tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Changes in Cardiac Iron and Hepatic Iron in Pediatric Patients with Thalassemia Major
Authors: Alessia Pepe, Antonella Meloni, Aldo Filosa, Laura Pistoia, Tommaso Casini, Roberto Lisi, Maria Caterina Putti, Aurelio Maggio, Calogera Gerardi, Priscilla Fina, Vincenzo Positano, Maddalena Casale
Journal: Blood (2019)
Lyn Kinase Contributes to the Reprogramming of Fibroblasts Promoting Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Progression
Authors: Alexander Frederik Vom Stein, Maximilian Koch, Sebastian Reinarzt, Anna Lucas, Rocio Rebollido-Rios, Thomas Oellerich, Phuong Hien Nguyen, Michael Hallek
Journal: Blood (2019)
Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians
Authors: Amir Qaseem, Carolyn J. Crandall, Reem A. Mustafa, Lauri A. Hicks, Timothy J. Wilt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2019)

The purpose of this guidance statement is to guide clinicians on colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults.This guidance statement is derived from a critical appraisal of guidelines on screening for colorectal cancer in average-risk adults and the evidence presented in these guidelines. National guidelines published in English between 1 June 2014 and 28 May 2018 in the National Guideline Clearinghouse or Guidelines International Network library were included. The authors also included 3 guidelines commonly used in clinical practice. Web sites were searched for guideline updates in December 2018. The AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II) instrument was used to evaluate the quality of guidelines.The target audience is all clinicians, and the target patient population is adults at average risk for colorectal cancer.Clinicians should screen for colorectal cancer in average-risk adults between the ages of 50 and 75 years.Clinicians should select the colorectal cancer screening test with the patient on the basis of a discussion of benefits, harms, costs, availability, frequency, and patient preferences. Suggested screening tests and intervals are fecal immunochemical testing or high-sensitivity guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing every 2 years, colonoscopy every 10 years, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years plus fecal immunochemical testing every 2 years.Clinicians should discontinue screening for colorectal cancer in average-risk adults older than 75 years or in adults with a life expectancy of 10 years or less.
The Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma (MM) Is Preceded By Mutated Lymphopoiesis and B Cell Oligoclonality That Persist in Patients with Negative Minimal Residual Disease (MRD)
Authors: Sara Rodríguez, Noemi Puig, Katerina Gemenetzi, Ibai Goicoechea, Cirino Botta, Andreas Agathangelidis, Rafael Valdés-Mas, Juan José Garcés, María Teresa Cedena, José J Pérez, Leire Burgos, Maria Jose Calasanz, Diego Alignani, Amaia Vilas-Zornoza, Erika Lorenzo-Vivas, Irene Aires, Idoia Rodriguez, Sarvide Sarai, Felipe Prosper, Jose Angel Martinez-Climent, Alberto Orfao, Ramón García-Sanz, Joaquin Martinez-Lopez, Juan-José Lahuerta, Laura Rosinol Dachs, Joan Bladé, Maria-Victoria Mateos, Anastasia Hadzidimitriou, Jesús San-Miguel, Bruno Paiva
Journal: Blood (2019)
Children With Rare Vasculitis Have New Treatment Option
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2019)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Outcomes of AML Patients Undergoing Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation with Adverse Risk Disease By European Leukemianet Classification: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Zane Chiad, Clark Alsfeld, Robert Collins, Brion Randolph, Georges Nahhas, Robert K. Stuart, Amarendra K. Neppalli, Irl Brian Greenwell, Kathy Edwards, Laura Milligan, Lauren Pearce, Brian T. Hess
Journal: Blood (2019)
CUL1: Novel Therapeutic Target in Myeloid Neoplasms Harboring -7/Del(7q)
Authors: Vera Adema, Cassandra M Kerr, Sunisa Kongkiatkamon, Jibran Durrani, Hassan Awada, Stephan Hutter, Kevin Fung, Francesca Gould, Christina A. Snider, Anjali S. Advani, Hetty E. Carraway, Kevin R Kelly, Steffan T. Nawrocki, Yogenthiran Saunthararajah, Jennifer S. Carew, Manja Meggendorfer, James G Phillips, Mikkael A. Sekeres, Michael R. Savona, Torsten Haferlach, Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, Valeria Visconte
Journal: Blood (2019)
Hematological Presentation and Change in Clinical Phenotype during Follow-up in Pearson Syndrome
Authors: Ayami Yoshimi, Sarah C Grünert, Holger Cario, Ute Gross-Wieltsch, Udo Kontny, Kyogo Suzuki, Stephan Lobitz, Helen Wagner, Irene Schmid, Daniela Karall, Arndt Borkhardt, Miriam Erlacher, Peter Noellke, Charlotte M. Niemeyer
Journal: Blood (2019)
Comparison of the DONOR Lymphocyte Infusion and Second Allogeneic STEM-CELL Transplantation in the Treatment of First Hematological Relapse after Allogeneic STEM-CELL Transplantation in Adults with ACUTE Leukemia
Authors: Haluk Demiroglu, Elifcan Aladag, Nelson J. Chao, Yahya Buyukasik, Hakan Goker
Journal: Blood (2019)
Open-Label, Phase 2 Study of Blinatumomab after First-Line Rituximab-Chemotherapy in Adults with Newly Diagnosed, High-Risk Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Deborah A. Katz, Michael P. Chu, Kevin A. David, Catherine Thieblemont, Nicholas J. Morley, Sharif S. Khan, Yuqi Chen, James Kalabus, Joan Morris, Abraham Anderson, Ariel A. Avilion, Eva González-Barca
Journal: Blood (2019)
Up-Regulation of the mRNA Expression and Plasma Activity of PADI4in Sickle Cell Anemia during Acute Crisis
Authors: Bidossessi Wilfried Hounkpe, Francine Chenou, Igor de Farias Domingos, Evilazio Cunha Cardoso, Marcondes José de Vasconcelos Costa Sobreira, Aderson da Silva Araujo, Antonio Roberto Lucena-Araújo, Pedro Vieira da Silva Neto, Adriana Malheiro, Nelson Abrahim Fraiji, Fernando Ferreira Costa, Marcos André Cavalcanti Bezerra, Magnun Nueldo Nunes Santos, Erich V De Paula
Journal: Blood (2019)
ACTR-42. PI3K/mTOR PATHWAY ACTIVATION SELECTED PHASE II STUDY OF EVEROLIMUS (RAD001) WITH AND WITHOUT TEMOZOLOMIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH SUPRATENTORIAL LOW-GRADE GLIOMA [NCT NCT02023905]
Authors: Jennie Taylor, Annette Molinaro, Eduardo Rodriguez Almaraz, Ciara Downey, Joanna Phillips, Nancy Ann Oberheim-Bush, Nicholas Butowski, Susan Chang, Mitchel Berger, Michael Prados, Daphne Haas-Kogan, Jennifer Clarke
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Functional activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is seen in ~50% of low-grade gliomas and correlates with worse survival. Everolimus is a selective inhibitor of mTOR that targets mTOR-raptor signaling, halting proliferation and indirectly inhibiting angiogenesis. This phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy of everolimus in untreated grade II diffuse glioma. Patients were stratified by 1p19q status and PI3K pathway activation (via phosphorylation of PRAS-40) into three arms: 1) 1p19q intact, PRAS-40 phosphorylated received everolimus monotherapy; 2) 1p19q intact, PRAS-40 not phosphorylated received everolimus with temozolomide; and 3) 1p19q co-deleted received everolimus monotherapy. Primary outcome was landmark PFS-33 months for Arms 1 and 2; and PFS-38 months for Arm 3 (null hypothesis 50% for all arms individually). Key eligibility criteria included central pathology confirmation, no prior treatment, and initiation of everolimus within 120 days of most recent tissue sampling. From 05/2014 to 07/2018, 27 patients were enrolled – 16 into Arm 1; 2 into Arm 2; and 9 into Arm 3. Median age at enrollment was 38 years (range 21 – 65); median KPS 90 (range 70 – 100) and a majority were male (74%). Although follow-up is not complete, as of 05/2019 11 of 16 patients had progressed prior to 33 months in Arm 1, and 5 of 9 patients had progressed prior to 38 months in Arm 3. Toxicity was as expected with frequent grade 1/2 AEs of diarrhea, rash, and mucositis. Headache was the most common grade 3 AE and was seen in three cases. The study was closed prematurely secondary to slow accrual and loss of drug support. Updated survival data as well as results of secondary and exploratory analyses will be reported. In summary, everolimus was well tolerated in previously untreated low-grade gliomas. However, it failed to meet primary outcome of extending PFS in this population.
