tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of retinoid-related agents on basal cell carcinoma in the UV-irradiated Patched1+/- mouse
Authors: Po-Lin So, Michele Fujimoto, Ervin Epstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

1658  Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is often caused by loss-of-function mutations in PATCHED 1 (PTCH1). Humans with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) are heterozygous (+/-) for PTCH1 and develop many BCCs. Similarly, Ptch1+/- mice develop BCCs after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV-irradiated Ptch1+/- mice also develop dermal spindle cell tumors (SpCTs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Previously, we have shown that topical treatment with tazarotene (a retinoid with specificity for RARβ and RARγ) has remarkable chemopreventive efficacy against IR- or UV radiation-induced BCCs in Ptch1+/- mice. This effect was sustained after drug withdrawal and was effective against pre-existing microscopic BCCs. To further analyze retinoid signaling in BCC carcinogenesis, we carried out a chemoprevention study to test the topical effects of other retinoid receptor agonists and of a pan-RAR antagonist on BCC tumorigenesis. Of these agents, tazarotene was the most effective in preventing microscopic and visible BCC development, as well as SpCT development. The pan-RAR agonist, all-trans retinoic acid, and the pan-RXR agonist were almost as effective, while RARα activation alone resulted in only a moderate decrease in microscopic BCC number and size, however, a marked reduction of visible BCCs, concomitant with increased visible SpCT number, was observed. RAR antagonist treatment increased the number and size of microscopic and visible BCCs. Immunohistochemistry of untreated BCC tumors showed RARγ and RXRα localization to the nests of epithelial cells, while RARα protein was detected in the stroma. These data suggest that tazarotene’s efficacy against BCC is mediated by RARγ/RXRα activation in the tumor cells, while RARα may have a role in the stroma to suppress BCC growth and/or to induce or accelerate SpCT development. To further support this, we treated an epithelial BCC cell line, ASZ001 (established from a BCC from a Ptch1+/- mouse) with these retinoids for 48 hours. Tazarotene and the RXR agonist inhibited ASZ001 cell growth, while no inhibitory effect was seen with the RARα agonist or the RAR antagonist. Quantitative gene expression analysis showed that Gli1 mRNA was reduced with tazarotene, RXR agonist, or cyclopamine treatment, but was relatively unchanged in RARα agonist-treated ASZ001 cells. RAR antagonist-treated cells had increased Gli1 expression. Also, tazarotene treatment of ASZ001 did not up-regulate the RAR-target gene and tumor suppressor, RARβ. Collectively, these data suggest that i) tazarotene is the tested retinoid most effective against BCC carcinogenesis, ii) tazarotene acts directly on BCC tumor cells, via RARγ (rather than RARα or RARβ) to inhibit their growth iii) RARα activation may increase cutaneous SpCT development, and iv) physiological RAR signaling is necessary to antagonize BCC initiation and progression.
Double-balloon endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy: simplifying a complex technique towards widespread use
Authors: Corey S. Miller, Yen-I Chen, Yamile Haito Chavez, Adel Alghamdi, George Zogopoulos, Ali Bessissow
Journal: Endoscopy (2019)

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is a novel technique for the management of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), which has been shown to be safe and effective [1] [2]. To mitigate technical difficulties, a specialized double-balloon catheter was developed in Japan and has been found to be effective when used with an electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) [3]. Outside of Japan, however, this device is unavailable; therefore, in North America and Europe only highly specialized centers are currently performing EUS-GE using techniques that are challenging and with the potential for severe adverse events. Here we describe the performance of double-balloon EUS-GE using a widely available vascular balloon catheter ([Video 1]).
A commentary on: “Electroacupuncture or transcutaneous electroacupuncture for postoperative ileus after abdominal surgery” - Where is the evidence of who could benefit? (Int J Surg 2019 Sep 5;70:93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.08.034. [Epub ahead of print])
Authors: Leandro Ryuchi Iuamoto, Alberto Meyer
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2019)
David Oliver: £25m for hospices won’t go far
Authors: David Oliver
Journal: BMJ (2019)

Last month the prime minister pledged a one-off payment of £25m (€28m; $31m) to boost hospices and palliative care services.1 Boris Johnson’s words were warm and supportive, hinting at more money soon. But was this more than a gesture?

