Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19
Authors: Cornelia Betsch, Lothar H Wieler, Katrine Habersaat
Journal: The Lancet (2020)

The rapidly evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is placing an overwhelming burden on health systems and authorities to respond with effective and appropriate interventions, policies, and messages. A critical element in reducing transmission of the virus is rapid and widespread behavioural change. Evidence shows that a perceived lack of consistency, competence, fairness, objectivity, empathy, or sincerity in crisis response in the public could lead to distrust and fear.1WHO EuropeVaccination and trust - How concerns arise and the role of communication in mitigating crises. World Health Organization, Geneva2017Google Scholar Conversely, when the public perceives measures as having these characteristics, as well as being easily understood and communicated through trusted and accessible channels, and when the necessary services are available, people are able to make informed choices, protect themselves, and comply with recommended practices.2Glik DC Risk communication for public health emergencies.ResearchGate. 2007; 28: 33-54Google Scholar, 3WHOCommunicating risk in public health emergencies: a WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice.https://www.who.int/risk-communication/guidance/download/en/Date: Jan 10, 2018Date accessed: March 20, 2020Google Scholar Risk perceptions influence individual protective behaviours4Van der Pligt J Risk perception and self-protective behavior.Euro Psychol. 1996; 1: 34-43Crossref Google Scholar but paradoxically, how people perceive risk is not necessarily correlated with the actual risk. This was seen during the influenza pandemic in 2009-10,5Reintjes R Das E Klemm C Richardus JH Keßler V Ahmad A "Pandemic public health paradox": time series analysis of the 2009/10 Influenza A/H1N1 epidemiology, media attention, risk perception and public reactions in 5 European countries.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0151258Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar where uncertainty and perceived exaggeration were also associated with a reduced likelihood to implement the recommended behaviours.6Rubin GJ Amlot R Page L Wessely S Public perceptions, anxiety, and behaviour change in relation to the swine flu outbreak: cross sectional telephone survey.BMJ. 2009; 339b2651Crossref PubMed Scopus (801) Google Scholar Models of crisis and risk communication thus suggest that understanding risk perceptions is critical for an effective and appropriate crisis response.7Reynolds BW Seeger M Crisis and emergency risk communication as an integrative model.J Health Commun. 2005; 10: 43-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (768) Google Scholar At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour.5Reintjes R Das E Klemm C Richardus JH Keßler V Ahmad A "Pandemic public health paradox": time series analysis of the 2009/10 Influenza A/H1N1 epidemiology, media attention, risk perception and public reactions in 5 European countries.PLoS One. 2016; 11e0151258Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar Behavioural insights for COVID-19 are, therefore, of critical importance. This includes knowledge about what drives behaviour and awareness of changes in these drivers.1WHO EuropeVaccination and trust - How concerns arise and the role of communication in mitigating crises. World Health Organization, Geneva2017Google Scholar, 3WHOCommunicating risk in public health emergencies: a WHO guideline for emergency risk communication (ERC) policy and practice.https://www.who.int/risk-communication/guidance/download/en/Date: Jan 10, 2018Date accessed: March 20, 2020Google Scholar Other psychological challenges, such as misinformation, stigmatisation, or herd behaviour (such as hoarding of food or toilet paper) can be monitored to help estimate their prevalence and to identify sources. National authorities and other stakeholders, such as the media, can gain valuable insights into information needs, contextualisation of certain phenomena (eg, stigmatisation), and which target groups need additional attention. A few countries have rapidly initiated studies to gain such insights, and more countries are urged to prioritise such efforts, not in lieu of, but as a necessary supporting mechanism for other response measures. Faced with overwhelming response requirements and cost, countries need opportunities to gain such insights through tools that: (1) are evidence-based; (2) can be rapidly applied; (3) can be regularly applied; (4) are simple and flexible enough to adjust to the changing situation; and (5) are low cost and cost-effective, particularly for low-income and middle-income countries. WHO and international partners can share such tools allowing countries to do this. Shared tools offer the additional opportunity of preparing syntheses analysis across contexts, providing invaluable insights for the continued response effort as well as for the post-outbreak evaluation, sharing of lessons learnt, and the continued effort to better understand effective mechanisms of crisis response. Weekly COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO) was initiated in Germany on March 3, 2020.8Betsch C Wieler L Bosnjak M et al.COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak.Psych Archives. 2020; (published online March 3.)DOI:10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.2776Google Scholar Preliminary data and examples of the usefulness of such data are shown in the appendix. The initiating researchers and authorities and researchers are now sharing this as a blueprint for other countries. Together with the new Insights Unit at the WHO Regional Office for Europe, an adaptable study protocol, sample questionnaire, and data analysis script have been made available along with guidance on contextual adaptation and open access practices. The suggested serial, cross-sectional study allows rapid and adaptive monitoring of focal variables over time, assessment of the relations between them, and randomisation of answer options where suitable. Among others, included variables relate to demographics, protective behaviours, knowledge, perceptions, and trust. Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Immediate data analysis by means of an automated data analysis website provides fast access to the results. WHO materials contain commented code (free R Studio online software) for data analysis and a website for rapid data presentation. The Insights Unit and Health Emergencies Programme in the WHO Regional Office for Europe are offering support to countries for implementation. National teams using the tool are urged to work in partner coalitions to discuss insights gained and implications for outbreak response interventions, policies and messages. Making results rapidly available to journalists is also suggested to support high quality and responsible media reporting. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. We declare no competing interests. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this manuscript and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated. Download .pdf (.23 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix