tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Life and loathes of a new doctor: Carry on nursing
Authors: Stephen Goldie
Journal: BMJ (2005)

When you eventually start working, forget about trying to impress your senior colleagues. On the surgical wards, especially, you never actually work with them. They appear for 10 minutes each morning and evening and spin round the ward, glancing over each patient. As long as the patients still look pink and responsive, the surgeons are happy. The people you work with and rely on all day every day are the nurses. These …
Iraq: a health system in crisis
Authors: Muhammed Akunjee
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Iraq is a dangerous place for many people to go right now. The ever present threat of war hangs over the country, and its people are still in desperate need of adequate health care, says Muhammed Akunjee

Iraq!? Why would you want to go there? was said many a time with astonishment when our fellow medical students heard of our elective plans. Superficially, we probably did seem a bit crazy choosing such a destination; we weren't Middle Eastern and were from the United Kingdom, one of the countries active during the Gulf war. We had read numerous reports on the plight of Iraqi doctors and their patients after the war. In particular, we heard of the huge drug shortages, the lack of medical equipment, and the increasing childhood mortality facing the Iraqi nation. We wanted to visit the country and see how the health system was dealing with such a grave situation.



In Iraq, we were initially attached to the Al-Mansour paediatric teaching hospital in Baghdad. The hospital had 200 beds, 28 of which were devoted to paediatric oncology. We …
Serine-rich repeat proteins from gut microbes
Authors: Dimitrios Latousakis, Donald A. MacKenzie, Andrea Telatin, Nathalie Juge
Journal: Gut Microbes (2019)

Serine-rich repeat proteins (SRRPs) have emerged as an important group of cell surface adhesins found in a growing number of Gram-positive bacteria. Studies focused on SRRPs from streptococci and staphylococci demonstrated that these proteins are O-glycosylated on serine or threonine residues and exported via an accessory secretion (aSec) system. In pathogens, these adhesins contribute to disease pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets. Recently, the non-canonical aSec system has been identified in the genomes of gut microbes and characterization of their associated SRRPs is beginning to unfold, showing their role in mediating attachment and biofilm formation. Here we provide an update of the occurrence, structure, and function of SRRPs across bacteria, with emphasis on the molecular and biochemical properties of SRRPs from gut symbionts, particularly Lactobacilli. These emerging studies underscore the range of ligands recognized by these adhesins and the importance of SRRP glycosylation in the interaction of gut microbes with the host.
Lack of association of biologic therapy for psoriasis with psychiatric illness: An electronic medical records cohort study
Authors: David J. Margolis, Daniel Shin, Megan H. Noe, Marilyn T. Wan, Ketaki Bhate, Shiyu Wang, Ole Hoffstad, Junko Takeshita, Joel M. Gelfand
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2019)
Meningitis C vaccine supplies for UK freshers run out
Authors: Nish Rajpal
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The Department of Health has reported that supplies of the meningitis C vaccine in the United Kingdom have been quickly depleted, resulting in thousands of first year university students leaving home without immunisation. The Department of Health had recommended that 500 000 first year university students be immunised against meningitis C, but general practitioners nationwide have reported that the initiative …
Expression of the Tim3‐galectin‐9 axis is altered in drug‐induced maculopapular exanthema
Authors: Ruben Fernandez‐Santamaría, Francisca Palomares, Maria Salas, Inmaculada Doña, Gador Bogas, Adriana Ariza, Alba Rodriguez‐Nogales, Maria C. Plaza‐Seron, Cristobalina Mayorga, Maria J. Torres, Tahia D. Fernández
Journal: Allergy (2019)

