smalley, Reni Jacob, Cristina Santos, Pedro Alzugaray, Marcos F Vidal Melo, Kristen Joyce, Joseph Needleman, Areef Ahsan, Abul Faiz, AKM Shamsul Alam, Syeda Nafisa Khatoon, Ranjan Kumer Nath, Mohammed Abdur Rahman Chowdhury, Debabrata Banik, Montosh Kumar Mondol, Sakibur Rahman Bhuiyan, Suraiya Nazneed, Rozina Sultana, Tarikul Hamid, Mozaffer Hossain, Syed Tariq Reza, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Mohammad Salim, Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal, Sheikh Mohammed Taher, Taohidul Majid Taohid, Pranab Karmaker, Sabyasachi Roy, Shantanu Das, Sohel Ahmed Sarkar, Monju Lal Dutta, Poulomi Roy, Shivakumar Iyer, Bhuvana Krishna, Sriram Sampath, Rajyabardhan Pattnaik, Chinni Krishna Kasi, Jignesh Shah, Anand Dongre, Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian, Navid Nooraei, Reza Raessi Estabragh, Majid Malekmohammad, Batoul Khoundabi, Maziar Mobasher, Nor'azim Mohd Yunos, Mahazir Kassim, Chern Min Voon, Stanis Sutharsa Das, Siti Nur Suhaila Azauddin, Dharshinie Dorasamy, Li Ling Tai, Mohd Basri Mat Nor, Nurhafizah Zarudin, Mohd Shahnaz Hasan, Mohamad Fadhil Hadi Jamaluddin, Mohamad Irfan Othman Jailani, Gyan Kayashta, Aaradhana Adhikari, Raju Pangeni, Madiha Hashmi, Sonia Joseph, Aftab Akhtar, Aayesha Qadeer, Iqbal Memon, Syed Muneeb Ali, Farah Idrees, Saima Kamal, Sadaf Hanif, Atta Ur Rehman, Arshad Taqi, Tanveer Hussain, Ahmed Farooq, Saleh Khaskheli, Muhammad Hayat, Kanishka Indraratna, Abigail Beane, Rashan Haniffa, Upeka Samaranayake, Sathiyamoorthy Mathanalagan, Asoka Gunaratne, Nimangee Mithraratne, Kaushila Thilakasiri, Chamila Pilimatalawwe, Y A Hasitha Dilhani, Marie Fernando, Kumudini Ranatunge, Loranthi Samarasinghe, Manori Vaas, Manoj Edirisooriya, Chathurani Sigera, Janaki Arumoli, Kesharie De Silva, Bimal Kudavidanage, Visanthi Pinto, Lakshman Dissanayake, Kaweesak Chittawatanarat, Napplika Kongpolprom, Udomsak Silachamroon, Prapaporn Pornsuriyasak, Tananchai Petnak, Pongsasit Singhatas, Viratch Tangsujaritvijit, Suthat Rungruanghiranya, Annop Piriyapatsom, Kanokkarn Juntaping, Konlawij Trongtrakul, Poungrat Thungtitigul, Pattraporn Tajarernmuang, Sunisa Chatmongkolchart, Rungsun Bhurayanontachai, Osaree Akaraborworn, Asma Navasakulpong, Karjbundid Surasit, Louise Thwaites, Behzad Nadjm, Dat Vu Quoc, Ha Nguyen Thi Thanh, Kinh Nguyen Van, Thuy Duong Bich, Yen Lam Minh
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2021)

BackgroundGeoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies.MethodsIn this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality.FindingsOf the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference –1·69 [–9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5–8] vs 6 [5–8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52–23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75–0·86]; p<0·0001).InterpretationDespite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status.FundingNo funding.