tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
RDNA-14. RADIATION-INDUCED miR-4516 CONTRIBUTES TO RADIO-RESISTANCE AND PROMOTES AGGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE IN GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: Ebin Sebastian, Tiantian Cui, Erica Hlavin Bell, Joseph McElroy, Benjamin Johnson, Pooja Manchanda Gulati, Marjolein Geurts, Aline Paixao Becker, Jessica Fleming, S Jaharul Haque, Pierre Robe, Arnab Chakravarti
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis despite the best available treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as promising, novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in glioblastoma. In a previous study, we demonstrated that miR-4516 predicts poor prognosis and functions as an oncogene in glioblastoma. Aim of the current study is to examine the role miR-4516 in radiation resistance and identify downstream targets contributing to this phenotype METHODS Radiosensitization was evaluated by cell viability and clonogenic assays. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Potential targets of miR-4516 were identified using bioinformatic analysis (Targetscan and miRDB) and confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Results were validated using immunoblotting. miR-4516 expression in glioblastoma cell lines after radiation treatment was quantified by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Expression of miR-4516 was increased up to 15 fold following radiation treatment, peaking at around 15min-60 min in primary and established glioblastoma cell lines including GBM 08-387, GBM 30 and U87-MG. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-4516 sensitized GBM 08-387, GBM30 and U87-MG cells to radiation in comparison to control groups as determined by cell viability and clonogenic assays. Further, miR-4516 inhibition induced apoptosis in these cell lines following radiation treatment. While conducting mechanistic studies, we found that the tumor-promoting function of miR-4516 was, in part, mediated by inhibition of p21 and PTPN14, two direct targets of miR-4516 CONCLUSION Our data suggest that radiation induces the expression of miR-4516 in glioblastoma cell lines. This miRNA plays a critical role in radio-resistance and promotes aggressive phenotypes in glioblastoma and therefore, functional analyses of its target pathways may uncover novel therapeutically vulnerable target(s) in glioblastoma. FUNDING: R01CA108633, R01CA169368, RC2CA148190, U10CA180850-01(NCI), Brain Tumor Funders Collaborative Grant, and OSU-CCC (all to AC). The Ton and Patricia Bohnenn Fund for Neuro_Oncology Research (to PR).
SURG-32. THE USE OF 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMA RESECTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Ahmad Almekkawi, Tarek El Ahmadieh, Karl Abi-Aad, Salah Aoun, Najib EL Tecle, Toral Patel, Bernard Bendok
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract BACKGROUND 5-aminolevulinic acid is a reliable tool for optimizing high-grade glioma resection. However, its efficacy in low-grade glioma resection remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the role of 5-aminolevulinic acid in low-grade glioma resection and assess positive fluorescence rates and effect on the extent of resection. METHODS A systematic review of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane was performed from the date of inception to February 1, 2019. Studies that correlated 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence with low-grade glioma in the setting of operative resection were selected. Studies with biopsy only were excluded. Positive fluorescence rates were calculated. Quality index of the selected papers using the Downs and Black criteria checklist was provided. RESULTS Twelve articles met the selection criteria with 244 histologically-confirmed low-grade glioma patients who underwent microsurgical resection. All patients received 20 mg/kg body weight of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Only 60 patients (n=60/244; 24.5%) demonstrated visual intra-operative 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence. The extent of resection was reported in 4 studies, however, the data combined low- and high-grade tumors. Only 2 studies reported on tumor location. Only 3 studies reported on clinical outcomes. The Zeiss OPMI Pentero microscope was most commonly used across all studies. The average quality index was 14.58 (range: 10–17) which correlated with an overall good quality. CONCLUSION There is an overall low correlation between 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence and low-grade glioma. Advances in visualization technology and using standardized fluorescence quantification methods may further improve the visualization and reliability of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in low-grade glioma resection.
