tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sexual Dimorphism and Retinal Mosaic Diversification following the Evolution of a Violet Receptor in Butterflies
Authors: Kyle J. McCulloch, Furong Yuan, Ying Zhen, Matthew L. Aardema, Gilbert Smith, Jorge Llorente-Bousquets, Peter Andolfatto, Adriana D. Briscoe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2017)

Numerous animal lineages have expanded and diversified the opsin-based photoreceptors in their eyes underlying color vision behavior. However, the selective pressures giving rise to new photoreceptors and their spectral tuning remain mostly obscure. Previously, we identified a violet receptor (UV2) that is the result of a UV opsin gene duplication specific to Heliconius butterflies. At the same time the violet receptor evolved, Heliconius evolved UV-yellow coloration on their wings, due to the pigment 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-OHK) and the nanostructure architecture of the scale cells. In order to better understand the selective pressures giving rise to the violet receptor, we characterized opsin expression patterns using immunostaining (14 species) and RNA-Seq (18 species), and reconstructed evolutionary histories of visual traits in five major lineages within Heliconius and one species from the genus Eueides. Opsin expression patterns are hyperdiverse within Heliconius. We identified six unique retinal mosaics and three distinct forms of sexual dimorphism based on ommatidial types within the genus Heliconius. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed independent losses of opsin expression, pseudogenization events, and relaxation of selection on UVRh2 in one lineage. Despite this diversity, the newly evolved violet receptor is retained across most species and sexes surveyed. Discriminability modeling of behaviorally preferred 3-OHK yellow wing coloration suggests that the violet receptor may facilitate Heliconius color vision in the context of conspecific recognition. Our observations give insights into the selective pressures underlying the origins of new visual receptors.
Mechanisms of Food Allergy
Authors: Hugh A. Sampson, A. Wesley Burks
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1996)

Our understanding of food allergy has made tremendous strides recently. With now-relatively uniform definitions of the clinical presentations of food allergy, the scientific literature is more discernible. In this progress, we have come to understand that the prevalence of food allergy is up to 8% in children and 2% in adults. Additionally, these studies have shown the role of specific allergens and mediators in the immunopathogenesis of food allergy. Much of the information available still relates to immunoglobulin &amp; mediated food reactions, although other immunologic mechanisms are being studied extensively. The diagnosis and treatment of food allergy is now much more standardized. Longterm studies have shown the natural history of many of these reactions.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia relapse in the central nervous system during hematologic and molecular remission
Authors: Eduardo Anguita, Ana Villegas, F. Ataulfo Gonz�lez, Joaqu�n D�az-Mediavilla, Francesco Lo Coco
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

Fulminant Brain Lymphoid Infiltration in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaTo the Editor: Symptomatic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is very rare.We present a TABLE I. Drugs Associated With Lymphadenopathy* Phenytoin Carbamazepine Para-amino salicylic
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)v infection in children: The first 45 cases in Cyprus, June – August 2009
Authors: M Koliou, E S Soteriades, M M Toumasi, A Demosthenous, A Hadjidemetriou
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2009)

Following the first imported case in a tourist in Cyprus on 2 June 2009, the influenza A(H1N1)v virus has spread on the island affecting mainly young adults and children. We describe here the first 45 cases in children. Fever, cough, rhinorrhoea and sore throat were the most common symptoms of infection. Half of the children had fever for one day or only for a few hours. Five children were hospitalised, and overall their symptoms were mild. Adherence to oseltamivir treatment was very high, with low frequency of gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Camping places and summer schools played a significant role in spreading the infection among children of school age.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2007 Update
Authors: Wayne Rosamond, Katherine Flegal, Gary Friday, Karen Furie, Alan Go, Kurt Greenlund, Nancy Haase, Michael Ho, Virginia Howard, Brett Kissela, Bret Kissela, Steven Kittner, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Mary McDermott, James Meigs, Claudia Moy, Graham Nichol, Christopher J O'Donnell, Veronique Roger, John Rumsfeld, Paul Sorlie, Julia Steinberger, Thomas Thom, Sylvia Wasserthiel-Smoller, Yuling Hong
Journal: Circulation (2006)
Implementation of Treat‐to‐Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through a Learning Collaborative: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Daniel H. Solomon, Elena Losina, Bing Lu, Agnes Zak, Cassandra Corrigan, Sara B. Lee, Jenifer Agosti, Asaf Bitton, Leslie R. Harrold, Theodore Pincus, Helga Radner, Zhi Yu, Josef S. Smolen, Liana Fraenkel, Jeffrey N. Katz
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2017)

Objective Treat‐to‐target (TTT) is an accepted paradigm for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but some evidence suggests poor adherence. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a group‐based multisite improvement learning collaborative on adherence to TTT. Methods We conducted a cluster‐randomized quality‐improvement trial with waitlist control across 11 rheumatology sites in the US. The intervention entailed a 9‐month group‐based learning collaborative that incorporated rapid‐cycle improvement methods. A composite TTT implementation score was calculated as the percentage of 4 required items documented in the visit notes for each patient at 2 time points, as evaluated by trained staff. The mean change in the implementation score for TTT across all patients for the intervention sites was compared with that for the control sites after accounting for intracluster correlation using linear mixed models. Results Five sites with a total of 23 participating rheumatology providers were randomized to intervention and 6 sites with 23 participating rheumatology providers were randomized to the waitlist control. The intervention included 320 patients, and the control included 321 patients. At baseline, the mean TTT implementation score was 11% in both arms; after the 9‐month intervention, the mean TTT implementation score was 57% in the intervention group and 25% in the control group (change in score of 46% for intervention and 14% for control; P = 0.004). We did not observe excessive use of resources or excessive occurrence of adverse events in the intervention arm. Conclusion A learning collaborative resulted in substantial improvements in adherence to TTT for the management of RA. This study supports the use of an educational collaborative to improve quality.
Long-term Safety and Efficacy of a Sustained-Release Bimatoprost Ocular Ring
Authors: James D. Brandt, Harvey B. DuBiner, Robert Benza, Kenneth N. Sall, Gary A. Walker, Charles P. Semba, Donald Budenz, Douglas Day, Brian Flowers, Steven Lee, Quang Nguyen, David Wirta
Journal: Ophthalmology (2017)

