tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging, VII: PET and the averaging of brain images
Authors: M S Buchsbaum
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1996)

P ositron emission tomography (PET) studies provide functional measures of brain activity. Accurate anatomical localization can be provided by aligning a magnetic resonance imaging (MM) scan with the PET scan. Statistical analyses can be carried out on each brain coordinate to provide exploratory maps. Combining different individuals’ brains is analogous to averaging together photographs of different people’s faces; every one has a different shape. To achieve interpretable differences in pupil color, lip size, or nose length, the eyes, mouth, and nose must be placed at the same x and y locations in every image-a process that requires stretching every face to fit some common mold. The top row of images above shows MRI scans of 70 normal subjects averaged together in three different ways. On the left, brain images are averaged on the center of the slice, a process analogous to averaging face photographs by piling them up on the tip of the nose. This spindle method produces a fuzzy image. In the middle column, images are averaged by finding the edges of each slice and stretching it horizontally and vertically so that each subject has the average width and average length. This bounding box method produces a sharper image, especially where the cortical rim touches the box. It is similar to stretching each face so that the chin-to-top-of-head and ear-to-ear distances are the same. The right column uses 500 points in the cortical perimeter and nine midline landmarks to stretch the brain to the average. This linear perimeter-anchor morphing method produces a slightly sharper image. The averaged PET scans in row 2 show the same progression of sharpness. The cortical surface shows the transition from the high metabolic rate of cortical neurons to the low skull metabolic rate as a fuzzy blue-green band (left) because of individual differences in brain size. This imperfection is improved with the bounding box (center) and sharpened with linear perimeter-anchor morphing (right). The bottom row demonstrates progressive improvement most clearly. The color scale depicts large (red) and small (blue) standard deviations. Cortical rim variability is especially prominent for the spindle method (left). Variability is reduced in the bounding box method (middle) but is still noticeable, especially at 2, 5, 7, and 1 1 o’clock, where differences in head roundness are not controlled. The all-blue cortical rim (right) shows the reduction in variability with edge morphing. Statistical tests on the fuzzy image (left) would be relatively insensitive, especially for the cortical surface, where a given location might be deep in the cortex for one person and outside the brain for another. A sharper cortex is seen where edges are morphed to the same contour (right), providing opportunities for more sensitive detection of task activation or patient group differences.
TP53 Alterations In CLL - Parameters Influencing The Prognostic Impact: A Study On 3,988 Patients
Authors: Claudia Haferlach, Frank Dicker, Sabine Jeromin, Sandra Weissmann, Andreas Roller, Wenke Worseg, Tamara Alpermann, Wolfgang Kern, Torsten Haferlach, Alexander Kohlmann, Susanne Schnittger
Journal: Blood (2013)
Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial
Authors: William D Tap, Robin L Jones, Brian A Van Tine, Bartosz Chmielowski, Anthony D Elias, Douglas Adkins, Mark Agulnik, Matthew M Cooney, Michael B Livingston, Gregory Pennock, Meera R Hameed, Gaurav D Shah, Amy Qin, Ashwin Shahir, Damien M Cronier, Robert Ilaria, Ilaria Conti, Jan Cosaert, Gary K Schwartz
Journal: The Lancet (2016)
AB0094 Histopathological Muscle Findings in Experimental Osteoarthritis
Authors: J.M.D.S. Silva, P.V.G. Alabarse, V.D.O.N. Teixeira, E.C. Freitas, R.M.D.S. Chakr, R.M. Xavier
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage and abnormal bone formation. Furthermore, there are changes in periarticular muscles, such as loss of muscle mass, strength and function. These features may contribute to functional impairment among patients. <h3>Objectives</h3> To study the effects of OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) on muscle histopathology in rat. <h3>Methods</h3> Female Wistar rat underwent ACLT surgery (n=9) or sham surgery (n=8) (1) on the right knee only. Body weight and spontaneous exploratory locomotion were evaluated weekly. Twenty weeks after the surgery, animals were euthanized. Joints from the right knee were collected for histological analyses. Gastrocnemius