tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Undergraduate urology teaching: Results of a pre-examination revision quiz
Authors: M J Kelly
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1987)

A 'revision quiz' using some 20 projected photographic slides and a structured open-ended answer sheet was administered to, and marked for, 75 Final MB candidates and 7 Final FRCS candidates at Bristol. Despite only a modest exposure to specialist urological teaching, the undergraduates were judged to have achieved an acceptable level of performance in most areas except for treatment of urinary infections. The performance of the senior house officers was not better than that of the undergraduates. Nearly all candidates in both groups undermarked their own scripts compared to the marks given by their teachers, thus fuelling, perhaps needlessly, their anxieties about examinations.
Utilidad de la ecoendoscopia en pacientes con sospecha de cólico biliar complicado
Authors: B Moreira, L Pérez, A Germade, F Santos, S Maestro, R Madrigal, J Barcenilla, A Pérez
Journal: Endoscopy (2017)

La litiasis biliar es una condición muy frecuente, siendo el síntoma principal el cólico biliar. Éste se puede complicar con un síndrome de Mirizzi o con el paso de cálculos a través del colédoco. Por otro lado, las alteraciones del perfil hepático pueden ser secundarias a la inflamación, edema de la vía biliar o a la compresión directa de la vía por la vesícula distendida.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RECTAL INDOMETHACIN VERSUS PROPHYLACTIC PANCREATIC STENTS FOR THE PREVENTION OF MODERATE TO SEVERE POST-ERCP PANCREATITIS – A META-ANALYSIS OF RCTS
Authors: Z Dubravcsik, M Szalai, L Oczella, A Szepes, L Madácsy
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Pancreatitis is one of the most frequent and potentially life-threatening complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). According to recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) both rectal administration of indomethacin (IM) before and the placement of a prophylactic pancreatic stent (PPS) during ERCP are effective to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), however up till now no RCT compared the effectiveness of these methods in the prevention of moderate and severe PEP. Therefore, we aimed to provide an up-to-date meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of these prevention strategies concerning moderate and severe PEP.
The Incidence of Brain Metastases in Stage IV ROS1-Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer and Rate of Central Nervous System Progression on Crizotinib
Authors: Tejas Patil, Derek E. Smith, Paul A. Bunn, Dara L. Aisner, Anh T. Le, Mark Hancock, William T. Purcell, Daniel W. Bowles, D. Ross Camidge, Robert C. Doebele
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2018)
Development of an <i>in vitro</i> cell-sheet cancer model for chemotherapeutic screening
Authors: Jaewang Lee, Daiha Shin, Jong-Lyel Roh
Journal: Theranostics (2018)

Epithelial cancer grows in vivo in a microenvironment that comprises tumour, stroma, and immune cells. A three-dimensional (3D) culture model might be able to mimic the tumour microenvironment in vivo; therefore, we developed a new 3D epithelial cancer model using in vitro cell-sheet engineering and compared the results of treatment with several chemotherapeutic drugs among the 3D cell-sheet model, spheroid culture, and 2D cell culture. Methods: The cell sheet comprised keratinocytes and a plasma fibrin matrix containing fibroblasts. Cancer spheroids with or without cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were interposed between the keratinocytes and fibrin layer. Cell growth, viability, and hypoxia were measured using the cell counting kit-8, LIVE/DEAD assay, and propidium iodide and LOX-1 staining. The morphology, invasion, and mRNA and protein expression were compared among the different cell culture models. Results: Enhanced resistance to sorafenib and cisplatin by cancer spheroids and CAFs was more easily observed in the 3D than in the 2D model. Invasion by cancer-CAF spheroids into the fibrin matrix was more clearly observed in the 3D cell sheet. The expansion of viable cancer cells increased in the 3D cell sheet, particularly in those with CAFs, which were significantly inhibited by treatment with 10 μM sorafenib or 20 μM cisplatin (P < 0.05). TGF-β1, N-cadherin, and vimentin mRNA and protein levels were higher in the 3D cell-sheet model. Conclusions: The 3D cell sheet-based cancer model could be applied to in vitro observation of epithelial cancer growth and invasion and to anticancer drug testing.
A Distance-Dependent Distribution of Presynaptic Boutons Tunes Frequency-Dependent Dendritic Integration
Authors: Federico W. Grillo, Guilherme Neves, Alison Walker, Gema Vizcay-Barrena, Roland A. Fleck, Tiago Branco, Juan Burrone
Journal: Neuron (2018)

