Crowdsourcing data to mitigate epidemics
Authors: Gabriel M Leung, Kathy Leung
Journal: The Lancet Digital Health (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread with unprecedented speed and scale since the first zoonotic event that introduced the causative virus—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—into humans, probably during November, 2019, according to phylogenetic analyses suggesting the most recent common ancestor of the sequenced genomes emerged between Oct 23, and Dec 16, 2019.1Andersen K Clock and TMRCA based on 27 genomes.http://virological.org/t/clock-and-tmrca-based-on-27-genomes/347Date: Jan 25, 2020Date accessed: February 17, 2020Google Scholar The reported cumulative number of confirmed patients worldwide already exceeds 70 000 in almost 30 countries and territories as of Feb 19, 2020, although that the actual number of infections is likely to far outnumber this case count.2Wu JT Leung K Leung GM Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 31.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (2827) Google Scholar, 3Dorigatti I Okell L Cori A et al.Report 4: severity of 2019-novel coronavirus (nCoV). Imperial College London, LondonFeb 10, 2020https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-2019-nCoV-severity-10-02-2020.pdfDate accessed: February 14, 2020Google Scholar During any novel emerging epidemic, let alone one with such magnitude and speed of global spread, a first task is to put together a line list of suspected, probable, and confirmed individuals on the basis of working criteria of the respective case definitions. This line list would allow for quick preliminary assessment of epidemic growth and potential for spread, evidence-based determination of the period of quarantine and isolation, and monitoring of efficiency of detection of potential cases. Frequent refreshing of the line list would further enable real-time updates as more clinical, epidemiological, and virological (including genetic) knowledge become available as the outbreak progresses. Therefore, from a public health viewpoint, a line list is indispensable. Hence, Kaiyuan Sun and colleagues' work,6Sun K Chen J Viboud C Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational study.Lancet Digital Health. 2020; (pubished online Feb 20.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30026-1Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (324) Google Scholar published in The Lancet Digital Health, is very valuable at this key timepoint in the COVID-19 outbreak. Sun and colleagues harnessed Chinese social media, specifically a social network used by health-care professionals, to compile individual-level data on patients with COVID-19 and daily province-level case counts during January, 2020. They distilled this information into a crowdsourced line list, which, when analysed appropriately, aligns closely with that derived from official versions, such as the report published by the Chinese CDC on Jan 29, 2020.7Li Q Guan X Wu P et al.Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.N Engl J Med. 2020; (published online Jan 29.)DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316Crossref Scopus (10235) Google Scholar For instance, the various delay intervals converge between the first 425 cases in Wuhan in the earlier report7Li Q Guan X Wu P et al.Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia.N Engl J Med. 2020; (published online Jan 29.)DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316Crossref Scopus (10235) Google Scholar and the 507 cases sourced from both China and overseas in the present Article. Although Sun and colleagues' work provides a valuable picture of the outbreak in real time, the geographical coverage is heterogeneous with only a small proportion of cases from the epicenter of Wuhan and Hubei province. We surveyed different and varied sources of possible line lists for COVID-19 (appendix pp 1–4). A bottleneck remains in carefully collating as much relevant data as possible, sifting through and verifying these data, extracting intelligence to forecast and inform outbreak strategies, and thereafter repeating this process in iterative cycles to monitor and evaluate progress. A possible methodological breakthrough would be to develop and validate algorithms for automated bots to search through cyberspaces of all sorts, by text mining and natural language processing (in languages not limited to English) to expedite these processes. In this era of smartphone and their accompanying applications, the authorities are required to combat not only the epidemic per se, but perhaps an even more sinister outbreak of fake news and false rumours, a so-called infodemic. The most obvious consequences of an infodemic are, at best, a noisy cacophony that confuses and can provoke irrational fear, even mass panic, and ultimately imposes a destabilising effect on society when precisely the opposite is required. The images of empty supermarket shelves in the most open free-trade economies of Singapore and Hong Kong, where fewer than 100 cases have been reported to date, provide a salutary reminder of the potential impact of such infodemics. Another example is the worldwide shortage of and some national export bans on face masks. Creating a resource such as Sun and colleagues have compiled in their work would allow scientists and lay observers alike to quickly fill knowledge vacuums that would otherwise fuel infodemics. Related to the infodemic is the so-called geodemic of geopolitical considerations and nationalistic populism apparently being placed ahead of the science of outbreak control. A case in point relates to national border policies that have been suggested to contravene International Health Regulations.4Habibi R Burci GL de Campos TC et al.Do not violate the International Health Regulations during the COVID-19 outbreak.Lancet. 2020; (published online Feb 13.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30373-1Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar Anecdotes of xenophobic treatment of people from different places or fellow natives who look different are doing substantial harm to building the extra solidarity necessary in such times. Finally, the epidemic, infodemic, and geodemic all have economic costs.5How China's coronavirus epidemic could hurt the world economyThe Economist.https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/02/13/how-chinas-coronavirus-epidemic-could-hurt-the-world-economyDate: Feb 13, 2020Date accessed: February 17, 2020Google Scholar During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, China accounted for 4% of global economic output compared with 16% today.5How China's coronavirus epidemic could hurt the world economyThe Economist.https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/02/13/how-chinas-coronavirus-epidemic-could-hurt-the-world-economyDate: Feb 13, 2020Date accessed: February 17, 2020Google Scholar Despite the ongoing trade tensions since 2019, China's supply chains and production lines remain closely enmeshed with much of the world's trading markets. These economic uncertainties, of course, have not taken into account how the outbreak might affect the rest of the world, when cases have now been reported on most continents, including Africa. Notwithstanding the above motivations, during the exigency of an outbreak, especially one with a doubling time of 1 week2Wu JT Leung K Leung GM Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 31.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (2827) Google Scholar in the world's most populated country, expecting a ready line list for analytical prosecution covering all domestic geographies within a few short weeks would be astounding. Even during the SARS outbreak in 2003, we worked through over 30 versions of the case-contact questionnaire before settling on the final version well over a month after the first case had been confirmed. Notably, China's health protection function is decentralised to provincial and local levels (with over 300 prefecture-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention branches) and it remains a developing country with differing levels of epidemic preparedness along socioeconomic development gradients across a large geography.8Vlieg WL Fanoy EB van Asten L et al.Comparing national infectious disease surveillance systems: China and the Netherlands.BMC Public Health. 2017; 17: 415Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar Crowdsourced data could be compiled and analysed as timely as, or perhaps even quicker than, officially released data. However, such future developments do not negate the overriding importance of the timely release and updating of official line lists with as much detail as ethics and confidentiality allow. However, such sourcing would go a long way to address and mitigate the epidemics, infodemics, and geodemics that the world will face in the years to come. We declare no competing interests. Download .pdf (.16 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational studyNews reports and social media can help reconstruct the progression of an outbreak and provide detailed patient-level data in the context of a health emergency. The availability of a central physician-oriented social network facilitated the compilation of publicly available COVID-19 data in China. As the outbreak progresses, social media and news reports will probably capture a diminishing fraction of COVID-19 cases globally due to reporting fatigue and overwhelmed health-care systems. In the early stages of an outbreak, availability of public datasets is important to encourage analytical efforts by independent teams and provide robust evidence to guide interventions. Full-Text PDF Open Access