Self-risk assessment for patients with rheumatic disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Helena Marzo-Ortega, Ai Lyn Tan, Lesley-Anne Bissell, Ann W Morgan, Claire Vandevelde, Edward M Vital, Shouvik Dass
Journal: The Lancet Rheumatology (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest challenge faced by health services worldwide for over a century. As the deadly capability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became known, the UK Government and England's National Health Service (NHS) announced the need to identify individuals thought to be at a increased risk of developing severe manifestations of COVID-19, including patients receiving immunosuppressant therapies.1Get coronavirus support as a clinically extremely vulnerable person. gov.uk.https://www.gov.uk/coronavirus-extremely-vulnerableDate accessed: May 8, 2020Google Scholar The key aim was to advise susceptible individuals of the need to minimise their infection risk by following strict physical distancing or so-called shielding guidance. As a result, clinicians across the UK were challenged to identify and disseminate urgent information almost overnight to a targeted group of patients within the constraints of current NHS systems. Like our colleagues in Wolverhampton,2Bateman J Mulherin D Hirsch G Venkatachalam S Sheeran T Rapid distribution of information by SMS-embedded video link to patients during a pandemic.Lancet Rheumatol. 2020; (published online May 6.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30126-0Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar we were acutely aware of the challenge created by the lack of accurate coding of rheumatological diagnosis and current medication within the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, prompting us to develop a multilayered strategy to communicate with our patients asking them to self-assess their COVID-19 risk. After collating the information cascaded by regulatory authorities, the British Society for Rheumatology, and other medical societies, we created a series of guidance materials related to COVID-19 for rheumatology patients. We developed a patient-friendly self-risk assessment algorithm and presented it in an animated, home-recorded video using PowerPoint (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA),3LTHT RheumatologyLTHT Rheumatology COVID immunosuppressant video V1 4 31 03 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdLctvFMp_EDate: April 2, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar, 4Tan AL LTHT guide for Rheumatology patients on immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 Pandemic 31 March 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNGPfntHgtIDate: March 31, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar, 5Tan AL LTHT Rheumatology COVID immunosuppressants 31 3 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGROdmpcyj8Date: March 31, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar with all materials then uploaded onto the hospital website. Patients in the rheumatology department's outpatient waiting list were directed to this website via an SMS (text) message, which was sent to 10 612 patients, followed by a dispatch of 948 letters to those who could not access the message via SMS. Consent to be approached via SMS is recorded and renewed during routine outpatient reviews in our NHS trust. The video was uploaded onto YouTube.com3LTHT RheumatologyLTHT Rheumatology COVID immunosuppressant video V1 4 31 03 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdLctvFMp_EDate: April 2, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar, 4Tan AL LTHT guide for Rheumatology patients on immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 Pandemic 31 March 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uNGPfntHgtIDate: March 31, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar, 5Tan AL LTHT Rheumatology COVID immunosuppressants 31 3 20.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGROdmpcyj8Date: March 31, 2020Date accessed: May 14, 2020Google Scholar and shared via Twitter. As of May 7, 2020, 6 weeks into the UK lockdown, the Leeds risk stratification video had been viewed 5442 times, and 1568 patients have identified themselves as high risk by filling in a dedicated e-form on our website. Furthermore, the locally produced algorithm and video have been adopted or modified by rheumatology colleagues in other centres and patient charities in the UK and abroad. We believe that self-stratification has other benefits for rheumatology patients, particularly when treatment might have changed since their last hospital visit. Our tool emphasises that patients should be aware of the importance of glucocorticoids as an infection risk, with 5 mg or more of prednisolone increasing the risk stratification at each line of therapy, and that patients should be particularly scrupulous in their implementation of physical distancing.6Fardet L Petersen I Nazareth I Common infections in patients prescribed systemic glucocorticoids in primary care: a population-based cohort study.PLoS Med. 2016; 13e1002024Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar This therapy is often erroneously considered to be safer than disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs by both patients and non-specialist doctors. Conversely, both patients and physicians often misunderstand that reducing all immunosuppressant therapies would reduce infection risk, so we felt it was important to emphasis that reducing therapy might be counter-productive since untreated disease, or the treatments needed to control flares, could be more deleterious than stable non-glucocorticoid immunosuppressants. These considerations exemplify how guided self-management can lead to constructive patient education. The main limitation of this approach is the fact that susceptible patients, including older individuals, might have no access to modern technologies including the internet and smartphones, and might find themselves overwhelmed by the amount of information provided in paper form. Evaluation of the effect of the tool is difficult at present because we cannot assess what proportion of patients correctly identified themselves as high risk or whether this self-identification led to behavioural change; however, analysis to answer these questions is now underway. This is the first time in its 70-year history that the capacity of response of the NHS has been tested to such a scale. We have been positively surprised by the flexibility and agility of the system to introduce drastic change rapidly. Additionally, in our experience, patient engagement was encouraging and prompt, with 1307 unique views of the video within the first 48 h of publishing. As the country enters the next phase of response, new ways of working should consider direct patient empowerment as a major catalyst for delivering safe and effective care. We thank the Rheumatology Consultants and Nurse Specialist Team at Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust. We also thank David Pickles and Michael Keeney for their help with internet assessments. All authors are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the UK NHS, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health. HM-O reports grants and personal fees from Janssen and Celgene; grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Novartis, UCB, and Eli Lilly; and personal fees from Pfizer, Takeda, and AbbVie outside of the submitted work. AWM reports grants and personal fees from Roche; personal fees from Sanofi/Regeneron and GlaxoSmithKline; non-financial support from Regeneron; and grants from Kiniska Pharmaceuticals outside of the submitted work. EMV reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca; personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Roche, Aurinia, and ILTOO; and grants from Sandoz outside of the submitted work. SD reports personal fees from UCB and Chugai outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.