For patients with glaucoma, reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven treatment to slow or halt disease progression.1 However, nonadherence to daily eye drops is a well-documented problem.2,3 Most clinicians acknowledge that it is difficult to determine which patients are likely to be noncompliant. Several methods are being developed to deliver medication in a sustained-release manner via implantable reservoirs or external applications, such as contact lenses or punctal plugs. We report on long-term safety and retention of a bimatoprost ocular ring (BIM ring) that delivers bimatoprost over a 6-month period.
SAT0203 Validation of a new single-photon system of radioabsorptiometry of the phalanx for measurement of bone mineral density
Authors: MA Belmonte-Serrano, J Martinez-Sotoca, S Valero-Barrachina, A Domingo-Valle, S Domenech, JM Iñesta-Quereda, N Efford
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>Background</h3> A new method for the measurement of bone density of the phalanx using digitised conventional X-ray films of the hand has been developed in our centre. <h3>Objectives</h3> To test the reliability and internal validity (test-retest) of this method, especially regarding the digitalisation process and the software developed for segmentation and optical density analyses. <h3>Methods</h3> The non-dominant hand is radiographed together with an aluminium wedge used for calibration and correction of the variability associated with the XR technique and digitalisation process. A single exposure at 46 kV is performed and the resulting film is read with an AgfaScan T1200 device with predefined settings. <h3>Results</h3> To assess the reproducibility of our technique, XR hand films of 17 patients were scanned 5 times in different days. CV was found to be 0,913 (95% CI 0,650–1,825) for the middle phalanx; 0,632 (95% CI 0,470–1,265) for the proximal phalanx; and 1,194 (95% CI 0,918–2,387) for the central area of the third metacarpal. A test-retest experiment with 2 films in 50 patients gave an almost perfect internal correlation (Pearson's R of 0,985; 0,995 and 0,986) for these same sites. We also validated our technique in a sample of 171 women referred by general practitioners with a clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis. Construct validation was performed against conventional lumbar spine and hip DXA (Lunar DPX). Also,78 of these women had a phalanx DXA measurement with a commercial device (AccuDXA). Correlations between BMD in several sites are described below: <h3>Conclusion</h3> The reproducibility and internal correlation of measurements made with our newly developed technique is very high for the three areas of the hand studied. Correlation of BMD of the hand with BMD in the lumbar spine and hip is moderate and similar to that found among these places themselves.
PTU-122 A trial with mercaptopurine following azathioprine intolerance is a safe treatment strategy for the majority of patients with IBD: Abstract PTU-122 Table 1
Authors: E B Rhatigan, N A Kennedy, I D Arnott, C L Noble, A G Shand, J Satsangi, C W Lees
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Azathioprine intolerance (AZA-I) leads to withdrawal of therapy in up to 30% of patients with IBD. Smaller case series demonstrated that mercaptopurine (MP) could be a well tolerated alternative in selected patients.<sup>1</sup> This study aims to further assess its tolerability, in a larger cohort of AZA-I patients, over a longer period of time, and to re-evaluate potential factors predictive of tolerance. <h3>Methods</h3> A retrospective audit was made of 137 patients with IBD (78 women, median age at diagnosis 32 years, 78 with CD, 59 with UC) who had been intolerant of AZA and then subsequently treated with MP. <h3>Results</h3> MP was tolerated by 58% of AZA-I patients (median follow-up 937 days, median dose 0.91 mg/kg). Tolerance was highest in patients with AZA related gastrointestinal intolerance (66%) and hepatotoxicity (61%), and lowest in patients with AZA related flu-like illness (40%). The number of patients with AZA induced neutropenia and pancreatitis were too small to draw firm conclusions (see Abstract PTU-122 table 1). Age at diagnosis was significantly associated with tolerability. Patients intolerant of MP were younger (28 vs 33 yro; p=0.024) and of those under the age of 40 only 55% tolerated MP compared with 69% of those aged 40 years or over (p=Azathioprine-intolerant patients, subsequently treated with mercaptopurine (AZA-I/MP) grouped by azathioprine intolerance <h3>Conclusion</h3> Consistent with previous data, this, the largest series to date, with substantial follow- up, has shown that MP is a safe alternative for up to 60% of AZA-I patients, including some with a previous major intolerance. Patients with previous gastrointestinal intolerance or hepatotoxicity may be more likely to tolerate a trial of MP. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>Reference</h3> 1. <b>Lees</b>, <i>et al. Aliment Pharmacol &amp; Ther</i> 2007;<b>27</b>:220–7.
Life After Treatment: Quality-of-Life Concerns in Patients Treated for Cancer
Authors: Mindy E. Goldman
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2017)

Traditionally, the physical, psychological, and psychosocial long-term needs of cancer survivors have received little attention compared with screening for cancer recurrence and secondary cancers. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Survivorship offer recommendations for various survivorship concerns, and those for improving menopausal symptoms were presented at the NCCN 22nd Annual Conference. Key considerations in managing menopausal symptoms in cancer survivors were reviewed, with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea, fertility concerns, and both hormonal and nonhormonal therapeutic options featured.
Concomitant Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Paola Mapelli, Elena Incerti, Federico Fallanca, Valentino Bettinardi, Antonia Compierchio, Valeria Masiello, Claudio Doglioni, Francesca Rossetti, Giampiero Negri, Luigi Gianolli, Maria Picchio
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2017)

A 76-year-old man underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT to complete staging and characterize a suspicious lung mass. Images showed intense uptake in the lung lesion and faint uptake in correspondence of a gastric mass, which was subsequently biopsied revealing a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. A 18F-FAZA PET/CT was also performed because of patient's enrollment in a prospective clinical trial (trial registration no. EudraCT 2011-002647-98), showing heterogeneous uptake of 18F-FAZA in the pulmonary lesion and faint uptake in correspondence of the gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
Review: In children and adults, vitamin D<sub>3</sub> supplementation reduces risk for acute respiratory tract infection
Authors: Henry S. Sacks
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2017)

Source Citation Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ. 2017;356:i6583. 28202713
Direct peroral cholangioscopy with a new anchoring technique using the guide probe of Kautz – first clinical experiences
Authors: Frank Lenze, Tobias Nowacki, Torsten Beyna, Hansjoerg Ullerich
Journal: Endoscopy (2017)

