tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association of Electronic Cigarette Regulations With Electronic Cigarette Use Among Adults in the United States
Authors: Yang Du, Buyun Liu, Guifeng Xu, Shuang Rong, Yangbo Sun, Yuxiao Wu, Linda G. Snetselaar, Robert B. Wallace, Wei Bao
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2020)

Millions of Americans use electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). A growing number of state and local governments have started to draft and implement laws regarding the sale, marketing, and use of e-cigarettes. The association of US state regulations regarding e-cigarettes with e-cigarette use remains unknown.To examine the association of US state regulations regarding e-cigarettes with current e-cigarette use among adults in the United States.This cross-sectional study included adults aged 18 years or older from the 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which is a nationwide, telephone-administered survey that collects state-representative data on health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. Data analysis was performed from February 1, 2019, to April 31, 2019.United States state laws regulating e-cigarette use, including prohibiting e-cigarette use in indoor areas of private workplaces, restaurants, and bars; requiring retailers to purchase a license to sell e-cigarettes; prohibiting self-service displays of e-cigarettes; prohibiting sales of tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, to persons younger than 21 years; and e-cigarette taxes.Current use of e-cigarettes.Among 894 997 participants aged 18 years or older (503 688 women [51.3%], 679 443 non-Hispanic white [62.6%], 71 730 non-Hispanic black [16.3%], 69 823 Hispanic [11.4%], and 74 001 non-Hispanic other races [9.8%]), 28 907 (weighted prevalence, 4.4%) were currently using e-cigarettes. The age-standardized weighted prevalence of current e-cigarette use varied across US states and territories, from 1.0% in Puerto Rico to 6.2% in Guam. After adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, including conventional cigarette use, the odds ratios of current e-cigarette use were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83-0.98) for state laws prohibiting e-cigarette use in indoor areas of private workplaces, restaurants, and bars; 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.95) for state laws requiring retailers to purchase a license to sell e-cigarettes; 1.04 (95% CI, 0.99-1.09) for state laws prohibiting self-service displays of e-cigarettes; 0.86 (95% CI, 0.74-0.99) for state laws prohibiting sales of tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, to persons younger than 21 years; and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.83-0.96) for state laws applying taxes to e-cigarettes.These findings suggest that several state regulations regarding e-cigarettes may be associated with reduced e-cigarette use among US adults.
An Unusual Cause of New Electrocardiographic ST-Segment Elevation
Authors: Hongyi Wu, Juying Qian, Junbo Ge
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2020)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
Novel metric for evaluating pre-exposure prophylaxis programme effectiveness in real-world settings
Authors: Cheryl Hendrickson, Lawrence Long, David van de Vijver, Charles Boucher, Heidi O'Bra, Cassidy W Claassen, Mwansa Njelesani, Crispin Moyo, Daliso B Mumba, Hasina Subedar, Lloyd Mulenga, Sydney Rosen, Brooke E Nichols
Journal: The Lancet HIV (2020)
Increased Capsaicin Sensitivity in Patients with Severe Asthma Is Associated with Worse Clinical Outcome
Authors: Yoshihiro Kanemitsu, Kensuke Fukumitsu, Ryota Kurokawa, Norihisa Takeda, Motohiko Suzuki, Jennifer Yap, Hirono Nishiyama, Tomoko Tajiri, Satoshi Fukuda, Takehiro Uemura, Hirotsugu Ohkubo, Ken Maeno, Yutaka Ito, Tetsuya Oguri, Masaya Takemura, Akio Niimi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2020)

