tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Notch Pathway Activation by a Combination of Activating NOTCH1-Receptor and Inactivating FBXW7 Mutations Robustly Predicts Excellent Early Treatment Response in Pediatric T-ALL.
Authors: Corinne Kox, Svenja Leible, Stephen Breit, Martin Stanulla, Martin Schrappe, Martina Ulrike Muckenthaler, Andreas Kulozik
Journal: Blood (2008)
Free Paper Session : HCC ; Anti-hepatitis B core positivity as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis: a case-control study (초)
Authors: Oh Sang Kwon, Young Kul Jung, Yun Soo Kim, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim, Jung Il Lee, Jin Woo Lee, Young Soo Kim, Byung Chul Chun, Ju Hyun Kim
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2011)
Final Results of a Phase I/II Study of the Combination of the Hypomethylating Agent 5-aza-2′-Deoxycytidine (DAC) and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Valproic Acid (VPA) in Patients with Leukemia.
Authors: Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop Kantarjian, Blanca Sanchez-Gonzalez, Hui Yang, Gary Rosner, Srdan Verstovsek, Michael Rytting, Farhad Ravandi, Stefan Faderl, Zeev Estrov, Jorge Cortes, Susan O’Brien, Jackie Fiorentino, Jean-Pierre Issa
Journal: Blood (2005)
Evaluation of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Monitoring Procedures with Tetramer and Intracellular IFN-γ Assay after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT).
Authors: Yuriko Morita, Mami Hosokawa, Yuji Heike, Tohru Sasaki, Michiko Ebisawa, Shin-ichiro Mori, Ryuji Tanosaki, Masahiro Kami, Mutsuko Ohnishi, Osamu Miura, Kensei Tobinai, Yoichi Takaue
Journal: Blood (2004)
Induction of GLUT1 during Erythropoiesis Triggers a Switch from Glucose to DHA Uptake in Vitamin C-Defective Mammals.
Authors: Amelie Montel-Hagen, Sandrina Kinet, Nicolas Manel, Cedric Mongellaz, Rainer Prohaska, Jean-Luc Battini, Jean Delaunay, Marc Sitbon, Naomi Taylor
Journal: Blood (2007)
非甾体抗炎药（包括环氧化酶-2抑制剂）在治疗膝关节骨关节炎所致疼痛中的作用：随机安慰剂对照临床试验的汇总分析
Authors: JanMagnusBjordal, AnneElisabethLjunggren, AtleKlovning, LarsSlodal, 张卓莉
Journal: BMJ (2005)

目的评价包括选择性环氧化酶-2抑制剂(昔布类)在内的非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)在膝关节骨关节炎患者中的镇痛作用。试验设计对随机安慰剂对照的临床试验进行系统回顾和汇总分析。文献回顾本项研究共对23项研究中的10845例患者进行了回顾性分析，患者的平均年龄为62．5岁，其中7807例患者接受了适当剂量的NSAIDs治疗，3038例患者接受了安慰剂治疗。患者入选时，经100mm视觉模拟尺(VAS)测定的权重疼痛分数基线的平均值为64．2mm，症状存在的平均时间为8．2年。主要观察指标总体疼痛程度的变化。结果各项临床试验的方法学质量可以接受，但是其中13项试验在随机化之前排除了对NSAIDs治疗没有反应的患者。一项试验报告了长期疗效的数据，结果提示治疗1～4年期间，NSAIDs的疗效与安慰剂相当。汇总所有入选试验的数据显示，在治疗2～13周后疼痛程度的差值为VAS10．1mm(95％可信区间为7．4～12．8)，优于安慰剂15．6％。来自不同试验所得到的结果之间差异很大，随机效应模型显示，疼痛改善的效应量为0．32(0．24～0．39)。10项没有排除对NSAIDs治疗没有反应患者的试验中，结果比较一致，疼痛改善的效应量为0．23(0．15～0．31)。结论NSAIDs能够在短期内减轻骨关节炎患者的膝关节疼痛，其疗效略优于安慰剂，但是现在的分析不支持对这种疾病长期应用NSAIDs。由于口服NSAIDs可以导致严重的不良反应，因此只推荐有限制的使用。
Aplidin Improves Megakaryocytopoiesis and Halts Neo-Angiogenesis in the Gata1low Murine Model of Myelofibrosis
Authors: Maria Verrucci, Alessandro Pancrazzi, Miguel Aracil, Fabrizio Martelli, Paola Guglielmelli, Maria Fe Paz, Maria Zingariello, Emanuela D’Amore, Jose Jimeno, Anna Rita Migliaccio, Alessandro M. Vannucchi
Journal: Blood (2008)
JALSG‐AML95プロトコルで扱われる急性脊髄性白血病におけるタンパク質発現に関連したP糖タンパク質、多剤耐性関連タンパク質および肺抵抗関連タンパク発現量の前向き研究
Authors: Takeshita A, Shinjo K, Ohnishi K, Miyawaki S, Kishimoto Y, Okada M, Mitani K, Asou N, Komatsu N, Kobayashi Y, Jinnai I, Ohtake S, Ueda R, Ohno R
Journal: Blood (2003)
Low Frequency of Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic Syndromes (t-MDS) after Autotransplants (AT) for Multiple Myeloma (MM), Especially If AT Is Applied Early during Treatment.
Authors: Guido Tricot, Maureen Reiner, Jeffrey Sawyer, Elias Anaissie, Frits van Rhee, Maurizio Zangari, Klaus Hollmig, Gordon Dewald, Michele Fox, Bart Barlogie
Journal: Blood (2005)
Children's Vaccine Initiative
Authors: A Caddell
Journal: JAMA (1999)

