tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The European artificial intelligence strategy: implications and challenges for digital health
Authors: I Glenn Cohen, Theodoros Evgeniou, Sara Gerke, Timo Minssen
Journal: The Lancet Digital Health (2020)

In February, 2020, the European Commission published a white paper on artificial intelligence (AI) as well as an accompanying communication and report. The paper sets out policy options to facilitate a secure and trustworthy development of AI and considers health to be one of its most important areas of application. We illustrate that the European Commission's approach, as applied to medical AI, presents some challenges that can be detrimental if not addressed. In particular, we discuss the issues of European values and European data, the update problem of AI systems, and the challenges of new trade-offs such as privacy, cybersecurity, accuracy, and intellectual property rights. We also outline what we view as the most important next steps in the Commission's iterative process. Although the European Commission has done good work in setting out a European approach for AI, we conclude that this approach will be more difficult to implement in health care. It will require careful balancing of core values, detailed consideration of nuances of health and AI technologies, and a keen eye on the political winds and global competition.
Distinct functions of tissue-resident and circulating memory Th2 cells in allergic airway disease
Authors: Rod A. Rahimi, Keshav Nepal, Murat Cetinbas, Ruslan I. Sadreyev, Andrew D. Luster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2020)

Memory CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells drive allergic asthma, yet the mechanisms whereby tissue-resident memory Th2 (Th2 Trm) cells and circulating memory Th2 cells collaborate in vivo remain unclear. Using a house dust mite (HDM) model of allergic asthma and parabiosis, we demonstrate that Th2 Trm cells and circulating memory Th2 cells perform nonredundant functions. Upon HDM rechallenge, circulating memory Th2 cells trafficked into the lung parenchyma and ignited perivascular inflammation to promote eosinophil and CD4+ T cell recruitment. In contrast, Th2 Trm cells proliferated near airways and induced mucus metaplasia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway eosinophil activation. Transcriptional analysis revealed that Th2 Trm cells and circulating memory Th2 cells share a core Th2 gene signature but also exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles. Th2 Trm cells express a tissue-adaptation signature, including genes involved in regulating and interacting with extracellular matrix. Our findings demonstrate that Th2 Trm cells and circulating memory Th2 cells are functionally and transcriptionally distinct subsets with unique roles in promoting allergic airway disease.
Prediction and prevention of central nervous system relapse in patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Hyera Kim, Hyehyun Jeong, Motoko Yamaguchi, Insuk Sohn, Sang Eun Yoon, Seonggyu Byeon, Joon Young Hur, Youngil Koh, Sung-Soo Yoon, Eo Jin Kim, Masahiko Oguchi, Kana Miyazaki, Senzo Taguchi, Dok Hyun Yoon, Junhun Cho, Young Hyeh Ko, Seok Jin Kim, Ritsuro Suzuki, Won Seog Kim
Journal: Blood (2020)
Multidisciplinary Management of Hepatic Hydrothorax in 2020: An Evidence‐Based Review and Guidance
Authors: Bubu A. Banini, Yahya Alwatari, Madeline Stovall, Nathan Ogden, Evgeni Gershman, Rachit D. Shah, Brian J. Strife, Samira Shojaee, Richard K. Sterling
Journal: Hepatology (2020)

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Clonal dominance is an adverse prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia treated with intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Marco Cerrano, Matthieu Duchmann, Rathana Kim, Loic Vasseur, Pierre Hirsch, Xavier Thomas, Samuel Quentin, Justine Pasanisi, Marie Passet, Florence Rabian, Ramy Rahmé, Etienne Lengliné, Emmanuel Raffoux, Nathalie Dhédin, Marie Sébert, Odile Maarek, Anna Raimbault, Karine Celli-Lebras, Lionel Adès, Pierre Fenaux, Nicolas Boissel, François Delhommeau, Jean Soulier, Hervé Dombret, Emmanuelle Clappier, Pierre Sujobert, Raphael Itzykson
Journal: Leukemia (2020)
Baroreflex Activation Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Michael R. Zile, JoAnn Lindenfeld, Fred A. Weaver, Faiez Zannad, Elizabeth Galle, Tyson Rogers, William T. Abraham
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2020)