Rationale: Capsaicin cough reflex sensitivity (C-CS) is associated with poorly controlled asthma, although its association with severe asthma remains unknown.Objectives: To determine the clinical impact of C-CS on severe asthma.Methods: We prospectively enrolled 157 patients with asthma (including 122 patients with severe asthma who were in step 4 or 5 according to the Global Initiative for Asthma 2015 guidelines) between November 2016 and October 2019. A capsaicin cough challenge was performed along with spirometry and assessment of biomarkers. The concentration required to induce at least five coughs by capsaicin was adopted as an index of C-CS. An Asthma Control Test and comorbidities were also evaluated. Associations of biomarkers with four clinical features of severe asthma made by the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guidelines (poor control [Asthma Control Test < 20; n = 58], frequent exacerbations [≥2/yr; n = 28], admissions [≥1/yr; n = 17], and airflow limitation [FEV1% predicted < 80%; n = 30]) were assessed.Measurements and Main Results: Heightened C-CS was associated with poor asthma control, frequent exacerbations, and admissions, particularly in patients without atopy (n = 54). Meanwhile, C-CS was not related to airflow limitation. Multivariate regression analysis has revealed that heightened C-CS (at least five coughs by capsaicin ≤ 2.44 μM) was a significant risk for poor asthma control and frequent exacerbations. Regarding general factors and comorbidities, ex-smoking status, diabetes mellitus, and chronic rhinosinusitis were associated with clinical features of severe asthma (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: Heightened C-CS is a risk factor for severe asthma. The present study suggests the association of airway neuronal dysfunction with the pathophysiology of non-type 2 severe asthma.
Retraction: Banegas JR et al. Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1509-20.
Authors: José R Banegas, Luis M Ruilope, Alejandro de la Sierra, Ernest Vinyoles, Manuel Gorostidi, Juan J de la Cruz, Gema Ruiz-Hurtado, Julián Segura, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Bryan Williams
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2020)

Correspondence from The New England Journal of Medicine — Retraction: Banegas JR et al. Relationship between Clinic and Ambulatory Blood-Pressure Measurements and Mortality. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1509-20.
Comparison of surgical outcomes between video-assisted anal fistula treatment and fistulotomy plus seton for complex anal fistula: A propensity score matching analysis - Retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hailong Liu, Xuan Tang, Yi Chang, Ajian Li, Zhen Li, Yihua Xiao, Yong Zhang, Zhihui Pan, Liang Lv, Moubin Lin, Lu Yin, Huihong Jiang
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2020)
Leukocyte Telomere Length, DNA Oxidation, and Risk of Lower-Extremity Amputation in Patients With Long-standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Manuel Sanchez, Sophie Hoang, Caroline Kannengiesser, Louis Potier, Samy Hadjadj, Michel Marre, Ronan Roussel, Gilberto Velho, Kamel Mohammedi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2020)

OBJECTIVE Telomere shortening and DNA oxidation are associated with premature vascular aging, which may be involved in lower-extremity amputation (LEA). We sought to investigate whether leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and plasma 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of DNA oxidation, were associated with LEA in subjects with type 1 diabetes at high vascular risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS LTL (quantitative PCR) and plasma 8-OHdG concentrations (immunoassay method) were assessed at baseline in the GENEDIAB (Génétique de la Néphropathie Diabétique) type 1 diabetes cohort. Logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate odds ratio (OR) (at baseline) and hazard ratio (HR) (during follow-up), with related 95% CI, by increasing biomarker tertiles (T1, T2, T3). RESULTS Among 478 participants (56% male, mean ± SD age 45 ± 12 years and diabetes duration 29 ± 10 years), 84 patients had LEA at baseline. Baseline history of LEA was associated with shorter LTL (OR for T2 vs. T1 0.62 [95% CI 0.32–1.22] and for T3 vs. T1 0.41 [0.20–0.84]) but not with plasma 8-OHdG (1.16 [0.56–2.39] and 1.24 [0.61–2.55], respectively). New cases of LEA occurred in 34 (12.3%) participants during the 10-year follow-up. LTL were shorter (HR T2 vs. T1 0.25 [95% CI 0.08–0.67] and T3 vs. T1 0.29 [0.10–0.77]) and plasma 8-OHdG higher (2.20 [0.76–7.35] and 3.11 [1.07–10.32]) in participants who developed LEA during follow-up compared with others. No significant interaction was observed between biomarkers on their association with LEA. CONCLUSIONS We report the first independent association between LTL shortening and excess risk of LEA in type 1 diabetes. High plasma 8-OHdG was also associated with incident LEA but partly dependent on cofounding variables.
Krebs Cycle Reborn in Macrophage Immunometabolism
Authors: Dylan G. Ryan, Luke A.J. O'Neill
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2020)

A striking change has happened in the field of immunology whereby specific metabolic processes have been shown to be a critical determinant of immune cell activation. Multiple immune receptor types rewire metabolic pathways as a key part of how they promote effector functions. Perhaps surprisingly for immunologists, the Krebs cycle has emerged as the central immunometabolic hub of the macrophage. During proinflammatory macrophage activation, there is an accumulation of the Krebs cycle intermediates succinate and citrate, and the Krebs cycle–derived metabolite itaconate. These metabolites have distinct nonmetabolic signaling roles that influence inflammatory gene expression. A key bioenergetic target for the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, also becomes altered, generating reactive oxygen species from Complexes I and III. Similarly, alternatively activated macrophages require α-ketoglutarate-dependent epigenetic reprogramming to elicit anti-inflammatory gene expression. In this review, we discuss these advances and speculate on the possibility of targeting these events therapeutically for inflammatory diseases.
Complement activation in sickle cell disease: Dependence on cell density, hemolysis and modulation by hydroxyurea therapy
Authors: Lubka T. Roumenina, Philippe Chadebech, Gwellaouen Bodivit, Paula Vieira‐Martins, Anne Grunenwald, Idris Boudhabhay, Victoria Poillerat, Sadaf Pakdaman, Laurent Kiger, Alicia Jouard, Etienne Audureau, France Pirenne, Frédéric Galactéros, Véronique Frémeaux‐Bacchi, Pablo Bartolucci
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2020)

The complement system is an innate immune defense cascade that can cause tissue damage when inappropriately activated. Evidence for complement over activation has been reported in small cohorts of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, the mechanism governing complement activation in SCD has not been elucidated. Here, we observe that the plasma concentration of sC5b-9, a reliable marker for terminal complement activation, is increased at steady state in 61% of untreated SCD patients. We show that greater complement activation in vitro is promoted by SCD erythrocytes compared to normal ones, although no significant differences were observed in the regulatory proteins CD35, CD55, and CD59 in whole blood. Complement activation is positively correlated with the percentage of dense sickle cells (DRBCs). The expression levels of CD35, CD55, and CD59 are reduced in DRBCs, suggesting inefficient regulation when cell density increases. Moreover, the surface expression of the complement regulator CD46 on granulocytes was inversely correlated with the plasma sC5b-9. We also show increased complement deposition in cultured human endothelial cells incubated with SCD serum, which is diminished by the addition of the heme scavenger hemopexin. Treatment of SCD patients with hydroxyurea produces substantial reductions in complement activation, measured by sC5b-9 concentration and upregulation of CD46, as well as decreased complement activation on RBCs in vitro. In conclusion, complement over activation is a common pathogenic event in SCD that is associated with formation of DRBCs and hemolysis. And, it affects red cells, leukocytes and endothelial cells. This complement over activation is partly alleviated by hydroxyurea therapy.
Bolstering Surrogate Decision Making for Marginally Represented and Unrepresented Patients: One System’s Approach and Experience
Authors: Jason Lesandrini, Jordan Potter
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2020)

In his article “Marginally Represented Patients and the Moral Authority of Surrogates,” Dr. Jeffrey Berger identifies two neglected concerns around surrogate decision-making, i.e. the moral connect...
Prevalence, trends, and survival impact of human papillomavirus on oropharyngeal cancer in Indian population.
Authors: Ankur Bahl, Lalit Dar, BK Mohanti, Pankaj Kumar, Alok Thakar, Venkat Karthikeyan, Atul Sharma
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

