tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Initial assessment and management of burns
Authors: Philip McCaughey, Sandra McAllister
Journal: BMJ (2016)

How to examine, treat, and refer severe burns injuries Burns represent a substantial healthcare burden, accounting for more than 300 000 global deaths annually.1 In the United Kingdom, an estimated 250 000 patients present to primary care with a burns injury every year and 175 000 attend emergency departments,23 so medical students are highly likely to encounter such patients during rotations. Most burns occur at home, and children are more likely than adults to be scalded.4 Many burns can be adequately managed with appropriate first aid treatment at home or in primary care. In more severe cases, however, prompt recognition, assessment, and appropriate management can be life saving. The initial management has an important effect on the patient’s long term outcome, so your interventions can have a positive impact. Initial management consists of following a structured plan and frequently reassessing the patient’s condition and response to what you are doing. This article aims to provide you with a basic understanding of the pathology of burns, a safe and effective system for assessing patients with burns, and guidance on appropriate initial management strategies. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , a burn is “an injury caused by exposure to heat or flame.” Most burns occur as a result of thermal injury—the largest proportion of these are scalds, especially in the paediatric population.2 Burns can also be caused by several other mechanisms including electricity, chemicals, or radiation (box 1). Burns are often considered as injuries of the skin only, but this is not the case—any tissue can be burnt, including cornea and lung. This is important to remember—inhalation injuries must never be overlooked. #### Box 1: Types of burn injuries and their causes ##### Thermal burns
Imaging and bone marrow assessments improve minimal residual disease prediction in multiple myeloma
Authors: Rafael Alonso, María Teresa Cedena, Adolfo Gómez‐Grande, Rafael Ríos, José María Moraleda, Valentín Cabañas, María José Moreno, Javier López‐Jiménez, Fernando Martín, Alejandro Sanz, Antonio Valeri, Ana Jiménez, Ricardo Sánchez, Juan José Lahuerta, Joaquín Martínez‐López
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2019)

Abstract The value of minimal residual disease (MRD) status by bone marrow and imaging analysis as independent prognostic factors has been well established in multiple myeloma (MM). Nevertheless data about their potential complementarity for a more accurate assessment are limited. With this aim, we retrospectively analyzed the prediction of outcome with the combination of PET‐CT and MRD, assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) in 103 patients with newly diagnosed MM. We confirmed the benefit in terms of progression‐free survival (PFS), linked to the achievement of negativity by MFC (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28‐0.98), and PET‐CT (HR 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09‐0.36) individually. By combining both techniques, patients who became MRD‐/PET‐, with a median of PFS 92 months, had significant prolonged median PFS ( P &lt; .001). This is compared with MRD+/PET‐ and PET+ patients (median PFS of 45 and 28 months, respectively). We observed a significant difference ( P = .003) in overall survival (OS) outcomes between MRD‐/PET‐ and MRD+/PET‐ patients (4‐year OS 94.2% and 100%, respectively), vs PET+ patients (4‐year OS 73.8%). All survival results were confirmed in a conditional landmark analysis. These findings support the potential complementarity between PET‐CT and MFC, and highlight their better predictive capability when improving sensitivity.
Abstract A35: Somatic mutation profile of a panel of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer in a Brazilian population
Authors: Wellington Santos, Adriane Feijó Evangelista, Ronilson Durães, Marcus Matsushita, Rui Manuel Reis, Denise Peixoto Guimarães
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2018)

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer. The development of this disease usually occurs due to the progression of precursor lesions in the normal intestinal mucosa to tumor. Environment, age, lifestyle, and genetic background are considered risk factors for the development and progression of CRC. The molecular abnormalities involved in the progression of CRC have been well characterized, including mutations, microsatellite instability, and epigenetic changes. Although the molecular profile of colorectal cancer is well known in developed countries, in the Brazilian population information is still very limited. Therefore, in the present study we intended to characterize the mutation profile of a Brazilian population and associate this with their clinicopathologic features. A total of 61 colorectal cancer cases of different stages were included. DNA was extracted from frozen fresh tumors and sequenced using a panel of 298 genes by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mean age of patients was 63 years old; 57.4% were male. Three patients had CRC in stage 0, 16 in stage I, 29 in stage II, 10 in stage III, and three in stage IV. Considering only nonsynonymous alterations, we found on average 7.24 mutations per patient. The majority were missense (61.8%), followed by nonsense (15.2%) and frameshift mutations (10.9%). The genes most frequently mutated were APC (78.7%), TP53 (72.1%), KRAS (60.7%), PIK3CA (14.8%), and FBXW7 (14.8%). Alterations in tumor suppressor genes such as APC and TP53 were found throughout the entire gene. On the other hand, oncogenes such as KRAS had alterations in hotspots of the gene. In conclusion, the frequency of alterations in genes sequenced in our population was similar to that found in the international literature for other populations. Citation Format: Wellington Santos, Adriane Feijó Evangelista, Ronilson Durães, Marcus Matsushita, Rui Manuel Reis, Denise Peixoto Guimarães. Somatic mutation profile of a panel of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer in a Brazilian population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference held in cooperation with the Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) on Translational Cancer Medicine; May 4-6, 2017; São Paulo, Brazil. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A35.
Current recommendations and recent progress in endometrial cancer
Authors: Rebecca A. Brooks, Gini F. Fleming, Ricardo R. Lastra, Nita K. Lee, John W. Moroney, Christina H. Son, Ken Tatebe, Jennifer L. Veneris
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2019)

Abstract Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States, and its incidence is rising. Although there have been significant recent advances in our understanding of endometrial cancer biology, many aspects of treatment remain mired in controversy, including the role of surgical lymph node assessment and the selection of patients for adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy. For the subset of women with microsatellite‐instable, metastatic disease, anti– programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapy (pembrolizumab) is now approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and numerous trials are attempting to build on this early success.
Abstract P5-07-02: Not presented
Authors: S Chatterjee, A Berdnikov, E Buchel, J Safneck, AJ Marshall, LC Murphy, A Raouf
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Chatterjee S, Berdnikov A, Buchel E, Safneck J, Marshall AJ, Murphy LC, Raouf A. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-02.
Abstract P3-03-24: ABCSG 33 - A multi center registry to evaluate the affect of macro metastasis in sentinel lymph node on survival
Authors: SA Strobl, P Dubsky, R Exner, M Gnant, R Jakesz, C Tausch, V Wette, D Heck, I Luisser, V Bjelic-Radisic, P Schrenk, C Poyssl, J Mathis, F Fitzal
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background: Sentinel lymph node dissection identifies nodal positivity in early breast cancer. Trials like the ACOSOG Z0011 trial tried to show that the waiver of axillary dissection in nodal positive breast cancer (BC) has no effect on the oncologic outome, however real world data are rare and the role of adjuvant regional radiotherapy is still disputed in this respect. Objective: We initiated a multicenter observational registry to investigate omission of axillary lymph node dissection in nodal positive early BC. Design and Setting: The 18 sites participating in Austria and Switzerland included from 2014 to 2017 178 patients in this trail. Patients: Women with unilateral invasive lymph node positive BC with one or two sentinel lymph node makrometastases, who did not undergo axillary lymph node dissection were included. Results: We had a median follow up time of 3.1 years (range between 0.5 and 10.5 years), the median patient age is 63.6 years (range between 33 – 93 years). In 16.9% women had a G1 Grading, 53.1% had G2 tumor and 29.9% had a G3 tumor. Multifocality was seen in 18.1% of the patients. Luminal A tumors were seen in 16 (8.9%) and Luminal B in 82 (46.1%). Fourteen (7.8%) patients in this cohort had HER2 positive BC. In one (0.5%) local recurrence of the axilla occurred. Three (1.7%) of 178 patients died due to BC recurrence. Conclusion: Patients with macro metastasis in the sentinel lymph node, treated with breast conserving surgery and whole breast radiation did not have an increased risk of BC recurrence. Therefore the authors assume that axillary dissection in patients with early stage BC and macro metastasis is not necessary in this patient cohort. Citation Format: Strobl SA, Dubsky P, Exner R, Gnant M, Jakesz R, Tausch C, Wette V, Heck D, Luisser I, Bjelic-Radisic V, Schrenk P, Poyssl C, Mathis J, Fitzal F. ABCSG 33 - A multi center registry to evaluate the affect of macro metastasis in sentinel lymph node on survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-24.
Useful apps for interpreting electrocardiograms: 12 Lead ECG Challenge
Authors: Tom Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2012)

When it comes to understanding and recognising electrocardiograms, it is important you’ve seen a large number of sample strips so that different conditions can be recognised. 12 Lead ECG Challenge contains more than 150 sample 12 lead electrocardiograms with a simple premise; turn reading them into a challenge to develop the skills needed to quickly and accurately diagnose potentially life threatening …
Abstract P3-09-05: Withdrawn
Authors: M Chakladar, MG Nair, JS Prabhu, S Cohen, ST Srinivas, SS Lingadahalli
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Chakladar M, Nair MG, Prabhu JS, Cohen S, Srinivas ST, Lingadahalli SS. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-09-05.
Enhanced efficiency of mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 for acute kidney injury by pH-responsive and AKI-kidney targeted nanopolyplexes
Authors: Di Liu, Feiyang Jin, Gaofeng Shu, Xiaoling Xu, Jing Qi, Xuqi Kang, Hui Yu, Kongjun Lu, Saiping Jiang, Feng Han, Jian You, Yongzhong Du, Jiansong Ji
Journal: Biomaterials (2019)
The case for Obamacare
Authors: Katharine Thomas
Journal: BMJ (2012)

> “There’s nobody in Mississippi who does not have access to health care.”
> 
> Haley Barbour, former governor of Mississippi

Governor Barbour made this remark to the Boston Globe in April 2011,1 insisting that people without health insurance in Mississippi can get charitable care from hospitals and doctors whenever they need it, and poor people can rely on Medicare, a national insurance programme run by the United States government.