This study demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).The BeAT-HF (Baroreflex Activation Therapy for Heart Failure) trial was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial; subjects were randomized 1:1 to receive either BAT plus optimal medical management (BAT group) or optimal medical management alone (control group).Four patient cohorts were created from 408 randomized patients with HFrEF using the following enrollment criteria: current New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or functional class II (patients who had a recent history of NYHA functional class III); ejection fraction ≤35%; stable medical management for ≥4 weeks; and no Class I indication for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Effectiveness endpoints were the change from baseline to 6 months in 6-min hall walk distance (6MHW), Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire quality-of-life (QOL) score, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. The safety endpoint included the major adverse neurological or cardiovascular system or procedure-related event rate (MANCE).Results from, timeline and rationale for, cohorts A, B, and C are presented in detail in the text. Cohort D, which represented the intended use population that reflected the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved instructions for use (enrollment criteria plus NT-proBNP <1,600 pg/ml), consisted of 245 patients followed-up for 6 months (120 in the BAT group and 125 in the control group). BAT was safe and significantly improved QOL, 6MHW, and NT-proBNP. In the BAT group versus the control group, QOL score decreased (Δ = -14.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -19 to -9; p < 0.001), 6MHW distance increased (Δ = 60 m; 95% CI: 40 to 80 m; p < 0.001), NT-proBNP decreased (Δ = -25%; 95% CI: -38% to -9%; p = 0.004), and the MANCE free rate was 97% (95% CI: 93% to 100%; p < 0.001).BAT was safe and significantly improved QOL, exercise capacity, and NT-proBNP. (Baroreflex Activation Therapy for Heart Failure [BeAT-HF]; NCT02627196).
Ancient familial Mediterranean fever mutations in human pyrin and resistance to Yersinia pestis
Authors: Yong Hwan Park, Elaine F. Remmers, Wonyong Lee, Amanda K. Ombrello, Lawton K. Chung, Zhao Shilei, Deborah L. Stone, Maya I. Ivanov, Nicole A. Loeven, Karyl S. Barron, Patrycja Hoffmann, Michele Nehrebecky, Yeliz Z. Akkaya-Ulum, Erdal Sag, Banu Balci-Peynircioglu, Ivona Aksentijevich, Ahmet Gül, Charles N. Rotimi, Hua Chen, James B. Bliska, Seza Ozen, Daniel L. Kastner, Daniel Shriner, Jae Jin Chae
Journal: Nature Immunology (2020)
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cell type- and artery type-specific vascular remodelling in male spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Jun Cheng, Wenduo Gu, Ting Lan, Jiacheng Deng, Zhichao Ni, Zhongyi Zhang, Yanhua Hu, Xiaolei Sun, Yan Yang, Qingbo Xu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2020)

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, vascular remodelling, a hallmark of hypertension, has not been systematically characterized yet. We described systematic vascular remodelling, especially the artery type- and cell type-specific changes, in hypertension using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).
Dopamine Metabolite Biomarkers and Testing for Disease Modification in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Peter A. LeWitt
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2020)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Neurology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Neurology journal
SOD3 induces a HIF-2α-dependent program in endothelial cells that provides a selective signal for tumor infiltration by T cells
Authors: Lorena Carmona-Rodríguez, Diego Martínez-Rey, Maria Jesús Fernández-Aceñero, Alicia González-Martín, Mateo Paz-Cabezas, Noe Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Beatriz Pérez-Villamil, Maria Eugenia Sáez, Eduardo Díaz-Rubio, Emilia Mira, Santos Mañes
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2020)