New Insights into PLZF/Rara Mechanism during APL Onset: EZH2 on the Road
Authors: Mathilde Poplineau, Nadine Platet, Lia N'Guyen, Shuhei Koide, Julien Vernerey, Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi, Motohiko Oshima, Atsushi Iwama, Estelle Duprez
Journal: Blood (2019)
Definition and Validation of the New Elderly Prognostic Index (EPI) for Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Integrating Geriatric and Clinical Assessment: Results of the Prospective "Elderly Project" on 1353 Patients By the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi
Authors: Michele Spina, Francesco Merli, Benedetta Puccini, Federica Cavallo, Maria Giuseppina Cabras, Alberto Fabbri, Francesco Angrilli, Vittorio Ruggero Zilioli, Dario Marino, Monica Balzarotti, Marco Ladetto, M. Christina Christina Cox, Luigi Petrucci, Annalisa Arcari, Guido Gini, Annalisa Chiappella, Stefan Hohaus, Gerardo Musuraca, Michele Merli, Roberto Sartori, Luca Nassi, Monica Tani, Francesca Re, Leonardo Flenghi, Anna Lia Molinari, Sofia Kovalchuk, Chiara Bottelli, Simone Ferrero, Daniela Dessì, Emanuele Cencini, Elsa Pennese, Valentina Tabanelli, Luigi Marcheselli, Caterina Mammi, Stefano Luminari, Alessandra Tucci
Journal: Blood (2019)
Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Marginal Zone Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (MZL) Treated with Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: The Mayo Clinic Experience
Authors: Muhamad Alhaj Moustafa, Ricardo Parrondo, Gregory Wiseman, Jennifer Peterson, Thomas E. Witzig, Han W. Tun
Journal: Blood (2019)
Stem Leydig Cells in the Adult Testis: Characterization, Regulation and Potential Applications
Authors: Panpan Chen, Barry R Zirkin, Haolin Chen
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2019)

Abstract Androgen deficiency (hypogonadism) affects males of all ages. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is effective in restoring serum testosterone and relieving symptoms. TRT, however, is reported to have possible adverse effects in part because administered testosterone is not produced in response to the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Progress in stem cell biology offers potential alternatives for treating hypogonadism. Adult Leydig cells (ALCs) are generated by stem Leydig cells (SLCs) during puberty. SLCs persist in the adult testis. Considerable progress has been made in the identification, isolation, expansion and differentiation of SLCs in vitro. In addition to forming ALCs, SLCs are multipotent, with the ability to give rise to all 3 major cell lineages of typical mesenchymal stem cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Several regulatory factors, including Desert hedgehog and platelet-derived growth factor, have been reported to play key roles in the proliferation and differentiation of SLCs into the Leydig lineage. In addition, stem cells from several nonsteroidogenic sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mature fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord have been transdifferentiated into Leydig-like cells under a variety of induction protocols. ALCs generated from SLCs in vitro, as well as Leydig-like cells, have been successfully transplanted into ALC-depleted animals, restoring serum testosterone levels under HPG control. However, important questions remain, including: How long will the transplanted cells continue to function? Which induction protocol is safest and most effective? For translational purposes, more work is needed with primate cells, especially human.
Back to the future? Health and the World Bank’s human capital index
Authors: Felix Stein, Devi Sridhar
Journal: BMJ (2019)

The HCI and the underlying human capital theory consider human health only in terms of its economic effects• This may make healthcare more inter- esting for proponents of growth based development and raise its importance in policy circles • However, it has major limitations for guiding health policy, as it raises equity concerns and may enable further individualisation and financialisation of healthcare
ME-401-003 (TIDAL): A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Arm, Phase 2 Study of ME-401 Investigating Continuous and Intermittent Dosing Schedules in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Andrew D. Zelenetz, Pier Luigi Luigi Zinzani, Henry Chan, Christian Buske, Vincent Ribrag, David Cunningham, Wojciech Jurczak, Pau Abrisqueta, Joanne Li, Igor Gorbatchevsky, Jennifer R. Brown
Journal: Blood (2019)
Inhibition of LSD1 in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Progenitors Restores Differentiation of CD141Hi Conventional Dendritic Cells
Authors: Pragya Srivastava, Stephanie Tzetzo, Eduardo Cortes Gomez, Kevin Eng, Prashant K Singh, Kitty De Jong, Sheila N. J. Sait, Kyle Wiatrowski, Miranda L Lynch, Jennifer Peresie, Jianmin Wang, Elizabeth A. Griffiths, Michael J. Nemeth
