tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Thyroid Dysfunction in Torsades de Pointes—Reply
Authors: Saman Rezazadeh, Robert J. H. Miller, Derek S. Chew
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2017)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Internal Medicine HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal
CBIO-32. SPROUTY2 ENHANCES TUMOR-PROPAGATING POTENTIAL OF GLIOMA CELLS
Authors: Jongwhi Park, Guido Wollmann, Carles Urbiola, Barbara Fogli, Felipe Trivik-Barrientos, Stephan Geley, Lars Klimaschewski
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

In numerous malignancies including glioblastoma (GBM), a subpopulation of stem-like cells greatly influences tumor biology by controlling proliferation dynamics as well as the response to chemotherapy. Sprouty2 (SPRY2) is a feedback regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. SPRY2 deregulation has been shown to be involved in most cancers and its effect on malignancy depends strongly on cancer-type. It has been revealed that SPRY2 is associated with drug resistance in GBM, thus raising the possibility that SPRY2 may have a critical function in stem-like GBM cells. Effects of gain- and loss-of-function of SPRY2 to regulate the tumorigenic capacity of established GBM cell lines were analyzed using sphere formation assays and human xenograft models. SPRY2 was up-regulated in malignant gliomas and correlated with reduced survival in the glioma patients. SPRY2 knockdown significantly impaired neurosphere formation of glioma cells. Consistent with this finding, SPRY2 was required for tumor propagation in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that SPRY2 induced VEGF expression in glioma cells, which was accompanied by increased blood vessel formation in GBM xenografts. The present study highlights a tumorigenic potential of SPRY2 that is based on its capacity to regulate the stemness phenotype and neovascularization, suggesting that SPRY2 regulated signaling pathways may be a promising pharmacological target for GBM.
Augmentation de la syphilis en Finlande en relation avec l'épidémie russe
Authors: E Hilthunen-Back, O Haikala, P Koskela, T Reunala
Journal: Eurosurveillance (1996)

Au debut des annees 1990, seulement 30 a 40 nouveaux cas confirmes de syphilis etaient declares chaque annee en Finlande. Les patients atteints de syphilis etaient generalement des hommes heterosexuels ayant ete infectes a l'etranger. Depuis 1993, l'incidence de la syphilis a augmente (voir figure). En 1995, au total, 118 nouveaux cas ont ete diagnostiques, ce qui represente pratiquement le double du nombre de cas diagnostiques en 1994 (63 cas). Trente sept pour cent de l'ensemble des patients avec une syphilis diagnostiquee en 1995 etaient des femmes dont 77% avaient acquis leur infection en Finlande. Soixante cinq pour cent des hommes diagnostiques en 1995 avaient ete infectes a l'etranger, principalement en Russie (51%) (1). En 1995, la plupart des cas residaient dans le sud de la Finlande ou dans le sud-est pres de la frontiere russe. Un foyer de 30 patients a ete decouvert dans la partie centrale de la Finlande, dans la ville de Tempere. Trois hommes ayant contracte l'infection en Russie etaient a l'origine de cette epidemie locale.
Uganda’s hospitals doctors strike over low pay
Authors: Henry Wasswa
Journal: BMJ (2017)

Patients in Uganda have been left without clinical care as hospital doctors began a strike on 7 November in protest at low wages, drug shortages, and lack of equipment.

“Our welfare is very low. We called the strike over many things that are lacking,” said Mukuzi Muhereza, secretary general of the Uganda Medical Association (UMA).

Muhereza said that Ugandan doctors are paid …
RTHP-12. MULTI-SYSTEM RADIATION RECALL IN A CHILD ON TREATMENT FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA
Authors: Reuben Antony, Ruben Fragoso, Marike Zwienenberg-Lee, Maya Evans, Mirna Lechpammer, Arzu Ozturk
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

