tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Are We Choosing Mobilization Regimens for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma Wisely?: A Single Centre Comparison of GCSF+/-Plerixafor Vs Cyclophosphamide/GCSF+/- Plerixafor
Authors: Chloe Yang, Mina Dehghani, Wilma Hopman, Sita D. Bhella
Journal: Blood (2019)
Monocytes and macrophages in chronic sarcoidosis pathology
Authors: Simon D. Fraser, Simon P. Hart
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2019)

Kaiser et al. [1] make a compelling case for T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, particularly when considering the initiation of granulomatous inflammation and patients with acute, self-resolving sarcoidosis (Lofgren's syndrome). However, in some situations it seems that T-cells are less important. For example, SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice, which have no lymphocytes, develop macrophage-rich granulomas when infected with mycobacteria [2]. In clinical practice, powerful suppression of T-lymphocytes with anti-rejection medication cannot prevent recurrence of granulomas in one third of patients who have undergone lung transplantation for pulmonary sarcoidosis [3]. Don't neglect monocytes and macrophages as drivers of chronic sarcoidosis <http://bit.ly/2L2I5Yp>
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
Authors: T. Mreiden
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> <i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>pneumonia is characterized by progressive interstial inflammation caused by this protozoan. The diagnosis necessitates identification of the ameboid or encysted form in biopsy sections or impression smears of the lung, but the organism has been found in bronchial washings. We have encountered an instance in which biopsy specimens of a lower lobe bronchus and small portion of adjacent lung were negative for<i>P carinii</i>, but the organism was found in the sputum. Pneumonia disappeared during pentamidine isethionate therapy. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 47-year-old accounting clerk, alcoholic for ten years up to several months ago and emphysematous for two years, complained of anorexia, weight loss of 15.30 kg, weakness, and a nocturnal cough with yellowish sputum of two months' duration. He denied chills, fever, or night sweats. History was noncontributory. The patient smoked a pipe for eight years and ingested vitamin pills daily. He weighed
Bovine Heparin Demonstrates the Same Interaction with HIT Antibodies As Porcine Heparin
Authors: Jeanine Walenga, Walter Jeske, Sabrina Bertini, Giulia Risi, Michelle Sung, Ambar Farooqui, Cassie Bacher, Debra Hoppensteadt, Omer Iqbal, Bruce Lewis, Mamdouh Bakhos
Journal: Blood (2019)
The Real-World Experience of rFVIII-Fc Used in Hemophilia a Patients in Taiwan: Prophylaxis Rates, Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Correlates, and the Effects on Joint Health
Authors: Chia-Yau Chang, Yeu-Chin Chen, Chen-Hua Tsai, Jia-Ruey Tsai, Yen-Lin Liu, Shu-Hsia Hu
Journal: Blood (2019)
ATIM-34. SINGLE-CELL RNA SEQUENCING REVEALS DYNAMIC IMMUNE RESPONSE CHANGES IN GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENT WITH DURABLE COMPLETE RESPONSE TO CMV PP65-LAMP RNA-PULSED DENDRITIC VACCINES
Authors: Oleg Yegorov, Changlin Yang, Maryam Rahman, Ashley Ghiaseddin, Anjelika Dechkovskaia, Brian Cleaver, Marcia Hodik, Robert Amdur, Tara Massini, Jesse Kresak, Duane Mitchell
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND The application of single cell sequencing as a novel immune monitoring platform can enhance the ability to interrogate at unprecedented depth the single-cell level dynamic phenotypic and functional attributes of immune cells in patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy treatment. We applied single-cell sequencing analysis of PBMCs in a patient with newly-diagnosed GBM enrolled on the ATTAC II clinical trial (FDA IND BB-16530) who experienced a sustained complete radiographic response to autologous CMV pp65-LAMP RNA-pulsed DC vaccines plus GM-CSF and tetanus-diphtheria booster administered during adjuvant cycles of dose-intensified TMZ. METHODS We constructed 5’ gene expression libraries and T cell receptor enriched libraries for 10x Genomics single-cell sequencing, generated from PBMCs collected prior to and during patient immunization using dendritic cells loaded with RNA encoding the CMV matrix protein pp65 conjugated with the lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP) sequence. RESULTS RNA-Seq revealed dynamic changes in immune cell subsets over course of first three vaccines, including increases in cytotoxic T cells and memory T cell subsets. Increased markers of T cell activation were observed during vaccination including enhanced T cell signaling pathways, proliferative signals, and cytokine production. We found that proportion of cytotoxic T cells increased from 3.42% to 11.74% in whole PBMCs after immunization. Surprisingly, we observed very high level of frequency natural killer T (NKT) cells comprising 4.75 % of this patient’s PBMCs at baseline. After three DC vaccines, the level of NKT cells in PBMC increased up to 10%. CONCLUSIONS Single cell RNA sequencing of a patient with sustained complete response to DC vaccination during cycles of dose-intensified TMZ reveals dynamic immune activation and expansion within the cytotoxic T cells and NKT compartments. These results emphasize the importance of subset specific profiling to achieve higher resolution in monitoring immune responses compared with bulk expression profiling in patients receiving immunotherapeutic treatment.
Clinical Utility of Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Gustavo Henrique de Medeiros Oliveira, Lenilton Silva DA Silva Júnior, Antonia Eduarda Martins Oliveira Elói Silva, João Pedro Andrade Lima, Victor lima Soares, Rodrigo Villar Freitas, Taissa Moura Oliveira, Dany Geraldo Kramer Cavalcanti Silva, Valéria SF Sales, Hugo Diogenes De Oliveira Paiva, Rafael Santiago Araujo, Aldair Sousa Paiva, Geraldo Barroso Cavalcanti, Alessandra Suelen Jardim Silva
Journal: Blood (2019)
Rapid Improvement of Patient-Reported Outcomes with Venetoclax Plus Obinutuzumab in Patients with Previously Untreated CLL and Coexisting Conditions: A Prospective Analysis from the CLL14 Trial
Authors: Othman Al-Sawaf, Brittany Gentile, Jacob Devine, Kavita Sail, Maneesh Tandon, Anna-Maria Fink, Nadine Kutsch, Barbara F. Eichhorst, Kirsten Fischer, Michael Hallek
Journal: Blood (2019)
Genomic Landscape Including Novel Mutational Drivers in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Kerstin Wenzl, Maria Ortiz, Nicholas Stong, C. Chris Huang, Matthew J. Maurer, Fadi Towfic, Patrick R. Hagner, Hamid Nikbakht, Matthew Stokes, Sneh Lata, Sitharthan Kamalakaran, Konstantinos Mavrommatis, Matthew Trotter, Rebecca L. King, Brian K. Link, Susan L. Slager, Yan Asmann, Myron Czuczman, Stephen M Ansell, Thomas M. Habermann, James R. Cerhan, Grzegorz Nowakowski, Anne J Novak, Anita K Gandhi
Journal: Blood (2019)
<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> Promotes Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer by Activating Autophagy Signaling via the Upregulation of CARD3 Expression
Authors: Yongyu Chen, Yan Chen, Jixiang Zhang, Pan Cao, Wenhao Su, Yunchao Deng, Na Zhan, Xiangsheng Fu, Yun Huang, Weiguo Dong
Journal: Theranostics (2019)

Aims: We aimed to measure the abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues from patients and to uncover the function of this bacterium in colorectal tumor metastasis. Methods: We collected metastatic and non-metastatic CRC tissues to analyze F. nucleatum abundance. Cells were incubated with F. nucleatum or chloroquine (CQ) or were transfected with CARD3-targeting siRNA; the expression of mRNAs and proteins was then measured. CRC cells stably transfected with shRNA-luc were mixed with F. nucleatum and intravenously injected into BALB/cJ mice. APCMin/+, CARD3-/-and CARD3wt C57BL mice were given F. nucleatum; some mice were given azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Results: F. nucleatum was abundant in CRC tissues from patients with metastasis. F. nucleatum infection increased CRC cell motility and upregulated the expression of CARD3, LC3-II, Beclin1 and Vimentin, and downregulated the expression of E-cadherin and P62 in CRC cells. These effects were attenuated by treatment with CQ, siCARD3 or both. APCMin/+ mice gavaged with F. nucleatum developed more aggressive tumors than control mice. After AOM/DSS administration, the colorectums of CARD3-/- mice had fewer tumors than those of control mice. Tumors from CARD3-/- mice had lower levels of LC3-II and Beclin1 and higher levels of P62 than those from control mice. BALB/cJ mice injected with both CT26-luc cells and F. nucleatum formed more metastases than control mice. CQ treatment, CARD3 knockdown or both reduced the ability of CT26-luc cells to form metastases in vivo. Conclusions: F. nucleatum is enriched in CRC tissues from patients with metastasis. F. nucleatum orchestrates CARD3 and autophagy to control CRC metastasis. Measuring and targeting F. nucleatum and its associated pathways will yield approaches for the prevention and treatment of CRC metastasis.
EXTH-27. ACTIVATING THE IMMUNITY WITHIN THE TUMOR USING VIROIMMUNOTHERAPY: DELTA-24-RGD ONCOLYTIC ADENOVIRUS ARMED WITH THE IMMUNOPOSITIVE REGULATOR GITRL
Authors: Yisel Rivera-Molina, Juan Fueyo, Hong Jiang, Teresa Nguyen, Dong Ho Shin, Gilbert Youssef, Xuejun Fan, Joy Gumin, Marta M Alonso, Sheetal Phadnis, Frederick Lang, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Based on promising results of recent clinical trials using oncolytic viruses, virotherapy is evolving as an alternative to treat patients with malignant glioma. Our group developed the oncolytic adenovirus Delta-24-RGD (DNX-2401) that is being tested, alone or in combination with anti-PD1, in clinical trials for recurrent glioblastoma (NCT00805376; NCT01956734; NCT02798406). The results suggest that, besides the expected oncolytic effect, the injection of the pathogen initiated, in a subset of patients, an anti-tumoral immunity that led to 20% of long-term survivors (3.5–5 years). To further enhance this effect, we have armed Delta-24-RGD to express the co-stimulatory ligand GITRL, and generated Delta-24-GREAT. The intracranial injection of Delta-24-GREAT prolonged the survival of GL261 glioma-bearing immunocompetent mice when compared to Delta-24-RGD treatment (P=0.002, log-rank test). Delta-24-GREAT treatment resulted in enhanced frequency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes: T lymphocytes (CD45+/CD3+) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD45+CD3+CD8+). Functional studies performed by culturing splenocytes from Delta-24-GREAT-treated mice with glioma cells and analyzing secretion of Th1 cytokines, such as IL2 and IFN-γ, showed that lymphocytes recognized not only viral antigens but also tumoral antigens, suggesting the triggering of anti-tumoral immunity. Of interest, Delta-24-GREAT treatment resulted in an antigen-restricted anti-tumor memory effect and in the generation of central immune memory. Thus, rechallenging the survivor mice from the first experiment with a second implantation of glioma cells did not lead to tumor growth, and we detected an increased frequency of central memory CD8+ T cells (CD45+CD62L+). However, survivor mice developed lethal tumors when implanted intracranially with B16/F10 melanoma cells, strongly indicating that the developed immune response was specific for GL261 glioma antigens. This is a novel approach using an oncolytic adenovirus expressing GITRL to target cancer and to stimulate the immunity within the tumor. Our data strongly indicate that this type of strategy may be further developed to treat patients with malignant glioblastoma.