A Novel Automated Image Analysis System Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks to Diagnose MDS
Authors: Konobu Kimura, Yoko Tabe, Tomohiko Ai, Akihiko Matsuzaki, Kumiko Nishibe, Miki Ebihara, Kimiko Kaniyu, Ikki Takehara, Kinya Uchihashi, Akimichi Ohsaka
Journal: Blood (2019)
A MYC Driven and Metabolite Executed Axis Controls the Subcellular Localization and Activity of TET DNA Hydroxylases and RNA Demethylases in B Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Zhijun Qiu, An-Ping Lin, Shoulei Jiang, Binu Sasi, Patricia Dahia, Siyuan Zheng, Ricardo Aguiar
Journal: Blood (2019)
Safety and Toxicity Profile of Pembrolizumab (PEM) in Combination with ICE Chemotherapy Followed By Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed/Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma: No Impairment in Stem Cell Mobilization or Engraftment
Authors: Locke J. Bryan, Scott E. Smith, Pamela Allen, Carla Casulo, Brett Alan Palmer, Reem Karmali, Barbara Pro, Denise M Scholtens, Hatice Savas, Jayesh Mehta, Leo I. Gordon, Jane N. Winter
Journal: Blood (2019)
Attenuated Immune Responses to the Annual Influenza A Vaccine in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Samah Alimam, Jessica Ann Timms, Richard Dillon, Tracey Mare, Deepti Radia, Hugues De Lavallade, Claire N Harrison, Shahram Kordasti, Donal P. McLornan
Journal: Blood (2019)
Profiling the Cell Surface Landscape of Proteasome Inhibitor-Treated and -Resistant Multiple Myeloma to Guide Immunotherapy Targeting, Diagnosis, and Biology
Authors: Ian Ferguson, Yu-Hsiu T. Lin, Sami Tuomivaara, Jeffrey L. Wolf, Thomas G. Martin, Sandy W. Wong, Nina D. Shah, Christoph Driessen, Brian G. Van Ness, Arun P. Wiita
Journal: Blood (2019)
Sustained Overall Survival Benefit of Obinutuzumab Plus Bendamustine Followed By Obinutuzumab Maintenance Compared with Bendamustine Alone in Patients with Rituximab-Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Results of the Gadolin Study
Authors: Laurie H Sehn, Marek Trněný, Kamal Bouabdallah, Gregory Dueck, John G. Gribben, P.J. Lugtenburg, Gilles A. Salles, Andrea Knapp, Tina G Nielsen, Wenxin Liu, Bruce D. Cheson
Journal: Blood (2019)
On the “Take” as a Biomarker
Authors: Lindsey R. Baden, Inger K. Damon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2019)

Arguably the best biomarker in the world for vaccine efficacy is the "take." The take, the reaction observed after an inoculation of smallpox vaccine, is typically a small pustular lesion that occurs approximately 1 week after inoculation and often leaves a poxlike scar at the vaccination site. This reaction allows health care personnel to know that a person is immune to variola and that the immunity is long-lasting. This simple observation, which was reported by Edward Jenner in the late 1700s and could be recognized by anyone anywhere in the world, contributed enormously to the eradication of the disease, with . . .
