The landscape of viral associations in human cancers
Authors: Marc Zapatka, Ivan Borozan, Daniel S. Brewer, Murat Iskar, Adam Grundhoff, Malik Alawi, Nikita Desai, Holger Sültmann, Holger Moch, Malik Alawi, Ivan Borozan, Daniel S. Brewer, Colin S. Cooper, Nikita Desai, Roland Eils, Vincent Ferretti, Adam Grundhoff, Murat Iskar, Kortine Kleinheinz, Peter Lichter, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Akinyemi I. Ojesina, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Matthias Schlesner, Xiaoping Su, Marc Zapatka, Colin S. Cooper, Roland Eils, Vincent Ferretti, Peter Lichter, Lauri A. Aaltonen, Federico Abascal, Adam Abeshouse, Hiroyuki Aburatani, David J. Adams, Nishant Agrawal, Keun Soo Ahn, Sung-Min Ahn, Hiroshi Aikata, Rehan Akbani, Kadir C. Akdemir, Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, Sultan T. Al-Sedairy, Fatima Al-Shahrour, Malik Alawi, Monique Albert, Kenneth Aldape, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Adrian Ally, Kathryn Alsop, Eva G. Alvarez, Fernanda Amary, Samirkumar B. Amin, Brice Aminou, Ole Ammerpohl, Matthew J. Anderson, Yeng Ang, Davide Antonello, Pavana Anur, Samuel Aparicio, Elizabeth L. Appelbaum, Yasuhito Arai, Axel Aretz, Koji Arihiro, Shun-ichi Ariizumi, Joshua Armenia, Laurent Arnould, Sylvia Asa, Yassen Assenov, Gurnit Atwal, Sietse Aukema, J. Todd Auman, Miriam R. R. Aure, Philip Awadalla, Marta Aymerich, Gary D. Bader, Adrian Baez-Ortega, Matthew H. Bailey, Peter J. Bailey, Miruna Balasundaram, Saianand Balu, Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Rosamonde E. Banks, Stefano Barbi, Andrew P. Barbour, Jonathan Barenboim, Jill Barnholtz-Sloan, Hugh Barr, Elisabet Barrera, John Bartlett, Javier Bartolome, Claudio Bassi, Oliver F. Bathe, Daniel Baumhoer, Prashant Bavi, Stephen B. Baylin, Wojciech Bazant, Duncan Beardsmore, Timothy A. Beck, Sam Behjati, Andreas Behren, Beifang Niu, Cindy Bell, Sergi Beltran, Christopher Benz, Andrew Berchuck, Anke K. Bergmann, Erik N. Bergstrom, Benjamin P. Berman, Daniel M. Berney, Stephan H. Bernhart, Rameen Beroukhim, Mario Berrios, Samantha Bersani, Johanna Bertl, Miguel Betancourt, Vinayak Bhandari, Shriram G. Bhosle, Andrew V. Biankin, Matthias Bieg, Darell Bigner, Hans Binder, Ewan Birney, Michael Birrer, Nidhan K. Biswas, Bodil Bjerkehagen, Tom Bodenheimer, Lori Boice, Giada Bonizzato, Johann S. De Bono, Arnoud Boot, Moiz S. Bootwalla, Ake Borg, Arndt Borkhardt, Keith A. Boroevich, Ivan Borozan, Christoph Borst, Marcus Bosenberg, Mattia Bosio, Jacqueline Boultwood, Guillaume Bourque, Paul C. Boutros, G. Steven Bova, David T. Bowen, Reanne Bowlby, David D. L. Bowtell, Sandrine Boyault, Rich Boyce, Jeffrey Boyd, Alvis Brazma, Paul Brennan, Daniel S. Brewer, Arie B. Brinkman, Robert G. Bristow, Russell R. Broaddus, Jane E. Brock, Malcolm Brock, Annegien Broeks, Angela N. Brooks, Denise Brooks, Benedikt Brors, Søren Brunak, Timothy J. C. Bruxner, Alicia L. Bruzos, Alex Buchanan, Ivo Buchhalter, Christiane Buchholz, Susan Bullman, Hazel Burke, Birgit Burkhardt, Kathleen H. Burns, John