Background Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mainly CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), are linked to immune-mediated control of human cancers and response to immunotherapy. Tumors have nonetheless developed specific mechanisms that selectively restrict T cell entry into the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is an anti-oxidant enzyme usually downregulated in tumors. We hypothesize that upregulation of SOD3 in the tumor microenvironment might be a mechanism to boost T cell infiltration by normalizing the tumor-associated endothelium. Results Here we show that SOD3 overexpression in endothelial cells increased in vitro transmigration of naïve and activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, but not of myeloid cells. Perivascular expression of SOD3 also specifically increased CD4 + and CD8 + effector T cell infiltration into tumors and improved the effectiveness of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8 + T cells. SOD3-induced enhanced transmigration in vitro and tumor infiltration in vivo were not associated to upregulation of T cell chemokines such as CXCL9 or CXCL10, nor to changes in the levels of endothelial adhesion receptors such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Instead, SOD3 enhanced T cell infiltration via HIF-2α-dependent induction of specific WNT ligands in endothelial cells; this led to WNT signaling pathway activation in the endothelium, FOXM1 stabilization, and transcriptional induction of laminin-α4 (LAMA4), an endothelial basement membrane component permissive for T cell infiltration. In patients with stage II colorectal cancer, SOD3 was associated with increased CD8 + TIL density and disease-free survival. SOD3 expression was also linked to a T cell–inflamed gene signature using the COAD cohort from The Cancer Genome Atlas program. Conclusion Our findings suggest that SOD3-induced upregulation of LAMA4 in endothelial cells boosts selective tumor infiltration by T lymphocytes, thus transforming immunologically “cold” into “hot” tumors. High SOD3 levels are associated with human colon cancer infiltration by CD8 + T cells, with potential consequences for the clinical outcome of these patients. Our results also uncover a cell type–specific, distinct activity of the WNT pathway for the regulation of T cell infiltration into tumors.
Lung metastases share common immune features regardless of primary tumor origin
Authors: Sandra García-Mulero, M Henar Alonso, Julián Pardo, Cristina Santos, Xavier Sanjuan, Ramón Salazar, Victor Moreno, Josep María Piulats, Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2020)

Background Only certain disseminated cells are able to grow in secondary organs to create a metastatic tumor. Under the hypothesis that the immune microenvironment of the host tissue may play an important role in this process, we have categorized metastatic samples based on their immune features. Methods Gene expression data of metastatic samples (n=374) from four secondary sites (brain, bone, liver and lung) were used to characterize samples based on their immune and stromal infiltration using gene signatures and cell quantification tools. A clustering analysis was done that separated metastatic samples into three different immune categories: high, medium and low. Results Significant differences were found between the immune profiles of samples metastasizing in distinct organs. Metastases in lung showed a higher immunogenic score than metastases in brain, liver or bone, regardless of their primary site of origin. Also, they preferentially clustered in the high immune group. Samples in this cluster exhibited a clear inflammatory phenotype, higher levels of immune infiltrate, overexpression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) pathways and upregulation of genes predicting clinical response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade (T-cell inflammatory signature). A decision tree algorithm was used to select CD74 as a biomarker that identify samples belonging to this high-immune subtype of metastases, having specificity of 0.96 and sensitivity of 1. Conclusions We have found a group of lung-enriched metastases showing an inflammatory phenotype susceptible to be treated with immunotherapy.
Systematic analysis of COVID-19 infection and symptoms in a systemic lupus erythematosus population: correlation with disease characteristics, hydroxychloroquine use and immunosuppressive treatments
Authors: Zoé Gendebien, Christian von Frenckell, Clio Ribbens, Béatrice André, Marie Thys, Marjorie Gangolf, Laurence Seidel, Michel G Malaise, Olivier Malaise
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2020)

