Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014
Authors: Jon Baio, Lisa Wiggins, Deborah L. Christensen, Matthew J Maenner, Julie Daniels, Zachary Warren, Margaret Kurzius-Spencer, Walter Zahorodny, Cordelia Robinson, None Rosenberg, Tiffany White, Maureen S. Durkin, Pamela Imm, Loizos Nikolaou, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp, Li-Ching Lee, Rebecca Harrington, Maya Lopez, Robert T. Fitzgerald, Amy Hewitt, Sydney Pettygrove, John N. Constantino, Alison Vehorn, Josephine Shenouda, Jennifer Hall-Lande, Kim Van, None Naarden, None Braun, Nicole F. Dowling
Journal: MMWR Surveillance Summaries (2018)

Description of System:The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance system that provides estimates of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians reside within 11 ADDM sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin).ADDM surveillance is conducted in two phases.The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by professional service providers in the community.Staff completing record review and abstraction receive extensive training and supervision and are evaluated according to strict reliability standards to certify effective initial training, identify ongoing training needs, and ensure adherence to the prescribed methodology.Record review and abstraction occurs in a variety of data sources ranging from general pediatric health clinics to specialized programs serving children with developmental disabilities.In addition, most of the ADDM sites also review records for children who have received special education services in public schools.In the second phase of the study, all abstracted information is reviewed systematically by experienced clinicians to determine ASD case status.A child is considered to meet the surveillance case definition for ASD if he or she displays behaviors, as described on one or more comprehensive evaluations completed by community-based professional providers, consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder; pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, including atypical autism); or Asperger disorder.This report provides updated ASD prevalence estimates for children aged 8 years during the 2014 surveillance year, on the basis of DSM-IV-TR criteria, and describes characteristics of the population of children with ASD.In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which made considerable changes to ASD diagnostic criteria.The change in ASD diagnostic criteria might influence ADDM ASD prevalence estimates; therefore, most (85%) of the records used to determine prevalence estimates based on DSM-IV-TR criteria underwent additional review under a newly operationalized surveillance case definition for ASD consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.Children meeting this new surveillance case definition could qualify on the basis of one or both of the following criteria, as documented in abstracted comprehensive evaluations: 1) behaviors consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic features; and/or 2) an ASD diagnosis, whether based on DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.Stratified comparisons of the number of children meeting either of these two case definitions also are reported.