Background and study aims We present the first clinical results of a new tandem technique for direct peroral cholangioscopy using a standard ultraslim upper gastrointestinal endoscope and a guide probe that was originally developed for the non-transendoscopic placement of biliary endoprostheses (guide probe of Kautz; MTW, Wesel, Germany). Patients and methods Twenty direct peroral cholangioscopy procedures were performed with the new anchor-assisted method using the guide probe of Kautz in a single center and were retrospectively analyzed. Results Indications for anchor-assisted cholangioscopy procedures included indeterminate bile duct strictures (n = 14), filling defects that remained after stone extraction (n = 4), and complex stone extractions (n = 2). Biliary access and visualization of the target region were achieved in 18/20 procedures (90 %). The interventional success rate was 85 % (11 /13 interventions). One case of postinterventional cholangitis occurred (5 %), along with one case of minor peri-interventional papillary bleeding (5 %). Conclusions The anchor-assisted cholangioscopy technique is feasible and safe for direct cholangioscopy and provides reliable success rates in clinical practice. This technique represents an alternative approach for direct cholangioscopy on a single-operator basis using standard endoscopes.
Effectiveness of somatostatin analogs plus prednisone in aggressive histotype and advanced stage of thymic epithelial tumors.
Authors: Margaret Ottaviano, Vincenzo Damiano, Lucia Nappi, Pasquale Rescigno, Liliana Montella, Mirella Marino, Silvana Del Vecchio, Irene Tucci, Claudia Von Arx, Giovannella Palmieri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

7582 Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are rare neoplasms characterized by histological variability. Efficacy of octreotide/lanreotide with or without prednisone in TETs OctreoScan positive has been widely demonstrated in thymoma, but no clearly in thymic carcinoma. Methods: Twelve patients (five men, seven women; median age 47 years; range 27-70) with advanced stage disease according to the Masaoka-Koga staging system (seven with IVa stage; five with IVb stage), and aggressive histotype according to WHO classification, revised by central review (two B2/B3; five B3; one B3/thymic carcinoma; four thymic carcinoma) were enrolled in this monocentric referral study. All the patients showed a progressive disease according to RECIST 1.1 criteria to previous conventional chemotherapeutic regimens platinum or not platinum-based. All the patients performed OctreoScan. The schedule includes administration of long-acting analog octreotide (30 mg/every 28 days intramuscularly) plus prednisone 0.2 mg/kg/day until progression of disease was documented. Median time to progression, overall response rate and toxicity were evaluated. Results: The median time to progression was 6 months (range 3-24), the overall response rate was 74.9%, particularly three patients (25%) obtained stable disease; four patients (33.3%) partial response; two patients (16.6%) complete response; three patients (25%) progression disease. One patient with Good Syndrome interrupted treatment after 6 months for infection disease. One patient has been lost to follow-up after 24 months of treatment. One patient died after progression disease for PRCA. Treatment was generally well tolerated with acceptable toxicity: no symptomatic cholelithiasis (1 patient), Grade 1 diarrhea (two patients) hyperglycemia (1 patient). One patient with thymic carcinoma and IV b stage had PS improvement from 2 to 1 sec ECOG, and one patient had complete remission of pericardial and pleural effusion after six months treatment with symptomatic relief. Conclusions: Somatostatin analogs plus prednisone is an effective treatment in aggressive histotype and advanced stage disease of TETs.
Chlamydial Infections
Authors: Julius Schachter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Neonatal Chlamydial InfectionsInclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn, also known as inclusion blennorrhea, is a chlamydial infection acquired by the neonate during passage through the birth canal. The incubation period is usually five to 14 days. Earlier onset is usually preceded by premature rupture of the membranes.44 In some cases, conjunctivitis observed since the first day of life is later diagnosed as inclusion conjunctivitis. It is likely that most of these cases reflect an earlier conjunctivitis, such as chemical conjunctivitis, preceding the development of inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn. Credé prophylaxis has no known preventive effect . . .
An evaluation of automated chest radiography reading software for tuberculosis screening among public- and private-sector patients
Authors: Md Toufiq Rahman, Andrew J. Codlin, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Ayenun Nahar, Mehdi Reja, Tariqul Islam, Zhi Zhen Qin, Md Abdus Shakur Khan, Sayera Banu, Jacob Creswell
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2017)

