Difference in mortality among individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during the first and second waves in South Africa: a cohort study
Authors: Waasila Jassat, Caroline Mudara, Lovelyn Ozougwu, Stefano Tempia, Lucille Blumberg, Mary-Ann Davies, Yogan Pillay, Terence Carter, Ramphelane Morewane, Milani Wolmarans, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N Bhiman, Sibongile Walaza, Cheryl Cohen, Shaina Abdullah, Fiona Abrahams, Vincentius Adams, FHIMA ADNANE, Sonia Adoni, Dieketso Melitta Adoons, Veronique Africa, Dr Aguinaga, Susan Akach, Prisha Alakram Khelawon, George Aldrich, Olatunde Alesinloye, Mathale Biniki Aletta, Mametja Alice, Tebogo Aphane, Moherndran Archary, Felicity Arends, Shireen Arends, Munonde Aser, T Asmal, Mohammed Asvat, Theunis Avenant, Muvhali Avhazwivhoni, Magnolia Azuike, Johanna Baartman, Dlava Babalwa, Johan Badenhorst, Miranda Badenhorst; Badenhorst, Bianca Badripersad (CEO), Lalihla Badul, M Bagananeng, Mncedisi Bahle, Liezl Balfour, Liezl Balfour, TC Baloyi, S Baloyi, Tinyiko Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho Baloyi, Thokozani Banda, Shimon Barit, Nicole Bartsch, Junaid Bayat, Siyabulela Bazana, Marlene Beetge, Marlene Beetge, Nosindiso Bekapezulu, Rammala Belebele, Phala Bella, Zanenkululeko Belot, Lindi Gladys Bembe, Sonja Bensch, Gishma Beukes, Karla Bezuidenhout, Themba Bhembe, N.A BIKISHA, Ben Bilenge, Leesa Bishop, Baphamandla Biyela, Cyntheola Blaauw, Mark Blaylock, Nicola Bodley, Power Bogale, Sibongile Bokolo, Stefan Bolon, Mary Booysen, Eldereze Booysen, Lia Boretti, Paula Borges, Millicent Boshoga, Natasha Bosman, Lucinda Bosvark, Nicky Botes, Adele Botha, CHANTALL BOTHA, Jana Botha, MANDLAKAYISE IRVIN BOTHA, Alet Botha, Janet Bradbury, Zandisile Breakfast, Maria Breed, Molele Brenda, Moshito Brice, Jolene Britz, Amanda brown, Ms T Buchanan, Thozama Bucwa, Crystelle Burger, Ziyanda Busakwe, Nosiviwe Bushula, Zinhle Buthelezi, Dumsile Buthelezi, Thubelihle Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina Buthelezi, Nadia Bux, Christoff Buys, Anneline Buys, Ernestina Caka, Armando Sanchez Canal, Sithole Caroline, Monrick Casper, Shannon Cawood, Oratile Cebisa, Nothando Cele, Sboniso Cele, Sthembile Goodness Cele, Mkhacani Chauke, Pinkie Chauke, Nevil Chelin, Xiaohui Chen, Venmalla Chetty, Kerisse Chetty, Christinah Cheu, Vindana Chibabhai, Takudzwa Chirima, Mantwa ChisaleMabotja, CHARITY CHIVENGE, Ngoasheng Choene, Mbali Nosisa Choko, Martin Choshi, Sabbir Chowdhury, Anastacia Christoforou, S.L.S Chuene, T.S Chueu, Dale Cilliers, Vanessa Cilliers, Marcel Claassen, Jeané Cloete, Chantelle Coelho, Chantelle Coelho, Carol Coetzee, Hans Jurgens Coetzee, Christine Coetzee, Marelize Coetzee, Dane Coetzer, Sizwe Coka, Mr M Colane, Herkulaas Combrink, Songezo Conjwa, Colleen Contrad, Faith Cornelissen, Leezelle Cronje, Christine Crouse, Moshai D.A, Ms Mahabane D.I, Tshidi Dabi, Ziyanda Dandala, Ziyaad Dangor, Gildenhuys Daniel, Ngwana Daniel, Alfred Daumas, Madelein Dauth, Mongalo David, Wayne Davids, Nozuko Daweti, Halima Dawood, Wandisa Dayile, B DE BRUIN, Karin De Klerk, Tanya De la Rosa, Marice de Nysschen, Marie De vos, Darien De Wet, Mohith Debising, Darshan Deenadayalu, Babalwa Dekeda, Mofokeng Desiree, Annelise Deysel, Abram Dhlamini, Makgethwa Dhlala Diala, Mathapelo Diale, Bella Diketane, Nosisa Dingani, Siyabonga Diniso, Lesego Diphatse, Anele Diya, Zihloniphile Dladla, Nompumelelo Dladla, Mlungisi Dladla, Patience Dladla, Baphilie Dlamini, NONHLANHLA DLAMINI, Linda Dlamini, Nonzwakazi Dlamini, Wendy Dlamini, Ncomeka Dlamini, Siyabonga Dlamini, Nicodemus Dlamini, Lebohang Dlamini, Motshedise