tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of sensory polyneuropathy
Authors: Kelly Graham Gwathmey, Kathleen T Pearson
Journal: BMJ (2019)

Abstract Sensory polyneuropathies, which are caused by dysfunction of peripheral sensory nerve fibers, are a heterogeneous group of disorders that range from the common diabetic neuropathy to the rare sensory neuronopathies. The presenting symptoms, acuity, time course, severity, and subsequent morbidity vary and depend on the type of fiber that is affected and the underlying cause. Damage to small thinly myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers results in neuropathic pain, whereas damage to large myelinated sensory afferents results in proprioceptive deficits and ataxia. The causes of these disorders are diverse and include metabolic, toxic, infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and genetic conditions. Idiopathic sensory polyneuropathies are common although they should be considered a diagnosis of exclusion. The diagnostic evaluation involves electrophysiologic testing including nerve conduction studies, histopathologic analysis of nerve tissue, serum studies, and sometimes autonomic testing and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. The treatment of these diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include immunotherapy, mitigation of risk factors, symptomatic treatment, and gene therapy, such as the recently developed RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotide therapies for transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy. Many of these disorders have no directed treatment, in which case management remains symptomatic and supportive. More research is needed into the underlying pathophysiology of nerve damage in these polyneuropathies to guide advances in treatment.
Chaotic itinerancy: Insufficient perceptual evidence
Authors: Leslie M. Kay
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Chaotic itinerancy is useful for illustrating transitions in attractor dynamics seen in the olfactory system. Cantor coding is a good model for information processing, but so far it lacks perceptual proof. The theories presented provide a large step toward bridging the use of chaos as an interpretive tool and hard examination of chaotic neural activity during perception.
Abstract ES2-1: The EMT and metastasis controversy: Where things stand in 2018
Authors: H Ford
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract A pubmed search for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis brings up almost 9000 papers, the vast majority which provide a positive link between this developmental process, which is hijacked by many tumor cells, and tumor progression. As the field has evolved, it has become apparent that there is not a “one size fits all” definition for EMT, and that the process is instead plastic, with epithelial and mesenchymal states being on the far left and right ends of a continuum where cells can exist in various intermediate states. How do these different intermediate states contribute to metastasis, if they do at all? And do these EMT cancer cells work in isolation, or do they form part of a cooperative network of heterogeneous tumor cells, together facilitating the metastatic process? In this talk, I will discuss the controversy around whether and how EMT is involved in the metastatic process, and the significant progress that we and other labs across the country have made in understanding its role in, and contribution to, the metastatic cascade. Citation Format: Ford H. The EMT and metastasis controversy: Where things stand in 2018 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES2-1.
Implications of the dynamic nature of metabolic health status and obesity on risk of incident cardiovascular events and mortality: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Yun Kyung Cho, Yu Mi Kang, Jee Hee Yoo, Jiwoo Lee, Joong-Yeol Park, Woo Je Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Chang Hee Jung
Journal: Metabolism (2019)
The Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Greg Hajcak, Julia Klawohn, Alexandria Meyer
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2019)

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Guidelines for Secondary Solid Cancers Among HSCT Recipients
Authors: Maria Vasco, Claudio Napoli
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2019)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Oncology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Oncology journal
Who teaches the teachers?
Authors: Anika Singanayagam
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Most clinical learning opportunities for medical students come sporadically while on the wards or in theatre. Students are always grateful when a doctor takes time to offer teaching. We all understand that busy doctors’ rotas do not schedule much time for teaching commitments.