Computer-aided reading (CAR) of medical images is becoming increasingly common, but few studies exist for CAR in tuberculosis (TB). We designed a prospective study evaluating CAR for chest radiography (CXR) as a triage tool before Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert). Consecutively enrolled adults in Dhaka, Bangladesh, with TB symptoms received CXR and Xpert. Each image was scored by CAR and graded by a radiologist. We compared CAR with the radiologist for sensitivity and specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and calculated the potential Xpert tests saved. A total of 18 036 individuals were enrolled. TB prevalence by Xpert was 15%. The radiologist graded 49% of CXRs as abnormal, resulting in 91% sensitivity and 58% specificity. At a similar sensitivity, CAR had a lower specificity (41%), saving fewer (36%) Xpert tests. The AUC for CAR was 0.74 (95% CI 0.73–0.75). CAR performance declined with increasing age. The radiologist grading was superior across all sub-analyses. Using CAR can save Xpert tests, but the radiologist's specificity was superior. Differentiated CAR thresholds may be required for different populations. Access to, and costs of, human readers must be considered when deciding to use CAR software. More studies are needed to evaluate CAR using different screening approaches.
CLASH's life history foundations
Authors: Willem E. Frankenhuis, Jesse Fenneman, Jean-Louis van Gelder, Irene Godoy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2017)

We recommend extending CLASH by incorporating two evolutionary accounts of the shift toward fast life histories under harsh, unpredictable conditions. These accounts, if integrated with CLASH, make different predictions about the distributions of aggression and violence within and between societies. We discuss these predictions and propose ways of testing them.
Locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA): Prognostic factors for prolonged survival.
Authors: Anne Ploquin, Camille Cozzolino, Stephanie Truant, Guillaume Piessen, Christophe Desauw, Stéphane Cattan, Mohamed Hebbar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

e15134 Background: Prognosis of pts with locally advanced or metastatic PA is poor, with median survival of 6-9 months. Yet, since the use of gemcitabine, some patients survive more than one year. Recently, FOLFIRINOX regimen yielded better results in selected patients, but with more toxicity. We assessed the value of baseline predictive factors of prolonged survival in non-selected pts treated with gemcitabine. Methods: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective study (1999 to 2010) on all pts treated for locally advanced or metastatic PA. Demographical, clinical, tumoral and biological variables were included into the analysis. The primary end-point was the 12 months survival. All parameters were assessed in univariate and multivariated analyses. We then built a prognostic scoring system integrating the independent prognostic factors. Results: The study was performed on 160 pts: median age 61.1 years, sex ratio (M/F) 93/67, ECOG 0-1/2-3: 60/98, jaundice 62 (38.8%), initially resectable : 36 (22.5%), intra-pancreatic primary location: head: 110 (68.8%), body: 19 (11.9%), tail: 27 (16.9%). The adenocarcinoma was histologically document in 124 cases (77.5%). The median number of metastasis sites was 1 (71.3% liver). The median Ca 19-9 concentration was 925 IU/ml. 155 pts (96.9%) received chemotherapy, of which 124 (80.0%) with gemcitabine in first line. Fifty-two patients (32.5%) were alive 12 months after diagnosis. In univariate analysis, male gender, PS, initial stage, differentiation, primary tumor location, Ca 19-9 were prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, male gender, head or body locations and low Ca 19-9 concentration (&lt; 111 IU/ml) were associated with a better prognosis. The score with a cut-off between 2 and 3 points was discriminant, with positive and negative predictive values of 64.7% IC-95% [59.2-70.2] and 75.3% IC-95% [74.4-76.2], respectively. The rate of correctly classified pts was 73.6% IC-95% [72.8-74.4]. Conclusions: Male gender, pancreatic head or body location, and Ca 19-9 &lt; 111 are independent prognostic factors for prolonged survival. Further analyses are needed to determine more accurately pts suitable for gemcitabine or the more recently validated regimen FOLFIRINOX.