5540 Background: Among oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the true prevalence of HPV remains variable and studies have estimated that up to 60% may be HPV positive. Patients with HPV positive tumor are usuallyyounger in age, less likely to have history of tobacco or alcohol consumption and associated with a better prognosis but this information for Indian patients is largely unknown. Methods: 105 newly diagnosed patients of OSCC were enrolled. HPV genotyping was done on the biopsy specimen by consensus polymerase chain reaction and reverse line-blot hybridization assay. HPV prevalence was studied according to gender, age, tobacco and alcohol use and high risk sexual behavior. Results: Overall HPV prevalence was 22.8%. HPV positive patients were younger by 8 years as compared to negative patients (P=0.003). No significant correlation between tobacco consumption, alcoholic habits, and HPV status was observed. The mean number of life time sexual partners in HPV positive patients was 1.66 while, it was 1.33 in HPV negative patients (P=0.049). Incidence of high risk sexual behaviors was more in HPV positive patients (P&lt;0.001). There were no significant associations between the two groups with respect to tumor size, nodal stage and the overall stage of the tumor. 16% of the base of tongue cancers and 40% of tonsillar carcinoma were positive (P = 0.02). Among positive samples, HPV 16 was the commonest (79%) followed by HPV 18 (12%). 96% of patients received treatment. At 18.8 months there was no significant difference in OS, EFS between HPV positive and negative OSCC (P = 0.97 and P= 0.51 respectively). Conclusions: The current study reconfirms that HPV positive OSCC patients are younger with high risk sexual behavior. Impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on HPV status was not found in this study. HPV positive rates were significantly higher for tonsillar cancer. Contrary to literature, we did not find any differences in OS or EFS between two groups. Small numbers of patients in the study group, short follow up period and significant tobacco smoking in HPV group may be the one of the reason for this.
Independent Losses of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Pathway within Crustacea
Authors: Allie M Graham, Felipe S Barreto
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2020)

Metazoans respond to hypoxic stress via the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, a mechanism thought to be extremely conserved due to its importance in monitoring cellular oxygen levels and regulating responses to hypoxia. However, recent work revealed that key members of the HIF pathway have been lost in specific lineages (a tardigrade and a copepod), suggesting that this pathway is not as widespread in animals as previously assumed. Using genomic and transcriptomic data from 70 different species across 12 major crustacean groups, we assessed the degree to which the gene HIFα, the master regulator of the HIF pathway, was conserved. Mining of protein domains, followed by phylogenetic analyses of gene families, uncovered group-level losses of HIFα, including one across three orders within Cirripedia, and in three orders within Copepoda. For these groups, additional assessment showed losses of HIF repression machinery (EGLN and VHL). These results suggest the existence of alternative mechanisms for cellular response to low oxygen and highlight these taxa as models useful for probing these evolutionary outcomes.
治癒期の感染性心内膜炎を疑った大動脈弁二尖弁の1例 | 文献情報 | J-GLOBAL 科学技術総合リンクセンター
Authors: 由宇博重, 一瀬哲夫, 横松友紀, 山瀬美紀, 河野安伸, 小西博応, 谷本享生, 大井川哲也, 加藤洋一, 中里祐二, 天野篤, 岩間義孝
Journal: Circulation (2008)
Marginally Represented Patients and the Moral Authority of Surrogates
Authors: Jeffrey T. Berger
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2020)

Incapacitated adult patients are commonly divided into two groups for purposes of decision making; those with a surrogate and those without. Respectively, these groups are often referred to as represented and unrepresented, and the relative ethics of decision making between them raises two particular issues. The first issue involves the differential application of the best interests standard between groups. Second is the prevailing notion that representedness and unrepresentedness are categorical phenomena, though it is more aptly understood as a multidimensional and continuous variable based on relational moral authority. This paper examines the nature of representedness as it relates to ethical norms of surrogate decision making.
Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer: ASCO Endorsement of a Cancer Care Ontario Guideline
Authors: Philip J. Saylor, R. Bryan Rumble, Scott Tagawa, James A. Eastham, Antonio Finelli, Pavan S. Reddy, Terry M. Kungel, Merel G. Nissenberg, Jeff M. Michalski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2020)