Dlamini, Babalwa Christine Dlava, Phikiwe Dlova, Lindiwe Dlozi, Maenetja Doreen, Vumile Doyi, Athini Doyi, Belinda Du Plessis, Johanna Aletta du Plessis, Mr. Eddie du Plessis, Nicolette du Plessis, Karin du Plessis, Briette du Toit, Narissa du Toit, Jabulile Dube, Athayanda Dubula, Msomi Duduzile, Sechaba Duiker, Unati Bongile Duma, Kholiwe Duma, Kella Dunne, Kholeka Dyantyi, Avile Dyantyi, Simphiwe Dyasi, CHAUKE DYONDZO, Phelisa Dyubhele, B.J Dywili, Letitia Edwards Edwards, Madie Eksteen, Tersia Ellis, Tia Ellis, Glenda Emmerson, Theusia Enslin, ODIMULA EPULE, Lana Erasmus, Mathonsi Erick, Lerato Etsane, Shimange Eunice, Zanele Fani, Mariette Ferreira, K.L Finger-Motsepe, Fabion Floris, Tseko Fobo, Keresemetse Fokotsane, Duduzile Emmelda Fokwana, Genevieve Marion Fords, Juanita Fortein, Christine Fouche, Rulandi Fourie, Andrew Frean, Ludwig Fredericks, Wandile Funda, Kabelo Funjwa, Martha Futhane, Amanda Futuse, Dora Gabaediwe, Nonhlanhla Gabuza, Janycke Galant, Zanele Gama, Thobile Gano, Emma Cora Gardiner, Henri Gastrow, Kelly Gate, Ben Gaunt, Rikhotso Gavaza, Thapelo Gayi, Nkosinathi Gcakasi, Nomusa Gcobo, Leon Geffen, S Geldenhuys, Jenny George, Martha Gerber, Zolisa Getyengana, Nkululo Gigi, Radha Gihwala, Mitchell Gilliland, Zandile Gloria, Elitia Glover, Ellen Gokailemang, Suseth Goosen, Maria Gopane, Thandazile Gosa - Lufuta, Bernadett Gosnell, Sharleen Gouws, Christina Govender, Raksha Govender, Pearl Govender, Sally Govender, Christina Govender, Roxanne Govender, K Govender, Mrs Savie Govender, Rashika Govinden, Luphumlo Gqabuza, Nomthandazo Gqaji, Maneo Gqetywa, Caroline Green, Nathan Green, Neera Green, Hendrik Grobler, Pamela Groenwald, Daniel Grootboom, Beatrice Gumede, Nomonde Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Slindile Gumede, Ntombikayise Gumede, Zenande Gumede, Thandiswa Gxotiwe, Makhubela H.L, Nonhlanhla Hadebe, Skhumbuzo Hadebe, Christos Halkas, Ansie Hamer, Ebrahim Hamida, Juan Hammond, Sumayia Haniff, Annelise Hare, lorinda Hattingh, Thenjiwe Hendricks, Philip-George Henecke, Brends Henly-Smith, Glynis Herselman, Ansie Heymans, Chantel Heyns, Golekane Hlabahlaba, Lucky Hlabangwane, Simango Hlamarisa, Ntokozo Hlanzi, Hlengiwe Hlela, Katlego Hlokwe, Thembinkosi hlongwa, Anele Hlongwana, Themba Hlubi, Tozama Hobo, Nare Nathaniel Hopane, Mariska House, Catharina Hudson, Marinda Huysamen, Jezreen Indheren, Samantha Ingle, Gavin Isaacs, TS Thekiso Isaacs, Maringa Itumeleng, Karien J van Rensburg, Saloshni Jackson, Neziswa Jacob, Burton Jacobs, Tshireletso Jacobs, Gugulethu Jacobs, Mesadi Jaftha, Zimkhitha Jaji, Sibusiso Jali, Gcobisa James, Gillian January, Andiswa Jeke, Laurent Jeremiah, LS Jeremiah, Mubeen Jhetam, Maureen John, Chuene John, Thandiwe Jola, Yolande Jonas, Anovick Jonas, Amilcar Juggernath, eileen kaba, Venetia Kabo, Disebo Kadi, Karabo Kaizer, Moshaya Peter Kambule, Lorraine Kapp, Tshepo Kau, Nchabeleng Keneth, O Kgabi, Tebogo Audrey Kgafela, Vincent Kgakgadi, Isabella Kgaswe, Tsholofelo Kgathlane, Vuyelwa Julia Kgetha, Mmaselloane Kgomojoo, MR B Kgoro, Christinah Kgosiemang, Gloria Kgosiencho, Stephen Khambula, Ariffa Khan, Refemetswe Khanare, Ncamsile Khanyase, Nokwethemba Khanyile(Data Capturer), Fillip Kharatsi, Simangele Khawula, Themba Khohlakala, Letitia Khomo, Isabel khoza, Sinethemba Khoza, Nombulelo Khukule, Busisiwe Khumalo, Tracy Khumalo, Zinhle khumalo, Vuyelwa Khumalo, Delisile Khumalo, Lebohang Khumalo, Boitumelo Khumalo, Thuli Khumalo, Gugu Khumalo, Bongiwe Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle Khuzwayo, Hennie Kidson, Jesne Kistan, Gugu Klaas, Marilyn Klassen, Josehine Koeberg, Marizel Koen, Simphiwe Koena, Ina Kok, Imraan