Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised children and adolescents in Brazil – Authors' reply
Authors: Eduardo A Oliveira, Enrico A Colosimo, Ana Cristina Simões e Silva, Robert H Mak, Daniella B Martelli, Ludmila R Silva, Hercílio Martelli-Júnior, Maria Christina L Oliveira
Journal: The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (2021)

We thank Jonas Carneiro Cruz and colleagues and Siyu Chen and Yong Shao for their interest in our study in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health.1Oliveira EA Colosimo EA Simões e Silva AC et al.Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021; 5: 559-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar Here, we further discuss some findings and methodological aspects, specifically the question of the effect of age and comorbidities in the prognosis of paediatric COVID-19. Cruz and colleagues raised concerns about grouping different clinical disorders in a single categorical variable. This issue is interesting from both clinical and methodological points of view. We tested various models that included the variable comorbidities, as dichotomous, categorical, or continuous, and also models including the main chronic pre-existing conditions as separate covariates. In this regard, we did not observe any superiority in clinical contribution among the different models tested. Moreover, in the appendix of our Article,1Oliveira EA Colosimo EA Simões e Silva AC et al.Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021; 5: 559-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar we also showed that the presence of any clinical condition, including obesity, significantly increased the risk of death (except asthma, as also found by de Souza and colleagues).2de Souza FSH Hojo-Souza NS Batista BDdO da Silva CM Guidoni DL On the analysis of mortality risk factors for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a data-driven study using the major Brazilian database.PLoS One. 2021; 16e0248580Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar In their Correspondence, Chen and Shao asked why we used a cutoff of 11 years for adolescents, arguing that adolescence is defined by WHO as the period starting from 10 years of age. Although the definition of adolescence varies across different countries and societies, we believe that this reanalysis might contribute to a relevant clinical issue.3Sawyer SM Azzopardi PS Wickremarathne D Patton GC The age of adolescence.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018; 2: 223-228Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1525) Google Scholar Our reanalysis (appendix p 1) shows the distribution of covariates according to the redefined age groups and the corresponding competing-risk survival analysis. The cumulative incidence of death was 9·2% for infants younger than 2 years, 4·9% for children aged 2–10 years, and 9·5% for adolescents aged 10–20 years (appendix p 3); the cumulative incidence of death after adjustment by the Fine-Gray model is also shown in the appendix (p 4). The hazard of death for infants and adolescents was about 2·5 times higher than in those aged 2·0–9·9 years. The results are similar to our original analysis.1Oliveira EA Colosimo EA Simões e Silva AC et al.Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021; 5: 559-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar In a preprint meta-analysis of 57 studies, which did not include our data, Harwood and colleagues4Harwood R Yan H Da Camara NT et al.Which children and young people are at higher risk of severe disease and death after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis.medRxiv. 2021; (published online July 8.) (preprint).https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.30.21259763PubMed Google Scholar also showed a similar result—the odds of poor outcomes were 1·6–2·0 times higher for infants (aged <1 year), and adolescents (aged >10 years) had elevated odds of severe COVID-19 (an increase of 1·4–2·2 times greater odds) and particularly multisystem inflammatory syndrome (2·5–8·0 times greater odds), compared with children aged 1–4 years. In this regard, we considered clinically relevant the issue raised by Cruz and colleagues, that differences in mortality in the age groups might be confounded by the distribution of the comorbidities. Our reanalysis shows a significant difference in the prevalence of comorbidities among the age groups (p<0·0001; appendix p 1). Nevertheless, the lowest prevalence of comorbidities was in children younger than 2 years, who had a higher hazard of death in our analysis. Both age and the number of comorbidities retained significance in the final model after adjustment by competing-risk analysis (appendix p 2). These findings suggest that the increased risk of death, which presents as a U shape with infants and adolescents at higher risk, might have other underlying factors beyond the uneven distribution of comorbidities among different age groups. Furthermore, we disagree with Cruz and colleagues that we completely ignored the variable of other comorbidities available in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-GRIPE) dataset. On the contrary, as we stated in Methods section of our Article,1Oliveira EA Colosimo EA Simões e Silva AC et al.Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021; 5: 559-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar we carefully reviewed all text fields, especially the MORB_DESC field. This field is open ended, and relevant clinical information was included within it, especially relating to comorbidities and other risk factors. Cruz and colleagues also stated that some variables could be incorrectly coded in SIVEP-GRIPE. We agree that registry errors are inherent to databases such as SIVEP-GRIPE. To overcome this issue, we exhaustively searched for inconsistencies in the information provided by crosschecking variables of interest before the recoding process. We agree that the self-reporting of risk factors included in SIVEP-GRIPE is a limitation. In this regard, we believe that the effect is mainly related to possible family omissions in reporting relevant conditions. However, the most important issue is the impossibility to access detailed clinical information of the cases for further analysis. Therefore, we suggest that further versions of SIVEP-GRIPE should include a link in the database to permit access to the laboratory or imaging results and detail of the treatment during hospital admission. Finally, regarding Cruz and colleagues' point about checking regression-model assumptions, we agree that failure of model adequacy might lead to biased parameter estimation. The main assumption of the Fine-Gray model is the proportionality of hazard ratios. A visual inspection of the relevant figure in our Article1Oliveira EA Colosimo EA Simões e Silva AC et al.Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database.Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021; 5: 559-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar shows no substantial crossing curves that could be an indication in favour of the proportionality assumption. A non-linearity relationship does not apply to our analysis given that all covariates are categorical. Model building was based on a univariate model. We agree that there is a risk of excluding important covariates from the final model. However, our statistical inference was based on a unique cohort, both in terms of the number of events (deaths and discharges) and of the sample size. We believe that under these conditions, the risk of excluding important covariates is very small, and the sex variable was the only factor excluded. Unlike adult cohorts, sex has not been associated with severe disease or death in paediatric cohorts.4Harwood R Yan H Da Camara NT et al.Which children and young people are at higher risk of severe disease and death after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis.medRxiv. 2021; (published online July 8.) (preprint).https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.30.21259763PubMed Google Scholar Finally, internal and cross-validation are essential for calibration and discrimination in prediction models, not for an estimation study, such as ours. We declare no competing interests. Download .pdf (.27 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide databaseDeath from COVID-19 was associated with age, Indigenous ethnicity, poor geopolitical region, and pre-existing medical conditions. Disparities in health care, poverty, and comorbidities can contribute to magnifying the burden of COVID-19 in more vulnerable and socioeconomically disadvantaged children and adolescents in Brazil. Full-Text PDF Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised children and adolescents in BrazilWe read with great interest the work by Eduardo Oliveira and colleagues,1 who used a multivariate survival analysis to estimate the risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among children and adolescents admitted to hospital in Brazil. The study has important implications to guide policy and improve care of individuals at increased risk of death. Here, we highlight some methodological concerns and limitations. Full-Text PDF Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised children and adolescents in BrazilWe read the Article by Eduardo Oliveira and colleagues1 with great interest and believe the findings from this cohort study are important, given that they directly investigated the risk factors associated with COVID-19 in children and adolescents. Full-Text PDF