The determination of release from isolation of COVID-19 patients requires ultra-high sensitivity nucleic acid test technology
Authors: Wanqiu Huang, Dachuan Lin, Cuini Wang, Chaohui Bao, Zhaoqi Zhang, Xinchun Chen, Zheng Zhang, Jian Huang
Journal: Journal of Infection (2020)

The prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 has entered a critical period. Recent one paper in this journal also discussed weather qualitative RT-PCR be used to determine release from isolation of COVID-19 patients [1Karl F.K. Purnima M. Carlos M.P Should qualitative RT-PCR be used to determine release from isolation of COVID-19 patients?.J Infect. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.030Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. This issue is really important. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide, discontinuation of isolation has been presenting a dilemma of COVID-19, despite of the test-based strategy or the symptom-based strategy [1Karl F.K. Purnima M. Carlos M.P Should qualitative RT-PCR be used to determine release from isolation of COVID-19 patients?.J Infect. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.030Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. The reason for the confusion is that nucleic acid testing presents false negative based on qPCR technology, because of its low sensitivity [2Colin P.W. Victor M.M. Priya S. COVID-19 testing: the threat of false-negative results.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95 (, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619620303657?via%3Dihub): 1127-1129Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (217) Google Scholar, 3Winichakoon P. Chaiwarith R. Liwsrisakun C. Salee P. Goonna A. Limsukon A. et al.Negative nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs do not rule out COVID-19.J Clin Microbiol. 2020; 58 (e00297-20, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102856/)Crossref PubMed Scopus (258) Google Scholar, 4Xiao A.T. Tong Y.X. Zhang S False-negative of RT-PCR and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19:rather than recurrence.J Med Virol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25855Crossref Scopus (379) Google Scholar]. There are several factors for false negative, including sample collection, preservation, transportation, virus inactivation, nucleic acid extraction and technical sensitivity, amongst which technical sensitivity and precise sampling are the most important quality control measures to eliminate false negative. It is well known that SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test is the main diagnostic method of COVID-19. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a new technology for testing nucleic acid with some advantages of simple operation, fast speed and low cost based on isothermal amplification. In our study, we developed an improved strategy, termed as nestRPA (nest recombinase polymerase amplification), which could greatly improve the sensitivity of nucleic acid detection for SARS-CoV-2 than RPA or qPCR. Firstly, we designed eight sets of primers and probes for RPA on the conservation regions of SARS-CoV-2 genes, in which some fragments were designed to span multiple gene regions (Fig. 1A) which is one of the important technical tips. Through the two rounds of primer screening, we found that the limit of detection (LOD) of 16 pairs of primers and 8 probes is quite different (Fig. 1B), in which Fragment 1 against ORF1 gene had the worst amplification efficiency. And Fragment 5 and 7 had the smallest LOD value, 300 and 500 copies/uL (Fig. 1C to 1F), respectively. As far as we know, we firstly proposed the concept of nestRPA. The basic principles of nestRPA are as follows: in nestRPA, the first amplification fragment of target gene is amplified by outer primers, then a second fragment of target gene completely within the first amplification fragment is amplified by inner primers. In order to eliminate the influence of the fluorescence signal of enzymes, fluorescent probe is not included in first RPA reaction which is another important technical tips. And in the second RPA reaction, fluorescent probe will be added into reaction system. Using nestRPA technology, we found that positive plasmid containing SARS-CoV-2 with the concentration of 1 copy/ul could also be stably detected by Fragment 5 and Fragment 7 within 1–10 min (Fig. 1G and 1H), suggesting that nestRPA technology indeed performed very well for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. In order to promote the clinical application of nestRPA technology, we firstly collected 14 samples from 14 patients diagnosed as COVID-19, all of which SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid were positive using qPCR. The results of nestRPA assay showed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid of these samples were 100% (14/14) positive. And then one positive sample (Szt_P_002) with the lowest Cq-value was selected to test the sensitivity of nestRPA technology. We found the detection result of Szt_P_002 sample was still positive after 11 times of 10-fold serial dilution by nestRPA assay, whilst after the fourth times of the same dilution