tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations
Authors: John R. Koethe, Claire Lagathu, Jordan E. Lake, Pere Domingo, Alexandra Calmy, Julian Falutz, Todd T. Brown, Jacqueline Capeau
Journal: Nature Reviews Disease Primers (2020)

Early in the HIV epidemic, lipodystrophy, characterized by subcutaneous fat loss (lipoatrophy), with or without central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), was recognized as a frequent condition among people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. The subsequent identification of thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as the cause of lipoatrophy led to the development of newer antiretroviral agents; however, studies have demonstrated continued abnormalities in fat and/or lipid storage in PLWH treated with newer drugs (including integrase inhibitor-based regimens), with fat gain due to restoration to health in antiretroviral therapy-naive PLWH, which is compounded by the rising rates of obesity. The mechanisms of fat alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial and not fully understood, although they are known to result in part from the direct effects of HIV proteins and antiretroviral agents on adipocyte health, genetic factors, increased microbial translocation, changes in the adaptive immune milieu after infection, increased tissue inflammation and accelerated fibrosis. Management includes classical lifestyle alterations with a role for pharmacological therapies and surgery in some patients. Continued fat alterations in PLWH will have an important effect on lifespan, healthspan and quality of life as patients age worldwide, highlighting the need to investigate the critical uncertainties regarding pathophysiology, risk factors and management. HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations are frequent in people living with HIV and include fat loss, fat gain and obesity. This Primer discusses the changing epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these alterations.
Spatio-temporal visual attention modelling of standard biometry plane-finding navigation
Authors: Yifan Cai, Richard Droste, Harshita Sharma, Pierre Chatelain, Lior Drukker, Aris T. Papageorghiou, J. Alison Noble
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2020)

We present a novel multi-task neural network called Temporal SonoEyeNet (TSEN) with a primary task to describe the visual navigation process of sonographers by learning to generate visual attention maps of ultrasound images around standard biometry planes of the fetal abdomen, head (trans-ventricular plane) and femur. TSEN has three components: a feature extractor, a temporal attention module (TAM), and an auxiliary video classification module (VCM). A soft dynamic time warping (sDTW) loss function is used to improve visual attention modelling. Variants of the model are trained on a dataset of 280 video clips, each containing one of the three biometry planes and lasting 3-7 seconds, with corresponding real-time recorded gaze tracking data of an experienced sonographer. We report the performances of the different variants of TSEN for visual attention prediction at standard biometry plane detection. The best model performance is achieved using bi-directional convolutional long-short term memory (biCLSTM) in both TAM and VCM, and it outperforms a previous spatial model on all static and dynamic saliency metrics. As an auxiliary task to validate the clinical relevance of the visual attention modelling, the predicted visual attention maps were used to guide standard biometry plane detection in consecutive US video frames. All spatio-temporal TSEN models achieve higher scores compared to a spatial-only baseline; the best performing TSEN model achieves F1 scores on these standard biometry planes of 83.7%, 89.9% and 81.1%, respectively.
Outbreak of Severe Hypoglycemia After Ingestion of a Male Enhancement Supplement — Virginia, August–November 2019
Authors: Jennifer A. Ross, John W. Downs, Lindsay A. Bazydlo, Paige H. Bordwine, Catherine E. Gineste, Marissa C. Kopatic, Saumitra V. Rege, Dawn M. Saady, Okey F. Utah, Shane A. Wyatt, Brandon K. Wills, S. Rutherfoord Rose, Christopher Holstege
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2020)

