tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fecal Microbial Transplant Capsules Are Safe in Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Nita H. Salzman, Chathur Acharya, Richard K. Sterling, Melanie B. White, Edith A. Gavis, Andrew Fagan, Michael Hayward, Mary L. Holtz, Scott Matherly, Hannah Lee, Majdi Osman, Mohammad S. Siddiqui, Michael Fuchs, Puneet Puri, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Patrick M. Gillevet
Journal: Hepatology (2019)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can cause major morbidity despite standard of care (SOC; rifaximin/lactulose). Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) enemas postantibiotics are safe, but the effect of FMT without antibiotics using the capsular route requires investigation. The aim of this work was to determine the safety, tolerability, and impact on mucosal/stool microbiota and brain function in HE after capsular FMT in a randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in Virginia. Patients with cirrhosis with recurrent HE with MELD (Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease) &lt;17 on SOC were randomized 1:1 into receiving 15 FMT capsules versus placebo from a single donor enriched in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Endoscopies with duodenal and sigmoid biopsies, stool analysis, cognition, serum lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP), and duodenal antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression at baseline were used. Clinical follow‐up with SOC maintenance was performed until 5 months. FMT‐assigned patients underwent repeat endoscopies 4 weeks postenrollment. Twenty subjects on lactulose/rifaximin were randomized 1:1. MELD score was similar at baseline (9.6 vs. 10.2) and study end (10.2 vs. 10.5). Six patients in the placebo group required hospitalizations compared to 1 in FMT, which was deemed unrelated to FMT. Infection/HE episodes were similar between groups. Baseline microbial diversity was similar in all tissues between groups. Post‐FMT, duodenal mucosal diversity ( P = 0.01) increased with higher Ruminococcaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae and lower Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae. Reduction in Veillonellaceae were noted post‐FMT in sigmoid ( P = 0.04) and stool ( P = 0.05). Duodenal E‐cadherin ( P = 0.03) and defensin alpha 5 ( P = 0.03) increased whereas interleukin‐6 ( P = 0.02) and serum LBP ( P = 0.009) reduced post‐FMT. EncephalApp performance improved post‐FMT only ( P = 0.02). Conclusion: In this phase 1 study, oral FMT capsules are safe and well tolerated in patients with cirrhosis and recurrent HE. FMT was associated with improved duodenal mucosal diversity, dysbiosis, and AMP expression, reduced LBP, and improved EncephalApp performance. Further studies are needed to prove efficacy.
Poor countries need to tackle the brain drain
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2004)

With the United Kingdom needing 10 000 more doctors, and with more than 7000 nurses from the Philippines alone currently registered in the United Kingdom, compared with just 52 in 1999, a new report says that the countries providing the workers, as well as those that hire them, need to look for solutions.

“Source countries must work on improving staff attraction and retention. Recipient countries should also try to get their own houses in order so they are not a permanent drain on health professionals from the South,” says a study in Health Policy (2004;70:1-10).



In research funded by the UK's Department for International Development, the authors looked at Ghana, a net exporter of health workers; South Africa, an importer and exporter; and England, a net importer.

The authors, Peter Bundred from the department of primary care, Liverpool University, Tim Martineau from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and Karola Decker from the University of Hamburg, say that the effects on source countries of losing health workers can be serious.

“The Centre for Spinal Injuries in Boxburg, near Johannesburg, South Africa was the referral centre for the whole region. On the same day in 2000 the two anaesthetists were recruited by a Canadian institution opening a new Spinal Injuries Unit. A consequence of the loss of these two key staff was the temporary closure of the centre,” says the report.

The authors report that India has lost up to $5bn (£2.7bn; a4.1bn) in investment in training of doctors since 1951 and that Ghana has lost around $60m.

The authors say a “carousel” movement of doctors exists. The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, for example, have been recruiting actively in South Africa for GPs to work in remote rural areas. At the …
NHS must be “preferred provider” for contracts if competition rules disappear, says BMA
Authors: Gareth Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2019)

The BMA has backed moves by NHS England to revoke laws on competition and procurement that were introduced in the Health and Social Care Act 2012.1 But it called for greater clarity on what will replace the current rules and argued that NHS providers must be given priority for any contract being awarded through NHS England’s proposed “best value test.”

The proposals, which would revoke one of the most controversial tenets of former health secretary Andrew Lansley’s legislation, are designed to facilitate integrated …
Scotland should have fiscal independence
Authors: Amina Hussain
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Leading economists say that the Scottish parliament should be given complete control over taxation and spending in Scotland. Making the devolved administration fully responsible for raising its own funds would, they say, force the Scottish Executive to be more accountable for its spending decisions.

Welcoming the proposal, the leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), John Swinney, said, “I want to see that the wealth of Scotland works for the people of Scotland.” But other parties have been more sceptical.