Abstract Background Drug‐induced maculopapular exanthemas (MPEs) are mediated by Th1 CD4 + T cells. One of the mechanisms of control of Th1 cells in homeostasis is the interaction between the checkpoint inhibitor Tim3 and its physiological ligand galectin‐9 (Gal9). Disorders affecting this axis may be responsible for various autoimmune and immunological diseases. The aim of this study was to determinate the influence of the Tim3‐Gal9 axis on the development of MPE induced by drugs. Methods Frequencies of different cell subsets and the expression of Tim3 and Gal9 were measured in peripheral blood by flow cytometry and in skin biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Gal9 expression was assessed by RT‐qPCR; its release was measured by multiplex assay. The effects of blocking or enhancing the Tim3‐Gal9 axis on monocyte‐derived dendritic cell (moDC) maturation and T‐cell proliferation were determined by flow cytometry. Results The expression of Tim3 was significantly reduced in peripheral blood Th1 cells and in the skin of MPE patients vs controls. Gal9 expression and release were significantly reduced in patient peripheral blood and moDCs, respectively. The addition of exogenous Gal9 significantly reduced Tim3 + Th1 proliferation, although Treg proliferation increased. Conclusion This study showed the involvement of the Tim3‐Gal9 axis in MPE. The reduced expression of Tim3 in Th1 cells together with the impaired expression of Gal9 in PBMCs and DCs appears to have a role in the development of the disease. The potential of Gal9 to suppress Th1 and enhance Treg proliferation makes it a promising tool for treating these reactions.
Homosexuality is not a disease, says Thai government
Authors: Vittal Katikireddi
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The government of Thailand has belatedly agreed that homosexuality is not a disease. The recent statement comes after lobbying by Anjaree, Thailand's leading group campaigning for gay rights.

The Thai Department of Mental Health issued a formal letter affirming that homosexuality is “neither a mental problem nor a disease” according to the Bangkok Nation. The long awaited change takes place years after the World Health Organization's 1993 decision …
Is Social Inequality in Cognitive Outcomes Increased by Preterm Birth–Related Complications?
Authors: Dieter Wolke
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2019)

Isabel Benavente-Fernández, MD, PhD; Anne Synnes, MDCM, MHSc; Ruth E. Grunau, PhD; Vann Chau, MD; Chantel Ramraj, PhD, MSc; Torin Glass, BMBCh, MSc; Dalit Cayam-Rand, MD; Arjumand Siddiqi, MPH, ScD; Steven P. Miller, MDCM, MAS
Making Sculpture at the National Gallery
Authors: Mareeni Raymond
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Perhaps best known for his participation in the unforgettable Sensation exhibition with his sculpture Dead Dad , Ron Mueck is the fifth associate artist to have been invited to the National Gallery. Artists are invited to create an exhibition inspired by their permanent collection of old works. Mueck has surprised everyone with his strikingly lifelike sculptures of people with reference to motherhood and childbirth. A child sized woman who has just given birth, umbilical cord trailing from her newborn baby, …
Corrections to “Phase II study of nab-paclitaxel in refractory small bowel adenocarcinoma and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high colorectal cancer”
Authors: M.J. Overman, L. Adam, K. Raghav, J. Wang, B. Kee, D. Fogelman, C. Eng, E. Vilar, R. Shroff, A. Dasari, R. Wolff, J. Morris, E. Karunasena, T.R. Pisanic, N. Azad, S. Kopetz
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2019)

Ann Oncol 2018; 29: 139–144 (doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx688) In the original article, author T. R. Pisanic II’s name was incorrectly spelt as ‘R. Pisanic II’. This has now been corrected. Phase II study of nab-paclitaxel in refractory small bowel adenocarcinoma and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)-high colorectal cancerAnnals of OncologyVol. 29Issue 1PreviewHypermethylation of promoter CpG islands [CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)] represents a unique pathway for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), characterized by lack of chromosomal instability and a low rate of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutations, which have both been correlated with taxane resistance. Similarly, small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA), a rare tumor, also has a low rate of APC mutations. This phase II study evaluated taxane sensitivity in SBA and CIMP-high CRC. Full-Text PDF Open Archive
Horses help teach communication skills to medical students
Authors: Krishna Chinthapalli
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A group of medical students in Tucson in the US state of Arizona are the first to have completed a course in advanced horsemanship and non-verbal communication, which was introduced at their school last autumn.