In August 2019, the Virginia Poison Center (VPC) and the Blue Ridge Poison Center (BRPC) were contacted concerning patients experiencing repeated episodes of marked hypoglycemia following ingestion of a male enhancement supplement tablet marketed as "V8" in convenience stores in central Virginia. Over the following 3 months, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS) and the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) conducted an investigation and identified 17 patients meeting the case definition (severe hypoglycemia within 48 hours of consuming an over-the-counter male enhancement supplement in a man with no history of use of insulin or other medication used to control blood glucose). Analysis of the V8 tablets revealed that most contained glyburide, a sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic used in the treatment of diabetes and associated with prolonged hypoglycemia following overdose (1). To stem this outbreak, V8 was removed from stores when found, and public service announcements were released. The public health implications of V8 use include the potential for substantial morbidity from hypoglycemic episodes and the potential for mortality if health care services are not accessed in a timely manner when hypoglycemia occurs. The presence of V8 in the market poses a serious threat to public health because of its potentially life-threatening adverse effects.
Identifying the Risks of Unproven Regenerative Medicine Therapies
Authors: Peter W. Marks, Stephen Hahn
Journal: JAMA (2020)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Defining Abdominal Obesity as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease in the U.S.: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Authors: Diana A. Chirinos, Maria M. Llabre, Ronald Goldberg, Marc Gellman, Armando Mendez, Jianwen Cai, Daniela Sotres-Alvarez, Marta Daviglus, Linda C. Gallo, Neil Schneiderman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2020)

OBJECTIVE Various organizations have highlighted the need to examine whether abdominal obesity cut points are appropriate for identification of cardiovascular risk among ethnic minority adults, particularly Hispanic/Latino adults living in Western societies. This study aimed 1) to establish optimal definitions for abdominal obesity among Hispanics/Latinos and 2) to determine the level of agreement between the presence of metabolic syndrome diagnosed by the current Joint Interim Statement (JIS) definition and an updated definition with optimal abdominal obesity cut points. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The sample included 16,289 adults who self-identified as Hispanic/Latino ages 18–74 years enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to derive sensitivity and specificity values. The largest sum of sensitivity plus specificity was used to determine appropriate cut points. RESULTS Among U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults, waist circumference cut points of &amp;gt;102 cm in men (in line with current JIS criteria) and &amp;gt;97 cm (9 points higher than JIS criteria) in women provide optimal discrimination for cardiovascular risk as judged by the presence of coronary heart disease. When using these cut points to create an updated metabolic syndrome definition among women, we found disagreement between our updated definition and the current JIS criteria. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was overestimated by ∼5 percentage points among women based on JIS criteria in comparison with our definition. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the current recommendations for waist circumference cut points may not be appropriate for U.S. Hispanic/Latino women.
Efficacy and safety of dupilumab with concomitant topical corticosteroids in children 6 to 11 years old with severe atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial
Authors: Amy S. Paller, Elaine C. Siegfried, Diamant Thaçi, Andreas Wollenberg, Michael J. Cork, Peter D. Arkwright, Melinda Gooderham, Lisa A. Beck, Mark Boguniewicz, Lawrence Sher, Jamie Weisman, John T. O'Malley, Naimish Patel, Megan Hardin, Neil M.H. Graham, Marcella Ruddy, Xian Sun, John D. Davis, Mohamed A. Kamal, Faisal A. Khokhar, David M. Weinreich, George D. Yancopoulos, Bethany Beazley, Ashish Bansal, Brad Shumel
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2020)

Children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) have limited treatment options.We report the efficacy and safety of dupilumab + topical corticosteroids (TCS) in children aged 6-11 years with severe AD inadequately controlled with topical therapies.In this double-blind, 16-week, phase 3 trial (NCT03345914), 367 patients were randomized 1:1:1 to 300 mg dupilumab every 4 weeks (300 mg q4w), a weight-based regimen of dupilumab every 2 weeks (100 mg q2w, baseline weight <30 kg; 200 mg q2w, baseline weight ≥30 kg), or placebo; with concomitant medium-potency TCS.Both the q4w and q2w dupilumab + TCS regimens resulted in clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in signs, symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) versus placebo + TCS in all prespecified endpoints. For q4w, q2w, and placebo, 32.8%, 29.5%, and 11.4% of patients, respectively, achieved Investigator's Global Assessment scores of 0 or 1; 69.7%, 67.2%, and 26.8% achieved ≥75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index scores; and 50.8%, 58.3%, and 12.3% achieved ≥4-point reduction in worst itch score. Response to therapy was weight-dependent: optimal dupilumab doses for efficacy and safety were 300 mg q4w in children <30 kg and 200 mg q2w in children ≥30 kg. Conjunctivitis and injection-site reactions were more common with dupilumab + TCS than with placebo + TCS.Short-term 16-week treatment period; severe AD only.Dupilumab + TCS is efficacious and well tolerated in children with severe AD, significantly improving signs, symptoms, and QOL.
Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women—2011 Update
Authors: Lori Mosca, Emelia J. Benjamin, Kathy Berra, Judy L. Bezanson, Rowena J. Dolor, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, L. Kristin Newby, Ileana L. Piña, Véronique L. Roger, Leslee J. Shaw, Dong Zhao, Theresa M. Beckie, Cheryl Bushnell, Jeanine D’Armiento, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Jing Fang, Theodore G. Ganiats, Antoinette S. Gomes, Clarisa R. Gracia, Constance K. Haan, Elizabeth A. Jackson, Debra R. Judelson, Ellie Kelepouris, Carl J. Lavie, Anne Moore, Nancy A. Nussmeier, Elizabeth Ofili, Suzanne Oparil, Pamela Ouyang, Vivian W. Pinn, Katherine Sherif, Sidney C. Smith, George Sopko, Nisha Chandra-Strobos, Elaine M. Urbina, Viola Vaccarino, Nanette K. Wenger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Pregnancy Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Sequela on Neonatal Brain Development
Authors: Hina Abbasi, Helen Puusepp-Benazzouz
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2020)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
Prominent Bone Marrow Metastases Without Concurrent Intra-Chest Metastasis in a Case of Cardiac Angiosarcoma
Authors: Junjun Cheng, Xiaohong Ou
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2020)

Abstract Primary cardiac angiosarcoma is rare and often advances by dissemination. Lungs are the most common metastatic sites, especially when the tumor originates in the right side of the heart. Bone metastases from cardiac angiosarcoma very rarely occur without concurrent pulmonary metastases. We report a case of cardiac angiosarcoma having prominent bone metastases without concurrent pulmonary lesions, as demonstrated by FDG PET/CT scan.
Incidental Finding of COVID-19 Lung Infection in 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Vincent Habouzit, Alicia Sanchez, Sabrina Dehbi, Nathalie Prevot, Pierre-Benoît Bonnefoy
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2020)

We report the case of an asymptomatic (no fever, no cough, no dyspnea) 80-year-old woman who had an F-FDG PET/CT scan for initial staging of Lieberkühnian adenocarcinoma located on anal canal. Chest analysis incidentally revealed bilateral diffuse patchy ground-glass opacity with mild increasing F-FDG uptake, consistent with incidental COVID-19 infection finding during the March 2020 pandemic. The infection was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. It led us to improve patient flow and to undertake broader measures to avoid patient clinical issues and potential disease spreading.
Dynamic hierarchical cognition: Music and language demand further types of <i>abstracta</i>
Authors: Tudor Popescu, W. Tecumseh Fitch
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2020)

Hierarchical structures are rapidly and flexibly built up in the domains of human language and music. These domains require a tree-building capacity - "dendrophilia" - to dynamically infer hierarchical structures from sensory input (or to hierarchically structure output), based on subunits stored in a lexicon. This dynamic process involves a crucial class of abstracta overlooked in the target article.
Enhanced Integrated Gradients: improving interpretability of deep learning models using splicing codes as a case study
Authors: Anupama Jha, Joseph K. Aicher, Matthew R. Gazzara, Deependra Singh, Yoseph Barash
Journal: Genome biology (2020)

Abstract Despite the success and fast adaptation of deep learning models in biomedical domains, their lack of interpretability remains an issue. Here, we introduce Enhanced Integrated Gradients (EIG), a method to identify significant features associated with a specific prediction task. Using RNA splicing prediction as well as digit classification as case studies, we demonstrate that EIG improves upon the original Integrated Gradients method and produces sets of informative features. We then apply EIG to identify A1CF as a key regulator of liver-specific alternative splicing, supporting this finding with subsequent analysis of relevant A1CF functional (RNA-seq) and binding data (PAR-CLIP).
Efficacy of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Gastric Neoplasia in a Large Cohort in North America
Authors: Saowanee Ngamruengphong, Lorenzo Ferri, Hiroyuki Aihara, Peter V. Draganov, Dennis J. Yang, Yaseen B. Perbtani, Terry L. Jue, Craig A. Munroe, Eshandeep S. Boparai, Neal A. Mehta, Amit Bhatt, Nikhil A. Kumta, Mohamed O. Othman, Michael Mercado, Huma Javaid, Abdul Aziz Aadam, Amanda Siegel, Theodore W. James, Ian S. Grimm, John M. DeWitt, Aleksey Novikov, Alexander Schlachterman, Thomas Kowalski, Jason Samarasena, Rintaro Hashimoto, Nabil El Hage Chehade, John Lee, Kenneth Chang, Bailey Su, Michael B. Ujiki, Amit Mehta, Reem Z. Sharaiha, David L. Carr-Locke, Alex Chen, Michael Chen, Yen-I. Chen, MirMilad Pourmousavi Khoshknab, Rui Wang, Tossapol Kerdsirichairat, Yutaka Tomizawa, Daniel von Renteln, Vivek Kumbhari, Mouen A. Khashab, Robert Bechara, Michael Karasik, Neej J. Patel, Norio Fukami, Makoto Nishimura, Yuri Hanada, Louis M. Wong Kee Song, Monika Laszkowska, Andrew Y. Wang, Joo Ha Hwang, Shai Friedland, Amrita Sethi, Antony N. Kalloo
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2020)
Advanced imaging tools for childhood tuberculosis: potential applications and research needs
Authors: Sanjay K Jain, Savvas Andronikou, Pierre Goussard, Sameer Antani, David Gomez-Pastrana, Christophe Delacourt, Jeffrey R Starke, Alvaro A Ordonez, Patrick Jean-Philippe, Renee S Browning, Carlos M Perez-Velez
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2020)
Immune-related (IR)-pneumonitis during the COVID-19 pandemic: multidisciplinary recommendations for diagnosis and management
Authors: Jarushka Naidoo, Joshua E Reuss, Karthik Suresh, David Feller-Kopman, Patrick M Forde, Seema Mehta Steinke, Clare Rock, Douglas B Johnson, Mizuki Nishino, Julie R Brahmer
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2020)

Immune-related (IR)-pneumonitis is a rare and potentially fatal toxicity of anti-PD(L)1 immunotherapy. Expert guidelines for the diagnosis and management of IR-pneumonitis include multidisciplinary input from medical oncology, pulmonary medicine, infectious disease, and radiology specialists. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a recently recognized respiratory virus that is responsible for causing the COVID-19 global pandemic. Symptoms and imaging findings from IR-pneumonitis and COVID-19 pneumonia can be similar, and early COVID-19 viral testing may yield false negative results, complicating the diagnosis and management of both entities. Herein, we present a set of multidisciplinary consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of IR-pneumonitis in the setting of COVID-19 including: (1) isolation procedures, (2) recommended imaging and interpretation, (3) adaptations to invasive testing, (4) adaptations to the management of IR-pneumonitis, (5) immunosuppression for steroid-refractory IR-pneumonitis, and (6) management of suspected concurrent IR-pneumonitis and COVID-19 infection. There is an emerging need for the adaptation of expert guidelines for IR-pneumonitis in the setting of the global COVID-19 pandemic. We propose a multidisciplinary consensus on this topic, in this position paper.
Rare Case of Testicular Sarcoidosis Detected on FDG PET/CT in a Patient With PUO
Authors: Girish Kumar Parida, Adarsh Kumar, Sujata Mitra, Akchata Suman, G. Sonai Muthu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2020)