Busanovich, Carlos D. Bustamante, Adam P. Butler, Atul J. Butte, Niall J. Byrne, Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale, Samantha J. Caesar-Johnson, Andy Cafferkey, Declan Cahill, Claudia Calabrese, Carlos Caldas, Fabien Calvo, Niedzica Camacho, Peter J. Campbell, Elias Campo, Cinzia Cantù, Shaolong Cao, Thomas E. Carey, Joana Carlevaro-Fita, Rebecca Carlsen, Ivana Cataldo, Mario Cazzola, Jonathan Cebon, Robert Cerfolio, Dianne E. Chadwick, Dimple Chakravarty, Don Chalmers, Calvin Wing Yiu Chan, Kin Chan, Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue, Vishal S. Chandan, David K. Chang, Stephen J. Chanock, Lorraine A. Chantrill, Aurélien Chateigner, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Kazuaki Chayama, Hsiao-Wei Chen, Jieming Chen, Ken Chen, Yiwen Chen, Zhaohong Chen, Andrew D. Cherniack, Jeremy Chien, Yoke-Eng Chiew, Suet-Feung Chin, Juok Cho, Sunghoon Cho, Jung Kyoon Choi, Wan Choi, Christine Chomienne, Zechen Chong, Su Pin Choo, Angela Chou, Angelika N. Christ, Elizabeth L. Christie, Eric Chuah, Carrie Cibulskis, Kristian Cibulskis, Sara Cingarlini, Peter Clapham, Alexander Claviez, Sean Cleary, Nicole Cloonan, Marek Cmero, Colin C. Collins, Ashton A. Connor, Susanna L. Cooke, Colin S. Cooper, Leslie Cope, Vincenzo Corbo, Matthew G. Cordes, Stephen M. Cordner, Isidro Cortés-Ciriano, Kyle Covington, Prue A. Cowin, Brian Craft, David Craft, Chad J. Creighton, Yupeng Cun, Erin Curley, Ioana Cutcutache, Karolina Czajka, Bogdan Czerniak, Rebecca A. Dagg, Ludmila Danilova, Maria Vittoria Davi, Natalie R. Davidson, Helen Davies, Ian J. Davis, Brandi N. Davis-Dusenbery, Kevin J. Dawson, Francisco M. De La Vega, Ricardo De Paoli-Iseppi, Timothy Defreitas, Angelo P. Dei Tos, Olivier Delaneau, John A. Demchok, Jonas Demeulemeester, German M. Demidov, Deniz Demircioğlu, Nening M. Dennis, Robert E. Denroche, Stefan C. Dentro, Nikita Desai, Vikram Deshpande, Amit G. Deshwar, Christine Desmedt, Jordi Deu-Pons, Noreen Dhalla, Neesha C. Dhani, Priyanka Dhingra, Rajiv Dhir, Anthony DiBiase, Klev Diamanti, Li Ding, Shuai Ding, Huy Q. Dinh, Luc Dirix, HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni, Nilgun Donmez, Michelle T. Dow, Ronny Drapkin, Oliver Drechsel, Ruben M. Drews, Serge Serge, Tim Dudderidge, Ana Dueso-Barroso, Andrew J. Dunford, Michael Dunn, Lewis Jonathan Dursi, Fraser R. Duthie, Ken Dutton-Regester, Jenna Eagles, Douglas F. Easton, Stuart Edmonds, Paul A. Edwards, Sandra E. Edwards, Rosalind A. Eeles, Anna Ehinger, Juergen Eils, Roland Eils, Adel El-Naggar, Matthew Eldridge, Kyle Ellrott, Serap Erkek, Georgia Escaramis, Shadrielle M. G. Espiritu, Xavier Estivill, Dariush Etemadmoghadam, Jorunn E. Eyfjord, Bishoy M. Faltas, Daiming Fan, Yu Fan, William C. Faquin, Claudiu Farcas, Matteo Fassan, Aquila Fatima, Francesco Favero, Nodirjon Fayzullaev, Ina Felau, Sian Fereday, Martin L. Ferguson, Vincent Ferretti, Lars Feuerbach, Matthew A. Field, J. Lynn Fink, Gaetano Finocchiaro, Cyril Fisher, Matthew W. Fittall, Anna Fitzgerald, Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, Adrienne