tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 281: Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation (rSO <sub>2</sub> ) is Useful as a Physiological Monitoring Tool During CPR in the Pre-Hospital Settings. An Analysis of 87 Cases in Osaka, Japan
Authors: Shinji Shigematsu, Tomohiko Sakai, Tadahiko Shiozaki, Mitsuo Ohnishi, Ryosuke Takegawa, Jotaro Tachino, Shunichiro Nakao, Arisa Muratsu, Sumito Hayashida, Takeshi Shimazu
Journal: Circulation (2019)

Introduction: The simplified monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO 2 ) is a non-invasive method of measuring cerebral perfusion, but continuous changes in the cerebral rSO 2 values among OHCA patients in the pre-hospital settings have not been sufficiently investigated. Our objective is to investigate the association between the change in rSO 2 pattern and patient outcome. Methods: We recently developed a very small portable rSO 2 monitoring system that can be used in the pre-hospital setting. The system can monitor cerebral rSO 2 immediately after attachment; monitoring is performed continuously during CPR. The system was used from June 2013 to May 2019 in Osaka City, Japan.The primary outcome measure was neurologically intact survival at 1 month. Results: We collected the continuous changes in the cerebral rSO 2 values of 87 OHCA patients during CPR by EMS personnel. The analyses of the continuous changes in the rSO 2 values of the 79 cases in which the rSO 2 value was measured before ROSC revealed two patterns of changes in the cerebral rSO 2 values. In type 1 (increasing rSO 2 type; n=38), the measured rSO 2 gradually increased during CPR or after ROSC. There were 3 patients of neurologically intact survival in type 1. In type 2 (non-increasing rSO 2 type; n=41), the measured rSO 2 did not increase during CPR. There was no patient of neurologically intact survival in type 2. We found an instructive phenomenon in the changes of the cerebral rSO 2 values. Measured rSO 2 dropped after confirmation of ROSC, which suggests that re-arrest had occurred during monitoring. Conclusion: We measured the continuous changes in cerebral rSO 2 values among 87 patients with OHCA in the pre-hospital setting and found 2 patterns and an instructive phenomenon in the continuous changes in rSO 2 values. Increasing type rSO 2 during CPR appeared to be associated with neurologically intact survival at 1 month.
Psychiatry summer schools
Authors: Kaanthan Jawahar, Declan Hyland, Sarah Jawad, Emily Victoria Alcock
Journal: BMJ (2012)

For several years psychiatry has had difficulty in recruiting applicants. Despite there being 674 applicants for 479 places for entry into core psychiatric training in 2011, only 285 (61.7%) posts were filled.1 One way to combat this apparent lack of interest has been the introduction of psychiatry summer schools in the UK over the past few years. They aim to generate interest in psychiatry for medical students and foundation doctors.

#### King’s College London

The first of these summer schools to set up was at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London. This annual five day course consists of …
The new foundation programme curriculum
Authors: Marina Soltan, Robert Powell
Journal: BMJ (2016)

