tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study
Authors: Alexandre de Figueiredo, Clarissa Simas, Emilie Karafillakis, Pauline Paterson, Heidi J Larson
Journal: The Lancet (2020)

BackgroundThere is growing evidence of vaccine delays or refusals due to a lack of trust in the importance, safety, or effectiveness of vaccines, alongside persisting access issues. Although immunisation coverage is reported administratively across the world, no similarly robust monitoring system exists for vaccine confidence. In this study, vaccine confidence was mapped across 149 countries between 2015 and 2019.MethodsIn this large-scale retrospective data-driven analysis, we examined global trends in vaccine confidence using data from 290 surveys done between September, 2015, and December, 2019, across 149 countries, and including 284 381 individuals. We used a Bayesian multinomial logit Gaussian process model to produce estimates of public perceptions towards the safety, importance, and effectiveness of vaccines. Associations between vaccine uptake and a large range of putative drivers of uptake, including vaccine confidence, socioeconomic status, and sources of trust, were determined using univariate Bayesian logistic regressions. Gibbs sampling was used for Bayesian model inference, with 95% Bayesian highest posterior density intervals used to capture uncertainty.FindingsBetween November, 2015, and December, 2019, we estimate that confidence in the importance, safety, and effectiveness of vaccines fell in Afghanistan, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, and South Korea. We found significant increases in respondents strongly disagreeing that vaccines are safe between 2015 and 2019 in six countries: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Serbia. We find signs that confidence has improved between 2018 and 2019 in some EU member states, including Finland, France, Ireland, and Italy, with recent losses detected in Poland. Confidence in the importance of vaccines (rather than in their safety or effectiveness) had the strongest univariate association with vaccine uptake compared with other determinants considered. When a link was found between individuals' religious beliefs and uptake, findings indicated that minority religious groups tended to have lower probabilities of uptake.InterpretationTo our knowledge, this is the largest study of global vaccine confidence to date, allowing for cross-country comparisons and changes over time. Our findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring to detect emerging trends to prompt interventions to build and sustain vaccine confidence.FundingEuropean Commission, Wellcome, and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Methodological Considerations for Epidemiological Studies of Air Pollution and the SARS and COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreaks
Authors: Paul J. Villeneuve, Mark S. Goldberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2020)

Background: Studies have reported that ambient air pollution is associated with an increased risk of developing or dying from coronavirus-2 (COVID-19). Methodological approaches to investigate the health impacts of air pollution on epidemics should differ from those used for chronic diseases, but the methods used in these studies have not been appraised critically. Objectives: Our study aimed to identify and critique the methodological approaches of studies of air pollution on infections and mortality due to COVID-19 and to identify and critique the methodological approaches of similar studies concerning severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Methods: Published and unpublished papers of associations between air pollution and developing or dying from COVID-19 or SARS that were reported as of 10 May 2020 were identified through electronic databases, internet searches, and other sources. Results: All six COVID-19 studies and two of three SARS studies reported positive associations. Two were time series studies that estimated associations between daily changes in air pollution, one was a cohort that assessed associations between air pollution and the secondary spread of SARS, and six were ecological studies that used area-wide exposures and outcomes. Common shortcomings included possible cross-level bias in ecological studies, underreporting of health outcomes, using grouped data, the lack of highly spatially resolved air pollution measures, inadequate control for confounding and evaluation of effect modification, not accounting for regional variations in the timing of outbreaks' temporal changes in at-risk populations, and not accounting for nonindependence of outcomes. Discussion: Studies of air pollution and novel coronaviruses have relied mainly on ecological measures of exposures and outcomes and are susceptible to important sources of bias. Although longitudinal studies with individual-level data may be imperfect, they are needed to adequately address this topic. The complexities involved in these types of studies underscore the need for careful design and for peer review. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7411
CSRP2 suppresses colorectal cancer progression <i>via</i> p130Cas/Rac1 axis-meditated ERK, PAK, and HIPPO signaling pathways
Authors: Lixia Chen, Xiaoli Long, Shiyu Duan, Xunhua Liu, Jianxiong Chen, Jiawen Lan, Xuming Liu, Wenqing Huang, Jian Geng, Jun Zhou
Journal: Theranostics (2020)

Metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Cysteine-rich protein 2 (CSRP2) has been recently implicated in the progression and metastasis of a variety of cancers. However, the biological functions and underlying mechanisms of CSRP2 in the regulation of CRC progression are largely unknown. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting (WB) were used to detect the expression of CSRP2 in CRC tissues and paracancerous tissues. CSRP2 function in CRC was determined by a series of functional tests in vivo and in vitro. WB and immunofluorescence were used to determine the relation between CSRP2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Co-immunoprecipitation and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the molecular mechanism of CSRP2 in CRC. Results: The CSRP2 expression level in CRC tissues was lower than in adjacent normal tissues and indicated poor prognosis in CRC patients. Functionally, CSRP2 could suppress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells in vitro and inhibit CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations revealed a physical interaction between CSRP2 and p130Cas. CSRP2 could inhibit the activation of Rac1 by preventing the phosphorylation of p130Cas, thus activating the Hippo signaling pathway, and simultaneously inhibiting the ERK and PAK/LIMK/cortactin signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting the EMT and metastasis of CRC. Rescue experiments showed that blocking the p130Cas and Rac1 activation could inhibit EMT induced by CSRP2 silencing. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the CSRP2/p130Cas/Rac1 axis can inhibit CRC aggressiveness and metastasis through the Hippo, ERK, and PAK signaling pathways. Therefore, CSRP2 may be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
The Emerging Role of Ras Pathway Signaling in Pediatric Cancer
Authors: Gina M. Ney, Laura McKay, Carl Koschmann, Rajen Mody, Qing Li
Journal: Cancer Research (2020)

As genomic sequencing has become more widely available, the high prevalence of Ras pathway mutations in pediatric diseases has begun to emerge. Germline Ras-activating mutations have been known to contribute to cancer predisposition in a group of disorders known as the RASopathies, and now large pediatric sequencing studies have identified frequent somatic Ras pathway alterations across a diverse group of pediatric malignancies. These include glial brain tumors, relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and their prognostic impact is becoming increasingly better understood. Clinically, there has been success in targeting the Ras pathway in pediatric diseases, including the use of MEK inhibitors in plexiform neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the use of Ras pathway inhibitors in low-grade gliomas. Given the importance of this pathway in pediatric cancer, it is imperative that future studies strive to better understand the functional significance of these mutations, including their role in tumor growth and treatment resistance and how they can be better targeted to improve outcomes.
Learning joint segmentation of tissues and brain lesions from task-specific hetero-modal domain-shifted datasets
Authors: Reuben Dorent, Thomas Booth, Wenqi Li, Carole H. Sudre, Sina Kafiabadi, Jorge Cardoso, Sebastien Ourselin, Tom Vercauteren
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2020)

Brain tissue segmentation from multimodal MRI is a key building block of many neuroimaging analysis pipelines. Established tissue segmentation approaches have, however, not been developed to cope with large anatomical changes resulting from pathology, such as white matter lesions or tumours, and often fail in these cases. In the meantime, with the advent of deep neural networks (DNNs), segmentation of brain lesions has matured significantly. However, few existing approaches allow for the joint segmentation of normal tissue and brain lesions. Developing a DNN for such a joint task is currently hampered by the fact that annotated datasets typically address only one specific task and rely on task-specific imaging protocols including a task-specific set of imaging modalities. In this work, we propose a novel approach to build a joint tissue and lesion segmentation model from aggregated task-specific hetero-modal domain-shifted and partially-annotated datasets. Starting from a variational formulation of the joint problem, we show how the expected risk can be decomposed and optimised empirically. We exploit an upper bound of the risk to deal with heterogeneous imaging modalities across datasets. To deal with potential domain shift, we integrated and tested three conventional techniques based on data augmentation, adversarial learning and pseudo-healthy generation. For each individual task, our joint approach reaches comparable performance to task-specific and fully-supervised models. The proposed framework is assessed on two different types of brain lesions: White matter lesions and gliomas. In the latter case, lacking a joint ground-truth for quantitative assessment purposes, we propose and use a novel clinically-relevant qualitative assessment methodology.
Hurricane Evacuation Laws in Eight Southern U.S. Coastal States — December 2018
Authors: Judy Kruger, Michael J. Smith, Brenda Chen, Brandon Paetznick, Belen Moran Bradley, Rosa Abraha, Marinda Logan, Erich R. Chang, Gregory Sunshine, Sandra Romero-Steiner
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2020)

