tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Helioscopianoids A–Q, bioactive jatrophane diterpenoid esters from Euphorbia helioscopia
Authors: Zhenpeng Mai, Gang Ni, Yanfei Liu, Zhao Zhang, Li Li, Naihong Chen, Dequan Yu
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2018)

The EtOH extracts of the whole plants of Euphorbia helioscopia afforded 17 new jatrophane diterpenoid esters, helioscopianoids A-Q (1-17), along with eight known compounds (18-25). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD analysis, and the structures of compounds 1, 2, and 7 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 1-17 were evaluated for inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in an adriamycin (ADM)-resistant human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7/ADR) and neuroprotective effects against serum deprivation-induced and rotenone-induced PC12 cell damage. Compounds 8 and 16 increased the accumulation of ADM in MCF-7/ADR cells by approximately 3-fold at a concentration of 20 μmol/L. Compound 8 could attenuate rotenone-induced PC12 cell damage, and compounds 2, 8, and 12 showed neuroprotective activities against serum deprivation-induced PC12 cell damage.
Effects of Smoking Versus Nonsmoking on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism in Heavy Smokers Compared With Nonsmokers
Authors: Magnus F. Grøndahl, Jonatan I. Bagger, Asger Lund, Annesofie Faurschou, Jens F. Rehfeld, Jens J. Holst, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip K. Knop
Journal: Diabetes Care (2018)

OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies suggest that smoking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that smoking-derived nicotine and ensuing activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and the autonomic nervous system would have a detrimental effect on postprandial glucose metabolism and, thus, potentially constitute a link between smoking and the development of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We subjected 11 male heavy smokers to two identical 4-h liquid mixed-meal tests: one with concomitant cigarette smoking (immediately before and after meal intake) and one without smoking. Twelve age-, sex-, and BMI-matched nonsmokers underwent an identical meal test without smoking. RESULTS The smokers were characterized by higher fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon compared with the nonsmokers. Among smokers, cigarette smoking before and after the meal significantly reduced postprandial plasma glucose excursions. There were no differences in gut or pancreatic hormone concentrations between the test days in the smoking group, and the responses were similar to those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that smoking in association with meal intake decreases the postprandial plasma glucose concentrations, possibly through decreased gastric emptying, and that elevated fasting glucagon concentrations rather than smoking-induced alterations in postprandial glucose and hormone responses may be associated with the elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in chronic smokers.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ESD USING CLUTCH CUTTER® FOR GASTROINTESTINAL SUBEPITHELIAL LESIONS
Authors: K Inamura, K Akahoshi, M Kubokawa, J Gibo, K Yodoe, S Osada, K Tokumaru
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ESD using Clutch Cutter® (CC) for gastrointestinal subepithelial lesion (SEL).
Polysomnography versus limited respiratory monitoring and nurse-led titration to optimise non-invasive ventilation set-up: a pilot randomised clinical trial
Authors: Maxime Patout, Gill Arbane, Antoine Cuvelier, Jean Francois Muir, Nicholas Hart, Patrick Brian Murphy
Journal: Thorax (2018)

Polysomnography (PSG) is recommended for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) set-up in patients with chronic respiratory failure. In this pilot randomised clinical trial, we compared the physiological effectiveness of NIV set-up guided by PSG to limited respiratory monitoring (LRM) and nurse-led titration in patients with COPD-obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) overlap. The principal outcome of interest was change in daytime arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) at 3 months. Fourteen patients with daytime PaCO2 >6 kPa and body mass index >30 kg/m2 were recruited. At 3 months, PaCO2 was reduced by -0.88 kPa (95% CI -1.52 to -0.24 kPa) in the LRM group and by -0.36 kPa (95% CI -0.96 to 0.24 kPa) in the PSG group. These pilot data provide support to undertake a clinical trial investigating the clinical effectiveness of attended limited respiratory monitoring and PSG to establish NIV in patients with COPD-OSA overlap. TRIAL NUMBER: Results, NCT02444806.
Genotype vs Clinically Guided Dosing of Warfarin to Prevent Adverse Events
Authors: Xu Han-You
Journal: JAMA (2018)

To the Editor Dr Gage and colleagues1 found that genotype-guided warfarin dosing compared with clinically guided dosing reduced clinical events and improved anticoagulation control among patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. I have a few concerns about the research and statistical methods.
ACCURACY OF IMAGING SCORING INDEXES IN PEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE PATIENTSACCURACY OF IMAGING SCORING INDEXES IN PEDIATRIC CROHN'S DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: G Hauser, V Licul, B Candrlic, G Palcevski, D Stimac
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Our aim was to correlate findings obtained from MRE and VCE with Paediatric Crohn's disease Activity Index (PDCAI) at the time of disease presentation.
ENDOSCOPY TIMING IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING: THE EARLIER THE BETTER?
Authors: G Alexandrino, T Dias Domingues, R Carvalho, M Nuno Costa, L Lourenço, J Reis
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

The role of urgent (very early) endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is still a matter of debate. As it is difficult to conduct RCTs in this field, observational studies are important to clarify this issue. We aimed to assess whether patients have different outcomes with urgent (≤12 hours) compared with non-urgent (> 12 hours) endoscopy. Since most studies focus in patients with nonvariceal UGIB and prior to endoscopy we can only suspect the etiology, we evaluated the relationship between timing of endoscopy and clinical outcomes in all patients, regardless the cause of UGIB.
Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa in the Rectum
Authors: D. Castellanos, P. Menchen, M. López de la Riva, G. Clemente, Mc. Senen, L. Rabago, Mc. Garcia Andrade, R. Alcalá-Santaella
Journal: Endoscopy (1984)

A case of an ulcer of the rectum in a 20-year-old patient with rectal pain and rectal bleeding is reported. Histological examination of the endoscopic biopsy showed the presence of gastric or fundic mucosa. The patient was treated with Cimetidine and alkaline drugs, with positive results. Ulcer cicatrization was verified at subsequent endoscopic examinations, and biopsies obtained at different levels of the colon revealed a normal histological picture.
ENDOSCOPIC FULL-THICKNESS RESECTION (EFTR) USING FTRD SYSTEM FOR COLONIC LESIONS. EVALUATION OF THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES
Authors: H Uchima, D Barquero, A Fernandez, C Huertas, X Andujar, M Figa, C Loras, J Espinos, A Mata
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Clinical, endoscopic, anatomopathological and technique evaluation data of all cases of EFTR performed in 3 centers in Catalonia using the FTRD system set (Ovesco Endoscopy, Tübingen, Germany) were collected prospectively during the period between June 2015 and October 2017.
Technical comment on “Synovial fibroblast-neutrophil interactions promote pathogenic adaptive immunity in rheumatoid arthritis”
Authors: A. J. Salinger, M. L. Dubuke, C. Carmona-Rivera, A. J. Maurais, S. A. Shaffer, E. Weerapana, P. R. Thompson, M. J. Kaplan
Journal: Science Immunology (2020)

Reassessment of citrullinome cargo in neutrophil extracellular traps confirms the presence of citrullinated peptides.
On the line between patient and population health
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2018)

A host of well known risk factors exist for chronic disease and premature death. But one is easily overlooked because it seems far beyond the everyday reach of doctors: low socioeconomic status. Research published in The BMJ this week says that socioeconomic adversity not only shortens lives but also accelerates disability, the very opposite of healthy ageing (doi:10.1136/bmj.k1046). Using walking speed as a measure of the number of years of physical function lost by age 60, the researchers …
Serum concentrations after switching from originator infliximab to the biosimilar CT-P13 in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease (SECURE): an open-label, multicentre, phase 4 non-inferiority trial
Authors: Anne S Strik, Wim van de Vrie, Joanne P J Bloemsaat-Minekus, Michael Nurmohamed, Peter J J Bossuyt, Alexander Bodelier, Theo Rispens, Yvonne J B van Megen, Geert R D'Haens
Journal: The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology (2018)
AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD, A NOVEL AGENT FOR PREOPERATIVE COLONIC LOCALIZATION: A SAFETY AND EFFICACY COMPARISON STUDY
Authors: KO Kim, EJ Kim, JW Chung, SY Kim, JH Kim, YJ Kim, KA Kwon, DK Park, SW Park, JH Baek
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Preoperative localization is essential for minimally invasive colorectal surgery. However, conventional endoscopic tattooing agents such as India ink have safety issues. The availability of new endoscopic markers such as non-India-ink-based agent is limited and their cost effectiveness has yet to be established. We assessed the efficacy and safety of preoperative endoscopic tattooing using autologous blood in colorectal surgery.
APPROPRIATENESS OF INDICATION FOR COLONOSCOPY IN A TUNISIAN ENDOSCOPY UNIT
Authors: S Jardak, M Medhioub, K Agar, L Hamzaoui, A Khsiba, M Msaddak Azzouz
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Colonoscopy is an increasing and reliable procedure. Given the high costs and potential risks, appropriate indication may be facilitated by referring to qualifying criteria such as those devised by the European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE II).
Abstract P241: Culinary Herbs and Spices and the Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults
Authors: Savannah E Maxwell, Kacie M Dickinson
Journal: Circulation (2018)

Introduction: There is growing attention toward the role of culinary herbs and spices in improving heart health. Bioactive compounds of culinary herbs and spices have been found to exert potential health benefits in people at risk of CVD, but no recent review has been conducted to evaluate the types of herbs and spices and their effects in this population. Objectives: The purpose of the review was to evaluate the effects of culinary herbs and spices on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in adults with risk factors for CVD. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using six electronic databases, including Medline (Ovid), Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial and Web of Science in February 2017. Studies including subjects who had associated non-modifiable risk factors (older people &gt;70 y, menopausal women), cardiovascular disease or an associated cardiovascular event (stroke or heart attack) and associated liver or kidney complications or disease, were excluded from the review. Seventeen studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. The Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool was used to assess bias of the included studies. Results: Twelve randomized controlled trials, 2 randomized trials, 1 non-randomized trial, 1 randomized crossover trial and 1 single-arm met inclusion criteria. In patients with Type 2 diabetes, Cinnamon at 1-1.5g/d and dichrostahys glomerata (DG), at 0.8g/d showed significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and LDC-cholesterol and HbA1c and cinnamon showed increased HDL-C while DG showed significant decrease in total cholesterol. Fenugreek at 10g/d doses resulted in significant reductions in fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Nigella satvia (NS) at doses of 1-3g/d showed significant reductions in triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and increases in HDL-cholesterol. Ginger at 1-2g/d doses significantly reduced fasting glucose, triglycerides, MDA, Apo B and increase Apo A-1. In obese subjects DG and ginger resulted in significant decreases in TG and DG significantly reduced systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol. In subjects with hyperlipidaemia and hypercholesterolemia garlic at 5g/d and 20g/d doses resulted in significant decrease in TG, cholesterol and increases in HDL-C and 20g/d doses resulted in significant reductions in FBG. Conclusion: The evidence does suggest that the use of culinary herbs and spices may have beneficial effects on risk factors for CVD. Due to the presence of bias of studies there is insufficient evidence to conclude that culinary herbs and spices have significant benefits on biomarkers for CVD and that higher quality studies are needed in future research.
Evaluation de la prise en charge endoscopique des hémorragies digestives hautes d'origine ulcéreuse
Authors: JD Zeitoun, A Chryssostalis, B Nalet, R Faroux, B Bour, JP Latrive, JP Arpurt, J Henrion, J Denis, G Bellaiche, EA Pariente, I Rosa Hezode, H Hagège
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Introduction: Les progrès récents concernant l'hémostase endoscopique des ulcères gastro-duodénaux hémorragiques ont conduit à l'élaboration de recommandations de pratique clinique. Le but de notre travail était d'évaluer la prise en charge endoscopique des hémorragies digestives hautes d'origine ulcéreuse et son impact sur le pronostic.
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEED (UGIB) SECONDARY TO AN AORTA-DUODENAL FISTULA
Authors: A Maynard, CE Ramirez Salazar De Vela, M Abu-Suboh Abadia, M Masachs Peracaula, J Armengol Bertoli, A Benages Curell, MD Castillo Cejas, J Guevara Cubas, D Sihuay Diburga, M Pigrau Pastor, J Rámon Armengol Miro, J Dot Bach
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

We present the case of a 58 year old male, smoker, ex alcoholic with occasional cocaine use and multiple cardiovascular risk factors. He underwent surgical intervention for symptomatic infrarenal pseudoaneurysm with insertion of aortic-bifemoral prosthesis without complications.
A NONINVASIVE ENDOSCOPIC METHOD FOR EVALUATING GASTRIC SLOW WAVE PATTERNS
Authors: SH Kim, G Min, SJ Choi, W Kim, JM Lee, JM Lee, HS Choi, ES Kim, B Keum, YT Jeen, HS Lee, HJ Chun, CD Kim
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Gastric slow waves regulate peristalsis, and gastric dysrhythmias have been implicated in functional motility disorders. Until now, to accurately define slow wave patterns, it is necessary to measure high-resolution serosal recordings during open surgery, which is invasive and limit their application. We therefore devised a novel and noninvasive gastric slow wave mapping method which can be performed during endoscopic procedures. We aimed to assess feasibility of endoscopic mucosal mapping method comparing to serosal mapping method and quantify correspondence between the two techniques.
ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL RESECTION FOR DUODENAL NEOPLASMS
Authors: JS Koh, JS Jang, MK Joo, BJ Lee, JJ Park, HJ Chun, SW Lee, YT Bak
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for duodenal neoplasm is technically more difficult than those from stomach due to the anatomical features, and higher risk of perforation. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety, and outcome of endoscopic resections for the treatment of duodenal neoplasms.
DIGITAL PANCREATOSCOPY- DIRECTED DIAGNOSIS OF UNEXPECTED METASTASIS IN THE PANCREAS FROM FIBROMYXOID SARCOMA – A CASE REPORT
Authors: P Karagyozov, I Boeva, I Tishkov, V Mitova, K Draganov
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

We report a case of digital pancreatoscopy with endoscopic evaluation, biopsy and histological verification of metastasis from fibromyxoid sarcoma in the pancreas.
A disease management pilot program in a Medicare-age population with cancer.
Authors: Marcus A. Neubauer, J. Russell Hoverman, Melissa Jameson, Jad Hayes, Mitra Abdullahpour, Wendy Haydon, Maria Sipala, Amy Supraner, Michael A. Kolodziej, Diana K. Verrilli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

6505 Background: Cancer care delivery and reimbursement reform are focused on controlling costs and improving quality, thereby increasing value. Medicare-age patients have more cancer and more co-morbidities, and are at higher risk of complications from treatment. A program (Innovent Oncology, IO) conducted at Texas Oncology (TxO) and sponsored by Aetna employs evidence-based treatment Pathways (PW), a disease management call center and an advance care planning (ACP) program with the goal of improving patient care and reducing total costs. Methods: Over two years (6/1/13 to 5/31/15), IO enrolled 390 Aetna Medicare Advantage pts with PW diagnoses, treated by TxO. PW compliance was tracked. Innovent Patient Support Services (PSS) calls occurred at regular intervals during chemotherapy. Symptoms and quality of life were assessed. PSS nurses also introduced ACP principles. Hospice enrollment (% patients admitted to hospice who expired during the program) and PSS patient satisfaction (% of patients very satisfied with PSS services) were also tracked. For cost evaluations, benchmark costs are derived from Aetna’s administrative claims data for the matched cohort. For inpatient and ER events, we use an average cost per day or per ER visit to approximate cost. The matched cohort’s data are adjusted for diagnosis and age to match the Innovent group’s profile. Results: For first year and second year, respectively, PW adherence was 81% and 84%; Hospice enrollment was 55% and to be determined; PSS patient satisfaction was 93% and 94%. The percent savings for the program are indicated in the Table. Conclusions: Oncology practices are capable of improving the quality of cancer care and reducing costs. We show that a practice-based program that applies rigor to clinical pathways; uses an affiliated call center to help manage older patients receiving chemotherapy; and is properly funded by a payer sponsor can be a successful model to achieve these important goals. Percent $ savings (control vs investigational use). Chemotherapy and Supportive Care Inpatient ER Total Benchmark Cost $11,420,791 $3,925,662 $305,247 $15,651,701 Actual Cost $9,081,351 $3,323,072 $281,140 $12,685,563 Savings Percent 20.48% 15.35% 7.90% 18.95%
Combinatorial Effects of VEGFR Kinase Inhibitor Axitinib and Oncolytic Virotherapy in Mouse and Human Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cell Models
Authors: Dipongkor Saha, Hiroaki Wakimoto, Cole W. Peters, Slawomir J. Antoszczyk, Samuel D. Rabkin, Robert L. Martuza
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2018)