Radiation recall is an acute inflammatory reaction involving previously irradiated body areas induced by subsequently administered chemotherapy. We report a 10 year old boy who developed multi-system radiation recall injury during therapy for medulloblastoma. CASE REPORT: Our patient was diagnosed with a classic histology, non-WNT/non-SHH, non-metastatic medulloblastoma after presenting with headache, emesis and gait instability. A near total resection was performed and post- operative period was complicated by posterior fossa syndrome, dysautonomia, impaired swallowing/airway maintenance requiring a tracheostomy. He received chemoradiation as per COG ACNS 0332 (CSI 23.4 Gy /surgical bed boost 54 Gy in 30 fractions with concurrent Vincristine and Carboplatin). He commenced cycle 1 of chemotherapy (Vincristine days 1, 8/Cisplatin day 1/Cyclophosphamide days 2,3) 6 weeks after completion of chemoradiation. On day 3 he developed fever, hematemesis, respiratory distress and diarrhea. He was made NPO, commenced on antibiotics, transferred to the PICU for respiratory support. CT chest/abdomen/pelvis demonstrated bilateral pneumonia, circumferential esophageal wall thickening, bilateral medial kidney hypodensities and a hypoenhancing area in the pancreatic tail. In view of the CT findings a diagnosis of multi-organ radiation recall injury was made and dexamethasone 5 mg BID was commenced on day 6. His condition improved and dexamethasone was discontinued on day 8. He became febrile again so dexamethasone was restarted on day 10 and weaned over the next week. Since the radiation recall was temporally related to cyclophosphamide administration we reduced the cyclophosphamide dose to 80% and administered dexamethasone from days 2 to 5 of subsequent cycles. He had fever and mild respiratory distress during cycle 2 but has not had any symptoms suggestive of radiation recall during subsequent cycles. Our case highlights the rare but potentially severe phenomenon of radiation recall during treatment for medulloblastoma. Radiation recall injury without skin involvement can present a diagnostic challenge.
ACTR-72. A PROSPECTIVE PHASE II RANDOMIZED TRIAL TO COMPARE INTENSITY MODULATED PROTON RADIOTHERAPY (IMPT) VS. INTENSITY MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY (IMRT) FOR NEWLY DIAGNOSED GLIOBLASTOMA (GBM)
Authors: Caroline Chung, Paul D Brown, Sarah McAvoy, David R Grosshans, Seyedeh Dibaj, Nandita Guha-Thakurta, Jing Li, Susan L McGovern, Mary Fran Mcaleer, Amol Ghia, Arnold Paulino, Erik Sulman, Marta Penas-Prado, Jihong Wang, John de Groot, Amy Heimberger, Terri S Armstrong, Mark R Gilbert, Anita Mahajan, Jeffrey Wefel
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

To determine if IMPT compared to IMRT delayed time to cognitive failure in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Eligible patients were randomized to IMPT vs. IMRT. Randomization was stratified for RPA class (III-IV vs. V), Mini Mental Status Examination score (21–26 vs. 27–30) and age (< 65 vs. 65 or older). The primary endpoint was time to cognitive failure on any of the 6 cognitive outcomes (HVLT-R, TMT, COWA) with failure defined as a decline that met or exceeded the reliable change index (RCI). A total of 90 patients were enrolled (45 per arm) and 75 were evaluable with median follow-up of 14.5 (0.1, 32.1) months; median of 7.0 (0.1, 25.4) months for IMPT (n=32) vs. 25.6 (1.5, 32.1) months for IMRT (n=43). There were no differences in sociodemographic characteristics or baseline cognitive function between arms. Time to cognitive failure was shorter in the IMPT arm vs. the IMRT arm (p<0.05) and cumulative incidence of cognitive deterioration at 4 months was 0.593 (0.378, 0.755) IMPT vs. 0.372 (0.224, 0.52) IMRT. The number of grade 2 or higher toxicities were greater in patients who received IMRT (n=21) vs. IMPT (n=9). Preliminary results of this study suggest IMPT is not associated with a delay in time to cognitive failure but did reduce toxicity. Additional evaluation of the impact of tumor location and volume, radiation dosimetry, and tumor molecular subtypes on cognition is ongoing. Larger randomized trials are needed to determine the impact of IMPT vs. IMRT on GBM tumor control and survival.
P3.12-002 Patients with Malignant Pleural Effusion who Succeeded Pleurodesis have a Longer Survival Rate - A 10-year Follow-Up
Authors: L. Hsu, A. Feng, T.C. Soong, J. Ko, C. Chen, N. Chu, Y. Lin, S. Kao
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
Outcome and prognostic factors after resection of liver metastases in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: C. Baldessari, A. Spallanzani, F. Gelsomino, S. Bettelli, G. Pugliese, M. Salati, F. Caputo, K. Andrikou, A. Fontana, K. Di Emidio, M. Napolitano, S. Kaleci, G. Luppi, S. Cascinu
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2017)
Clinical implications of mast cell involvement in allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: D. Elieh Ali Komi, T. Rambasek, L. Bielory
Journal: Allergy (2017)

Abstract The conjunctiva is a common site for the allergic inflammatory response due to it being highly vascularized, having constant exposure to environmental pollutants and allergenic pollens and having a unique conjunctival associated lymphoid tissue. The primary morbidity of anterior surface conjunctival disorders that include allergic conjunctivitis and tear film disorders is associated with its high frequency of involvement rather than its severity, although the more chronic forms can involve the cornea and lead to sight‐threatening conditions. Ocular allergy is associated with IgE‐mediated mast cell activation in conjunctival tissue leading to the release of preformed mediators including histamine and proteases and subsequent de novo formation of lipid‐derived mediators and cytokines that trigger a cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to extensive migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells to the ocular surface. The trafficking of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes to the ocular surface is due to establishing various chemokine gradients (mainly CCL 11, CCL 24, CCL 5, MCP ‐3, and MCP ‐4), cell surface expression of adhesion molecules (such as VCAM ‐1 the ligand for VLA ‐4), and leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium. The release of preformed mediators underlies the acute ocular surface response while the secondary influx of inflammatory cells leading to the recruitment and activation of eosinophils and the subsequent activation of Th2 and Th1 lymphocytes at the level of the conjunctiva reflects the late‐phase reaction.
PATH-26. A NOVEL PLASMA microRNA SIGNATURE FOR GLIOBLASTOMA DETECTION
Authors: Søren Feddersen, Simon Kjær Hermansen, Mark Burton, Mia Sørensen, Lars Melholt Rasmussen, Bjarne Winther Kristensen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor having a median overall survival below 15 months. To improve the prognosis, biomarkers are needed for early detection of GBM progression. In the present study we identified differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma samples from GBM patients and investigated their potential to function as noninvasive biomarkers.
MA 07.03 Incidence, Predictors and Prognostic Significance of Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Advanced Alk-Rearranged NSCLCs
Authors: J. Zugazagoitia, M. Biosca, J.F. Grau, J. Olivera, L. Bei, M.E. Olmedo, A. Gómez Rueda, N. Muñoz, S. Ponce, M. Domine, V. Zenzola, E. Nadal, J.C. Ruffinelli, A.M. Luna, B. Hernández, M. Martínez, C. Font, M. García-Morillo, I. Gallego, D. Sánchez Cabrero, J. Miranda, E. Martínez De Castro, J.D. Cacho, V. Calvo, J. Martínez, E. Noguerón, R. Mondéjar, I. García Escobar, C. Salvador-Coloma, Ó. Juan, M. Sánchez Cánovas, J. Valdivia, M.P. Ochoa, R. López Castro, B. Obispo, C. Pangua, M. Sereno, L. Fernández Franco, X. Mielgo, J. Calzas, A. Blasco, F. Aparisi, L. Chara, D. Lora, A.J. Muñoz, L. Paz-Ares, A. Manzano
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
NIMG-72. CEREBRAL BLOW FLOW AND SUV TRENDS IN PET/MRI FOLLOWING BEVACIZUMAB ADMINISTRATION IN GLIOBLASTOMA
Authors: Zachary A Corbin, Greg Zaharchuk, Daniel M Spielman, Lawrence D Recht
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

Bevacizumab (BEV) is an antibody directed at vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and holds FDA approval in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Pseudoprogression with necrosis is a common clinical concern in GBM, and BEV is useful in treating both tumor and necrosis. Though conventionally viewed as anti-angiogenic therapy, we propose that metabolic effects occur following BEV infusion, and these changes may be informative regarding lesion etiology. Preliminary SUV results from our pilot FDG-PET/MRI study were presented previously. We are providing an updated analysis here, incorporating cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Four patients with GBM requiring BEV underwent FDG-PET/MRI scans at 3 time points: 1) baseline, prior to infusion, 2) hyperacute, within 48 hours after infusion, and 3) acute, 5-14 days after infusion. Time points were spatially matched with PMOD software, and VOIs were manually drawn. Average CBF values and average SUV means were normalized with the cerebellum. Cases were grouped by the clinically suspected etiology: tumor or necrosis. Paired Student’s t-Tests were performed to asses for significance. Two cases were felt to have tumor recurrence, 1 case was suspected to have necrosis, and an additional case was suspected to have both tumor and necrosis. For the 3 cases with suspected tumor, average CBF trended down, from 1.30 s-1 at baseline to 1.13 s-1 acutely, and average SUV mean trended even, from 0.84 to 0.87 over the same time period. By contrast, average CBF for the 2 cases with suspected necrosis trended even, from 0.47 s-1 to 0.52 s-1, and average SUV mean trended down, from 0.74 to 0.55. No statistically significant differences were detected. We see a trend toward differences between the vascular and metabolic effects of BEV on GBM. Additional patients have been recruited, and we expect to complete enrollment and data analysis by the SNO meeting.
P1.07-021 Multiplex Immune Profiling Identifies Prognostic Importance of the Spatial Co-Localization of Immune Cells in NSCLC
Authors: A. Mezheyeuski, C. Bergsland, M. Backman, T. Sjöblom, R. Lothe, J. Bruun, P. Micke
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
Addition of Definitive Radiotherapy to Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Vivek Verma, Pamela K. Allen, Charles B. Simone, Hiram A. Gay, Steven H. Lin
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2017)

Background: Management of metastatic (M1) nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is controversial; data suggest high overall survival (OS) rates with definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Herein, we evaluated OS in patients with M1 NPC undergoing chemotherapy alone versus CRT. Methods: The National Cancer Data Base was queried for M1 NPC cases. Patients undergoing no/unknown chemotherapy and/or with unknown/nondefinitive radiotherapy (RT) doses (<60 Gy) were excluded. Logistic regression analysis ascertained clinical factors associated with RT administration. Kaplan-Meier analysis evaluated OS between both cohorts; Cox proportional hazards modeling assessed factors associated with OS. Survival was then evaluated between matched populations using inverse-probability–weighted regression adjustment. OS between groups was also measured in patients surviving ≥1 and ≥3 years to address bias from poor-prognostic subsets (eg, widely disseminated disease), and those receiving CRT ≤30 and ≤60 days of each other (surrogates for concurrent CRT) versus >30 and >60 days (sequential) of each other. Results: Of 555 patients, 296 (53%) received chemotherapy alone and 259 (47%) underwent CRT. Patients undergoing CRT more often had private insurance (P=.001) and lived in areas with higher education levels (P=.028). Median OS in the chemotherapy-only and CRT cohorts were 13.7 and 25.8 months, respectively (P<.001); differences persisted between matched populations (P<.001). On multivariate analysis, receipt of additional RT independently predicted for improved OS (P<.001). OS differences between cohorts remained apparent when evaluating patients surviving for ≥1 (P<.001) and ≥3 (P=.002) years. Patients who received concurrent or sequential CRT displayed improved OS over those receiving chemotherapy alone, for both the 30-day (P<.001) and 60-day cutoffs (P<.001). Conclusions: Patients with M1 NPC undergoing definitive RT and chemotherapy experienced higher survival than those receiving chemotherapy alone. Risk stratification and patient selection for such combined modality interventions is critical.
Mild Neonatal Encephalopathy—How, When, and How Much to Treat?
Authors: Gregory A. Lodygensky, Malcolm R. Battin, Alistair J. Gunn
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2017)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
P2.15-013 Doxorubicin and Topotecan for Relapsed/Refractory Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): A FPBCC Clinical Trials Network Phase I Study
Authors: J. Manikkam Umakanthan, A. Marr, V. Ernani, M. Kessinger, L. Smith, J. Tijerina, S. Radniecki, E. Kosmacek, M. Ketcham, A.K. Ganti
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
A microRNA screen reveals that elevated hepatic ectodysplasin A expression contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle
Authors: Motoharu Awazawa, Paula Gabel, Eva Tsaousidou, Hendrik Nolte, Marcus Krüger, Joel Schmitz, P Justus Ackermann, Claus Brandt, Janine Altmüller, Susanne Motameny, F Thomas Wunderlich, Jan-Wilhelm Kornfeld, Matthias Blüher, Jens C Brüning
Journal: Nature Medicine (2017)
P2.13-023 Lung Cancer Risk and Eligibility for Lung Cancer Screening in Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography
Authors: D. Steinfort, S. Zaw, B. King, S. Joshi, O. Farouque, A. Al-Kaisey, D. Johnson, L. Irving, D. Manners, K. See
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2017)
CBIO-29. ACOT7 REGULATES COLONIZATION OF BREAST CANCER CELLS IN THE BRAIN BY REGULATING ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS RESPONSE
Authors: Deepak Kanojia, Wojciech K Panek, Alex Cordero, Annie Xiao, Jason Miska, Meijing Wu, Julius W Kim, Weidong Zhou, Atique Ahmed, Maciej S Lesniak
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

