Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Authors: Spencer L James, Alice Theadom, Richard G Ellenbogen, Marlena S Bannick, Wcliff Montjoy-Venning, Lydia R Lucchesi, Nooshin Abbasi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Jose C Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Sutapa Agrawal, Alireza Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Animut Alebel, Suliman A Alghnam, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid Altirkawi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Hossein Ansari, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Filippo Ariani, Nigus Gebremedhin Asefa, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Suleman Atique, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tambe B Ayuk, Peter S Azzopardi, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Shivanthi Balalla, Amrit Banstola, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Neeraj Bedi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Mircea Beuran, Ashish Bhalla, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Marco Biffino, Ali Bijani, Nigus Bililign, Charles Birungi, Soufiane Boufous, Alexandra Brazinova, Allen W Brown, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Juan J Carrero, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Yazan Chaiah, Ana Paula Champs, Jung-Chen Chang, Jee-Young J Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Cyrus Cooper, Christopher Stephen Crowe, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Ahmad Daryani, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Meaza Girma Degefa, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Kebede Deribe, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, David Teye Doku, Thomas M Drake, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Ziad El-Khatib, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Takeshi Fukumoto, Morasaleh Ganji, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Gururaj Gopalkrishna, Alessandra C Goulart, Juanita A Haagsma, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Josep Maria Haro, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Caitlin Hawley, Simon I Hay, Mohamed I Hegazy, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Howard J Hoffman, Michael K Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Mamusha Aman Hussen, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Sudha Jayaraman, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jost B Jonas, Kelly M Jones, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Rizwan Kalani, André Karch, Amir Kasaeian, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Andre Pascal Kengne, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri, Daniel Kim, Young-Eun Kim, Adnan Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Kristopher J Krohn, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Ratilal Lalloo, Faris Hasan Lami, Van C Lansingh, Dennis Odai Laryea, Arman Latifi, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Miriam Levi, Shanshan Li, Misgan Legesse Liben, Paulo A Lotufo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Marek Majdan, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Ana-Laura Manda, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Kedar K V Mate, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Varshil Mehta, Hagazi Meles, Addisu Melese, Peter T N Memiah, Walter Mendoza, Getnet Mengistu, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Moslem Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ghobad Moradi, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Marilita M Moschos, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Srinivas Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ionut Negoi, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Peter S Nyasulu, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Pedro R Olivares, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Smita Pakhale, Achyut Raj Pandey, Konrad Pesudovs, Gabriel D Pinilla-Monsalve, Suzanne Polinder, Hossein Poustchi, Swayam Prakash, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Fatemeh Rajati, Usha Ram, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Robert C Reiner, Cesar Reis, Andre M N Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Shahab Rezaeian, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Nobhojit Roy, George Mugambage Ruhago, Basema Saddik, Hosein Safari, Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Payman Salamati, Raphael de Freitas Saldanha, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, João Vasco Santos, Milena M M Santric Milicevic, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Kim Savuon, Ione J C Schneider, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Hosein Shabaninejad, Masood A Ali Shaikh, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Jiabin Shen, Kevin N Sheth, Kenji Shibuya, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, Haitham Shoman, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J Siddiqi, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Mari Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Soheila Sobhani, Moslem Soofi, Joan B Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Mark A Stokes, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Bruno F Sunguya, Jacob E Sunshine, Bryan L Sykes, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Braden James Te Ao, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Omar Temsah, Roman Topor-Madry, Miguel - - Tortajada-Girbés, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Lorainne Tudor Car, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Pascual R Valdez, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Francesco S Violante, Fasil Wagnew Shiferaw Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Tissa Wijeratne, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Grant M A Wyper, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Pengpeng Ye, Ebrahim M Yimer, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok-Jun Yoon, Michael G Yost, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Sanjay Zodpey, Valery L Feigin, Theo Vos, Christopher J L Murray
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2018)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are increasingly recognised as global health priorities in view of the preventability of most injuries and the complex and expensive medical care they necessitate. We aimed to measure the incidence, prevalence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs) for TBI and SCI from all causes of injury in every country, to describe how these measures have changed between 1990 and 2016, and to estimate the proportion of TBI and SCI cases caused by different types of injury.