Testing COVID-19 therapies to prevent progression of mild disease
Authors: Marc Lipsitch, Stanley Perlman, Matthew K Waldor
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2020)

A randomised controlled trial1Cao B Wang Y Wen D et al.A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19.N Engl J Med. 2020; (published online March 18.)DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282Crossref Scopus (3844) Google Scholar found no significant benefit of lopinavir-ritonavir over placebo in patients with severe corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Even though lopinavir-ritonavir might not be efficacious in cases of severe COVID-19, we postulate that similar treatments to these antivirals, which also effectively inhibit viral replication, will be more effective in preventing disease progression if used to treat mild disease than if used to treat severe disease. We encourage randomised trials to assess antiviral drugs for the treatment of mild COVID-19. Similar to influenza, we propose that antiviral drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are probably most effective if administered soon after symptom onset, when viral replication is likely to be an important driver of pathogenesis. For example, oseltamivir has shown benefits over placebo in patients with influenza if administered less than 48 h after the onset of symptoms. By contrast, administration of this influenza neuraminidase inhibitor more than 48 h after symptom onset showed no significant benefit over placebo. Likewise, baloxavir, which targets the cap-dependent endonuclease, was more effective when given to patients with influenza within 24 h of symptom onset than when given to patients after 24 h of symptom onset.2Hayden FG Sugaya N Hirotsu N et al.Baloxavir marboxil for uncomplicated influenza in adults and adolescents.N Engl J Med. 2018; 379: 913-923Crossref PubMed Scopus (575) Google Scholar For COVID-19, viral load appears to be maximal near the time of symptom onset,3To KK-W Tsang OT-Y Leung W-S et al.Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; (published online March 23.)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2309) Google Scholar providing a rationale for the probable importance of early control of viral replication. Moreover, an analysis of COVID-19 symptom progression indicated that hospitalisation occurs a mean of 5 days after symptom onset, and deterioration to a severe status might occur more than 5 days after symptom onset. Therefore, there is a potential treatment window in which intervention could prevent the progression of disease. Conversely, critically ill patients can show signs of an exuberant inflammatory response,4Huang C Wang Y Li X et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; 395: 497-506Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (32861) Google Scholar which might not depend on viral replication once initiated. Since severe manifestations of COVID-19, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, often manifest many days after symptom onset, treatments that are highly effective in controlling viral replication could nonetheless show modest or no benefits in treating severe disease. Although treatments for severe illness are desperately needed, we should not lose sight of the benefits of early treatments for mild infection that could prevent serious complications. Such an indication, if proven, could reduce requirements for admission to hospital and intensive care units and provide benefit to a large number of people, especially in resource-limited settings, where hospital capacity is already limited and might therefore be unavailable to patients with severe illness. One modelling study5Kissler S Tedijanto C Goldstein E Grad Y Lipsitch M Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the post-pandemic period.Science. 2020; (published online April 14.)DOI: 10.1126/science.abb5793Crossref PubMed Scopus (1662) Google Scholar suggested that a therapy that reduces progression to critical disease could reduce the need for physical distancing and hasten the development of herd immunity, thereby achieving the same benefits as increased intensive care unit capacity, while preventing more critical cases. Assessing the prevention of mild disease progression after the initiation of antiviral therapy is a valuable endpoint for clinical trials, but has not been the focus of most studies. The WHO Solidarity trials enrol hospitalised patients, many of whom will have been infected for some time. At the time of writing, we are aware of only one trial focused on mild illness (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04307693). We propose that obtaining evidence from randomised controlled trials for the treatment of mild COVID-19 should become an imperative for ongoing research. ML reports personal fees from Merck unrelated to the submitted work. SP and MKW declare no competing interests. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort studyPosterior oropharyngeal saliva samples are a non-invasive specimen more acceptable to patients and health-care workers. Unlike severe acute respiratory syndrome, patients with COVID-19 had the highest viral load near presentation, which could account for the fast-spreading nature of this epidemic. This finding emphasises the importance of stringent infection control and early use of potent antiviral agents, alone or in combination, for high-risk individuals. Serological assay can complement RT-qPCR for diagnosis. Full-Text PDF