Abstract 93: Transcriptional control of glucocorticoid responses in leukemia
Authors: Lai N. Chan, Zhengshan Chen, Gang Xiao, Jae Woong Lee, Kadriye Nehir Cosgun, Huimin Geng, Valeria Cazzaniga, Hilde Schjerven, Ross A. Dickins, Markus Muschen
Journal: Cancer Research (2017)

Abstract Glucocorticoids (GCs) are central to all major therapy regimens for pre-B cell-derived acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but have no activity in myeloid leukemia. Such divergent responses represent an empirically established clinical standard; however, neither the mechanism by which GCs induce cell death nor the biological basis for the distinct responses in B-cell and myeloid leukemias is clear. Studying patient-derived samples revealed that NR3C1 (glucocorticoid receptor) levels were 6- to 20-fold higher in pre-B ALL compared to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). High levels of Nr3c1 were reduced upon B- to myeloid-lineage conversion, suggesting that regulation of NR3C1 expression and GC responsiveness depend on a B-cell transcriptional program. B-cell transcription factors (e.g. PAX5, IKZF1) are critical for B-cell development, yet they are genetically lesioned in more than 80% of pre-B ALL cases. Despite such high frequency, the significance of these inactivating lesions remains elusive. Combining ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses, we identified a novel B-cell transcriptional program for activation of NR3C1 and its transcriptional target TXNIP (a negative regulator of glucose uptake). Reconstitution of PAX5 or IKZF1 expression in haploinsufficient patient-derived pre-B ALL cells increased NR3C1 and TXNIP levels. Conversely, expression of dominant negative mutant of PAX5 or IKZF1 abolished NR3C1 expression. Loss of Nr3c1 or Txnip in murine BCR-ABL1-driven pre-B ALL cells resulted in survival advantage in competitive growth assays. Importantly, loss of Nr3c1 or Txnip significantly elevated glucose uptake, lactate production and cellular ATP levels. These findings suggest that GCs induce cell death by exacerbating glucose and energy depletion. Notably, reconstitution of PAX5 or IKZF1 rendered haploinsufficient patient-derived pre-B ALL cells more sensitive to dexamethasone (dex) treatment. In contrast, dominant-negative PAX5 or IKZF1 largely de-sensitized pre-B ALL cells expressing wildtype PAX5 or IKZF1. These findings suggest that B-cell transcription factors set the threshold for GC responsiveness in pre-B ALL. Since relapsed ALL cells often acquire GC resistance, drug-combinations may be useful to prevent GC-resistance. As expected, loss of Nr3c1 abrogated responses to GCs. Interestingly, loss of Txnip also largely rescued GC-induced cell death in pre-B ALL cells. On this basis, we tested drug interactions between GCs and TXNIP agonists, 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG) and D-allose. Treating patient-derived GC-refractory pre-B ALL cells with 3-OMG or D-allose strongly synergized with GC-treatment. Collectively, our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the empiric finding that GCs are effective in the treatment of B-cell but not myeloid malignancies, and identify TXNIP as a novel therapeutic target in pre-B ALL. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Lai N. Chan, Zhengshan Chen, Gang Xiao, Jae Woong Lee, Kadriye Nehir Cosgun, Huimin Geng, Valeria Cazzaniga, Hilde Schjerven, Ross A. Dickins, Markus Muschen. Transcriptional control of glucocorticoid responses in leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 93. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-93