Kola, Karabo Kolokoto, Ramachandra Konar, Dr Kotsedi, Jaline Kotze, MARTINS KOUPIS CDS, Sr Helen Kritzinger, Marlize Kruger, Henk Kruger, Tlangelani Kubayi, Thabisile Kubeka, Nonjabulo Kubheka, Melusi Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford Kubheka, Erol Kubheka, Monica Kumalo, Thulani Kunene, Siphilile Candy Kunene, Yvette Kunneke, R.P KUPA, Rachel Kutama, Nompumelelo Kwakwazi, Lwanele Kweyama, Maureen Labuschagne, Marina Labuschagne, Prabha Lakshman, Prabha Lakshman, Lungelo Lamani, Thembela Lamani, Naomi Langa, Khangelani Langeni, Aphelele Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel Langeni, Gena Langeveldt, Anchen Laubscher, Laetitia Le Roux, Magagane Leah, Collen Lebea, Sello Lebea, Viyella Phumla Cynthia Lebenya, Lorraine lebogang, PK LEBOHO, Chantel Lee, Kelebogile Rejoice Lefakane, Zandile Legoabe, Patrick Lekala, Motsitsi Lekhoaba, Tanki Shadrack Lekunutu, Galaletsang Lerefolo, Mrs N Letebele, Tsepo Patric Lethoba, Emission Letlalo, Ofentse Letlhage, D.S.V Letshufi, Dineo Fiona Letsoalo, Seleka Jones Letsoalo, Pennelope Letsoalo, Getrude Letwaba, Sobekwa Linda, Katleho Lipholo, Sabata Litabe, Harsha Lochan, Linda Lomax, Francina Lombaard, Elmarie Loots, Ariana Lourens, Ariana Lourens, Celeste Louw, Rianna Louw, Zikhona Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises Lubambo, Gregory Ludada, Michael Lukas, Thembela Lungu, Nomvume Lupindo, Emmah Lusenga, Happiness Luthuli, Zoleka Sylvia Luvuno, Sr Gwangwa M.H, Mustafa Maarman, Buyisiwe Mabaso, Cynthia Mabaso, Morena Mabitle, Grace Mabogoane, Kgakgamatso Mabone, Rueben Mabuza, Velaphi Mabuza, Mogantla Madiseng, Thobile Madlala, Mashooase Madolo, Thabiso Madonsela, Lesetsa Madubanya, Amukelani Maepa, Namhla Mafumana, Caroline Mafumo, Pumeza Magadla, Viscah Magale, Nompumelelo Magaqa, Oberholzer Magda, Rakgoale Magdeline, Tswai Maggie, Bongeka Maginxa, Cathrine Maite Magoba, Caroline Magongwa, AGRETIA MAGUBANE, Agretia Ntombizodwa Magubane, R Magwai, Padmini Mahabeer, Elsie Mahadulula, Lungiswa Mahanjana, Amy Maharaj, Qedusiza Mahlambi, Yvonne Mahlangu, Lerato Mahlangu, Ntombifikile Mahlangu, Makhosazana Mahlangu, Mahlatsi Mahlangu, Penelope Mahlasela, Thosago Mahlatse, Regina Mahlobo, Dikhing Mahole, Adam Mahomed, Mapeu Debora Mahubane, Peter Mahume, Lehlogonolo Maifo, Vincent Maimane, Petunia Maimele, Phakoe Maine, Patricia Senyanyathi Mainongwane, Nomalungisa Majamani, Amahle Majozini, Noluthando Makalima, Nomfundo Makam, Khanyisa Makamba, R Makan, Mashiane Makarapa, Malesela Makgahlela, Mogoiwa David Makgisa, Makgoba Makgomo, MA Makgopa, Mabone Makhalema, Lindokuhle Lizo Makhanya, Philile Valentia Makhanya, Tolerance Makharaedzha, Nathi Makhathini, Elizabeth Makhesi, Cinile Makhubela, Nkululeko Freedom Makhunga, Nomalinge Makhupula, RR Makhura, Rangwato Makola, Zingisa Makuba, Asanda Makubalo, Lonwabo Makumsha, George Makuya, Levy Mmachuene Malaka, Themba Malangeni, ML MALATJI, Pelonomi Malebana-Metsing, Malek Malek, Luthando Malevu, Luthando Malevu, Juanita Malgas, Dimakatso Malgas, Paul Makgasane Malope, Monyeki Malose, Katekani Maluleke, Kato Mambane, Nthabiseng Mamorobela, Kukami Manamela, Tshepo Manana, Sathiel Maneto, Aron Kabelo Manganye, Pheto Mangena, Anna Mangoale, TINOTENDA FLORENCE MANGOZHO, Pariva Manickchund, Zandisile Mankayi, Arthur Manning, Kelebogile Manyaapelo Manyaapelo, Tabea Manyane, Zoliswa Manzana, Milton Manzini, Busisiwe Mapasa-Dube, Siboniso Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi Maphumulo, Sindy Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy Maponya, Napjadi Maponya, Lami Maqubela, Lizeka Maqubela, Vuyo Maqungo, Marisa Marais, Chantal Marais, Nondumiso