We have all felt that frustration of hanging around on the ward or in theatre for someone to even acknowledge you, let alone teach you. It can feel like a waste of your time, and you feel you are in the way. Why do doctors …
Abstract P4-01-13: Molecular characterization of circulating tumor DNA in Chinese metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients
Authors: J Yu, H Li, S Zhang, A Wang, Z Zhao, X-R Liu
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have been increasingly used as a minimal invasive test to detect genomic alterations of cancer patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of blood samples from mBC patients (pts) collected at baseline, on-treatment, and disease progression. A highly sensitive, plasma-derived ctDNA-based NGS assay (PredicinePLUS, a comprehensive 180 key cancer gene panel) was used to detect somatic mutations and copy number variations in ctDNA with an in-house propriety algorithm. Results: In this study, we evaluated 162 blood samples from 109 mBC pts who underwent systematic therapy at Beijing Cancer Hospital with approval from Research Ethics Committee. 129 samples from 92 pts passed NGS quality check, and were included in the analysis. Among these pts, the percent of HR+, HER2+ and Triple-Negative pts is 36.8%, 29.5% and 31.5%, respectively. About 86% samples contain somatic mutations and/or copy number variations. Collectively, 372 somatic mutations (SNV and Indels) were detected on 76 genes, among which TP53 (44.2%), PIK3CA (25.3%), BRCA2(10.5%) and ATM (10.5%) were frequently altered with frequency varying across different subtypes. ESR1 hotspot mutations ((D538G and Y537S/N/C) were also detected in a subset of HR+ patients. Copy number gain or loss was detected on 32 genes, including amplification of ERBB2, PIK3CA, FGFR1 and deletion of CDKN2A, ATM, RB1 etc. Importantly, ERBB2 copy number amplifications were only detected in HER2 IHC positive cases for base-line samples, leading to 68% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Interestingly, ctDNA yield increased as disease progressed, suggesting ctDNA yield may serve as a potential biomarker for predicting treatment response and monitoring disease progression. Additional genomic alterations that change dynamically along with the course of treatment or associate with drug response and/or resistance were also identified. Conclusions: This study demonstrated ctDNA-based genomic analysis was highly sensitive and specific in detecting various genomic alterations, consistent with other published studies. It also suggests that HER2 copy number amplification could be robustly assessed in a non-invasive manner. Citation Format: Yu J, Li H, Zhang S, Wang A, Zhao Z, Liu X-R. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor DNA in Chinese metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-13.
Immune Cell Infiltration May Be a Key Determinant of Long-Term Survival in Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Prasuna Muppa, Simone Barreto Siqueira Parrilha Terra, Anurag Sharma, Aaron S. Mansfield, Marie-Christine Aubry, Kaustubh Bhinge, Michael K. Asiedu, Mariza de Andrade, Nafiseh Janaki, Stephen J. Murphy, Aqsa Nasir, Virginia Van Keulen, George Vasmatzis, Dennis A. Wigle, Ping Yang, Eunhee S. Yi, Tobias Peikert, Farhad Kosari
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2019)

IntroductionAlthough most patients with SCLC die within a few months of diagnosis, a subgroup of patients survive for many years. Factors determining long-term survivorship remain largely unknown. We present the first comprehensive comparative genomic and tumor microenvironment analyses of SCLC between patients with long-term survivorship and patients with the expected survivorship.MethodsWe compared surgically resected tumors of 23 long-term SCLC survivors (survival >4 years) and 18 SCLC survivors with the expected survival time (survival ≤2 years). There were no significant differences in clinical variables, including TNM staging and curative- versus non–curative-intent surgery between the groups. Gene expression profiling was performed by using microarrays, and tumor microenvironment analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry of prominent immune-related markers.ResultsImmune-related genes and pathways represented the majority of the differentially overexpressed genes in long-term survivorship compared with in expected survivorship. The differences in the immunological tumor microenvironment were confirmed by quantitative immunostaining. Increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating and associated lymphocytes were present throughout tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC. Several differentiating patterns of enhanced antitumor immunity were identified. Although some areas of the tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC also harbored higher numbers of suppressive immune cells (monocytes, regulatory lymphocytes, and macrophages), the ratios of these suppressive cells to CD3-positive lymphocytes were generally lower in the tumors of long-term survivors of SCLC, indicating a less tumor-suppressive microenvironment.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that long-term survivorship of patients with SCLC is strongly influenced by the presence of the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Characterization of the antitumor immune responses may identify opportunities for individualized immunotherapies for SCLC.
Is the academic foundation programme right for me?
Authors: Caroline Elton
Journal: BMJ (2015)

I’ve applied for the academic foundation programme and I’m waiting to hear whether or not I have been successful. Since applying, I have started to question if going down the academic pathway is right for me. I didn’t enjoy my intercalated degree year that much, and found writing up my research dissertation in physiology stressful. The timescale for responding once the offers are out is tight and I am unsure what to do.