muscles from the right paw were collected for weighing and histological and molecular analyses. Data were analyzed with ANOVA Two-Way followed by Bonferroni and independent samples t-test and p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. <h3>Results</h3> Body weight and spontaneous exploratory locomotion were not statistically different between groups, during the experimental period. Histological evaluation of the right knee joint proved the development of OA in animals which underwent ACLT surgery (p&lt;0,01), accordingly to OARSI histologic scoring system (2). The weight of gastrocnemius muscle was not statistically different between groups at the end of the experimental period (p&lt;0,14). Histological evaluation of gastrocnemius muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) (3) showed a reduction in muscle fiber CSA in ACLT animals (p=0,0006). <h3>Conclusions</h3> ACLT induced chronic degenerative articular changes and muscle fiber CSA reduction in rats. It is yet to be studied what factors are related to atrophy, evaluating the expression of muscle factors related to muscle growth, differentiation, and mass regulation. <h3>References</h3> Elsaid KA, Machan JT, Waller K, Fleming BC, Jay GD. The Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury on Lubricin Metabolism and the Effect of Inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha on Chondroprotection in an Animal Model. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009;60(10):2997-3006. Gerwin N, Bendele AM, Glasson S, Carlson CS. The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the rat. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2010;18:S24-S34. Filippin LI, Teixeira VN, Viacava PR, Lora PS, Xavier LL, Xavier RM. Temporal development of muscle atrophy in murine model of arthritis is related to disease severity. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2013;4(3):231-8. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> Financial support: CAPES, FIPE-HCPA. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Symptoms of PTSD following recovery of war dead: 13-15-month follow-up
Authors: J E McCarroll, R J Ursano, C S Fullerton
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1995)

The authors explored whether individuals who participated in the recovery of war dead were more likely to experience later symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than were individuals who were not involved in the recovery of war dead.PTSD symptoms were assessed by questionnaire in men and women who had or had not handled human remains during the Persian Gulf War: 116 men and women who had and 118 who had not handled human remains participated in the study 3-5 months after returning from the war; 55 of the subjects who had and 56 of those who had not handled human remains participated in a follow-up assessment 13-15 months after their return.Subjects who had been involved in the recovery of war dead had significantly higher symptom levels than comparison subjects at both time points.After more than 1 year, individuals who had handled human remains during wartime were at higher risk for PTSD symptoms than those who had not.
FRI0210 A Lower Frequency of Inflammatory Back Pain in Male Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Compared with Female Patients
Authors: F. Onen, D. Solmaz, G. Can, G. Kenar, P. Cetin, M. Birlik, N. Akkoc
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Inflammatory back pain (IBP) is the first and most common symptom of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). In daily rheumatology practice, we noticed that a considerable number of male patients with AS did not experience IBP. <h3>Objectives</h3> The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of IBP in male AS patients and compare it with that in female AS patients. <h3>Methods</h3> The study included patients with AS. A face-to-face interview was performed with all the participants by using a standardized questionnaire addressing all the components of IBP. IBP was defined based on the Berlin criteria which have been previously reported as having the highest specificity among all the current IBP criteria sets. To evaluate the specificity of the Berlin criteria in each of the male and female AS patient groups, 63 patients with chronic (&gt;3 months) mechanical back pain (MBP) were also enrolled in the study. <h3>Results</h3> There were 181 patients with AS (124 male, mean age: 41.2 yrs; 57 female, mean age: 44.6 yrs) who fulfilled the modified New York criteria and 63 patients with chronic MBP (28 male, mean age: 47.2 yrs; 35 female, mean age: 43.5 yrs). There were no significant differences in mean ages and mean education durations between males and females in both AS and MBP groups. The prevalence of IBP was found to be 87.7% in female patients with AS and 66.1% in male patients with AS based on the Berlin criteria (p=0.002). The specificity of the criteria was determined to be high both in females (85.7%) and males (89.2%). Female patients with AS had higher BASDAI levels than males (p=0.048) but no difference was determined in BASFI and serum CRP levels between females and males. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The results of this study suggested that a considerable proportion of male patients with AS did not experience IBP although they had similar CRP levels compared with females. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
FRI0241 Assessment of Spinal Mobility in Axial Spondyloarthritis – First Validation Steps of a New Electronic Quantification Tool
Authors: X. Baraliakos, D. Kiefer, S. Herbold, J. Braun
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Spinal mobility is a major health issue of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), especially in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) while non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA) has been less well studied in this regard. The available tools such as the BASMI and, indirectly, also the BASFI have limitations in exactly quantifying spinal mobility. <h3>Objectives</h3> To evaluate the performance of a newly developed electronic tool to measure spinal mobility. <h3>Methods</h3> Consecutive patients with axSpA, mechanical back pain and healthy controls were examined by the Epionics spine device (ESp), a novel electronic system, which measures the range of motion (ROM) for spinal mobility using non-invasive angle sensor strips in 12 evenly spaced locations along the spine. ESp has been shown to reliably measure the ROM for all domains of spinal mobility (flexion, extension, rotation and combinations). Physical examinations (BASMI), questionnaires (BASFI) and a recently proposed tool to assess function (ASPI, 1) were performed in parallel. The assessors were unaware of the results of the other tests. The time to use the device was measured. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed with the Mann-Whitney-U-test. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 65 patients with axSpA (38 (58%) with AS and 27 (42%) with nr-axSpa), 48 patients with mechanical back pain (mBP) and 20 healthy controls (HC) were included in this prospective study. The BASFI and BASMI values were generally higher in patients with AS (4.1±2.3 and 2.7±2.3) vs. nr-axSpA (3.8±1.9 and 1.2±1.0), mBP (4.0±2.4 and 1.3±1.1) and HC (0.5±0.7 and 0.6±0.8). Using ESp, the measured range of ROM AS patients performed worse in all aspects (Table). The mean duration of performance of ESp was 12±3 minutes. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The Epionics spine device had good construct, content and face validity in this first study, which prospectively compared patients with axSpA, mechanical back pain and healthy volunteers. It will be interesting to study its correlation to single BASMI and BASFI items and to learn whether it provides higher sensitivity to change as compared to conventional assessments of spinal mobility and function. <h3>References</h3> van Weely S. et al, J Rheumatol 2015 <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> The study is supported by Epionics Medical GmbH. Epionics expenses for hardware. Support and training was funded by AbbVie in context of another study. The authors determined study design, conduct of the study and the content of the publication. No payments were made to the authors for writing this manuscript. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Liability of the mentally ill and their insurers in negligence and other civil actions
Authors: I N Perr
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1985)

Although familiar with the insanity defense, psychiatrists know little about the liability of mentally ill persons in civil actions or the secondary liability of their insurers. Generally the mentally ill are responsible civilly for their actions regardless of mental state except where the law requires specific intent and the illness negates such intent. Psychiatrists and other mental health workers may thus have grounds for suit against patients who injure them. While insurance coverage may exclude intentional acts, insurers may be civilly liable, even for blatant criminal acts. The author reviews the relevant laws and presents illustrative case examples.
