tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 14605: Perceptions and Use of Electronic Cigarettes Among Middle and High School Students in Appalachia
Authors: Clara G Sears, Kandi L Walker, Joy L Hart, Alexander S Lee, Allison Siu, Courteney Smith, Aruni Bhatnagar, Rose M Robertson
Journal: Circulation (2016)

Introduction:  Across the US, youth use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased. Recent studies suggest that e-cigarette use is associated with increased intention to smoke traditional cigarettes. In regions, like Appalachia, where youth use of traditional tobacco products is among the most prevalent in the United States, even the slightest increase in acceptance of tobacco products could counteract recent anti-tobacco efforts aimed at reducing cultural acceptance of tobacco in the region. The aim of this study is to compare e-cigarette users’ and nonusers’ tobacco consumption as well as perceptions of e-cigarette advertising and health effects.   Methods:  During the 2014-2015 school year, a cross-sectional survey ( n =872) about students’ (age 11-19 years) perceptions and use of tobacco products was conducted in three Appalachian states: Kentucky, North Carolina, and New York. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare tobacco use and perceptions among e-cigarette users and nonusers.   Results:  About 20% of youth reported trying e-cigarettes. Controlling for age and gender, students who reported traditional cigarette use were 17 times more likely than non-users to also report trying e-cigarettes (95% CI= 10, 32). E-cigarette users were more likely to use smokeless tobacco (p   Conclusions:  In this study, e-cigarette use was associated with consumption of other tobacco products. Communication channels to obtain information about e-cigarettes varied between users and nonusers, which may shape perceived health risks. Understanding youth perceptions of e-cigarettes is vital to developing successful anti-tobacco and anti-e-cigarette campaigns.
Pembrolizumab in Patients With Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results From the Phase Ib KEYNOTE-028 Study
Authors: Patrick A. Ott, Elena Elez, Sandrine Hiret, Dong-Wan Kim, Anne Morosky, Sanatan Saraf, Bilal Piperdi, Janice M. Mehnert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2017)

Purpose The safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1 (PD-1), were assessed in patients with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)-expressing extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) in the multicohort, phase Ib open-label KEYNOTE-028 study ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054806). Methods Patients with SCLC received pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks for 24 months or until disease progression or intolerable toxicity occurred. PD-L1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. PD-L1-positive patients had membranous PD-L1 expression in ≥ 1% of tumor and associated inflammatory cells or positive staining in stroma. Response was assessed by investigator per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 every 8 weeks for the first 6 months and every 12 weeks thereafter. Adverse events (AEs) were reported per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Primary end points were safety, tolerability, and objective response rate (ORR). Secondary end points included progression-free survival, overall survival, and duration of response. Results Twenty-four patients with PD-L1-expressing SCLC were enrolled and received at least one pembrolizumab dose. At the data cutoff date (June 20, 2016), the median follow-up duration was 9.8 months (range, 0.5 to 24 months). All 24 patients experienced AEs; the most common were asthenia (n = 7), fatigue (n = 7), and cough (n = 6). Two patients experienced grade 3 to 5 treatment-related AEs: one patient had elevated bilirubin, and one patient had asthenia, grade 5 colitis, and intestinal ischemia. One patient had a complete response, and seven patients had partial responses, resulting in an ORR of 33% (95% CI, 16% to 55%). Conclusion The safety of pembrolizumab was consistent with the known safety profile in other tumor types. Pembrolizumab demonstrated promising antitumor activity in patients with pretreated, PD-L1-expressing SCLC.
Refinement of the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Vivian Ho
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2017)

Regardless of what legislation the federal government adopts to address health insurance coverage for nonelderly Americans, private insurance will likely play a major role. This article begins by listing some of the major reasons critics dislike the Affordable Care Act (ACA), then discusses the validity of these concerns from an economics perspective. Criticisms of the ACA include the increased role of government in health care, the ACA's implicit income redistribution, and concern about high and rising insurance premiums. Suggestions for refining the ACA and its market-based insurance system are then offered, with the goals of lowering insurance premiums, improving coverage rates, and/or addressing the concerns of ACA critics. Americans favor the increase in insurance coverage that has occurred under the ACA. In order to sustain this level of coverage, steps to lower Marketplace premiums through a variety of strategies affecting potential enrollees, insurers, and healthcare providers are offered.
Stretching the Scope — Becoming Frontline Addiction-Medicine Providers
Authors: Alison B. Rapoport, Christopher F. Rowley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2017)

Seeing growing numbers of life-threatening infections arising from injection drug use, a group of ID physicians began offering patients with opioid use disorder counseling, naloxone, buprenorphine induction therapy, and essential referrals for long-term treatment.
Toronto HCC risk index: A validated scoring system to predict 10-year risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Suraj A. Sharma, Matthew Kowgier, Bettina E. Hansen, Willem Pieter Brouwer, Raoel Maan, David Wong, Hemant Shah, Korosh Khalili, Colina Yim, E. Jenny Heathcote, Harry L.A. Janssen, Morris Sherman, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Jordan J. Feld
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2017)
The cost per patient of deviations from evidence-based standards of oncology care.
Authors: Arlene A. Forastiere, William A. Flood, Erik Yedwab, Vlad Kozlovsky, Elaine Whyler, Evan W. Alley, Kevin D. Frick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

6515 Background: Practice variation contributes to the high cost of healthcare and wasteful spending; by contrast, adherence to evidence-based (EB) clinical guidelines is advocated to improve quality and potentially lower cost. We sought to estimate the average cost per patient associated with unjustified deviations from EB national standards for use of chemotherapy, supportive drugs, and radiotherapy. Methods: The ITA Partners/eviti, Inc. database of oncology treatment plans (TPs) reviewed for payers for adherence to national guideline recommendations (e.g. ASCO, ASTRO, NCI, NCCN Compendium, FDA) was used to calculate the variance in cost between submitted TPs with unwarranted deviations from EB standards and EB care. For prospective reviews, the final EB treatment given was known and for retrospective reviews, the variance was estimated based on the EB alternative with the lowest cost. AWP pricing was used to calculate chemotherapy and supportive drug costs, and Medicare pricing for radiotherapy. First order savings were calculated. An annual trend of 8% was applied from the mid-data period to 2013 (Milliman Client Report 2010). Results: From March 2009 to March 2012, a total of 2775 consecutive patients had TPs submitted and of these, 730 patients had unjustified, non-EB TPs. All cancer types, stage and treatment intent (curative, non-curative) were included. The cost of EB treatment was less than the submitted TP for 622 (85%) patients, more for 9 (1%), and zero (could not be taken due to payer plan definitions) for 99 (14%). Descriptive statistics for the cost per patient of non-EB TPs trended to 2013 showed: mean $25,579, median $13,882, standard deviation $40,958. Conclusions: In this unselected population comprising all cancers, 26% had TPs that did not conform to EB standards or could not be medically justified. Our conservative estimate of the average per patient overspend (first order) on inappropriate treatment validates the potential for quality care to lower cost and deliver huge value to patients, physicians, and payers. [Table: see text]
Abstract 23: Characterization of MitoTimer, a Novel Tool for Monitoring Mitochondrial Turnover
Authors: Christine A Thornton, Allen M Andres, Genaro Hernandez, Jon Sin, Roberta Gottlieb
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Fluorescent Timer, or DsRed1-E5, is a mutant of the red fluorescent protein, dsRed, developed by Terskikh and colleagues. Its fluorescence shifts over time from green to red as the protein matures. This molecular clock gives temporal and spatial information on protein turnover. To visualize mitochondrial turnover, we targeted Timer to the mitochondrial matrix with a mitochondrial targeting sequence (coined “MitoTimer”) and cloned it into a tetracycline-inducible promoter construct to regulate its expression. Here we report characterization of this novel fluorescent reporter for mitochondrial dynamics. Tet-On HEK 293 cells were transfected with pTRE-tight-MitoTimer and induced production with doxycycline. Mitochondrial distribution was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and verified by subcellular fractionation and western blot analysis. Doxycycline addition for as little as 1hr was sufficient to label mitochondria. MitoTimer was detected as early as 4hr following doxycycline addition, and persisted in mitochondria for at least 72hr. The color-specific conformation of MitoTimer was stable after fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde. MitoTimer matured to red fluorescence within 48hr, at which time a second pulse of doxycycline induced expression of green (immature) MitoTimer which was selectively incorporated into a subset of mitochondria actively engaged in protein import. The extent of new protein incorporation during a second pulse was increased under conditions of mito-biogenesis and reduced if mitochondrial membrane potential was dissipated. We conclude that MitoTimer can be used to monitor mitophagy and biogenesis.
Identification and characterization of highly metastatic and therapy resistant tumor stem cells in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Patrick Herrmann, Stephan Huber, Christoph von Hesler, Anne Tischer, Martin Luckner, Christiane Bruns, Christopher Heeschen
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

1292   Recent studies in breast, brain, and lung tumors suggest that a small fraction of tumor cells actually display stem cell features. However, the biological properties with respect to tumor progression and in particular metastasis still remain enigmatic to date. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to identify cancer stem cells (CSC) in pancreatic cancer and define their role in tumor metastasis.   Methods and Results:  Human pancreatic cancer tissue contained a variable, but distinct CD133+ CSC population ranging from 1 to 3% of the total cell count. Cultured non-metastatic human FG pancreatic cancer cells contained only very few CD133 positive cells (0.02%) whereas highly-metastatic human L3.6pl pancreatic cancer cells were characterized by a relatively large pool of CD133+ stem cells ranging from 1 to 2%. The migratory capacity of isolated L3.6pl CSC was significantly higher (+242%) as compared to CD133- tumor cells (P 3  CD133+ CSC isolated from L3.6pl tumors were capable of inducing new tumors (5/8 animals) with 80% metastatic lesions whereas no tumor developed in mice receiving up to 10 6  CD133- tumor cells (0/8 animals). Similar findings were observed in secondary transplants. Although the anti-metabolite gemcitabine was capable of inducing apoptosis of CD133- tumor cells, it completely failed to induce apoptosis in CD133+ CSC. Long-term  in vitro  as well as  in vivo  treatment generated a tumor cell population that was markedly enriched for tumor stem cells that formed colony-like structures under appropriate culture conditions.   Conclusions:  Here we demonstrate that human pancreatic cancers contain a low, but persistent percentage of CD133+ cells with stem cell characteristics. Intriguingly, the highly-invasive human L3.6pl pancreatic cancer cells contained a distinct cancer stem cell population with high invasive activity whereas the non-metastatic FG pancreatic cancer cells contained a much smaller and most importantly less invasive stem cell population. These data may at least in part explain the different biological properties of these two cell types. Cancer stem cells are highly resistant to standard treatment which resulted in small tumors highly enriched for cancer stem cells. Thus, cancer stem cells represent a challenging novel target for the development of advanced molecular and pharmaceutical therapeutics.
Society Leadership and Diversity: Hail to the Women!
Authors: Anna Lok, Carol A. Burke, Sheila E. Crowe, Karen L. Woods
Journal: Hepatology (2017)

Lok, Anna M.D., DS.c., FAASLD, AGAF (AASLD President)1; Burke, Carol A. M.D., FACG, FASGE, AGAF, FACP (ACG President)2; Crowe, Sheila E. M.D., FRCPC, FACP, FACG, AGAF (AGA President)3; Woods, Karen L. M.D., FASGE (ASGE President)4 Author Information
Bevacizumab, Aflibercept or Ramucirmab combined with chemotherapy as second-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer following progression with Bevacizumab in first-line therapy: A systematic review and indirect comparison.
Authors: Jianwei Zhang, Yue Cai, Huabin Hu, Jiayu Ling, Jian Xiao, Yanhong Deng
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

e14601 Background: After progression with Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (chemo) in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), adding Bevacizumab (B) or Aflibercept (A) or Ramucirmab (R) to chemo could improve outcome comparing with chemo alone in second-line treatment. However, it is unclear which of these combinations is optimal due to absence of head-to-head comparison study. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence combination treatment, and compare the efficacy of the 3 agents as second-line treatment in mCRC. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of phase III RCTs of 2nd line treatment comparing (1) B plus chemo (BC) vs. chemo, (2) A plus chemo (AC) vs. chemo, (3) R plus chemo (RC) vs.chemo, using MEDLINE, EMbase, Cochrane Central and ASCO abstracts up to Jan 2015. Data on PFS, OS, response rate and adverse events were extracted. Only the patients received B in first-line treatment was enrolled. Meta-analysis comparing chemo plus target agent and chemo alone was performed. Indirect treatment comparison was conducted to estimate the indirect PFS and OS hazard ratios by comparing BC, AC and RC. Results: Three phase III RCTs (2,265 patients) were identified. Direct meta-analysis (3 RCTs) comparing chemo plus target agents vs. chemo showed that PFS HR 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69- 0.82) and OS HR 0.82 (95%CI, 0.75-0.90). In the indirect comparison, no statistically significant difference was observed among BC vs. AC, BC vs. RC, and AC vs. RC groups in terms of PFS (HR 1.03, 95%CI 0.77-1.38; HR 0.86, 95%CI 0.71-1.04; HR 0.84, 95%CI 0.63-1.11) and OS (HR 0.94, 95%CI 0.703-1.261; HR 0.96, 95%CI 0.782-1.19; HR 1.02, 95%CI 0.77-1.36, respectively). However, more incidence of hypertension was observed in AC than RC or BC (OR 3.69 1.50-9.09; OR 11.02, 95%CI 2.86-42.39, respectively). Conclusions: The research indicated that BC, AC and RC shared equivalent efficacy in improving PFS and OS as second-line treatment in mCRC, but AC revealed potentially higher incidence of hypertension compared with BC and RC. Hence, cost-effective should be considered in decision making.
The Use of Clinical Material for the Investigation of Gastric Ulcers
Authors: Mont R. Reid
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1941)

