Reply to: “Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with abnormal liver tests”
Authors: Qingxian Cai, Jun Chen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)

Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with abnormal liver testsJournal of HepatologyVol. 73Issue 3PreviewWe read with great interest the research article "COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests" by Cai et al. published recently in Journal of Hepatology.1 The authors assessed the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with abnormal liver tests and found that patients with abnormal liver tests, especially in hepatocyte type or mixed type, were at higher risk of progressing to severe disease. They found that liver impairment in patients with COVID-19 was mainly related to certain medications used during hospitalization. Full-Text PDF COVID-19: Abnormal liver function testsJournal of HepatologyVol. 73Issue 3PreviewRecent data on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has begun to shine light on the impact of the disease on the liver. But no studies to date have systematically described liver test abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with abnormal liver test results. Full-Text PDF We thank Chen P. and Zhou B. for their interest in our manuscript and for their thoughtful comments. Concerning selection bias, as our study was not a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial with a large, real-world sample, we aimed to minimize it. The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen is the only government mandated referral hospital in Shenzhen, China for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Thus all infected patients in the region would present to our hospital and would generally be representative of patients with COVID-19 in the city. Bias in the estimated association of an exposure on an outcome that arises from the procedures used to select individuals into the study was avoided. We agree that pre-hospital medication could influence liver tests. However, as described in the paper, because the accessibility of medical resources in our city are quite different from that in Hubei and other epidemic regions, over-the-counter medicines are rarely used to self-treat. Additionally, during this unique pandemic period, all medical staff and the general population were well aware of the disease. Once individuals presented any COVID-19-related symptoms, they would receive confirmatory testing. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient would be referred to our hospital for further treatment as soon as possible. Patients were very unlikely to have taken antipyretics (acetaminophen), antibiotics (macrolides, quinolones), or steroids before admission; thus, any effect of these drugs on the results would not be substantial. We agree that ischemia, hypoxia, and reperfusion are important factors related to liver injury. As we have reported, severe cases of COVID-19 are defined by the official clinical practice guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society, and respiratory abnormalities are a key diagnostic criterion.1Cai Q. Huang D. Ou P. Yu H. Zhu Z.B. Xia Z. et al.COVID-19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China.Allergy. 2020; 75: 1742-1752Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar,2Metlay J.P. Waterer G.W. Long A.C. Anzueto A. Brozek J. Crothers K. et al.Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200: e45-e67Crossref PubMed Scopus (1884) Google Scholar Mechanical ventilation was usually needed in severe cases, which has been reported in a recent study. Furthermore, in ours and other studies,1Cai Q. Huang D. Ou P. Yu H. Zhu Z.B. Xia Z. et al.COVID-19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China.Allergy. 2020; 75: 1742-1752Crossref PubMed Scopus (337) Google Scholar,3Guan W.J. Ni Z.Y. Hu Y. Liang W.H. Ou C.Q. He J.X. et al.Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 1708-1720Crossref PubMed Scopus (20496) Google Scholar, 4Xu X.W. Wu X.X. Jiang X.G. Xu K.J. Ying L.J. Ma C.L. et al.Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series.BMJ. 2020; 368: m606Crossref PubMed Scopus (1461) Google Scholar, 5Wang D. Hu B. Hu C. Zhu F. Liu X. Zhang J. et al.Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China.JAMA. 2020; 323: 1061-1069Crossref PubMed Scopus (16360) Google Scholar severe cases consistently showed a higher percentage of severe liver abnormality than non-severe cases. As remdesivir was not used in our hospital, we could not assess its effects on liver function. In addition, our data showed that 5.04% of patients with COVID-19 had liver comorbidities, which was consistent with the prevalence of 2–11% reported by Zhang C et al.6Zhang C. Shi L. Wang F.S. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5: 428-430Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1334) Google Scholar We agree that the question of whether intensive immunotherapy may minimize the COVID-19-related inflammatory response may be relevant. Actually, some related experimental studies in our hospital are ongoing and hope to give answers to these questions. Inspired by the current study, we will conduct more in-depth studies in the future to improve our understanding of this disease. Last, but not least, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression was reported in various human organs but the results were controversial. For example, a recent study failed to replicate the expression of ACE2 in the alveolar type II (AT2) cells or in the AT2 lung carcinoma cell line A549.7Hikmet F. Méar Ln Uhlén M. Lindskog C. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues.bioRxiv. 2020; (preprints)https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.016048Crossref Google Scholar Similarly, our study showed that patients treated with ACE-inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were not at increased odds of progressing to severe disease compared to patients taking other antihypertensive drugs. These results indicate that the expression of ACE2 in the human respiratory system may be limited, and thus the expression of the receptor in lung or respiratory epithelia on the protein level is yet to be confirmed. Most concerns above have been discussed in our discussion section. This work is funded by the National Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Center, Funds for the construction of key medical disciplines in Shenzhen, the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201612014), and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. J Chen designed the study, received the grant supports and had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. J Chen, QX Cai contributed to the writing and statistical analysis of the report. All authors contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, or data interpretation, and reviewed and approved the final version. The authors declare no conflicts of interest that pertain to this work. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details. Download .pdf (.15 MB) Help with pdf files disclosures.pdf