Maramba, Annelize Mare, Madumetsa Maredi, Afikile Martins, Johanna Marule, Refilwe Marumo, NN Masakona, KEDIBONE VINCENTIA MASEHLA, Eric Maseko, Tshilidzi Maselesele, Mojalefa Maselo, M Maseloa, M.E Masemola, Thembi Masemola, Bella Mashaba, James Mashangwane, Mantebele Mashao, Shalom Mashego, Lerato Mashele, Ester Mashiane, Joyce Mashibini, J Mashilo, Tumi Mashiloane, Charity Mashishi, Ngazibini Mashiyi, Khomola Mashudu, aluwani masindi, Caroline Maslo, Nduduzo Masondo, Dumisile Masuku, Cry Matamela, Mirriam Matandela, Nontokozo Mathabela, T Mathabi, Keitumetse Mathe, Mathabo Mathebula, Catherine Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres Mathebula, Nqobizwe Mathenjwa, Jane Mathibe, Lebohang Mathibela, MAKWELA MATHILDA, Khakhu Mathiva, Mokgadi Alinah Mathobela, Fikile Pearl Mathonsi, KP Mathonsi, Katlego Mathosa, Noluvo Matiwane, Emma Matjeke, Bella Matjiane, Thabang Matjila, Sr Chidi Matlala, Petlo Matome, Nolusindiso Matoti, C. Matseliso, Dineo Matsemela, Phumeza Matsha, Gaalebale Prudence Matshediso, Motsumi Matshediso, Esther Matshela, Bongeka Mavuma, Pearl Mavundla, Nomthandazo Mavuso, Lovender Mawasha, Rebecca Mawelela, Nelisiwe Mazibuko, Phumlani Mazibuko, Lindiwe Mazubane, Bavumile Mbanjwa, Ayanda Mbasa, Nosimilo Mbatha, ZANELE MBATHA, Rudolph Zenzele Mbatha, Gift Mbedzi, Tatenda Trevor Mbizi, Khumbulani Mbonambi, Nondumiso Mboniswa, Nomfanelo Mbonisweni, Jody Mbuilu, Siyabonga Mbulawa, Zama Mbutho, Natasha Mbuzi, Nonkululeko Mchunu, Cyprian Mchunu, Nokuzola Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka Mchunu, Vuyokazi Mciteka, Solly Mdaka, Neho Mdakane, Siyabonga Mdediswa, Melusi Mdima, Nozipho Mdima Masondo, Siviwe Mdindana, Ntombizikhona Mdleleni, Sibusiso Mdletshe, Gcobisa Precious Mdoda, Ntombi Mdolo, Anele Mdontsane, Ruchikas Mehta, Philile Rittah Memela, Masande Methuse, Keatlaretse Metshile, Pheliswa Metuse, Anton Meyer, Gavin Meyer, Cameron Meyer, Sisonke Mfazwe, Andiswa Mfecane, Bongeka Mfecane, Nelisiwe Mfeka, Busisiwe Mgaga, Thandiwe Portia Mgauli, Thembekile Mgedezi, Vuyokazi Mgedezi, Kalipile Mgevane, Bongni Mgiba, Babalwa Mgoduka, PATRICK MHLABA, Zeldah Mhlaba, Ntombizodwa Mhlanga, Vangile Mhlinza, Nokuthula Mhlongo, sibongiseni Mhlongo, Unamandla Mhlotshana, Mabaso Mikateko, Helena Minnie, Karen Mintoor, Bongi Miyeni, Mabelane MJ, Rosy Mjethu, Gloria Mkhize, Mvuselelo Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga Mkhize, Victoria Mkhize, Nomkhosi Mkhize, Nokuthula Mkhize, Mathini Mkhwanazi, Nolwandle Mkile, Kholofelo Mkise, Nokwandiso Mkiya, Pearl Mkongi, Pearl Mkongi, Mnonopheli Mkungeka, Hlomile Mlahleki, Nolukholo Mlibali, Sakhumzi mlungwana, Jonas Mmachele, Mashatole Mmateka, Molebatsi Mmokwa, Thembisa Mmutlane, Zanele Olive Mndebele, nonhlanhla mngomezulu, Noluthando Millicent Mnguni, Pumza Mngunyana, Nomxolisi Mngunyana, Ntombebongo Mngxekeza, ZENZELE MNISI, Hlengiwe Precious Mnqayi, PHUMZILE MNQAYI, Thabiso Mntungwa, Siya Mnyaka, Ntombikayise Mnyakeni, Vuyani Mnyamana, Nomzingisi Mnyipika, Koena Moabelo, Mmakgoshi Alseria Moatshe, Jennifer Mochaki-Senoge Mochaki-Senoge, Sharon Moche, Tebello Mocwagae, Koeikantse Modibane, Tebogo godfrey Modimoeng, Obakeng Modisa, Itumeleng Modisane, Olebogeng Modise, Makaepeaa Flovia Modjadji, Sharon Modupe, Maja Moeketsi, Ntswaki Moeketsi, Kereditse Kingsley Moeng, Naledi Nthabiseng Mofamere, Samuel Mofokeng, Thabo Mofokeng, Jonas Mofomme, VICKY MOGAKANE, Lehlohonolo Mogale, Audrey Mogapi, Thomas Mogashoa, Mphaka James Mogatla, Kgaladi Mogoale, Dikeledi Maggie Mohajane, Nkuba Mohapi, Mthoamihla Mohatsela, Irene Mohlala, Daphney Mohlala, Mpho Mohlamonyane, Bonolo Millord Mohutsiwa, Selemela Moipone, Tshepang Moisi, Nelly Mojalefa, Vuyo Moji, Buhle Mokangwana, Matloa Mokgabo, Manaka Mokgaetji, Jane Mokgaotsi, Neo Theodore Mokgoro, Thalitha Mokhatla, Lerato Lovedalia Mokhele, Sheila Mokhema, Mamoya Mokoena, Mojalefa Mokoena, Lleka Mokome, Cynthia Mokone, Ipeleng Mokono, Thabiso Mokonyama, Josiah Mokori, Dolores Mokuena, Danny Mokumo, Oddy Mokwena, Kgaogelo Mokwena, Kgantshi Sam Mokwena, Lebogang Mokwene, Thato Elliott Molate, Ditoche Molebalwa, Boingotlo Molefe, KGOPA STANLEY MOLEHE, Kgomotso Moleme, Sarah Moliane, FANYANA MOLOI, Retshepile Joseph Molorane, Glenda Tsholanang Molotsi, Lerato Molukanele, Joy Monareng, Thapelo Moncho, Modiadie Monica, Refilwe Monnane, Andile Monqo, Neo Montewa, Kgalalelo Montsioa, Reitumetse monyaki, Masekhobe Jeanett Monyane, Lipson Monyela, Yudeshan Moodley, Kriesen Moodley, Kaira Moodley, Boitumelo Donald Mooka, Prea Moonsamy, Simmi Moopanar, David Moore, Lineo Mophethe, Tshegohatso Moremedi, Kealeboga Moremong, nthangeni morgan, Egma Moripa, Lulamile Morris, Me. A.M. Mosala, Thabo Mosana, Alice Mosase, Yolanda Mose, Maponya Mosehlo, Mothusi Moseki, Mojalefa David Moshabe, Mbulelo Moshani, Pelisa Moshani, Ledwaba Mosima, Ezrom Mosima, M.P Mosoma, Lebohang Motaung, Mokete Motaung, Thozama Charmain Motaung Xhama, Purine Khethiwe Motha, Lerato Motimele, Boitumelo Motimeng, Shirley Motladiile, otsile Motlhabane, Joshua Motlhamme, Mandla Motloba, Kagiso Motse, Sophia Motshegoa, Edward Moutlana, Irma Mouton, Zanele Moya, Nomonde Moyake, Maja MP, Jenny Mpete, Luamba Meltha Mpfuni, Seputule Mphahlele Mphahlele, Mashadi Mphake, Ephraim Letlhogonolo Mphanya, Mashudu Mphaphuli, Tebogo Chwene Mphela, MS Mpontshane, Thabile Mqotyana, Babalwa Mqungquthu, Noluthando Busane Msane, Malusi Mseleku, Sibusiso Msibi, Mancele Msibi, Thulisile Msibi, Siyabonga Linda Msibi, Clement Nhlanhla Msiza, Lungelo Msomi, Mandlenkosi Mtatambi, Thembisa Mthathambi, December Mthembu, Nhlahla Mthembu, Fezile Mbali Mthembu, Lungiswa Mthembu, Nompumelelo Petunia Mthethwa, Khulekani Mthimkhulu, Lungani Percival Mthuli, Ashley Mthunzi, Xolani Sydney Mtolo, Nomonde Precious Mtolo, Linda Mtshali, Neliswa Mtwa, Fezeka Mtyobile, Kanyisa Mtyobile, Mpfariseni Mudau, Magwabeni Muemeleli, Isaac Mulaudzi, Rebecca Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni Mulaudzi, Dakalo Rejoyce Muligwe, Blessing Muponda, Mmbangiseni Stella Mushadi, M Mushid, Konanani Muthaphuli, J Muthavhine, Mpho Muthika, Samkelisiwe Mvelase, Vusi Mvelase, LAURENT KAYUMBA MWEHU, Thabile Myaka, Magriet myburgh, Zimkhitha Mzamo, Fezeka Mzawuziwa, Mfundo Lunga Mzini, Oscar Mzizana, Ntokozo Mzobe, Thokozile Mzobe, Zamaswazi Mzobe, Mtimkulu Mzwandile, Fathima Naby, KESHNEE NAICKER, Pregashnie Naicker, Saroja Naicker, Pershen Naicker, Saiyen Virgil Naicker, RIA NAIDOO, Sam Naidoo, Mergan Naidoo, KAMALAMBAL NAIDOO, Aroomugam Naidoo, Sivuyile Naku, Firdose Nakwa, Masoga Nancy, Rita Nathan, Maritsa Naude, Gcobisa Ncaza, Aviwe Ncaza, Relebohile Ncha, Yanelisa Ncoyini, Snothile Ncube, Mrs Ndaba, VUSUMUZI NDABA, Mmapula Ndaba, Siziwe Ndawonde, Ziphozihle Ndevu, NONHLANHLA FAITH NDHLOVU, Simphiwe Ndima, Sindisiwe Ndlela, Thobsile P Ndlela, Nobuhle Ndlovu, Nwabisa Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo Ndlovu, Sombekhaya Ndlumbini, Khululiwe Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo Nduli, Michael Ndwambi, Jeremy Nel, Rina Nel, Lizelle Nel, Ntsundeni florah Nemanashi, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi Nemudivhiso, Joyce Nemutavhanani Nemutavhanani, Jabu Nene, Xolani Nene, David Netshilonga, Rendani Netsianda, Charmaine Newton, Vuyo Leroy Ngalo, Ncumisa Ngani, Thabisa Monica