Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016
Authors: Christina Fitzmaurice, Tomi F. Akinyemiju, Faris Hasan Al Lami, Tahiya Alam, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Christine Allen, Ubai Alsharif, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Erfan Amini, Benjamin O. Anderson, Olatunde Aremu, Al Artaman, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Ashish Awasthi, Huda Omer Ba Saleem, Aleksandra Barac, James R. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Nickhill Bhakta, Hermann Brenner, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Sheng-Chia Chung, Maria Paula Curado, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, José das Neves, Subhojit Dey, Samath D. Dharmaratne, David Teye Doku, Tim R. Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Dumessa Edessa, Ziad El-Khatib, Aman Yesuf Endries, Florian Fischer, Lisa M. Force, Kyle J. Foreman, Solomon Weldemariam Gebrehiwot, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Giuseppe Grosso, Rahul Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, James Harvey, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Roderick J. Hay, Simon I. Hay, Behzad Heibati, Molla Kahssay Hiluf, Nobuyuki Horita, H. Dean Hosgood, Olayinka S. Ilesanmi, Kaire Innos, Farhad Islami, Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Amir Kasaeian, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Jacek A. Kopec, G. Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Deepesh Pravinkumar Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Qing Lan, Yirga Legesse, James Leigh, Shai Linn, Raimundas Lunevicius, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Brian J. McMahon, Toni Meier, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Mulugeta Melku, Peter Memiah, Walter Mendoza, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Ted R. Miller, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Paula Moraga, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Vinay Nangia, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Vuong Minh Nong, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Andrew Toyin Olagunju, Mahesh PA, Eun-Kee Park, Tejas Patel, David M. Pereira, Farhad Pishgar, Maarten J Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Gholamreza Roshandel, Saeid Safiri, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Juan Ramon Sanabria, Milena M. Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Katya Anne Shackelford, Masood Ali Shaikh, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Jun She, Min-Jeong Shin, Ivy Shiue, Mark G. Shrime, Abiy Hiruye Sinke, Mekonnen Sisay, Amber Sligar, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bryan L. Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Gizachew Assefa Tessema, Roman Topor-Madry, Tung Thanh Tran, Bach Xuan Tran, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Elisabete Weiderpass, Hywel C. Williams, Nigus Bililign Yimer, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z. Younis, Christopher J. L. Murray, Mohsen Naghavi
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2018)

<h3>Importance</h3> The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. <h3>Objective</h3> To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. <h3>Evidence Review</h3> Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. <h3>Findings</h3> In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, −1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.