Journal: Blood (2019)
Targeting Hypersumoylation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Walter Hanel, Liudmyla Tsyba, Dennis Huszar, Alex Prouty, Xiaoli Zhang, JoBeth Helmig-Mason, Bethany L Mundy-Bosse, Youssef Youssef, Samir Parekh, Kami J. Maddocks, Robert A Baiocchi, Lapo Alinari
Journal: Blood (2019)
RTHP-04. PEDIATRIC STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY FOR BENIGN NEUROLOGIC DISEASE: A 25-YEAR INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Alexander Sherry, Brian Bingham, Ellen Kim, Benjin Facer, Valentine Chukwuma, Guozhen Luo, Albert Attia, Jennifer Vogel, Anthony Cmelak
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Long-term outcomes and sequalae of pediatric stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for benign neurologic disease are poorly understood. We sought to explore the efficacy and late effects of SRS in pediatric patients treated our institution. After institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective analysis of patients age 21 or younger treated between 1990 and 2016. Covariates were summarized with descriptive statistics. 56 consecutive patients were enrolled. Patients were primarily Caucasian (n=51, 93%) males (n=30, 54%). Diagnoses included arterio-venous malformation (n=41, 73%) and functional pituitary adenoma (n=9, 16%) as well as vestibular schwannoma, craniopharyngioma, meningioma, papilloma, and ganglioglioma. Average age was 14 years (95% CI 13–16 years). SRS was often the first intervention (n=22, 44%); treatments prior to SRS included embolization (n=18, 36%) and surgery (n=10, 20%). SRS was typically single fraction (n=45, 94%) with a median total dose of 16 Gy (IQR 15–18 Gy). Most patients had no acute side effects of SRS (n=40, 87%). Median follow-up time after SRS was 12 years (IQR 6–18 years, max 26 years). 91% of patients had no late sequelae of SRS. One patient was diagnosed with radionecrosis one year after repeat SRS for residual malformation. Two patients had malformation hemorrhage. One patient with brainstem malformation developed focal weakness after ischemia from treatment effect; another patient with malformation developed seizures related to SRS edema. Over 673 patient-years following SRS, no patient developed radiation-induced malignancy or malignant transformation. Median disease-free survival after SRS was 6 years (IQR 3–13) with 66% overall local control; 84% of local failures occurred within 5 years of SRS. At last follow-up, 95% of patients remained without evidence of disease with 100% overall survival. These data support the long-term safety and efficacy of pediatric SRS.
TMOD-42. PROSPECTIVE VALIDATION OF AN EX VIVO 3D ASSAY FOR PREDICTION OF TEMOZOLOMIDE RESPONSE IN GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: Ashley Smith, Lillia Holmes, Stephen Shuford, Charles Kanos, Stephen Gardner, Philip Hodge, Michael Lynn, Jeff Edenfield, Teresa DesRochers
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Standard treatment for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) is surgical resection followed by radiation with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ). For those who do not respond there are few clinical options, survival is low, and there no biomarkers to direct the decision of second-line treatment. We have developed a 3D cell culture assay to predict response to TMZ and 11 other potential therapies for GBM. Our assay uses GBM tissue obtained at surgical resection and the test’s 7-day turnaround maximizes clinical actionability of results. We performed a small, prospective study examining the ability of the assay to predict response to TMZ. Ten newly diagnosed GBM patients were enrolled over 12 months. Two patients were removed due to refusal of treatment, and three failed the assay (3/8, 62.5% success). The remaining five patients received radiation and concurrent TMZ following surgical resection. Using progression-free survival (PFS) measured from the completion of radiation therapy and setting 4 months as the cutoff for response, we were able to determine the ability of our assay to predict TMZ response. The assay correctly predicted all five patients (100%). The average PFS for the two predicted responders was 8 months compared to the three predicted non-responders at 3 months, p = 0.0634. In this limited dataset, MGMT methylation did not appear to play a role as two of three predicted non-responders were methylated along with one of two predicted responders. Average overall survival of the predicted TMZ responders was 13 months compared to 6 months for the predicted non-responders, p = 0.0634. This early data indicates the potential for this assay to inform clinicians of the best course of action for their patients. Further enrollment of patients into the 3D-PREDICT clinical trial will provide a larger dataset for better validation of the predictive value of this new assay.