Predicting substance use in late adolescence: results from the Ontario Child Health Study follow-up
Authors: M H Boyle, D R Offord, Y A Racine, P Szatmari, J E Fleming, P S Links
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1992)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between use of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs (substance use) and psychiatric disorder in early adolescence and substance use in late adolescence.Adolescents included in the study were identified by means of a household sampling frame and participated in the Ontario Child Health Study in 1983 and the follow-up in 1987. There were 726 12-16-year-olds (369 boys and 357 girls) in 1983 who had complete information in 1987. Data on substance use were collected from adolescents by using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data on psychiatric disorder were collected in 1983 from both adolescents and their parents by using problem checklists to assess conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, and emotional disorder.Prior substance use in 1983 was associated strongly with subsequent use in 1987. Among the psychiatric disorders assessed in 1983, only conduct disorder made an independent contribution to predicting use of marijuana (relative odds = 3.46) and other hard drugs (relative odds = 6.82) in 1987, after prior use of these substances and coexisting attention deficit and emotional disorders were controlled. Corresponding estimates of attributable risk (the expected contribution of exposure to conduct disorder to the development of substance use) were 5.7% and 11.1%, respectively.Although a statistically significant relationship existed between conduct disorder in early adolescence and use of marijuana and hard drugs in late adolescence, the potential is limited for preventing substance use in the general population by treating conduct disorder early on.
OC-024 Detect inspect characterise resect and discard 2: are we ready to dispense with histology?
Authors: PT Rajasekhar, J Mason, A Wilson, H Close, M Rutter, B Saunders, J East, R Maier, M Moorghen, C Rees
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Colorectal cancer is preventable through polypectomy at colonoscopy. Most polyps are adenomas, with malignant potential, or hyperplastic with no malignant risk. Most adenomas are small (&lt;10 mm) with minimal chance of harbouring cancer. Accurate optical diagnosis during colonoscopy would allow small adenomas to be removed and discarded and rectosigmoid hyperplastic polyps to be left in-situ. Narrow band imaging (NBI) in expert hands allows accurate optical diagnosis and assignment of surveillance intervals. <h3>Method</h3> The accuracy of surveillance interval assigned by NBI optical diagnosis was compared with the current reference standard of histopathological diagnosis in a prospective, blinded calibration study in 6 community hospitals in northeast England. Adults undergoing routine colonoscopy between July 2012 and February 2014 were eligible. Exclusion criteria were: inflammatory bowel disease; polyposis syndromes; pregnancy. Participating colonoscopists (n = 28) passed a validated training module utilising the NBI International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) classification. Optical diagnosis was provided for all polyps &lt;10 mm and surveillance interval when only small polyps were present. <h3>Results</h3> Of 1688 patients recruited, 723 (42.8%) had polyps &lt;10 mm of which 567 (78.4%) only had polyps &lt;10 mm. The sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of optical diagnosis (n = 499 patients) in determining the need for colonoscopic surveillance were 73.0% (95% CI: 66.9–79.9%), 75.6% (95% CI: 70.9–80.1%) and 85.2% (95% CI: 81.0–89.1%). The sensitivity and specificity per polyp (n = 1620 polyps) was 76.1% and 77.5%. If ≥ 2 NICE features were identified, then sensitivity was 95–100%. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The findings of this study suggest that NBI optical diagnosis cannot yet be recommended for use in routine clinical practice. Sensitivity per polyp was acceptable when ≥2 NICE features were present. Further work is required to determine if variation is due to colonoscopist or polyp characteristics. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.
Prognostic Factors of Primary Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: Shie-Herng Lee, Johnny Shinn-Nan Lin, Tzong-Shin Tzai, Nan-Haw Chow, Yat-Ching Tong, Wen-Hong Yang, Chien-Chen Chang, Hong-Lin Cheng
Journal: European Urology (1996)
Gay is<i>What</i>?
Authors: Alister Brass
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

"Say it clear, say it loud; gay is good; gay is proud." One Sunday at the end of June, this startling slogan reverberated along New York's Sixth Avenue, round the Chicago Water Tower and through other cities across the country as thousands of homosexual men and women marched openly in honor of "Gay Pride Week." The occasion was the anniversary of an unusual event, a battle between homosexuals and police sparked by a raid on a Greenwich Village bar in which the police were said to come off the losers.1 The groups on parade, representatives of the more than 100 . . .