Sean Connery opens the Scottish …
APC/C-CDH1–Regulated IDH3β Coordinates with the Cell Cycle to Promote Cell Proliferation
Authors: Qingnan Wu, Weimin Zhang, Liyan Xue, Yan Wang, Ming Fu, Liying Ma, Yongmei Song, Qi-Min Zhan
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Metabolic activities are often accompanied by cell-cycle progression, yet known connections between these two processes remain limited. Here, we identified the isocitrate dehydrogenase 3β (IDH3β) as a novel substrate of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-CDH1 and an important regulator of the cell cycle. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), IDH3β was posttranslationally upregulated in late G1 phase, and overexpression of IDH3β accelerated G1–S transition, contributing to the promotion of cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG), a crucial metabolite in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, was dependent on IDH3β level and partially accounted for IDH3β-mediated cell growth. IDH3β expression increased PFKFB3 protein levels and enhanced glucose uptake, and high expression of IDH3β correlated with poor survival in patients with ESCC, suggesting a potential application of IDH3β in prognosis. Overall, our results highlight a new molecular connection between cell-cycle regulation and the TCA cycle in ESCC. Significance: These findings show that IDH3β is an APC/C-CDH1 substrate and is expressed in a cell-cycle–dependent manner, highlighting novel molecular cross-talk between the TCA cycle and cell cycle in cancer cells.
WHO declares SARS epidemic under control
Authors: Adrián González Aguirre
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The World Health Organization declared that the epidemic of sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is under control. According to Christine McNab, spokeswoman for WHO, the numbers of SARS cases are falling in all areas, but the outbreak will not end until no new cases are reported. She called for a continued state of high alert since any new unidentified case could lead to a new outbreak.

The announcement came while more than 1000 scientists, doctors, and …
Innovation to Create a Healthy and Sustainable Food System: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
Authors: Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Anne N. Thorndike, Alice H. Lichtenstein, Linda Van Horn, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Randi Foraker, Colleen Spees
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Current dietary intakes of North Americans are inconsistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This occurs in the context of a food system that precludes healthy foods as the default choices. To develop a food system that is both healthy and sustainable requires innovation. This science advisory from the American Heart Association describes both innovative approaches to developing a healthy and sustainable food system and the current evidence base for the associations between these approaches and positive changes in dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, and when available, health outcomes. Innovation can occur through policy, private sector, public health, medical, community, or individual-level approaches and could ignite and further public-private partnerships. New product innovations, reformulations, taxes, incentives, product placement/choice architecture, innovative marketing practices, menu and product labeling, worksite wellness initiatives, community campaigns, nutrition prescriptions, mobile health technologies, and gaming offer potential benefits. Some innovations have been observed to increase the purchasing of healthy foods or have increased diversity in food choices, but there remains limited evidence linking these innovations with health outcomes. The demonstration of evidence-based improvements in health outcomes is challenging for any preventive interventions, especially those related to diet, because of competing lifestyle and environmental risk factors that are difficult to quantify. A key next step in creating a healthier and more sustainable food system is to build innovative system-level approaches that improve individual behaviors, strengthen industry and community efforts, and align policies with evidence-based recommendations. To enable healthier food choices and favorably impact cardiovascular health, immediate action is needed to promote favorable innovation at all levels of the food system.
Light-Driven Regeneration of Cone Visual Pigments through a Mechanism Involving RGR Opsin in Müller Glial Cells
Authors: Ala Morshedian, Joanna J. Kaylor, Sze Yin Ng, Avian Tsan, Rikard Frederiksen, Tongzhou Xu, Lily Yuan, Alapakkam P. Sampath, Roxana A. Radu, Gordon L. Fain, Gabriel H. Travis
Journal: Neuron (2019)
Running to stand still
Authors: Marc Gutenstein
Journal: BMJ (2000)

‘Do you ever wonder why we're here?’ asked Douglas, during a wintry weekend in Wales. But looking at him, clad only in rubber, I could only shrug my shoulders and run into the ocean. Surfing is an odd sport. Like many outdoor activities it gets you nowhere fast. But unlike some sports that at least offer a means of transport, surfing is completely and utterly futile-the invention of someone with not only nothing to do, but nothing to do it with except a big plank. The physical equivalent of posting a self addressed letter, and then when the postman delivers it, returning it to the sender. And all the while wearing a silly rubber suit.