How presynaptic inputs and neurotransmitter release dynamics are distributed along a dendritic tree is not well established. Here, we show that presynaptic boutons that form onto basal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons display a decrease in active zone (AZ) size with distance from the soma, resulting in a distance-dependent increase in short-term facilitation. Our findings suggest that the spatial distribution of short-term facilitation serves to compensate for the electrotonic attenuation of subthreshold distal inputs during repeated stimulation and fine-tunes the preferred input frequency of dendritic domains.
AB0085 The effectiveness of meloxicam in treating erythema nodosum syndrome
Authors: EI Chmidt, KV Zhukova
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>Background</h3> <h3>Objectives</h3> We used meloxicam at a doze of 15 mg a day for treating erythema nodosum (EN) of various aetiology in 47 patients (44 females and 3 males aged 15–68). Not depending on the EN aetiology, the main symptoms were fever (in 38 patients), joint pain (in 41 patients), foot and leg oedema (in 44 patients). The duration of EN syndrome before beginning meloxicam was from 2 weeks to 4 months. During this period all the patients underwent therapy by various NSAIDs (mainly diclofenac, ketoprofen, indometacin), 4 patients by steroids, antibiotics. In all the patients the previous therapy was either noneffective or little effective. Using meloxicam as a monotherapy on the 2-nd, 3-d day of taking the drug resulted in normalisation of temperature, disappearance of joint pain and oedema, quick decreasing of EN even in those patients who had no effect from steroids. In 4 patients the attempt of cancelling meloxicam lead to relapse of EN, fever and joint pain, which demanded resuming of meloxicam treatment. 4 patients had an allergy in the form of skin eruption and itch. That?s why meloxicam in those patients was cancelled in spite of a good effect. Meloxicam turned out to be ineffective in 2 patients. In 45 patients (95.7%) with pronounced EN, fever and oedema meloxicam showed great effectiveness. <h3>Methods</h3> <h3>Results</h3> <h3>Conclusion</h3>
Gastritis Verrucosas: Estudio descriptivo sobre las características histológicas y el tratamiento en una serie de 10 pacientes
Authors: M Albert Carrasco, H Uchima Koecklin, CL Rosales Alexander, L Peries Reberter, L Gutierrez Prat, M Figa Francesch, M Hombrados Verde, C Huertas Nadal, L Torrealba Medina, X Aldeguer Manté
Journal: Endoscopy (2017)

La gastritis verrucosa (también llamada gastritis erosiva crónica o gastritis varioliforme) se trata de una entidad de diagnóstico endoscópico con prevalencias de alrededor de 0,3 – 2,8%, sin una sintomatología clínica específica, que se basa en la presencia de lesiones nodulares, habitualmente múltiples, presentando una erosión o depresión central. Inicialmente descrita en 1947 por Moutier y Martin, se ha relacionado con la infección per Helicobacter pylori, enfermedad celíaca, linfoma, enfermedad de Menétrier, atopia y hepatopatía crónica y algunos estudios han sugerido su asociación con la neoplasia gástrica, sin poder establecerse de forma clara.
Overcoming the Data Crisis in Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Holly K. Kindsvater, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Cat Horswill, Maria-José Juan-Jordá, Marc Mangel, Jason Matthiopoulos
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2018)

HighlightsDiagnosing the conservation status of many species is hampered by insufficient data. Modern computer-intensive fitting methods make it possible to merge mechanistic models and population data on well-studied indicator species, extending the inferences we can make about their data-limited relatives.Historically, assessments have used data from one population or species to create ad hoc proxy values for the life-history traits of relatives, but with modern Bayesian models we can share information in a standardized, coherent way.Advances in understanding community ecology and life-history evolution can be incorporated into these models as priors, extending statistical power even when data are sparse.These advances offer new possibilities for the rigorous assessment and protection of populations and species that previously have suffered from policy gaps created by insufficient data.AbstractHow can we track population trends when monitoring data are sparse? Population declines can go undetected, despite ongoing threats. For example, only one of every 200 harvested species are monitored. This gap leads to uncertainty about the seriousness of declines and hampers effective conservation. Collecting more data is important, but we can also make better use of existing information. Prior knowledge of physiology, life history, and community ecology can be used to inform population models. Additionally, in multispecies models, information can be shared among taxa based on phylogenetic, spatial, or temporal proximity. By exploiting generalities across species that share evolutionary or ecological characteristics within Bayesian hierarchical models, we can fill crucial gaps in the assessment of species' status with unparalleled quantitative rigor.
IL-6 Mediates Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells and Activated Fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Tatiana A. Karakasheva, Eric W. Lin, Qiaosi Tang, Edmund Qiao, Todd J. Waldron, Monica Soni, Andres J. Klein-Szanto, Varun Sahu, Devraj Basu, Shinya Ohashi, Kiichiro Baba, Zachary T. Giaccone, Sarah R. Walker, David A. Frank, E. Paul Wileyto, Qi Long, Margaret C. Dunagin, Arjun Raj, J. Alan Diehl, K.K. Wong, Adam J. Bass, Anil K. Rustgi
Journal: Cancer Research (2018)