AB0403 Foot Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients
Authors: A.-M.H. Helal, D.M.N.E. El Kaffash, E.M. Shahen, M.M. Hassan, Y.H. Abdel-Fattah
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting small and middle-sized joints. Although patients with RA complain of foot pain and foot problems,<sup>(1)</sup> physicians generally overlook or neglect the feet in rheumatologic evaluation. Part of the problem is a lack of appropriate training in clinical examination techniques. Also outcome measures such as the disease activity score 28 joints (DAS 28), generally used to assess disease activity and remission does not include the feet and ankles.<sup>(2)</sup> <h3>Objectives</h3> The aim of this study was to assess frequency of forefoot as well as hind foot and ankle involvement in RA patients and their correlation with disease activity, disability and bone loss. <h3>Methods</h3> Forty three female RA patients 40.17±6.09 years diagnosed according to 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria with a median disease duration of 6.08±5.38 years were included in this study, they consisted of 31 ACPA positive and 12 ACPA negative patients. Forefoot as well as hind foot and ankle involvement were considered when patient complained of pain or swelling and/or tenderness was elicited on examination. Disease activity and disability was scored by DAS 28 and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and lumbar spine was measured by dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA). <h3>Results</h3> Forefoot involvement was found in 20 (47%) patients, ACPA positive patients showed a significantly higher percentage of forefoot involvement (0.019). Hind foot and ankle involvement was found in 25 (58%) of patients, ACPA positive and negative patients had similar hind foot and ankle involvement (0.089). There was a statistically significant correlation between bone loss at the hip and forefoot involvement (0.019). There was a statistically significant correlation between ACPA levels and hind foot and ankle involvement (0.047). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Forefoot and hind foot involvement is common in RA patients. ACPA positive patients have a higher risk for forefoot involvement. Rheumatoid arthritis patients with forefoot involvement are at a higher risk of bone loss at the hip. The higher the ACPA level the higher the risk of ankle involvement. <h3>References</h3> Otter SJ, Lucas K, Springett K, Moore A, Davies K, Cheek L, et al. Foot pain in rheumatoid arthritis prevalence, risk factors and management: an epidemiological study. Clinical rheumatology 2010;29(3):255-71. Borman P, Ayhan F, Tuncay F, Sahin M. Foot problems in a group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an unmet need for foot care. The open rheumatology journal 2012;6:290. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> DXA was done in and founded by Alexandria Regional Center for Women9s Health and Development. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Editorial History of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Authors: Doris M Chaney, Marie K. Murphy
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1961)

This 20-year history of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute from volume 1 through 24 includes a description of the methods of scientific review and editing. An analysis revealed a threefold increase in pages and a 50-fold increase in manuscripts from other research institutions. Trends in research fields of manuscripts published in volumes 1 to 5 and 16 to 24 are compared, and the new NCI Monograph Series is discussed.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis.
Authors: Y Nomoto
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an established effective method of maintenance dialysis in patients with end-stage renal failure. Because many of these patients refuse to return hemodialysis, it is essential to develop more techniques to overcome the problems inherent in CAPD. There were 143,709 patients currently undergoing dialysis including 7,509 (5.2%) patients on CAPD in Japan. Renal transplantation is uncommon (700-800 per year), and it is likely that CAPD is of more value than in western countries as a dialysis technique. The utilization rate of PD remain still 5.2%. However, there are a lot of advantages in CAPD in such as good QOL, good biocompatibility and good preservation of residual renal function. We should choose CAPD as a first line therapy in ESRD patients.
Is there a need for a public vaccine production capacity at European level?
Authors: D Lévy-Bruhl
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2006)

In this issue of Eurosurveillance, Rouaud et al report a protracted outbreak of meningococcal B invasive diseases (BMD) in the northern French department of Seine-Maritime, linked to the local expansion of a clonal strain of B:14:P1.7,16 phenotype, belonging to the ST32/ET5 clonal complex.