Table 1 COVID-19 infection, suspicion and symptoms among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n=225) Variable Categories N (Percent) Variable Categories N (Percent) Dyspnea No 212 (94.2) COVID-19 infection confirmed or suspect by medical team No 207 (92.0)Yes 13 (5.8)Yes 18 (8.0)Chest pain No 214 (95.1)Positive nasopharyngeal PCR No 220 (97.8)Yes 11 (4.9)Yes 5 (2.2) Rhinorrhea No 200 (88.9)Admission to emergency department (without hospitalization) for COVID-19 symptoms No 218 (96.9)Yes 25 (11.1)Yes 7 (3.1)Pharyngeal pain No 205 (91.1)Hospitalization for COVID-19 symptoms No 223 (99.1)Yes 20 (8.9) Yes 2 (0.9) Cough No 203 (90.2) Suspicion of COVID-19 in ambulatory medicine No 211 (93.8)Yes 22 (9.8)Yes 14 (6.2) Diarrhea No 201 (89.3)Yes 24 (10.7)Headache No 191 (84.9)Ageusia No 211 (93.8)Yes 34 (15.1)Yes 14 (6.2) Myalgia No 209 (92.9)Anosmia No 211 (93.8)Yes 16 (7.1)Yes 14 (6.2) Fever No 214 (95.1)Ageusia or anosmia No 208 (92.4) Yes 11 (4.9)Yes 17 (7.6)Vomiting No 220 (97.8)Ageusia and anosmia No 214 (95.1)Yes 5 (2.2) Yes 11 (4.9)
Effects of Allopurinol on the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Sunil V. Badve, Elaine M. Pascoe, Anushree Tiku, Neil Boudville, Fiona G. Brown, Alan Cass, Philip Clarke, Nicola Dalbeth, Richard O. Day, Janak R. de Zoysa, Bettina Douglas, Randall Faull, David C. Harris, Carmel M. Hawley, Graham R.D. Jones, John Kanellis, Suetonia C. Palmer, Vlado Perkovic, Gopala K. Rangan, Donna Reidlinger, Laura Robison, Robert J. Walker, Giles Walters, David W. Johnson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2020)

Elevated serum urate levels are associated with progression of chronic kidney disease. Whether urate-lowering treatment with allopurinol can attenuate the decline of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for progression is not known.
Publisher Correction: Dynamic regulation of Z-DNA in the mouse prefrontal cortex by the RNA-editing enzyme Adar1 is required for fear extinction
Authors: Paul R. Marshall, Qiongyi Zhao, Xiang Li, Wei Wei, Ambika Periyakaruppiah, Esmi L. Zajaczkowski, Laura J. Leighton, Sachithrani U. Madugalle, Dean Basic, Ziqi Wang, Jiayu Yin, Wei-Siang Liau, Ankita Gupte, Carl R. Walkley, Timothy W. Bredy
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2020)
Predictive Modeling of Opioid Overdose Using Linked Statewide Medical and Criminal Justice Data
Authors: Brendan Saloner, Hsien-Yen Chang, Noa Krawczyk, Lindsey Ferris, Matthew Eisenberg, Thomas Richards, Klaus Lemke, Kristin E Schneider, Michael Baier, Jonathan P. Weiner
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2020)

Responding to the opioid crisis requires tools to identify individuals at risk of overdose. Given the expansion of illicit opioid deaths, it is essential to consider risk factors across multiple service systems.To develop a predictive risk model to identify opioid overdose using linked clinical and criminal justice data.A cross-sectional sample was created using 2015 data from 4 Maryland databases: all-payer hospital discharges, the prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP), public-sector specialty behavioral treatment, and criminal justice records for property or drug-associated offenses. Maryland adults aged 18 to 80 years with records in any of 4 databases were included, excluding individuals who died in 2015 or had a non-Maryland zip code. Logistic regression models were estimated separately for risk of fatal and nonfatal opioid overdose in 2016. Model performance was assessed using bootstrapping. Data analysis took place from February 2018 to November 2019.Controlled substance prescription fills and hospital, specialty behavioral health, or criminal justice encounters.Fatal opioid overdose defined by the state medical examiner and 1 or more nonfatal overdoses treated in Maryland hospitals during 2016.There were 2 294 707 total individuals in the sample, of whom 42.3% were male (n = 970 019) and 53.0% were younger than 50 years (647 083 [28.2%] aged 18-34 years and 568 160 [24.8%] aged 35-49 years). In 2016, 1204 individuals (0.05%) in the sample experienced fatal opioid overdose and 8430 (0.37%) experienced nonfatal opioid overdose. In adjusted analysis, the factors mostly strongly associated with fatal overdose were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.40 [95% CI, 2.08-2.76]), diagnosis of opioid use disorder in a hospital (OR, 2.93 [95% CI, 2.17-3.80]), release from prison in 2015 (OR, 4.23 [95% CI, 2.10-7.11]), and receiving opioid addiction treatment with medication (OR, 2.81 [95% CI, 2.20-3.86]). Similar associations were found for nonfatal overdose. The area under the curve for fatal overdose was 0.82 for a model with hospital variables, 0.86 for a model with both PDMP and hospital variables, and 0.89 for a model that further added behavioral health and criminal justice variables. For nonfatal overdose, the area under the curve using all variables was 0.85.In this analysis, fatal and nonfatal opioid overdose could be accurately predicted with linked administrative databases. Hospital encounter data had higher predictive utility than PDMP data. Model performance was meaningfully improved by adding PDMP records. Predictive models using linked databases can be used to target large-scale public health programs.
Endoscopic resection of a giant duodenal mass
Authors: Abhilash Perisetti, Benjamin Tharian, Felicia D. Allard, Hemant Goyal, Sumant Inamdar
Journal: Endoscopy (2020)

