tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A nationwide analysis of hospitalized patients with malignancy-related Sweet syndrome (MRSS).
Authors: Yuzhou Liu, Mohammad Ghanbar, Changchuan Jiang, Qian Wang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2018)

e18742 Background: Sweet syndrome (SS) is rare but commonly associated with malignancy. Due to the lack of a national dataset, only institutional-level retrospective studies have been published. In the 4th quarter of 2015, Nationwide Inpatient Sample(NIS) started to employ the ICD-10-CM code which allows for exploration of the characteristics of SS patients with a nationally representative database. Methods: 89 patients with SS in the 4th quarter of 2015 were identified with the NIS, representing 445 patients nationally. Those with concurrent cancer were categorized as MRSS. The characteristics of MRSS patients were described and compared against patients with non-malignancy-related Sweet Syndrome (NMRSS). Results: Among all SS patients, 26 patients (representing 130 patients nationally) had cancer. The incidence rate of hospitalization for MRSS was 0.00002 per 1000 patient year. The mean age of MRSS patients was 62.4 years old. 38.4% of the patients were female, 88.5% were white, 15.4% had a low income and 84.6% was admitted to urban teaching hospitals. 7.8% of the patients died during the hospitalization with a mean length of stay of 20.7 days. The mean total hospitalization cost was 45520 US dollars. Among the patients with MRSS, 16 patients had AML, 3 had NHL, 1 had ET, 1 had MDS, 1 had prostate cancer, 1 had breast cancer, 1 had lung cancer, 1 had endometrium cancer and 1 had secondary malignancy of lung. No statistical significance was found in age, gender, race, income, hospital teaching/location status or length of stay between MRSS and NMRSS. However, MRSS patients tended to be older (62.4 vs 52.9-year-old, P = 0.06) and be male (61.5% vs 41.3%, P = 0.08). Total hospitalization cost of MRSS patients was higher (45520.0 vs 19720.4 US dollar, P = 0.02). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observational study of SS at national level. Our study showed that MRSS represents around 30% of the nationwide patients. Sweet syndrome was more likely to occur in hematologic malignancies with AML being the most common cause. MRSS patients tended to be male and older, with hospitalization cost being significantly higher.
Publisher Correction: Pan-genome analysis highlights the extent of genomic variation in cultivated and wild rice
Authors: Qiang Zhao, Qi Feng, Hengyun Lu, Yan Li, Ahong Wang, Qilin Tian, Qilin Zhan, Yiqi Lu, Lei Zhang, Tao Huang, Yongchun Wang, Danlin Fan, Yan Zhao, Ziqun Wang, Congcong Zhou, Jiaying Chen, Chuanrang Zhu, Wenjun Li, Qijun Weng, Qun Xu, Zi-Xuan Wang, Xinghua Wei, Bin Han, Xuehui Huang
Journal: Nature Genetics (2018)
Abstract 12011: Risk of Infective Endocarditis in Patients Receiving Chronic Renal Replacement Therapy - a Nationwide Study
Authors: Mavish S Chaudry, Gunnar Gislason, Anne-Lise Kamper, Marianne Rix, Niels E Bruun
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction:  Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious complication in patients receiving chronic renal replacement therapy (RRT), and renal failure is a well-known prognostic factor indicating a poor outcome in IE. We compared occurrence and risk factors of IE in nationwide cohort of patients with end-stage renal failure treated with haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and kidney transplantation (KT) respectively.   Methods:  In total 10,612 patients initiated renal replacement therapy in the period from January 1st, 1996 to December 31st, 2012. The primary treatment modality, HD, PD or KT and changes during follow-up were identified. IE was identified in the Danish Patient Registry and risk and incidence rates were calculated according to the time interval in the various treatment modalities. Risk factors for IE were analyzed in multivariable Cox regression analysis according to renal replacement treatment modality.   Results:  The overall incidence rate of IE was 314.4/100,000 person-years in patients receiving RRT. The incidence rate was highest in patients receiving HD 594.2/100,000 person-years, for PD 75.8/100,000 person-years and for KT 57.6/100,000 person-years. The adjusted Cox regression analysis found hazard ratio (HR) for IE in HD patients of 5.14 (95% CI 3.13-8.42) and 0.41 (95% CI 0.19-0.88) for the KT recipients, respectively, compared to patients in PD. Previous valvular disease, diabetes and previous IE were significant risk factors of IE, (Fig.).   Conclusion:  Patients receiving renal replacement therapy have a high incidence of IE, in particular during treatment with HD. Heart valve disease, diabetes- and previous IE prior to start of renal replacement therapy are significant risk factors for developing subsequent IE.
Efficacy of mirtazapine in preventing delayed nausea and vomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy: An open-label, randomized, multicenter phase III trial.
Authors: Jun Cao, Biyun Wang, Zhonghua Wang, Jian Zhang, Leiping Wang, Enying Cao, Yannan Zhao, Zhe Feng, Quchang Ouyang, Shusen Wang, Xichun Hu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2018)

1078 Background: We examined the efficacy of mirtazapine for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting in patients who received highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). Methods: Patients with breast cancer who experienced delayed emesis after receiving AC or cisplatin containing regimens, and would subsequently accept at least 3 cycles of the same chemotherapy were randomly assigned to a mirtazapine group (15 mg daily on days 2 to 4) or control group, both with aprepitant, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone (7.5 mg on day 2 to 4). Primary end point was complete response (CR) to vomiting (no emesis and no rescue treatments) in the delayed phase (25 to 120 h). Secondary end points included CR during acute (0 to 24 h) and overall (0 to 120 h) periods, complete control (CC) (no emesis, no rescue medication use, and no more than grade 1 nausea) during the 3 periods above. Results: The study was closed early in January, 2018 due to the slow enrollment. Of 95 patients, 46 in the mirtazapine group and 49 in the control group. Compared with control group in the 1st cycle, delayed and overall CR rates were significantly higher with mirtazapine: 78.3% versus 49.0% (P = 0.003) and 58.7% versus 34.7% (P = 0.019), respectively. Similar result was observed in the 3rd cycle, which showed that delayed CR rates was significantly higher with mirtazapine: 88.2% versus 55.0%, respectively (P = 0.010). Delayed and overall CC rates were significantly higher with mirtazapine both in the 1st and 2nd cycles: 76.1% versus 49.0% (P = 0.006) and 56.5% versus 32.7% (P = 0.019), respectively in the 1st cycle and 70.0% versus 45.7% (P = 0.049) and 50.0% versus 25.7% (P = 0.043), respectively in the 2nd cycle. In the 3rd cycle, delayed CC rates was significantly higher with mirtazapine: 88.2% versus 50.0% (P = 0.010). Adverse effects were mild to moderate. The mirtazapine group had increased somnolence and weight gain. Conclusions: Mirtazapine with aprepitant, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and dexamethasone significantly improved HEC-induced delayed nausea and vomiting prevention in patients with breast cancer who experienced delayed emesis in the same chemotherapy previously. Clinical trial information: NCT02336750.
HEMODYNAMIC CORRELATES OF BLOOD PRESSURE ACROSS THE ADULT AGE SPECTRUM: NONINVASIVE EVALUATION IN THE JACKSON HEART STUDY
Authors: F. Washington, Yuichiro Yano, Solomon K. Musani, Connie Tsao, Leroy L. Cooper, Naomi M. Hamburg, Emelia Benjamin, Vasan Ramachandran, Gary Mitchell, Ervin Fox
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2018)
Cannabis allergy: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: I. I. Decuyper, M. A. Faber, H. Lapeere, C. Mertens, H. P. Rihs, A. L. Van Gasse, M. M. Hagendorens, V. Sabato, C. H. Bridts, L. De Clerck, D. G. Ebo
Journal: Allergy (2018)

All authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Low energy availability surrogates correlate with health and performance consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport
Authors: Kathryn E Ackerman, Bryan Holtzman, Katherine M Cooper, Erin F Flynn, Georgie Bruinvels, Adam S Tenforde, Kristin L Popp, Andrew J Simpkin, Allyson L Parziale
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2018)

Low energy availability (EA) is suspected to be the underlying cause of both the Female Athlete Triad and the more recently defined syndrome, Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) defined RED-S as a syndrome of health and performance impairments resulting from an energy deficit. While the importance of adequate EA is generally accepted, few studies have attempted to understand whether low EA is associated with the health and performance consequences posited by the IOC.The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association of low EA with RED-S health and performance consequences in a large clinical population of female athletes.One thousand female athletes (15-30 years) completed an online questionnaire and were classified as having low or adequate EA. The associations between low EA and the health and performance factors listed in the RED-S models were evaluated using chi-squared test and the odds ratios were evaluated using binomial logistic regression (p<0.05).Athletes with low EA were more likely to be classified as having increased risk of menstrual dysfunction, poor bone health, metabolic issues, haematological detriments, psychological disorders, cardiovascular impairment and gastrointestinal dysfunction than those with adequate EA. Performance variables associated with low EA included decreased training response, impaired judgement, decreased coordination, decreased concentration, irritability, depression and decreased endurance performance.These findings demonstrate that low EA measured using self-report questionnaires is strongly associated with many health and performance consequences proposed by the RED-S models.
Daily oxymetazoline cream demonstrates high and sustained efficacy in patients with persistent erythema of rosacea through 52 weeks of treatment
Authors: Michael H. Gold, Mark Lebwohl, Brian S. Biesman, Deanne Mraz Robinson, Lei Luo, David R. Berk, Gurpreet Ahluwalia, Nancy Alvandi
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2018)
Successful use of buprenorphine/naloxone to treat opioid addiction after cancer therapy.
Authors: Natalie Moryl
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2018)

126 Background: Cancer pain prevalence is 55-70% and it is treated with opioids. Tapering opioids after completion of cancer treatment may be complicated by addiction, one of the known side effects of chronic opioid use. To improve access to addiction treatment Suboxone has become widely available to patients with addiction and non-malignant pain. We present a case series of successful use of Suboxone in cancer survivors and patients. Methods: Our comprehensive cancer center (CCC) Pain Registry contains patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes for a prospective cohort of 2320 chronic pain cancer patients seen in 2011-2016 in outpatient palliative and pain service clinics. We respectively reviewed the database and EMR to evaluate prevalence of addiction and use of Suboxone in cancer pain patients. Results: Of 134 (6%) patients with ICD-9/10 diagnosis of opioid dependence 11 (8%) patients received Suboxone. Eight were male and average age was 55. Eight patients were cancer survivors, one with stable metastatic prostate cancer and two developed end-stage bladder and breast cancer. Eight cancer survivors and one patient with stable metastatic prostate remained on Suboxone and received no other opioids. The two patients with advanced cancers were ultimately taken off Suboxone and discharged to hospice on TD fentanyl and hydromorphone. Suboxone was prescribed by outside prescribers for eight patients and by a CCC certified Suboxone prescriber for three patients: 75-y-o female dependent on morphine for over 10 years was successfully tapered off morphine and ultimately off Suboxone, 51-y-o lymphoma survivor remains in stable remission for addiction, and a 67-y-o man with stable metastatic prostate cancer and stable remission for addiction has been refusing opioids other than Suboxone for 2 years. Conclusions: Although cancer patients are appropriately exempt from CDC opioid guidelines cancer patients with comorbid addiction may benefit from stopping opioids when pain resolves. In addition to screening for opioid use disorder, use of Suboxone may further improve care for the patients with cancer pain and addiction and increase safety for the caregivers and community.
OC-063 Gut microbiota-host bile acid metabolism interactions in clostridium difficile infection: the explanation for the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation?
Authors: BH Mullish, Jak McDonald, DH Kao, JR Allegretti, EO Petrof, A Pechlivanis, GF Barker, SR Atkinson, Hrt Williams, Thursz, JR Marchesi
Journal: Gut (2017)

Introduction  Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) effectively treats recurrent  Clostridium difficile  infection (CDI), yet the mechanisms underlying its efficacy are poorly-defined.  In vitro,  conjugated primary bile salts (i.e. taurocholic acid) promote the germination of  C. difficile , whilst secondary bile salts (i.e. deoxycholic acid) inhibit vegetative growth of the organism. As gut microbiota-derived enzymes (i.e. bile salt hydrolases (BSH)) are responsible for bile acid metabolism  in vivo,  we hypothesised that the efficacy of FMT may reflect transfer of BSH-producing bacteria, with restoration of a gut bile acid profile that inhibit germination/vegetative growth of  C. difficile .  Method  Faecal samples were collected from patients with recurrent CDI pre-FMT (n = 26), at 8–12 weeks after successful FMT, and also from stool donors (n = 17). Bacterial DNA was used for microbial profiling (via 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and for qPCR of BSH genes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for bile acid profiling. BSH enzyme activity was established using a plate-based precipitation assay.  Results  Microbial and bile acid profiles from pre-FMT patients were markedly different to those found in the post-FMT and donor groups (p  0.001, PERMANOVA); qPCR confirmed enrichment of BSH-producing organisms post-FMT. Taurocholic acid levels were elevated (and deoxycholic acid levels reduced) pre-FMT compared to donors and post-FMT (p  0.001, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). By Spearman’s rank, abundance of BSH-producing bacteria negatively correlated with taurocholic acid and positively correlated with deoxycholic acid levels (Figure 1), with p  0.05 for this correlation for levels of both bile acids with  Bacteroides vulgatus, Blautia obeum, Dorea longicatena,  and  Eubacterium rectale . Stool BSH activity was negligible pre-FMT, but was significantly increased post-FMT (p  0.002, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney).  Conclusion  The gut microbiota is enriched with BSH-producing bacterial species post-FMT for CDI, and these organisms are present within the gut microbiota of donors. The increased relative abundance of BSH-producing organisms post-FMT was negatively correlated with gut taurocholic acid levels, positively correlated with deoxycholic acid levels, and associated with increased BSH activity. These data collectively support a hypothesis of transfer of BSH-producing organisms during FMT linked to reconstitution of a gut bile acid profile unfavourable to the germination and growth of  C. difficile .  Disclosure of Interest  None Declared
Preliminary report of a phase 1b/2a trial, an oral inhibitor of phosphorylated P68 (P-p68) which mediates β-catenin nuclear translocation in advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).
Authors: Jennifer Robinson Diamond, Pavani Chalasani, Eleni Andreopoulou, William Larry Gluck, Rita Nanda, Christine Peterson, Ely Benaim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2018)

1097 Background: RX-5902 is a novel oral anti-cancer compound targeting phosphorylated p68 (P-p68) (RNA helicase DDX5, a member of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases) affecting the Wnt canonical pathway. P-p68 may play a role in cell proliferation and cancer progression by blocking the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. RX-5902 inhibits tumor growth and enhances survival in numerous xenograft animal models, including breast, melanoma and ovarian. Methods: This is a Phase 1b/2a trial in patients with previously treated advanced triple-negative breast cancer. Eligible subjects received 250 mg of RX-5902 orally for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days off and continued until unacceptable toxicity or disease progression. Primary objectives include efficacy and safety of the recommended phase 2 dose and schedule, as was previously determined in the phase 1 study. A pre-planned interim analysis will be performed when 10 response evaluable subjects have been enrolled and have completed 4 cycles of therapy or have discontinued therapy due to progressive disease. Tumor imaging is performed every 2 cycles. If at least 2 objective responses are seen in the first 10 evaluable patients, enrollment will continue to stage 2 of the Phase 2a portion of the study. Results: As of Feb 2018, 11 subjects with TNBC were enrolled and treated in Stage 1 of the Phase 2a component. These subjects had received a median of 3 prior therapies (range 2 to 6). Preliminary evidence after 2 cycles of therapy showed 5 subjects with stable disease as the best overall response; 3 subjects had progressive disease, 2 subjects stopped therapy early and 1 subject just started treatment. One subject had a tumor reduction of 18.2% and 1 subject remains on study with stable disease for 5 cycles. The most common related adverse events, were Grade (G)1/2 nausea (2.8%), G1 vomiting (1.8%), G1/G2 diarrhea (1.8%) and G1/G2/G3 fatigue (4.6%). Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests that oral administration of RX-5902 at 250 mg/day appears safe and well tolerated. Early anti-tumor activity was observed in 1 patient. Recruitment to Phase 2 is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02003092.
포스터 발표 : C형 간염 환자 혈청에서 Real-Time RT-PCR을 이용한 HCV RNA 정량
Authors: 왕진상, 윤승규, 류종순, 김창욱, 한준열, 안병민, 이영석, 이창돈, 차상복, 정규원, 선희식
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2003)

배경/목적: 혈중내 C형 간염 바이러스(Hepatitis C Virus, HCV)의 정량은 임상적 경과나 항바이러스 치료후 예후 판정에 중요한 역할을 한다. 하지만 HCV는 혈중내 매우 미미한 농도로 존재하는 경우가 많아 일반적인 효소면역법이나 방사성 면역법에 의한 정량은 불가하고 경쟁적 역전사-중합효소연쇄반응(competitive RT-PCR)으로 정량이 가능하나 정확한 copy수를 계산하는 특이도에 문제가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 또한 상업적으로 이용되는 kit로 정량하는 것은 경제적 측면에서 환자에게 많은 부담을 주는 것 같다. 최근 보다 경제적이고 정확한 방법으로 실시간 역전사-중합효소연쇄반응(Real-Time RT-PCR)이 개발되어 임상에서 응용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Taqman probe 와 i-cycler (BMS) 를 이용한 실시간 역전사-중합효소연쇄반응을 사용하여 HCV RNA를 정량하여 기존의 방법과 비교 분석하였다 대상과 방법: 만성 C형 간염 환자 64명, 간 경변증 환자 13명, 간암 환자 4명을 대상으로 하여 환자의 혈청에서 바이러스성 리보핵산을 추출한 후 C형 간염 바이러스의 5말단의 비 암호화된 부위에 결합하는 소식자와 이 소식자들 사이에 위치하는 이중 표식된 형광 탐침을 사용하여, 역전사 중합효소 반응에 의해 HCV RNA의 증폭시 발색되는 형광염료의 양을 측정하는 방법으로 HCV RNA를 정량하였다. 각 표본들에서의 정확한 HCV RNA copy수를 측정하기 위해 일련의 합성 HCV RNA 표준량을 5개의 희석 배수(103-107)로 하여 기본곡선으로 사용하였으며 각각의 표본들은 3회 반복 실험하였다. 또한 이들 중 10개의 표본들을 bDNA 법으로 정량하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 81명의 환자들을 대상으로 하여 HCV RNA를 정량 분석한 결과 최저 5.0과 최고 9.5사이의 범위에 포함되었다. 이들 기본 곡선의 계수는 평균 0.98이었다. bDNA 법으로 분석한 HCV RNA 정량 결과 정량에서의 차이는 거의 없었으나 본 연구에서의 Taqman 방법에서는 102 copies/mL 정도의 낮은 copy수까지 검출할 수 있었다. 결론: Tagman 방법을 사용한 Real-Time RT-PCR 은 HCV RNA 정량에 높은 민감성과 간단성, 재현성을 보이고 있다. 이는 많은 수의 표본들을 집단 검진하기에 매우 효율적이며 또한 임상적인 치료과정 중에도 바이러스성 RNA를 효과적으로 측정하여 C형 간염 환자들의 진단 및 치료에 도움이 될 것이라고 생각된다.
