tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy for amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: J. Lan, J. Wen, S. Cao, T. Yin, B. Jiang, Y. Lou, J. Zhu, X. An, H. Suo, D. Li, Y. Zhang, J. Tao
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

Background Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) are noninvasive techniques for the diagnosis of skin lesions. Their accuracy for amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma (AHM) has not been systematically studied. Objectives We aimed to investigate systematically the accuracy of dermoscopy and RCM and to compare the accuracy between them for diagnosing AHM. Methods We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases for eligible studies about dermoscopy, RCM and AHM from inception to 31 June 2019. The quality of the studies was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. The pooled results were calculated using a random effects model in Stata 14, Meta-DiSc, RevMan 5·3 and SAS 9·4. We also explored the sources of heterogeneity by sensitivity analysis. Results Seven studies with a total of 1111 lesions were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of dermoscopy for the diagnosis of AHM were 61% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·37–0·81] and 90% (95% CI 0·74–0·97), respectively. The corresponding respective values of RCM for the diagnosis of AHM were 67% (95% CI 0·51–0·81) and 89% (95% CI 0·86–0·92). In three studies including the performance of both RCM and dermoscopy, the relative diagnostic odds ratio of RCM over dermoscopy was 4·69 (95% CI 0·81–27·3) (P = 0·068). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that both dermoscopy and RCM offer good diagnostic accuracy with high specificity and moderate sensitivity in the diagnosis of AHM. RCM is more accurate than dermoscopy in diagnosing AHM but the comparison needs to be confirmed. What's already known about this topic? Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma (AHM) is the most lethal skin cancer. The diagnosis of AHM is a great challenge because of its nonspecific clinical manifestation. Early diagnosis can improve the prognosis. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have high diagnostic accuracy for pigmented melanoma. What does this study add? Both dermoscopy and RCM offer good diagnostic accuracy with high specificity and moderate sensitivity for AHM. RCM might be more accurate than dermoscopy for diagnosis of AHM. More research on the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy and RCM for AHM is required in support of these findings. Linked Comment: Chi. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:197.
A prospective study to assess response to neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor positive breast cancer at a regional cancer centre in South India
Authors: S. Goyal, A. Rudresha, D. Lokanatha, L.A. Jacob, S. Babu Mc, K. Lokesh, L. Rajeev, S. Smitha, A.G.F. Thottian
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2019)
Health care utilization and patient-related outcomes in patients with malignant bowel obstruction admitted to a United States safety net hospital.
Authors: Vijaya Venkatasubbaraya Pavan Kedar Vijaya Venkatasubbar Mukthinuthalapati, Aakash Putta, Ishaan Vohra, Vatsala Katiyar, Krishna Moturi, Michael Russell Mullane, Shweta Gupta
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019)