The theory of surfing is simple: paddle out to sea, through the shallows where the waves have built up …
Sepsis Assessment And Identification In Low Resource Settings: The Sailors Study
Authors: K E Rudd, C W Seymour, A Papali, V Hantrakun, P Teparrukkul, S Booraphun, M Augustin, L Colas, C H Jean-Francois, A C Verceles, Day Npj., McCurdy, D Limmathurotsakul, T E West, D C Angus, Grp Sailorss.
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2017)
Tracing the ancestry of modern bread wheats
Authors: Caroline Pont, Thibault Leroy, Michael Seidel, Alessandro Tondelli, Wandrille Duchemin, David Armisen, Daniel Lang, Daniela Bustos-Korts, Nadia Goué, François Balfourier, Márta Molnár-Láng, Jacob Lage, Benjamin Kilian, Hakan Özkan, Darren Waite, Sarah Dyer, Thomas Letellier, Michael Alaux, Joanne Russell, Beat Keller, Fred van Eeuwijk, Manuel Spannagl, Klaus F. X. Mayer, Robbie Waugh, Nils Stein, Luigi Cattivelli, Georg Haberer, Gilles Charmet, Jérôme Salse
Journal: Nature Genetics (2019)
Lords support animal testing but call for alternatives
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Animal experiments are necessary, but more needs to be done to develop and promote alternative methods, says the House of Lords Select Committee on Animals in Scientific Procedures.

In a new report the committee recommends the setting up of research units to find ways of reducing the need for animals and replacing them.

“There is scope for the scientific community to give a greater priority to the development of non-animal methods,” it says. “The UK Government should use their influence to urge the EU to make the development and validation of replacements for …
WHO disappoints antitobacco lobby
Authors: Benjamin Hope
Journal: BMJ (2001)

A draft of the international treaty on tobacco control, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January, has disappointed the antitobacco lobby. While the text proposes new legislation to reduce tobacco distribution and consumption, there is no call for a ban on sponsorship and advertising, which had been the WHO's top priority.

The chairman of the treaty's intergovernmental negotiating body, Celso Amorim, said that the proposed measures were meant to “reduce the prevalence of tobacco use” …
A pioneer in AIDS prevention
Authors: Klaus Morales, Christiane Rehwagen
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<b>Marcus Conant</b> graduated from Duke University in 1961 and is a pioneer in the field of HIV and AIDS. His practice in the field led him to acknowledge the first link between Kaposi9s sarcoma and the transmission of HIV. <b>Klaus Morales</b> and <b>Christiane Rehwagen</b> talked to him about his personal experiences and perspectives regarding HIV/AIDS
PLAB : key to the kingdom
Authors: Katherine McGinn, Irina Haivas
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Many doctors from around the world want to pursue postgraduate medical training in the United Kingdom, but first they need to overcome many barriers, including the Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board (PLAB) examination. Even after passing all the exams, however, the market still might not have a job for them. <b>Katherine McGinn</b> and <b>Irina Haivas</b> find out why
Picture quiz: Surgical or medical third nerve palsy?
Authors: Yap Yew Chong, Evelyn Mensah
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A 76 year old woman presented to the eye department with a one week history of left eye pain and drooping eyelid. She had a history of hypertension and atrial fibrillation controlled with drugs. On examination visual acuity was normal at 6/9 in each eye. There was complete ptosis and ophthalmoplegia of four of the six extraocular muscles of the left eye. In primary position the left eye was depressed (that is, “down”) and abducted (that is, “out”). One week later she presented with increasing left eye pain and pupil involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography was normal. Subsequent cerebral angiography was also normal. Within three months all symptoms and signs had resolved with full recovery of ocular movements.
Topconfects: a package for confident effect sizes in differential expression analysis provides a more biologically useful ranked gene list
Authors: Paul F. Harrison, Andrew D. Pattison, David R. Powell, Traude H. Beilharz
Journal: Genome biology (2019)

Differential gene expression analysis may discover a set of genes too large to easily investigate, so a means of ranking genes by biological interest level is desired. p values are frequently abused for this purpose. As an alternative, we propose a method of ranking by confidence bounds on the log fold change, based on the previously developed TREAT test. These confidence bounds provide guaranteed false discovery rate and false coverage-statement rate control. When applied to a breast cancer dataset, the top-ranked genes by Topconfects emphasize markedly different biological processes compared to the top-ranked genes by p value.
Applications to medical schools are falling
Authors: Alex Brooks
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Applications to medical schools in the United States have fallen by a fifth in the past four years, new figures from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) show. US medical schools had 37 137 applicants for the 16 303 places available for entry in 2000, a fall of 3.6% from last year.