Certainly, the pledge is there in a Number 10 press release,2 including some positive reaction from the health secretary and charity chief executives at Hospice UK and Thames Hospice. Within a day of Johnson’s announcement, however, the chair of NHS Clinical Commissioners told the Health Service Journal that the £25m would come from ringfencing existing NHS budgets, inevitably at the expense of other cash starved services.3 Not new money after all, then.

Hospice UK recently conducted a survey on the current …
A novel secreted-cAMP pathway inhibits pulmonary hypertension via a feed-forward mechanism
Authors: Carly Jones, Malik Bisserier, Carlos Bueno-Beti, Guillaume Bonnet, Susana Neves-Zaph, Sang-Yong Lee, Javier Milara, Peter Dorfmüller, Marc Humbert, Jane A Leopold, Lahouaria Hadri, Roger J Hajjar, Yassine Sassi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2019)

Abstract Aims Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the predominant intracellular second messenger that transduces signals from Gs-coupled receptors. Intriguingly, there is evidence from various cell types that an extracellular cAMP pathway is active in the extracellular space. Herein, we investigated the role of extracellular cAMP in the lung and examined whether it may act on pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and pulmonary vasculature remodelling in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Methods and results The expression of cyclic AMP-metabolizing enzymes was increased in lungs from patients with PH as well as in rats treated with monocrotaline and mice exposed to Sugen/hypoxia. We report that inhibition of the endogenous extracellular cAMP pathway exacerbated Sugen/hypoxia-induced lung remodelling. We found that application of extracellular cAMP induced an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and inhibited proliferation and migration of pulmonary vascular cells in vitro. Extracellular cAMP infusion in two in vivo PH models prevented and reversed pulmonary and cardiac remodelling associated with PH. Using protein expression analysis along with luciferase assays, we found that extracellular cAMP acts via the A2R/PKA/CREB/p53/Cyclin D1 pathway. Conclusions Taken together, our data reveal the presence of an extracellular cAMP pathway in pulmonary arteries that attempts to protect the lung during PH, and suggest targeting of the extracellular cAMP signalling pathway to limit pulmonary vascular remodelling and PH.
Laparoscopy and endoscopy cooperative surgery is a safe and effective novel treatment for duodenal neuroendocrine tumor G1
Authors: Nobukazu Yorimitsu, Tsuneo Oyama, Akiko Takahashi, Takuo Takehana, Satoshi Shiozawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2019)