50 Background: Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) and gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) can be a late complication of intra-abdominal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Most studies about its outcomes have focused on survival. There is paucity of studies assessing health care utilization and end of life care decisions. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from the electronic medical record of patients admitted with MBO or GOO at a safety-net hospital in Chicago, US between January 2013 and December 2017. The charts were analyzed for outcomes related to end of life care and health care utilization. The outcomes were compared by across three broad treatment arms: those that received surgical intervention, those that received venting gastrostomy (VG) and those that were treated medically alone. Results: Forty-six patients were identified of which 31 were admitted with MBO. 25 (54%) of them were due to stage IV cancers. Mean age of study population was 61 years. Surgical management, VG and medical management were done in 17, 8 and 21 patients respectively. There was no difference in ICU admission rate, length of stay of index admission, 90 day-readmission rate or mean visits to the ER between the groups. Patients receiving venting gastrostomy tube had highest rate of oral solid food tolerability. Twenty-eight patients died or were enrolled in hospice within a median of 115 days. Conclusions: All modalities of treatment had similar health utilization measures in patients with MBO and GOO. Surgical management, if feasible, has the longest time to hospice enrollment or death and should be offered to patients who are suitable. [Table: see text]
Effective Novel Fto Inhibitors Show Potent Anti-Cancer Efficacy and Suppress Drug Resistance
Authors: Rui Su, Lei Dong, Yangchan Li, Li Han, Min Gao, Mark Wunderlich, Xiaolan Deng, Hongzhi Li, Lei Gao, Chenying Li, Sean Robison, Brandon Tan, Ying Qing, Xi Qin, Emily Prince, Jun Xie, Hanjun Qin, Yue Huang, Wei Li, Chao Shen, Jie Sun, Kulkarni Prakash, Hengyou Weng, Huilin Huang, Zhenhua Chen, Bin Zhang, Xiwei Wu, Mark J Olsen, Markus Müschen, Guido Marcucci, Salgia Ravi, Ling Li, Caiguang Yang, Zejuan Li, James C Mulloy, Minjie Wei, David A Horne, Jianjun Chen
Journal: Blood (2019)
Retraction Note: miR-663 attenuates tumor growth and invasiveness by targeting eEF1A2 in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Wenqiao Zang, Yuanyuan Wang, Tao Wang, Yuwen Du, Xiaonan Chen, Min Li, Guoqiang Zhao
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2019)

The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article [1] because Figure 6b overlaps with Figure 8 of [2] and Figure 4a overlaps with Figure 2b of [3].
Demolishing the great wall of biofilms in Gram‐negative bacteria: To disrupt or disperse?
Authors: Miao Yu, Song Lin Chua
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2019)

Abstract Bacterial infections lead to high morbidity and mortality globally. While current therapies against bacteria often employ antibiotics, most bacterial pathogens can form biofilms and prevent effective treatment of infections. Biofilm cells can aggregate and encased themselves in a self‐secreted protective exopolymeric matrix, to reduce the penetration by antibiotics. Biofilm formation is mediated by c‐di‐GMP signaling, the ubiquitous secondary messenger in bacteria. Synthesis of c‐di‐GMP by diguanylate cyclases leads to biofilm formation via the loss of motility, increased surface attachment, and production of biofilm matrix, whereas c‐di‐GMP degradation by phosphodiesterases causes biofilm dispersal to new sites via increased bacterial motility and matrix breakdown. The highly variable nature of biofilm development and antimicrobial tolerance imposes tremendous challenges in conventional antimicrobial therapies, indicating an imperative need to develop anti‐biofilm drugs against biofilm infections. In this review, we focus on two main emergent approaches—active dispersal and disruption. While both approaches aim to demolish biofilms, we will discuss their fundamental differences and associated methods. Active dispersal of biofilms involves signaling the bacterial cells to leave the biofilm, where resident cells ditch their sessile lifestyle, gain motility and self‐degrade their matrix. Biofilm disruption leads to direct matrix degradation that forcibly releases embedded biofilm cells. Without the protection of biofilm matrix, released bacterial cells are highly exposed to antimicrobials, leading to their eradication in biofilm infections. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches will allow optimized utility with antimicrobials in clinical settings.
Mevalonate Pathway Provides Ubiquinone to Maintain Pyrimidine Synthesis and Survival in p53-Deficient Cancer Cells Exposed to Metabolic Stress
Authors: Irem Kaymak, Carina R. Maier, Werner Schmitz, Andrew D. Campbell, Beatrice Dankworth, Carsten P. Ade, Susanne Walz, Madelon Paauwe, Charis Kalogirou, Hecham Marouf, Mathias T. Rosenfeldt, David M. Gay, Grace H. McGregor, Owen J. Sansom, Almut Schulze
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Oncogene activation and loss of tumor suppressor function changes the metabolic activity of cancer cells to drive unrestricted proliferation. Moreover, cancer cells adapt their metabolism to sustain growth and survival when access to oxygen and nutrients is restricted, such as in poorly vascularized tumor areas. We show here that p53-deficient colon cancer cells exposed to tumor-like metabolic stress in spheroid culture activated the mevalonate pathway to promote the synthesis of ubiquinone. This was essential to maintain mitochondrial electron transport for respiration and pyrimidine synthesis in metabolically compromised environments. Induction of mevalonate pathway enzyme expression in the absence of p53 was mediated by accumulation and stabilization of mature SREBP2. Mevalonate pathway inhibition by statins blocked pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis and induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in p53-deficient cancer cells in spheroid culture. Moreover, ubiquinone produced by the mevalonate pathway was essential for the growth of p53-deficient tumor organoids. In contrast, inhibition of intestinal hyperproliferation by statins in an Apc/KrasG12D-mutant mouse model was independent of
Comparative analysis of internal medicine physicians’ perspectives and attitudes when addressing palliative care needs in heart failure and cancer patients.
Authors: Vatsala Katiyar, Tiago Araujo, Ishaan Vohra, Rayli Pichardo, Vijaya Venkatasubbaraya Pavan Kedar Vijaya Venkatasubbar Mukthinuthalapati, Neha Yadav
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2019)

7 Background: Palliative care (PC) is heavily centered on patients with advanced and often incurable malignancies. Despite having a comparable symptomatic burden and worse mortality rates than some types of cancer, heart failure (HF) patients have decreased rate of palliative service referral of approximately 7%, as opposed to 48% in those with malignancies. We aim to understand the differences in the attitudes of physicians when addressing the PC needs for patients with advanced HF and malignancies. Methods: All the internal medicine residents at our institute were asked to fill out a structured paper-based questionnaire. The survey tool consisted of both Likert-type scales and open-ended questions focused on their attitude and perceptions while managing patients with advanced HF and Stage IV malignancy. Descriptive statistics and intergroup comparisons were then made for all quantifiable variables (Table). Results: Of the 137 medicine residents, 120 (87.6%) completed the survey. 70% were males and 96.6% residents were in the age group of 25-34 years. 62.5% residents had done a PC rotation prior to answering the survey and they were more comfortable in initiating goals of care (GOC) discussion for these patients. More residents were comfortable communicating the prognosis of patients with HF as compared to cancer patients irrespective of the level of training. Of the 26 residents interested in pursuing cardiology as a subspecialty, only 5 (19.2%) thought that the 5-year mortality of advanced HF ≥50%. Conclusions: Physicians often underestimate the symptom burden and mortality of HF patients and are less likely to consult PC for them. Early integration of PC in the management of HF patients is recommended and physicians need to be educated on these guidelines. [Table: see text]
HPV: WHO calls for countries to suspend vaccination of boys
Authors: Sophie Arie
Journal: BMJ (2019)

The World Health Organization is calling on countries that are vaccinating boys against the human papillomavirus (HPV) to suspend these programmes until all girls who need the vaccine can get it.

The recommendations from WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunisation (SAGE), come just months after the UK began immunising boys aged 12-13 against the virus.

“SAGE was deeply concerned that the current HPV vaccine shortage could result in failure to introduce or sustain programmes in some countries, particularly those with a high burden of cervical cancer,” the group said in WHO’s Weekly Epidemiological Record of 22 November.1

HPV causes most cases of cervical cancer and the vaccine, first introduced in the US in 2006, has proven so effective that …
Interactions between cancer cells and bone microenvironment promote bone metastasis in prostate cancer
Authors: Xiangyu Zhang
Journal: Cancer Communications (2019)