A 79-year-old Caucasian man with a past medical history of hypertension and diabetes was referred to interventional gastroenterology for recurrent episodes of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and intermittent gastric outlet obstruction. The patient underwent upper GI endoscopy at an outside facility, where duodenal intubation was noted to be difficult owing to a large polyp in the duodenal bulb. The patient was referred owing to concerns about malignancy and for potential endoscopic resection. Upper GI radial endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) showed a 2.8 × 2.5-cm rounded, homogeneous, hypoechoic lesion arising from layer two (muscularis mucosa) or layer three (submucosa) with intact muscularis propria, with no surrounding lymphadenopathy ([Video 1]).
Case of acute arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Naoto Yokogawa, Naoto Minematsu, Harutaka Katano, Tadaki Suzuki
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2020)

Case of acute arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infectionIn a recent issue of ARD, López-González and colleagues reported case series of acute arthritis during COVID-19 admission; the authors concluded that all four cases of acute arthritis in their report were due to crystal-proven gout flares or calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. 1 Here we would like to share another case of COVID-19 presenting delayed arthritis without crystal deposition.A 57-year-old, male, Japanese patient with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia was admitted to our hospital with cough, fever and malaise of 3 days' duration.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA was positive at admission on real-time (RT) PCR using nasopharyngeal swabs (SRL Inc).Chest X-rays and CT showed multiple, peripheral, ground-glass opacities in the bilateral lungs.The oxygen saturation of the peripheral arteries ranged from 91% to 94% without oxygen therapy.The patient's symptoms, oxygenation and general condition as well as radiological findings spontaneously improved without specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 during the 12-day hospitalisation.RT-PCR using the nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 was negative on day 12.However, his fever recurred on day 15, and multiple joint pain appeared in the left wrist, the right shoulder and the bilateral knees on day 17.His viral pneumonia resolved and did not recur.His serum C reactive protein level increased from 0.4 mg/dL to 4.8 mg/dL between days 12 and 19.RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 using a nasopharyngeal swab returned positive on day 14.Antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, hepatitis B virus surface antigen, antihepatitis C virus antibodies and antihuman immunodeficiency virus antibodies were negative.A joint examination revealed slight swelling of the right knee.Synovial fluid aspirated from the right knee joint on day 23 was negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on RT-PCR and free from crystals on polarised microscopic examination.SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in the serum or whole blood.The arthritis resolved spontaneously on day 27, and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 using nasopharyngeal swabs was negative on days 19 and 21.Viral arthritis is caused by several mechanisms induced by direct invasion and immune complex formation.Viral particles may act as antigenic components in immune complexes formed by the humoural response to viral infection.These immune complexes may be preferentially deposited in the joints, leading to arthralgia and arthritis.SARS-CoV-2 viraemia reportedly occurs in 15% of COVID-19 cases 2 but was absent in the present case, which shared clinical features with arthritis due to infection by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, parvovirus or alphavirus, such as chikungunya.Since the aetiology of acute arthritis in COVID-19 is still unknown, 3 we wished to share the present case of acute arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection.