In vivo imaging reveals increased eosinophil uptake in the lungs of obese asthmatic patients
Authors: Neda Farahi, Chrystalla Loutsios, Nicola Tregay, Adam K.A. Wright, Rachid Berair, Laurence S.C. Lok, Daniel Gillett, Ian Cullum, Rosalind P. Simmonds, Charlotte Summers, Anna Wong, Chandra K. Solanki, John Buscombe, Pee Hwee Pang, Arthikkaa Thavakumar, A. Michael Peters, Christopher E. Brightling, Alison M. Condliffe, Edwin R. Chilvers
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2018)

Eosinophils play an important pathogenic role in pulmonary and systemic conditions, including eosinophilic asthma and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.1Simon H.-U. Rothenberg M.E. Bochner B.S. Weller P.F. Wardlaw A.J. Wechsler M.E. et al.Refining the definition of hypereosinophilic syndrome.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010; 126: 45-49Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 2Haldar P. Brightling C.E. Hargadon B. Gupta S. Monteiro W. Sousa A. et al.Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma.N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 973-984Crossref PubMed Scopus (1524) Google Scholar Although progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms responsible for the activation of these cells, existing biomarkers of eosinophilic inflammation are indirect and/or invasive and do not always correlate with tissue eosinophilia. Hence, there is a need to develop noninvasive biomarkers of tissue eosinophilia. We have previously demonstrated the capacity of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to quantify neutrophil uptake into the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.3Ruparelia P. Szczepura K.R. Summers C. Solanki C.K. Balan K. Newbold P. et al.Quantification of neutrophil migration into the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 911-919Crossref PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar We sought to determine whether this methodology could be used to quantify eosinophil kinetics and pulmonary uptake, which may differ among diseases characterized by eosinophilic inflammation. In particular, the role of the eosinophil in asthma with obesity, a distinct asthma endotype associated with increased severity,4Desai D. Newby C. Symon F.A. Haldar P. Shah S. Gupta S. et al.Elevated sputum interleukin-5 and submucosal eosinophilia in obese individuals with severe asthma.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188: 657-663Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar is controversial. We hypothesized that injection of radiolabeled eosinophils, coupled with SPECT/CT, would reveal changes in eosinophil kinetics in patients compared with healthy volunteers. To determine the initial distribution of eosinophils, and to ensure that the reinjected cells had not been activated, planar gamma camera imaging was performed following injection of technetium-99m–labeled eosinophils. These scans were performed in healthy volunteers, patients with asthma, and patients with focal eosinophilic inflammation (Fig 1, A; see Tables E1 and E2 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). The initial transit of radiolabeled eosinophils through the lung was similar in all subjects (Fig 1, B and C). We generated a "first-pass" transit curve to calculate the time taken for the initial bolus of eosinophils to transit from the right ventricle across the pulmonary circulation (see Fig E1 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). This value was constant across all study groups (Fig E1, B). The 45-minute blood recovery values (Fig 1, D) did not differ between the study groups and, importantly, were comparable to published levels for unmanipulated radiolabeled eosinophils from healthy volunteers, indicating that the reinjected eosinophils were nonactivated.5Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar As predicted,5Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar, 6Lukawska J.J. Livieratos L. Sawyer B.M. Lee T. O'Doherty M. Blower P.J. et al.Real-time differential tracking of human neutrophil and eosinophil migration in vivo.