Polysaccharide-K (PSK) inhibits distant metastasis in colorectal cancer dependent on ECA39
Authors: Reigetsu Yoshikawa, Hidenori Yanagi, Masafumi Noda, Takehira Yamamura, Tomoko Hashimoto-Tamaoki
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

727  Background: Polysaccharide-K (PSK), or Krestin (Sankyo Co., Tokyo, Japan), a mushroom ingredient, has been used as a chemoimmunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers in Asia for over 30 years. Distant metastasis is one of the major problems in treatment for advanced colorectal cancer. There is growing evidence that PSK prevents distant metastases and improves survival rates by 10 to 20% in colorectal, gastric, esophageal, nasopharynx, lung, and breast cancers. However, the mechanism of the direct anti-cancer cell activities of PSK has yet to be elucidated. Methods: To investigate the direct effect on carcinoma cells, we used protein microarrays to analyze expression profiles in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, SW480 with the mutant p53 gene. We examined the expression of candidate proteins in two cell lines, SW480 and HCT116 with a wild-type p53 gene, and its clinical implication for the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. Results: Expression of 14 out of 500 proteins was significantly altered (8 upregulated; HDJ-2, TNIK, TRAX, C-NAP1, Moesin, etc. and 6 downregulated; ECA39, Caspase-9/ICE-LAP6/Apaf-3, Synaptotagmin, MAPK2, PMCA2, etc.) after 96 h exposure to 500 mg/ml PSK. We then confirmed the alteration of ECA39 protein, a direct target for c-Myc regulation, in both cell lines, as a candidate relating to anti-metastatic effects of PSK. In immunohistochemical staining, ECA39 was significantly expressed in the tumor tissues with distant metastases compared to the ones without metastases(p
Interim Analysis of Registry of Ruxolitinib Treatment in Patients with Intermediate-2 or High Risk Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), Post-Polycythemia Vera Myelofibrosis (PPV-MF), or Post-Essential Thrombocythemia Myelofibrosis (PET-MF) in Taiwan
Authors: Hsin-An Hou, Chien-Chin Lin, Ming-Chung Kuo, Shyuann-Yuh Lin, Jyh-Pyng Gau, Ming-Chung Wang, Ming-Chih Chang, Tsung-Chih Chen, Su-Peng Yeh, Yeu-Chin Chen, Cih-En Huang, Chieh-Wen Chen, Yee-Ming Lee, Fan-Chen Ku, Lee-Yung Shih
Journal: Blood (2019)
Treatment of Macroglobulinaemia
Authors: F. B. Hobbs
Journal: BMJ (1962)

CORRESPONDENCEprofound, is apparently non-fatal to the healthy heart.It is possible that the vagal effect of succinyldicholine on the heart of the badly burned patient is to convert the sinus tachycardia so commonly present due to sympathetic overactivity and toxaemia to ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.Animal experimentation may throw some light on the many hypotheses advanced.The authors are to be congratulated on focusing further attention on an important contraindication to succinyldicholine.-I am, etc.,
High Frequency Mutations of MYD88 and KMT2D in Chinese Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Shuhua Yi, Yuting Yan, Meiling Jin, Wenjie Xiong, Zengjun Li, Ying Yu, Rui Cui, Zhen Yu, Yani Lin, Wang Jun, Tingyu Wang, Wei Liu, Kun Ru, Lili Wang, Lugui Qiu
Journal: Blood (2019)
The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group
Authors: H. Alexander, A.S. Paller, C. Traidl‐Hoffmann, L.A. Beck, A. De Benedetto, S. Dhar, G. Girolomoni, A.D. Irvine, P. Spuls, J. Su, J.P. Thyssen, C. Vestergaard, T. Werfel, A. Wollenberg, M. Deleuran, C. Flohr
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2019)

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an increased risk of bacterial skin infections, which cause significant morbidity and, if untreated, may become systemic. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin of most patients with AD and is the most common organism to cause infections. Overt bacterial infection is easily recognized by the appearance of weeping lesions, honey‐coloured crusts and pustules. However, the wide variability in clinical presentation of bacterial infection in AD and the inherent features of AD – cutaneous erythema and warmth, oozing associated with oedema, and regional lymphadenopathy – overlap with those of infection, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, some features may be masked because of anatomical site‐ and skin‐type‐specific features, and the high frequency of S. aureus colonization in AD makes positive skin swab culture of suspected infection unreliable as a diagnostic tool. The host mechanisms and microbial virulence factors that underlie S. aureus colonization and infection in AD are incompletely understood. The aim of this article is to present the latest evidence from animal and human studies, including recent microbiome research, to define the clinical features of bacterial infections in AD, and to summarize our current understanding of the host and bacterial factors that influence microbial colonization and virulence.