M. Flanagan, Neil E. Fleshner, Paul Flicek, John A. Foekens, Kwun M. Fong, Nuno A. Fonseca, Christopher S. Foster, Natalie S. Fox, Michael Fraser, Scott Frazer, Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern, William Friedman, Joan Frigola, Catrina C. Fronick, Akihiro Fujimoto, Masashi Fujita, Masashi Fukayama, Lucinda A. Fulton, Robert S. Fulton, Mayuko Furuta, P. Andrew Futreal, Anja Füllgrabe, Stacey B. Gabriel, Steven Gallinger, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini, Jianjiong Gao, Shengjie Gao, Levi Garraway, Øystein Garred, Erik Garrison, Dale W. Garsed, Nils Gehlenborg, Josep L. L. Gelpi, Joshy George, Daniela S. Gerhard, Clarissa Gerhauser, Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, Mark Gerstein, Moritz Gerstung, Gad Getz, Mohammed Ghori, Ronald Ghossein, Nasra H. Giama, Richard A. Gibbs, Bob Gibson, Anthony J. Gill, Pelvender Gill, Dilip D. Giri, Dominik Glodzik, Vincent J. Gnanapragasam, Maria Elisabeth Goebler, Mary J. Goldman, Carmen Gomez, Santiago Gonzalez, Abel Gonzalez-Perez, Dmitry A. Gordenin, James Gossage, Kunihito Gotoh, Ramaswamy Govindan, Dorthe Grabau, Janet S. Graham, Robert C. Grant, Anthony R. Green, Eric Green, Liliana Greger, Nicola Grehan, Sonia Grimaldi, Sean M. Grimmond, Robert L. Grossman, Adam Grundhoff, Gunes Gundem, Qianyun Guo, Manaswi Gupta, Shailja Gupta, Ivo G. Gut, Marta Gut, Jonathan Göke, Gavin Ha, Andrea Haake, David Haan, Siegfried Haas, Kerstin Haase, James E. Haber, Nina Habermann, Faraz Hach, Syed Haider, Natsuko Hama, Freddie C. Hamdy, Anne Hamilton, Mark P. Hamilton, Leng Han, George B. Hanna, Martin Hansmann, Nicholas J. Haradhvala, Olivier Harismendy, Ivon Harliwong, Arif O. Harmanci, Eoghan Harrington, Takanori Hasegawa, David Haussler, Steve Hawkins, Shinya Hayami, Shuto Hayashi, D. Neil Hayes, Stephen J. Hayes, Nicholas K. Hayward, Steven Hazell, Yao He, Allison P. Heath, Simon C. Heath, David Hedley, Apurva M. Hegde, David I. Heiman, Michael C. Heinold, Zachary Heins, Lawrence E. Heisler, Eva Hellstrom-Lindberg, Mohamed Helmy, Seong Gu Heo, Austin J. Hepperla, José María Heredia-Genestar, Carl Herrmann, Peter Hersey, Julian M. Hess, Holmfridur Hilmarsdottir, Jonathan Hinton, Satoshi Hirano, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Katherine A. Hoadley, Asger Hobolth, Ermin Hodzic, Jessica I. Hoell, Steve Hoffmann, Oliver Hofmann, Andrea Holbrook, Aliaksei Z. Holik, Michael A. Hollingsworth, Oliver Holmes, Robert A. Holt, Chen Hong, Eun Pyo Hong, Jongwhi H. Hong, Gerrit K. Hooijer, Henrik Hornshøj, Fumie Hosoda, Yong Hou, Volker Hovestadt, William Howat, Alan P. Hoyle, Ralph H. Hruban, Jianhong Hu, Taobo Hu, Xing Hua, Kuan-lin Huang, Mei Huang, Mi Ni Huang, Vincent Huang, Yi Huang, Wolfgang Huber, Thomas J. Hudson, Michael Hummel, Jillian A. Hung, David Huntsman, Ted R. Hupp, Jason Huse, Matthew R. Huska, Barbara Hutter, Carolyn M. Hutter, Daniel Hübschmann, Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Charles David Imbusch, Marcin Imielinski, Seiya Imoto, William B. Isaacs, Keren Isaev, Shumpei