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; 133: 233-239.e1Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar circulating eosinophils accumulated rapidly within the liver and spleen, most likely within known marginated intravascular pools (Fig 1, E-G). To measure the time-dependent uptake of radiolabeled eosinophils from the blood into the lungs ("pulmonary uptake"), serial images were acquired using SPECT/CT (Fig 1, H) and Patlak-Rutland analysis undertaken (see Fig E2 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). As shown in Fig 1, I, pulmonary uptake was significantly increased in patients with focal eosinophilic inflammation (0.002 mL/min/mL; P = .02) compared with healthy volunteers (0.0003 mL/min/mL). There was a trend toward increased pulmonary uptake in patients with asthma (0.0008 mL/min/mL; P = .14). However, conversion of this rate of uptake to an absolute whole lung eosinophil migration value by multiplying with the peripheral blood eosinophil count revealed the full extent of eosinophil accumulation by the lungs; patients with focal eosinophilic lung inflammation and subjects with asthma had higher rates of eosinophil migration compared with healthy volunteers (32 eosinophils/min/mL) (Fig 1, J). The extent of eosinophil migration in patients with asthma did not correlate with lung function or fractional nitric oxide (Feno) (see Figs E3 and E4 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). To determine whether this technique could reveal differences in eosinophil kinetics between asthma endotypes, we stratified patients with asthma as obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) or nonobese (body mass index < 30 kg/m2) (Fig 2, A; see Table E3 in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org), and compared their eosinophil uptake. As shown in Fig 2, B, pulmonary uptake was increased in obese patients with asthma (0.001 mL/min/mL) compared with nonobese patients with asthma (0.0003 mL/min/mL; P = .02). This effect was not explained by an increase in the early retention of eosinophils in the lung because the first-pass mean transit time was faster in eosinophils of obese patients with asthma compared with eosinophils of nonobese patients with asthma (P = .038) (Fig 2, C). Furthermore, the 45-minute postinjection eosinophil recovery values and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were also similar (see Fig E4, A and B, in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In a parallel but separate group of subjects with asthma (Fig 2, D), stratified in an identical manner to the SPECT/CT cohort, the bronchial submucosal eosinophil count was significantly elevated in obese patients with asthma compared with nonobese patients with asthma (P = .024) (Fig 2, E and F). The epithelial eosinophil count, sputum eosinophil count, peripheral blood eosinophil count, Feno levels, and IgE levels were not significantly different between patients with asthma with and without obesity (Figs E3 and E4). The impact of antieosinophil therapies on eosinophil trafficking is poorly understood. Inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay treatment for asthma and reduce the number of eosinophils in sputum and bronchial biopsies. Biological therapies such as mepolizumab2Haldar P. Brightling C.E. Hargadon B. Gupta S. Monteiro W. Sousa A. et al.Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma.N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 973-984Crossref PubMed Scopus (1524) Google Scholar reduce blood and lung eosinophil counts, but their effects on eosinophil trafficking are unknown. We anticipate that in vivo imaging of eosinophils will inform the development of these therapies, and shed light on the mechanisms controlling eosinophil migration. We quantified eosinophil uptake from the blood to the lungs and demonstrated increased eosinophil migration to the lungs in our cohort with asthma relative to healthy controls. Although eosinophil migration in part reflects the peripheral blood eosinophil count, our methodology localizes inflammation and quantifies the migration to the "whole lung" parenchyma, providing information that cannot be obtained from the blood cell count alone.7Turato G. Semenzato U. Bazzan E. Biondini D. Tine M. Torrecilla N. et al.Blood eosinophilia neither reflects tissue eosinophils nor worsens clinical outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018; 197: 1216-1219Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar We observed that eosinophil uptake is enhanced in obese patients with asthma compared with nonobese patients with asthma, in agreement with our histology study. These results challenge the current dogma that asthma with obesity is associated with noneosinophilic inflammation (demonstrated by a low sputum eosinophil count),4Desai D. Newby C. Symon F.A. Haldar P. Shah S. Gupta S. et al.Elevated sputum interleukin-5 and submucosal eosinophilia in obese individuals with severe asthma.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 188: 657-663Crossref PubMed Scopus (166) Google Scholar and we propose that the bronchial eosinophil count and sputum eosinophil count are uncoupled.8Persson C. Uller L. Theirs but to die and do: primary lysis of eosinophils and free eosinophil granules in asthma.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 189: 628-633Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar Our study has some limitations. First, 50% of our cohort with asthma (studied in the imaging protocol) was recruited from primary care, and hence had not undergone in-depth phenotyping, and only 3 patients with asthma had a clearly eosinophilic phenotype based on Feno and peripheral eosinophil count. Second, although we have previously published a rigorous assessment of the reinjected eosinophils,5Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (27) Google Scholar we cannot absolutely exclude subtle changes in cell function due to cell isolation and labeling. In conclusion, SPECT/CT imaging using radiolabeled eosinophils provides evidence that eosinophil uptake can be quantified in the lungs and is enhanced in obese patients with asthma compared with nonobese patients with asthma. This finding has important implications for the role of eosinophils in obese patients with asthma and for selecting patients for targeted therapy in the context of type 2 inflammation. We thank Dr Robin Gore and Dr James Nathan for help in recruiting volunteers and Dr Latifa Chachi for her advice and practical expertise in microscopy. We are grateful to the staff within the Nuclear Medicine Department at Addenbrooke's Hospital and the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Clinical Research Facility. The study was approved by the Cambridgeshire 2 Research Ethics Committee (09/H0308/119) and the Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee of the United Kingdom (83/3130/25000); all subjects gave written informed consent. The subjects comprised 8 healthy individuals, 15 patients with asthma, and 3 patients with focal pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation (eosinophilic pneumonia, ANCA-positive vasculitis, and IgG4-related disease) (Tables E1 and E2). Asthma was diagnosed by a physician on the basis of symptoms, and patients with asthma were classified according to British Thoracic Society Step classification. Eosinophils were isolated from 160 mL of autologous venous blood as described previously.E1Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar The eosinophils were labeled with technetium-99m–hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK), before reinjection into volunteers. The ex vivo preparation time was 3.75 hours. Blood was collected at intervals up to 9 hours postinjection and radioactivity measured in a gamma counter. The injected activities of the radiolabeled cells were not significantly different between the healthy individuals and patients with asthma (data not shown). Volunteers were positioned in a double-headed SPECT/CT camera (GE Discovery 670, GE Healthcare), fitted with low-energy, parallel-hole collimators. After bolus intravenous injection of technetium-99m–labeled eosinophils (mean, 120 MBq; range, 46-199 MBq injected/subject), the activities in the chest and upper abdomen were recorded as previously described.E1Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar SPECT images were acquired over 20 minutes at 45 minutes, 2, 4, 6, and 9 hours following reinjection. A CT scan was performed at the end of the 45-minute SPECT acquisition for anatomical coregistration with SPECT. To generate time-activity curves, regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn over the right lung, the liver, and spleen using Xeleris software (Version 3.1, GE Healthcare). Mean counts per pixel or voxel in these ROIs were recorded and corrected for physical decay of the radionuclide. To calculate the first-pass transit time of eosinophils, a gamma variate fit was generated from the mean counts per pixel or voxel in the lung.E2Summers C. Singh N.R. White J.F. Mackenzie I.M. Johnston A. Solanki C. et al.Pulmonary retention of primed neutrophils: a novel protective host response, which is impaired in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.Thorax. 2014; 69: 623-629Crossref PubMed Scopus (97) Google Scholar Gamma variate fit was performed on 15 of 22 subjects (Fig E1), because it required a minimum number of data points between 0 and 120 seconds after reinjection of the radiolabeled cells. Peripheral blood samples were taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30, 45, 90, 120, 240, 360, and 540 minutes postinjection and radioactivity measured in a gamma counter. ROIs were drawn over the lung on transaxial sections of the SPECT images at each time point (Fig E2) and average counts per voxel for each lung determined. Patlak-Rutland analysis was used to measure pulmonary eosinophil uptake per unit pulmonary eosinophil distribution volume by dividing the plot gradient by the intercept, as previously described.E3Ruparelia P. Szczepura K.R. Summers C. Solanki C.K. Balan K. Newbold P. et al.Quantification of neutrophil migration into the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011; 38: 911-919Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, E4Patlak C.S. Blasberg R.G. Fenstermacher J.D. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data.J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1983; 3: 1-7Crossref PubMed Scopus (2354) Google Scholar, E5Jones H.A. Cadwallader K.A. White J.F. Uddin M. Peters A.M. Chilvers E.R. Dissociation between respiratory burst activity and deoxyglucose uptake in human neutrophil granulocytes: implications for interpretation of (18)F-FDG PET images.J Nucl Med. 2002; 43: 652-657PubMed Google Scholar Total eosinophil migration per unit pulmonary distribution volume was calculated by multiplying the eosinophil uptake by the average peripheral blood eosinophil count of each subject. These measures of eosinophil blood/lung gradient are independent of the administered activity. Data were obtained from the pretreatment investigations including bronchial biopsies of 61 subjects participating in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fevipiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 antagonist.E6Gonem S. Berair R. Singapuri A. Hartley R. Laurencin M.F.M. Bacher G. et al.Fevipiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 antagonist, in patients with persistent eosinophilic asthma: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4: 699-707Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar All subjects provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Rutland Research Ethics Committees (11/EM/0402) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Details of the patient characteristics are provided in Table E3. Induced sputum (n = 59), blood (n = 61), endobronchial biopsy (n = 34), and Feno (n = 60) were collected from visit 3 of the pretreatment phase of the fevipiprant trial.E6Gonem S. Berair R. Singapuri A. Hartley R. Laurencin M.F.M. Bacher G. et al.Fevipiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 antagonist, in patients with persistent eosinophilic asthma: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4: 699-707Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar Absolute eosinophil numbers in induced sputum and blood were determined as described.E6Gonem S. Berair R. Singapuri A. Hartley R. Laurencin M.F.M. Bacher G. et al.Fevipiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 antagonist, in patients with persistent eosinophilic asthma: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4: 699-707Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (198) Google Scholar A cross-sectional analysis of this data, comparing asthma patients with and without obesity, was performed and presented here for the first time. Biopsy specimens were embedded in glycol methacrylate and 2-μm sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and antieosinophil major basic protein (Clone BMK-13, Monosan, Uden, The Netherlands) as previously detailed.E7Wright A.K.A. Newby C. Hartley R.A. Mistry V. Gupta S. Berair R. et al.Myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like fibrocytes are increased and associated with preserved lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Allergy. 2017; 72: 645-655Crossref PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar Eosinophils were expressed as cells/mm2 of lamina propria and as cells/mm2 of epithelium. Blood eosinophil recovery values were calculated as described previously.E1Farahi N. Singh N.R. Heard S. Loutsios C. Summers C. Solanki C.K. et al.Use of 111-indium-labeled autologous eosinophils to establish the in vivo kinetics of human eosinophils in healthy subjects.Blood. 2012; 120: 4068-4071Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (6.0d, San Diego, Calif) as detailed in the figure legends. Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For nonparametric data, a Mann-Whitney U test was applied and for parametric data a Student t test was used. For categorical data, a Fisher exact test was used. A P value of less than .05 was considered significant. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM or the median and interquartile range.Fig E2SPECT image analysis of the lung ROIs. Examples of SPECT images corresponding to lower, middle, and upper lung sections 6 hours after reinjection of technetium-99m–labeled eosinophils in a healthy volunteer (left panel) and a patient with asthma (right panel). White lines represent lung ROI. At each time point, ROIs were drawn from sections of lung images. Each lung section was 4.42 mm thick and, depending on the size of the lung, the total number of sections drawn ranged from 10 to 15 at the early time points (45 min after reinjection) to 15 to 30 at time points 6 hours and later. The first lung ROI was drawn from the base of the lung, which was always at least 4 sections above the liver/spleen to avoid any scatter from these organs. Sequential ROIs were then drawn up to the top of the lung. When drawing the ROI, care was taken to avoid the signal from the mediastinum and bone marrow (vertebra, sternum, and ribs). For consistency, the saturation of the scan was adjusted at each time point and for each volunteer such that the vertebral body color had changed from blue to yellow, and then to the first hint of white. This saturation was chosen because it gave the optimal contrast between the lung and thoracic bony skeleton. The counts from each lung section were summed and expressed as counts/voxel before Patlak-Rutland analysis.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Fig E3Correlations between radiolabeled eosinophil uptake or eosinophil migration into the lung with FEV1 (% predicted), FVC (% predicted), Feno, Z score (FEV1/FVC), and peripheral blood eosinophil count. Correlations between radiolabeled eosinophil uptake and (A) peripheral blood eosinophil count, (B) FEV1, (C) Z score (FEV1/FVC), (D) FVC (% predicted), and (E) Feno. Correlations between radiolabeled eosinophil eosinophil migration and (F) FEV1 (% predicted), (G) FEV1/FVC, (H) FVC (% predicted), and (I) Feno. FVC, forced vital capacity; PPB, parts per billion. Both Feno and spirometry results were available only for 22 of 26 subjects. P values calculated using Spearman correlation analysis (Fig E3, A and G) or Pearson correlation analysis (Fig E3, B-F and H-I).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Fig E4Comparison of 45-minute blood recovery values and peripheral blood eosinophil count in the obese and nonobese asthmatic SPECT/CT cohort, and peripheral blood eosinophil count, epithelial and sputum eosinophil numbers, peripheral eosinophil blood count, Feno levels, and IgE levels in the obese and nonobese asthmatic bronchial biopsy cohort. Subjects with asthma are classified by their body mass index (kg/m2) into nonobese (<30 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). A, Proportion of injected technetium-99m–labeled eosinophils remaining in the blood at 45 minutes after reinjection. Data represent the mean ± SEM of 7 experiments for nonobese patients with asthma and 7 experiments for obese patients with asthma. P values calculated using unpaired Student t test. B, Peripheral blood eosinophil counts in SPECT/CT subjects with asthma stratified by BMI as described above. Data represent the median with interquartile range of 7 subjects for nonobese patients with asthma and 7 subjects for obese patients with asthma. P values calculated using Mann-Whitney U test. (C) Epithelial eosinophil counts, (D) sputum eosinophil counts, (E) peripheral blood eosinophil counts, (F) Feno, and (G) IgE levels in the obese and nonobese bronchial biopsy cohort. Data represent the median with interquartile range of 12 to 33 subjects for nonobese patients with asthma and 13 to 28 subjects for obese patients with asthma. P values calculated using Mann-Whitney U test. BMI, Body mass index.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Table E1Demographic and lung function of study subjects in the planar and SPECT/CT protocolCharacteristicHealthyAsthmaFocal eosinophilic inflammationN8153Sex: F/M5/37/80/3Age (y)64 (4)60 (2)57 (6)Peripheral blood eosinophil count (× 109/L)0.11 (0.08 to 0.14)0.27 (0.16 to 0.54, P = .0008)0.85 (0.72 to 2.60, P = .012)BMI (kg/m2)∗Mean (SEM).25 (1.46)28 (0.82) (P = .04)22 (1.76)Feno (PPB)14.0 (8.8 to 23.0)25.5 (13.5 to 35.0)11.0 (8.0 to 35.0)FEV1 (% pred)99.0 (88.0 to 112.0)82.0 (70.5 to 90.3, P = .015)62.0 (52.0 to 75.0, P = .017)FEV1/FVC72.0 (62.0 to 79.0)64.5 (57.3 to 78.3)60.0 (56.0 to 64.0)FEV1/FVCZ score−1.16 (−1.92 to −0.23)−0.13 (−4.09 to −0.03)−2.24 (−2.47 to −2.01)Smoking status (current/previous/never)0/2/50/7 (4 obese and 3 nonobese)/8 (3 obese and 4 nonobese)1/1/1Atopic/nonatopic0/510 atopics (5 obese and 5 nonobese)/4 nonatopic (2 obese and 2 nonobese)1/3Comorbidities (no. of patients)Cardiovascular disease (3), depression (1), and 4 without any stated comorbiditiesCardiovascular disease (3), gastrointestinal disease (2), hypothyroidism (1), arthritis (1), cirrhosis (1), anxiety (1), hernia (1), type 2 diabetes (1), and 7 without any stated comorbiditiesAsthma (1); small joint polyarthropathy (1)BMI, Body mass index; F, female; FVC, forced vital capacity; M, male; PPB, parts per billion.Feno and spirometry results were available for 22 of 26 subjects. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (SEM). P values were compared to the healthy volunteer values, using Mann-Whitney U test or Student t test. Spirometric measurements were calculated using the European Community for Coal and Steel protocol, with Z scores from the Global Lung Initiative site (http://gligastransfer.org.au/calcs/spiro.htm).E8Quanjer P.H. Tammeling G.J. Cotes J.E. Pedersen O.F. Peslin R. Yernault J.C. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Work Group on Standardization of Respiratory Function Tests. European Community for Coal and Steel. Official position of the European Respiratory Society [in French].Rev Mal Respir. 