Genetic diversity and potential recombination between ferret coronaviruses from European and American lineages
Authors: Yifei Xu
Journal: Journal of Infection (2020)

Recently, an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan city, China has sickened dozens of people. Preliminary studies indicated a novel coronavirus as the likely cause of the outbreak. Genetic recombination has been shown to contribute to the evolution of coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Recent papers in this journal also described the involvement of recombination in viral evolution.1Chen X. Guo F. Pan J. Shen X. Li Y. Irwin D.M. et al.Rare homologous recombination in H3N2 avian influenza a viruses.J Infect. 2019; (Elsevier)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.010Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (2) Google Scholar,2Li X. Xiao K. Zhang Z. Yang J. Wang R. Shen X. et al.The recombination hot spots and genetic diversity of the genomes of African swine fever viruses.J Infect. 2020; 80 (Elsevier): 121-142Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar Here I use ferret coronaviruses (FRCoVs) as an example to show recombination in coronaviruses. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, single positive-stranded RNA viruses that can infect a wide range of host species. CoV was first reported to infect ferret and associate with epizootic catarrhal enteritis in the United States in 2006, referred to ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV).3Wise A.G. Kiupel M. Maes R.K. Molecular characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE) in ferrets.Virology. 2006; 349 (Elsevier): 164-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar A fatal variant, ferret systemic coronavirus (FRSCV) caused feline infectious peritonitis-like disease in ferrets from Europe and the United States from 2002 to 2007.4Garner M.M. Ramsell K. Morera N. Juan-Sallés C. Jiménez J. Ardiaca M. et al.Clinicopathologic features of a systemic coronavirus-associated disease resembling feline infectious peritonitis in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius).Vet Pathol. 2008; 45 (SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA): 236-246Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar To date, FRCoVs have been detected in multiple countries, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain, the United States, Peru and Japan.5Provacia L.B.V. Smits S.L. Martina B.E. Raj V.S. vd Doel P. Amerongen G.v. et al.Enteric coronavirus in ferrets, the Netherlands.Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): 1570PubMed Google Scholar This study aim to assess the genetic diversity and potential role of genetic recombination in the evolutionary dynamics of FRCoVs. Genetic analyses were conducted with five complete genomes and 160 gene sequences of FRCoVs downloaded from the NIAID Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource.6Pickett B.E. Sadat E.L. Zhang Y. Noronha J.M. Squires R.B. Hunt V. et al.ViPR: an open bioinformatics database and analysis resource for virology research.Nucl Acids Res. 2011; 40 (Oxford University Press): D593-D598Crossref PubMed Scopus (504) Google Scholar These sequences were analysed in combination with 36 representative genomes of CoVs from other host species. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome confirmed the division of four genetic genera in CoVs. FRCoVs fall in alpha genera and most closely related to the CoV from mink (Fig. S1). FRCoVs from US and Japan (ferrets imported from US) were more closely related to each other than a Dutch strain. Phylogenetic tree for N gene supported two geographically dependent lineages, European and American (Fig. 1A). The European lineage comprised FRCoVs from the Netherlands and Slovenia, while the American lineage comprised FRCoVs from US and Japan. Phylogenetic tree for RdRp gene showed that the American and Japanese strains comprised the American Lineage and are distant from the European lineage represented by the Dutch strain (Fig. S2). Different grouping was observed in the phylogenetic tree for S gene. The European lineage was consistent with that observed in the N tree, however, the American lineage was further divided into two sub-groups: American-I and American-II (Fig. 1B). The American-II sub-group comprised four FRCoVs from America, but was more closely related to European lineage rather than the American-I sub-group. Differences between the topologies of phylogenetic trees of S gene, complete genome, and N gene suggest the occurrence of potential recombination events (Fig. 1A and B). SimPlot and Bootscan analyses of the five complete FRCoV genomes were performed to investigate the genetic variability in different parts of the genome and potential recombinations.7Lole K.S. Bollinger R.C. Paranjape R.S. Gadkari D. Kulkarni S.S. Novak N.G. et al.Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination.J Virol Am Soc Microbiol. 