Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
Authors: Damaris Kinyoki, Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Dan Lu, Samuel B. Ewald, Katie M. Donkers, Ian D. Letourneau, Michael Collison, Megan F. Schipp, Amanuel Abajobir, Sima Abbasi, Nooshin Abbasi, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Sherief M. Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abolhassani, Biju Abraham, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R. M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka, Davoud Adham, Shailesh M. Advani, Pradyumna Agasthi, Mohammad Aghaali, Sohail Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Budi Aji, Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi, Addis Aklilu, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Ziyad Al-Aly, Turki M. Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Ayinalem Alemu, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Vahid Alipour, Hesam Alizade, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A. Amugsi, Nahla Hamed Anber, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Al Artaman, Afsaneh Arzani, Malke Asaad, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Mulusew A. Asemahagn, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mengistu M. Ashebir, Zerihun Ataro, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Muluken Altaye Ayza, Abbas Azadmehr, Darshan B, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Ashish D. Badiye, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M. Bakkannavar, Palash Chandra Banik, Adhanom Gebreegziabher Baraki, Miguel A. Barboza, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Mohsen Bayati, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Neeraj Bedi, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye Bekuma, Michelle L. Bell, Isabela M. Bensenor, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam Berhe, Kidanemariam Alem Berhie, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Antonio Biondi, Minyichil Birhanu, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Moses John Bockarie, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mahdi Bohluli, Archith Boloor, Shiva Borzouei, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Andre R. Brunoni, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Muge Cevik, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Jaykaran Charan, Souranshu Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Ken Lee Chin, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Aubrey J. Cook, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Henok Dagne, Baye Dagnew, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M. A. Dahlawi, Haijiang Dai, Hancheng Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Farah Daoud, Jai K. Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Kairat Davletov, Farah Deeba, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Sagnik Dey, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Shirin Djalalinia, Hoa Thi Do, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Bereket Duko, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Lucas Earl, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Rajesh Elayedath, Teshome Bekele Elema, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Aisha Elsharkawy, Yasser Mohamed El-Sherbiny, Maha El Tantawi, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Khalil Eskandari, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Pawan Sirwan Faris, Medhat Farwati, Farshad Farzadfar, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L. Feigin, Berhanu Elfu Feleke, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Pietro Ferrara, Nataliya A. Foigt, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Masoud Foroutan, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Marisa Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Hadush Gebremariam, Tesfay B. B. Gebremariam, Leake Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Assefa Ayalew Gebreslassie, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Bradford D. Gessner, Lemma Getacher, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Mansour Ghafourifard, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Farhad Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K. Gill, Myron Anthony Godinho, Philimon N. Gona, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Nachiket Gudi, Davide Guido, Rashid Abdi Guled, Yuming Guo, Rachita Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R. Hamadeh, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Asif Hanif, Arief Hargono, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Maryam Hashemian, Abdiwahab Hashi, Shoaib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Khezar Hayat, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J. Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Ramesh Holla, Julia Hon, Sung Hwi Hong, Praveen Hoogar, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Peter J. Hotez, Mowafa Househ, Tanvir M. Huda, Dawit Hoyiso Huluko Huluko, Syed Ather Hussain, Bing-Fang Hwang, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Usman Iqbal, M. Mofizul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Chidozie C. D. Iwu, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Vardhmaan Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Farzad Jalilian, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, Oommen John, Kimberly B. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Nitin Joseph, Ankur Joshi, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanvir Kahlon, Leila R. Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Zahra Kamiab, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Behzad Karami Matin, Salah Eddin Karimi, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Gebrehiwot G. Kassa, Getinet Kassahun, Gbenga A. Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Tibebeselassie S. Keflie, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Bayew Kelkay, Maryam Keramati, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Nauman Khalid, Mohammad Khammarnia, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Junaid Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir M. Khater, Mona M. Khater, Abdullah T. Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Neda Kianipour, Young-Eun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Tufa Kolola, Ali Koolivand, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Nuworza Kugbey, Vaman Kulkarni, G. Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Ben Lacey, Deepesh P. Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires, Anders O. Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Matthew B. Laurens, Carlo La Vecchia, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H. Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Kate E. LeGrand, Sonia Lewycka, Bingyu Li, Shanshan Li, Xuefeng Liu, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Daiane Borges Machado, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Narayan B. Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Venkatesh Maled, Shokofeh Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A. Mamun, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Md Dilshad Dilshad Manzar, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Pallab K. Maulik, Benjamin K. Mayala, Medhin Mehari, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Fereshteh Mehri, Kala M. Mehta, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, Teferi Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Mulugeta Melku, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G. Menezes, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Abera M. Mersha, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, G. K. Mini, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Maryam Mirzaei, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hayat Maeruf Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei, Ali H. Mokdad, Alex Molassiotis, Lorenzo Monasta, Masoud Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Getaneh Baye B. Mulu, Mehnaz Munir, Moses K. Muriithi, G. V. S. Murthy, Ghulam Mustafa, Ashraf F. Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Smitha Nayak, Vinod C. Nayak, Javad Nazari, Rawlance Ndejjo, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, Vuong Minh Nong, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Virginia Nunez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Tafadzwa Nyanhanda, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Onome Bright Oghenetega, In-Hwan Oh, Daniel Micheal Okello, Morteza Oladnabi, Andrew T. Olagunju, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Muktar Omer Omer, Abidemi E. Emmanuel Omonisi, Obinna E. Onwujekwe, Alberto Ortiz, Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Mayowa O. Owolabi, P. A. Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Abhijit P. Pakhare, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Sangram Kishor Patel, Urvish K. Patel, Ashish Pathak, George C. Patton, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Jeevan Pereira, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Hai Quang Pham, Brandon V. Pickering, Saeed Pirouzpanah, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J. Postma, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Hadis Pourchamani, Hadi Pourjafar, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I. Prada, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Ata Rafiee, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Aashish Rajesh, Pradhum Ram, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J. Rao, Satish Rao, Prateek Rastogi, Priya Rathi, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Reza Rawassizadeh, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Robert C. Reiner, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Nima Rezaei, Omid Rezahosseini, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Hirbo Shore Roba, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Susan Fred Rumisha, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Nasir Salam, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Deepak Saxena, Alyssa N. Sbarra, David C. Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Debarka Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Omid Shafaat, Saeed Shahabi, Mohammad Shahbaz, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mohammed Feyisso Shaka, Ali S. Shalash, Mahdi Shamali, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Amrollah Sharifi, Aziz Sheikh, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Ranjitha S. Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Adithi Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Velizar Shivarov, Soraya Siabani, Sudeep K. Siddappa Malleshappa, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Surya Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Amin Soheili, Shahin Soltani, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Iyad Sultan, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Amir Taherkhani, Zemenu Tamir, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Md Ismail Tareque, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Hirut Teame, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Yohannes Tekalegn, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Berhane Fseha Teklehaimanot, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Takele Tiki, Asres Bedaso Tilahune, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Khanh Bao Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Rajnish Tripathi, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Phuong N. Truong, Riaz Uddin, Anayat Ullah, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Marco Vacante, Alireza Vakilian, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R. Valdez, Yasser Vasseghian, Madhur Verma, Francesco S. Violante, Bay Vo, Yohannes Dibaba Wado, Yasir Waheed, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Kinley Wangdi, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Andrea Werdecker, Taweewat Wiangkham, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Ai-Min Wu, Chenkai Wu, Yang Xie, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mingyou Yang, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, Alex Yeshaneh, Yigizie Yeshaw, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Melissa F. Young, Zabihollah Yousefi, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hebat-Allah Salah A. Yousof, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Shamsa Zafar, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Zoubida Zaidi, Josefina Zakzuk, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Maryam Zamanian, Alireza Zandifar, Alireza Zangeneh, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Dejene Tesfaye Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie, Yunquan Zhang, Cong Zhu, Arash Ziapour, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Simon I. Hay
Journal: Nature Medicine (2021)

Anemia is a globally widespread condition in women and is associated with reduced economic productivity and increased mortality worldwide. Here we map annual 2000-2018 geospatial estimates of anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) across 82 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), stratify anemia by severity and aggregate results to policy-relevant administrative and national levels. Additionally, we provide subnational disparity analyses to provide a comprehensive overview of anemia prevalence inequalities within these countries and predict progress toward the World Health Organization's Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) to reduce anemia by half by 2030. Our results demonstrate widespread moderate improvements in overall anemia prevalence but identify only three LMICs with a high probability of achieving the WHO GNT by 2030 at a national scale, and no LMIC is expected to achieve the target in all their subnational administrative units. Our maps show where large within-country disparities occur, as well as areas likely to fall short of the WHO GNT, offering precision public health tools so that adequate resource allocation and subsequent interventions can be targeted to the most vulnerable populations.