IMMU-49. THE SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT OF T CELLS TARGETING UNKNOWN BRAIN CANCER ANTIGENS VIA TROGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Ginger Moore, Bayli Divita, Catherine Flores, Duane Mitchell
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract INTRODUCTION Trogocytosis is the exchange of membrane components from one cell to another. During T cell activation, dendritic cell (DC) and T cell membranes become anchored around the TCR/MHC complex and their costimulatory molecules. Part of the DC membrane is pulled away, taken in, and educates the T cell to recognize foreign antigens. We have utilized this phenomenon to isolate and expand a select population of T cells that have undergone this interaction. HYPOTHESIS: (1) By selecting for cells that have undergone trogocytosis, we are enriching for a tumor-specific population of T cells and can improve anti-tumor responses in the setting of adoptive cellular transfer (ACT). (2) This approach represents a reliable method to detect tumor-specific antigens across numerous types of brain cancers. METHODS Murine DCs are pulsed with KR158B glioma RNA and then stained with a proliferation dye such as Cell Trace Violet. These cells are co-cultured overnight with CD3+ splenocytes of vaccinated mice and IL-2. The cells are then sorted into T cells that have undergone trogocytosis (CD3+ CTV+) and those that have not (CD3+CTV-) and placed back into co-culture with fresh dendritic cells for expansion of tumor-specific T cells and/or restimulation assay. Additionally, T cells are spectratyped and phenotyped by flow cytometry. RESULTS Cells that had undergone trogocytosis (CD3+CTV+) demonstrated superior IFNγ secretion and enriched for CD4+ and CD8+ central memory and effector subsets compared to cells that had not undergone trogocytosis (CD3+CTV-). Spectratyping analysis revealed CD3+CTV+ cells enriched for Vβ 5.1/5.2 and Vβ 6, two families we have determined to be crucial for anti-tumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS This method of selection and enrichment of tumor-specific T cells has promising implications for the enhancement of ACT. This method can be used to elucidate tumor-specific antigens that are unique to an individual’s cancer fingerprint.
<i>KIT</i>, <i>NRAS</i>, <i>BRAF</i>, and <i>PTEN</i> alterations in acral lentiginous melanomas.
Authors: Abdlsattar Zebary, Katarina Omholt, Veronica Hoiom, Carolina Johansson, Diana Linden, Ismini Vassilaki, Johan Hansson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

8588 Background: Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) accounts for ~5% of all melanomas. ALMs are often located on palms, soles and under nails. Patients with ALM are significantly older at diagnosis and have a poorer prognosis than patients with other types of cutaneous melanoma. We analyzed a large series of ALMs from Swedish patients to better define the frequency of KIT, BRAF, NRAS, and PTEN mutations in ALM. The effect of mutation status on tumor and patients characteristics was also studied. Methods: A total of 77 primary ALMs and 8 paired metastases were analyzed. Laser capture microdissection was used to dissect tumor cells from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Tumors were screened for mutations in the KIT (exons 11, 13, 17 and 18), NRAS (exons 1 and 2), BRAF (exons 11 and 15) and PTEN (exons 1, 3-6, 10, 11 and 12) genes by direct sequencing. Results: There were 42 females and 35 males with a median age at diagnosis of 71 years. The most common location was the feet (60.5%), followed by subungual sites (34.2%). Overall, mutations in KIT, NRAS and BRAF were detected in 11.8%, 14.5% and 16.0% of the ALMs, respectively. In no case were KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations detected in the same tumor. For 8 primary ALMs the corresponding metastases were available for analysis. In five metastases the same KIT (n=3) or BRAF (n=2) mutation was detected as in the primary ALMs, suggesting that the KIT and BRAF mutations had occurred before metastasis. BRAF and NRAS mutations were significantly more common in females (P=0.044). ALMs with NRAS and BRAF mutations were more commonly located on the feet compared with KIT mutated ALMs which were more frequent on subungual sites (P=0.041). Other clinicopathological features such as age at diagnosis, thickness, ulceration, histological subtype and Clark’s level showed no significant correlation with the mutation status. A subset of 25 tumors was evaluated for mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. One tumor was found to carry a nonsense mutation (W111X). To our knowledge, this is the first description of a PTEN mutation in ALM. Conclusions: Our results confirm the presence of KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutations in ALM. KIT, NRAS and BRAF mutation status associated significantly with anatomical site. PTEN mutations seem to be rare in ALMs.