Ngcakaza, Thamela Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla Ngcobo, Richards Ngcobo, Gcinile Ngcobo, Guguletu Ngcobo, Thozama Ngetu, Pinkie Ngewu, Tshepo Ngobeni, Providence Ngobeni, Khanyisile Ngobeni, Prudence Ngobeni, Thembisile Ngobese, Tracy Ngomane, Nolusindiso Ngondo, Nokukhanya Ngubane, Sithembiso Ngubane, Ntombizodwa Praxedise Nguse, Tholakele Ngwane, Elizabeth Ngwasheng, Siphamandla Ngwenya, Gugu Ngwenya, Nomthandazo Ngwenya, Themba Ngwenya, Eva Ngwenya, Zintlanu Ngxola, Tshegofatso Nhabe, Jabulile Nhlabathi, Ishmael Nhlangwana, Sithembile Nhlapo, Matlala nick, Vicky Niemand, Carina Nienaber, Louise Nix, Chumisa Njikelana, Masiza Njomi, Lucia Nkabinde, M NKABINDE, Boitumelo Nkabiti, Gugu Nkabule, Mankopodi Nkadimeng, Nonkanyiso Nkanjeni, Palesa Portia Nkatlo, Bongani Nkewana, Audrey Nkhwashu, Ngokoana Nkoana, Mmathapelo Nkoane, M Nkogatse, Fezile Nkomo, Ntando Nkomo, Nontobeko Nkonyane, Sydney Nkosi, Ntombikayise Nkosi, Phumzile Nkosi, Ntombifuthi Nkosi, TINTSWALO NKOSI, ML Nkosi, Godfrey Nkosi, Amukelani Nkosi, Fikile Vinoliah Nkosi, Mbali Nkosi, Nomcebo Lucia Nkosi, Siphokazi Nkosi, Amanda Nkuhlu, Phumzile Nkumane, Malebo Nkuna, Wendy Nkwakwha, Sesi Noge, Elizabeth Nolte, Peko Nomawabo, Malibongwe Nombita, Nandipha Nophale, Jeanetta Nothnagel, Bongiwe Novokoza, Zanele Nqaphi, Thobekile Nqondo, Siphokazi Nqwelo, Nkoana NS, Sindiswa Ntabeni, Mr Ntabeni, mawethu Ntampula, Mthutuzeli Ntebe, MOKWABO NTELA, Hezekiah Ntimbane, Xolisa Ntintsilana, Patrick Ntleki, Zanele Ntobela, Bandile Ntombela, Bandile Ntombela, Zamaswazi Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani Ntombela, Lindiwe Ntonintshi, Dipuo Ntseane, Thobeka Ntseane, Xolelwa Ntsham, Mbalenhle Ntshele, Amanda Ntshewula, Zinzi Ntsoko, Athini Ntsoto, Nomsa Ntuli, Nokwazi Ntuli, Nomvula Ntuli, Andrew Diffar Ntuli, Faith Ntuli, Margrit Nurnberger, Ntsikelelo Nxala, Sithandiwe Nxasane, Mr Thanda Nxumalo, Xolani Nyathi, Nontobeko Nyawula, Nhlakanipho Nzama, Maila Nkuneng Obed, Florence Ogwal, Maureen Olifant, Mr B Oliphant, Monota Olive, Kagisho Olyn, Raymond Omoighe, Phumeza One, Ratombo Oscar, Nkuna Owen, Mailula P, Nalini Padayachee, Vasaily Padayachy, Ntombizakhe Pakade, Mosiuoa Palime, Jane Palisa, Arifa Parker, Lesenyeho Parkies, Andy Parrish, Nilesh Patel, Anastasia Pather, Mkhombo Tsakani Patience, Marisa Patzke, Akhumzi Pawuli, Ntandokazi Pelako, Phaswana Sibasa Penrose, Litha Peppeta, Santosh Pershad, Makheda Pertunia, Nkuna Pertunia, Dane Perumal, Mongameli Peter, Justin Peters, Vatiswa Petlane, Harideen Petrus, Kgomotso Phahladira, Matebesi John Phakisa, R Phale, Livhuwani Phathela, Sekate Daniel Phillip, Beverly Phiri, Mapule Precious Phiri, Thapelo Phokane, Frank Phokoane, Moele Pholosho, Sekoro Phooko, Sekodi Geoffrey Phooko, Maponya Phutiane, Faiza Pillay, Melanie Pillay, Sayuri Pillay, CR Pillay, Zikhona Plaatjie, James Pootona, Samantha Potgieter, Marius Potgieter, Mulaudzi Mulatedzi Precious, Paul Janus Pretorius, Hans Prozesky, Mokhethi Pule, Jayshina Punwasi, Dot Putzier, Lutho Qankqiso, Siphokazi Qebedu, Phozisa Qhola, Ntombesithathu Qotoyi, Sipho Victor Qotso, Zanele Qwabe, Helena Rabie, Phoebe Rabothata, Christina Rachoene, Mteteleli Radana, Maria Radebe, Dr. Valentino Radebe, Nonkululeko Radebe, Ella Radinne, Sherly Raduvha, Shamintha Raghunath, Claudine Rajagopaul, Mary Rakgwale, Malumbete Michael Ralethe, Kenneth ralimo, Motlalepule Ramafoko, Maduvhahafani Ramagoma, Charlotte Raman, Dr Ramavhuya, Molly Rambally, Nivasha Ramdeen, Tanusha Ramdin, Sharita Rameshwarnath, Yeishna Ramkillawan, None Ramotlou, Faith Rampedi, Vijayluxmi Rampersad, Avhashoni Ramuima, Noluthando Ranone, Mabohlale Portia Rapasa, Mpharoane