What's in a Name? a Gender-Based Analysis of Speaker Introductions at the American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting
Authors: Urshila Durani, Narjust Duma, Jessica A Slostad, Christopher E. Wee, Yael Kusne, Shruti Patel, Carolina Bernabe, Ana Velazquez, Cynthia Brooke Woods, Martina C. Murphy, Miriam Knoll, Shikha Jain, Stephanie L. Graff, Ariela L. Marshall
Journal: Blood (2019)
防晒霜对维生素 D 的影响
Authors: R.E. Neale, S.R. Khan, R.M. Lucas, M. Waterhouse, D.C. Whiteman, C.M. Olsen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

维生素 D 对骨骼健康至关重要,它是皮肤受阳光中紫外线(UVR)的照射后产生的。UVR 也是皮肤癌(英国最常见的癌症类型)的主要原因。因此,人们一直担心防晒方法(例如使用防晒霜)会影响维生素 D 的产生。 来自澳大利亚的 QIMR Berghofer 医学研究所和澳大利亚国立大学的研究人员首次系统性回顾了 1970 年至 2017 年期间发表的所有实验性研究、现场试验和观察性研究,共计 75 项研究,以了解防晒霜使用对维生素 D 水平的影响。 研究人员发现,尽管实验研究(在实验室环境中使用人造光源)支持使用防晒霜可能影响维生素D的理论风险,但现场试验和观察性研究的大量证据(发生在涉及自然阳光的现实生活场景中)表明其风险较低。 研究人员解释,实验研究中的条件并不能反映现实世界条件,因此该结果不能用于向公众提供实用建议。 该综述的作者得出结论,几乎没有证据表明使用防晒霜在现实生活中会降低维生素 D 水平,在某些情况下,使用防晒霜和维生素 D 水平升高相关。因此,对维生素 D 水平的顾虑不应干扰皮肤癌的预防建议。未来的预防路径应考虑目前已广泛推荐的高防晒系数的防晒霜。
Anti-Leukemic Efficacy of Talazoparib and APE1 Inhibitor III Combined with Decitabine in Myeloid Malignancies
Authors: Vanessa Kohl, Susanne Brendel, Johanna Flach, Helga Kleiner, Christel Weiss, Wolfgang Seifarth, Daniel Nowak, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Alice Fabarius, Henning D. Popp
Journal: Blood (2019)
Personal Use of Drug Samples by Physicians and Office Staff
Authors: Robert M. Tenery
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Westfall and colleagues<sup>1</sup>raise some important concerns. Their article concludes that physicians and office staff frequently take pharmaceutical companies' free drug samples for personal and family use, and that this use of samples constitutes a substantial gift from pharmaceutical companies to physicians and office staff. The Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association Assistant General Counsel has addressed some of these concerns in opinions that can be found in the 1996-1997 edition of the Code of Medical Ethics.<sup>2</sup>Opinion 8.19, "Self-treatment or Treatment of Immediate Family Members," provides that "Physicians generally should not treat themselves or members of their immediate families" and states that "[e]xcept in emergencies, it is not appropriate for physicians to write prescriptions for controlled substances for themselves or immediate family members." Opinion 8.061, "Gifts to Physicians From Industry," states that "the use of drug samples for personal or family
Genetic and Transcript Changesin Cereblon in IMiD-Treated Myeloma Patients
Authors: Sarah Gooding, Naser Ansari-Pour, Fadi Towfic, Maria Ortiz, Dan Rozelle, Victoria Zadorozhny, Michael Amatangelo, Erin Flynt, Kao-Tai Tsai, Paola Neri, Nizar Bahlis, Paresh Vyas, Anjan Thakurta
Journal: Blood (2019)
IMMU-34. ATRX MUTATIONS PREDICT RESPONSE TO INNATE BASED THERAPY IN GLIOMA
Authors: Michelle Bowie, Seethalakshmi Hariharan, Janell Hostettler, Kristen Roso, Yiping He, Christopher Pirozzi, Martin Roskoski, Stephen Keir, Michael Brown, Gao Zhang, Matthias Gromeier, Hai Yan, David Ashley
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND Innate based immunotherapies are becoming increasingly important for treating brain tumor patients. Gliomas carry recurrent mutations in regulatory genes that control innate immune signaling responses. About 71% of adult WHO grade II and III gliomas and 57% of secondary glioblastomas also carry a loss-of-function mutation in the ATRX gene. ATRX is a SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling protein that has major roles in processes such as cell cycle regulation and maintenance of genomic stability. Recent studies have implicated ATRX in dysfunctional innate immune signaling in cancer cells. However, the role of ATRX in mediating innate immune responses has not been investigated in gliomas. METHODS AND RESULTS Human and mouse glioma cell lines from a variety of genetic contexts have been examined including models which carry IDH/ATRX mutations, IDH 