Classes still full-University of Arkansas medics in a tutorial (AP PHOTO/ SPENCER TIREY)



UK medical school applications also began to fall despite the government's pledge to create 1000 additional student places for …
Nanomaterial designing strategies related to cell lysosome and their biomedical applications: A review
Authors: Bhowmira Rathore, Kyoung Sunwoo, Paramesh Jangili, Jiseon Kim, Ji Hyeon Kim, Meina Huang, Jia Xiong, Amit Sharma, Zhigang Yang, Junle Qu, Jong Seung Kim
Journal: Biomaterials (2019)
Positive discrimination favours no one
Authors: Kinesh patel
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Equal access, outreach schemes, helping the disadvantaged, increasing ethnic minority representation, or whatever you want to call it, has come to dominate UK general and medical politics recently. Looking around at medical school, the medical profession in waiting does not reflect the populace as a whole. Certain ethnic minorities are over-represented, others under-represented, and, as for men, they seem to be a dying breed.

What has been a principal focus of government recently is a perceived need to increase the number of students from disadvantaged backgrounds in medical school—a laudable aim. Few could argue that …
Recapturing the soul of medicine
Authors: Rachel Remen
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Doctors need to reclaim meaning in their working lives. In the past 10 years, the culture of medicine has changed radically. For example, in California, a study of 454 clinicians by the Sacramento Medical Society indicated that most had felt the effects of these changes deeply 1

Forty per cent of those interviewed were clinically depressed. Most reported that they had thought about leaving the profession at least once in the past 12 months. Even more surprising, many would not want their children to go into medicine nor would they choose medicine as a career again.



The ba, a human headed bird, represented the soul in Egyptian mythology



This is not a California phenomenon. An unprecedented number of doctors worldwide, many of them young, are dropping out or seeking early retirement. Something unusual is happening among doctors, and those who care about doctors' wellbeing may need to broaden their concern from the care of impaired doctors to the care of all doctors. The future of our profession may be at stake.

There is reason to believe that our professionalismour traditional professional stance, our attitudes, self expectations, and indeed our training-has made us par. ticularly vulnerable to the kind of stress we currently experience. Year after year in medical schools across the country, the first year class enters filled with a sense of privilege and excitement about becoming doctors. Four years later, this excitement has given way to cynicism and numbness. By graduation, students seem to have learnt what they have come to do but forgotten why. In these times, …
Planning your elective - Alaska
Authors: Jean Adams
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Amid much debate, the United States bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 for less than two cents an acre. At the time, many people decried the waste of public money. But in 1915 gold was struck and then, in 1968, oil. Suddenly the Americans began to realise the value of the “Alaskan purchase.”

Today Alaska still rides high on oil money. But even oil cannot solve all the social, economic, and environmental problems that persist in such a remote but resource rich area. The inhabitants maintain their position at the bottom of the socioeconomic and health scales and are finding the subsistence lifestyle, which many prefer, increasingly hard to practise. The fishing and logging industries have grown so rapidly that they now threaten to extinguish themselves; and the growth of the tourist industry is increasingly at odds with the scenery and wildlife it seeks to sell.



AP PHOTO/MICHAEL DINNEEN

The devastating effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are demonstrated to Alaskan high school students, with preserved fetuses from laboratory mice that have been force fed alcohol



To work as an elective student in the United States, it is important to understand …
Comparison of Scheduled vs Emergency-Only Dialysis in Undocumented Immigrants With End-stage Renal Disease
Authors: Raphael Godefroy, Sandrine Loubière, Thomas Robert
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2019)

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Cysteine and hydrophobic residues in CDR3 serve as distinct T-cell self-reactivity indices
Authors: Stephen R. Daley, Hui-Fern Koay, Kerry Dobbs, Marita Bosticardo, Rushika C. Wirasinha, Francesca Pala, Riccardo Castagnoli, Jared H. Rowe, Lisa M. Ott de Bruin, Sevgi Keles, Yu Nee Lee, Raz Somech, Steven M. Holland, Ottavia M. Delmonte, Debbie Draper, Sandra Maxwell, Julie Niemela, Jennifer Stoddard, Sergio D. Rosenzweig, Pietro Luigi Poliani, Valentina Capo, Anna Villa, Dale I. Godfrey, Luigi D. Notarangelo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2019)
Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Second-Line Carfilzomib and Categorized By Prior Exposure to Bortezomib: A Subgroup Analysis of the Randomized Phase 3 Aspire and Endeavor Trials
Authors: Maria-Victoria Mateos, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Jesus F San Miguel, Joseph Mikhael, Lifen Zhou, Mihaela Obreja, Julie Blaedel, Karim Saad Iskander, Xavier Leleu
Journal: Blood (2017)
Placebo: The Belief Effect
Authors: Andy Conway Morris
Journal: BMJ (2004)

That biologically inactive substances, such as sugar pills and saline, can be as powerful as morphine, and that sham operations as effective real ones has been one of the most startling discoveries in recent biomedical science. The placebo effect, only acknowledged by the scientific community in the middle of the last century, is controlled for in trials, widely used to explain the effectiveness of supposedly non-therapeutic “treatments,” and sometimes used when we do not really want to treat a patient with …