Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Authors: Robert C Reiner, Kirsten E Wiens, Aniruddha Deshpande, Mathew M Baumann, Paulina A Lindstedt, Brigette F Blacker, Christopher E Troeger, Lucas Earl, Sandra B Munro, Degu Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Getaneh Abebe, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Keivan Ahmadi, Mehdi Ahmadi, Anwar E Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Olufemi Ajumobi, Chalachew Genet Akal, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James R Albright, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T Amare, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever Loreche Amit, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Mina Anjomshoa, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Suleman Atique, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Asnakew Achaw Ayele, Yared A Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Tina Beyranvand, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Suraj Bhattarai, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Somayeh Bohlouli, Oliver J Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Rosario Cárdenas, Félix Carvalho, Franz Castro, Collins Chansa, Pranab Chatterjee, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Bal Govind Chauhan, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Rafael M Claro, Natalie M Cormier, Vera M Costa, Giovanni Damiani, Farah Daoud, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Claudio Alberto Davila, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Jan-Walter De Neve, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Getenet Ayalew Dessie, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Eric L Ding, Helen Derara Diro, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, David Teye Doku, Christiane Dolecek, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Bereket Duko Adema, Susanna J Dunachie, Andre R Durães, Senbagam Duraisamy, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Aklilu Endalamfaw, Daniel Adane Endalew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Arash Etemadi, Tamer H Farag, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Andrea Farioli, Andre Faro, Hossein Farzam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Joseph Jon Frostad, Takeshi Fukumoto, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Birhanu Geta, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Srinivas Goli, Nelson G M Gomes, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimares, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Michael Tamene Haile, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Brian James Hall, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Behnam Heidari, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos D de Hidru, Chi Linh Hoang, Praveen Hoogar, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jafari Balalami, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Peng Jia, Kimberly B Johnson, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ali Talha Khalil, Ibrahim Khalil, Rovshan Khalilov, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Junaid Khan, Khaled Khatab, Amir Khater, Mona M Khater, Alireza Khatony, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Ehsan Khodamoradi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Shivakumar KM KM M Kondlahalli, Margaret N Kosek, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U G Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Paul H Lee, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Tsegaye Lolaso Lolaso Lenjebo, Aubrey J Levine, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Platon D Lopukhov, Sameh Magdeldin, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Farzad Manafi, Ana-Laura Manda, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Laurie B Marczak, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Winfried März, Anthony Masaka, Manu Raj Mathur, Pallab K Maulik, Benjamin K Mayala, Colm McAlinden, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M Mehta, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Addisu Melese, Ziad A Memish, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Ritesh G Menezes, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, Tuomo J Meretoja, Bartosz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu M Mihretie, Molly K Miller-Petrie, Edward J Mills, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Parvaneh Mirabi, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K Mohammad, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Noushin Mohammadifard, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Masoud Moradi, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor Mozaffor Mozaffor, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Moses K Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, GVS Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Josephine W Ngunjiri, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, In-Hwan Oh, Oluchi Okpala, Andrew T Olagunju, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris D V Ortega-Altamirano, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pana, Tahereh Pashaei, Sanghamitra Pati, Ajay Patle, George C Patton, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Alexandre Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, David M Pigott, Bakhtiar Piroozi, James A Platts-Mills, Mario Poljak, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I Prada, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Saleem M Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M N Renzaho, Melese Abate Reta, Satar Rezaei, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Ali Rostami, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Saeed Safari, Mahdi Safdarian, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Farkhonde Salehi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Marwa R Rashad Salem, Hosni Salem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Itamar S Santos, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Alyssa N Sbarra, Lauren E Schaeffer, David C Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Hosein Shabaninejad, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mehdi Sharif, Muki Shehu Shey, Kenji Shibuya, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Apurba Shil, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, David L Smith, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Anton Sokhan, Moslem Soofi, Joan B Soriano, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Bryan L Sykes, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Aberash Abay Tassew, Nuno Taveira, Bineyam Taye, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe etsay Tesfay, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Nihal Thomas, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Boikhutso Tlou, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Khanh Bao Tran, Indang Trihandini, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S Violante, Sebastian Vollmer, Theo Vos, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Yasir Waheed, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Catherine A Welgan, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Shey Wiysonge, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Ai-Min Wu, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mehdi Yaseri, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Alex Yeshaneh, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Ebrahim M Yimer, Paul Yip, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Mohammad Zamani, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Hamed Zandian, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Dongyu Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Simon I Hay
Journal: The Lancet (2020)

Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea.