tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Genomic alterations in matching primary tumors and metastasis in breast cancer.
Authors: Tingting Jiang, Borbala Szekely, Attila Marcell Szasz, Yuval Kluger, Janina Kulka, Lajos Pusztai
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

1549 Background: We examined DNA sequence alterations in matching normal tissues, primary breast cancers and metastatic lesions to study the genomic evolution of breast cancer. We also assessed technical reproducibility. Methods: DNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues obtained during autopsies from 3 patients including 12 specimens. We performed paired-end whole exome sequencing with SOliD V4 Genome Analyzer using the Agilent Sure Select All Exon Kit including technical replicates. Nucleotide variants (NV) were detected by Varscan V2.2 and functional impact was predicted by ANNOVAR. Results: After 4 QC steps (duplicate and strand bias removal, base quality and minor allele frequency filters) that removed 98.81% of variants per sample (range 96.50%-99.99%). We observed on average 2648 new NVs per cancer sample (range 10-5541) at a mean coverage of 72 (range 19-283) and mean library size of 48270660 base (range 7764034 base - 60752085 base). Concordance for high quality NVs reached 95% (range 92%-98%) in replicates. Mutation rate in the primary cancer differed from patient to patient (range 10.41per Mb to 18.29 per Mb) with more mutations seen in patients with longer disease history and extensive prior therapy. We also observed more differences in mutations between primary tumors and metastasis than expected by technical nose alone. On average, 234(83.53%) mutations were shared between a primary tumor and a metastasis (range 4 – 947; 62.5%-97.63%) and the number of site-specific mutations ranged from 0 to 251. An index for assessing mutational heterogeneity was greater in primary cancers compared to their metastasis. Mapping of variants with predicted functional impact yielded different targetable anomalies for different tumor sites. Conclusions: Mutation rates differed among patients according to their disease history. Difference of mutation between primary tumor and metastatic lesion were larger than technical noise and the heterogeneity of primary cancers was larger than that of metastasis. Metastasis often differed from the primary tumor in the spectrum of potentially targetable anomalies.
Management of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) in patients with bone metastases of solid tumors
Authors: G.P. Spinelli, E. Gozzi, V. Stati, E. Miele, L. Rossi, A. Papa, D. Caruso, M. Verrico, E. Zaccarelli, M. Strudel, E. Giordani, G. Magaro, G. Angius, A. Cirillo, G. Tiberi, B. Rossi, S. Tomao
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
Influence of Conformational and Linear IgE Epitopes on Ara h 2-Specific IgE-Binding
Authors: Angelika Tscheppe, Dieter Palmberger, Christian Radauer, Merima Bublin, Christine Hafner, Wolfgang Hemmer, Vanessa Mayr, Chiara Palladino, Barbara Gepp, Nina Lengger, Reingard Grabherr, Heimo Breiteneder
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017)
Arginine‐Modified Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Charge‐Reversal and pH‐Sensitive Membranolytic Properties for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Minjie Sun, Jing Li, Cuiting Zhang, Ying Xie, Hongzhi Qiao, Zhigui Su, David Oupický, Qineng Ping
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2017)

The ability to escape endo/lysosomal trafficking is critically important to prevent entrapment of nanomedicines in lysosomes and to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy of drugs delivered to cells through endocytosis. In this study, a novel pH-sensitive chitosan carrier with the ability to reverse its charge during endo/lysosomal trafficking is developed as a way of improving lysosomal disruption. N-Arginine-N-octyl chitosan (AOCS) is synthesized by grafting l-arginine onto carboxymethyl chitosan. The AOCS is used to modify the surface of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to prepare pH-sensitive charge-reversal lysosomolytic nanocarriers (ANLC). The ANLC is loaded with 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). The results show that ANLC is able to reverse surface zeta potential from negative to positive at lysosomal pH, which contributes to improved release of encapsulated drugs into cytoplasm. The lysosomolytic capability of ANLC is confirmed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro studies demonstrate that the anticancer activity of HCPT-loaded ANLC is improved when compared with HCPT-NLC and free HCPT. In vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution analysis show improved delivery of HCPT-ANLC to subcutaneous Heps mouse liver tumors and greatly improved antitumor activity. The results present ANLC as a promising drug delivery carrier for improved antitumor therapy.
Assessing Structure-Activity Relationships in FVIII By Integration of Structural, Biophysical, and Biochemical Data Obtained with Anti-FVIII Antibodies
Authors: Zhiqian Lucy Liu, George Bou-Assaf, Ming Zhang, Allison Goodman, Po-lin Chiu, Melissa Chambers, Thomas Walz, Robert Peters, John Kulman
Journal: Blood (2014)
A Prospective Feasibility Trial of Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation with Reduced Intensity Conditioning Regimen for Elderly Patients with Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL),
Authors: Tetsuya Eto, Ilseung Choi, Ryuji Tanosaki, Yoshifusa Takatsuka, Atae Utsunomiya, Shigeki Takemoto, Jun Taguchi, Takuya Fukushima, Koji Kato, Takanori Teshima, Yoko Suehiro, Takeharu Yamanaka, Jun Okamura, Naokuni Uike
Journal: Blood (2011)
Loss of Function of the VHL Tumor Suppressor Gene Resurrects An Endogenous Retrovirus in Kidney Cancer That Encodes a Tumor Antigen Targeted by Allogeneic T-Cells Following Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT).
Authors: Elena Cherkasova, Elizabeth Malinzak, Sheila Rao, Vera N. Senchenko, Anna V. Kudryavtseva, Lev L. Kiselev, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Nanae Harashima, W. Marston Linehan, Ramaprasad Srinivasan, Michael I. Lerman, Richard W. Childs
Journal: Blood (2009)
518P Feasibility and outocome of adult patients with osteosarcoma of the jaws. A single institute experience-
Authors: Y. Oshiro, T. Shimoi, H.S. Okuma, A.K. Kawai, A. Shimomura, E. Noguchi, M. Yunokawa, C. Shimizu, K. Yonemori, Y. Fujiwara, K. Tamura
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
the IKZF1-IRF4 Axis Regulates Macrophage Polarization and Macrophage-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity
Authors: Heiko Bruns, Dimitrios Mougiakakos, Christian Bach, Martin Böttcher, Joerg Thomas Bittenbring, Maike Büttner, Kolja Gelse, Michael Rehli, Julia Wimmer, Fabian Beier, Deniz Gezer, Jan Krönke, Heidi Balzer, Stephanie Moi, Bernd Spriewald, Andreas Mackensen, Leonhard Busch
Journal: Blood (2016)
Yellow fever stalks Brazil in Zika’s wake
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2017)

Brazil has reported 921 suspected cases of yellow fever since December, the highest number in decades, prompting concerns of a major resurgence of this old enemy as health authorities see signs of a slow start to Brazil’s second Zika season.

Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne flavivirus—a cousin to dengue, Zika, and West Nile virus. Once the scourge of the British Empire, it also devastated Napoleon’s army in Egypt and killed hundreds of workers building the Panama Canal.