The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society guidelines recommend endoscopic resection for nonampullary duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) < 10 mm in size without any metastasis [1]; however, endoscopic resection for duodenal NETs is challenging [2]. Gincul et al. reported 32 duodenal NETs treated by endoscopic mucosal resection [3]. The R0 resection rate was 50 %, the overall complication rate was 38 %, and one procedure-related death occurred. Suzuki et al. reported the outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for 37 rectal, 2 gastric, and 3 duodenal NET cases [4]. The R0 resection rate was 98 % but the perforation rate of duodenal ESDs was 66 %. Laparoscopy and endoscopy cooperative surgery (LECS) [5] is one of the options to resect duodenal NETs safely.
Cardiac Electrophysiological Substrate Underlying the ECG Phenotype and Electrogram Abnormalities in Brugada Syndrome Patients
Authors: JunjieZhang, FrédéricSacher, KurtHoffmayer, ThomasO’Hara, MariaStrom, PhillipCuculich, JenniferSilva, DanielCooper, MitchellFaddis, MélèzeHocini, MichelHaïssaguerre, MelvinScheinman, YoramRudy
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Background—Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a highly arrhythmogenic cardiac disorder, associated with an increased incidence of sudden death. Its arrhythmogenic substrate in the intact human heart remains ill-defined. Methods and Results—Using noninvasive ECG imaging, we studied 25 BrS patients to characterize the electrophysiological substrate and 6 patients with right bundle-branch block for comparison. Seven healthy subjects provided control data. Abnormal substrate was observed exclusively in the right ventricular outflow tract with the following properties (in comparison with healthy controls; P<0.005): (1) ST-segment elevation and inverted T wave of unipolar electrograms (2.21±0.67 versus 0 mV); (2) delayed right ventricular outflow tract activation (82±18 versus 37±11 ms); (3) low-amplitude (0.47±0.16 versus 3.74±1.60 mV) and fractionated electrograms, suggesting slow discontinuous conduction; (4) prolonged recovery time (381±30 versus 311±34 ms) and activation-recovery intervals (318±32 versus 241±27 ms)...
Contingent Knowledge and Looping Effects — A 66-Year-Old Man with PSA-Detected Prostate Cancer and Regrets
Authors: Robert Aronowitz, Jeremy A. Greene
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2019)

Interview with Dr. Robert Aronowitz on how the largely social processes by which we identify diseases can transform diseases themselves. (11:50)Download A 66-year-old man with PSA-detected prostate cancer undergoes prostatectomy that leaves him impotent — a decision he regrets when new evidence becomes available. How can the largely social processes by which we identify diseases transform diseases themselves?
Lessons in Pathological Histology.
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Diagnostic Utility of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping in Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Authors: Leonor Arenillas, Ivonne Parraga, Lourdes Florensa, Sara Montesdeoca Romero, Anna Puiggros, Marta Salido, Blanca Espinet, Anna Angona, Ana Ferrer, Carme Pedro, Xavier Calvo
Journal: Blood (2018)
Association of Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota With Impaired Psychological Function in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Remission
Authors: Fabienne Humbel, Jessica Harrell Rieder, Yannick Franc, Pascal Juillerat, Michael Scharl, Benjamin Misselwitz, Philipp Schreiner, Stefan Begré, Gerhard Rogler, Roland von Känel, Bahtiyar Yilmaz, Luc Biedermann
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2019)
<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Zoonotic <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Disease in Deer Hunters — Michigan, 2002–2017
Authors: James Sunstrum, Adenike Shoyinka, Laura E. Power, Daniel Maxwell, Mary Grace Stobierski, Kim Signs, Jennifer L. Sidge, Daniel J. O’Brien, Suelee Robbe-Austerman, Peter Davidson
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2019)

SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism.* The most recent common ancestor is thought to have spilled over into the local deer population from livestock at least one time during 1940-1960.All human cases are within 0-1 SNP of sharing a common ancestor with a deer isolate.Numerals denote multiple identical isolates (for example, identical M. bovis isolates from 5 deer and 1 other animal).
Training surgeons with clickers and warm scrotum studies win Ig Nobel awards
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2019)

You can train your dog with a clicker, but it also works well for training orthopedic surgeons, say this year’s winners of the Ig Nobel Prize for medical education.

Other Ig Nobel awards—given for research that first makes people laugh and then makes them think, handed out by real Nobel prize winners this week—included discovering the health benefits of eating pizza and working out the infection potential of banknotes. This year’s theme was habits, well demonstrated by clicker training of surgeons.

