Abstract B26: MAPK-interacting kinase inhibition sensitizes glioblastoma and glioma stem cells to arsenic trioxide
Authors: Jonathan B. Bell, Frank Eckerdt, Ahmet Dirim Arslan, Asneha Iqbal, Angel A. Alvarez, Shi-Yuan Cheng, Ichiro Nakano, Leonidas C. Platanias
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest primary brain tumor with a median survival of around one year. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an emerging therapy for the treatment of GBM and other malignant brain tumors. The cytotoxic effects of ATO are mainly mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species and induction of cell death pathways. However, glioma stem cells in heterogeneous GBM tumors impart resistance by activation of survival pathways, thereby preventing therapeutic responses to cytotoxic agents such as ATO. We have previously shown that ATO responses in leukemia are antagonized by the MAPK-interacting kinases (MNKs), which activate protein translation and survival pathways including the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in response to ATO treatment. Yet, the role of MNK signaling in GBM and glioma stem cells and the potential of using MNK inhibitors to sensitize GBM to ATO has not been explored. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanisms by which MNK signaling regulates arsenic trioxide responses in GBM and glioma stem cells. GBM cell lines were treated with ATO in the presence or absence of MNK inhibitors or siRNA against MNK isoforms. Western blots of treated samples were analyzed with antibodies against phosphorylated eIF4E, the key downstream effector of the MNKs. Following treatment with ATO and MNK inhibitors, proliferation rate and apoptosis were determined by WST-1 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. GBM cell lines were grown under stem cell conditions and subjected to qPCR and flow cytometry to monitor CD44 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, both markers of stemness. Patient-derived glioma stem cell lines displaying mesenchymal-like phenotype were treated with ATO and MNK inhibitors and analyzed by neurosphere formation assay. Treatment of GBM cell lines with ATO resulted in MNK activation and induction of eIF4E phosphorylation in a MNK1-depedent manner. Furthermore, MNK inhibition sensitized GBM cells to the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of ATO. Knockdown of MNK1 in GBM cell lines grown under stem cell conditions decreased neurosphere formation. Finally, pharmacological MNK inhibition sensitized mesenchymal-like glioma stem cells to ATO. Our results suggest ATO in combination with MNK inhibition might represent a new approach for the treatment of GBM, in particular the therapy-resistant glioma stem cell subpopulation. Citation Format: Jonathan B. Bell, Frank Eckerdt, Ahmet Dirim Arslan, Asneha Iqbal, Angel A. Alvarez, Shi-Yuan Cheng, Ichiro Nakano, Leonidas C. Platanias. MAPK-interacting kinase inhibition sensitizes glioblastoma and glioma stem cells to arsenic trioxide. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr B26.