Purpose: Glioblastoma (GBM), a fatal brain cancer, contains a subpopulation of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) that contribute to resistance to current therapy. Angiogenesis also plays a key role in GBM progression. Therefore, we developed a strategy to target the complex GBM microenvironment, including GSCs and tumor vasculature.Experimental Design: We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of VEFGR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) axitinib in vitro and then tested antitumor efficacy of axitinib in combination with oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) expressing antiangiogenic cytokine murine IL12 (G47Δ-mIL12) in two orthotopic GSC-derived GBM models: patient-derived recurrent MGG123 GSCs, forming vascular xenografts in immunodeficient mice; and mouse 005 GSCs, forming syngeneic tumors in immunocompetent mice.Results: GSCs form endothelial-like tubes and were sensitive to axitinib. G47Δ-mIL12 significantly improved survival, as did axitinib, while dual combinations further extended survival significantly compared with single therapies alone in both models. In MGG123 tumors, axitinib was effective only at high doses (50 mg/kg), alone and in combination with G47Δ-mIL12, and this was associated with greatly decreased vascularity, increased macrophage infiltration, extensive tumor necrosis, and PDGFR/ERK pathway inhibition. In the mouse 005 model, antiglioma activity, after single and combination therapy, was only observed in immunocompetent mice and not the T-cell-deficient athymic mice. Interestingly, immune checkpoint inhibition did not improve efficacy.Conclusions: Systemic TKI (axitinib) beneficially combines with G47Δ-mIL12 to enhance antitumor efficacy in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent orthotopic GBM models. Our results support further investigation of TKIs in combination with oHSV for GBM treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3409-22. ©2018 AACR.
INCIDENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF NON-SMALL BOWEL LESIONS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SMALL BOWEL CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
Authors: JF Juanmartiñena Fernández, L Casanova Ortiz, S Albas Sorrosal, D Oyón Lara, L Aburruza Ucar, G González Gete, I Fernández-Urién
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Capsule endoscopy is an easy and well-tolerated method to explore the small bowel. Due to its technical profile, it may sometimes reveal findings outside the small bowel and within the reach of conventional endoscopes. However, little is known in the literature about this topic. The purpose of the current study was to investigate those factors related to the presence of non-small bowel findings during capsule endoscopy.
Re: Jinjing Chen, Ilaria Guccini, Diletta Di Mitri, et al. Compartmentalized Activities of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Sustain Lipogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Nat Genet 2018;50:219–28
Authors: Giovanni Lavorgna, Francesco Montorsi, Andrea Salonia
Journal: European Urology (2018)
NATURAL ORIFICE TRANSLUMINAL ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY (NOTES) SALVAGE OF PARTIAL MISPLACEMENT OF LUMEN-APPOSING METAL STENT (LAMS) DURING EUS-GUIDED GALLBLADDER DRAINAGE
Authors: M Cimavilla-Roman, R Law, R Sanchez-Ocana, R Torres-Yuste, J Garcia-Alonso, S Sevilla-Ribota, M de Benito-Sanz, A Carbajo-Lopez, C De la Serna-Higuera, M Perez-Miranda
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

EUS-Guided Gallbladder Drainage (EUS-GBD) is an emerging procedure. Lumen-Apposing Metal Stents (LAMS) are increasingly used for EUS-GBD. Misplacement of either de distal or proximal LAMS flange during EUS-GBD may have serious consequences. We present a novel endoscopic approach to manage proximal flange misplacement during EUS-GBD.
IMPACT OF ENDOSCOPY SYSTEM, HIGH-DEFINITION AND VIRTUAL CHROMOENDOSCOPY IN DAILY ROUTINE COLONOSCOPY
Authors: P Roelandt, I Demedts, H Willekens, T Bessissow, L Braeye, G Coremans, PJ Cuyle, M Ferrante, AM Gevers, M Hiele, M Osselaer, J Tack, S Tejpar, M Ulenaers, G Van Assche, E Van Cutsem, S Van Gool, J Vannoote, S Vermeire, R Bisschops
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

To improve detection of mucosal lesions during colonoscopy a number of imaging modalities have been suggested including high-definition and virtual chromoendoscopy. Given the theoretical advantage of these new imaging techniques, we aimed to investigate their use for the detection of polyps in patients referred for colonoscopy in a large tertiary hospital.
Traitement endoscopique transgastrique de la nécrose pancréatique infectée
Authors: A Charachon, M Levy, D Karsenti, A Laurent, C Tayar, F Brunetti, M Karoui, I Sobhani, D Cherqui, JC Delchier
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Introduction: Le traitement des pancréatites nécrosantes infectées repose essentiellement sur l'exérèse de la nécrose habituellement par voie chirurgicale. Quelques équipes ont décrit sur de courtes séries leur expérience de nécrosectomie par voie endoscopique transgastrique ou transduodénale. Nous exposons ici les résultats obtenus dans notre centre.
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE – A COMMON COMPLICATION OF THE ADULT PATIENT WITH ESOPHAGEAL PLASTY WITH GASTRIC TUBE AFTER POSTCAUSTIC STENOSIS
Authors: O Barboi, M Bilibou, S Gavrilescu, E Hanganu, V Drug
Journal: Endoscopy (2018)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease represents one of the most common complications in case of patients with esophageal plasty using stomach or colon, performed after esophageal stenosis caused by ingestion of caustics in childhood.