The present and future of cardiac arrest care: international experts reach out to caregivers and healthcare authorities
Authors: Jerry P. Nolan, Robert A. Berg, Clifton W. Callaway, Laurie J. Morrison, Vinay Nadkarni, Gavin D. Perkins, Claudio Sandroni, Markus B. Skrifvars, Jasmeet Soar, Kjetil Sunde, Alain Cariou
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2018)
Prevalence of Clonal Hematopoiesis Mutations in Tumor-Only Clinical Genomic Profiling of Solid Tumors
Authors: Ryan N. Ptashkin, Diana L. Mandelker, Catherine C. Coombs, Kelly Bolton, Zarina Yelskaya, David M. Hyman, David B. Solit, José Baselga, Maria E. Arcila, Marc Ladanyi, Liying Zhang, Ross L. Levine, Michael F. Berger, Ahmet Zehir
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2018)

Although clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is well described in aging healthy populations, few studies have addressed the practical clinical implications of these alterations in solid-tumor sequencing.To identify and quantify CH-related mutations in patients with solid tumors using matched tumor-blood sequencing, and to establish the proportion that would be misattributed to the tumor based on tumor-only sequencing (unmatched analysis).Retrospective analysis of samples from 17 469 patients with solid cancers who underwent prospective clinical sequencing of DNA isolated from tumor tissue and matched peripheral blood using the MSK-IMPACT assay between January 2014 and August 2017.We identified the presence of CH-related mutations in each patient's blood leukocytes and quantified the fraction of DNA molecules harboring the mutation in the corresponding matched tumor sample.The mean age of the 17 469 patients with cancer at sample collection was 59.2 years (range, 0.3-98.9 years); 53.6% were female. We identified 7608 CH-associated mutations in the blood of 4628 (26.5%) patients. A total of 1075 (14.1%) CH-associated mutations were also detectable in the matched tumor above established thresholds for calling somatic mutations. Overall, 912 (5.2%) patients would have had at least 1 CH-associated mutation erroneously called as tumor derived in the absence of matched blood sequencing. A total of 1061 (98.7%) of these mutations were absent from population scale databases of germline polymorphisms and therefore would have been challenging to filter informatically. Annotating variants with OncoKB classified 534 (49.7%) as oncogenic or likely oncogenic.This study demonstrates how CH-derived mutations could lead to erroneous reporting and treatment recommendations when tumor-only sequencing is used.
Computed tomography quantification of emphysema in people living with HIV and uninfected controls
Authors: Andreas Ronit, Thomas Kristensen, Vilde S. Hoseth, Dalia Abou-Kassem, Jørgen T. Kühl, Thomas Benfield, Jan Gerstoft, Shoaib Afzal, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Jens D. Lundgren, Jørgen Vestbo, Klaus F. Kofoed, Susanne D. Nielsen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2018)

People living with HIV (PLWH) may be more susceptible to the development of emphysema than uninfected individuals. We assessed prevalence and risk factors for emphysema in PLWH and uninfected controls. Spirometry and chest computed tomography scans were obtained in PLWH from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV Infection (COCOMO) study and in uninfected controls from the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS) who were &gt;40 years. Emphysema was quantified using a low attenuation area &lt; −950 Hounsfield units (%LAA-950) and the 15th percentile density index (PD15) and assessed by semi-quantitative visual scales. Of 742 PLWH, 21.2% and 4.7% had emphysema according to the %LAA-950 threshold with cut-offs at 5% and 10%, respectively. Of 470 uninfected controls, these numbers were 24.3% (p=0.23) and 4.0% (p=0.68). HIV was not associated with emphysema (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.68–2.36 for %LAA-950 &gt;10%) by PD15 or by visually assessed emphysema. We found no interaction between HIV and cumulative smoking. Breathlessness and sputum production were more common in PLWH with emphysema, and emphysema seemed to be more prevalent in PLWH with airflow limitation. HIV was therefore not independently associated with emphysema, but the clinical impact of emphysema was greater in PLWH than in uninfected controls.