A High Dose of Naïve CD8+ T-Cells Increases the Incidence of Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GvHD) after Donor Lymphocyte Infusions (DLIs) from HLA Identical Sibling Donors
Authors: Guillermo Ortí, Carlos Palacio, Irene García-Cadenas, Isabel Sánchez-Ortega, María-José Jimenez, Carmen Azqueta, Guillermo Villacampa, Christelle M Ferra, Rocio Parody, Rodrigo Martino, Francesc Bosch, David Valcarcel, Sergio Querol
Journal: Blood (2019)
RNA-Seq Based Immunoglobulin Repertoire Analysis of Normal Plasma Cells Generated in an in Vitro B Cell Differentiation System
Authors: Renee C Tschumper, Collin A Osborne, Pritha Chanana, Jaime I Davila, Denise K Walters, Dominique B Hoelzinger, Diane F Jelinek
Journal: Blood (2019)
Targeting Critical Kinases and Anti-Apoptotic Molecules Overcomes Steroid Resistance in Infant MLL-Rearranged Leukemia
Authors: Anne Pieta De Groot, Yoriko Saito, Eiryo Kawakami, Mari Hashimoto, Yuki Aoki, Rintaro Ono, Ikuko Ogahara, Saera Fujiki, Akiko Kaneko, Takashi Watanabe, Masatoshi Takagi, Daisuke Tomizawa, Katsuyoshi Koh, Mariko Eguchi, Eiichi Ishii, Osamu Ohara, Leonard Shultz, Shuki Mizutani, Fumihiko Ishikawa
Journal: Blood (2019)
Standard intravenous regional analgesia.
Authors: W A Wallace, R Guardini, S J Ellis
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Intravenous regional analgesia is a useful method of anaesthetising the arm for the manipulation of fractures and for minor surgical procedures.The technique has been simplified for use in the accident and emergency and orthopaedic departments at this centre and is routinely carried out by the casualty officer or junior orthopaedic doctor who is manipulating a fracture or operating on an injured arm.Preparing the patient and equipment Doses of anaesthetic agents Bupivacaine Prilocaine 0-250o* 0 5%/ot Child (7-10 years) 15 ml 15 ml Child (11-13 years) 20 ml 20 ml Adolescent (14-17 years) 30 ml 30 ml Adult 40 ml 40 ml *Calculated on dose of 1-5 mg/kg body weight.tCalculated on dose of 3 mg/kg body weight.No premeditation is required and the patient does not have to fast.He must, however, be co-operative, and during the procedure each stage of the anaesthetic method should be explained by the doctor.Children aged under 7 years are usually unsuitable because of difficulty in obtaining co-operation.Serious side effects are rare, as described below, but it is essential to have resuscitation equipment readily available should one occur.Because this method of anaesthesia depends on isolating the limb from the general circulation the pneumatic tourniquet to be used should be checked for any leakage before the procedure.The blood pressure must also be recorded before the procedure.The upper arm is fully exposed and a pneumatic tourniquet cuff applied over wool padding.The tourniquet is inflated to 50 mm Hg to allow the veins of the hand to become prominent, and a 23-gauge butterfly-type on 20 August
Maintenance Therapy in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Who Achieved MRD-Positive Remissions after Induction Therapy
Authors: Alexey Kuvshinov, Sergei Voloshin, Vasily Shuvaev, Elena Belyakova, Mariia Mikhaleva, Andrey Garifullin, Georgiy Rysev, Alexander Bogdanov, Irina Martynkevich, Elizaveta Kleina, Alena Samorodova, Iuliia Ruzhenkova, Iuliia Vokueva, Alexander Chechetkin
Journal: Blood (2019)
Necroptotic astrocytes contribute to maintaining stemness of disseminated medulloblastoma through CCL2 secretion
Authors: Hailong Liu, Youliang Sun, Jenny A O’Brien, Janusz Franco-Barraza, Xueling Qi, Hongyu Yuan, Wei Jin, Junping Zhang, Chunyu Gu, Zhenyu Zhao, Chunjiang Yu, Shiyu Feng, Xinguang Yu