1994; 11: 5-40PubMed Google Scholar American Thoracic Society clinical practice guidelines state that low Feno corresponds to <25 PPB, intermediate Feno between 25 PPB and 50 PPB, and high Feno >50 PPB in adults. Atopy status was assessed by a positive skin prick test result to 1 or more allergens or a clear history of seasonal allergic rhinitis.∗ Mean (SEM). Open table in a new tab Table E2BTS Step classification and medication of participants with asthma in the planar dynamic and SPECT/CT protocolBTS Asthma step (no. of patients in each category)Median (range) daily ICS dose (μg BDP equivalent)Oral daily prednisolone dose (mg)Median (range) long-acting β2-adrenoceptor dose/d (μg)Therapies in addition to prn salbutamol (no. of patients)FormoterolSalmeterolStep 1 (3)0000Aminophylline (1)Step 2 (1)400000NoneStep 3 (6)800 (700-800)024 (24-24)0Montelukast (2)Step 4 (3)1200 (1000-1200)0075 (50-100)Montelukast (1)Tiotropium (1)Step 5 (2)800 (800-800)7.5 (5-10)24 (24-24)0Tiotropium (2)Montelukast (1)BDP, Beclometasone dipropionate; BTS, British Thoracic Society. Open table in a new tab Table E3Clinical characteristics of the study participants from whom bronchial biopsies were collectedCharacteristicNonobese(BMI < 30)Obese(BMI ≥ 30)P valuenAge (y)∗Mean (SEM).51 (3)49 (2).465261Sex: male, n (%)20 (60.6)11 (39.3).126161BMI (kg/m2)∗Mean (SEM).26 (0.36)36 (0.84)<.000161Daily inhaled corticosteroid dose (μg/d)∗Mean (SEM).†Beclomethasone dipropionate equivalent.1267 (101)1504 (98).238461Submucosal eosinophils (cells/mm2)8.58 (5.91-18.84)16.23 (12.37-29.27).023834Epithelial eosinophils (cells/mm2)0 (0-10.5)3.9 (0-6.3).491925Sputum eosinophil count (%)5.8 (1.9-32.8)4 (1.8-10.2).144459Peripheral blood eosinophil count (109/L)0.34 (0.21-0.60)0.25 (0.17-0.47).213461ECP (ng/mL)31.9 (19.5-54.0)26.8 (14.6-55.2).537756Feno (PBB)38.3 (19.5-64.8)27.8 (18.1-56.9).351260Total IgE (kU/L)172 (77-440)158 (90-352).812059Atopic/nonatopic29/426/2.678161BTS Asthma step4 (4-4)4 (4-5).092761BMI, Body mass index; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; PPB, parts per billion.Data from 33 nonobese patients and 28 obese patients based on a BMI threshold of 30 are presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise stated; P values calculated using Mann-Whitney U test or, for categorical data, using a Fisher exact test.∗ Mean (SEM).† Beclomethasone dipropionate equivalent. Open table in a new tab BMI, Body mass index; F, female; FVC, forced vital capacity; M, male; PPB, parts per billion. Feno and spirometry results were available for 22 of 26 subjects. Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean (SEM). P values were compared to the healthy volunteer values, using Mann-Whitney U test or Student t test. Spirometric measurements were calculated using the European Community for Coal and Steel protocol, with Z scores from the Global Lung Initiative site (http://gligastransfer.org.au/calcs/spiro.htm).E8Quanjer P.H. Tammeling G.J. Cotes J.E. Pedersen O.F. Peslin R. Yernault J.C. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Work Group on Standardization of Respiratory Function Tests. European Community for Coal and Steel. Official position of the European Respiratory Society [in French].Rev Mal Respir. 1994; 11: 5-40PubMed Google Scholar American Thoracic Society clinical practice guidelines state that low Feno corresponds to <25 PPB, intermediate Feno between 25 PPB and 50 PPB, and high Feno >50 PPB in adults. Atopy status was assessed by a positive skin prick test result to 1 or more allergens or a clear history of seasonal allergic rhinitis. BDP, Beclometasone dipropionate; BTS, British Thoracic Society. BMI, Body mass index; ECP, eosinophil cationic protein; PPB, parts per billion. Data from 33 nonobese patients and 28 obese patients based on a BMI threshold of 30 are presented as median (interquartile range) unless otherwise stated; P values calculated using Mann-Whitney U test or, for categorical data, using a Fisher exact test. Increased eosinophil uptake in the lungs of obese patients with asthma—to correct for obesity compared to obese controlsJournal of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyVol. 143Issue 3PreviewWe read with great interest the study by Farahi et al1 reporting that single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging using radiolabeled eosinophils could be used to quantify eosinophil uptake from the blood to the lungs. We agree with the proposal that bronchial eosinophil count and sputum eosinophil count are not correlated. Bronchial biopsies are currently the golden standard to investigate bronchial eosinophilic inflammation. However, a bronchial biopsy is an invasive procedure, which makes the noninvasive method from Farahi et al more interesting. Full-Text PDF