Atypical Value-Driven Selective Attention in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Quan Wang, Joseph Chang, Katarzyna Chawarska
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2020)

<h3>Importance</h3> Enhanced selective attention toward nonsocial objects and impaired attention to social stimuli constitute key clinical features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, the mechanisms associated with atypical selective attention in ASD are poorly understood, which limits the development of more effective interventions. In typically developing individuals, selective attention to social and nonsocial stimuli is associated with the informational value of the stimuli, which is typically learned over the course of repeated interactions with the stimuli. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine value learning (VL) of social and nonsocial stimuli and its association with selective attention in preschoolers with and without ASD. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This case-control study compared children with ASD vs children with developmental delay (DD) and children with typical development (TD) recruited between March 3, 2017, and June 13, 2018, at a university-based research laboratory. Participants were preschoolers with ASD, DD, or TD. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Procedure consisted of an eye-tracking gaze-contingent VL task involving social (faces) and nonsocial (fractals) stimuli and consisting of baseline, training, and choice test phases. Outcome measures were preferential attention to stimuli reinforced (high value) vs not reinforced (low value) during training. The hypotheses were stated before data collection. <h3>Results</h3> Included were 115 preschoolers with ASD (n = 48; mean [SD] age, 38.30 [15.55] months; 37 [77%] boys), DD (n = 31; mean [SD] age, 45.73 [19.49] months; 19 [61%] boys), or TD (n = 36; mean [SD] age, 36.53 [12.39] months; 22 [61%] boys). The groups did not differ in sex distribution; participants with ASD or TD had similar chronological age; and participants with ASD or DD had similar verbal IQ and nonverbal IQ. After training, the ASD group showed preference for the high-value nonsocial stimuli (mean proportion, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.56-0.65];<i>P</i> &lt; .001) but not for the high-value social stimuli (mean proportion, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.46-0.56];<i>P</i> = .58). In contrast, the DD and TD groups demonstrated preference for the high-value social stimuli (DD mean proportion, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.54-0.64];<i>P</i> = .001 and TD mean proportion, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.53-0.61];<i>P</i> = .002) but not for the high-value nonsocial stimuli (DD mean proportion, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.44-0.59];<i>P</i> = .64 and TD mean proportion, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.44-0.57];<i>P</i> = .91). Controlling for age and nonverbal IQ, autism severity was positively correlated with enhanced learning in the nonsocial domain (<i>r</i> = 0.22;<i>P</i> = .03) and with poorer learning in the social domain (<i>r</i> = −0.26;<i>P</i> = .01). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Increased attention to objects in preschoolers with ASD may be associated with enhanced VL in the nonsocial domain. When paired with poor VL in the social domain, enhanced value-driven attention to objects may play a formative role in the emergence of autism symptoms by altering attentional priorities and thus learning opportunities in affected children.