I was recently in Mississippi to experience the US healthcare system myself. Early one morning at 7 am, I sat slumped on a sofa, bleary eyed, waiting for surgery to start. A doctor sat down on the sofa next to me. “Did you hear what our president is doing?” he asked me. …
Abstract ES8-1: Windows of susceptibility across the lifecourse and breast cancer
Authors: L Kushi
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract With increasing knowledge regarding the role of various factors in the development of breast cancer, a concept that has attracted substantial attention is that of windows of susceptibility. This concept suggests that there are periods over the lifecourse during which a woman may be particularly vulnerable to the influence of modifiable factors in determining long-term risk of breast cancer. This concept is not new; for example, among atomic bomb survivors in Japan, it has been observed that the effect of radiation exposure on subsequent breast cancer risk is substantially higher if women were exposed earlier in life than in their later years. However, the impact of hormonally-active agents that are ubiquitous in environment has raised concern that the risk of breast cancer may be altered during windows of susceptibility, such as during the in utero period, the pubertal transition, or between puberty and first full-term pregnancy. In order to better understand the interplay of environmental and lifestyle factors with timing of exposures during the lifecourse, the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences established the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program, including both laboratory and epidemiologic studies to investigate the potential role of hormonally-active agents in altering early life factors that may influence breast cancer risk. These include, for example, epidemiologic studies that have focused on impacts on age-at-onset of puberty, and others that focus on impacts on breast density. In conjunction with other studies that have examined body size or other metabolic parameters measured at different periods over the lifecourse, a growing body of literature indicates that breast cancer risk factors may operate differently depending on when exposures to these risk factors occur. These observations indicate that establishment of breast cancer risk is complex, and that approaches to prevention likely need to recognize the importance of windows of susceptibility in influencing long-term likelihood of developing breast cancer. This presentation will review some of the key concepts and findings underlying this growing area of interest in the epidemiology of breast cancer. Citation Format: Kushi L. Windows of susceptibility across the lifecourse and breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES8-1.
Abstract P5-04-12: Withdrawn
Authors: S Charmsaz, B Doherty, S Cocchiglia, J Bolger, D Vareslija, D McCartan, A Hill, L Young
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Charmsaz S, Doherty B, Cocchiglia S, Bolger J, Vareslija D, McCartan D, Hill A, Young L. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-12.
Abstract P6-03-05: Not presented
Authors: L Guangping, L Wei, H Xiang, J Shidai, M Dengshun, F Ziyi, T Jinhai, Y Yongmei
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Guangping L, Wei L, Xiang H, Shidai J, Dengshun M, Ziyi F, Jinhai T, Yongmei Y. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-03-05.
Abstract P6-02-13: Withdrawn
Authors: C-S Huang, JC-Y Fann, H-H Chen, G-C Hsu, M-F Ho, S-C Chen, Y-J Chen, S-T Chen, C-Y Chen, S-M Sheen-Chen, H-T Chang, D-C Yeh, M Chao, H-T Yeh, L Cheng, D-R Chen, Y-C Chang, K-J Chang
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Huang C-S, Fann JC-Y, Chen H-H, Hsu G-C, Ho M-F, Chen S-C, Chen Y-J, Chen S-T, Chen C-Y, Sheen-Chen S-M, Chang H-T, Yeh D-C, Chao M, Yeh H-T, Cheng L, Chen D-R, Chang Y-C, Chang K-J. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-02-13.
Abstract P2-02-13: Computational metabolism modeling predicts risk of relapse in breast cancer patients
Authors: P Zamora, L Trilla-Fuertes, A Gámez-Pozo, G Prado-Vázquez, A Zapater-Moros, M Ferrer-Gómez, M Díaz- Almirón, R López Vacas, E Espinosa, JA Fresno Vara
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Introduction Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. In previous works we observed differences in glucose metabolism between breast cancer subtypes, suggesting that metabolism plays an important role in this disease. Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) is widely used to study metabolic networks, allowing predicting growth rates or the rate of production of a given metabolite. Material and methods Proteomics data from 96 breast cancer tumors were obtained applying a high-throughput proteomics approach to routinely archive formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Proteomics tumor data were analyzed using the human metabolic reconstruction Recon2 and FBA. The tumor growth rate for each tumor was calculated. In order to analyze fluxes from the different metabolic pathways, flux activities were calculated as the sum of the fluxes of each reaction in each pathway defined in the Recon2. Then, flux activities were used to build prognostic models. Results and discussion Using the results obtained from FBA in the proteomics dataset, flux activities were calculated for each pathway. Employing these flux activities, a prognostic signature was built. Flux activities of vitamin A, tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism and beta-alanine metabolism pathways split our population into a low and a high risk group (p=0.044). Conclusion Vitamine A, beta-alanine and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism flux activities could be used to predict relapse risk. Flux activities is a method proposed in a previous work to study response against drugs that now also demonstrated its utility in summarizing FBA data and is associated with prognosis. Citation Format: Zamora P, Trilla-Fuertes L, Gámez-Pozo A, Prado-Vázquez G, Zapater-Moros A, Ferrer-Gómez M, Díaz- Almirón M, López Vacas R, Espinosa E, Fresno Vara JA. Computational metabolism modeling predicts risk of relapse in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-02-13.
Treatment of malignant pleural effusions: the case for localized immunotherapy
Authors: Albert D. Donnenberg, James D. Luketich, Rajeev Dhupar, Vera S. Donnenberg
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2019)

Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a common terminal pathway for many cancers, with an estimated United States incidence of more than 150,000 cases per year. MPE is an aggressive disease with a uniformly fatal prognosis and a life expectancy of only 3 to 12 months. The development of an effective targeted therapy represents a pressing unmet need. This commentary focuses on how cellular and humoral components condition the pleural space as a tumor-promoting, wound-healing environment. Despite an abundance of potential antigen presenting and effector cells in the pleura, their physical isolation by the mesothelial barrier, the concentration of cytokines and chemokines driving the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and M2 /Th-2 polarization, suppress tumor-specific immune effector responses. We argue that local immune repolarization must precede either immune checkpoint or cellular therapy to successfully eradicate pleural tumor. We further hypothesize that, because of its cellular content, a repolarized pleural space will provide an effective immune environment for generation of systemic anti-tumor response.
Abstract P4-10-03: Tobacco exposure and breast cancer
Authors: N Dreher, TM Layton, BA Parker, WP Shibley, I Acerbi, AM Wallace, S Blair, JP Pierce, S Glantz, J Guydish, R Hiatt, L van 't Veer, L Esserman
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Background: Smoking is a known risk factor for various types of cancer, and breast cancer patients who smoke are known to have higher breast cancer mortality. However, few studies have found an association between smoking and breast cancer incidence or tumor biology. The Athena Breast Health Network distributes an intake questionnaire at the UCSF and UCSD breast care centers which can be used to investigate links between tobacco exposure and the characteristics of incident breast cancer. Methods: Intake questionnaires were distributed to all new patients at the UCSF and UCSD breast care centers from December 2012 to May 2018. Patients who completed the questionnaire with a known diagnosis of breast cancer were compared to those without in a case-control study. Breast cancer diagnoses were determined by ICD9 diagnosis codes from the patients' medical records. The association of smoking and breast cancer prevalence and biology was analyzed using generalized linear models and Fisher tests in R. Results: Of the 7727 patients who completed the Athena intake questionnaire at UCSF and UCSD, 5499 consented to have their data used for research. A first analysis was conducted on 4175 UCSF patients alone: 2186 of the UCSF patients who had completed the questionnaire had a documented breast cancer diagnosis, vs 1989 with no known diagnosis at the time of this analysis. 1096 of the 4175 UCSF patients reported having ever smoked, including 73 who had accrued 30 or more pack years. Complete pathology data was available for 1120 cancer patients. Controlling for age, more patients with invasive breast cancer reported having ever smoked, with an odd's ratio (OR) of 2.32 (p = .0043). By including DCIS, the OR drops slightly to 2.26 (p = .0058). Taking alcohol consumption into account as a confounder lowered the OR to 2.19 (p = .0454). Overall, the risk of breast cancer increases with each additional pack year (OR = 1.08, p = .0211), independent of age. There are no significant differences in tumor biology for any smoking group. Conclusions: A history of smoking is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer and is directly related to cumulative pack years exposure. This association should be further validated in cohort studies. Citation Format: Dreher N, Layton TM, Parker BA, Shibley WP, Acerbi I, Wallace AM, Blair S, Pierce JP, Glantz S, Guydish J, Hiatt R, van 't Veer L, Esserman L, Athena Breast Health Network Investigators and Advocate Partners. Tobacco exposure and breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-03.
Abstract P4-06-18: Withdrawn
Authors: AK Dunbier, J Hazlett, G Niemi, R Kemp
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Dunbier AK, Hazlett J, Niemi G, Kemp R. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-18.