Tracking online heroisation and blame in epidemics
Authors: Laëtitia Atlani-Duault, Jeremy K Ward, Melissa Roy, Céline Morin, Andrew Wilson
Journal: The Lancet Public Health (2020)

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is giving rise to worldwide anxieties, rumours, and online misinformation. But it offers an opportunity to put into practice some lessons learned in studies of social media during epidemics, particularly with respect to the dynamics of online heroisation and blame. Epidemics such as the H1N1 influenza pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Ebola take place in a complex world, with many disasters (human-caused and natural) and a host of social, cultural, economic, political, and religious concerns. Responding to such concerns is not usually part of public health approaches to epidemic communications, which emphasise biomedical and epidemiological information. This approach is short-sighted. Research on the Ebola and H1N1 influenza epidemics1Atlani-Duault L Mercier A Rousseau C Guyot P Moatti JP Blood libel rebooted: traditional scapegoats, online media, and the H1N1 epidemic.Cult Med Psychiatry. 2015; 39: 43-61Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, 2Roy M Moreau N Rousseau C Mercier A Wilson A Atlani-Duault L Ebola and localized blame on social media: analysis of Twitter and Facebook conversations during the 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic.Cult Med Psychiatry. 2019; 44: 56-79Crossref Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 3Atlani-Duault L Rousseau C Moatti J-P Delfraissy J-F Murgue B Behavioural research in epidemics.Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 567-568Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar, 4Atlani-Duault L Kendall C Influenza, anthropology, and global uncertainties.Med Anthropol. 2009; 28: 207-211Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar suggests that gathering online data on local perceptions has the potential to help public authorities mount more robust responses and better targeted health communications. Particularly fruitful paths to investigate, we believe, are the dynamics of heroisation and the creation of so-called figures of blame. Searching for someone to blame is part of the process of making sense of any disaster, akin to the phenomenon of moral panic.5Cohen S Folk devils and moral panics. MacGibbon & Kee, London1972Google Scholar Conspiracy theories and misinformation are already circulating in traditional and social media about COVID-19.6McCurry J Tokyo 2020 organisers fight false rumours Olympics cancelled over coronavirus crisis. The Guardian, Feb 1, 2020https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/01/tokyo-2020-organisers-fight-false-rumours-olympics-cancelled-over-coronavirus-crisisDate accessed: February 11, 2020Google Scholar, 7Paul K As coronavirus misinformation spreads on social media, Facebook removes posts. New York Times, Feb 5, 2020https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-facebook-idUSKBN1ZV388Date accessed: February 11, 2020Google Scholar Thus, it is important to track the evolving dynamics of blame in real time, both to correct inaccurate information and to respond to online scapegoating. The other side of the coin is heroisation, the investment of hope and trust in a context of risk and unease. Analyses of blame and heroisation during the 2014–15 Ebola epidemic, using Twitter and Facebook posts in French and English,2Roy M Moreau N Rousseau C Mercier A Wilson A Atlani-Duault L Ebola and localized blame on social media: analysis of Twitter and Facebook conversations during the 2014–2015 Ebola epidemic.Cult Med Psychiatry. 2019; 44: 56-79Crossref Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 8Moreau N Roy M Wilson A Atlani-Duault L "Life is more important than football": comparative analysis of Tweets and Facebook comments on Ebola and the 2015 African Cup of Nations in Morocco.Int Rev Sociol Sport. 2020; (published online Jan 20.)DOI:10.1177/1012690219899610Crossref Scopus (10) Google Scholar suggest that heroic status was widely conferred on ordinary individuals and insiders rather than altruistic foreigners, as in other crises. The term local hero is not an empty phrase: identification of local heroes as they emerge, and working with them (online and offline), could have a strong pay-off in communication campaigns. What constitutes a hero during a time of crisis is nuanced and context-specific, however, and needs careful qualitative work to understand. Heroes can include, for example, whistle-blowers (who put their careers on the line to alert the public) and health workers (who generate essential information while doing their work). All these figures can be seen emerging during the COVID-19 outbreak. Qualitative analysis can also identify issues in authorities' handling of crises, which crystallise around transparency. For instance, discussions can coalesce not only around conspiracy theories but also around real uncertainties and blind spots in health authorities' communications.9Ward JK Dans la gestion d'une crise, il faut éviter l'affolement et la panique: comment les communicants légitiment le sens commun des décideurs politiques.Politiq Commun. 2018; 2: 103-130Crossref Google Scholar, 10Ward JK Rethinking the antivaccine movement concept: a case study of public criticism of the swine flu vaccine's safety in France.Soc Sci Med. 2016; 159: 48-57Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar In times of crisis, public authorities tend to focus their concern on avoiding panic and filtering the information they provide to the public. But trust is a crucial support to public health systems. It is during crises such as the COVID-19 outbreak that this trust is put to the test. Tracking heroisation and blame dynamics in real-time, as epidemics unfold, can help health authorities to understand public attitudes both to the threats posed by epidemics and the hope offered by health interventions, to fine-tune targeted health communication strategies accordingly, to identify and amplify local and international heroes, to identify and counter attempts to blame, scapegoat, and spread misinformation, and to improve crisis management practices for the future. Such an approach can bring to the surface what we propose to call complex geographies of hope and blame, which public health authorities need to be aware of while planning responses to the epidemic. We declare no competing interests.