Interrogating the Genetic Determinants of Tourette’s Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders Through Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Dongmei Yu, Jae Hoon Sul, Fotis Tsetsos, Muhammad S. Nawaz, Alden Y. Huang, Ivette Zelaya, Cornelia Illmann, Lisa Osiecki, Sabrina M. Darrow, Matthew E. Hirschtritt, Erica Greenberg, Kirsten R. Muller-Vahl, Manfred Stuhrmann, Yves Dion, Guy Rouleau, Harald Aschauer, Mara Stamenkovic, Monika Schlögelhofer, Paul Sandor, Cathy L. Barr, Marco Grados, Harvey S. Singer, Markus M. Nöthen, Johannes Hebebrand, Anke Hinney, Robert A. King, Thomas V. Fernandez, Csaba Barta, Zsanett Tarnok, Peter Nagy, Christel Depienne, Yulia Worbe, Andreas Hartmann, Cathy L. Budman, Renata Rizzo, Gholson J. Lyon, William M. McMahon, James R. Batterson, Danielle C. Cath, Irene A. Malaty, Michael S. Okun, Cheston Berlin, Douglas W. Woods, Paul C. Lee, Joseph Jankovic, Mary M. Robertson, Donald L. Gilbert, Lawrence W. Brown, Barbara J. Coffey, Andrea Dietrich, Pieter J. Hoekstra, Samuel Kuperman, Samuel H. Zinner, Pétur Luðvigsson, Evald Sæmundsen, Ólafur Thorarensen, Gil Atzmon, Nir Barzilai, Michael Wagner, Rainald Moessner, Roel Ophoff, Carlos N. Pato, Michele T. Pato, James A. Knowles, Joshua L. Roffman, Jordan W. Smoller, Randy L. Buckner, A. Jeremy Willsey, Jay A. Tischfield, Gary A. Heiman, Hreinn Stefansson, Kári Stefansson, Danielle Posthuma, Nancy J. Cox, David L. Pauls, Nelson B. Freimer, Benjamin M. Neale, Lea K. Davis, Peristera Paschou, Giovanni Coppola, Carol A. Mathews, Jeremiah M. Scharf
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2019)

Objective: Tourette's syndrome is polygenic and highly heritable. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches are useful for interrogating the genetic architecture and determinants of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders. The authors conducted a GWAS meta-analysis and probed aggregated Tourette's syndrome polygenic risk to test whether Tourette's and related tic disorders have an underlying shared genetic etiology and whether Tourette's polygenic risk scores correlate with worst-ever tic severity and may represent a potential predictor of disease severity. Methods: GWAS meta-analysis, gene-based association, and genetic enrichment analyses were conducted in 4,819 Tourette's syndrome case subjects and 9,488 control subjects. Replication of top loci was conducted in an independent population-based sample (706 case subjects, 6,068 control subjects). Relationships between Tourette's polygenic risk scores (PRSs), other tic disorders, ascertainment, and tic severity were examined. Results: GWAS and gene-based analyses identified one genome-wide significant locus within FLT3 on chromosome 13, rs2504235, although this association was not replicated in the population-based sample. Genetic variants spanning evolutionarily conserved regions significantly explained 92.4% of Tourette's syndrome heritability. Tourette's-associated genes were significantly preferentially expressed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Tourette's PRS significantly predicted both Tourette's syndrome and tic spectrum disorders status in the population-based sample. Tourette's PRS also significantly correlated with worst-ever tic severity and was higher in case subjects with a family history of tics than in simplex case subjects. Conclusions: Modulation of gene expression through noncoding variants, particularly within cortico-striatal circuits, is implicated as a fundamental mechanism in Tourette's syndrome pathogenesis. At a genetic level, tic disorders represent a continuous spectrum of disease, supporting the unification of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders in future diagnostic schemata. Tourette's PRSs derived from sufficiently large samples may be useful in the future for predicting conversion of transient tics to chronic tic disorders, as well as tic persistence and lifetime tic severity.