1p-/19q- and ATRX -/- status. Additionally, using Crispr-Cas9 technology and cloning cell lines with ATRX deletions, we have derived a series of immune competent and nude mice models. Treating these cell lines with double-stranded RNA based innate stimuli led to an enhanced early induction in phospho-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and late induction in phospho-STAT1 in the ATRX knockout (KO) cell lines. A differential increase in interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) release was also noted in the ATRX KO cell lines, further suggesting that ATRX deletion may enable a potent activation of type I interferon production. A combination of patient-derived glioma cell lines in xenograft models and syngeneic murine glioma models derived from ATRX KO cell lines and controls confirm a survival advantage in both immuno-competent mice and xenografts. Our models are under evaluation with PVSRIPO and other innate based RNA therapies. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that ATRX mutations may confer sensitivity to RNA-based innate immune signaling agonists in gliomas. This potential vulnerability can be targeted in future therapies.
Prospective Identification of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Who Benefit from Gene-Expression Based Risk Stratification
Authors: Diego Chacon, Ali Braytee, Yizhou Huang, Julie Thoms, Shruthi Subramanian, Maria Cristina Sauerland, Stefan K. Bohlander, Jan Braess, Bernhard J. Wörmann, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Wolfgang Hiddemann, Bogdan Gabrys, Klaus H. Metzeler, Tobias Herold, John Pimanda, Dominik Beck
Journal: Blood (2019)
PDTM-28. AN OTX2-PAX3 SIGNALLING AXIS REGULATES GROUP 3 MEDULLOBLASTOMA CELL FATE
Authors: Jamie Zagozewski, Ghazaleh Shahriary, Ludivine Morrison, Margaret Stromecki, Agnes Fresnoza, Gareth Palidwor, Christopher Porter, Antoine Forget, Olivier Ayrault, Cynthia Hawkins, Jennifer Chan, Olivier Saulnier, Maria Vladoiu, Michael Taylor, Vijay Ramaswamy, Tamra Werbowetski-Ogilvie
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract The majority of Group 3 medulloblastomas (MB) exhibit amplification or increased expression of OTX2. OTX2 is primarily known as an oncogenic driver of tumor growth and cell cycle progression in Group 3 MB; however, its role as a repressor of differentiation is poorly characterized. Therefore, we utilized extensive patient data and mapped Group 3 MB chromatin dynamics in stem cell-enriched cultures to evaluate the divergent role of OTX2 in cell fate decisions in Group 3 MB pathogenesis. Several PAX genes were identified as novel OTX2 targets in Group 3 MB. Examination of patient data revealed that PAX3 and PAX6 expression is significantly reduced in Group 3 MB patients and is associated with significantly reduced survival. Functional evaluation of PAX3 and PAX6 expression showed that PAX3 expression significantly reduced self-renewal capacity of Group 3 MB tumorspheres in vitro and significantly prolonged survival and reduced tumor size in orthotopic xenograft models in vivo. RNA-sequencing of PAX3 and PAX6 gain of function (GOF) tumorspheres revealed mTORC1 signalling was specifically downregulated in PAX3 GOF, indicating this pathway may be critical for the survival and self-renewal differences observed between PAX3/PAX6 GOF models. Treatment of Group 3 MB with mTOR inhibitors reduced self-renewal in vitro and significantly prolonged survival and reduced tumor size in vivo. To further evaluate the role for this signalling axis in the Group 3 MB neural lineage hierarchy, we carried out scRNA-sequencing in tumorspheres from 4 Group 3 MB cell lines. Interestingly, a broad range of OTX2 expression was observed across single cell clusters, suggesting distinct OTX2 regulatory hierarchies are present in Group 3 MB. Collectively, our work demonstrates the multifaceted role of OTX2 as a regulator of cell fate decisions in Group 3 MB and identifies a novel role for mTORC1 signalling in Group 3 MB self-renewal and differentiation.