Ishikawa, Murat Iskar, S. M. Ashiqul Islam, Michael Ittmann, Sinisa Ivkovic, Jose M. G. Izarzugaza, Jocelyne Jacquemier, Valerie Jakrot, Nigel B. Jamieson, Gun Ho Jang, Se Jin Jang, Joy C. Jayaseelan, Reyka Jayasinghe, Stuart R. Jefferys, Karine Jegalian, Jennifer L. Jennings, Seung-Hyup Jeon, Lara Jerman, Yuan Ji, Wei Jiao, Peter A. Johansson, Amber L. Johns, Jeremy Johns, Rory Johnson, Todd A. Johnson, Clemency Jolly, Yann Joly, Jon G. Jonasson, Corbin D. Jones, David R. Jones, David T. W. Jones, Nic Jones, Steven J. M. Jones, Jos Jonkers, Young Seok Ju, Hartmut Juhl, Jongsun Jung, Malene Juul, Randi Istrup Juul, Sissel Juul, Natalie Jäger, Rolf Kabbe, Andre Kahles, Abdullah Kahraman, Vera B. Kaiser, Hojabr Kakavand, Sangeetha Kalimuthu, Christof von Kalle, Koo Jeong Kang, Katalin Karaszi, Beth Karlan, Rosa Karlić, Dennis Karsch, Katayoon Kasaian, Karin S. Kassahn, Hitoshi Katai, Mamoru Kato, Hiroto Katoh, Yoshiiku Kawakami, Jonathan D. Kay, Stephen H. Kazakoff, Marat D. Kazanov, Maria Keays, Electron Kebebew, Richard F. Kefford, Manolis Kellis, James G. Kench, Catherine J. Kennedy, Jules N. A. Kerssemakers, David Khoo, Vincent Khoo, Narong Khuntikeo, Ekta Khurana, Helena Kilpinen, Hark Kyun Kim, Hyung-Lae Kim, Hyung-Yong Kim, Hyunghwan Kim, Jaegil Kim, Jihoon Kim, Jong K. Kim, Youngwook Kim, Tari A. King, Wolfram Klapper, Kortine Kleinheinz, Leszek J. Klimczak, Stian Knappskog, Michael Kneba, Bartha M. Knoppers, Youngil Koh, None Jan Komorowski, Daisuke Komura, Mitsuhiro Komura, Gu Kong, Marcel Kool, Jan O. Korbel, Viktoriya Korchina, Andrey Korshunov, Michael Koscher, Roelof Koster, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Antonios Koures, Milena Kovacevic, Barbara Kremeyer, Helene Kretzmer, Markus Kreuz, Savitri Krishnamurthy, Dieter Kube, Kiran Kumar, Pardeep Kumar, Sushant Kumar, Yogesh Kumar, Ritika Kundra, Kirsten Kübler, Ralf Küppers, Jesper Lagergren, Phillip H. Lai, Peter W. Laird, Sunil R. Lakhani, Christopher M. Lalansingh, Emilie Lalonde, Fabien C. Lamaze, Adam Lambert, Eric Lander, Pablo Landgraf, Luca Landoni, Anita Langerød, Andrés Lanzós, Denis Larsimont, Erik Larsson, Mark Lathrop, Loretta M. S. Lau, Chris Lawerenz, Rita T. Lawlor, Michael S. Lawrence, Alexander J. Lazar, Ana Mijalkovic Lazic, Xuan Le, Darlene Lee, Donghoon Lee, Eunjung Alice Lee, Hee Jin Lee, Jake June-Koo Lee, Jeong-Yeon Lee, Juhee Lee, Ming Ta Michael Lee, Henry Lee-Six, Kjong-Van Lehmann, Hans Lehrach, Dido Lenze, Conrad R. Leonard, Daniel A. Leongamornlert, Ignaty Leshchiner, Louis Letourneau, Ivica Letunic, Douglas A. Levine, Lora Lewis, Tim Ley, Chang Li, Constance H. Li, Haiyan Irene Li, Jun Li, Lin Li, Shantao Li, Siliang Li, Xiaobo Li, Xiaotong Li, Xinyue Li, Yilong Li, Han Liang, Sheng-Ben Liang, Peter Lichter, Pei Lin, Ziao Lin, W. M. Linehan, Ole Christian Lingjærde, Dongbing Liu, Eric Minwei Liu, Fei-Fei Fei Liu, Fenglin Liu, Jia Liu, Xingmin Liu, Julie Livingstone, Dimitri Livitz, Naomi Livni, Lucas Lochovsky, Markus Loeffler, Georgina V. Long, Armando Lopez-Guillermo, Shaoke Lou, David N. Louis, Laurence