What’s changed and what capabilities do you need to get signed off? The UK Foundation Programme Office has launched a new curriculum for foundation doctors, which started in August 2016.1 The foundation programme provides generic training in six four-month rotations in a variety of specialties over two years. During this time, foundation year 1 (F1) and year 2 (F2) doctors develop their clinical expertise by starting to take supervised responsibility for patient care, but they are also responsible for their education and development of their critical thinking and professional judgment. This article describes some of the key changes to the new curriculum and what you should know before you start the foundation programme. ### The 20 foundation professional capabilities that you need to demonstrate As a foundation doctor, you will be expected to demonstrate 20 foundation professional capabilities that are “key clinical or professional aspects of practice” (box 1).1 These are mapped to the four key areas the General Medical Council’s (GMC’s) Good Medical Practice —namely, professional behaviour and trust; communication, team working, and leadership; clinical care; safety and quality (see table 1⇓). As a junior doctor, you will need to collect evidence in your e-portfolio to show you have achieved these professional capabilities over the two year programme. #### Box 1: Core procedures needed for the foundation programme
Abstract P2-01-07: M2-like tumor-associated macrophages require Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as overall function to promote breast cancer metastasis
Authors: M-S Dai, H-C Lo, L-C Chen, A Janckilla, S-F Tseng
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a member of the purple acid phosphatase family and is also known as type 5 acid phosphatase. It is mainly expressed in cells of the monocyte lineage, including osteoclasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). There are two isoforms of TRAP enzyme: TRAP-5a and TRAP5b, and TRAP-5b is produced by post-translational modification of TRAP-5a. TRAP-5b is the major isoform of TRAP secreted by osteoclasts and it has been shown that TRAP-5b activity correlates with the number of osteoclasts and serum activity in rat and human studies. In contrast, macrophages and DCs are thought to secrete TRAP-5a as the major subtype, whereas TRAP-5a is a non-specific marker of macrophage activation. The recent studies show that higher-grade proliferative tumors with much necrosis were associated with abundant macrophage expressing TRAP. Here we generate TRAP-/- knockout mice to study the function of TRAP in tumorigenesis. In vitro experiments have found that the expression of TRAP in macrophages is essential for the full promoting tumor function of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) including tumor growth and metastasis. Marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) extracted from the TRAP-/- mice lost promote tumor migration activity. The 4T1 tumor (murine breast cancer cell line) conditioned medium was used to induce TAM formation found M2-like TAM formation in wild type BMDM was promoted higher than that of TRAP-/- BMDM. In contrast, the TRAP-/- is much higher M1-like TAM formation than the wild type. Xenograft tumor formation assays were used to monitor tumor formation by combining 4T1 and different M2 polarized macrophages into BALB/c mice. M2-polarized macrophages with trap-defective BMDM showed reduced promoted neoplastic activity compared to wild type. In MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice, spontaneous tumor formation in knockout trap-/- significantly repressed tumor formation compared to TRAP+/+ wild type mice. Finally, we hypothesized that TRAP is essential for the full function of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages and promotes tumor metastasis. Citation Format: Dai M-S, Lo H-C, Chen L-C, Janckilla A, Tseng S-F. M2-like tumor-associated macrophages require Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as overall function to promote breast cancer metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-07.
Let out the blood
Authors: Randolph MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

For hundreds of years doctors believed in the maxim “Let out the blood; let out the disease.” Although this practice has long since been discredited, the taking of blood is essential for a plethora of modern investigations.

Having gained competence in venepuncture on a prosthetic arm, a medical student can move on to real patients. This seminal moment in a medical student’s career can be among the most stressful and the most rewarding. I recall locating the bounce of a vein for the first time, …
A guide to neonatal jaundice
Authors: Ben Green, Lydia Burland, Chris Smith
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following A guide to neonatal jaundice Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Redondoviridae, a Family of Small, Circular DNA Viruses of the Human Oro-Respiratory Tract Associated with Periodontitis and Critical Illness
Authors: Arwa A. Abbas, Louis J. Taylor, Marisol I. Dothard, Jacob S. Leiby, Ayannah S. Fitzgerald, Layla A. Khatib, Ronald G. Collman, Frederic D. Bushman
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2019)
Disparities in Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Among Black and White Women — United States, 2010–2016
Authors: Erin L.P. Bradley, Austin M. Williams, Shana Green, Ashley C. Lima, Angelica Geter, Harrell W. Chesson, Donna Hubbard McCree
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2019)

Incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among adolescent females and women declined during 2010-2016, with the largest decrease (21%) occurring among black women (1). However, in 2016, although black women accounted for 13% of the U.S. female population, 60% of new HIV infections among women were in black women, indicating persisting disparities (1). CDC used the population attributable proportion (PAP) disparity measure to describe the proportional decrease in HIV infection among black and white women combined that would be realized if the group with the higher rate (blacks) had the same rate as did the group with the lower rate (whites) (2). Analyses indicated that an estimated 3,900 of 4,200 (93%) incident HIV infections among black women in 2016 would not have occurred if rates were the same for black and white women. The PAP disparity measure decreased from 0.75 in 2010 to 0.70 in 2016, suggesting that if incidence rates for black women were the same as those for white women, the annual number of incident HIV infections among black and white women would have been 75% lower in 2010 and 70% lower in 2016. Continued efforts are needed to identify and address social and structural determinants associated with HIV-related disparities to eliminate these disparities and decrease HIV incidence among black women.
Integrative Analysis Identifies Four Molecular and Clinical Subsets in Uveal Melanoma
Authors: A. Gordon Robertson, Juliann Shih, Christina Yau, Ewan A. Gibb, Junna Oba, Karen L. Mungall, Julian M. Hess, Vladislav Uzunangelov, Vonn Walter, Ludmila Danilova, Tara M. Lichtenberg, Melanie Kucherlapati, Patrick K. Kimes, Ming Tang, Alexander Penson, Ozgun Babur, Rehan Akbani, Christopher A. Bristow, Katherine A. Hoadley, Lisa Iype, Matthew T. Chang, Andrew D. Cherniack, Christopher Benz, Gordon B. Mills, Roel G.W. Verhaak, Klaus G. Griewank, Ina Felau, Jean C. Zenklusen, Jeffrey E. Gershenwald, Lynn Schoenfield, Alexander J. Lazar, Mohamed H. Abdel-Rahman, Sergio Roman-Roman, Marc-Henri Stern, Colleen M. Cebulla, Michelle D. Williams, Martine J. Jager, Sarah E. Coupland, Bita Esmaeli, Cyriac Kandoth, Scott E. Woodman
Journal: Cancer Cell (2018)

(Cancer Cell 32, 204–220; August 14, 2017) During the course of revising the manuscript, the authors inadvertently did not include the reference to a paper by Royer-Bertrand et al. in the reference list as well as the corresponding citation in the discussion of copy number variants in uveal melanoma and their consistency in high-risk primary and metastatic tumors. Royer-Bertrand et al. should have been cited in the second paragraph under the Discussion section as follows: “Prior studies have shown poorer clinical outcomes to be associated with higher chromosome 8q copy number (Royer-Bertrand et al., 2016Royer-Bertrand B. Torsello M. Rimoldi D. El Zaoui I. Cisarova K. Pescini-Gobert R. Raynaud F. Zografos L. Schalenbourg A. Speiser D. et al.Comprehensive genetic landscape of uveal melanoma by whole-genome sequencing.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 99: 1190-1198Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar; Caines et al., 2015; Cassoux et al., 2014; Versluis et al., 2015).” The reference is now included below and has been added to the online version of the article, along with the citation. The authors apologize for the omission and any confusion it may have caused. Integrative Analysis Identifies Four Molecular and Clinical Subsets in Uveal MelanomaRobertson et al.Cancer CellAugust 14, 2017In BriefRobertson et al. analyze 80 uveal melanomas (UM) and divide poor-prognosis monosomy 3 UM into subsets with divergent genomic aberrations, transcriptional features, and clinical outcomes. Somatic copy number changes and DNA methylation profiles separate better-prognosis disomy 3 UM into low or intermediate risk. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Unexpected Rapid Increase in the Burden of NAFLD in China From 2008 to 2018: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Feng Zhou, Jianghua Zhou, Wenxin Wang, Xiao‐Jing Zhang, Yan‐Xiao Ji, Peng Zhang, Zhi‐Gang She, Lihua Zhu, Jingjing Cai, Hongliang Li
Journal: Hepatology (2019)