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Background Medulloblastoma (MB) with metastases at diagnosis and recurrence correlates with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism underlying metastases growth has received less attention than primary therapy-naïve MB. Though astrocytes have been frequently detected in brain tumors, their roles in regulating the stemness properties of MB stem-like cells (MBSCs) in disseminated lesions remain elusive. Methods Effects of tumor-associated astrocyte (TAA)–secreted chemokine C-C ligand 2 (CCL2) on MBSC self-renewal was determined by immunostaining analysis. Necroptosis of TAA was examined by measuring necrosome activity. Alterations in Notch signaling were examined after inhibition of CCL2. Progression of MBSC-derived tumors was evaluated after pharmaceutical blockage of necroptosis. Results TAA, as the essential components of disseminated tumor, produced high levels of CCL2 to shape the inflammation microenvironment, which stimulated the enrichment of MBSCs in disseminated MB. In particular, CCL2 played a pivotal role in maintaining stem-like properties via Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3)–mediated activation of Notch signaling. Loss of CCL2/C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) function repressed the JAK2/STAT3-Notch pathway and impaired MBSC proliferation, leading to a dramatic reduction of stemness, tumorigenicity, and metastasizing capability. Furthermore, necroptosis-induced CCL2 release depended on activation of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1)/RIP3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) in TAA, which promoted the oncogenic phenotype. Blockade of necroptosis resulted in CCL2 deprivation and compromised MBSC self-proliferation, indicating MBSCs outsourced CCL2 from necroptotic TAA. Finally, CCL2 was upregulated in high-risk stages of MB, further supporting its value as a prognostic indicator. Conclusion These findings highlighted the critical role of CCL2/CCR2 in Notch signaling activation in MBSCs and revealed a necroptosis-associated glial cytokine microenvironment driving stemness maintenance in disseminations. Key Points 1. TAA-derived CCL2 promoted stemness in disseminated MBSCs through Notch signaling activation via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. 2. TAA released CCL2 in a RIP1/RIP3/MLKL-dependent manner leading to necroptosis.
Preliminary Results from a Phase 2 Trial of Brentuximab Vedotin Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Etoposide, and Prednisone (CHEP-BV) Followed By BV Consolidation in Patients with CD30-Positive Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Alex F. Herrera, Jasmine Zain, Kerry J Savage, Tatyana A. Feldman, Jonathan E Brammer, Lu Chen, Leslie L. Popplewell, Lihua E Budde, Lacolle Peters, Yaira Kurtzman, Stephen J Forman, Steven Rosen, Larry W Kwak, Swaminathan P. Iyer
Journal: Blood (2019)
CD70-specific CAR T cells have potent activity against acute myeloid leukemia without HSC toxicity
Authors: Tim Sauer, Kathan Parikh, Sandhya Sharma, Bilal Omer, David Sedloev, Qian Chen, Linus Angenendt, Christoph Schliemann, Michael Schmitt, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Stephen Gottschalk, Cliona M. Rooney
Journal: Blood (2021)
Incidence and Risk Factors for Permanent Pacemaker Implantation Following Mitral or Aortic Valve Surgery
Authors: Gil Moskowitz, Kimberly N. Hong, Gennaro Giustino, A. Marc Gillinov, Gorav Ailawadi, Joseph J. DeRose, Alexander Iribarne, Alan J. Moskowitz, Annetine C. Gelijns, Natalia N. Egorova
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2019)
Robust Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function and Minimal Myeloid Skewing with Aging in Un-Separated Murine Whole Bone Marrow: What Are We Losing with Hematopoietic Stem Cell Purification?
