Reply to: “Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease 2019”
Authors: Khalad Maliyar, Muskaan Sachdeva, Asfandyar Mufti, Jensen Yeung
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2020)

To the Editor: We were pleased to read the letter by Lan et al1Lan J. Song Z. Miao X. et al.Skin damage among healthcare workers managing coronavirus disease-2019.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82: 1215-1216Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (371) Google Scholar on the characteristics of skin damage caused by personal protective equipment (PPE) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. They reported that 97.0% of health care workers (n = 526/546) experienced cutaneous adverse events because of PPE, commonly on the nasal bridge (83.1%) and cheeks (78.7%). Although mild and self-limited, damage to the skin should not be overlooked because it can lead to an increased risk of contracting COVID-19. The associated symptoms of burning, itching, or stinging can predispose health care workers to face-touching behaviour, which has been implicated in viral transmission.2Kantor J. Behavioral considerations and impact on personal protective equipment use: early lessons from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020; 82: 1087-1088Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (69) Google Scholar We believe that these PPE-associated cutaneous complications should not be ignored. In this article, we propose practical strategies that can be implemented by health care workers to mitigate cutaneous complications caused by various PPEs (Table I).Table IRecommendations for preventing personal protective equipment–associated cutaneous complicationsPersonal protective equipmentRecommendationsAdditives (in scrubs clothing)Maintain cool/moderate room temperature.Wear loose-fitting clothing underneath scrubs.Ensure scrubs are loose fitting.Latex glovesWear 1 layer (unless health care worker has existing skin barrier damage, in which case he or she should wear an additional layer).Apply hand creams, hydrophobic compress with normal saline, or topical zinc ointment after shift.Moisturize hands regularly and ensure they are clean and dry before putting on gloves.Avoid wearing hand and wrist jewelry, as well as nail polish and artificial nails.Use nitrile or vinyl gloves.Keep nails short and filed.N95 masks and gogglesUse full-face shields if cutaneous complications are present.Ensure they are well fitted and not tight.Apply facial moisturizers and gels before wearing facial PPE.Apply hydropathic compress to damaged skin.Ear protectionClean and dry external ear and canal after taking off PPE.Cover retroauricular areas with surgical cap before putting on ear PPE.Treat retroauricular skin with hydropathic compress after shift.Wear N95 mask with plastic handle. Open table in a new tab The additives (eg, formaldehyde textile resins) contained in fibers of scrubs ("greens") can lead to textile allergic contact dermatitis.3Donovan J. Skotnicki-Grant S. Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde textile resins in surgical uniforms and nonwoven textile masks.Dermatitis. 2007; 18: 40-44Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar It is reported that 22.8% of the general population is sensitive to formaldehyde, and this complication can be exacerbated by friction, moisture from perspiration, warmth, and tight-fitting clothing.3Donovan J. Skotnicki-Grant S. Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde textile resins in surgical uniforms and nonwoven textile masks.Dermatitis. 2007; 18: 40-44Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar To mitigate these effects, clinical environments should be maintained at adequate low temperatures, and health care workers should avoid wearing tight garments whenever possible. Up to 99% of PPE-related cutaneous reactions are due to gloves because prolonged use can lead to allergic contact dermatitis, overhydration, and subsequent skin maceration and erosion.4Yan Y. Chen H. Chen L. et al.Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019.Dermatol Ther. 2020; : e13310https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar To avoid overhydration, 1 layer of gloves is recommended. Other types of gloves to consider include nitrile or vinyl gloves, if available. Application of hand creams, a hydrophobic compress with normal saline, or topical zinc ointment after completing clinical duties can mitigate skin maceration.4Yan Y. Chen H. Chen L. et al.Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019.Dermatol Ther. 2020; : e13310https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar One study reported that 59.6% of health care workers who regularly used N95 masks during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) pandemic developed facial acne, whereas 35.8% of health care workers developed a facial rash from either irritant contact dermatitis or allergic contact dermatitis.5Foo C.C.I. Goon A.T.J. Leow Y.-H. Goh C.-L. Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome--a descriptive study in Singapore.Contact Dermatitis. 2006; 55: 291-294Crossref PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar Similarly, prolonged goggle wear has led to urticaria, pressure injury, contact dermatitis, and acne vulgaris in health care workers.4Yan Y. Chen H. Chen L. et al.Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019.Dermatol Ther. 2020; : e13310https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar Masks and goggles should be well fitted to reduce pressure injuries, and when possible, full-face shields can replace facial PPE. Facial moisturizers or gels should be applied before facial PPE is worn. Severe skin indentation can be managed with hydropathic compress and povidone iodine diluted by normal saline at a ratio of 1:9 on the face.4Yan Y. Chen H. Chen L. et al.Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019.Dermatol Ther. 2020; : e13310https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar Some facial masks are secured by anchoring to the ears, causing damage to the external ears and retroauricular skin areas because of pressure, prolonged exposure, or both.4Yan Y. Chen H. Chen L. et al.Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health-care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019.Dermatol Ther. 2020; : e13310https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310Crossref PubMed Scopus (212) Google Scholar To avoid damage, we recommended wearing ear-independent masks when possible, covering retroauricular areas with a surgical cap before wearing ear-dependent PPE, cleaning and drying the external ear and canal, and applying moisturizers to retroauricular skin. An increase in the rigorous use of PPE by health care workers since the COVID-19 outbreak has presented unique dermatologic challenges related to PPE-associated pressure and abrasion injuries. Although strict adherence to PPE guidelines is paramount in reducing the spread of infection, measures should be implemented to protect the skin barrier, thereby preventing the paradoxic situation in which protection measures become a risk for COVID-19 infection. Skin damage among health care workers managing coronavirus disease-2019Journal of the American Academy of DermatologyVol. 82Issue 5PreviewTo the Editor: Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, more than 200,000 health care workers from all over China have been participating in the fight against this highly contagious disease in Hubei province, which is the center of infection in China. Skin damage caused by enhanced infection-prevention measures among health care workers, which could reduce their enthusiasm for overloaded work and make them anxious, has been reported frequently. Full-Text PDF