B. Lovat, Yiling Lu, Yong-Jie Lu, Youyong Lu, Claudio Luchini, Ilinca Lungu, Xuemei Luo, Hayley J. Luxton, Andy G. Lynch, Lisa Lype, Cristina López, Carlos López-Otín, Eric Z. Ma, Yussanne Ma, Gaetan MacGrogan, Shona MacRae, Geoff Macintyre, Tobias Madsen, Kazuhiro Maejima, Andrea Mafficini, Dennis T. Maglinte, Arindam Maitra, Partha P. Majumder, Luca Malcovati, Salem Malikic, Giuseppe Malleo, Graham J. Mann, Luisa Mantovani-Löffler, Kathleen Marchal, Giovanni Marchegiani, Elaine R. Mardis, Adam A. Margolin, Maximillian G. Marin, Florian Markowetz, Julia Markowski, Jeffrey Marks, Tomas Marques-Bonet, Marco A. Marra, Luke Marsden, John W. M. Martens, Sancha Martin, Jose I. Martin-Subero, Iñigo Martincorena, Alexander Martinez-Fundichely, Yosef E. Maruvka, R. Jay Mashl, Charlie E. Massie, Thomas J. Matthew, Lucy Matthews, Erik Mayer, Simon Mayes, Michael Mayo, Faridah Mbabaali, Karen McCune, Ultan McDermott, Patrick D. McGillivray, Michael D. McLellan, John D. McPherson, John R. McPherson, Treasa A. McPherson, Samuel R. Meier, Alice Meng, Shaowu Meng, Andrew Menzies, Neil D. Merrett, Sue Merson, Matthew Meyerson, William Meyerson, Piotr A. Mieczkowski, George L. Mihaiescu, Sanja Mijalkovic, Tom Mikkelsen, Michele Milella, Linda Mileshkin, Christopher A. Miller, David K. Miller, Jessica K. Miller, Gordon B. Mills, Ana Milovanovic, Sarah Minner, Marco Miotto, Gisela Mir Arnau, Lisa Mirabello, Chris Mitchell, Thomas J. Mitchell, Satoru Miyano, Naoki Miyoshi, Shinichi Mizuno, Fruzsina Molnár-Gábor, Malcolm J. Moore, Richard A. Moore, Sandro Morganella, Quaid D. Morris, Carl Morrison, Lisle E. Mose, Catherine D. Moser, Ferran Muiños, Loris Mularoni, Andrew J. Mungall, Karen Mungall, Elizabeth A. Musgrove, Ville Mustonen, David Mutch, Francesc Muyas, Donna M. Muzny, Alfonso Muñoz, Jerome Myers, Ola Myklebost, Peter Möller, Genta Nagae, Adnan M. Nagrial, Hardeep K. Nahal-Bose, Hitoshi Nakagama, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Hiromi Nakamura, Toru Nakamura, Kaoru Nakano, Tannistha Nandi, Jyoti Nangalia, Mia Nastic, Arcadi Navarro, Fabio C. P. Navarro, David E. Neal, Gerd Nettekoven, Felicity Newell, Steven J. Newhouse, Yulia Newton, Alvin Wei Tian Ng, Anthony Ng, Jonathan Nicholson, David Nicol, Yongzhan Nie, G. Petur Nielsen, Morten Muhlig Nielsen, Serena Nik-Zainal, Michael S. Noble, Katia Nones, Paul A. Northcott, Faiyaz Notta, Brian D. O’Connor, Peter O’Donnell, Maria O’Donovan, Sarah O’Meara, Brian Patrick O’Neill, J. Robert O’Neill, David Ocana, Angelica Ochoa, Layla Oesper, Christopher Ogden, Hideki Ohdan, Kazuhiro Ohi, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Karin A. Oien, Akinyemi I. Ojesina, Hidenori Ojima, Takuji Okusaka, Larsson Omberg, Choon Kiat Ong, Stephan Ossowski, German Ott, B. F. Francis Ouellette, Christine P’ng, Marta Paczkowska, Salvatore Paiella, Chawalit Pairojkul, Marina Pajic, Qiang Pan-Hammarström, Elli Papaemmanuil, Irene Papatheodorou, Nagarajan Paramasivam, Ji Wan Park, Joong-Won Park, Keunchil Park, Kiejung Park, Peter J. Park, Joel S. Parker, Simon