Authors: Mark S Dooner, Elaine Papa, Michael Del Tatto, Mandy Pereira, Sicheng Wen, Yan Cheng, Peter J. Quesenberry, Laura R Goldberg
Journal: Blood (2019)
In vitro fertilization does not increase the incidence of de novo copy number alterations in fetal and placental lineages
Authors: Masoud Zamani Esteki, Triin Viltrop, Olga Tšuiko, Airi Tiirats, Mariann Koel, Margit Nõukas, Olga Žilina, Katre Teearu, Heidi Marjonen, Hanna Kahila, Jeroen Meekels, Viveca Söderström-Anttila, Anne-Maria Suikkari, Aila Tiitinen, Reedik Mägi, Sulev Kõks, Nina Kaminen-Ahola, Ants Kurg, Thierry Voet, Joris Robert Vermeesch, Andres Salumets
Journal: Nature Medicine (2019)
Longer Training for Radiographers
Authors: R. E. Eban
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Although a high prevalence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori has been documented within families, culture and DNA typing of strains from infected children and their parents has not been evaluated. This study aimed to analyse H pylori infection within family groups. Endoscopy, gastric biopsy, and H pylori culture were performed on all eight parents of four children who presented with dyspepsia and who had a positive H pylori culture. All biopsy specimens were cultured on Columbia based blood agar under microaerophilic conditions for four days. The DNA from each strain was extracted and electrophoretic patterns were compared after digestion with restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hind III. Ribotyping using a biotinylated cDNA probe prepared from 16S and 23S rRNA of H pylori NCTC 11638 was also used. Seven of the parents were positive for H pylori on urease testing, histology, and on culture. DNA typing showed the same or a similar strain to be present in at least two family members in three of the four family groups. In family 1, the mother, father, and child all had an identical strain; in family 2, father and son had a similar related strain; father and mother had the same strain in family 3; and all strains were unique in family 4. These data provide evidence for either intrafamilial cross infection or a common source of infection within family groups.
A Phase II Trial of Azacitidine (AZA) in Combination with Ruxolitinib (RUX) in Myelodysplastic Syndrome/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MDS/MPNs)
Authors: Veronica A Guerra, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Jorge E. Cortes, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Lucia Masarova, Naveen Pemmaraju, Elias Jabbour, Tapan M. Kadia, Courtney D. DiNardo, Lingsha Zhou, Sherry A. Pierce, Gautam M. Borthakur, William G. Wierda, Alessandra Ferrajoli, Koji Sasaki, Koichi Takahashi, Kiran Naqvi, Yesid Alvarado, Maro N. Ohanian, Nitin Jain, Prithviraj Bose, Farhad Ravandi, Marina Y Konopleva, Zeev E. Estrov, Srdan Verstovsek, Naval G. Daver
Journal: Blood (2019)
HOUT-20. TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: Sebastian Otto-Meyer, Rian DeFaccio, Corey Dussold, Erik Ladomersky, Rimas Lukas, Christina Amidei, Lijie Zhai, Kristen Lauing, Denise Scholtens, Derek Wainwright
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2019)

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults. We recently investigated the hypothesis that treating GBM patients with psychosocial modifiers would be associated with improved overall survival (OS). Our study retrospectively analyzed 497 patients with GBM treated at Northwestern Medicine with or without selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) between the years 2000 and 2018. Information from the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse was analyzed for baseline covariates including sex, age at diagnosis, type of surgery, and Charlson Comorbidity Index Score. Approximately one-third of analyzed patients were prescribed SSRIs, with highly variable treatment times. Several statistical methods were used to perform adjusted analyses including: (i) an extended Cox Proportional Hazards Model with SSRI as a time-dependent variable; (ii) a Cox Model using inverse probability weights; and (iii) a Cox Proportional Hazards model with landmark analyses. The hazard ratios (95% CIs) for each statistical model analyzing the association between SSRI treatment and OS were (i) 1.26 (0.97–1.63), (ii) 1.06 (0.8–1.4), and (iii) ranged from 1.01 (0.74–1.38) to 1.26 (0.75–2.09). Our analysis found no significant association between the time of SSRI treatment and GBM patient OS. Future work will study additional considerations for psychosocial modifier treatment and their potential effect(s) on GBM patient OS including: (i) confounders due to the extent of cancer treatment; (ii) comorbidities not associated with tumor burden; (iii) absolute leukocyte counts; and (iv) length of treatment time required for enhancing immune-mediated anti-GBM mechanisms.