The advanced option builds on the success of the original course, entitled “Medicine and horsemanship: an introduction to human non-verbal interaction at the bedside.” Both are optional electives to help …
Hormone receptor expression in long-term estrogen deprived breast cancer cell lines in vitro
Authors: Jelena Milosevic, Jonas Bergh
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

1005  Estrogen is a known growth factor for breast cancer cells. More than two-thirds of all breast cancer tumors express estrogen receptor (ER). ER as well as progesterone receptor (PgR) expression are useful in predicting response to endocrine therapy. In this study a long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED) model was used to study the three commonly used breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, BT-474 and MDA-MB-231. Instead of being grown in standard cell culture medium, cells were grown in estrogen depleted medium (activated characoal/dextran treated FBS to remove substantial amounts of estrogen), thus mimicking the hormonal set point of breast cancer cells in oophorectomized pre-menopausal women, postmenopausal women and/or patients treated with primary endocrine therapy. ER, PgR and Her2/neu protein expression was analyzed at different time points by immunohistochemistry and western blot on cells and cell lysates respectively. Moreover, Her2/neu gene copy number was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. We found that the biological actions of estrogens were manifested only in cells expressing ER. Cultured without estrogens both MCF-7 and BT-474 cell lines initially stopped growing (a period of proliferative quiescence) but resumed rapid proliferation after about 2-3 months. The ER and PgR-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed no change in hormone receptor status after estrogen deprivation. Conversely, MCF-7 cells down-regulated the PgR four days after estrogen deprivation. In addition, the ER expression decreased gradually after 2 weeks. BT-474, an ER and PgR positive breast cancer cell line, demonstrated slight increase of ER two weeks after treatment in contrast to negative PgR status four days after treatment. There was no observed change of the Her2/neu protein expression and DNA copy numbers in any of the three breast cancer cell lines. Our experiments demonstrate that estrogen deprivation results in down-regulation of PgR, whereas the influence on ER seems less pronounced. Furthermore, breast cancer cells that survive estrogen deprivation can adapt themselves and re-grow, creating a phenotype that is probably less responsive to anti-hormonal therapy. Further studies are required to show whether estrogens in the tumor microenvironment can influence the development of resistance to endocrine therapy.
Guide to Medical Etiquette: the operating theatre
Authors: David McAllister
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Not many jobs entail putting on a pair of pyjamas, a paper hat, and a mask. The benevolent connotations of this silly costume, a clown, magician, or some other such children's entertainer, belie the harsh reality. In truth, the operating theatre abounds with delicate egos and complicated power structures. To survive in this arena the wise student develops an intimate knowledge of his antagonist, and his own role. Until you develop this awareness these notes may be useful. Simply cut them out, stick them …
A year older and a year unwiser?
Authors: Tiago Villanueva
Journal: BMJ (2005)

I would have been a doctor by now if I hadn't been forced to spend nearly a year out from medical school. Now that I'm back to my old life, what has changed? The most obvious and relevant aspect is in my head. It's not so much factual knowledge lost that worries me, but rather it's my unfit brain taking much more time in reasoning medical problems.

I am sometimes hesitant to ask doctors questions, fearing that they sound too basic and I will sound stupid. And it doesn't help to see my colleagues holding heated discussions about this and that disease, showing off their finely tuned mind and matured knowledge gained through experience and time spent learning and thinking.

Another nagging aspect is the delay of entry into the labour market. Not that I am particularly looking forward to starting paying my taxes or arguing with the hospital administration about the work contract, but I'm looking forward to leaving the family nest for good and living on my own. The feeling is exacerbated every time I meet up with my non-medical friends, who have graduated and are working.