The Use of Clinical Material for the Investigation of Gastric Ulcers Get access Mont R. Reid Mont R. Reid Christian Holmes Professsor of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 1, Issue 4, February 1941, Pages 523–537, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/1.4.523 Published: 01 February 1941
Holding Providers Accountable for Health Care Outcomes
Authors: David W. Baker, Mark R. Chassin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2017)

Federal public reporting and payment programs have increasingly emphasized the measurement of outcomes (such as readmission, health care–associated infections, and mortality). Yet, the criteria for assessing whether outcome measures are accurate and valid enough to use for public reporting, payment, and accreditation are not well-defined. An outcome measure should be used only if the outcome can be influenced substantially by providers (that is, a strong process–outcome link exists) and statistical adjustment can be made for differences in patient populations across providers so that differences in outcomes are truly attributable to differences in the care provided. Validly distinguishing differences in quality of care across providers requires precision in both the design of the outcome measure and the actual recording of all the measure's elements. Four criteria are proposed to assess outcome measures. First, strong evidence should exist that good medical care leads to improvement in the outcome within the time period for the measure. Second, the outcome should be measurable with a high degree of precision. Third, the risk-adjustment methodology should include and accurately measure the risk factors most strongly associated with the outcome. Fourth, implementation of the outcome measure must have little chance of inducing unintended adverse consequences. These criteria were applied to 10 outcome measures currently used or proposed for accountability programs. Three measures met all 4 criteria; 5, including all 4 claims-based 30-day mortality measures, failed to meet 1 or more criteria. Patient-reported outcome measures are problematic, because low response rates may cause bias. These findings raise concerns and suggest the need for a national dialogue about how to judge outcome measures currently in use or proposed for the future.
Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Rhinosinusitis in Adults: Background
Authors: John M. Hickner, John G. Bartlett, Richard E. Besser, Ralph Gonzales, Jerome R. Hoffman, Merle A. Sande
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with acute rhinosinusitis apply to the diagnosis and treatment of acute maxillary and ethmoid rhinosinusitis in adults who are not immunocompromised. 1. Most cases of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in ambulatory care are caused by uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infections. 2. Bacterial and viral rhinosinusitis are difficult to differentiate on clinical grounds. The clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis should be reserved for patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms lasting 7 days or more who have maxillary pain or tenderness in the face or teeth (especially when unilateral) and purulent nasal secretions. Patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms that last less than 7 days are unlikely to have bacterial infection, although rarely some patients with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis present with dramatic symptoms of severe unilateral maxillary pain, swelling, and fever. 3. Sinus radiography is not recommended for diagnosis in routine cases. 4. Acute rhinosinusitis resolves without antibiotic treatment in most cases. Symptomatic treatment and reassurance is the preferred initial management strategy for patients with mild symptoms. Antibiotic therapy should be reserved for patients with moderately severe symptoms who meet the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and for those with severe rhinosinusitis symptoms—especially those with unilateral facial pain—regardless of duration of illness. For initial treatment, the most narrow-spectrum agent active against the likely pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, should be used.
Data on Cancer Therapy
Authors: Helen M. Dyer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1945)

Journal Article Data on Cancer Therapy Get access Helen M. Dyer Helen M. Dyer Research Fellow National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 5, Issue 4, February 1945, Page 309, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/5.4.309 Published: 01 February 1945
Quantifying Selection with Pool-Seq Time Series Data
Authors: Thomas Taus, Andreas Futschik, Christian Schlötterer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2017)

Allele frequency time series data constitute a powerful resource for unraveling mechanisms of adaptation, because the temporal dimension captures important information about evolutionary forces. In particular, Evolve and Resequence (E&R), the whole-genome sequencing of replicated experimentally evolving populations, is becoming increasingly popular. Based on computer simulations several studies proposed experimental parameters to optimize the identification of the selection targets. No such recommendations are available for the underlying parameters selection strength and dominance. Here, we introduce a highly accurate method to estimate selection parameters from replicated time series data, which is fast enough to be applied on a genome scale. Using this new method, we evaluate how experimental parameters can be optimized to obtain the most reliable estimates for selection parameters. We show that the effective population size (Ne) and the number of replicates have the largest impact. Because the number of time points and sequencing coverage had only a minor effect, we suggest that time series analysis is feasible without major increase in sequencing costs. We anticipate that time series analysis will become routine in E&R studies.
Prodrug-embedded angiogenic vessel-targeting nanoparticle: A positive feedback amplifier in hypoxia-induced chemo-photo therapy
Authors: Dongbo Guo, Shuting Xu, Nan Wang, Huangyong Jiang, Yu Huang, Xin Jin, Bai Xue, Chuan Zhang, Xinyuan Zhu
Journal: Biomaterials (2017)
Stereotactic Radiotherapy Is Superior for Benign Brain Tumors
Authors: Anita Slomski
Journal: JAMA (2017)

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