Abstract Genitourinary sarcoidosis is an uncommon entity, and testicular sarcoidosis is even rarer. We present a case of 66-year-old man who presented to our hospital as PUO (pyrexia of unknown origin) and later diagnosed as testicular sarcoidosis with the help of FDG PET/CT.
Above and beyond the content: Feelings influence mental simulations
Authors: Kellen Mrkva, Luca Cian, Leaf Van Boven
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2020)

Abstract Gilead et al. present a rich account of abstraction. Though the account describes several elements which influence mental representation, it is worth also delineating how feelings, such as fluency and emotion, influence mental simulation. Additionally, though past experience can sometimes make simulations more accurate and worthwhile (as Gilead et al. suggest), many systematic prediction errors persist despite substantial experience.
Mind wandering as data augmentation: How mental travel supports abstraction
Authors: Myrthe Faber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2020)

Abstract Gilead et al. state that abstraction supports mental travel, and that mental travel critically relies on abstraction. I propose an important addition to this theoretical framework, namely that mental travel might also support abstraction. Specifically, I argue that spontaneous mental travel ( mind wandering ), much like data augmentation in machine learning, provides variability in mental content and context necessary for abstraction.
Covid-19 and lack of linked datasets for care homes
Authors: Barbara Hanratty, Jennifer Kirsty Burton, Claire Goodman, Adam L Gordon, Karen Spilsbury
Journal: BMJ (2020)

Residents of care homes are centre stage in the covid-19 pandemic for all the wrong reasons.Home to vulnerable people with complex needs, these settings should have been an obvious focus and priority in pandemic planning. 1Almost half of newly admitted residents in the UK are transferred from hospitals, creating a resident population with wide ranging needs spread across 450 000 beds in almost 11 000 homes. 2 3 This is more than double the number of beds in NHS hospitals, 3 but unlike NHS facilities most homes are privately owned, with residents responsible for some or all of the costs of their care.Yet as covid-19 spread across the UK, minutes suggest that the government's Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) discussed care homes only twice in the first five months of 2020.
Beta-amyloid deposition around hepatic bile ducts is a novel pathobiological and diagnostic feature of biliary atresia
Authors: Rosana Ottakandathil Babu, Vincent Chi Hang Lui, Yan Chen, Rachel Sze Wan Yiu, Yongqin Ye, Ben Niu, Zhongluan Wu, Ruizhong Zhang, Michelle On Na Yu, Patrick Ho Yu Chung, Kenneth Kak Yuen Wong, Huimin Xia, Michael Qi Zhang, Bin Wang, Urban Lendahl, Paul Kwong Hang Tam
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2020)

Biliary atresia (BA) is a poorly understood and devastating obstructive bile duct disease of newborns. It is often diagnosed late, is incurable and frequently requires liver transplantation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenesis and molecular signatures associated with BA.We combined organoid and transcriptomic analysis to gain new insights into BA pathobiology using patient samples and a mouse model of BA.Liver organoids derived from patients with BA and a rhesus rotavirus A-infected mouse model of BA, exhibited aberrant morphology and disturbed apical-basal organization. Transcriptomic analysis of BA organoids revealed a shift from cholangiocyte to hepatocyte transcriptional signatures and altered beta-amyloid-related gene expression. Beta-amyloid accumulation was observed around the bile ducts in BA livers and exposure to beta-amyloid induced the aberrant morphology in control organoids.The novel observation that beta-amyloid accumulates around bile ducts in the livers of patients with BA has important pathobiological implications, as well as diagnostic potential.Biliary atresia is a poorly understood and devastating obstructive bile duct disease of newborns. It is often diagnosed late, is incurable and frequently requires liver transplantation. Using human and mouse 'liver mini-organs in the dish', we unexpectedly identified beta-amyloid deposition - the main pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy - around bile ducts in livers from patients with biliary atresia. This finding reveals a novel pathogenic mechanism that could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.