The Children's Vaccine Initiative (CVI), which was founded after the World Summit for Children held in New York in September 1990, had three goals: 1) immunization of all children; 2) research to determine the feasibility of a single-dose multivalent vaccine; and 3) introduction of new vaccines for infectious diseases. UNICEF, UNDP, WHO, the World Bank, and the Rockefeller Foundation co-sponsored the CVI. The following has been achieved since 1990: 1) coverage with 6 EPI vaccines has risen above 80% in many countries; 2) the number of vaccines in the research pipeline has increased; 3) there is better planning of the global vaccine supply; and 4) governments of developing countries are assuming more responsibility for national immunization. The new strategic plan for CVI, which is the work of experts from government, industry, and international organization, establishes the following goals: 1) development of greater consensus on priorities regarding vaccine development and application; 2) definition of needs and strategies for action; 3) communication of the health and economic value of vaccines; and 4) mobilization of resources. Executive Secretary Dr. Lee and CVI coordinator Roy Widdus are responsible for the new role for CVI. 4 million children die annually from diseases preventable by existing vaccines; another 8 million die annually from diseases that could be prevented by new vaccines. Measles, hepatitis B, and Hib vaccines are underused. Vaccines against rotavirus diarrhea and pneumococcal pneumonia should be available soon, while research continues on vaccines against malaria and HIV.
Lung–kidney interactions in critically ill patients: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 21 Workgroup
Authors: Michael Joannidis, Lui G. Forni, Sebastian J. Klein, Patrick M. Honore, Kianoush Kashani, Marlies Ostermann, John Prowle, Sean M. Bagshaw, Vincenzo Cantaluppi, Michael Darmon, Xiaoqiang Ding, Valentin Fuhrmann, Eric Hoste, Faeq Husain-Syed, Matthias Lubnow, Marco Maggiorini, Melanie Meersch, Patrick T. Murray, Zaccaria Ricci, Kai Singbartl, Thomas Staudinger, Tobias Welte, Claudio Ronco, John A. Kellum
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2019)