And speaking of friends, I did end up discovering who my real friends in medicine were. Once they realised that, unlike them, I hadn't moved on, some stopped talking to me or pretended they didn't see me when we crossed each other in the hospital hallways. And …
Drug misuse among teenagers has decreased
Authors: Siân Knight
Journal: BMJ (2000)

A recent report published by Exeter University has suggested that drug use in teenagers has started to decline for the first time in 12 years. The report's figures were collected using a questionnaire sent out to 40 299 pupils, aged 9 to 15 years, across England. This questionnaire is part of a continuing study into the health of primary and secondary school children in …
Interaction of host immunity with HER2-targeted treatment and tumor heterogeneity in HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Gaia Griguolo, Tomás Pascual, Maria Vittoria Dieci, Valentina Guarneri, Aleix Prat
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2019)

Growing evidence suggests a clear role of the host immune system in HER2+ breast cancer. In addition, HER2+ breast cancer is generally considered more immunogenic than hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-, and specific molecular HER2+ subgroups (e.g. HER2-enriched disease) are more immunogenic than others (e.g. Luminal A or B). From a clinical perspective, the immune system plays a relevant prognostic role in HER2+ breast cancer and contributes to the therapeutic effects of trastuzumab. However, as more HER2-targeted agents become available, a better understanding of the role played by the immune system in modulating therapy response to different agents will be needed. Furthermore, the recent introduction in oncology of immune checkpoint inhibitors capable of unleashing anti-tumor immune response opens new possibilities for therapeutic combinations in HER2+ breast cancer. Here, we review the current pre-clinical and clinical data on the interplay between the immune system and HER2+ breast cancer, focusing on different HER2-targeted treatments and the biological heterogeneity that exists within HER2+ disease. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic approaches exploiting the immune system to increase activity or revert resistance to HER2-targeted agents.
Plant-derived RNAi therapeutics: A strategic inhibitor of HBsAg
Authors: Shuo Zhang, Xiaolin Sang, Dongxia Hou, Jinmei Chen, Hongwei Gu, Yujing Zhang, Jing Li, Darong Yang, Haizhen Zhu, Xiao Yang, Fangyu Wang, Chunni Zhang, Xi Chen, Ke Zen, Chen-Yu Zhang, Zhi Hong
Journal: Biomaterials (2019)
MTAP Loss Promotes Stemness in Glioblastoma and Confers Unique Susceptibility to Purine Starvation
Authors: Landon J. Hansen, Ran Sun, Rui Yang, Simranjit X. Singh, Lee H. Chen, Christopher J. Pirozzi, Casey J. Moure, Carlee Hemphill, Austin B. Carpenter, Patrick Healy, Ryan C. Ruger, Chin-Pu J. Chen, Paula K. Greer, Fangping Zhao, Ivan Spasojevic, Carole Grenier, Zhiqing Huang, Susan K. Murphy, Roger E. McLendon, Henry S. Friedman, Allan H. Friedman, James E. Herndon, John H. Sampson, Stephen T. Keir, Darell D. Bigner, Hai Yan, Yiping He
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Homozygous deletion of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in glioblastoma (GBM), but its pathologic consequences remain unclear. In this study, we report that loss of MTAP results in profound epigenetic reprogramming characterized by hypomethylation of PROM1/CD133–associated stem cell regulatory pathways. MTAP deficiency promotes glioma stem-like cell (GSC) formation with increased expression of PROM1/CD133 and enhanced tumorigenicity of GBM cells and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with GBM. As a combined consequence of purine production deficiency in MTAP-null GBM and the critical dependence of GSCs on purines, the enriched subset of CD133+ cells in MTAP-null GBM can be effectively depleted by inhibition of de novo purine synthesis. These findings suggest that MTAP loss promotes the pathogenesis of GBM by shaping the epigenetic landscape and stemness of GBM cells while simultaneously providing a unique opportunity for GBM therapeutics. Significance: This study links the frequently mutated metabolic enzyme MTAP to dysregulated epigenetics and cancer cell stemness and establishes MTAP status as a factor for consideration in characterizing GBM and developing therapeutic strategies.
Stent-over-sponge (SOS): a rescue option in patients with complex postoperative anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy
Authors: Isabel Bartella, Christoph Mallmann, Martin Bürger, Ulrich Toex, Tobias Goeser, Christiane Bruns, Seung-Hun Chon
Journal: Endoscopy (2019)