Aneuploidy Is Associated with Inferior Survival in Relapsed Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients
Authors: J Christine Ye, Liying Chen, Jason Chen, Brian Parkin, Avery Polk, Malathi Kandarpa, Craig E. Cole, Erica L. Campagnaro, Dan Robinson, Yi-Mi Wu, Moshe Talpaz, Jennifer Yesil, Daniel Auclair, P. Leif Bergsagel, Arul Chinnaiyan, Veerabhadran Baladandayuthapani
Journal: Blood (2019)
Dabigatran Dual Therapy Versus Warfarin Triple Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Post-PCI
Authors: Gregory Y.H. Lip, Deepak L. Bhatt, Stefan H. Hohnloser, Takeshi Kimura, Corinna Miede, Matias Nordaby, Jonas Oldgren, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Jurriën M. ten Berg, Christopher P. Cannon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2019)
Abstract 15568: Concomitant Presentation With Cardioembolic Ischemic Stroke and Non St Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient With New Onset Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Amogh Joshi, Emilee Kurtz, Fnu Vikram, Kourtney Erickson, Margaret Kluck, Benjamin Sanchez
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: Although Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a common cause of ischemic stroke, it rarely causes acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Cardioembolic events from AF cause considerable morbidity and ...
CD20-TCB, a Novel T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibody, Can be Safely Combined with the Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Atezolizumab in Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Martin Hutchings, Giuseppe Gritti, Anna Sureda, Maria Jose Terol, Martin JS Dyer, Gloria Iacoboni, William Townsend, Marina Bacac, Ann-Marie E Bröske, Natalie Dimier, Cristiano Ferlini, Abiraj Keelara, Angelika Lahr, Katharina Lechner, Tom Moore, Peter N Morcos, Anesh Panchal, Martin Weisser, Ciel De Vriendt
Journal: Blood (2019)
Enlisting Patients’ Input in Medical Device Trials
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2019)

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Role of FDG PET/CT to Detect Bone Marrow Involvement in the Initial Staging of Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Dominic Kaddu-Mulindwa, Bettina Altmann, Gerhard Held, Marita Ziepert, Karin Menhart, Jirka Grosse, Stephanie Angel, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Michael Pfreundschuh, Ken Herrmann, Ulrich Duehrsen, Andreas Hüttmann, Francesco Barbato, Dirk Hellwig, Viola Poeschel
Journal: Blood (2019)
TMOD-04. CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTANT IDH1 OLIGODENDROGLIOMAS
Authors: Rick Heinz, Sheri Holmen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Gliomas are the most common primary central nervous system malignancy in adults, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for their development and progression are not fully understood. Recent genomic analysis of World Health Organization grade II-III gliomas identifies 3 molecular subtypes of low grade glioma: no IDH mutation; IDH mutation without 1p/19q co-deletion; and IDH mutation with 1p/19q co-deletion. The latter, categorized as oligodendroglioma, commonly expresses loss of function mutations in CIC, FUBP1, and activation of PIK3CA. However, it is unknown if any of these mutations are sufficient to promote glioma development in cooperation with mutant IDH. Furthermore, research in oligodendroglioma is hampered by the lack of in vivo models of this specific glioma subtype. By utilizing the established RCAS/TVA somatic cell gene delivery method, mutant IDH1 can be expressed in the brains of mice. The tumorgenicity of other mutated genes associated with oligodendroglioma can be determined using additional methods such as conditional gene knockout and in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 mediated deletion. A mouse model for oligodendroglioma may identify new targetable genetic drivers of oligodendroglioma that will be useful for testing novel therapeutic strategies.