Multi-organ dysfunction in critical illness is common and frequently involves the lungs and kidneys, often requiring organ support such as invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), renal replacement therapy (RRT) and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Combined Targeting of the Proteasome and Bcl-2 Sensitizes Human B-Cell Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma to Cyclophosphamide in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of These Diseases.
Authors: Owen O’Connor, Lorraine Toner, Emily Smith, Sridhar Srinivasan, Francisco Hernandez, Mark Rolf, Stanley Frankel, Asher Chanan-Khan
Journal: Blood (2004)
Partially HLA Matched, Non-Myeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation.
Authors: David A. Rizzieri, Liang Piu Koh, Gwynn D. Long, Cristina Gasparetto, Keith M. Sullivan, Mitchell Horwitz, John Chute, Jerald Z. Gong, Anand S. Lagoo, Donna Niedzwiecki, Cong Xiao Lu, Dawn Marshall, Jeanette M. Dowell, Nelson J. Chao
Journal: Blood (2005)
Abstract 15735: Automated Electronic Health Record Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Kristen Bede, Peter Bazeley, Erin McMullen, Kelsey Girbino, Nishant P Shah, Leslie Cho, Wai Hong W Tang
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, confers increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Unfortunately, FH is often only diagnose...
Diagnosing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using plasma extracellular vesicle RNA profiles
Authors: Adam Enver Frampton, Elisa Giovannetti
Journal: Gut (2019)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal neoplasm because of difficulties in early detection. This delay is caused by lack of non-invasive screening, or tests for early diagnosis, in addition to rapid disease progression with non-specific symptoms. Most patients present with unresectable disease, and outcomes are consequently poor. Furthermore, advances in surgical techniques, perioperative management and oncological treatments have made limited impact on overall survival. This is true even despite our improved understanding of PDAC genetic/transcriptional landscapes, molecular subtypes, intra-/inter-tumoural heterogeneity and innovative therapeutics. As early diagnosis is vital for prolonging survival, there is an urgent need for reliable, highly sensitive and specific biomarkers. Blood-based biomarkers are an ideal choice due to their relatively low cost, minimal invasiveness and accessibility for repeated sampling. However, these biomarkers should also be able to stage the disease, as well as provide prognostic/predictive information to guide clinical decisions, especially since selection and timing of therapeutic modalities can be critical.1 

Extracellular vesicles (EVs; exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) are lipid bilayer structures found in biofluids that contain cell-derived bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids.2 EVs have recently emerged as critical mediators of communication between tumour cells and also the surrounding microenvironment.3 EVs can transmit information to recipient cells by acting at cell surface, releasing their cargo through membrane fusion, or may be internalised via endocytosis.4 Importantly, transferred EV components are functional and influence the phenotype of recipient cells,5 6 including …
Extracellular Endosulfatases (Sulfs) Inhibit Myeloma Tumor Growth In Vivo.
Authors: Yuemeng Dai, Yang Yang, Veronica MacLeod, Xinping Yue, Alan C. Rapraeger, Zachary Shriver, Ganesh Venkataraman, Ram Sasisekharan, Ralph D. Sanderson
Journal: Blood (2005)
GPR101 mediates the pro-resolving actions of RvD5n-3 DPA in arthritis and infections
Authors: Magdalena B. Flak, Duco S. Koenis, Agua Sobrino, James Smith, Kimberly Pistorius, Francesco Palmas, Jesmond Dalli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2019)