The clicker approach to dog training works by rewarding desired behaviors with a clicking sound made by pressing a small handheld device. This approach, known as operant learning, also proved effective in helping medical students and residents learn to tie a locking, sliding knot …
Reply to Wand <i>et al.</i>: Role of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Interstitial Lung Diseases: An Ongoing Tale
Authors: Arnaud Bourdin, Carey M. Suehs, Thomas V. Colby, Isabelle Vachier, Nicolas Molinari, Micaela Romagnoli
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2019)

from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
2-Year Outcomes After Complete or Staged Procedure for Tetralogy of Fallot in Neonates
Authors: Jill J. Savla, Jennifer A. Faerber, Yuan-Shung V. Huang, Theoklis Zaoutis, Elizabeth Goldmuntz, Steven M. Kawut, Laura Mercer-Rosa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2019)
Abstract 2115: Results of CONTROL, a Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Study of the Effects of Tetrahydrobiopterin on Blood Pressure in Subjects with Poorly Controlled Hypertension
Authors: Arshed Quyyumi, Susan Zieman, Emil Kakkis, John Hopkins, Martha Nicholson
Journal: Circulation (2007)

BACKGROUND: Tetrahydrobiopterin (6R-BH4) is a cofactor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Reduced BH4 bioavailability uncouples NO synthase, decreases NO production, increases superoxide production, and may contribute to hypertension. 6R-BH4 administration has been shown to lower blood pressure (BP) and improve endothelial function in animal models and in two small, open-label clinical studies. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel study was designed (‘CONTROL’) to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of 6R-BH4 in patients with treated, but poorly controlled, hypertension. METHODS: A total of 116 subjects with hypertension (SBP/DBP&gt; 135/85) despite a stable regimen of at least two antihypertensive drugs were randomized 2:1 to oral 6R-BH4 (n=77) or placebo (n=39) and stratified by presence or absence of type 2 diabetes. Subjects received a daily dose of 10 mg/kg 6R-BH4 for 8 weeks. Endpoints were change from baseline in SBP and DBP over 8 weeks of treatment. Other measures of efficacy included change in insulin sensitivity, proteinuria, and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and NO production. RESULTS: 6R-BH4-treated subjects had a 4.4-mm Hg drop in SBP (baseline mean, 145 mm Hg) compared with a 6.4-mm Hg drop in placebo-treated subjects (baseline mean, 143 mm Hg; p=0.428). 6R-BH4-treated subjects had a 5.0-mm Hg drop in DBP (baseline mean, 90 mm Hg) compared with a 4.8-mm Hg drop in placebo-treated subjects (baseline mean, 93 mm Hg; p=0.907). No statistically significant differences in either endpoint were seen in subgroup analyses of subjects with or without diabetes, or in other measures of efficacy or safety. Post-hoc analyses in subjects with higher SBP at baseline (&gt;150 mm Hg) showed a better SBP response to 6R-BH4 (−14.1 mm Hg) than to placebo (−5.9 mm Hg) however too few subjects with higher SBP were enrolled to reach statistical significance (6R-BH4, n=19; placebo, n=7: p=0.149). CONCLUSIONS: Oral 6R-BH4 at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day showed no anti-hypertensive effect in subjects already on a stable regimen of at least two antihypertensive drugs.
Evolution of Case Management of Patients With HIV Infection in France, 1995-1996
Authors: R. Spira
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Guideline: EULAR provided recommendations for thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Thomas DeLoughery
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2019)

ACP Journal Club17 September 2019Guideline: EULAR provided recommendations for thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndromeThomas DeLoughery, MD, MACP, FAWMThomas DeLoughery, MD, MACP, FAWMOregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA (T.D.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJ201909170-026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationTektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019. [Epub ahead of print]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31092409Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Hematology: References1 Garcia D, Erkan D. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2010-21. [PMID: 29791828] Google Scholar2 Keeling D, Mackie I, Moore GW, Greer IA, Greaves M; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the investigation and management of antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2012;157:47-58. [PMID: 22313321] Google Scholar3 Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, et al. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2018;132:1365-71. [PMID: 30002145] Google Scholar4 Jackson WG, Oromendia C, Unlu O, Erkan D, DeSancho MT; Antiphospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and International Networking. Recurrent thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and arterial thrombosis on antithrombotic therapy. Blood Adv. 2017;1:2320-24. [PMID: 29296881] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA (T.D.)This article was published at Annals.org on 3 September 2019. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byRisk factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy 17 September 2019Volume 171, Issue 6Page: JC26KeywordsAntiphospholipid syndromeAspirinCohort studiesExtrapolationInternational normalized ratioLupus erythematosusMedical risk factorsSystematic reviewsThrombosis ePublished: 17 September 2019 Issue Published: 17 September 2019 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2019 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
EURACAN/IASLC Proposals for Updating the Histologic Classification of Pleural Mesothelioma: Towards a More Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Andrew G. Nicholson, Jennifer L. Sauter, Anna K. Nowak, Hedy L. Kindler, Ritu R. Gill, Martine Remy-Jardin, Samuel G. Armato, Lynnette Fernandez-Cuesta, Raphael Bueno, Nicolas Alcala, Matthieu Foll, Harvey Pass, Richard Attanoos, Paul Baas, Mary Beth Beasley, Luka Brcic, Kelly J. Butnor, Lucian R. Chirieac, Andrew Churg, Pierre Courtiol, Sanja Dacic, Marc De Perrot, Thomas Frauenfelder, Allen Gibbs, Fred R. Hirsch, Kenzo Hiroshima, Aliya Husain, Sonja Klebe, Sylvie Lantuejoul, Andre Moreira, Isabelle Opitz, Maurice Perol, Anja Roden, Victor Roggli, Arnaud Scherpereel, Frank Tirode, Henry Tazelaar, William D. Travis, Ming-Sound Tsao, Paul van Schil, Jean Michel Vignaud, Birgit Weynand, Loic Lang-Lazdunski, Ian Cree, Valerie W. Rusch, Nicolas Girard, Francoise Galateau-Salle
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2019)
Author Correction: CCR5AS lncRNA variation differentially regulates CCR5, influencing HIV disease outcome
Authors: Smita Kulkarni, Alexandra Lied, Viraj Kulkarni, Marijana Rucevic, Maureen P. Martin, Victoria Walker-Sperling, Stephen K. Anderson, Rodger Ewy, Sukhvinder Singh, Hoang Nguyen, Paul J. McLaren, Mathias Viard, Vivek Naranbhai, Chengcheng Zou, Zhansong Lin, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Shinichi Oka, Masafumi Takiguchi, Chloe L. Thio, Joseph Margolick, Gregory D. Kirk, James J. Goedert, W. Keith Hoots, Steven G. Deeks, David W. Haas, Nelson Michael, Bruce Walker, Sylvie Le Gall, Fatema Z. Chowdhury, Xu G. Yu, Mary Carrington
Journal: Nature Immunology (2019)
Comparing the efficacy of field treatments for actinic keratosis: a critical appraisal of a randomized trial in the <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>
Authors: M.R. Wehner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

Jansen et al. conducted a randomized trial to compare the efficacy of four field treatments for actinic keratosis (AK). This was a multicentre, single‐blind, randomized trial conducted in the dermatology departments of four Netherlands hospitals. Patients were not blinded. The investigator who evaluated the trial outcome was blinded. This study included adult patients with at least five AKs on the face or vertex scalp. Patients were randomized to treatment with fluorouracil 5% cream, imiquimod 5% cream, methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) or ingenol mebutate 0·015% gel. The primary outcome was whether patients had ≥ 75% reduction in AK count 12 months after treatment. In total 624 patients participated. The likelihood of having ≥ 75% reduction in AK count 12 months after treatment was significantly higher (twice as high or greater) for fluorouracil than for any other therapy. Approximately 75% of patients treated with fluorouracil experienced ≥ 75% reduction in AK count at 12 months. Jansen et al. conclude that 1 year after treatment, fluorouracil was significantly more effective at AK reduction than imiquimod, MAL‐PDT or ingenol mebutate.