Bone metastasis is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Since the bone microenvironment plays an important role in this process, attentions have been directed to the interactions between cancer cells and the bone microenvironment, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and bone stromal cells. Here, we explained the mechanism of interactions between prostate cancer cells and metastasis-associated cells within the bone microenvironment and further discussed the recent advances in targeted therapy of prostate cancer bone metastasis. This review also summarized the effects of bone microenvironment on prostate cancer metastasis and the related mechanisms, and provides insights for future prostate cancer metastasis studies.
Pulmonary artery enlargement and mortality risk in moderate to severe COPD: results from COPDGene
Authors: David C. LaFon, Surya P. Bhatt, Wassim W. Labaki, Farbod N. Rahaghi, Matthew Moll, Russ P. Bowler, Elizabeth A. Regan, Barry J. Make, James D. Crapo, Raul San Jose Estepar, Alejandro A. Diaz, Edwin K. Silverman, MeiLan K. Han, Brian Hobbs, Michael H. Cho, George R. Washko, Mark T. Dransfield, J. Michael Wells
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2019)

<b>Pulmonary artery enlargement on chest CT imaging is independently associated with all-cause mortality in moderate–severe COPD, after adjustment for other known risk factors for COPD mortality and cardiovascular disease</b> http://bit.ly/2rdYOR1
Association between Heat Exposure and Hospitalization for Diabetes in Brazil during 2000–2015: A Nationwide Case-Crossover Study
Authors: Rongbin Xu, Qi Zhao, Micheline S.Z.S. Coelho, Paulo H.N. Saldiva, Sophia Zoungas, Rachel R. Huxley, Michael J. Abramson, Yuming Guo, Shanshan Li
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2019)

BACKGROUND: Exposure to excessive heat, which will continue to increase with climate change, is associated with increased morbidity due to a range of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).Whether this is true for diabetes is unknown.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to quantify the relationship between heat exposure and risk of hospitalization due to diabetes in Brazil.METHODS: Data on hospitalizations and weather conditions were collected from 1,814 cities during the hot seasons from 2000 to 2015.A timestratified case-crossover design was used to quantify the association between hospitalization for diabetes and heat exposure.Region-specific odds ratios (ORs) were used to calculate the attributable fractions (AFs).RESULTS: A total of 553,351 hospitalizations associated with diabetes were recorded during 2000-2015.Every 5°C increase in daily mean temperature was associated with 6% [OR = 1:06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.07] increase in hospitalization due to diabetes with lag 0-3 d.The association was greatest (OR = 1:18; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.23) in those ≥80 y of age, but did not vary by sex, and was generally consistent by region and type of diabetes.Assuming a causal association, we estimated that 7.3% (95% CI: 3.5, 10.9) of all hospitalizations due to diabetes in the hot season could be attributed to heat exposure during the study period.DISCUSSION: Short-term heat exposure may increase the burden of diabetes-related hospitalization, especially among the very elderly.As global temperatures continue to rise, this burden is likely to increase.
Heritage Diets and Culturally Appropriate Dietary Advice May Help Combat Chronic Diseases
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2019)

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Abstract 16440: Association of Particulate Matter and Incident Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Zachary Rhinehart, Ellen Kinnee, Melissa Saul, Jane Clougherty, Jared W Magnani
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiovascular risk and events. Allegheny County, PA, has an extensive industrial history with high PM2.5 air pollution levels. The ...
Distinct Evolutionary Patterns in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) during Resistance to Graft-Versus-Leukemia (GvL)
Authors: Pavan Bachireddy, Christina Ennis, Vinhkhang N Nguyen, Nikolas Barkas, Sachet Shukla, Kendell Clement, Samuel Freeman, Satyen H Gohil, Natalie Bavli, Liudmila Elagina, Ignaty Leshchiner, Jennifer R. Brown, Gad Getz, Vincent T. Ho, Donna S Neuberg, Robert J. Soiffer, Jerome Ritz, Edwin P. Alyea, Peter Kharchenko, Catherine J. Wu
Journal: Blood (2019)
Systematic review of microRNA biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Amanpreet Kaur, Sharon T Mackin, Kenny Schlosser, Fui Lin Wong, Malik Elharram, Christian Delles, Duncan J Stewart, Natalie Dayan, Tara Landry, Louise Pilote
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2019)