National Preparedness month is observed every September as a public service reminder of the importance of personal and community preparedness for all events; it coincides with the peak of the hurricane season in the United States. Severe storms and hurricanes can have long-lasting effects at all community levels. Persons who are prepared and well-informed are often better able to protect themselves and others (1). Major hurricanes can devastate low-lying coastal areas and cause injury and loss of life from storm surge, flooding, and high winds (2). State and local government entities play a significant role in preparing communities for hurricanes and by evacuating coastal communities before landfall to reduce loss of life from flooding, wind, and power outages (3). Laws can further improve planning and outreach for catastrophic events by ensuring explicit statutory authority over evacuations of communities at risk (4). State evacuation laws vary widely and might not adequately address information and communication flows to reach populations living in disaster-prone areas who are at risk. To understand the range of evacuation laws in coastal communities that historically have been affected by hurricanes, a systematic policy scan of the existing laws supporting hurricane evacuation in eight southern coastal states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas) was conducted. After conducting a thematic analysis, this report found that all eight states have laws to execute evacuation orders, traffic control (egress/ingress), and evacuation to shelters. However, only four of the states have laws related to community outreach, delivery of public education programs, and public notice requirements. The findings in this report suggest a need for authorities in hurricane-prone states to review how to execute evacuation policies, particularly with respect to community outreach and communication to populations at risk. Implementation of state evacuation laws and policies that support hurricane evacuation management can help affected persons avoid harm and enhance community resiliency (5). Newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have and will continue to additionally challenge hurricane evacuations.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage as a rescue therapy for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction: a multicenter experience
Authors: Danny Issa, Shayan Irani, Ryan Law, Shawn Shah, Sean Bhalla, Srihari Mahadev, Kaveh Hajifathalian, Kartik Sampath, Saurabh Mukewar, David L. Carr-Locke, Mouen A. Khashab, Reem Z. Sharaiha
Journal: Endoscopy (2020)

Abstract Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is often unsuccessful in patients with duodenal stenosis or malignant ampullary infiltration. While endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been proposed as an alternative, EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is an attractive option when both approaches fail. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of EUS-GBD as rescue therapy for malignant distal bile duct obstruction. Methods A multicenter retrospective study was performed on patients with unresectable malignant distal bile duct obstruction who underwent EUS-GBD between 2014 and 2019 after unsuccessful ERCP and EUS-BD. Clinical success was defined as a decrease in serum bilirubin of &gt; 50 % within 2 weeks. Results 28 patients were included, with a lumen-apposing metal stent used in 26 (93 %) and a self-expandable metal stent in two (7 %). The technical success rate was 100 %. The clinical success rate was 93 %, with an improvement in bilirubin (7.3 [SD 5.4] pre-procedure vs. 2.8 [SD 1.1] post-procedure; P = 0.001). Delayed adverse events included food impaction of the stent (n = 3), with a further two patients developing cholecystitis and bleeding. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of gallbladder drainage to relieve malignant distal bile duct obstruction in patients with failed ERCP and EUS-BD.
Phase 1/2 Trial of Pembrolizumab and Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy for Limited-Stage SCLC
Authors: James W. Welsh, John V. Heymach, Chunxiao Guo, Hari Menon, Katherine Klein, Taylor R. Cushman, Vivek Verma, Kenneth R. Hess, Girish Shroff, Chad Tang, Ferdinandos Skoulidis, Melenda Jeter, Nathan Comeaux, Roshal R. Patel, Dawei Chen, Tugce Ozgen, Quynh-Nhu Nguyen, Joe Y. Chang, Mehmet Altan, Jianjun Zhang, Vassiliki A. Papadimitrakopoulou, George R. Simon, Lauren A. Byers, Bonnie Glisson
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2020)
Evidence based care for pregnant women with covid-19
Authors: Catherine McLean Pirkle
Journal: BMJ (2020)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Current Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are commonly formulated in the alum adjuvant. Several studies showed that this form of vaccine, although able to control the infection, lacks the ability to eradicate the infection completely. <h3>Objectives</h3> In this study, the FMD vaccine was formulated in a naloxone/alum mixture as an adjuvant, and its potency was compared with the alum-formulated vaccine. <h3>Methods</h3> Experimental Balb/c mice were immunized with a commercial vaccine or naloxone/alum-based vaccine two times, subcutaneously at two-week intervals. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed using BrdU, and IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines, specific total IgG as well as IgG1/IgG2a were evaluated by ELISA. In addition, the gene expression profiles of IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-γ cytokines were determined by real-time PCR. <h3>Results</h3> Results showed that mice immunized with the FMD vaccine formulated with the naloxone/alum mixture exhibited a tiny increase in the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines compared to the routine vaccine. However, mice immunized with the FMD vaccine formulated with the naloxone/alum mixture revealed a significant increase in the expression of IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-γ cytokines compared to those immunized with the routine vaccine. In addition, the novel formulation led to increased production of specific total IgG in comparison with the routine vaccine. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our findings suggest that naloxone formulated in the FMD vaccine could improve cellular and humoral immune responses. However, the effect of this formulation on the efficacy of vaccine is remained to be clarified in future studies.
Short-term treatment with RNA interference therapy, JNJ-3989, results in sustained hepatitis B surface antigen supression in patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment
Authors: Edward Gane, Stephen Locarnini, Tien Huey Lim, Simone Strasser, William Sievert, Wendy Cheng, Alexander Thompson, Bruce Given, Thomas Schluep, James Hamilton, Michael Biermer, Ronald Kalmeijer, Maria Beumont-Mauviel, Oliver Lenz, Gavin Cloherty, Danny Ka-Ho Wong, Christian Schwabe, Kathy Jackson, Carlo Ferrari, Ching Lung Lai, Robert G. Gish, Man-Fung Yuen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)
THU0253 The prevalence of inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the urban population of antalya, turkey (a preliminary study report)
Authors: B Bütün, T Tuncer, C Kaçar, E Gilgil, I Tekeoglu, Ç Yildirim, G Sümbüloglu, S Urhan, V Arikan, Ü Dündar, MC Öksüz, G Yücel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>Background</h3> <h3>Objectives</h3> To estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, sero-negative spondylarthritis, SLE and other connective tissue diseases in the urban population of Antalya. <h3>Methods</h3> The region in which the study was performed is the urban area of Antalya with a population of 508.840(according to 1997 national census) and a high migratory rate. 3000 subjects, 16 years old and more were selected by random cluster sampling. Trained 10 clinicians and 20 medical students visited 1521 subject in their homes (door to door system) so far and detailed interview on the basis of a standardised questionnaire was performed. The patients suspected of inflammatory rheumatic diseases were invited to the hospital and detailed physical examination and laboratory evaluation was done, if necessary. The diagnosis was established by using standard criteria of each diseases. <h3>Results</h3> Of subjects, 767 female and 754 male (totally 1521) were evaluated so far. Seven Rheumatoid Arthritis (6 Female,1 Male), 2 Ankylosing spondylitis (2M), 2 SLE (1M, 1F), 1 Systemic sclerosis (F), 1 Behçet disease (F), 1 Sarcoidosis (F), 1 FMF(M) were established and thus the point prevalences of them were estimated as 0.46%, 0.13%, 0.13% respectively for the first 3 and 0.06% for the last 4 diseases. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is the first comprehensive prevalence study on rheumatic diseases in such a sample which may reflect Turkish population because of migration in this area from nearly all over Turkey. The study will be maintained up to 3000 subject and presented at Eular 2001 Congress as a completed study. Supported by Research Fund of Akdeniz University.
New T-Cell Therapy Tested for Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Jennifer Abbasi
Journal: JAMA (2020)

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Ssu72 regulates alveolar macrophage development and allergic airway inflammation by fine-tuning of GM-CSF receptor signaling
Authors: Yeon Duk Woo, Jaemoon Koh, Jae Sung Ko, Sehui Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Young Kim, Ho Lee, Chang Woo Lee, Doo Hyun Chung
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2020)
Tocilizumab for the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic literature review. Correspondence on ‘Tofacitinib for polyarteritis nodosa: a tailored therapy’ by Rimar<i>et al</i>
Authors: Mitsuhiro Akiyama, Yuko Kaneko, Tsutomu Takeuchi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2020)

We read the paper by Rimar et al 1 in your journal with great interest. They reported the case with refractory polyarteritis nodosa treated with tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, successfully. As shown in their paper, recent advances in the era of biologic agents have improved the management of difficult-to-treat cases dramatically. Considering that tofacitinib blocks interleukin (IL)-6-mediated signalling pathway through inhibiting janus kinase 1, inhibiting IL-6 cascade may also be effective in polyarteritis nodosa. In this regard, tocilizumab, a biologic agent targeting IL-6 receptor, has shown its efficacy in a variety of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, adult-onset Still’s disease, large-vessel vasculitis and Behcet’s disease.2–5 Although the precise pathogenesis of polyarteritis nodosa remains unclear, serum IL-6 levels correlate with disease severity, suggesting the involvement of IL-6 in the disease process.6 Therefore, we assume that tocilizumab may benefit polyarteritis nodosa as a therapeutic option.

To investigate the effectiveness and safety profile of tocilizumab in patients with polyarteritis nodosa, we performed a systematic literature …