Anastomotic leak after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy remains a life-threatening complication. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are one established endoscopic treatment option [1], but endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has become a promising alternative [2]. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that one of these options is superior [3]. However, the combination of SEMS with EVT seems to be another suitable therapeutic option for treating complex leaks [4]. The SEMS optimizes the vacuum force by sealing the sponge toward the gastrointestinal lumen and maximizing the suction efficacy ([Fig. 1]) [5].
Determinant roles of dendritic cell-expressed Notch Delta-like and Jagged ligands on anti-tumor T cell immunity
Authors: Elena E. Tchekneva, Mounika U.L. Goruganthu, Roman V. Uzhachenko, Portia L. Thomas, Anneliese Antonucci, Irina Chekneva, Michael Koenig, Longzhu Piao, Anwari Akhter, Maria Teresa P. de Aquino, Parvathi Ranganathan, Nicholas Long, Thomas Magliery, Anna Valujskikh, Jason V. Evans, Rajeswara R. Arasada, Pierre P. Massion, David P. Carbone, Anil Shanker, Mikhail M. Dikov
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2019)

<h3>Background</h3> Notch intercellular communication instructs tissue-specific T-cell development and function. In this study, we explored the roles of dendritic cell (DC)-expressed Notch ligands in the regulation of T-cell effector function. <h3>Methods</h3> We generated mice with CD11c lineage-specific deletion of Notch Delta-like ligand <i>(Dll)1</i> and Jagged <i>(Jag)2.</i> Using these genetically-ablated mice and engineered pharmacological Notch ligand constructs, the roles of various Delta-like and Jagged ligands in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immunity were investigated. We assessed tumor growth, mouse survival, cytokine production, immunophenotyping of myeloid and lymphoid populations infiltrating the tumors, expression of checkpoint molecules and T-cell function in the experimental settings of murine lung and pancreatic tumors and cardiac allograft rejection. Correlative studies were also performed for the expression of NOTCH ligands, NOTCH receptors and PD-1 on various subsets of myeloid and lymphoid cells in tumor-infiltrating immune cells analyzed from&nbsp;primary human lung cancers. <h3>Results</h3> Mice with CD11c lineage-specific deletion of Notch ligand gene&nbsp;<i>Dll1</i>, but not <i>Jag2</i>, exhibited accelerated growth of lung and pancreatic tumors concomitant with decreased antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T-cell functions and effector-memory (Tem) differentiation. Increased IL-4 but decreased IFN-γ production and elevated populations of T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were observed&nbsp;in <i>Dll1</i>-ablated mice. Multivalent clustered DLL1-triggered Notch signaling overcame DC <i>Dll1</i> deficiency and improved anti-tumor T-cell responses, whereas the pharmacological interference by monomeric soluble DLL1 construct suppressed the rejection of mouse tumors and cardiac allograft. Moreover, monomeric soluble JAG1 treatment reduced T-regulatory cells and improved anti-tumor immune responses by decreasing the expression of PD-1 on CD8<sup>+</sup>Tem cells. A significant correlation was observed between DC-expressed Jagged and Delta-like ligands with Tem-expressed PD-1 and Notch receptors, respectively, in human lung tumor-infiltrates. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our data show the importance of specific expression of Notch ligands on DCs in the regulation of T-cell effector function. Thus, strategies incorporating selectively engineered Notch ligands could provide a novel approach of therapeutics for modulating immunity in various immunosuppressive conditions including cancer.
Attitudes Toward Physician-Assisted Death From Individuals Who Learn They Have an Alzheimer Disease Biomarker
Authors: Emily A. Largent, Mélanie Terrasse, Kristin Harkins, Dominic A. Sisti, Pamela Sankar, Jason Karlawish
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2019)

This study presents data regarding attitudes towards physician-assisted suicide from a survey of cognitively normal individuals enrolled in a clinical trial that required them to learn whether they have elevated amyloid-β.
Clinical Interpretation of High-Sensitivity Troponin Testing
Authors: Giuseppe Lippi, Gianfranco Cervellin
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2019)

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