It remains deadly today, as 60 deaths have so far resulted from the 161 Brazilian cases in which yellow fever has been confirmed. A further 702 cases were still under investigation when the health ministry issued its last update on 3 February, but the number of cases continues to climb …
Meningococcal carriage in Dutch adolescents and young adults; a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study
Authors: M.B. van Ravenhorst, M.W. Bijlsma, M.A. van Houten, V.M.D. Struben, A.S. Anderson, J. Eiden, L. Hao, K.U. Jansen, H. Jones, N. Kitchin, L. Pedneault, E.A.M. Sanders, A. van der Ende
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2017)

ObjectivesCurrent information on rates and dynamics of meningococcal carriage is essential for public health policy. This study aimed to determine meningococcal carriage prevalence, its risk factors and duration in the Netherlands, where meningococcal C vaccine coverage is >90%. Several methods to identify serogroups of meningococcal carriage isolates among adolescent and young adults were compared.MethodsOropharyngeal swabs were collected from 1715 participants 13–23 years of age in 2013–2014; 300 were prospectively followed over 8 months. Cultured isolates were characterized by Ouchterlony, real-time (rt-) PCR or whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Direct swabs were assessed by rt-PCR. Questionnaires on environmental factors and behaviour were also obtained.ResultsA meningococcal isolate was identified in 270/1715 (16%) participants by culture. Of MenB isolates identified by whole genome sequencing, 37/72 (51%) were correctly serogrouped by Ouchterlony, 46/51 (90%) by rt-PCR of cultured isolates, and 39/51 (76%) by rt-PCR directly on swabs. A sharp increase in carriage was observed before the age of 15 years. The age-related association disappeared after correction for smoking, level of education, frequent attendance to crowded social venues, kissing in the previous week and alcohol consumption. Three participants carried the same strain identified at three consecutive visits in an 8-month period. In these isolates, progressively acquired mutations were observed.ConclusionsWhole genome sequencing of culture isolates was the most sensitive method for serogroup identification. Based upon results of this study and risk of meningococcal disease, an adolescent meningococcal vaccination might include children before the age of 15 years to confer individual protection and potentially to establish herd protection.
IMST-40. REPROGRAMMING OF THE TUMOR IMMUNE MICROENVIRONMENT BY AN ANG-2/VEGF BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY DELAYS TUMOR GROWTH AND PROLONGS SURVIVAL IN PRECLINICAL GBM MODELS
Authors: Lars Riedemann, Jonas Kloepper, Zohreh Amoozgar, Giorgio Seano, Katharina Susek, Veronica Yu, Nisha Dalvie, Robin Amelung, Meenal Datta, Jonathan W. Song, Vasileios Askoxylakis, Jennie Taylor, Christine Lu-Emerson, Ana Batista, Nathaniel Kirkpatrick, Keehoon Jung, Matija Snuderl, Alona Muzikansky, Kay G. Stubenrauch, Oliver Krieter, Hiroaki Wakimoto, Lei Xu, Lance L. Munn, Dan Duda, Dai Fukumura, Tracy Batchelor, Rakesh Jain
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2016)

Glioblastoma almost always recurs following standard therapy with surgery and chemoradiation. The addition of anti-VEGF therapy to the standard treatment regimen did not increase the dissatisfactory overall survival of GBM patients. Our previous clinical data suggest that anti-VEGF treatment may reduce the anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore we have previously shown that angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) overexpression confers resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in preclinical GBM. Here we show that combined Ang-2/VEGF inhibition with a bispecific monoclonal antibody could overcome resistance to anti-VEGF treatment by modulating the anti-tumor immune response. We treated mice bearing orthotopic syngeneic GBMs or a patient-derived GBM cell line with antibodies inhibiting either VEGF (B20.4.1.1) or Ang-2/VEGF (A2V, crossmab). We examined the treatment effects on T-cell, myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC), microglia and macrophage populations within the tumor. We found that in both models A2V reprogrammed pro-tumor M2 macrophages towards the anti-tumor M1 phenotype. Furthermore we show that A2V also reprogrammed tumor-associated microglia towards an anti-tumor phenotype. We did not observe therapy-induced effects on other immune cell populations within the tumor. Reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment by A2V translated into tumor growth delay and prolonged survival in preclinical GBM models. The anti-tumor immuno-modulatory potential of dual anti-angiogenic therapy supports clinical testing of this approach for GBM patients.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: a Global Perspective From the Worldwide Network of Blood and Marrow Transplantation.
Authors: Alois Gratwohl, Helen Baldomero, Mahmoud Aljurf, Marcelo C. Pasquini, Luis Fernando Bouzas, Ayami Yoshimi, Jeffrey Szer, Jeffrey H. Lipton, Alvin Schwendener, Michael Gratwohl, Karl Frauendorfer, Dietger Niederwieser, Mary M. Horowitz, Yoshihisa Kodera
Journal: Blood (2009)
Analysis of the GeneXpert System on the International Multicentre ICORG 08–02 Phase II Study of Nilotinib 300mg BID as Frontline Treatment in Patients with Early Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (ECPCML),
Authors: Michael E O'Dwyer, Ronan Swords, Francis Giles, Mary Frances McMullin, Philipp D. le Coutre, Arnon Nagler, Stephen Langabeer, Marzena Wieczorkowska, Cliona McDowell, Karine Egan, Brian Moulton, Eibhlin Conneally
Journal: Blood (2011)
Tolerance of Partially Hydrolyzed Whey Formula in Cow's Milk Allergic Patients
Authors: Maureen S. Egan, Tricia D. Lee, Jade Andrade, Galina Grishina, Michelle Mishoe, Gustavo Gimenez, Hugh A. Sampson, Supinda Bunyavanich
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017)
Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Different Stem Cell Mobilization Regimens in 110 Patients with Light Chain Amyloidosis
Authors: Marion Hansberg, Stefan O Schoenland, Anja Mangatter, Sascha Dietrich, Peter Dreger, Kai Neben, Anthony Ho, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Ute Hegenbart
Journal: Blood (2008)
Evidence That CXCR4+ Neural Tissue-Committed Stem Cells (TCSC) Reside/Hide out in the Bone Marrow and Are Mobilized into the Peripheral Blood during Stroke.
Authors: Magda Kucia, Zhang Y. Ping, Janina Ratajczak, Suzanne T. Ildstad, Chris Shields, Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
Journal: Blood (2004)
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Facilitate Immune Reconstitution After Allogeneic BMT In Mice.
Authors: Shintaro Mase, Ryosei Nishimura, Rie Kuroda, Hideaki Maeba, Kazuhito Naka, Raita Araki, Yasuhiro Ikawa, Shoichi Koizumi, Akihiro Yachie
Journal: Blood (2010)
Live attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation due to laboratory-confirmed influenza in children two to six years of age in England in the 2015/16 season
Authors: Richard Pebody, Bersabeh Sile, Fiona Warburton, Mary Sinnathamby, Camille Tsang, Hongxin Zhao, Joanna Ellis, Nick Andrews
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2017)

The United Kingdom is introducing a universal annual influenza vaccination programme for children. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalisation in 2 to 6 year-olds in England was measured in 2015/16 using the screening method. VE adjusted for age, geography and month was 54.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31.5% to 68.4%) for all influenza types combined; 48.3% (95% CI: 16.9% to 67.8%) for A(H1N1)pdm09 and 70.6% (95% CI: 33.2% to 87.1%) for B. The findings support on-going programme roll-out.
A New IV Busulfan Fixed Dosing as Part of BuMel or BuCy Conditioning Regimens: A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Study in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Autologous or Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.
Authors: Gilles Vassal, Hélène Esperou, Dominique Valteau-Couanet, Jean Claude Gentet, François Doz, Françoise Méchinaud, Claire Galambrun, Alain Fischer, Hamadi Zouabi, Laurent Nguyen, Gérard Michel
Journal: Blood (2005)
Efficacy and Safety Profile of Dabigatran Etexilate Compared with Enoxaparin in Primary Venous Thromboembolism Prevention after Total Knee or Hip Replacement Surgery in Patients Over 75 Years
Authors: Ola E Dahl, Andreas A Kurth, Nadia Rosencher, Janet Schnee, Andreas Clemens, Herbert Noack, Bengt I Eriksson
Journal: Blood (2008)
Immune Reconstitution In Six Adolescents With Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT)
Authors: Danielle E. Arnold, Kathleen E. Sullivan, Soma Jyonouchi, Alix E. Seif, Nancy Bunin, Jennifer Heimall
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017)
Impact of Comorbidity Index on Outcome with Allogeneic Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Cynthia L. Toze, Rauvynne N Sangara, Joseph M. Connors, Thomas J. Nevill, John D. Shepherd, Julye Lavoie, Michael J Barnett, Stephen H. Nantel, Nicholas Voss, Donna E. Hogge, Heather J. Sutherland, Donna L Forrest, Kevin W Song, Yasser Abou Mourad, Maryse M Power, Sujaatha Narayanan, Ryan Brinkman, Clayton Smith
Journal: Blood (2008)
Myelodisplastic Syndrome with Trysomy 21 IN A Patient with Constitutional Submicroscopic 21Q22 Deletion.
