tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chemotherapy regimens for malignant gliomas with positive MGMT protein expression: Experience of 51 cases
Authors: J. Zhang, Q. WU, Z. Chen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

12522 Background: To compare the efficacy and toxicity of three chemotherapy regimens for MGMT positive gliomas. Methods: Fifty-one patients with histologically confirmed malignant gliomas and MGMT positive expression were enrolled in this study. The glioma tissues were examined for MGMT protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The patients were treated with: 1, regimen contained of nitrosourea (nitrosourea group) 11 cases; 2, regimen contained of temozolomide (temozolomide group) 18 cases; regimen contained of neither nitrosourea nor temozolomide(no alkylating agent group) 22 cases. Response to chemotherapy was evaluated according WHO criteria, and toxicity was evaluated according National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. Results: The overall objective response rate (CR + PR) for 51 cases with MGMT position gliomas was 20%, and disease control rate (CR+PR+SD) was 59%. The objective response rate and disease control rate in nitrosourea group, temozolomide group, and no alkylating agent group were 0%,18.2%,16.7% and 61.1%,31.8%,77.3%, respectively. There was significant difference between no alkylating agent group and nitrosourea group (P&lt;0.05). Hematological toxicity and nausea/vomiting were main side-effect observed in nitrosourea group. While there was comparative lower incidence of side-effect in temozolomide group. Hematological toxicity, nausea/vomiting, and alopecia were main side-effect observed in no alkylating agent group. Though there was higher incidence of 3–4 grade hematological toxicity in this group, but it could recovered by oneself in one week or through treatment with G-CSF for 3–5 days. Conclusions: Regimen contained no alkylating agent group can obtain higher response rate and thus is worth of recommending to patients with MGMT positive gliomas. However, since modest response rate and good toleration, regimen with temozolomide shouldn’t be given up in MGMT position gliomas. Nevertheless, It is necessary to discover more efficiency way of using temozolomide. Nitrosourea should not be recommended to MGMT position glioma patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Tumor heterogeneity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations in invasive bladder cancer: implications for perioperative anti-FGFR3 treatment
Authors: D. Pouessel, Y. Neuzillet, L.S. Mertens, M.S. van der Heijden, J. de Jong, J. Sanders, D. Peters, K. Leroy, A. Manceau, P. Maille, P. Soyeux, A. Moktefi, F. Semprez, D. Vordos, A. de la Taille, C.D. Hurst, D.C. Tomlinson, P. Harnden, P.J. Bostrom, T. Mirtti, S. Horenblas, Y. Loriot, N. Houédé, C. Chevreau, P. Beuzeboc, S.F. Shariat, A.I. Sagalowsky, R. Ashfaq, M. Burger, M.A.S. Jewett, A.R. Zlotta, A. Broeks, B. Bapat, M.A. Knowles, Y. Lotan, T.H. van der Kwast, S. Culine, Y. Allory, B.W.G. van Rhijn
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
P282 The design and validation of a novel semiautomatic lung navigation platform
Authors: KA Khan, P Nardelli, J Alex, C O’Shea, P Cantillon-Murphy, MP Kennedy
Journal: Thorax (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> In the era of lung cancer screening, tissue acquisition of peripheral lung lesions remains a challenge. We have developed a 3D electromagnetic navigation platform with airway segmentation and virtual bronchoscopy using a open source 3D slicer environment. <h3>Methods</h3> The open source visualisation software (3D Slicer www.slicer.org) created a detailed airway segmentation and virtual bronchoscopy model from acquired CT images. A magnetic field emitter board provides tracking of a semiautomatic locatable sensor probe (SALP) in the working channel of the bronchoscopewith always-on tip tracked sensor and can be steered both manually and automaticaly with joy stick, for accurate localization of peripheral lung lesion. An extensive ex-vivo evaluation was performed in a breathing lung model that was developed using inflatable plasticized pig lungs in a negative-pressure Following this, in-vivo real time navigation in a live porcine model using a selection of novel radioopaque fiducials placed endobronchially into distal airways. <h3>Results</h3> After completion of a selection of experiments using the breathing pig lung model, fiducials were placed endobronchially in our live porcine model. Thereafter, CT images were used to create a virtual airway 3D segmentation model. After multiplaner re-construction, land mark based registration was performed to align the CT and anaesthetised porcine. Manual and automatic navigation with the bronchoscope containing the SALP was performed. The average navigation distance covered was 85.3 mm. The navigational system accurately determined 84% of the navigation points within the airways. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our navigational platform is inexpensive and open source and is the first to utilise SALP. In our model, there is good agreement between the position of the sensor probe during bronchoscopic navigation and as visualised in virtual bronchoscopy. Further work is being carried out to improve registration and accuracy of the navigational system before a pilot study in patients with peripheral lung nodules.
Soundings: I and i
Authors: Kevin Barraclough
Journal: BMJ (2001)

There is, I think, something ethereal about i—the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in which it did not appear. And yet I always felt that it had, in some way, been slipped in with sleight of hand. It was something from beyond the looking glass.

Where did it come from? What exactly was it? Even its name—an imaginary number—heightened the sense of the unreal.

Problems that were formulated in the real world, as real equations, always had real solutions. i never came into the problem or into the solution. But to get from the problem to the solution in the world of real mathematics was either difficult or impossible.

And yet it seemed that if one moved into the plane of imaginary numbers then the problem and the solution were separated by only a couple of lines of working. In this strange, imaginary world the problem and the solution were almost adjacent. One could effortlessly slip up a dimension, take one step, and drop down with impossibly elegant and simple results.

It was like having a secret door into another world from which one could steal treasure and then return. But in this case the treasures were extraordinary and unexpected patterns.

For a while I thought that maybe i was just a device that made calculations in the real world easier. I nearly lost my faith. Did it really exist? If the earth and all of mankind were destroyed, would it still exist out there in a silent universe? However, there it was, answering my doubts, deeply embedded in worlds as disparate as quantum spin and special relativity.

I showed this piece to my registrar and he looked at me with that sad gaze he normally reserves for train spotters. How can one possibly get excited about something as dull as i ?

I suppose the reason for me is that, in a universe that has embedded in its fabric something as impossibly strange as the square root of minus one, almost anything is possible.
Single-step retrieval of a proximally migrated biliary stent
Authors: Antonino Granata, Gabriele Curcio, Dario Ligresti, Ilaria Tarantino, Luca Barresi, Mario Traina
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

Endoscopic biliary stent placement is a well-established procedure for biliary drainage. However, it has been shown that approximately 5 % of plastic stents placed in the biliary tract migrate proximally [1]. The endoscopic retrieval of a proximally migrated biliary stent is technically challenging and occasionally unsuccessful. Several techniques for retrieving proximally migrated plastic stents have been reported [2]. We report here a novel retrieval technique, in which a biliary dilation balloon was used to pull out in one step a trapped plastic stent, previously placed to treat an anastomotic biliary stricture in a patient with a liver transplant.
Psychotherapies: an overview
Authors: T B Karasu
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1977)

The author schematically describes the three predominating themes in the development of the psychotherapies: dynamic, behavioral, and experiential. These themes represent different conceptualizations of the fundamental nature of man and his ills, therapeutic processes or change agents, the basic nature of the physician-patient relationship, and the primary techniques and methods used. Although there appears to be some unifying thread connecting the four different areas within each theme, a comparable bond does not exist across the three themes. The author questions the potential unification of the psychotherapies and poses specific dimensions for further exploration.
Controversies in Management: Purchasers need a broader perspective
Authors: M. Lambert
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Stroke is one of the leading causes of premature death and disability in the United Kingdom,1 and district health authorities have an important responsibility for purchasing appropriate services to meet this challenge. Is carotid endarterectomy such an appropriate service? To answer this question, we need to examine the benefits to the individual from the procedure and then to try to extrapolate this effect to a population.

Two comparable multicentre randomised controlled trials have measured the outcome of carotid endartarectomy in people with severe symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. The reduction in the absolute risk of a disabling or fatal stroke (the outcome with probably the greatest public health significance) was estimated at 5% in the European trial2 and 10% in the North American study.3 Both studies used experienced surgeons with a good operative record. These figures provide compelling evidence of the benefit to individuals from surgery, which should not be ignored. Of course, people in this risk group often die of other causes, but the absolute benefit of endarterectomy remains, even when such deaths are taken into account.

This measure of benefit, however, omits the morbidity experienced by the many people who have cerebral angiography. Depending on the investigation protocol …
Case 38-1987
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, Eugene J. Mark, William F. McNeely, Betty U. McNeely, David M. Dawson, Edward P. Richardson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Presentation of CaseA 22-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of severe headaches.She was well until 11 months earlier, when she awoke with nuchal pain that radiated intermittently to either arm and sometimes to the second and third fingers on either side, with local tenderness in the posterior portion of the neck. She was seen by a chiropractor, without benefit, and was treated by an acupuncturist, without improvement during the next few months, which she spent in Togo and Ghana as part of her dance studies. She experienced one migraine headache during her stay in Africa, but . . .
Assessment of Pain Caused by Invasive Procedures in Cancer Patients
Authors: Jana Portnow, Christine Lim, Stuart A. Grossman
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2003)

Invasive procedures are commonly required in the diagnosis and management of cancer in adults. However, little is known regarding the prevalence and severity of procedure-related pain in this patient population. This prospective study was conducted to determine the frequency and types of invasive procedures performed in a large comprehensive cancer center, the intensity of pain associated with these procedures, the types of periprocedural analgesics administered, and how these patients would like their procedural pain to be managed in the future. During a 6-week period, 102 cancer patients were interviewed immediately after undergoing an invasive procedure. They were asked to rate the pain they experienced before, during, and after their procedure using a verbal descriptor scale (VDS) ranging from 0 to 10. They also were asked if they would want more, less, or the same amount of pain medication if they were to undergo the same procedure again. The most frequently performed procedures were bone marrow aspirates and biopsies (68%), lumbar punctures (14%), and placements of central venous catheters (10%). The average pain rating during these procedures was 4.2 (standard deviation [SD], 3.0). However, 26% of patients experienced severe pain (VDS score [threesuperoir]7) during the procedures. Twenty-four percent of patients surveyed received conscious sedation for their procedure. There was no statistical relationship between patients' pain ratings and their satisfaction with the pain control they received during the procedures. This study represents the largest descriptive study of procedural pain in adult cancer patients. As more than 50% of these patients experienced moderate to severe pain during procedures, further studies are needed to improve the control of procedure-related pain in patients with cancer.
Clinical results of a phase II study of sorafenib in patients (pts) with non-GIST sarcomas (CTEP study #7060)
Authors: D. R. D'Adamo, M. Keohan, S. Schuetze, S. Undevia, M. Livingston, M. Cooney, A. Kraft, M. Saulle, G. K. Schwartz, R. G. Maki
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

10001 Background: Sorafenib, an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, approved for the treatment of renal carcinoma, inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. We performed a multi-institutional phase II trial of sorafenib in sarcoma. Methods: Six different histological categories were examined, each as a separate Simon two-stage trial. The starting dose of sorafenib was 400 mg PO BID. If â‰¥1 RECIST partial response (PR) was observed in the first 12 pts, 25 more were accrued to that arm. Results: 120 pts (40 M, 80 F) received 553 28-day cycles of therapy as of 1/07. Two RECIST PR were observed in 37 (6%) leiomyosarcoma (LMS) pts and at least 3 PR in 23 (13%) angiosarcomas (AS) pts. No PR were seen in pts with MFH, synovial sarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) or other sarcomas. Median time to progression (mTTP) is 10 (Â ± 2), 15 (Â ± 3), and 23 (Â ± 4) weeks for non-AS, LMS and AS pts, respectively (Kaplan-Meier estimate, Â ± SE). mTTP for AS is &gt;2 fold longer than for other histologies (p=0.039, log rank), and compares favorably with single institution mTTP data for angiosarcoma (paclitaxel 17.3 wk, doxorubicin 16 wk, Fury et al. Cancer J. 2005; 11:241). 64/120 (53%) pts required dose reductions, mostly for dermatological toxicity (see abstract by Keohan, this meeting). Other grade 3, 4 and 5 toxicities included asthenia, hypertension, cardiomyopathy and hemorrhage. Two fatalities, from hemorrhage and intestinal perforation, were deemed possibly related to treatment. Correlative sorafenib pharmacokinetics, MAPK pathway activation and soluble markers of angiogenesis will be presented. Conclusions: Sorafenib has significant activity against angiosarcoma, although the RECIST response rate is low. Sorafenib is associated with disease control in other sarcoma subtypes (e.g. LMS). Accrual continues in AS and MPNST. Further study of sorafenib in sarcomas appears warranted, either in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy or in a randomized setting. Supported in part by P01-CA47179 Sarcoma Program Project grant and N01 phase II grant. [Table: see text]
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: P R Cohen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Figure 1. Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Severe neurofibromatosis type 1 is shown in a 45-year-old woman who was admitted for a severe exacerbation of asthma. Inguinal freckling (known as Crowe's sign), cafe au lait macules (straight arrows), and neurofibromas (curved arrows) are present. The cafe au lait macules were noted at birth; the neurofibromas began to appear during puberty.
Cirrhosis and Carcinoma of the Liver in Male Rats Given Subcutaneous Carbon Tetrachloride
Authors: Reuber, Melvin D., Glover, E. Lee
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

Journal Article Cirrhosis and Carcinoma of the Liver in Male Rats Given Subcutaneous Carbon Tetrachloride Get access Melvin D. Reuber, Melvin D. Reuber Laboratory of Biology, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. Lee Glover E. Lee Glover Laboratory of Biology, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 44, Issue 2, February 1970, Pages 419–427, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/44.2.419 Published: 01 February 1970 Article history Received: 02 September 1969 Accepted: 14 October 1969 Published: 01 February 1970
The<i>RET</i>Proto-Oncogene in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 and Hirschsprung's Disease
Authors: C Eng
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Recent years have brought major advances in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of both types of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome. MEN type 1 (MEN-1 [designated “MEN 1” by the Second International MEN Workshop]) is the triad of parathyroid, pancreatic islet-cell, and anterior pituitary tumors.1 Carcinoid, adrenal cortical, and lipoid tumors may also occur in MEN-1. Its susceptibility gene has been mapped but not isolated, and in some kindreds polymorphic markers that flank the gene can be used for predictive DNA testing.2 MEN type 2 (MEN-2) is a syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, . . .
Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19·2 million participants
Journal: The Lancet (2016)

Underweight and severe and morbid obesity are associated with highly elevated risks of adverse health outcomes. We estimated trends in mean body-mass index (BMI), which characterises its population distribution, and in the prevalences of a complete set of BMI categories for adults in all countries.
Potent cytotoxicity and inhibition of pan-cell cycle progression by Alchemix, a novel alkylating anthraquinone
Authors: A. A. Epenetos, K. Pors, P. J. Smith, L. H. Patterson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

12030 Introduction: DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) is crucial to the maintenance of cancer cells in a proliferative state. DNA intercalation is a crucial part of topo II inhibition by DNA affinic anthraquinones. Potent cytotoxicity of anthraquinones, is related to their slow rate of dissociation from DNA, the kinetics of which favours long-term trapping of the topo-DNA complexes. Currently available DNA interacting agents at best promote a transient inhibition of topo II, since the topo-drug-DNA ternary complex is reversed by removal of the intracellular drug pool. Results: Alchemix cell cycle events: DNA content and Cyclin B1 expression were measured using flow cytometry and a p53 functional human osteosarcoma cell line (U2-OS) The results indicate: (ii) slow pan-cell cycle progression and mitotic commitment with a limited expression of G2 arrest, (iii) B1 cyclin tracking reveals that escape from Alchemix-induced cell cycle arrest in G2 is forcing some cells to enter polyploidy via an aberrant mitosis in keeping with topoisomerase II inhibition. Alchemix in vitro activity against the NCI human cell line panel including several drug resistant cancer cell lines had a mean IG50 = 49 nM. 11 of the 24 cell lines tested have an IG50 of &lt;10 nM. Alchemix retains potent activity against chemotherapy resistant tumors including drug resistant ones. Conclusions: Alchemix possesses potent activity across a variety of different human tumors and significantly shows potent activity in cisplatin and anthracyline resistant human tumors Alchemix has pan-cell cycle effects. Multilevel targeting by Alchemix reduces the probability of evasion of cell cycle related pharmacodynamic responses. Results help explain the activity of Alchemix in both cisplatin and anthracycline resistant tumors in vitro and in vivo. [Table: see text]
Diagnosis of Magnesium-Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Kenneth D. Fine, Carol A. Santa Ana, John S. Fordtran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

There is no specific method of diagnosing magnesium-induced diarrhea. Therefore, the frequency and clinical importance of diarrhea caused by magnesium are unknown. The purposes of this study were to establish a method for diagnosing magnesiuminduced diarrhea and to apply it to patients with chronic diarrhea.
Treatment of pancreatic cancer with two novel histone deacetylase inhibitors NVP-LAQ824 and NVP-LBH589
Authors: M. Wiedmann, M. Haefner, M. Niederhagen, K. Schoppmeyer, C. Wittekind, C. Moebius, J. Mossner, K. Caca
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

4624 Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fifth to sixth leading cause of cancer death in Europe and up to 90% of patients will present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Unfortunately, little progress has been obtained from chemotherapy regimens in the past decade. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, like NVP-LAQ824 and NVP-LBH589, either alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy may be a novel alternative. Methods: Cell-growth inhibition by NVP-LAQ824 and NVP-LBH589 was studied in vitro in 8 human pancreatic cancer cell lines by MTT assay. In addition, the anti-tumoral effect of NVP-LBH589 was studied in a chimeric mouse model. Anti-tumoral drug mechanism was assessed by immunoblotting for p21 WAF-1 , acH4, p42/p44, Phospho-p42/p44, AKT, Phospho- AKT, cell cycle analysis, TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemistry for MIB-1. Results: In vitro treatment with both compounds significantly suppressed the growth of all cancer cell lines (mean IC 50 (6d) 0.06 and 0.03 μM, respectively) and was associated with hyperacetylation of nucleosomal histones H4, increased expression of p21 WAF-1 , and cell cycle arrest at G2/M-checkpoint. After 21 d, NVP-LBH589 alone reduced tumor mass in vivo by 70% and in combination with gemcitabine by 81% in comparison to placebo for cell line L3.6 pl. Further analysis of the tumor specimens revealed slightly increased apoptosis (TUNEL) and no significant reduction of cell proliferation (MIB-1). Protein levels of p42/p44, and AKT remained stable, whereas levels of Phospho-p42/p44 and Phospho-AKT increased. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that NVP-LBH589 &gt; NVP-LAQ824 are active against human pancreatic cancer in vitro. In addition, NVP-LBH589 demonstrated significant in vivo activity and potentiated the efficacy of gemcitabine, although the precise mechanism of drug action is not yet completely understood. Therefore, further preclinical and clinical evaluation of this new drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is recommended. No significant financial relationships to disclose.