tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Through a glass clearly: Nigel Davies
Authors: Anurag Garg
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Nigel Davies is a consultant ophthalmologist

Biography—Nigel Davies has an undergraduate physics degree from Oxford University and studied medicine at the Royal London Medical School. He undertook ophthalmic training in the North Thames region including Moorfields Eye Hospital and completed a PhD at Imperial College investigating visual dysfunction in diabetic eye disease. He is a consultant ophthalmologist and lead clinician at the Chelsea & Westminster Hospital Eye Unit. His areas of interest include problems with the retina caused by diabetes and other vascular diseases.

Ophthalmology is a fantastic specialty, principally because it involves a bit of medicine and a bit of surgery. You spend half your time in theatre and the other half in clinic. You see everybody from premature babies to people who are over 100. On the whole, you can also do a lot to help people out—vision is our primary sense. It is also an interesting specialty . . . the visual system is a …
Return to the Sea, Get Huge, Beat Cancer: An Analysis of Cetacean Genomes Including an Assembly for the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Authors: Marc Tollis, Jooke Robbins, Andrew E Webb, Lukas F K Kuderna, Aleah F Caulin, Jacinda D Garcia, Martine Bèrubè, Nader Pourmand, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Mary J O’Connell, Per J Palsbøll, Carlo C Maley
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2019)

Abstract Cetaceans are a clade of highly specialized aquatic mammals that include the largest animals that have ever lived. The largest whales can have ∼1,000× more cells than a human, with long lifespans, leaving them theoretically susceptible to cancer. However, large-bodied and long-lived animals do not suffer higher risks of cancer mortality than humans—an observation known as Peto’s Paradox. To investigate the genomic bases of gigantism and other cetacean adaptations, we generated a de novo genome assembly for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) and incorporated the genomes of ten cetacean species in a comparative analysis. We found further evidence that rorquals (family Balaenopteridae) radiated during the Miocene or earlier, and inferred that perturbations in abundance and/or the interocean connectivity of North Atlantic humpback whale populations likely occurred throughout the Pleistocene. Our comparative genomic results suggest that the evolution of cetacean gigantism was accompanied by strong selection on pathways that are directly linked to cancer. Large segmental duplications in whale genomes contained genes controlling the apoptotic pathway, and genes inferred to be under accelerated evolution and positive selection in cetaceans were enriched for biological processes such as cell cycle checkpoint, cell signaling, and proliferation. We also inferred positive selection on genes controlling the mammalian appendicular and cranial skeletal elements in the cetacean lineage, which are relevant to extensive anatomical changes during cetacean evolution. Genomic analyses shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying cetacean traits, including gigantism, and will contribute to the development of future targets for human cancer therapies.
Abstract P2-14-23: Successful intraoperative margin assessment in DCIS and invasive breast cancer with diffuison-weighted MRI using the Clearsight™ system
Authors: M Thill, K Kelling, V van Haasteren, L Traub, J Nölke, I Szwarcfiter, M Shapiro, A Schon, S Aulmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Aim Aim of our study is to evaluate the performance of the ClearSight™ system (ClearCut Medical, Ltd.) in assessing surgical margins for DCIS and IBC in breast conserving surgery Material and Methods The ClearSight™ system utilizes a diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI) protocol to create 2D surface maps showing T2*, a MR parameter related to the tissue's apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), with a depth penetration of 1.5mm. ADC is a highly accurate differentiator for irregular versus normal tissue. From November 2017 a prospective, blinded post marketing study (N=63), evaluating the performance of the ClearSight™ system has been conducted in the Breast Centre at the Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt, Germany. After standard evaluation with ultrasound and/or X-ray, the specimens were scanned with the ClearSight™ system, and results were compared with the final histopathology results on a margin per margin bases, applying a simple T2* threshold to flag irregular tissue. Results Breast specimens' margins from 60 patients were analyzed. Pursuant to the breast conserving surgery (BCS), 348 margins were scanned by the ClearSight™ system. A rigid T2* threshold comparison with the pathology findings resulted in a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 84%. Accuracy for invasive and in-situ cancers was found to be similar for tissues scanned within one hour after excision. After that sensitivity for DCIS started to drop and was found to be 56% after 2 hours. Further accuracy improvements can be achieved if the reading physician is free to apply an intuitive diffusion map interpretation rather than adhere to a fixed threshold. Conclusion The data suggest that ClearSightTM can reduce excision rates by a robust 80% if the excised breast tissue is scanned within one hour. Tissue drying impacts sensitivity for DCIS negatively. Free map interpretation leads to better results than a fixed threshold. Citation Format: Thill M, Kelling K, van Haasteren V, Traub L, Nölke J, Szwarcfiter I, Shapiro M, Schon A, Aulmann S. Successful intraoperative margin assessment in DCIS and invasive breast cancer with diffuison-weighted MRI using the Clearsight™ system [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-23.
Abstract P3-08-02: Withdrawn
Authors: K Harano, Y Wang, H Masuda, B Lim, N Parinyanitikul, H-J Lee, RS Seitz, SW Morris, DB Bailey, DR Hout, A Rao, A Lucci, D Tripathy, S Krishnamurthy, NT Ueno
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Harano K, Wang Y, Masuda H, Lim B, Parinyanitikul N, Lee H-J, Seitz RS, Morris SW, Bailey DB, Hout DR, Rao A, Lucci A, Tripathy D, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-02.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transjejunal drainage of an obstructed afferent loop using a novel lumen-apposing metal stent
Authors: Sundeep Lakhtakia, Radhika Chavan, Jahangeer Basha, Zaheer Nabi, Rajesh Gupta, D. Nageshwar Reddy
Journal: Endoscopy (2019)

A 65-year-old man presented with jaundice, intermittent fever, and abdominal pain for 3 weeks. He had undergone distal gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy for benign gastric outlet obstruction 40 years previously. His laboratory parameters were as follows: hemoglobin 10.8 g/dL, total leukocyte count 12 700 cells/mm3, bilirubin 5 mg/dL (direct 3.6 mg/dL), serum albumin 2.5 g/dL, alkaline phosphatase 568 IU/L (normal 120), and serum lipase 698 U/L (normal 50). A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen showed a grossly dilated afferent limb with dilated common bile duct and pancreatic duct along with peripancreatic fat stranding ([Fig. 1]). He received antibiotics along with supportive care. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was not technically feasible because of the surgically altered anatomy. Passage of an endoscope and accessories deep into the afferent loop failed because of the twisted bowel. He therefore underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage of the afferent limb using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) ([Video 1]).
Entrance exams explained
Authors: Phillipa Brothwood
Journal: BMJ (2015)

When applying to medical school you will face entrance exams. Most medical schools require you sit these additional exams to be considered for their courses. The exams are often a cause for concern among applicants because of their unusual topics and questions and the fact that they can be taken only once during an admission cycle, which increases the pressure to succeed. Although some concerns are valid, with focused preparation getting a high score is more than achievable.

UK medical schools use two main entrance exams for undergraduate entry. The most widely used is the UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT), followed by the BioMedical Admissions Test (BMAT). This article will discuss how these exams are used by medical schools and will aim to demystify the entrance exam process, giving you the knowledge to succeed. In two further articles in this series we will look at the types of questions used in the exams.

Entry into medicine is highly competitive and medical schools find it hard to differentiate between candidates on the basis of grades, their UCAS application, and interviews. An entrance exam is used as another tool to help select the most suitable candidates. The undergraduate entrance exam requirements for each university are shown in box 1. The purpose of entrance exams is to test applicants’ aptitude for skills needed in medicine, such as interpreting complex data and pattern identification. The key dates for UKCAT and BMAT for entry in 2017 are below: 

UKCAT 2017 dates 

-You can sit the UKCAT between 3 July and 3 October 2017 

-Registration to book your test opens at 9am on 2 May and closes at 5pm on 19 September 2017 

-Visit the UKCAT Website for more information. 

BMAT 2017 dates 

-The September exam (for all medical schools that …
Abstract 16551: Expert Adjudication of Active Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis Improves Guideline Recommended Oral Anticoagulation Use in High Risk Patients
Authors: Gerald V Naccarelli, Mauricio G Sendra Ferrer, Thomas W Abendroth, Douglas Leslie, Deborah L Wolbrette, Soraya M Samii, Sarah K Hussain, Mario D Gonzalez, Jonh van Harskamp, Barbara Bentz, Dena Jefferson, Frendy D Glansser, Susan Craft, Gregory caputo
Journal: Circulation (2017)

Introduction: Guidelines recommend oral anticoagulants (OAC) in high risk atrial fibrillation (HRAF) patients with CHA2DS2VASc ≥2. However, >40% of such patients are not taking an OAC. We observed ...
PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY (POEM) FOR ACHALASIA: A EUROPEAN MULTICENTER SURVEY ABOUT CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors: JM Gonzalez, M Pioche, J Jacques, G Vanbiervliet, E Chabrun, J Rivory, J Privat, T Wallenhorst, J Branche, G Rahmi, V Lépilliez, S Leblanc, A Charachon, C Guarner Aguilar, E Fedorov, E Albeniz, A Smirnov, J Devière, S Seewald, P Bhandari, V Vitton, M Barthet
Journal: Endoscopy (2019)

POEM is an established treatment for achalasia. However, the peri-operative management remain heterogeneous. Thus, we propose this survey was to assess the clinical practice in various European expert centers.
Abstract 12742: Myocardial Infarct Size and Sex-Related Angiographic Differences in MINOCA (Myocardial Infarction in Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease)
Authors: Hassan Alkhawam, Tarek Helmy, Fadi Ghrair, Erfanul Saker, Aisha Amin, Sara Shahid, Preetham Muskula, Joseph Lieber, Elsayed Abo-Salem, Timothy J Vittorio, Bernard R Chaitman
Journal: Circulation (2018)

Introduction: MINOCA (Myocardial Infarction in non-obstructive coronary artery disease) is a recently described infarct subtype. There are few data that examine CAD (Coronary artery disease), exten...
Abstract P6-03-06: Androgen supplementation in patient derived xenografts in androgen receptor positive breast cancer to increase engraftment and growth rate
Authors: VII Kiver, A Wulf-Goldenberg, PS Jurmeister, C Schweiger, O Gorea, J Hoffmann, C Denkert, U Keilholz, C Liedtke, J-U Blohmer
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background: The European fund for regional development (EFRE) supported Precision Oncology and Personalized Therapy Prediction (POP) Project is establishing preclinical models to further the development of personalized therapy options. In the subgroup breast cancer the current goal is to increase the growth and engraftment rates of breast cancer patient derived xenografts (PDX) models. Methods: Breast cancer patients of the Department of Gynecology with Breast Center Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany are recruited since May 2017. In total 29 tissue samples were collected and included so far. Treatment naive and treatment refractory patients, tripple negative breast cancer (TNBC), hormone receptor positive (HR+) and Her2 postivie tumors, primary disease, recurrence or metastasis are sampled. Fresh tumor tissue is extracted via surgery or biopsy. The materials are then implanted into female immunodeficient NOG mice. To establish PDX models for HR+ breast cancer the mice received estrogen supplementation. To increase engraftment and growth rates androgen receptor (AR) testing and subsequently androgen replacement was started since April 2018. Up to date, 6 new samples have been collected. One HR+ and two TNBC samples tested also positive for AR. These samples are currently in passage 0 (p0) and are now supplied with androgens to increase engraftment and growth rate. One already established AR+ TNBC PDX is being regrown with androgen supplementation to compare growth rates. Results: Out of the initial 23 tissue samples ten (six HR+ and four TNBC) have been able to be engrafted into PDX mice. The TNBC PDX models are one in p1, one in p2, one in p3 and one is being tested with systemic therapy. Engraftment time in p1 were between 19 and 97 days. Growth time to passagable size between 21 and 112 days. The HR+ PDX models are four in p1 and two in p2. Engraftment time in p1 was between 26 and 123 days. Growth time to passagable size has been achieved in 2 HR+ PDX within 17 to 48 days. The engraftment/growth rates and times of the androgen supplemented PDX models will be presented. Conclusion: Breast cancer growths in humans slowly and this is also the case in the PDX models. To achieve faster growth and higher engraftment rates androgen supplementation in AR+ breast cancer might be an additional enhancive factor. Citation Format: Kiver VII, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Jurmeister PS, Schweiger C, Gorea O, Hoffmann J, Denkert C, Keilholz U, Liedtke C, Blohmer J-U. Androgen supplementation in patient derived xenografts in androgen receptor positive breast cancer to increase engraftment and growth rate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-06.
Abstract P1-13-04: Efficacy of adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil in residual HER2-negative breast cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: N Owusu-Brackett, S Scott, E Yuca, KW Evans, C Tapia, F Meric-Bernstam
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background: Patients with residual disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy have an increased risk of relapse. Recently the CREATE-X trial demonstrated that adjuvant capecitabine (oral prodrug of 5'deoxy-5-fluorouridine), prolonged disease-free survival and overall survival among patients with HER2-negative breast cancer who had residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy containing anthracycline, taxane, or both. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from residual tumors resistant to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Antitumor efficacy of 5-FU was assessed in vivo in three PDXs varying in hormone receptor status (0, 4% and 11% respectively), generated from residual tumors of primary breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy containing anthracycline, and taxanes. In addition, significance of timing of therapy was also assessed, comparing efficacy of initiating treatment upon implantation (immediate start cohort; mimicking treating residual disease with adjuvant therapy), with initiating treatment upon establishment of PDX (standard start cohort). Results: 5-FU was efficacious in established PDX models that are triple negative (0% ER; p&amp;lt; 0.0001), low ER positive (4% ER, p=0.0213) and ER-positive (11% ER; p= 0.0390), decreasing growth compared to the cohort. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the immediate start cohort and standard start cohort. Western blot analysis of the treatment-naïve derived mouse tumors recognized RB as a predictive biomarker for 5-FU response. Conclusion: 5-FU has anti-tumor activity in residual HER2-negative PDX models resistant to taxanes, and anthracyclines in the neoadjuvant setting. Citation Format: Owusu-Brackett N, Scott S, Yuca E, Evans KW, Tapia C, Meric-Bernstam F. Efficacy of adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil in residual HER2-negative breast cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-13-04.
Skin care education and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema
Authors: Kim Thomas
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The paper

Skin care education and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema. BMJ 2012;345:e7822, doi:10.1136/bmj.e7822 by Kristina Sophie Ibler and colleagues

Abstract

Objective —To evaluate the effect of a secondary prevention programme with education on skin care and individual counselling versus treatment as usual in healthcare workers with hand eczema.

Design —Randomised, observer blinded parallel group superiority clinical trial.

Setting —Three hospitals in Denmark.

Participants —255 healthcare workers with self reported hand eczema within the past year randomised centrally and stratified by profession, severity of eczema, and hospital. 123 were allocated to the intervention group and 132 to the control group.

Interventions —Education in skin care and individual counselling based on patch and prick testing and assessment of work and domestic related exposures. The control was treatment as usual.

Main outcome measures —The primary outcome was clinical severity of disease at five month follow-up measured by scores on the hand eczema severity index. The secondary outcomes were scores on the dermatology life quality index, self evaluated severity of hand eczema, skin protective behaviours, and knowledge of hand eczema from onset to follow-up.

Results —Follow-up data were available for 247 of 255 participants (97%). At follow-up, the mean score on the hand eczema severity index was significantly lower (improved) in the intervention group than in the control group: difference of means, unadjusted −3.56 (95% confidence interval −4.92 to −2.14); adjusted −3.47 (−4.80 to −2.14), both P<0.001 for difference. The mean score on the dermatology life quality index was also significantly lower (improved) in the intervention group at follow-up: difference of means: unadjusted −0.78, non-parametric test P=0.003; adjusted −0.92, −1.48 to −0.37). Self evaluated severity and skin protective behaviour by hand washing and wearing of protective gloves were also statistically significantly better in the intervention …
<i>IL2RB</i> maintains immune harmony
Authors: Tessa M. Campbell, Yenan T. Bryceson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2019)

How the IL-2 receptor β-chain specifically shapes immunity has remained enigmatic. In this issue of JEM, Zhang et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20182304) and Fernandez et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20182015) independently report the first observations of autosomal recessive mutations in IL2RB, revealing a requirement for IL2RB in immunity and peripheral immune tolerance.
A novel protein encoded by a circular RNA circPPP1R12A promotes tumor pathogenesis and metastasis of colon cancer via Hippo-YAP signaling
Authors: Xiao Zheng, Lujun Chen, You Zhou, Qi Wang, Zhuojun Zheng, Bin Xu, Chen Wu, Qi Zhou, Wenwei Hu, Changping Wu, Jingting Jiang
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2019)

Abstract Background It has been well established that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important regulatory role during tumor progression. Recent studies have indicated that even though circRNAs generally regulate gene expression through miRNA sponges, they may encode small peptides in tumor pathogenesis. However, it remains largely unexplored whether circRNAs are involved in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer (CC). Methods The expression profiles of circRNAs in CC tissues were assessed by circRNA microarray. Quantitative real-time PCR, RNase R digestion assay and tissue microarray were used to confirm the existence and expression pattern of circPPP1R12A. The subcellular distribution of circPPP1R12A was analyzed by nuclear mass separation assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SDS-PAGE and LC/MS were employed to evaluate the protein-coding ability of circPPP1R12A. CC cells were stably transfected with lentivirus approach, and cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in nude mice were assessed to clarify the functional roles of circPPP1R12A and its encoded protein circPPP1R12A-73aa. RNA-sequencing and Western blotting analysis were furthered employed to identify the critical signaling pathway regulated by circPPP1R12A-73aa. Results We firstly screened the expression profiles of human circRNAs in CC tissues and found that the expression of hsa_circ_0000423 (termed as circPPP1R12A) was significantly increased in CC tissues. We also found that circPPP1R12A was mostly localized in the cytoplasm of CC cells. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients with higher levels of circPPP1R12A had a significantly shorter overall survival. By gain- and loss-of-function approaches, the results suggested that circPPP1R12A played a critical role in proliferation, migration and invasion of CC cells. Furthermore, we showed that circPPP1R12A carried an open reading frame (ORF), which encoded a functional protein (termed as circPPP1R12A-73aa). Next, we found that PPP1R12A-C, not circPPP1R12A, promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of CC in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we identified that circPPP1R12A-73aa promoted the growth and metastasis of CC via activating Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. In addition, the YAP specific inhibitor Peptide 17 dramatically alleviated the promotive effect of circPPP1R12A-73aa on CC cells. Conclusions In the present study, we illustrated the coding-potential of circRNA circPPP1R12A in the progression of CC. Moreover, we identified that circPPP1R12A-73aa promoted the tumor pathogenesis and metastasis of CC via activating Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. Our findings might provide valuable insights into the development of novel potential therapeutic targets for CC.
Abstract P1-19-04: Withdrawn
Authors: A Fitzpatrick, C Isacke, A Tutt
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Fitzpatrick A, Isacke C, Tutt A. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-19-04.