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of multiple cancer types, including upper-gastrointestinal (GI) cancers that currently lack effective therapeutic options. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are an essential component of the TME, contributing to tumorigenesis by secreting growth factors, modifying the extracellular matrix, supporting angiogenesis, and suppressing antitumor immune responses. Through an unbiased approach, we have established that IL-6 mediates cross-talk between tumor cells and CAF not only by supporting tumor cell growth, but also by promoting fibroblast activation. As a result, IL-6 receptor (IL6Rα) and downstream effectors offer opportunities for targeted therapy in upper-GI cancers. IL-6 loss suppressed tumorigenesis in physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) organotypic and 3D tumoroid models and murine models of esophageal cancer. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL6Rα antibody, suppressed tumor growth in vivo in part via inhibition of STAT3 and MEK/ERK signaling. Analysis of a pan-cancer TCGA dataset revealed an inverse correlation between IL-6 and IL6Rα overexpression and patient survival. Therefore, we expanded evaluation of tocilizumab to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patient-derived xenografts and gastric adenocarcinoma xenografts, demonstrating suppression of tumor growth and altered STAT3 and ERK1/2 gene signatures. We used small-molecule inhibitors of STAT3 and MEK1/2 signaling to suppress tumorigenesis in the 3D organotypic model of esophageal cancer. We demonstrate that IL6 is a major contributor to the dynamic cross-talk between tumor cells and CAF in the TME. Our findings provide a translational rationale for inhibition of IL6Rα and downstream signaling pathways as a novel targeted therapy in oral-upper-GI cancers.Significance: These findings demonstrate the interaction of esophageal cancer and cancer-associated fibroblasts through IL-6 signaling, providing rationale for a novel therapeutic approach to target these cancers. Cancer Res; 78(17); 4957-70. ©2018 AACR.
Antiabortion views are not incompatible with gynaecology
Authors: R W McCallum
Journal: BMJ (1994)