1999; 73: 152-160Google Scholar The FECV1(US) strain was used as the query and compared with four strains: FRCoV_NL_2010(NL), FSCV6(US), ferret063(Japan), and FRCoV4370(Japan). Higher genetic variability was observed in the S gene, particularly at the 3′terminal end, compared to other parts of the genome (Fig. 1C). The average shared sequence identity was 91.0% for the complete genome, 93.1% for N gene, 95.0% for RdRp gene, and 73.6% for S gene, respectively. The 3′terminal end of S gene of FECV1(US) shared higher sequence identity with FRCoV_NL_2010(NL), despite the fact that FECV1(US) is more similar to FRCoVs from America in other parts of the genome. Bootscan analysis identified a potential recombination for the region between 1400 bp and 4260 bp in the S gene (Fig. 1D). Next, separate phylogenetic analyses were conducted for the recombination part and non-recombination part of the S gene. Phylogeny for the recombination part showed that American-II sub-group is closer to European lineage, whereas phylogeny for the non-recombination part showed that American-I and American-II sub-groups are both separated from European lineage (Fig. S3). Comparison of the putative transcription regulatory sequences (TRS) for these five strains showed identical core TRSs (Table 1). Taken together, these results suggest potential genetic recombination event at the 3′terminal end of S gene between FRCoVs from European and American lineages. However, due to relatively low sequence identity in the S gene and small number of available sequences, other possibilities cannot be excluded.Table 1Comparison of putative transcription regulatory sequences (TRS) for ORF1ab, spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid genes between five ferret coronavirus (FRCoV) strains. The core TRS is indicated in bold. Accession number and origin for each strain: FRCoV-NL-2010 (NC_030292, the Netherlands), FECV1 (KX512809, the United States), FSCV6 (KX512810, the United States), Ferret063 (LC215871, Japan), and FRCoV4370 (LC119077, Japan).StrainORF1abSpikeMembraneNucleocapsidNL-2010TCAACTAAACGAAAGTTACTAAACTTTGTCAACTAAACAAAATGAGAACTAAACTTCTATTATGFECV1ATTACTAAACTTTGTCAACTAAACAAAATGAGAACTAAACTTCTATTATGFSCV6ATTACTAAACTTTGTCAACTAAACAAAATGAGAACTAAACTTTTATCATGFerret063TCAACTAAACGAAAATTACTAAACTTTGTCAACTAAACAAAATGAGAACTAAACTTTTATCATG4370TCAACTAAACGAAAATTACTAAACTTTGTCAACTAAACAAAATGAGAACTAAACTTCTATCATG Open table in a new tab This study focused on the S gene, and recombination could happen in other regions of the genome. Earlier studies have identified recombinations in the 3c and envelop genes.8Lamers M.M. Smits S.L. Hundie G.B. Provacia L.B. Koopmans M. Osterhaus A.D.M.E. et al.Naturally occurring recombination in ferret coronaviruses revealed by complete genome characterization.J Gen Virol Microbiol Soc. 2016; 97: 2180-2186Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar,9Minami S. Kuroda Y. Terada Y. Yonemitsu K. Van Nguyen D. Kuwata R. et al.Detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among ferret coronaviruses.Virus Genes. 2016; 52 (Springer): 858-862Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar The N and ORF 7b genes of two Japanese strains, No.22 and No.160, were completely different from those from other FRCoV strains.9Minami S. Kuroda Y. Terada Y. Yonemitsu K. Van Nguyen D. Kuwata R. et al.Detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among ferret coronaviruses.Virus Genes. 2016; 52 (Springer): 858-862Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar The phylogeny of the N gene in this study supported the observation; phylogeny of the RdRp gene also showed that these two strains are distant from other strains (Fig. 1 and Fig. S2). The sequence identities in the RdRp gene between these two strains and other FRCoVs are relatively low (87.5%). While the source of these two Japanese strains are not clear, potential recombination, including recombination with other CoVs, could have contributed to the uniqueness of their genomes. A critical question yet to be answered is the molecular basis for pathotype switch between less pathogenic FRECV and pathogenic FRSCV. Recombination in the S gene has been suggested to associate with the transmissibility and virulence of coronaviruses.10Su S. Wong G. Shi W. Liu J. Lai A.C.K. Zhou J. et al.Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses.Trends Microbiol. 2016; 24 (Elsevier): 490-502Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (2012) Google Scholar It is reasonable to propose that FRSCV may have evolved from FRECV through recombination.8Lamers M.M. Smits S.L. Hundie G.B. Provacia L.B. Koopmans M. Osterhaus A.D.M.E. et al.Naturally occurring recombination in ferret coronaviruses revealed by complete genome characterization.J Gen Virol Microbiol Soc. 2016; 97: 2180-2186Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar,9Minami S. Kuroda Y. Terada Y. Yonemitsu K. Van Nguyen D. Kuwata R. et al.Detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among ferret coronaviruses.Virus Genes. 2016; 52 (Springer): 858-862Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar Although this study cannot establish a direct link between the detected recombination and change of pathogenicity, it is interesting to see that 3 out of 4 strains are FRSCV, including MSU-S, WADL, and MSU-1 (Fig. 1B). Future in vivo experiments are needed to clarify the precise biological implications of this recombination in S gene. One major limit of this study is the small number of FRCoV sequences available in the public databases. Considering the wide spread of FRCoV and extensive use of ferret as an animal model for influenza pathogenicity study, enhanced surveillance is required to monitor the spread and genetic diversity of FRCoV. The author declare no conflict of interest. Download .pdf (.27 MB) Help with pdf files