Colonization of cancer cells in a foreign organ is the key for establishment of metastases. To identify the genes that are responsible for colonization of breast cancer cells in the brain, we conducted an in silico analysis using a NKI dataset and identified ACOT-7 to be negatively correlated with patient survival. ACOT-7 is normally expressed in the brain and is responsible for maintaining the cellular pool of coenzyme-A by catalyzing the conversion of acyl-CoA to free fatty acid and CoA. The resulting CoA can be used for anabolic reactions. ACOT-7 was found to be overexpressed in microdissected brain metastases as compared to primary breast cancer tissues, and it was also upregulated in brain metastasis models CN34/CN34BrM2 and BT-474/BT-474BrM3. To understand the role of brain specific protein ACOT-7 in brain metastasis, ACOT-7 knockdown studies were conducted. ACOT7 knockdown in CN34Br cells reduced their ability to grow in the brain, which subsequently resulted in increased median survival by 60% in a preclinical mouse model. To understand the role of ACOT-7, we conducted a whole proteome analysis and found reduced expression of genes responsible for unfolded protein response (UPR)/Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress. The results were confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. ACOT-7 knockdown cells also exhibited increased sensitivity to thapsigargin (an ER stress inducer). In conclusion, ACOT-7 is aberrantly expressed in brain metastases arising from breast cancer, and it regulates the ability of cells to counter ER stress. Hence unfolded protein response/ER stress proteins will be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases.
CMET-22. PCV VS TEMOZOLOMIDE CHEMOTHERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LGG: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Karim Hafazalla, Sunit Das
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2017)

Low-grade glioma (LGG) encompasses a heterogeneous group of tumors that is clinically, histologically and molecularly diverse. Treatment decisions are directed toward improving upon natural history, while limiting treatment-associated toxic effects. Recent evidence has documented a utility for adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of LGG. Determine the comparative utility of temozolomide (TMZ) and procarbazine/lomustine/vincristine (PCV) for patients with LGG, particularly in the context of molecular subtype. A literature review was conducted to identify studies reporting patient response to PCV, TMZ, or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT). Eligibility criteria included LGG subtype, 18 < years of age, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and treatment course. Only Class I, II, and III data were included. 29 papers, consisting of a cohort of 3724 patients, were identified. 1p/19q codeletion, IDH1 mutation, and MGMT methylation were associated with prolonged PFS and OS. Combination therapy with PCV and RT had the highest reported PFS and OS (124.8 and 159.6 months, respectively). TMZ therapy was associated with a PFS and OS of 50.40 and 116.0 months, respectively. Treatment with TMZ was associated with less adverse effects than treatment with PCV, as manifested by the median number of treatment cycles completed (10/12 and 4.5/6, respectively). Reporting of molecular subtype data was limited. In cases with a worse natural history, such as those with intact 1p/19q and wildtype IDH1, PCV and RT may be the best option. Conversely, choosing relatively less improvement in prognosis with the gain of milder adverse treatment effects may be the better treatment course for encouraging prognostic factors, such as 1p/19q codeletion and IDH1 mutation. Our review is limited by constraints intrinsic to the literature reviewed, including different methods of reporting outcomes, treatment regimes, patient populations. Data comparison is limited by confounding variables.