studies of smoking cessation smokers' activities in attempting to stop smoking should be measured in tandem with more conventional measures of the rate of cessation.4Attempts to stop are associated with the final goal of continuous abstinence.Changes in the number of attempts to stop may thus be more sensitive to intervention than the dichotomous outcome of smoking cessation.This is just one suggestion, and much work is required to validate any new outcome measures.'The results of Cupples and McKnight's study2 suggest, however, that careful consideration of appropriate outcomes is vital to improving our knowledge about how we should approach health promotion.
Abstract MP91: History of Infertility and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women
Authors: Deirdre K Tobias, Frank B Hu, Stacey A Missmer, JoAnn E Manson, Jorge Chavarro
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background: Increasing evidence supports a biologically plausible association between delayed conception and metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance and inflammation; however, few studies have assessed whether infertility is associated with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) later in life. Objective: We prospectively evaluated the association between a history of infertility and T2D risk in a large cohort of women. Methods: Participants of the Nurses’ Health Study II self-reported their infertility status (&gt;12 months attempting a pregnancy), lifestyle characteristics, and several health-related outcomes, via biennial questionnaires (1989-2011). Those reporting infertility were asked to cite the clinical reason(s), if known. Exposure status was updated every two years and carried forward to represent “ever”. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the relative risk (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing participants with a history of infertility versus none. Multivariable models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, healthful dietary pattern score, smoking, alcohol consumption, and several other lifestyle factors. Results: Participants (N=115,750) were on average 35 years old (range 25-44) with a BMI of 24.1 (SD=5.0) at baseline, with 91.7% Caucasian. Twenty-one percent (n=24,118) reported a history of infertility at baseline or follow-up. Incident T2D was reported in 5,414 participants during follow-up (2.6 cases/1,000 person-years). Women with a history of infertility had a significant 21% greater risk of T2D compared to women without infertility after adjusting for several T2D risk factors (multivariable HR=1.21, CI=1.14, 1.29). Infertility due to ovulation disorders was associated with a 47% greater risk of T2D (HR=1.47, CI=1.33, 1.64), and tubal blockage with a 32% greater risk (HR=1.32, CI=1.09, 1.61), compared to no infertility. Other reasons for infertility were not associated with T2D risk, including cervical mucus disorder (HR=1.09, CI=0.80, 1.48), male factor (HR=1.13, CI=0.96, 1.32), and “other” (HR=1.08, CI=0.90, 1.28). Tests for interaction did not indicate significant effect modification across BMI categories for total infertility (BMI&lt;25: HR=1.34, CI=1.03, 1.74; BMI 25-29: HR=1.38, CI=1.18, 1.60; BMI 30+: HR=1.15, CI=1.07, 1.34; p-interaction=0.13). Effect modification by BMI category was suggested for infertility due to ovulation disorders (BMI&lt;25: HR=2.14, CI=1.58, 3.67; BMI 25-29: HR=1.43, CI=1.08, 1.89; BMI 30+: HR=1.35, CI=1.20, 1.52; p-interaction=0.06). Conclusions: Among women, a history of infertility is significantly associated with T2D later in life, specifically infertility due to ovulation disorders and tubal blockage.
Identification and Analysis of Human Sex-Biased MicroRNAs
Authors: Chunmei Cui, Weili Yang, Jiangcheng Shi, Yong Zhou, Jichun Yang, Qinghua Cui, Yuan Zhou
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2018)

Abstract Sex differences are widely observed under various circumstances ranging from physiological processes to therapeutic responses, and a myriad of sex-biased genes have been identified. In recent years, transcriptomic datasets of microRNAs (miRNAs), an important class of non-coding RNAs, become increasingly accessible. However, comprehensive analysis of sex difference in miRNA expression has not been performed. Here, we identified the differentially-expressed miRNAs between males and females by examining the transcriptomic datasets available in public databases and conducted a systemic analysis of their biological characteristics. Consequently, we identified 73 female-biased miRNAs (FmiRs) and 163 male-biased miRNAs (MmiRs) across four tissues including brain, colorectal mucosa, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Our results suggest that compared to FmiRs, MmiRs tend to be clustered in the human genome and exhibit higher evolutionary rate, higher expression tissue specificity, and lower disease spectrum width. In addition, functional enrichment analysis of miRNAs show that FmiR genes are significantly associated with metabolism process and cell cycle process, whereas MmiR genes tend to be enriched for functions like histone modification and circadian rhythm. In all, the identification and analysis of sex-biased miRNAs together could provide new insights into the biological differences between females and males and facilitate the exploration of sex-biased disease susceptibility and therapy.
“Smart” Nanoprobes for Visualization of Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Tiancong Ma, Peisen Zhang, Yi Hou, Haoran Ning, Zihua Wang, Jiayi Huang, Mingyuan Gao
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2018)

Abstract Physiological parameters in tumor microenvironments, including hypoxia, low extracellular pH, enzymes, reducing conditions, and so on, are closely associated with the proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of cancer, and impact the therapeutic administrations. Therefore, monitoring the tumor microenvironment is significant for diagnosing tumors, predicting the invasion potential, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, planning the treatment, and cancer prognostics. Noninvasive molecular imaging technologies combined with novel “smart” nanoparticle‐based activatable probes provide a feasible approach to visualize tumor‐associated microenvironment factors. This review summarizes recent achievements in the designs of “smart” molecular imaging nanoprobes responding to the tumor microenvironment–related features, and highlights the state of the art in tumor heterogeneity imaging.
Estudio comparativo del uso de capuchón y endocuff® en colonoscopias de screening de CCR y vigilancia tras resección de pólipos
Authors: MC García Gavilán, A Alcalde Vargas, A Sánchez Yagüe, AM Sánchez Cantos
Journal: Endoscopy (2017)