Anon, final year medical student, King’s College London

Caroline replies . . .

As a medical undergraduate it can come as a bit of a shock when, after five or six years of medical school, you are faced with a big career decision that you think will define your future. You mention that you are questioning whether the academic pathway is right for you, but the source of this anxiety could stem from your lack of familiarity with making major career decisions, rather than your suitability for the academic foundation programme.

Some people find making major decisions difficult. Often, this difficulty comes from an anxiety that they will make the wrong decision and lose the opportunity to do something else that …
Medical devices: FDA ends secret reporting system that hid failures
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2019)

The US Food and Drug Administration has announced that it will end the “alternative summary reporting” programme that has allowed millions of injuries caused by medical devices to escape public notice over the past two decades.

Much of the information that has been concealed from public view by the programme will be published within weeks, the agency said.

The programme itself went largely unnoticed for years, until it was unearthed by a Kaiser Health News investigation that reported its findings in March.1 This took “months of questions to the FDA,” Kaiser reported, before the FDA confirmed the existence of reporting exemption programmes and the thousands of incidents listed on secret databases, which in some cases were not shared with FDA expert advisory panels that review devices’ safety.

Even …
Abstract P1-08-24: Conditional survival of breast cancer patients: Korean nationwide registry
Authors: S-Y Jung, K-W Jung, Y-J Won, Y Kwon, J Ha, YA Kim, S-Y Kong, ES Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Purpose: Conditional relative survival (CRS) could provide more relevant information on the current prognosis of cancer survivors than standard 5-year relative survival (RS). This study aimed to estimate the 5-year CRS of Korean breast cancer patients. Patients and Methods: We identified 145,083 breast cancer cases with diagnosis between 2002 and 2013 in the Korea Central Cancer Registry. The CRS was estimated for every year after diagnosis, according to sex, age, histologic types, stage, and year of diagnosis. Results: The 5-year RS at diagnosis was 90.8% and 10-year RS was 85.7%. Five-year CRS was 91.0% and 94.3% at 1-year and 5-year after diagnosis. Women had better 5-year CRS than men after 5 years of survival (94.3% vs. 79.5%), and very young and very old patients had worse 5-year CRS after 5 years of survival than other age groups (92.2% in &amp;lt;40yr, 92.6% in ≥70yr vs. 95.4% in 40-49, 94.3% in 50-59, and 93.7% in 60-69, relatively). In histologic types, CRS of metaplastic carcinoma has improved from 82.0% to 95.2%, compared to CRS of lobular carcinoma (from 93.1% to 92.5%). Hardly any excess mortality (5-year CRS ≥ 95%) was seen since 7 years after diagnosis. There was hardly any excess mortality at 5 years of survival, for the patients with 40-49 years (95.4%), with localized disease (97.8%), and with metaplastic carcinoma (95.2%). Conclusion: This study showed that CRS of breast cancer survivors in Korea has been improved, which varied by sex, age, stage, and histologic types. These CRS analysis could provide a more detailed information for survival to breast cancer survivors and clinicians. Citation Format: Jung S-Y, Jung K-W, Won Y-J, Kwon Y, Ha J, Kim YA, Kong S-Y, Lee ES. Conditional survival of breast cancer patients: Korean nationwide registry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-24.
Can Exercise-Induced Modulation of the Tumor Physiologic Microenvironment Improve Antitumor Immunity?
Authors: Xiaojie Zhang, Kathleen A. Ashcraft, Allison Betof Warner, Smita K. Nair, Mark W. Dewhirst
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