With rapid lifestyle transitions, the increasing burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in China has emerged as a major public health issue. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the status of NAFLD over the past decade, we evaluated the epidemiology, risk factors, complications, and management of NAFLD in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Five English literature databases and three Chinese databases were searched for relevant topics from 2008 to 2018. A total of 392 studies with a population of 2,054,554 were included. National prevalence of NAFLD was 29.2%, with a heavier disease burden among the middle-aged, males, those in northwest China and Taiwan, regions with a gross domestic product per capita greater than 100,000 yuan, and Uygur and Hui ethnic groups. Currently, original studies on natural history and complications of NAFLD in China are scarce. Several studies revealed that NAFLD is positively correlated with the incidence of extrahepatic tumors, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The Chinese population may have a higher hereditary risk of NAFLD due to more frequent nonsynonymous mutations in genes regulating lipid metabolism. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging tool in the detection of NAFLD in China. Serum tests and risk stratification algorithms for staging NAFLD remain under investigation. Specific pharmaceutical treatments for NAFLD are still undergoing clinical trials. It is noteworthy that the Chinese are underrepresented compared with their proportion of the NAFLD population in such trials. Conclusion: China experienced an unexpected rapid increase in the burden of NAFLD over a short period. Rising awareness and urgent actions need to be taken in order to control the NAFLD pandemic in China.
Abstract P6-17-35: Withdrawn
Authors: EP Hamilton, M Barve, A Bardia, M Beeram, WJ Edenfield, A Noonan, A Tolcher, J Bendell, R Mosher, J Xu, E Hailman, H Burris III, HH Soliman
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Hamilton EP, Barve M, Bardia A, Beeram M, Edenfield WJ, Noonan A, Tolcher A, Bendell J, Mosher R, Xu J, Hailman E, Burris III H, Soliman HH. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-17-35.
Abstract SY15-04: Systematic reconstruction of regulatory networks in mammalian cells: Lessons from the pathogen response
Authors: Aviv Regev
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Deciphering the regulatory networks that control dynamic and specific gene expression responses in mammalian cells remains a major challenge. While models inferred from genomic data have identified candidate regulatory mechanisms, such models remain largely unvalidated. Here, we present an unbiased strategy based on systematic gene perturbation and innovative multiplex detection to derive regulatory networks in mammalian cells. We apply this approach to decipher the network that controls the transcriptional response to pathogens in primary dendritic cells (DCs), testing the regulatory function of 125 transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, and RNA binding proteins. Our approach accurately assigned 32 known regulators (e.g. NFκB, IRFs, and STATs) to their target genes and discovered 68 additional functional regulators that were not previously implicated in this response. We quantify the contribution of each regulator to two major transcriptional programs (inflammatory and antiviral), identifying a core network of two dozen key regulators and 76 fine-tuners, that uses a combination of coherent feed-forward circuits, dominant activation, and cross-inhibition to control response specificity. Among these we discover a tier of chromatin modifiers that specifically repress interferon beta 1 (IFNβ1) expression upon bacterial but not viral stimulation, and a large circuit of cell cycle regulators that was co-opted to regulate the viral response. Our work establishes a broadly-applicable, comprehensive and unbiased approach to identifying the wiring and function of a regulatory network controlling a major transcriptional response in primary mammalian cells. Citation Format: Aviv Regev. Systematic reconstruction of regulatory networks in mammalian cells: Lessons from the pathogen response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY15-04
How to answer BMAT questions
Authors: Matt Green, Nicola Hawley
Journal: BMJ (2015)

This article will cover the format of the Biomedical Admissions Test (BMAT) and explore the test in detail, examining the questions that will be asked and providing worked examples to show how to answer the questions.

Always bear in mind that the BMAT is not designed to trick you or to catch you out. You are being tested on ability rather than knowledge. Although some sections do test your knowledge, you will be questioned only on topics you should already know quite well.

The BMAT is a paper based assessment divided into three sections, each of which is designed to test specific knowledge and abilities. Unlike GCSE and A level exams, the BMAT will be testing you largely on basic skills and knowledge that you should already possess, rather than your academic ability. The test will examine a variety of qualities and abilities, including your ability to read formal English and follow written instructions, using different types of question throughout each section. You will have two hours to answer 63 questions from the following sections.