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es muy prevalente a nivel mundial, por ello son fundamentales los programas de screening. El uso de dispositivos de ayuda a la visualización pretende aumentar la detección de adenomas, aunque no hay estudios que comparen estos dispositivos entre sí.
Ablacion con radiofrecuencia en el tratamiento del Esófago de Barrett. Resultados preliminares
Authors: C Sánchez-Montes, L Argüello, D Ramos, A Nevárez, N Alonso-Lázaro, C Satorres, M Ponce, M Bustamante-Balén, V Pons-Beltran
Journal: Endoscopy (2017)

Entre las técnicas ablativas en el tratamiento del esófago Barrett (EB) la radiofrecuencia (RF) parece ser la más efectiva y segura. La experiencia es todavía escasa.
CaMK4 compromises podocyte function in autoimmune and nonautoimmune kidney disease
Authors: Kayaho Maeda, Kotaro Otomo, Nobuya Yoshida, Mones S. Abu-Asab, Kunihiro Ichinose, Tomoya Nishino, Michihito Kono, Andrew Ferretti, Rhea Bhargava, Shoichi Maruyama, Sean Bickerton, Tarek M. Fahmy, Maria G. Tsokos, George C. Tsokos
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2018)

Podocyte malfunction occurs in autoimmune and nonautoimmune kidney disease. Calcium signaling is essential for podocyte injury, but the role of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) signaling in podocytes has not been fully explored. We report that podocytes from patients with lupus nephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and lupus-prone and lipopolysaccharide- or adriamycin-treated mice display increased expression of CaMK IV (CaMK4), but not CaMK2. Mechanistically, CaMK4 modulated podocyte motility by altering the expression of the GTPases Rac1 and RhoA and suppressed the expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, and actin fibers in podocytes. In addition, it phosphorylated the scaffold protein 14-3-3β, which resulted in the release and degradation of synaptopodin. Targeted delivery of a CaMK4 inhibitor to podocytes preserved their ultrastructure, averted immune complex deposition and crescent formation, and suppressed proteinuria in lupus-prone mice and proteinuria in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide-induced podocyte injury by preserving nephrin/synaptopodin expression. In animals exposed to adriamycin, podocyte-specific delivery of a CaMK4 inhibitor prevented and reversed podocyte injury and renal disease. We conclude that CaMK4 is pivotal in immune and nonimmune podocyte injury and that its targeted cell-specific inhibition preserves podocyte structure and function and should have therapeutic value in lupus nephritis and podocytopathies, including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
ENDOSCOPIC PIECE MEAL MUCOSAL RESECTION OF LARGE GRANULAR LATERALLY SPREADING TUMOR OF SIGMOID COLON WITHOUT POSTPROCEDURAL LOCAL RESIDUAL NEOPLASIA
Authors: J Macecek, B Stanka
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Up to 80% of colorectal carcinomas originate from an adenoma polyp or non-polypoid adenoma lesion. There are various therapeutic endoscopic methods with curative potential. Screening of colorectal cancer has been introduced in the Czech Republic and led to a 17.5% decrease in mortality and a 2.2% decrease of incidence of colorectal cancer (data from 2003 to 2013). Endoscopic therapy of precancerous lesions is the key to successful therapy. The basic goal is R0 resection, it means complete histological eradication of this pathological lesions with negative edges and base of the resected tissue. According to recent studies, “en block” resection is associated with a lower incidence of local residual neoplasia (LRN) (3%) than piece meal resection (20%). But very important is precise macroscopic evaluation of the lesion and, in particular, the evaluation of the base after therapeutic eradication. If the place after resection is macroscopically without residuals, then a complete resection can be expected. Large laterally spreading tumors (LST) over 5 cm can be effectively treated by piece meal endoscopic resection. All polyps according to the Paris classification 0-Is and especially LST class IV and less according to Kudo (pit pattern) classification, that do not extend to submucosal layer, are very suitable for this type of therapy. In this case, endoscopic piece meal resection (EPMR) is more effective than endoscopic submucosal dissection ESD even if “en block” resection is not possible. This approach is fast, technically feasible, sufficiently radical and safe. We are demonstrating video case report of a large mixed granular semicircular LST of sigmoid colon, size 8 × 5 cm, histologically tubulovillous adenoma with HGIN, which was curatively resected by EPMR within 1.5 hours. Despite its size, we achieved complete macroscopic and histological resection. After three months, a scar without LRN or significant stenosis was observed.