rapelang, Nika Raphaely, Lesiba Rashokeng, Caroline Rashopola, Tebogo Ratau, M RATAU, Mpfariseni David Ratshili, Elmari Rautenbach, Rofhiwa Ravele, Johannes Reachable, Peta Mmalahla Rebecca, Kessendri Reddy, Andrew Redfern, Robertha Reed, Mumsy Rees, Dr Reji, Gary Reubenson, Veena Rewthinarain, Paul Rheeder, Nkonayani Rhulani, Mufamadi Richard, J.S Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley Rikhotso, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni Robert, Noncedo Roto, Gideon Ruder, Kapil Rugnath, Lizette Ruiters, Mina Ruiters, Sue Russell, Lynn Ruwiza, Molokoane RY, Mandy Saaiman, Emmanuel Sabela, Lerato Sadiq, Litha Saki, HYPPOLITE SALAMBWA, Menitha Samjowan, Nazlee Samodien, Rakgolele Samuel, Fakudze Sandile, Cekuse Sanelisiwe, Mandlankosi Sani, Simangele Sawuka, Lelani Schoeman, Magriet Scholts, Ronel Schroder, Mamotetekoane Sebalabala, Selwalenkwe Collet Sebati, Jacoline Seboko, Wilheminah Sebuthoma, Annah Segami, Ruth Segokotlo, MR Sehloho, Khutjo Seisa, Antony Sekgobela, Monica Sekhosana, John Sekonyela, Mpho Sekoto, Naledi Sekulisa, Mokgadi Vanessa Sekwadi, Lebogo Selaelo, Johannes Selatlha, Kgomotso Selekolo, William Selfridge, Lucy Semenya, Ivy Sengakane, Masabata Sengata, Petronella Sentle, Malebo Seoketsa, Pratheesha Seonandan, Thomas Mambushi Serumula, Nkululeko Setheni, Refiloe Setlale, Tumediso Setlhodi, Barbara Setlhodi, Robert Setloghele, Aarthi Sewpersad, Ryan Sewpersadh, Phumlile Shabalala, Owen Shabangu, Kungesihe Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye Shabangu, Doctor Thokozani Shabangu, Clifford Shadi, Hasifa Shaik, Tseliso Shale, Qedani Shandu, Nomvelo Shandu, Ntswaki Marcia Shange, Abongile Shenxane, A Sherriff, Sebenzile Shezi, Thenjiwe Shezi, Scally Shihangule, Cheyeza Shikwambana, Lungisani Shoba, Kamogelo shokane, Nora Sibande, Lydia Sibeko, Xolani Sibeko, Zanele Sibiya, Mncedisi Sibiya, Sphamandla Sibuta, Thembakazi Sifumba, Sipho Sigcau, Lutho Sigila, Kayakazi Sihentshe, Bongani Sihlangu, Daisy Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla Sikhakhane, Mbali Siko, Sipho Sikonje, Khumbulekile Simanga, Nomsa Simango, Thulisile Simela, Ntombikayise Simelane, Sashah Singh, Marjorie Singh, Mrs Ragani Singh, Shash Singh, Anita Singh, Hitekani Sithole, Senzekile Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle Sithole, Koketso Maxwell Sithole, Jonnie Situma, Annie Sivraman, Katekani Siwela, Nonqubela Siyewuyewu, Maweya Sizeka, Nonceba Siziba, Andrew Skhosana, Khanyisile Skhosana, RORISANG SKHOSANA, Tandiwe Skoko, Sunet Slabbert, Ntombela Smangaliso, Christine Smedley, Lydia Smit, Natassia Smit, Lizelle Smit, Michelle Smit, Fasie Smith, Lizzie Smith, Sunell Smith, Cassius Smith, Stefan Smuts, Ayanda Sofe, Khobane Solomon, LJ Solomon, chauke Sombani, RICHARD SONGCA, Anga Sontamo, Supriya Soorju, Zubenathi Sopazi, Brian Soqasha, Bongiwe Sosibo, Ntsika Sotsaka, Mandy Soula, Simon Spoor, Sarah Stacey, Asanda Stali, Mutele 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Velezantsi, Retha Venter, Corlia Vergottini, Corlia Vergottini, Inga Vermeulen, Liabara Lufuluvhi Vidah, Bongani Vilakazi, Treasure N Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious Vilakazi, Karen Viljoen, Werner Viljoen, Karen Viljoen, Zuretha Volschenk, Angelo Vos, Matlala VV, Jacques Walters, Kate Webb, John Welsh, D WESSELS, Judy Wheller, Fundile White, Priscilla White, Carmen Whyte, Ansie Willemse, Sape William, Daniel Williams, Kamielah Williams, Mercia Williams, Anne Williamson, Cherade Wilson, Boipelo Wolff, Michelle Wray, Ntombizonke B Xaba, Thabang Jabulani Xaba, Thanks Xiniwe, Mtshali Xoliswa, Funokwakhe Xulu, Gibson Xulu, Sandlakazi Yam, NM Zakhura, Mashela Zareloa, Sive Zinto, Dyibeni Zinziswa, Lulamile Ziselo, Zakhele Zitha, Emmanuel Zitha, Anele Zokufa, Innocent Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard Zondi, Sbuyi Zondi, Thulani Zondi, Wandiswa Zongola, Liesl Zühlke, Zandile Zulu, LUNGELO ZULU, Thandeka Zulu, Slindili Zulu, Nkosinathi Zulu, Angel Zuma, precious Zungu, Pamela Zungu, Melusi Zungu, Priscilla Zungu, Bongo Lihle Zwakala, Antonia Zwane, Promise Zwane, Muziwendoda Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila Zwane, Nomgcobo Zwane