### Aptitude and skills (1 hour)

During your degree, you will often face difficult problems which require you to assess a given set of information and draw conclusions based on your logic, reasoning, and understanding of raw quantitative data.

This problem solving section will test your ability to:

It is important to note that each question in this section may test you on two or more of the above.

Section 1 will test your ability to analyse and reason through various mathematical, logical, and …
Assisted dying: are strong views of opposition silencing the majority?
Authors: John Temple
Journal: BMJ (2019)

I was saddened to read that palliative care doctors think there is a culture of fear and intimidation in their profession around the assisted dying debate.1 The Association for Palliative Medicine, which is evidently forceful in its opposition to assisted dying, should urgently address this.

The medical organisations that are most active in seeking to block law change …
I’m a resitter, but don’t shrug me off
Authors: Charlotte Oates
Journal: BMJ (2012)

When I began my final year of medical school, I felt it was important to pause and reflect on my time as a medical student—my lengthy time.

I am starting my seventh year of a traditional five year medical course. I resat two years because I failed end of year, online examinations.

Dark rooms, cliff edges, and horror films hold no fear for me compared with the examination room, which sends me into a cold sweat. When I work through questions, things usually start well but something tricky always comes up. I try to work through it, but become seduced by the multiple choice options. My gut feeling says answer A. Then my eye strays to answer B. I hadn’t thought of B, but it becomes the only answer …
Abstract P1-09-03: Withdrawn
Authors: J Kotsopoulos, T Zaman, J Lubinski, P Sun, L Salmena, SA Narod
Journal: Cancer Research (2019)

Abstract This abstract was withdrawn by the authors. Citation Format: Kotsopoulos J, Zaman T, Lubinski J, Sun P, Salmena L, Narod SA. Withdrawn [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-09-03.
Immunometabolism of pro-repair cells
Authors: Benjamin D. Singer, Navdeep S. Chandel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2019)

Immune cell populations determine the balance between ongoing damage and repair following tissue injury. Cells responding to a tissue-damaged environment have significant bioenergetic and biosynthetic needs. In addition to supporting these needs, metabolic pathways govern the function of pro-repair immune cells, including regulatory T cells and tissue macrophages. In this Review, we explore how specific features of the tissue-damaged environment such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and nutrient depletion serve as metabolic cues to promote or impair the reparative functions of immune cell populations. Hypoxia, mitochondrial DNA stress, and altered redox balance each contribute to mechanisms regulating the response to tissue damage. For example, hypoxia induces changes in regulatory T cell and macrophage metabolic profiles, including generation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which inhibits demethylase reactions to modulate cell fate and function. Reactive oxygen species abundant in oxidative environments cause damage to mitochondrial DNA, initiating signaling pathways that likewise control pro-repair cell function. Nutrient depletion following tissue damage also affects pro-repair cell function through metabolic signaling pathways, specifically those sensitive to the redox state of the cell. The study of immunometabolism as an immediate sensor and regulator of the tissue-damaged environment provides opportunities to consider mechanisms that facilitate healthy repair of tissue injury.
Generalizability and Implications of the H <sub>2</sub> FPEF Score in a Cohort of Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Matthew W. Segar, Kershaw V. Patel, Jarett D. Berry, Justin L. Grodin, Ambarish Pandey
Journal: Circulation (2019)

risk factors Sources of Funding, see page 1853 T he heterogeneity in the diagnostic criteria for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is one of the key factors underlying the failure of several clinical trials of cardioprotective therapies in this patient population. 1Recently, Reddy et al 2 developed the H 2 FPEF score to estimate the diagnostic likelihood of HFpEF in clinical settings.However, the generalizability, prognostic utility, and clinical implications of the H 2 FPEF score in patients with established HFpEF is not known.Accordingly, we evaluated these questions regarding the H 2 FPEF score and sought to determine the presence of a sprinolactone-H 2 FPEF score treatment interaction among patients with chronic stable HFpEF enrolled in the TOP-CAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist) trial.