The impact of COVID-19 on hepatitis elimination
Authors: Chris Wingrove, Lucy Ferrier, Cary James, Su Wang
Journal: The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2020)

Around the world, the communities most underserved by health systems have been among the hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.1Lovett L COVID-19 risks amplified for underserved communities.https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/covid-19-risks-amplified-underserved-communitiesDate: April 22, 2020Date accessed: July 1, 2020Google Scholar Often, these are the same groups that are disproportionally affected by viral hepatitis. With just 10 years to achieve WHO's target, adopted in 2016, to eliminate hepatitis by 2030,2WHOGlobal health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016–2021.https://www.who.int/hepatitis/strategy2016-2021/ghss-hep/en/Date: June, 2016Date accessed: July 1, 2020Google Scholar has the COVID-19 pandemic put reaching that goal in greater doubt? The World Hepatitis Alliance (WHA), a global umbrella organisation representing more than 300 member organisations across 99 countries, did a global survey to assess the effects of the COVID-19 crisis on viral hepatitis services and on people living with viral hepatitis. A 13-question online questionnaire (appendix pp 1–2) was distributed by email to WHA members and stakeholders, on the WHA social media accounts, and by civil society networks in organisational communications. From March 30 to May 4, 2020, 132 self-selecting individuals responded to the survey from 32 countries across all WHO global regions (appendix p 3). Respondents represented civil society organisations and other frontline hepatitis service providers. The survey had an over-representation of participants from the USA, with 64 (48%) responses, which was due to the promotion of the survey by civil society networks there. Civil society organisations are a key contributor to national hepatitis elimination programmes3Smith S Harmanci H Hutin Y et al.Global progress on the elimination of viral hepatitis as a major public health threat: an analysis of WHO member state responses 2017.JHEP Rep. 2019; 1: 81-89Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar and 123 (94%) of 131 analysable responses reported that their services had been affected by the crisis. One participant from the USA stated that effects included a halt to in-person events, including community-based education and screening programmes. As a result, the respondent reported that many fewer people who are at high risk of viral hepatitis will be tested this year. Only 47 (36%) of all 132 respondents reported that people were able to access viral hepatitis testing. 101 respondents gave reasons for lack of access to testing, with the main reason (indicated by 46 [46%] respondents) being closure of testing facilities. Testing facilities being closed was reported by 16 (30%) of 54 respondents outside the USA. 66 (65%) of the 101 respondents believed another key reason people were not accessing testing was because the public were avoiding going to testing facilities due to COVID-19. 23 (34%) of 68 respondents outside the USA reported that people on treatment for hepatitis were unable to access their medications at this time. Lack of access to medications was more common in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), with 15 (52%) of 29 respondents from those countries reporting that people were unable to access treatment. Only five (8%) of 64 respondents from the USA reported that people living with viral hepatitis were unable to access treatment during the pandemic. Inability to access medications will undoubtedly cause increased anxiety among people living with viral hepatitis, many of whom might have been left with gaps in their hepatitis B medication or a delay to starting hepatitis C curative treatment. Participants in India and Nigeria reported that travel restrictions were particularly difficult for remote communities, in which people living with viral hepatitis were unable to access medications because of government restrictions on movement. 64 respondents gave reasons for lack of access to treatment, 32 (50%) of whom (14 [64%] of 22 in LMICs) felt that the cause was people avoiding health-care facilities due to COVID-19. Of 40 respondents from outside the USA, 22 (55%) felt that travel restrictions were the main reason people were unable to access treatment. To overcome this challenge, organisations have adapted their services. A participant in India reported mobilising volunteers to deliver medication to people living in rural communities who were unable to attend medical facilities. 26 (41%) of the 64 respondents felt that services being redeployed to combat COVID-19 was a contributing factor in the reduction in access to treatment. A participant from Australia reported that they had to reduce their testing service because of this change, and not proactively seek to test people due to health staff being redeployed to the COVID-19 response. A lack of specific information on COVID-19 for people living with viral hepatitis was also a concern. Only 39 (30%) of 131 analysable responses indicated adequate information on COVID-19 had been provided to people living with viral hepatitis in their country. One participant from the Ukraine said that no specific information had been provided for people living with viral hepatitis, although information had been provided for people living with HIV. Despite the important role that civil society organisations have in their communities, a survey by the Civil Society Engagement Mechanism for UHC2030 found that most respondents reported minor involvement or no input of civil society organisations in the COVID-19 response of their country.4Civil Society Engagement Mechanism for UHC2030Civil society participation in the COVID-19 response. Survey results, April 2020.https://csemonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/CS-COVID-Response-Survey-Results-April-2020.pdfDate: April 20, 2020Date accessed: July 1, 2020Google Scholar Civil society organisations are experts on their communities because they are part of those communities. They often represent the most underserved in society and those disproportionately affected by COVID-19. If governments do not use civil society organisations in their COVID-19 responses, they are likely to fail in their response for these communities. Civil society has a central role to play in the pandemic response. Even if the numbers of deaths and new infections decrease, the fear of attending a traditional health-care setting might persist. The decentralisation of services will become a crucial method of service delivery. In November, 2019, the leading liver societies made a joint call for action to explore the ways in which hepatitis prevention, testing, and treatment services can be decentralised.5American Association for the Study of Liver DiseasesEuropean Association for the Study of the LiverAsian Pacific Association for the Study of the LiverAsociación Latinoamericana para el Estudio del HígadoCall to action for liver associations to advance progress towards viral hepatitis elimination: a focus on simplified approaches to HCV testing and cure.https://www.aasld.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/2019-HCVElimination-CallToAction-v2.pdfDate: Nov 10, 2019Date accessed: July 1, 2020Google Scholar This pandemic is an opportunity to accelerate this call to action. However, many civil society organisations face an uncertain future. In the WHA survey, one participant from the USA expressed concern over their organisation's funding situation and uncertainty over what services will look like in the future. Every opportunity should be seized to identify the 290 million people living with viral hepatitis who are unaware of their status.6World Hepatitis AllianceBarriers to diagnosis research.https://www.worldhepatitisalliance.org/sites/default/files/resources/documents/find_the_missing_millions_survey_report_final.pdfDate: May, 2018Date accessed: July 1, 2020Google Scholar As countries look to increase testing capacity for COVID-19, they must consider existing programmes led by civil society networks, to enable the rapid scale-up needed. Hepatitis community organisations can test for both COVID-19 and viral hepatitis in settings that are already trusted by their communities. From this crisis, we have an opportunity to evolve health systems to better serve us all. Hepatitis elimination must not be left behind. This World Hepatitis Day, the global community is calling on all governments to honour the commitment they made at the World Health Assembly in 2016 to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. An open letter led by the campaigning body NOhep is available to sign to urge governments to keep their promise of eliminating hepatitis. Civil society and the affected community stand ready to combat the dual threats of COVID-19 and viral hepatitis together. CW, LF, and CJ report grants from Gilead, Janssen, and AbbVie, outside of the submitted work. SW reports grants from Gilead, outside the submitted work. Download .pdf (.25 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Eliminating viral hepatitis in the COVID-19 era: weighing challenge and opportunityWorld Hepatitis Day—July 28—offers a timely opportunity to turn the spotlight towards global efforts to address viral hepatitis. Worldwide, the hepatitis viruses are responsible for an estimated 1·34 million deaths a year , with a disproportionate disease burden in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The ambitious WHO goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030 faces many obstacles, yet none are more significant than that posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Full-Text PDF