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2021)

The first wave of COVID-19 in South Africa peaked in July, 2020, and a larger second wave peaked in January, 2021, in which the SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (Beta) lineage predominated. We aimed to compare in-hospital mortality and other patient characteristics between the first and second waves.In this prospective cohort study, we analysed data from the DATCOV national active surveillance system for COVID-19 admissions to hospital from March 5, 2020, to March 27, 2021. The system contained data from all hospitals in South Africa that have admitted a patient with COVID-19. We used incidence risk for admission to hospital and determined cutoff dates to define five wave periods: pre-wave 1, wave 1, post-wave 1, wave 2, and post-wave 2. We compared the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to hospital in wave 1 and wave 2, and risk factors for in-hospital mortality accounting for wave period using random-effect multivariable logistic regression.Peak rates of COVID-19 cases, admissions, and in-hospital deaths in the second wave exceeded rates in the first wave: COVID-19 cases, 240·4 cases per 100 000 people vs 136·0 cases per 100 000 people; admissions, 27·9 admissions per 100 000 people vs 16·1 admissions per 100 000 people; deaths, 8·3 deaths per 100 000 people vs 3·6 deaths per 100 000 people. The weekly average growth rate in hospital admissions was 20% in wave 1 and 43% in wave 2 (ratio of growth rate in wave 2 compared with wave 1 was 1·19, 95% CI 1·18-1·20). Compared with the first wave, individuals admitted to hospital in the second wave were more likely to be age 40-64 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·22, 95% CI 1·14-1·31), and older than 65 years (aOR 1·38, 1·25-1·52), compared with younger than 40 years; of Mixed race (aOR 1·21, 1·06-1·38) compared with White race; and admitted in the public sector (aOR 1·65, 1·41-1·92); and less likely to be Black (aOR 0·53, 0·47-0·60) and Indian (aOR 0·77, 0·66-0·91), compared with White; and have a comorbid condition (aOR 0·60, 0·55-0·67). For multivariable analysis, after adjusting for weekly COVID-19 hospital admissions, there was a 31% increased risk of in-hospital mortality in the second wave (aOR 1·31, 95% CI 1·28-1·35). In-hospital case-fatality risk increased from 17·7% in weeks of low admission (<3500 admissions) to 26·9% in weeks of very high admission (>8000 admissions; aOR 1·24, 1·17-1·32).In South Africa, the second wave was associated with higher incidence of COVID-19, more rapid increase in admissions to hospital, and increased in-hospital mortality. Although some of the increased mortality can be explained by admissions in the second wave being more likely in older individuals, in the public sector, and by the increased health system pressure, a residual increase in mortality of patients admitted to hospital could be related to the new Beta lineage.DATCOV as a national surveillance system is funded by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases and the South African National Government.