Factors associated with well‐controlled asthma—A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Helena Lindgren, Mikael Hasselgren, Scott Montgomery, Karin Lisspers, Björn Ställberg, Christer Janson, Josefin Sundh
Journal: Allergy (2019)

The present Global Initiative of Asthma (GINA) guidelines define asthma control as a combination of symptom control and risk-minimizing future adverse outcomes such as exacerbations.1 Asthma symptom control can be assessed using the Asthma Control Test (ACT). ACT includes five items on a 6-point score from 0 to 6 referring to the previous four weeks, the lower total score the worse.2 Few studies have investigated factors associated with asthma control using the present GINA definition. We performed a study with the aims of investigating levels of asthma control as measured by ACT and exacerbation frequency and to identify factors associated with well-controlled asthma. The study population included 1199 primary and secondary care patients from 14 hospitals and 54 primary healthcare centres (PHCCs) in central Sweden.3 All centres established lists of patients with a doctor's diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10 code J45), from which 2794 patients were randomly selected. Data were obtained by mail from patient questionnaires. The questionnaires included the Swedish version of ACT and data on sex, age, educational level, tobacco smoking habits, self-rated severity of asthma, height and body weight, comorbid conditions, visits to an asthma/COPD-nurse, written action plans, access to a specific responsible physician, knowledge on self-management of exacerbations, exercise habits, pharmacological treatment and compliance, emergency visits and oral steroid courses due to deterioration in their asthma. The response rate was 46%, and 1199 patients had data on both exacerbation frequency and all ACT items. Well-controlled asthma symptoms were defined as ACT score ≥ 20. An exacerbation was defined as an episode of worsened asthma symptoms during the previous 6 months, resulting in an unscheduled healthcare visit in primary or secondary care and/or a course of oral corticosteroids. Well-controlled asthma was defined as both well-controlled asthma symptoms (ACT score ≥ 20) and absence of exacerbations previous 6 months. Logistic regression analyses were performed, using well-controlled asthma, ACT score ≥ 20, and no exacerbations previous 6 months and as dependent variables. Univariable analyses used patient characteristics and measures as independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression analyses included sex, age groups and all statistically significant independent variables from any of the univariable logistic regression analyses. The proportion of patients with well-controlled asthma was 49% %. (Figure 1A). Well-controlled asthma was, most importantly, inversely associated with moderate/severe self-rated disease, underweight, obesity, rhinitis and heart disease (Table 1). ACT ≥ 20 and no exacerbations Univariate regression OR (95% CI) ACT ≥ 20 and no exacerbations Multivariate regression OR (95% CI) Well-controlled asthma symptoms as measured by ACT were associated with high education (OR [95% CI] 1.56 [1.11-2.19]), moderate/severe disease (0.14 [0.10-0.19]), overweight (0.64 [0.44-0.92]), obesity (0.43 [0.29-0.65]), rhinitis (0.55 [0.36-0.85]), heart disease (0.52 [0.27-0.99]) and self-rated self-management knowledge (1.80 [1.19-2.72]). Absence of exacerbations previous 6 months was associated with self-assessed moderate/severe disease (OR [95% CI] 0.23 [0.16-0.32]). Multivariable regression with the main model stratified by sex showed associations between high education and well-controlled asthma, ACT ≥ 20 and absence of exacerbations in men but not in women, P for interactions .009, .041 and .021, respectively. All the results from logistic regression analyses were substantially unchanged after further adjustment for maintenance pharmacological treatment (data not shown). Self- rated asthma disease severity was the only patient-related variable that was associated with both high ACT score and absence of exacerbations, and with well-controlled asthma in both sexes. Figure 1B shows the proportions of patients with self-rated mild and moderate/severe asthma distributed over asthma symptom control and exacarbation frequency. Even though self-rated mild disease was strongly associated with well-controlled asthma, a considerable proportion of patients with poor asthma control estimated their disease as mild, and conversely, some patients with well-controlled asthma considered their disease as moderate/severe (Figure 1B). We believe that the greatest challenge is to detect the patients with self-rated mild disease but with poor symptom control, as exacerbations often lead to contact with the health care. This indicates the importance of using ACT as a structured way of assessing asthma symptom control. To the best of our knowledge, the associations of underweight and mild self-assessed asthma severity with well-controlled asthma, and of self-reported self-management knowledge and rhinitis with high ACT score, are novel findings. Our study also confirms the previous reported associations of higher BMI3, 4 and heart disease with uncontrolled asthma symptoms.5 Interestingly, our finding of underweight is consistent with the well-known association of underweight with low-health related quality of life in COPD.6, 7 Our association of rhinitis with poor asthma control included both allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Some 61% reported to have allergic rhino-conjunctivitis but there was no association of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis alone with asthma control. Previous research suggests that allergic rhinitis impairs the asthma control level and increases the risk for adverse outcomes 8, 9 and that any type of rhinitis influences Asthma Control Questionnaire scores and exacerbation risk.10, 11 Thus, our study adds the association of rhinitis with poor asthma symptom control as measured by ACT. Main strengths of the present study is that it is a real world study, describing an unselected population of patients with asthma from both primary care and hospital care settings, and that we chose to use two different measures of asthma control according to GINA. Major potential limitations are in the cross-sectional study design which cannot investigate causal associations and that all data are self-reported. Asthma was defined as a doctor's diagnosis, without the confirmation by objective measurements in lung function, and reported exacerbations were not confirmed by medical records. Thus, we cannot exclude reporting bias. We conclude that only half of the patients have well-controlled asthma and that well-controlled asthma is inversely associated with self-assessed moderate/severe asthma disease severity, obesity, underweight, rhinitis and heart disease. In addition, self-reported self-management knowledge is associated with well-controlled asthma symptoms as measured by ACT. Important clinical implications are that assessment of asthma control always should include both symptoms and exacerbations as in the present GINA recommendations and that comorbid conditions, weight and low self-management skills are important addressable risk factors for poor asthma control. The authors have no conflicts of interest related to this study to declare. All authors have made substantial contributions to the manuscript. The PRAXIS study was supported by grants from the county councils of the Uppsala-Örebro Health Care region, the Swedish Heart and Lung Association, the Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association, the Bror Hjerpstedts Foundation, the Center for Clinical Research, Dalarna, and by Region Örebro County through ALF research funding.