Cost-effectiveness of public-health policy options in the presence of pretreatment NNRTI drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a modelling study
Authors: Andrew N Phillips, Valentina Cambiano, Fumiyo Nakagawa, Paul Revill, Michael R Jordan, Timothy B Hallett, Meg Doherty, Andrea De Luca, Jens D Lundgren, Mutsa Mhangara, Tsitsi Apollo, John Mellors, Brooke Nichols, Urvi Parikh, Deenan Pillay, Tobias Rinke de Wit, Kim Sigaloff, Diane Havlir, Daniel R Kuritzkes, Anton Pozniak, David van de Vijver, Marco Vitoria, Mark A Wainberg, Elliot Raizes, Silvia Bertagnolio, Andrew N Phillips, Valentina Cambiano, Fumiyo Nakagawa, Paul Revill, Michael R Jordan, Timothy B Hallett, Meg Doherty, Andrea De Luca, Jens D Lundgren, Mutsa Mhangara, Tsitsi Apollo, John Mellors, Brooke Nichols, Urvi Parikh, Deenan Pillay, Tobias Rinke de Wit, Kim Sigaloff, Diane Havlir, Daniel R Kuritzkes, Anton Pozniak, David van de Vijver, Marco Vitoria, Mark A Wainberg, Elliot Raizes, Silvia Bertagnolio
Journal: The Lancet HIV (2017)

BackgroundThere is concern over increasing prevalence of non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-income and middle-income countries. We assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative public health responses in countries in sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance to NNRTIs is high.MethodsThe HIV Synthesis Model is an individual-based simulation model of sexual HIV transmission, progression, and the effect of ART in adults, which is based on extensive published data sources and considers specific drugs and resistance mutations. We used this model to generate multiple setting scenarios mimicking those in sub-Saharan Africa and considered the prevalence of pretreatment NNRTI drug resistance in 2017. We then compared effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative policy options. We took a 20 year time horizon, used a cost effectiveness threshold of US$500 per DALY averted, and discounted DALYs and costs at 3% per year.FindingsA transition to use of a dolutegravir as a first-line regimen in all new ART initiators is the option predicted to produce the most health benefits, resulting in a reduction of about 1 death per year per 100 people on ART over the next 20 years in a situation in which more than 10% of ART initiators have NNRTI resistance. The negative effect on population health of postponing the transition to dolutegravir increases substantially with higher prevalence of HIV drug resistance to NNRTI in ART initiators. Because of the reduced risk of resistance acquisition with dolutegravir-based regimens and reduced use of expensive second-line boosted protease inhibitor regimens, this policy option is also predicted to lead to a reduction of overall programme cost.InterpretationA future transition from first-line regimens containing efavirenz to regimens containing dolutegravir formulations in adult ART initiators is predicted to be effective and cost-effective in low-income settings in sub-Saharan Africa at any prevalence of pre-ART NNRTI resistance. The urgency of the transition will depend largely on the country-specific prevalence of NNRTI resistance.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, World Health Organization.