The immune system plays an important role in controlling cancer growth. However, cancers evolve to evade immune detection. Immune tolerance and active immune suppression results in unchecked cancer growth and progression. A major contributor to immune tolerance is the tumor physiologic microenvironment, which includes hypoxia, hypoglucosis, lactosis, and reduced pH. Preclinical and human studies suggest that exercise elicits mobilization of leukocytes into circulation (also known as "exercise-induced leukocytosis"), especially cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. However, the tumor physiologic microenvironment presents a significant barrier for these cells to enter the tumor and, once there, properly function. We hypothesize that the effect of exercise on the immune system's ability to control cancer growth is linked to how exercise affects the tumor physiologic microenvironment. Normalization of the microenvironment by exercise may promote more efficient innate and adaptive immunity within the tumor. This review summarizes the current literature supporting this hypothesis.
Abstract 1582: Identification of BCAR genes relevant for breast cancer progression and endocrine therapy resistance
Authors: Ton Van Agthoven, Jos Veldscholte, Anieta Sieuwerts, Marcel Smid, Marion E Meijer-Van Gelder, Maxime P Look, John A Foekens, Lambert C. J. Dorssers
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Endocrine therapy of breast cancer is effective and widely applied. In advanced disease, about half of the patients will experience a clinical benefit from tamoxifen treatment, but ultimately the disease will progress into a resistant phenotype. The molecular basis of this general failure of endocrine therapy is not understood yet. Although gene expression profiling experiments provide gene lists to identify patients who may benefit from specific treatments, these genes mostly do not define the underlying molecular mechanisms. We have executed a functional screen for the identification of BCAR genes causing anti-estrogen resistance in a human breast cancer model and evaluated their role in a large breast cancer cohort. Estrogen-dependent ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells were subjected to insertion mutagenesis with replication-defective retroviruses and selected for proliferation in the presence of 4-hydroxy tamoxifen. In our panel of 79 tamoxifen-resistant cell lines, the target genes of the retroviruses have been identified and were functionally tested following transfection into ZR-75-1 cells. Seven BCAR genes (AKT1, AKT2, BCAR1, BCAR3, EGFR, GRB7 and TRERF1) causing the tamoxifen-resistant phenotype were identified. Furthermore, additional putative BCAR genes and loci have been pinpointed. To determine the relevance of the identified genes in clinical breast cancer, we have studied 561 estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancers for tumor aggressiveness and tamoxifen therapy resistance. Quantitative RT-PCR of ten genes was performed to measure the tumor mRNA levels. The endpoint for tumor aggressiveness was metastasis-free survival (MFS) of a cohort of lymph node-negative patients. Therapy resistance was evaluated in a group of patients treated with tamoxifen as first-line therapy for recurrent disease and the endpoint of this analysis was progression-free survival (PFS). Statistically significant associations with MFS were found for AKT2, EGFR, TLE3 and TRERF1 mRNA levels. In multivariate analyses including the traditional prognostic factors, AKT2, EGFR and TRERF1 were independent prognostic factors for MFS and thus are associated with tumor aggressiveness. In the analyses of PFS, mRNA levels of BCAR3, ERBB2, GRB7, TLE3 and TRERF1 were associated with the duration of clinical benefit of tamoxifen therapy, independently of the classical predictive factors. Our functional screen identified a set of clinically relevant BCAR genes offering insight in the molecular and cellular pathways of breast tumor aggressiveness and tamoxifen resistance, and thereby provides novel targets for personalized treatment and prevention strategies. Supported by the Dutch Cancer Society, the Susan G Komen Breast Cancer Foundation and the Association for International Cancer Research.
Abstract P3-03-13: Not presented
Authors: Y Liang, X Chen, W Zhan, J Yao, J Wu, O Huang, J He, L Zhu, Y Li, W Chen, K Shen
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Liang Y, Chen X, Zhan W, Yao J, Wu J, Huang O, He J, Zhu L, Li Y, Chen W, Shen K. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-13.
A man with radiating loin pain
Authors: Rebecca Nicholas, John Henderson, Neil Haldar
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A 30 year old man presented to the emergency department with severe loin pain. He felt it throughout the right side of his abdomen radiating to the groin, and it was associated with nausea and vomiting clear fluid. The pain “came in waves” but never fully resolved. He had not felt pain like it before and scored it 10/10 in terms of pain severity.

He was usually fit and well and was not taking regular medications. He last ate the previous evening with his wife, who was well, and his bowels were working normally. His history included appendicectomy when he was a child.

Observations showed he was afebrile (36.5°C), tachycardic (pulse rate 110 beats/min), and had normal blood pressure and oxygen saturation readings. On examination he was in pain and found it difficult to lie still. His abdomen was mildly tender on deep palpation of the right flank and iliac fossa. He had no rebound tenderness, bowel sounds were normal, and testicular and rectal examination were normal. He last took paracetamol an hour before presenting to the emergency department, which had not helped the pain. Urinalysis revealed …