Authors: Irene Caliendo, Rosanna Di Concilio, Paolo Danise, Anna Guerriero, Anna Maria Aurino, Maria Amendolara, Giovanna d'Urzo, Luigia Luciano, Marcello Ingenito, Giovanni Amendola
Journal: Blood (2009)
Nutlin-3a, an MDM2 Antagonist, Induces Cellular Senescence in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Cells.
Authors: Hiroo Hasegawa, Yasuaki Yamada, Akiko Uemura, Kazuyuki Sugahara, Kazuto Tsuruda, Norihiko Akamatsu, Masato Masuda, Nobuyuki Takasu, Kunihiro Tsukasaki, Shimeru Kamihira
Journal: Blood (2006)
Drug Resistance and Bcr-Abl Kinase Domain Mutations In Philadelphia-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia From the Imatinib to the 2nd-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Era: The Main Changes Are In the Type of Mutations, but Not In the Frequency of Mutation Involvement
Authors: Simona Soverini, Alessandra Gnani, Caterina De Benedittis, Ilaria Iacobucci, Annalisa Lonetti, Cristina Papayannidis, Leonardo Potenza, Mario Luppi, Serena Merante, Michele Malagola, Domenico Russo, Mario Tiribelli, Marzia Salvucci, Alfonso Zaccaria, Barbara Giannini, Giovanni Poletti, Antonella Vitale, Loredana Elia, Marco Vignetti, Robin Foà, Michele Baccarani, Giovanni Martinelli
Journal: Blood (2011)
Control of the HSC Niche Signaling for the Efficient Long-Term Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells without Irradiation or High-Dose Chemotherapy.
Authors: Hiroki Yoshihara, Fumio Arai, Kentaro Hosokawa, Takao Takahashi, Hiroshi Miyazaki, Toshio Suda
Journal: Blood (2008)
Clinical Limitations of Surveillance Fluorine 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography According to Histologic Subtypes in Patients with Malignant Lymphoma Who Achieved Complete Remission
Authors: Yu Ri Kim, Soo-Jeong Kim, June-Won Cheong, Yundeok Kim, Ji Eun Jang, Jung Yeon Lee, Yoo Hong Min, Jin Seok Kim
Journal: Blood (2014)
Intrauterine Subdural Hemorrhage Associated with Profound Deficiency of the Vitamin K Dependent Clotting Factors in an Infant Homozygous for a Common Polymorphism in the Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex 1 (VKORC1) Promoter.
Authors: Nadav Schwartz, Johannes Oldenburg, David Hart, Michael Nardi, Ori Langer Most, Clarissa Bonanno, Ilan T. Timor-Tritsch, Margaret Karpatkin
Journal: Blood (2007)
118P A retrospective comparison of eribulin and capecitabine in patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer
Authors: N. Tsushita, T. Shimoi, H.S. Okuma, A. Kawachi, A. Kitano, T. Nishikawa, A. Shimomura, E. Noguchi, M. Kodaira, M. Yunokawa, K. Yonemori, C. Shimizu, Y. Fujiwara, K. Tamura
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
245P SOX15 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: An Iranian cohort study conducted over 10 years
Authors: S. Shahidsales, A. Moradi, F. Ghasemi, K. Anvari, S. Ahmadi-Simab, M.M. Forghanifard, M.T. Boroushaki, A. Avan
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
Impact of Age in the Outcome of Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Late Chronic Phase: Clinical and Molecular Results of a Phase II Study of the GIMEMA CML Working Party.
Authors: Giovanni Martinelli, Francesca Palandri, Ilaria Iacobucci, Simona Bassi, Fausto Castagnetti, Marilina Amabile, Daniela Cilloni, Angela Poerio, Simona Soverini, Giovanna Rege-Cambrin, Franco Iuliano, Giuliana Alimena, Roberto Latagliata, Nicoletta Testoni, Fabrizio Pane, Giuseppe Saglio, Gianantonio Rosti, Michele Baccarani
Journal: Blood (2006)
Assessment of follow-up decisions and care after BRCA testing.
Authors: Sara Sarwar Riaz, Samira Ahsan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

22 Background: Inherited mutations in BRCA1/2 genes render high risk of development of breast and ovarian cancers in affected individuals. A spectrum of risk reducing strategies exists inclusive of preventive measures as clinical and radiographic surveillance, hormonal therapies and prophylactic surgeries. Baseline prognostic parameters direct decisions regarding adoption of each approach. Methods: We aimed to study the pattern of clinico-preventive inclination among deleterious mutation carriers, with and without personal history of malignancies. Our mode of intervention was a phone survey conducted to elicit pertinent information from individuals with high risk penetrance mutations and to assess their choice and bias toward each strategy, primarily designed to abate the oncogenic potential inherent to these mutations. Results: Analysis of subjective and sequential data revealed that 5 out of the 7 mutation carriers had a personal history of breast or ovarian cancer. All 5 of these subjects opted for prophylactic mastectomy while 4 of them underwent prophylactic oophorectomy, detecting one additional cancer. 2 of the individuals preferred surveillance as their preventive program while none of the subjects chose hormonal therapy. In terms of demographics and lifestyle, 3 patients claimed to had increased their level of physical activity, 4 modified their dietary habits and 2 incorporated vitamins and herbal supplements into their regimen. 6 of the subjects felt adequately supported while 1 individual relayed concerns regarding inadequate insurance coverage. None of the subjects felt their follow up decisions were influenced by their annual income or coverage plans. Conclusions: Decisions regarding adopting least to most aggressive measures are highly influenced by personal history of cancer shifting the focus from quality to quantity of life. Prophylactic mastectomy reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer by 90% and oophorectomy by 50%. Estrogen and progestrogen receptors are infrequently expressed in BRCA related tumors rendering hormonal therapy less effective. Lifestyle modification and stringent surveillance are evolving areas of preventive oncology, however, their effectiveness remains to be elucidated.
IMST-12. INVESTIGATION INTO MECHANISMS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN GLIOMA
Authors: Peter Abel
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2016)

Glioblastoma induces immunosuppressive effects by several, redundant mechanisms, TGF-β/VEGF signalling pathway, IL-2Rα/CD25-mediated, CTLA-4/PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint interaction and STAT3 activation. All of these mechanisms have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets for glioblastoma treatment in various clinical and preclinical trials. Tregs are a subset of CD4+ T cells that infiltrate tumours. They suppress proliferation and activity of effector T cells. Treg frequency increases with increasing WHO grade. Tregs and effector T cells express co-inhibitory PD-1 receptor and in melanoma can be divided into 3 compartments by expression levels of FoxP CD45RA and CD25;1. FoxP3(lo)CD45RA+CD25(lo) – naïve Treg cells,2. FoxP3 (hi)CD45RA-CD25(hi) – highly suppressive,3. FoxP3 (lo)CD45RA-CD25(lo) – non-suppressive. Serum from 34 high grade and 34 low grade glioma patients, were analysed for the concentration of TGF-β, PD1 and its ligand PD-L1 along with 33 control sera from non-cancerous patients using an ELISA technique. Tissue samples embedded in paraffin wax from the same patients were also examined for the presence of IL-2Rα using immuno-histochemistry. Treg cells from these patients were isolated from buffy coat preparations and were examined using a flow cytometric technique. There were significant differences in the measured analytes between sera of glioma patients of low and high grade and non-cancerous control patients. Tumour tissue also revealed increased expression of the IL-2 receptor. Treg cells displayed compartmentalisation into several subtypes. These results suggest that specific protein levels can be used to detect and confirm a glioma diagnosis as well as to distinguish between low and high grade gliomas. These results may also be used to predict tumour recurrence and transformation between low and high grade gliomas. There was an interesting up-regulation of the IL-2 receptor on tumour cells which indicates that these cells may have a role in immunosuppression and immunosurveillance.