L. Parsons, Harvey Pass, Danielle Pasternack, Alessandro Pastore, Ann-Marie Patch, Iris Pauporté, Antonio Pea, John V. Pearson, Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu, Jakob Skou Pedersen, Paolo Pederzoli, Martin Peifer, Nathan A. Pennell, Charles M. Perou, Marc D. Perry, Gloria M. Petersen, Myron Peto, Nicholas Petrelli, Robert Petryszak, Stefan M. Pfister, Mark Phillips, Oriol Pich, Hilda A. Pickett, Todd D. Pihl, Nischalan Pillay, Sarah Pinder, Mark Pinese, Andreia V. Pinho, Esa Pitkänen, Xavier Pivot, Elena Piñeiro-Yáñez, Laura Planko, Christoph Plass, Paz Polak, Tirso Pons, Irinel Popescu, Olga Potapova, Aparna Prasad, Shaun R. Preston, Manuel Prinz, Antonia L. Pritchard, Stephenie D. Prokopec, Elena Provenzano, Xose S. Puente, Sonia Puig, Montserrat Puiggròs, Sergio Pulido-Tamayo, Gulietta M. Pupo, Colin A. Purdie, Michael C. Quinn, Raquel Rabionet, Janet S. Rader, Bernhard Radlwimmer, Petar Radovic, Benjamin Raeder, Keiran M. Raine, Manasa Ramakrishna, Kamna Ramakrishnan, Suresh Ramalingam, Benjamin J. Raphael, W. Kimryn Rathmell, Tobias Rausch, Guido Reifenberger, Jüri Reimand, Jorge Reis-Filho, Victor Reuter, Iker Reyes-Salazar, Matthew A. Reyna, Sheila M. Reynolds, Esther Rheinbay, Yasser Riazalhosseini, Andrea L. Richardson, Julia Richter, Matthew Ringel, Markus Ringnér, Yasushi Rino, Karsten Rippe, Jeffrey Roach, Lewis R. Roberts, Nicola D. Roberts, Steven A. Roberts, A. Gordon Robertson, Alan J. Robertson, Javier Bartolomé Rodriguez, Bernardo Rodriguez-Martin, F. Germán Rodríguez-González, Michael H. A. Roehrl, Marius Rohde, Hirofumi Rokutan, Gilles Romieu, Ilse Rooman, Tom Roques, Daniel Rosebrock, Mara Rosenberg, Philip C. Rosenstiel, Andreas Rosenwald, Edward W. Rowe, Romina Royo, Steven G. Rozen, Yulia Rubanova, Mark A. Rubin, Carlota Rubio-Perez, Vasilisa A. Rudneva, Borislav C. Rusev, Andrea Ruzzenente, Gunnar Rätsch, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan, Veronica Y. Sabelnykova, Sara Sadeghi, S. Cenk Sahinalp, Natalie Saini, Mihoko Saito-Adachi, Gordon Saksena, Adriana Salcedo, Roberto Salgado, Leonidas Salichos, Richard Sallari, Charles Saller, Roberto Salvia, Michelle Sam, Jaswinder S. Samra, Francisco Sanchez-Vega, Chris Sander, Grant Sanders, Rajiv Sarin, Iman Sarrafi, Aya Sasaki-Oku, Torill Sauer, Guido Sauter, Robyn P. M. Saw, Maria Scardoni, Christopher J. Scarlett, Aldo Scarpa, Ghislaine Scelo, Dirk Schadendorf, Jacqueline E. Schein, Markus B. Schilhabel, Matthias Schlesner, Thorsten Schlomm, Heather K. Schmidt, Sarah-Jane Schramm, Stefan Schreiber, Nikolaus Schultz, Steven E. Schumacher, Roland F. Schwarz, Richard A. Scolyer, David Scott, Ralph Scully, Raja Seethala, Ayellet V. Segre, Iris Selander, Colin A. Semple, Yasin Senbabaoglu, Subhajit Sengupta, Elisabetta Sereni, Stefano Serra, Dennis C. Sgroi, Mark Shackleton, Nimish C. Shah, Sagedeh Shahabi, Catherine A. Shang, Ping Shang, Ofer Shapira, Troy Shelton, Ciyue Shen, Hui Shen, Rebecca Shepherd, Ruian Shi, Yan Shi, Yu-Jia Shiah, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Juliann Shih, Eigo Shimizu, Kiyo Shimizu, Seung Jun Shin, Yuichi Shiraishi, Tal Shmaya, Ilya Shmulevich, Solomon I. Shorser, Charles Short, Raunak Shrestha, Suyash S. Shringarpure, Craig Shriver, Shimin Shuai, Nikos Sidiropoulos, Reiner Siebert, Anieta M. Sieuwerts, Lina Sieverling, Sabina Signoretti, Katarzyna O. Sikora, Michele Simbolo, Ronald Simon, Janae V. Simons, Jared T. Simpson, Peter T. Simpson, Samuel Singer, Nasa Sinnott-Armstrong, Payal Sipahimalani, Tara J. Skelly, Marcel Smid, Jaclyn Smith, Karen Smith-McCune, Nicholas D. Socci, Heidi J. Sofia, Matthew G. Soloway, Lei Song, Anil K. Sood, Sharmila Sothi, Christos Sotiriou, Cameron M. Soulette, Paul N. Span, Paul T. Spellman, Nicola Sperandio, Andrew J. Spillane, Oliver Spiro, Jonathan Spring, Johan Staaf, Peter F. Stadler, Peter Staib, Stefan G. Stark, Lucy Stebbings, Ólafur Andri Stefánsson, Oliver Stegle, Lincoln D. Stein, Alasdair Stenhouse, Chip Stewart, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Miranda D. Stobbe, Michael R. Stratton, Jonathan R. Stretch, Adam J. Struck, Joshua M. Stuart, Henk G. Stunnenberg, Hong Su, Xiaoping Su, Ren X. Sun, Stephanie Sungalee, Hana Susak, Akihiro Suzuki, Fred Sweep, Monika Szczepanowski, Holger Sültmann, Takashi Yugawa, Angela Tam, David Tamborero, Benita Kiat Tee Tan, Donghui Tan, Patrick Tan, Hiroko Tanaka, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Tomas J. Tanskanen, Maxime Tarabichi, Roy Tarnuzzer, Patrick Tarpey, Morgan L. Taschuk, Kenji Tatsuno, Simon Tavaré, Darrin F. Taylor, Amaro Taylor-Weiner, Jon W. Teague, Bin Tean Teh, Varsha Tembe, Javier Temes, Kevin Thai, Sarah P. Thayer, Nina Thiessen, Gilles Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Alan Thompson, Alastair M. Thompson, John F. F. Thompson, R. Houston Thompson, Heather Thorne, Leigh B. Thorne, Adrian Thorogood, Grace Tiao, Nebojsa Tijanic, Lee E. Timms, Roberto Tirabosco, Marta Tojo, Stefania Tommasi, Christopher W. Toon, Umut H. Toprak, David Torrents, Giampaolo Tortora, Jörg Tost, Yasushi Totoki, David Townend, Nadia Traficante, Isabelle Treilleux, Jean-Rémi Trotta, Lorenz H. P. Trümper, Ming Tsao, Tatsuhiko Tsunoda, Jose M. C. Tubio, Olga Tucker, Richard Turkington, Daniel J. Turner, Andrew Tutt, Masaki Ueno, Naoto T. Ueno, Christopher Umbricht, Husen M. Umer, Timothy J. Underwood, Lara Urban, Tomoko Urushidate, Tetsuo Ushiku, Liis Uusküla-Reimand, Alfonso Valencia, David J. Van Den Berg, Steven Van Laere, Peter Van Loo, Erwin G. Van Meir, Gert G. Van den Eynden, Theodorus Van der Kwast, Naveen Vasudev, Miguel Vazquez, Ravikiran Vedururu, Umadevi Veluvolu, Shankar Vembu, Lieven P. C. Verbeke, Peter Vermeulen, Clare Verrill, Alain Viari, David Vicente, Caterina Vicentini, K. VijayRaghavan, Juris Viksna, Ricardo E. Vilain, Izar Villasante, Anne Vincent-Salomon, Tapio Visakorpi, Douglas Voet, Paresh Vyas, Ignacio Vázquez-García, Nick M. Waddell, Nicola Waddell, Claes Wadelius, Lina Wadi, Rabea Wagener, Jeremiah A. Wala, Jian Wang, Jiayin Wang, Linghua Wang, Qi Wang, Wenyi Wang, Yumeng Wang, Zhining Wang, Paul M. Waring, Hans-Jörg Warnatz, Jonathan Warrell, Anne Y. Warren, Sebastian M. Waszak, David C. Wedge, Dieter Weichenhan, Paul Weinberger, John N. Weinstein, Joachim Weischenfeldt, Daniel J. Weisenberger, Ian Welch, Michael C. Wendl, Johannes Werner, Justin P. Whalley, David A. Wheeler, Hayley C. Whitaker, Dennis Wigle, Matthew D. Wilkerson, Ashley Williams, James S. Wilmott, Gavin W. Wilson, Julie M. Wilson, Richard K. Wilson, Boris Winterhoff, Jeffrey A. Wintersinger, Maciej Wiznerowicz, Stephan Wolf, Bernice H. Wong, Tina Wong, Winghing Wong, Youngchoon Woo, Scott Wood, Bradly G. Wouters, Adam J. Wright, Derek W. Wright, Mark H. Wright, Chin-Lee Wu, Dai-Ying Wu, Guanming Wu, Jianmin Wu, Kui Wu, Yang Wu, Zhenggang Wu, Liu Xi, Tian Xia, Qian Xiang, Xiao Xiao, Rui Xing, Heng Xiong, Qinying Xu, Yanxun Xu, Hong Xue, Shinichi Yachida, Sergei Yakneen, Rui Yamaguchi, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Masakazu Yamamoto, Shogo Yamamoto, Hiroki Yamaue, Fan Yang, Huanming Yang, Jean Y. Yang, Liming Yang, Lixing Yang, Shanlin Yang, Tsun-Po Yang, Yang Yang, Xiaotong Yao, Marie-Laure Yaspo, Lucy Yates, Christina Yau, Chen Ye, Kai Ye, Venkata D. Yellapantula, Christopher J. Yoon, Sung-Soo Yoon, Fouad Yousif, Jun Yu, Kaixian Yu, Willie Yu, Yingyan Yu, Ke Yuan, Yuan Yuan, Denis Yuen, Christina K. Yung, Olga Zaikova, Jorge Zamora, Marc Zapatka, Jean C. Zenklusen, Thorsten Zenz, Nikolajs Zeps, Cheng-Zhong Zhang, Fan Zhang, Hailei Zhang, Hongwei Zhang, Hongxin Zhang, Jiashan Zhang, Jing Zhang, Junjun Zhang, Xiuqing Zhang, Xuanping Zhang, Yan Zhang, Zemin Zhang, Zhongming Zhao, Liangtao Zheng, Xiuqing Zheng, Wanding Zhou, Yong Zhou, Bin Zhu, Hongtu Zhu, Jingchun Zhu, Shida Zhu, Lihua Zou, Xueqing Zou, Anna deFazio, Nicholas van As, Carolien H. M. van Deurzen, Marc J. van de Vijver, L. van’t Veer, Christian von Mering
Journal: Nature Genetics (2020)

Abstract Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, for which whole-genome and—for a subset—whole-transcriptome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types was aggregated, we systematically investigated potential viral pathogens using a consensus approach that integrated three independent pipelines. Viruses were detected in 382 genome and 68 transcriptome datasets. We found a high prevalence of known tumor-associated viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV; for example, HPV16 or HPV18). The study revealed significant exclusivity of HPV and driver mutations in head-and-neck cancer and the association of HPV with APOBEC mutational signatures, which suggests that impaired antiviral defense is a driving force in cervical, bladder and head-and-neck carcinoma. For HBV, HPV16, HPV18 and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2), viral integration was associated with local variations in genomic copy numbers. Integrations at the TERT promoter were associated with high telomerase expression evidently activating this tumor-driving process. High levels of endogenous retrovirus (ERV1) expression were linked to a worse survival outcome in patients with kidney cancer.