Abstract The aim of this systematic review was to assess dysregulated miRNA biomarkers in coronary artery disease (CAD). Dysregulated microRNA (miRNAs) have been shown to be linked to cardiovascular pathologies including CAD and may have utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We compared miRNAs identified in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) compared with stable CAD and control populations. We conducted a systematic search of controlled vocabulary and free text terms related to ACS, stable CAD and miRNA in Biosis Previews (OvidSP), The Cochrane Library (Wiley), Embase (OvidSP), Global Health (OvidSP), Medline (PubMed and OvidSP), Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), and ClinicalTrials.gov which yielded 7370 articles. Of these, 140 original articles were appropriate for data extraction. The most frequently reported miRNAs in any CAD (miR-1, miR-133a, miR-208a/b, and miR-499) are expressed abundantly in the heart and play crucial roles in cardiac physiology. In studies comparing ACS cases with stable CAD patients, miR-21, miR-208a/b, miR-133a/b, miR-30 family, miR-19, and miR-20 were most frequently reported to be dysregulated in ACS. While a number of miRNAs feature consistently across studies in their expression in both ACS and stable CAD, when compared with controls, certain miRNAs were reported as biomarkers specifically in ACS (miR-499, miR-1, miR-133a/b, and miR-208a/b) and stable CAD (miR-215, miR-487a, and miR-502). Thus, miR-21, miR-133, and miR-499 appear to have the most potential as biomarkers to differentiate the diagnosis of ACS from stable CAD, especially miR-499 which showed a correlation between the level of their concentration gradient and myocardial damage. Although these miRNAs are potential diagnostic biomarkers, these findings should be interpreted with caution as the majority of studies conducted predefined candidate-driven assessments of a limited number of miRNAs (PROSPERO registration: CRD42017079744).
RASSF1A and SCGB3A1 are common target genes for promoter hypermethylation in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
Authors: Stine Danielsen, Guro Lind, Eva van den Berg, Matthias Kolberg, Fredrik Mertens, Ragnhild Lothe
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

2875  Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas that arise from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves. Half of all MPNSTs are sporadic cases whereas the other half arises in individuals with the autosomal, dominant genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The molecular biology underlying the development of these tumors remains mostly unknown, but inactivation of the protein neurofibromin, encoded by the NF1-gene, is believed to be an early event leading to tumor formation. During the last decade, epigenetic changes have been frequently reported in cancer and are now recognized to be at least as common as genetic changes. Only limited knowledge exists regarding DNA promoter hypermethylation changes in MPNSTs. In the present study, we report the promoter methylation status of two suppressor genes, RASSF1A and SCGB3A1, which are known to be commonly hypermethylated in other cancer types. The genes were analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in a series of thirty-two MPNSTs, with (n=21) or without (n=11) a known family history of NF1. RASSF1A was found hypermethylated in 14/30 cases (47%), and SCGB3A1, which to our knowledge has not been previously investigated in MPNSTs, was found hypermethylated in 15/31 cases (48%). Furthermore, the presence of DNA hypermethylation seemed to be more common in cases with the hereditary disease NF1 than among the sporadic cases, although not statistically significant.  Seventy-two % of the MPNSTs harbored promoter hypermethylation of either RASSF1A, an effector of RAS signaling, or SCGB3A1, an inhibitor of Akt signaling, suggesting that epigenetic changes of these components contribute to the etiology of this disease.
Accuracy of core biopsy in predicting pathologic complete response in the breast in patients with complete/near complete clinical and radiological response (Complete Responders in the Breast – CRBr): A feasibility study
Authors: N. Hariharan, T.S. Rao, S. Rajappa, C.C.K. Naidu, K.V.V.N. Raju, V. Koppula, R. Sudhir, S. Murthy, S. Kodandapani, D. Fonseca
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2019)