Anormal pulmonary function and residual CT abnormalities in rehabilitating COVID-19 patients after discharge
Authors: Jingjing You, Lu Zhang, Ma-yi-di-li Ni-jia-Ti, Jue Zhang, Fuyin Hu, Luyan Chen, Yuhao Dong, Ke Yang, Bin Zhang, Shuixing Zhang
Journal: Journal of Infection (2020)

We read with great interest an article recently published in the Journal of Infection, in which, the authors followed up the pulmonary function and chest CT changes in two critically ill patients with COVID-19.1Follow-up study on pulmonary function and radiological changes in critically ill patients with COVID-19.J Infect. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.040Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (11) Google Scholar The two patients' distinct outcomes that seems be related with age, the young case recovered without abnormalities on chest CT and lung function tests, while the older case had residual radiological changes and impaired lung function during the follow-up period. Recent evidences have suggested that lung is the most affected organ by COVID-19.2Shi H. Han X. Jiang N. et al.Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20: 425-434Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2587) Google Scholar Persistent impairment of pulmonary function ranging from months to even years after discharge has been reported in other coronavirus infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).3Xie L. Liu Y. Fan B. et al.Dynamic changes of serum SARS-coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge.Respir Res. 2005; 6: 5Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 4Xie L. Liu Y. Xiao Y. et al.Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge.Chest. 2005; 127: 2119-2124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar, 5Hui D.S. Joynt G.M. Wong K.T. et al.Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), on pulmonary function, functional capacity and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Thorax. 2005; 60: 401-409Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar, 6Hui D.S. Wong K.T. Ko F.W. et al.The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Chest. 2005; 128: 2247-2261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar However, post-discharge imaging or lung functional data are scarce for COVID-19 survivors. Hence, we aimed to report the pulmonary function and chest CT changes in these patients with different severities. Laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients were enrolled from March 26 to May 1, 2020 from a designated hospital of Hubei province. According to the newest COVID-19 guidelines released by the National Health Commission of China, the disease severities were classified as mild, moderate, severe and critical illness.7Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, 2020https://doi.org/10.7661/j.cjim.20200202.064Crossref Google Scholar The criteria for discharge were as follows:7Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, 2020https://doi.org/10.7661/j.cjim.20200202.064Crossref Google Scholar (1) normal temperature lasting longer than three days, (2) resolved respiratory symptoms, (3) substantially improved acute exudative lesions on chest CT images, and (4) a series of two repetitive negative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results, separated by at least one day. The pulmonary function test (XEEK portable PFT X1, Xiamen, China) was performed following the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS-ERS) guidelines on COVID-19 patients after discharge. The chest CT closest to the data of the pulmonary function test was reviewed independently by two cardiothoracic radiologists, who blinded to the clinical information. Final decisions were reached by consensus. This study was approved by the ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. We performed lung function test on 18 COVID-19 patients after discharge, which included 12 cases of moderate illness, five cases of severe illness and one case of critical illness. The mean age of the patients was 50.7 ± 12.1 (range, 28–67 years) and 10 were male. Only four patients (22.2%) had one or more underlying disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, and hypothyroidism. No patients had chronic lung diseases. There were no significant differences between the non-severe and severe groups in regarding to age, sex, underlying disease and body mass index. Length of hospitalization of severe cases was significantly longer than that of non-severe cases (P = 0.030). The duration from hospital discharge to pulmonary function test was 40 ± 11.6 days in cases with non-severe illness, and 34.7 ± 16.5 days in cases with severe illness. On the day of discharge, the SpO2 on room air at rest showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.465). Spirometry was successfully completed in all patients. Five non-severe (41.7%) and two severe (33.3%) patients had abnormal lung function, respectively. Anomalies were noted in maximum vital capacity (VCmax) in three (16.7%) cases, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) in three (16.7%), forced vital capacity (FVC) in three (16.7%), FEV1/FVC% in three (16.7%), maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF) in seven (38.9%), forced expired flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FEF50%) in two (11.1%), and FEF75% in 11 (61.1%). Among the 12 non-severe cases, three (25.0%) had obstructive ventilation impairment, one (8.3%) had restrictive ventilatory impairment, and five (41.7%) had small airway dysfunction. Among the six severe cases, two (33.3%) had restrictive ventilatory impairment and one (16.7%) had small airway dysfunction. There was no significant difference between the COVID-19 survivors after discharge with different severity regarding ventilatory and small airway function defects (Table 1). After stratified by age (≤50.7 and >50.7 years), there was still no significant difference in the two groups (all P values >0.05).Table 1Clinical and pulmonary function characteristics of patients with COVID-19 after discharge.CharacteristicsTotal (n = 18)Non-severe illness (n = 12)Severe illness (n = 6)P-valueAge, mean (SD), years50.7 (12.1)51.3 (12.2)49.7 (12.9)0.803Sex, n (%) Male10 (55.6)7 (58.3)3 (50.0)1.000 Female8 (44.4)5 (41.7)3 (50.0)BMI, mean (SD)26.4 (2.8)25.8 (2.8)27.7 (2.6)0.182Underlying disease, n (%) Hypertension3 (16.7)1 (8.3)2 (33.3)0.245 Diabetes1 (5.6)01 (16.7)0.333 Hypothyroidism1 (5.6)1 (8.3)01.000Length of hospital stay, mean (SD), days28.0 (10.3)23.8 (8.4)35.0 (9.9)0.030Days from hospital discharge to pulmonary function test, mean (SD)38.0 (13.4)40.0 (11.6)34.7 (16.5)0.459Lung volume VCmax%pred, mean (SD)105.1 (23.3)108.4 (22.5)98.6 (22.6)0.418 VCmax%pred, n (%) <80%3 (16.7)1 (8.3)2 (33.3)0.245 TV, mean (SD), L0.8 (0.7)0.6 (0.4)1.2 (1.0)0.111 ERV, mean (SD), L0.7 (0.9)0.8 (0.9)0.7 (0.9)0.785 IRV, mean (SD), L0.8 (0.8)1.0 (0.9)0.5 (0.8)0.355 IC, mean (SD), L1.6 (0.9)1.5 (0.9)1.7 (1.0)0.699Pulmonary ventilation function MVV%pred, mean (SD)86.1 (11.9)85.8 (14.6)86.7 (6.6)0.907 FVC%pred, mean (SD)105.1 (23.3)108.4 (22.5)98.6 (25.6)0.418 FVC%pred, n (%) <80%3 (16.7)1 (8.3)2 (33.3)0.245 FEV1%pred, mean (SD)101.0 (19.5)102.3 (19.7)98.6 (20.6)0.719 FEV1%pred, n (%) <80%3 (16.7)1 (8.3)2 (33.3)0.245 FEV1/FVC%, mean (SD)77.9 (8.1)75.8 (8.3)82.0 (6.1)0.125 FEV1/FVC%, n (%) <70%3 (16.7)3 (25.0)00.515Small airway function MMEF%pred, mean (SD)80.2 (33.7)73.2 (32.4)94.3 (34.8)0.220 MMEF%pred, n (%) <65%7 (38.9)6 (50.0)1 (16.7)0.316 FEF50%pred, mean (SD)95.5 (30.9)87.7 (30.0)111.2 (28.8)0.131 FEF50%pred, n (%) <65%2 (11.1)2 (16.7)00.529 FEF75%pred, mean (SD)67.3 (34.4)65.1 (35.4)71.8 (35.1)0.706 FEF75%pred, n (%) <65%11 (61.1)8 (66.7)3 (50.0)0.627Ventilation impairment, n (%) Normal12 (66.7)8 (66.7)4 (66.7)0.291 Obstructive ventilation impairment3 (16.7)3 (25.0)0 Restrictive ventilatory impairment3 (16.7)1 (8.3)2 (33.3)Small airway function impairment, n (%)6 (33.3)5 (41.7)1 (16.7)0.600SaO2, mean (SD)95.1 (6.6)93.4 (9.8)96.5 (2.2)0.465CT changes, n (%) Normal1 (5.6)1 (8.3)00.882 GGO plus pulmonary fibrosis11 (61.1)6 (50.0)5 (83.3) Pulmonary fibrosis4 (22.2)3 (25.0)1 (16.7) Not available2 (11.1)2 (16.7)0Note: Values are presented as No. (%), or mean ± standard deviation (SD). P values were calculated by t-test, χ² test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; VC, vital capacity; TV, tidal volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; MVV, maximal voluntary ventilation; FVC, forced vital capacity; forced expiratory volume in the first second; MMEF, maximal midexpiratory flow; FEF50, forced expired flow at 50% of forced vital capacity; FEF75, forced expired flow at 75% of forced vital capacity; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SaO2, oxygen saturation; GGO, ground-glass opacity. Open table in a new tab Note: Values are presented as No. (%), or mean ± standard deviation (SD). P values were calculated by t-test, χ² test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; VC, vital capacity; TV, tidal volume; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; IC, inspiratory capacity; MVV, maximal voluntary ventilation; FVC, forced vital capacity; forced expiratory volume in the first second; MMEF, maximal midexpiratory flow; FEF50, forced expired flow at 50% of forced vital capacity; FEF75, forced expired flow at 75% of forced vital capacity; PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; SaO2, oxygen saturation; GGO, ground-glass opacity. After discharge, 15 patients (83.3%) still had residual CT abnormalities, including GGO plus pulmonary fibrosis in 11 cases and pulmonary fibrosis only in four cases (Table 1). The distribution of most GGO and pulmonary fibrosis were peripheral. There was no significant difference in chest CT findings between the two groups (P = 0.882). The lung pathology of fatal COVID-19 was dominated by diffuse alveolar damage with fibrin rich hyaline membranes and a few multinucleated giant cells.8Mason R.J. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biologic perspective.Eur Respir J. 2020; (in press)https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00607-2020Crossref PubMed Scopus (545) Google Scholar The aberrant wound healing may lead to severe scaring and fibrosis. Preliminary evidence suggests impaired lung function in coronavirus pneumonia could be last for several months or even years, with the impairment of diffusing capacity (DLCO) as the most common abnormality,3Xie L. Liu Y. Fan B. et al.Dynamic changes of serum SARS-coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge.Respir Res. 2005; 6: 5Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 4Xie L. Liu Y. Xiao Y. et al.Follow-up study on pulmonary function and lung radiographic changes in rehabilitating severe acute respiratory syndrome patients after discharge.Chest. 2005; 127: 2119-2124Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar, 5Hui D.S. Joynt G.M. Wong K.T. et al.Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), on pulmonary function, functional capacity and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Thorax. 2005; 60: 401-409Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar, 6Hui D.S. Wong K.T. Ko F.W. et al.The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Chest. 2005; 128: 2247-2261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar followed by total lung capacity.5Hui D.S. Joynt G.M. Wong K.T. et al.Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), on pulmonary function, functional capacity and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Thorax. 2005; 60: 401-409Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar, 6Hui D.S. Wong K.T. Ko F.W. et al.The 1-year impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Chest. 2005; 128: 2247-2261Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (271) Google Scholar Wan et al. showed that 37% of MERS-CoV survivors have impaired DLCO at one year, which was compatible with the radiological sequelae.9Park W.B. Jun K.I. Kim G. et al.Correlation between pneumonia severity and pulmonary complications in middle east respiratory syndrome.J Korean Med Sci. 2018; 33: e169Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar Follow-up chest radiographs obtained from the patients with MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV showed a substantial portion (around 30%) chest radiographic abnormalities, which were characterized by the presence of pulmonary fibrosis, GGO, and pleural thickening.10Das K.M. Lee E.Y. Singh R. et al.Follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with MERS-CoV after recovery.Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2017; 27: 342-349Crossref PubMed Scopus (260) Google Scholar However, the lung abnormalities may be more common if detected by CT because it is more sensitive than chest radiographs. In this study, 83.3% of patients after discharge had abnormal chest CT findings, with high proportion of pulmonary fibrosis. Xie et al. showed that pulmonary fibrotic tissue and vital capacity improved with time during a one-year follow-up after discharge in SARS-CoV patients.3Xie L. Liu Y. Fan B. et al.Dynamic changes of serum SARS-coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge.Respir Res. 2005; 6: 5Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar Hui et al. found negative correlation between residual radiographic abnormalities and parameters of lung volume and surface area for gas exchange, which might reflect the physiological effects of parenchymal inflammation and fibrosis.5Hui D.S. Joynt G.M. Wong K.T. et al.Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), on pulmonary function, functional capacity and quality of life in a cohort of survivors.Thorax. 2005; 60: 401-409Crossref PubMed Scopus (358) Google Scholar This study had some limitations. Firstly, we had no patients' baseline pulmonary function results before COVID-19 infection and therefore unable to compare the results after discharge. In this study, no patients having chronic lung disease, it might reasonable to presume that the basic lung function in these patients would be normal. However, the impact of COVID-19 on lung function remains to be validated in future. Secondly, we included patients without chronic lung diseases, so the findings of this study could not be generalized to these subjects. Finally, the sample size of this study was small because most patients in our institution refused lung function test or had returned to work in other places far from home. In summary, this study indicated that, in COVID-19 survivors after discharge, restrictive ventilatory defect and small function dysfunction can be persistent, which are not associated with disease severity. Most patients still had residual abnormalities on chest CT, with GGO and pulmonary fibrosis as the most common pattern. COVID-19 survivors with residual abnormalities of chest CT will develop pulmonary fibrosis, especially in severe/critical ill patients. Impaired lung function might be related to pulmonary fibrosis but need larger studies to verify. Close follow-up of patients after COVID-19 is essential but insufficient. Long-term follow-up of lung function after discharge should be performed in clinical practice to provide a guideline for pulmonary rehabilitation. Longer term studies are needed to determine the duration of these lung deficits. None reported. Thanks to all the medical workers for their fighting against the COVID-19, and to the people of the country and the world for their contributions to this campaign. Funding/Support: None.