fold, the result by qPCR test has been negative. Secondly, 101 samples from 73 patients diagnosed as COVID-19 were collected, all of which had negative results using qPCR, whilst 32.67% (33/101) of the samples were identified as by nestRPA assay. Furthermore, we collected 25 samples from 8 re-positive patients who repeatedly hospitalized suffering from COVID-19. Our results showed that 96.00% (24/25) of the samples tested positive by nestRPA whilst only 24.00% (6/25) of the samples were confirmed as positive by qPCR. These six samples with positive results by qPCR also had positive results by nestRPA. Our detection results were basically consistent with the clinical diagnosis results. Moreover, to explore whether there were asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive in healthy population, we collected 32 nasal swabs samples from those returning to work, all of which the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection results were negative using qPCR. However, we found 12.50% (4/32) of the samples were positive using Fragment 5 and/or Fragment 7 by nestRPA (Fig. 1I), which was consistent with those reported by other researchers [5Oyungerel B. Magnolia C. Katy Justin C Mary-Louise M. Paul G Estimating the extent of asymptomatic COVID-19 and its potential for community transmission: systematic review and meta-analysis.medRxiv. 2020; 05 (, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.10.20097543v2)20097543Google Scholar]. Our results suggested that the ultra-sensitive nucleic acid detection technique has important implications for early identification of those asymptomatic carriers infected with SARS-CoV-2. Of course, in order to avoid false positive results, the target sequence of positive amplification products was 100% detected by high-throughput sequencing. In summary, 36.18% (55/152) of the samples with qPCR negative results were identified as positive by nestRPA technology in 172 clinical samples from 127 patients, which indicated the analytical sensitivity of nestRPA assay is much better than that of qPCR (Fig. 1J). In addition, many experts of COVID-19 prevention and treatment clearly pointed out that the inaccurate sample collection was also one of the important reasons for the false negative result of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid [6Natalie N.K. Gordon R. Chanson J.B. Winnie D. Weiyan D. Tanya L. et al.Suboptimal biological sampling as a probable cause of false-negative COVID-19 diagnostic test results.medRxiv. 2020; 05 (, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.05.20091728v1)20091728Google Scholar, 7Mo X. Qin W. Fu Q.H. Guan M Understanding the influence factors in viral nucleic acid test of 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV).Chin J Lab Med. 2020; 43 (E002-E002, http://rs.yiigle.com/yufabiao/1186890.htm)Google Scholar, 8Mi Y. Huang H. Zhu L. Zhang S. Yan P. Zhang X. et al.Expert consensus on specimen sampling technique of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.Journal of Nurses Training. 2020; 35https://doi.org/10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2020.25.016Crossref Google Scholar]. The most commonly sites used as sampling are oropharynx and nasopharynx. The sample collectors should fix the tongue with a spatula, and the sampling swab is used to scrape the cells from tonsil recess and lateral wall when sampling from the oropharynx [9Chinese Society of Laboratory MedicineExpert consensus on nucleic acid detection of COVID-19.Chin Med J. 2020; 100 (, http://rs.yiigle.com/CN112137202013/1189256.htm): 968-973Google Scholar]. However, the sample collectors were often fear of contagion with SARS-CoV-2. Under great infection pressure, inaccurate sampling sites and inadequate sample volume will lead to false negative test results. Therefore, it is helpful to reducing the false negative through strict and normative operation of precise sampling with well protection for sample collectors (Fig. 2). Except for the technical sensitivity and precise sampling, we also need to pay more attention for the quality control of sample preservation and transportation, virus inactivation, nucleic acid extraction [10Kang H. Wang Y. Tong Z. Liu X. Retest positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA of "recovered" patients with COVID-19: Persistence, sampling issues, or re-infection?.J Med Virol. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26114Crossref Scopus (90) Google Scholar]. If all the links in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid could be strictly administrated, false negative could be completely eliminated, and the discontinuation of isolation will no longer be a dilemma for us. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Jian Huang was responsible for study concept and design. Zheng Zhang and Xinchun Chen were responsible for specimens sampling. Wanqiu Huang and Dachuan Lin were responsible for the experiment and statistical analysis. Wanqiu Huang, Dachuan Lin, Cuini Wang, Chaohui Bao and Zhaoqi Zhang were responsible for the analysis of data. Wanqiu Huang and Jian Huang were responsible for drafting the manuscript. No authors declared any potential conflicts of interest.