N-3 docosapentaenoic acid–derived resolvin D5 (RvD5n-3 DPA) is diurnally regulated in peripheral blood and exerts tissue-protective actions during inflammatory arthritis. Here, using an orphan GPCR screening approach coupled with functional readouts, we investigated the receptor(s) involved in mediating the leukocyte-directed actions of RvD5n-3 DPA and identified GPR101 as the top candidate. RvD5n-3 DPA bound to GPR101 with high selectivity and stereospecificity, as demonstrated by a calculated KD of approximately 6.9 nM. In macrophages, GPR101 knockdown limited the ability of RvD5n-3 DPA to upregulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate, phagocytosis of bacteria, and efferocytosis. Inhibition of this receptor in mouse and human leukocytes abrogated the pro-resolving actions of RvD5n-3 DPA, including the regulation of bacterial phagocytosis in neutrophils. Knockdown of the receptor in vivo reversed the protective actions of RvD5n-3 DPA in limiting joint and gut inflammation during inflammatory arthritis. Administration of RvD5n-3 DPA during E. coli–initiated inflammation regulated neutrophil trafficking to the site of inflammation, increased bacterial phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages, and accelerated the resolution of infectious inflammation. These in vivo protective actions of RvD5n-3 DPA were limited when Gpr101 was knocked down. Together, our findings demonstrate a fundamental role for GPR101 in mediating the leukocyte-directed actions of RvD5n-3 DPA.
Ailesel mikozis fungoides: 6 ailesel olguve bir HLA sistemi çalışması
Authors: Emmilia Hodak, Tirza Klein, Boaz Gabay, Dan Ben-Amitai, Reuven Bergman, Michael Gdalevich, Meora Feinmesser, Lea Maron veMichael DavidPetah Tiqva, Haifa, ve Ashkelon, Israel
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2005)
Universal CD137 Expression upon Activation Allows Efficient Isolation of a Broad Repertoire of Virus-Specific CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy.
Authors: Maarten L. Zandvliet, J.H. Frederik Falkenburg, Inge Jedema, Roelof Willemze, Henk-Jan Guchelaar, Pauline Meij
Journal: Blood (2008)
Genetic Variant Associated With Survival of Patients With Stage II-III Colon Cancer
Authors: Kathryn L. Penney, Barbara L. Banbury, Stephanie Bien, Tabitha A. Harrison, Xinwei Hua, Amanda I. Phipps, Wei Sun, Mingyang Song, Amit D. Joshi, Steven R. Alberts, Carmen J. Allegra, James Atkins, Linda H. Colangelo, Thomas J. George, Richard M. Goldberg, Peter C. Lucas, Suresh G. Nair, Qian Shi, Frank A. Sinicrope, Norman Wolmark, Greg Yothers, Ulrike Peters, Polly A. Newcomb, Andrew T. Chan
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2019)
Within-Trial Evaluation of Medical Resources, Costs, and Quality of Life Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Participating in the Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL)
Authors: Shelby D. Reed, Yanhong Li, Helen A. Dakin, Frauke Becker, Jose Leal, Stephanie M. Gustavson, Bernt Kartman, Eric Wittbrodt, Robert J. Mentz, Neha J. Pagidipati, M. Angelyn Bethel, Alastair M. Gray, Rury R. Holman, Adrian F. Hernandez
Journal: Diabetes Care (2019)

OBJECTIVE To compare medical resource use, costs, and health utilities for 14,752 patients with type 2 diabetes who were randomized to once-weekly exenatide (EQW) or placebo in addition to usual diabetes care in the Exenatide Study of Cardiovascular Event Lowering (EXSCEL). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Medical resource use data and responses to the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D) instrument were collected at baseline and throughout the trial. Medical resources and medications were assigned values by using U.S. Medicare payments and wholesale acquisition costs, respectively. Secondary analyses used English costs. RESULTS Patients were followed for an average of 3.3 years, during which time those randomized to EQW experienced 0.41 fewer inpatient days (7.05 vs. 7.46 days; relative rate ratio 0.91; P = 0.05). Rates of outpatient medical visits were similar, as were total inpatient and outpatient costs. Mean costs for nonstudy diabetes medications over the study period were ∼$1,600 lower with EQW than with placebo (P = 0.01). Total within-study costs, excluding study medication, were lower in the EQW arm than in the placebo arm ($28,907 vs. $30,914; P ≤ 0.01). When including the estimated cost of EQW, total mean costs were significantly higher in the EQW group than in the placebo group ($42,697 vs. $30,914; P &amp;lt; 0.01). With English costs applied, mean total costs, including exenatide costs, were £1,670 higher in the EQW group than the placebo group (£10,874 vs. £9,204; P &amp;lt; 0.01). There were no significant differences in EQ-5D health utilities between arms over time. CONCLUSIONS Medical costs were lower in the EQW arm than the placebo arm, but total costs were significantly higher once the cost of branded exenatide was incorporated.
Abstract 14575: Angiotensin Ii-and High Fat Diet-Accelerated Atherosclerosis is Attenuated in Skp2-Deficient Mice
Authors: Timo Johannssen, Arnd Heuser, Joerg Drenckhahn, Yasunori Takata, Kai Kappert, Mattias Roser, Dietlind Zohlnhöfer, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Ludwig Thierfelder, Florian Blaschke
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which macrophages play a major role in all stages of development. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is a central component of the E3 ub...
Phase II Evaluation of Sunitinib Malate, a Multi-Targeted Inhibitor of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, in Patients with Myelofibrosis.
Authors: Constantine S. Tam, Deborah A. Thomas, Farhad Ravandi, Catherine D. Richardson, Gautam Borthakur, Jan A. Burger, Elihu Estey, Hagop Kantarjian, Srdan Verstovsek
Journal: Blood (2007)
Plasma Lipidome and Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes in the Population-Based Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort
Authors: Céline Fernandez, Michal A. Surma, Christian Klose, Mathias J. Gerl, Filip Ottosson, Ulrika Ericson, Nikolay Oskolkov, Marju Ohro-Melander, Kai Simons, Olle Melander
Journal: Diabetes Care (2019)

OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with dyslipidemia, but the detailed alterations in lipid species preceding the disease are largely unknown. We aimed to identify plasma lipids associated with development of T2DM and investigate their associations with lifestyle. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At baseline, 178 lipids were measured by mass spectrometry in 3,668 participants without diabetes from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. The population was randomly split into discovery (n = 1,868, including 257 incident cases) and replication (n = 1,800, including 249 incident cases) sets. We used orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analyses, extracted a predictive component for T2DM incidence (lipid-PCDM), and assessed its association with T2DM incidence using Cox regression and lifestyle factors using general linear models. RESULTS A T2DM-predictive lipid-PCDM derived from the discovery set was independently associated with T2DM incidence in the replication set, with hazard ratio (HR) among subjects in the fifth versus first quintile of lipid-PCDM of 3.7 (95% CI 2.2–6.5). In comparison, the HR of T2DM among obese versus normal weight subjects was 1.8 (95% CI 1.2–2.6). Clinical lipids did not improve T2DM risk prediction, but adding the lipid-PCDM to all conventional T2DM risk factors increased the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve by 3%. The lipid-PCDM was also associated with a dietary risk score for T2DM incidence and lower level of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS A lifestyle-related lipidomic profile strongly predicts T2DM development beyond current risk factors. Further studies are warranted to test if lifestyle interventions modifying this lipidomic profile can prevent T2DM.
Impaired folate 1-carbon metabolism causes formate-preventable hydrocephalus in glycine decarboxylase–deficient mice
Authors: Chloe Santos, Yun Jin Pai, M. Raasib Mahmood, Kit-Yi Leung, Dawn Savery, Simon N. Waddington, Andrew J. Copp, Nicholas D.E. Greene
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2019)

Ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus are associated with loss of function of glycine decarboxylase (Gldc) in mice and in humans suffering from non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH), a neurometabolic disorder characterized by accumulation of excess glycine. Here, we showed that ventriculomegaly in Gldc-deficient mice is preceded by stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct and malformation or absence of the subcommissural organ and pineal gland. Gldc functions in the glycine cleavage system, a mitochondrial component of folate metabolism, whose malfunction results in accumulation of glycine and diminished supply of glycine-derived 1-carbon units to the folate cycle. We showed that inadequate 1-carbon supply, as opposed to excess glycine, is the cause of hydrocephalus associated with loss of function of the glycine cleavage system. Maternal supplementation with formate prevented both ventriculomegaly, as assessed at prenatal stages, and postnatal development of hydrocephalus in Gldc-deficient mice. Furthermore, ventriculomegaly was rescued by genetic ablation of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr), which results in retention of 1-carbon groups in the folate cycle at the expense of transfer to the methylation cycle. In conclusion, a defect in folate metabolism can lead to prenatal aqueduct stenosis and resultant hydrocephalus. These defects are preventable by maternal supplementation with formate, which acts as a 1-carbon donor.
Serum-circulating His-tRNA synthetase inhibits organ-targeted immune responses
Authors: Ryan A. Adams, Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira, Antonella Notarnicola, Elisabeth Mertsching, Zhiwen Xu, Wing-Sze Lo, Kathleen Ogilvie, Kyle P. Chiang, Jeanette Ampudia, Sanna Rosengren, Andrea Cubitt, David J. King, John D. Mendlein, Xiang-Lei Yang, Leslie A. Nangle, Ingrid E. Lundberg, Per-Johan Jakobsson, Paul Schimmel
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2019)