PURPOSE In 2017, Cancer Care Ontario’s Program in Evidence-Based Care released the Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer guideline. This guideline included recommendations across a relatively broad clinical spectrum within prostate cancer. Topics addressed ranged from management of osteoporotic fracture risk in nonmetastatic disease to management of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer metastatic to bone. ASCO has a policy and set of procedures for endorsing clinical practice guidelines that have been developed by other professional organizations. METHODS The Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer guideline was reviewed for developmental rigor by methodologists. An ASCO Expert Panel then reviewed the content and the recommendations. RESULTS The ASCO Expert Panel determined that the recommendations from the Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer guideline were clear, thorough, and based on the most relevant scientific evidence. ASCO wholly endorses the Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer guideline. RECOMMENDATIONS The ASCO Expert Panel endorses all the original guideline recommendations as written and offers a series of discussion points to guide practice for clinicians as they manage bone-related risks within this patient population.
Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Frederick P. Rivara, Stephan D. Fihn
Journal: JAMA Network Open (2020)

published the report Maternal Mortality in New York City, which was commissioned by the Commonwealth Fund and detailed the appalling rate of maternal mortality in childbirth, estimated to be as many as 25 000 deaths annually in the United States.This report found that two-thirds of these deaths were deemed preventable and that the leading culprits were the attendant physicians.Annual maternal mortality rates in European countries were also very high by today's standards, but substantially lower than the US rates (eg, 235 and 242 per 100 000 live births in 1920 for Denmark and the Netherlands, respectively, compared with 689 per 100 000 in the United States). 2 Following the New York City report, there was a marked and sustained decrease in maternal mortality in the United States and other Western countries, with rates stabilizing at approximately 37 per 100 000 live US births in the 1960s, which was virtually identical to the
Abstract 139: Does Simplification of Guidelines Improve Retention of BLS Skills 3 Months After Training?
Authors: Dung T Nguyen, Kasper G Lauridsen, Josephine Johnsen, Kristian Krogh, Bo Løfgren
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Background: The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) 2015 basic life support (BLS) guidelines introduced a simplified algorithm compared to the ERC 2010 BLS guidelines. This was intended to improve adherence to guidelines and retention of skills. This study aimed to compare the retention of BLS skills 3 months after training using the ERC 2010 or 2015 guidelines. Methods: This was an observational study including video recordings of laypersons being skill tested 3 months after participation in a standardized ERC BLS/AED course using either the ERC 2010 guidelines or the simplified ERC 2015 guidelines. The endpoints were 1) remembering the correct sequence of BLS/AED algorithm, 2) remembering the correct sequence of the BLS/AED algorithm and performing all skills correctly, 3) time to: emergency medical service (EMS) call, first compression, and shock delivery. Results: We analyzed videos of 133 laypersons skill tested 3 months after initial training; 64 trained using the 2010 guidelines (mean ±standard deviation (SD) age: 40 ±11 years, male sex: 19 (30%)) and 69 trained using the 2015 guidelines (age: 44 ±10 years, male sex: 36 (52%)). Participants in the 2015 guidelines group improved the retention of the BLS/AED algorithm compared to the 2010 guidelines group (29 (42%) vs. 10 (16%), relative risk (RR): 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4 - 5.1) P=0.001). Both BLS/AED algorithm and all skills were correctly performed by 13 (19%) vs. 3 (5%) (RR: 4.0 (95% CI: 1.2 - 13.5) P=0.01) in the 2015 and 2010 groups respectively. No significant difference was found in time to EMS call (difference: 3 sec (95% CI: -2 - 9 sec) P=0.27), time to first compression (difference: 4 sec, (95% CI: -3 - 10 sec) P=0.28), and time to first shock (difference: 4 sec (95% CI: -5 - 14 sec) P=0.33) between the groups. Conclusion: BLS/AED training using ERC 2015 guidelines was associated with better skill retention compared to training using ERC 2010 guidelines. There was no difference in time to EMS call, first compression, or shock delivery.
Assisted dying: Belgian doctors are acquitted of unlawful poisoning
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2020)

Three Belgian doctors have been acquitted of unlawfully poisoning a 38 year old woman almost 10 years ago, in a landmark trial centred on Belgium’s assisted dying law.

During the high profile case the court heard that Tine Nys, who had severe psychiatric problems and had survived earlier suicide attempts, had repeatedly asked to be helped to die under the country’s 2002 legislation.

The law requires the independent opinion of three medical professionals. The two GPs and psychiatrist on trial agreed that Nys met the criterion of unbearable physical and psychological suffering from an incurable illness. The procedure was carried out on 27 April …