The pandemic paused the US school-to-prison pipeline: potential lessons learned
Authors: Sarah Y Vinson, Randee J Waldman
Journal: The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (2020)

A global pandemic caused society to radically and quickly reconfigure. Schools, wary of the health risks of in-person instruction, shifted to virtual learning. Although not ideal in many respects, this shift placed adolescents in the USA out of the reach of harsh school disciplinary procedures (ie, zero tolerance policies, out-of-school suspensions, expulsions, and law enforcement referrals), contributing to a drastic reduction in juvenile court referrals nationally. The school-to-prison pipeline paused. Characterised by school disciplinary approaches placing adolescents on a trajectory to juvenile and then adult criminal legal systems, this pipeline is most pronounced for Black and Latinx students, students with disabilities, and in schools serving impoverished communities.1Pownall S A, B, C, D, STPP: how school discipline feeds into the school-prison-pipeline. New York Civil Liberties Union.https://www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/publications/nyclu_STPP_1021_FINAL.pdfDate: October 2013Date accessed: August 21, 2020Google Scholar, 2US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights2015–16 civil rights data collection: school climate and safety.https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/school-climate-and-safety.pdfDate accessed: August 22, 2020Google Scholar Although we have focused mainly on the USA, this topic has relevance in other societies with public education, substantial income inequality, and racial inequities in their justice systems. The stoppage of school referrals to the justice system did not trigger a compensatory increase from elsewhere. In fact, a survey of juvenile justice agencies in 33 US states showed a 27% reduction in the adolescent detention population between March and May, 2020.3The Annie E Casey FoundationYouth detention admissions remain low, but releases stall despite COVID-19.https://www.aecf.org/blog/youth-detention-admissions-remain-low-but-releases-stall-despite-covid-19/Date: July 8, 2020Date accessed: August 2, 2020Google Scholar A real-time experiment was enacted: if fewer adolescents become court-involved, and even fewer are detained, is society less safe? Although data are scarce, they do not indicate that society has become less safe in this context. Rather, there has been a decrease in new juvenile justice referrals overall in the USA, which is suggestive of a decrease in crime.3The Annie E Casey FoundationYouth detention admissions remain low, but releases stall despite COVID-19.https://www.aecf.org/blog/youth-detention-admissions-remain-low-but-releases-stall-despite-covid-19/Date: July 8, 2020Date accessed: August 2, 2020Google Scholar This preliminary information is a possible signal that referral to the justice system for minor offenses in the USA, coupled with exceptionally high detention rates for adolescents, which come at an average cost of $247 per adolescent per day,4Sickmund M Puzzanchera C Juvenile offenders and victims: 2014 national report. National Center for Juvenile Justice, Pittsburgh, PA2014Google Scholar is not actually serving society's interests. The literature was already quite clear that detained adolescents are not served well psychologically or medically.5Lambie I Randell I The impact of incarceration on juvenile offenders.Clin Psychol Rev. 2013; 33: 448-459Crossref PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar, 6Gallagher CA Dobrin A Can juvenile justice detention facilities meet the call of the American Academy of Pediatrics and National Commission on Correctional Health Care? A national analysis of current practices.Pediatrics. 2007; 119: e991-e1001Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar There are limitations to drawing conclusions about crime based on referrals alone, and the decrease in referrals has other probable contributors, including a slowing of court processes more broadly. Stay at home orders also affected the behaviour of adolescents and law enforcement officer contact; however, such orders were not universal and, when present, were usually shorter in duration than school closures. Additionally, during the early days of the pandemic there was more judicious use of detention given health concerns. Irrespective of its drivers, the progress in decreasing the involvement of adolescents in juvenile court and in decreasing detention rates for adolescents is at risk once schools return to in-person classes. Some adolescents will have been out of school for as long as 5 months—even longer in districts that push back start dates or begin the school year virtually. Pre-existing educational gaps have widened because many children lack access to the internet, or to computers or other devices to access lessons; or they do not have caregivers who are able or available to assist them. Communities without such resources overlap demographically with those that are disproportionately affected by the school-to-prison pipeline.7Auxier B Anderson M As schools close due to the coronavirus, some U.S. students face a digital 'homework gap'. Pew Research Center, March 16, 2020https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/16/as-schools-close-due-to-the-coronavirus-some-u-s-students-face-a-digital-homework-gap/Date accessed: August 2, 2020Google Scholar Furthermore, virtual learning has not met the educational needs for many special education students, a group that is also overrepresented in the juvenile justice system.2US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights2015–16 civil rights data collection: school climate and safety.https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/school-climate-and-safety.pdfDate accessed: August 22, 2020Google Scholar, 8Kamenetz A Families of children with special needs are suing in several states. Here's why. NPR, July 23, 2020https://www.npr.org/2020/07/23/893450709/families-of-children-with-special-needs-are-suing-in-several-states-heres-whyDate accessed: August 22, 2020Google Scholar Public budget cuts have left schools with fewer resources. Against the backdrop of a society in crisis as it faces a yet to be controlled pandemic, this academic year might be a perfect storm: the anxiety, demoralisation, fear, and frustration of adolescents manifesting in externalising behaviours to which a stressed system responds punitively. Furthermore, for adolescents who are already involved in the justice system, poor academic engagement might be considered cause for detention. A resurgence of the school-to-prison pipeline is a foreseeable outcome, one that would place vulnerable adolescents into a system that is not only ill equipped to address their current mental or physical health needs, but is also associated with poor adult trajectories. Additionally, COVID-19 has proven challenging to control in correctional environments, and compared with community samples, adolescents who have been detained have higher rates of unaddressed chronic medical conditions.9Borschmann R Janca E Carter A et al.The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review.Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5: e114-e126Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (76) Google Scholar Proactively taking steps to mitigate a resurgence of the pipeline is a matter of population health. Health-care providers should be intentional about promoting coping strategies before disciplinary problems arise. Doing so would require a shift to a more prevention-oriented approach than that routinely used in the mental and medical health-care systems. For adolescents who have a diagnosis that substantially affects their educational experience, families need to understand the special education process and the protections regarding suspensions and expulsions. In collaboration with local school and judicial systems, health-care providers can also advocate for structural approaches such as school–justice partnerships, which are multidisciplinary initiatives aimed at implementing effective school-based or community-based strategies to address student misconduct, thereby reducing justice system referrals. These steps might help turn the pause in the pipeline into a permanent cessation, contributing to life trajectories that are healthier—mentally and physically—for vulnerable adolescents. SYV is the owner of Lorio Forensics, a forensic mental health consultation company, and has earned consultation fees through Lorio Forensics; she also has previous and ongoing work as an expert witness in juvenile justice cases, all outside of the submitted work. RJW declares no competing interests.