His-tRNA synthetase (HARS) is targeted by autoantibodies in chronic and acute inflammatory anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome. The extensive activation and migration of immune cells into lung and muscle are associated with interstitial lung disease, myositis, and morbidity. It is unknown whether the sequestration of HARS is an epiphenomenon or plays a causal role in the disease. Here, we show that HARS circulates in healthy individuals, but it is largely undetectable in the serum of anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome patients. In cultured primary human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSkMC), HARS is released in increasing amounts during their differentiation into myotubes. We further show that HARS regulates immune cell engagement and inhibits CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation. In mouse and rodent models of acute inflammatory diseases, HARS administration downregulates immune activation. In contrast, neutralization of extracellular HARS by high-titer antibody responses during tissue injury increases susceptibility to immune attack, similar to what is seen in humans with anti-Jo-1-positive disease. Collectively, these data suggest that extracellular HARS is homeostatic in normal subjects, and its sequestration contributes to the morbidity of the anti-Jo-1-positive antisynthetase syndrome.
Gene-based diagnosis of tuberculosis with a new-generation pathogen enrichment technique
Authors: Sei Won Lee, Young Ae Kang, Choong Eun Jin, Ho Cheol Kim, Geun Su Noh, Hyo Joo Lee, Joung Ha Park, Yong Seo Koo, Yong Shin, Sung-Han Kim
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2019)

<b>A new simple pathogen enrichment system, the SLIM assay, is sensitive for AFB smear-negative cases compared to the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the rapid detection of pulmonary tuberculosis</b>http://bit.ly/37lUHTh
Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows
Authors: Ph.H Quanjer, G.J. Tammeling, J.E. Cotes, O.F. Pedersen, R. Peslin, J-C. Yernault
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

Lung volumes are subdivided into static and dynamic lung volumes. Static lung volumes are measured by methods which are based on the completeness of respiratory manoeuvres, so that the velocity of the manoeuvres should be adjusted accordingly. The measurements taken during fast breathing movements are described as dynamic lung volumes and as forced inspiratory and expiratory flows.

### 1.1 Static lung volumes and capacities

The volume of gas in the lung and intrathoracic airways is determined by the properties of lung parenchyma and surrounding organs and tissues, surface tension, the force exerted by respiratory muscles, by lung reflexes and by the properties of airways. The gas volumes of thorax and lung are the same except in the case of a pneumothorax. If two or more subdivisions of the total lung capacity are taken together, the sum of the constituent volumes is described as a lung capacity. Lung volumes and capacities are described in more detail in § 2.

#### 1.1.1 Determinants

Factors which determine the size of the normal lung include stature, age, sex, body mass, posture, habitus, ethnic group, reflex factors and daily activity pattern. The level of maximal inspiration (total lung capacity, TLC) is influenced by the force developed by the inspiratory muscles (disorders include e.g. muscular dystrophy), the elastic recoil of the lung (disorders include e.g. pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema) and the elastic properties of the thorax and adjacent structures (disorders include e.g. ankylosis of joints). The level of maximal expiration (residual volume, RV) is determined by the force exerted by respiratory muscles (disorders include e.g. muscle paralysis), obstruction, occlusion and compression of small airways (disorders include e.g. emphysema) and by the mechanical properties of lung and thorax (disorders include diffuse fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis).

Assessing the total lung capacity is indispensable in establishing a restrictive ventilatory defect or in diagnosing abnormal lung distensibility, as may occur in patients …
综述：二膦酸盐可减少骨折、放疗、高钙血症并延缓首次骨骼事件发生时间
Authors: RossJR, SaundersY, EdmondsPM, 杨颖, AlastairJMunro
Journal: BMJ (2004)

数据资源：以下数据库：Medline(1966～2001)，Cancerlit(1975-2001)，EMBASE／Excerpta Medica(1980-2001)，Science Citation Index Expanded(1981-2001)，the Cochrane图书馆，疗效综述摘要数据库(DARE)，相关论文目录，重要杂志，会议摘要，专家及制药公司。