tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Population-Based Colonoscopy Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Michael Bretthauer, Michal F. Kaminski, Magnus Løberg, Ann G. Zauber, Jaroslaw Regula, Ernst J. Kuipers, Miguel A. Hernán, Eleanor McFadden, Annike Sunde, Mette Kalager, Evelien Dekker, Iris Lansdorp-Vogelaar, Kjetil Garborg, Maciej Rupinski, Manon C. W. Spaander, Marek Bugajski, Ole Høie, Tryggvi Stefansson, Geir Hoff, Hans-Olov Adami
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2016)

<h3>Importance</h3> Although some countries have implemented widespread colonoscopy screening, most European countries have not introduced it because of uncertainty regarding participation rates, procedure-related pain and discomfort, endoscopist performance, and effectiveness. To our knowledge, no randomized trials on colonoscopy screening currently exist. <h3>Objective</h3> To investigate participation rate, adenoma yield, performance, and adverse events of population-based colonoscopy screening in several European countries. <h3>Design, Setting, and Population</h3> A population-based randomized clinical trial was conducted among 94 959 men and women aged 55 to 64 years of average risk for colon cancer in Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, and Sweden from June 8, 2009, to June 23, 2014. <h3>Interventions</h3> Colonoscopy screening or no screening. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Participation in colonoscopy screening, cancer and adenoma yield, and participant experience. Study outcomes were compared by country and endoscopist. <h3>Results</h3> Of 31 420 eligible participants randomized to the colonoscopy group, 12 574 (40.0%) underwent screening. Participation rates were 60.7% in Norway (5354 of 8816), 39.8% in Sweden (486 of 1222), 33.0% in Poland (6004 of 18 188), and 22.9% in the Netherlands (730 of 3194) (<i>P</i> &lt; .001). The cecum intubation rate was 97.2% (12 217 of 12 574), with 9726 participants (77.4%) not receiving sedation. Of the 12 574 participants undergoing colonoscopy screening, we observed 1 perforation (0.01%), 2 postpolypectomy serosal burns (0.02%), and 18 cases of bleeding owing to polypectomy (0.14%). Sixty-two individuals (0.5%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 3861 (30.7%) had adenomas, of which 1304 (10.4%) were high-risk adenomas. Detection rates were similar in the proximal and distal colon. Performance differed significantly between endoscopists; recommended benchmarks for cecal intubation (95%) and adenoma detection (25%) were not met by 6 (17.1%) and 10 of 35 endoscopists (28.6%), respectively. Moderate or severe abdominal pain after colonoscopy was reported by 601 of 3611 participants (16.7%) examined with standard air insufflation vs 214 of 5144 participants (4.2%) examined with carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) insufflation (<i>P</i> &lt; .001). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Colonoscopy screening entails high detection rates in the proximal and distal colon. Participation rates and endoscopist performance vary significantly. Postprocedure abdominal pain is common with standard air insufflation and can be significantly reduced by using CO<sub>2</sub>. <h3>Trial Registration</h3> clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00883792
Biliary-Pigment Changes Resulting from Azo-Dye Administration&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: James D. Spain, A. Clark Griffin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1957)

Biliary-Pigment Changes Resulting from Azo-Dye Administration Get access James D. Spain, James D. Spain Biochemistry Department, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. Clark Griffin A. Clark Griffin Biochemistry Department, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 18, Issue 5, May 1957, Pages 693–700, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/18.5.693 Published: 01 May 1957 Article history Received: 26 October 1956 Published: 01 May 1957
Paracellular epithelial sodium transport maximizes energy efficiency in the kidney
Authors: Lei Pei, Glenn Solis, Mien T.X. Nguyen, Nikhil Kamat, Lynn Magenheimer, Min Zhuo, Jiahua Li, Joshua Curry, Alicia A. McDonough, Timothy A. Fields, William J. Welch, Alan S.L. Yu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2016)

Efficient oxygen utilization in the kidney may be supported by paracellular epithelial transport, a form of passive diffusion that is driven by preexisting transepithelial electrochemical gradients. Claudins are tight-junction transmembrane proteins that act as paracellular ion channels in epithelial cells. In the proximal tubule (PT) of the kidney, claudin-2 mediates paracellular sodium reabsorption. Here, we used murine models to investigate the role of claudin-2 in maintaining energy efficiency in the kidney. We found that claudin-2–null mice conserve sodium to the same extent as WT mice, even during profound dietary sodium depletion, as a result of the upregulation of transcellular Na-K-2Cl transport activity in the thick ascending limb of Henle. We hypothesized that shifting sodium transport to transcellular pathways would lead to increased whole-kidney oxygen consumption. Indeed, compared with control animals, oxygen consumption in the kidneys of claudin-2–null mice was markedly increased, resulting in medullary hypoxia. Furthermore, tubular injury in kidneys subjected to bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion injury was more severe in the absence of claudin-2. Our results indicate that paracellular transport in the PT is required for efficient utilization of oxygen in the service of sodium transport. We speculate that paracellular permeability may have evolved as a general strategy in epithelial tissues to maximize energy efficiency.
Analysis of four human PlGF isoforms and of VEGFR-1 in esophageal carcinoma.
Authors: A. Schultze, M. Bubenheim, E. Yekebas, A. Erbersdobler, U. Reichelt, J. R. Izbicki, K. Pantel, C. Bokemeyer, W. M. Fiedler, S. Loges
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

4160 Background: Placental growth factor (PlGF) and its receptor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) are involved in tumor progression. Humans can express four PlGF isoforms (PlGF1-4), but it is unknown, whether all of them are expressed in cancer. In this retrospective exploratory study, we analyzed expression levels of PlGF1-4 and of VEGFR-1 in primary esophageal tumor tissue and correlated gene expression data with clinical data. We included presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow in our analysis, which has recently evolved as adverse prognostic factor in different cancers. Methods: Gene expression levels were determined by QRT-PCR in primary tumor samples of 69 patients with esophageal cancer. Subsequently, expression data were correlated with clinical data (pT, pN, pM, DTCs). For analysis of association between expression levels and categorical clinical parameters Wilcoxon's test for independent samples was used. For correlations between quantitative variables, Kendall's tau (τ) was used to measure the degree of dependence. Results: PLGF-1, PLGF-2 and VEGFR-1 were expressed in virtually all analyzed tumor samples. Expression of PLGF-3 and PLGF-4 were limited to 59% and 74% of the analyzed patients, respectively. Expression levels of all PlGF variants were correlated amongst each other (Kendall tau rank>0.55). Expression of PlGF splice variants was not correlated with clinical variables. Interestingly, expression levels of VEGFR-1 predict presence of DTCs in bone marrow (p = 0.002). Patients with DTC in bone marrow had lower expression levels of VEGFR-1 within primary tumor tissue than patients without DTCs (0.004 ± 0.01 vs. 0.07 ± 0.15). In contrast, VEGFR-1 expression level was not correlated with lymphatic or distant macrometastasis, indicating a potential specific role of VEGFR-1 in protecting from dissemination of tumor cells into the bone marrow. Conclusions: All four known isoforms of PLGF are expressed in human esophageal cancer. Furthermore, VEGFR-1 levels are inversely correlated with presence of DTCs in the bone marrow of patients. If validated in prospective studies, VEGFR-1 expression in tumors might serve as novel prognostic biomarker for bone marrow micrometastasis. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
<i>Vital Signs</i>: Exposure to Electronic Cigarette Advertising Among Middle School and High School Students — United States, 2014
Authors: Tushar Singh, Kristy Marynak, René A. Arrazola, Shanna Cox, Italia V. Rolle, Brian A. King
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2016)

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased considerably among U.S. youths since 2011. Tobacco use among youths in any form, including e-cigarettes, is unsafe. Tobacco product advertising can persuade youths to start using tobacco. CDC analyzed data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey to estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette advertisement exposure among U.S. middle school and high school students.The 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a school-based survey of middle school and high school students in grades 6-12, included 22,007 participants. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements (categorized as "sometimes," "most of the time," or "always") was assessed for four sources: retail stores, Internet, TV and movies, and newspapers and magazines. Weighted exposure estimates were assessed overall and by school type, sex, race/ethnicity, and grade.In 2014, 68.9% of middle and high school students (18.3 million) were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements from at least one source. Among middle school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (52.8%), followed by Internet (35.8%), TV and movies (34.1%), and newspapers and magazines (25.0%). Among high school students, exposure was highest for retail stores (56.3%), followed by Internet (42.9%), TV and movies (38.4%), and newspapers and magazines (34.6%). Among middle school students, 23.4% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.4% from two sources, 13.7% from three sources, and 11.9% from four sources. Among high school students, 21.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising from one source, 17.0% from two sources, 14.5% from three sources, and 18.2% from four sources.Approximately seven in 10 U.S. middle and high school students were exposed to e-cigarette advertisements in 2014. Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements might contribute to increased use of e-cigarettes among youths. Multiple approaches are warranted to reduce youth e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertisements, including efforts to reduce youth access to settings where tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, are sold, and regulation of youth-oriented e-cigarette marketing.
Abstract B58: CELF1 is a central node in post-transcriptional regulatory programs underlying EMT and metastasis in breast epithelial cells
Authors: Arindam Chaudhury, Natee Kongchan, Joseph M. Fachini, Lukas M. Simon, Tao Wang, Sufeng Mao, Daniel G. Rosen, Michael M. Ittmann, Susan G. Hilsenbeck, Chad A. Shaw, Joel R. Neilson
Journal: Cancer Research (2016)

Abstract The importance of translational regulation in tumorigenesis and metastasis is increasingly appreciated. We have leveraged polyribosomal profiling to prospectively and functionally define translational regulatory programs underlying the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), one of the early manifestations of metastasis, in breast epithelial cells. Our approach identified scores of mRNAs both enriched and depleted from polyribosomal fractions in mesenchymal cells as compared to their epithelial counterparts. Computational analysis of the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs enriched in polysomal fractions derived from the mesenchymal state revealed enrichment of a distinct GU-rich cis-element within these mRNA transcripts. Strikingly, while relative representation of these GU-rich-containing transcripts at the level of bulk mRNA were generally decreased in mesenchymal cells, the protein encoded by each of these mRNAs was dramatically increased. 3′ UTRs from affected transcripts conferred similar regulation upon a fluorescent reporter gene dependent upon the presence of the GU-rich element within the 3′ UTR sequence. Several of the translationally upregulated transcripts were necessary and/or sufficient for the EMT program. We next identified the CELF1 protein as a common regulator of these mRNA transcripts, demonstrating direct binding of the CELF1 protein to affected transcripts dependent upon the presence of the GU-rich element within their 3′ UTRs. CELF1 was itself necessary and sufficient for EMT in several distinct in vitro models as well as for metastatic colonization in vivo. Analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data revealed no increase in the relative expression of CELF1's regulatory targets or CELF1 itself in human breast cancer. We demonstrate that the CELF1 gene product is itself post-translationally regulated during EMT, and that CELF1 protein, but not mRNA, is significantly overexpressed in human breast cancer tissues and correlates with disease progression. Cumulatively, our data present a distinctive model of gene regulation, invisible to traditional transcriptional profiling, in which the CELF1 protein serves as a central node controlling translational activation of the EMT program and ultimately tumor metastasis in human breast cancer. Citation Format: Arindam Chaudhury, Natee Kongchan, Joseph M. Fachini, Lukas M. Simon, Tao Wang, Sufeng Mao, Daniel G. Rosen, Michael M. Ittmann, Susan G. Hilsenbeck, Chad A. Shaw, Joel R. Neilson. CELF1 is a central node in post-transcriptional regulatory programs underlying EMT and metastasis in breast epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Metastasis; 2015 Nov 30-Dec 3; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B58.
Doctors raise concerns about India’s draft bill to regulate life support withdrawal
Authors: Ganapati Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2016)

India’s first draft bill to regulate decisions to withhold or withdraw life support and medical treatment to terminally ill patients has worried doctors who believe that the proposed rules may involve the courts in medical decisions.

The bill, released by the Indian health ministry last week for public responses, would allow terminally ill people or their families to decline treatment and doctors receiving such requests to withhold or withdraw support without the threat of legal consequences.1

Members of the Indian Society for Critical Care Medicine and the Indian Association of Palliative Care have been urging the health ministry to regulate issues relating to end of life care. Many doctors believe that an inadequate legal framework and a reticence in the community to discuss death have unnecessarily prolonged the experience of terminally ill patients as well as the wasteful use of private and public resources.2

The …
Efficacy of ECT in affective and schizophrenic illness
Authors: M Greenblatt
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1977)

The author reports on studies of the comparative efficacy of ECT, the newer psychotropic drugs, and combinations of both in the treatment of depression and schizophrenia. He concludes that ECT is indicated for acutely suicidal and other severely impaired depressive patients but not necessarily for schizophrenic patients, although ECT has been successful with some schizophrenic patients for whom drugs were ineffective.
Feasibility and outcome of interval debulking surgery (IDS) after carboplatin-paclitaxel-bevacizumab (CPB): Results from a subgroup of patient from the MITO-16A-MANGO OV2A phase 4 trial.
Authors: Gennaro Daniele, Domenica Lorusso, Giovanni Scambia, Marilena Di Napoli, Maria Ornella Nicoletto, Enrico Breda, Nicoletta Colombo, Grazia Artioli, Bruno Daniele, Giovanni Lo Re, Francesco Raspagliesi, Valentina Chiappa, Vanda Salutari, Gabriella Ferrandina, Stefano Greggi, Alessandra Baldoni, Maria Carmela Piccirillo, Roldano Fossati, Francesco Perrone, Sandro Pignata
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

5569 Background: Few data are available on the outcome of surgery after a bevacizumab-containing regimen. The MITO 16A- MANGO OV2A phase 4 trial evaluates the outcomes of first-line CPB in a clinical-practice-like setting. Here we present the results of the subgroup of patients undergoing IDS after neoadjuvant treatment or suboptimal primary surgery. Methods: 400patients aged ≥ 18 with untreated AOC, ECOG PS 0-2 were eligible to receive C (AUC 5 d1, q21) plus P (175mg/m² d1, q21) and B (15 mg/kg d1 q21) for 6 cycles followed by B maintenance until cycle 22nd within the MITO 16 trial. Results: With data available at Dec 31, 2014, 79/400 patients (20%) underwent IDS; bevacizumab was omitted before IDS in 5 patients. In the remaining 74 patients, median age was 61.2, 72% had FIGO IIIC disease, 23% FIGO IV and 5% FIGO IIIB. 60 patients (82.3%) had a suboptimal ( > 1cm) primary surgery, while in 14 cases a neoadjuvant therapy was given after a biopsy with no attempt of resection. The median number of cycles before IDS was 3 (Interquartile range, IQR: 3-4) and 3 (IQR: 2-3) for chemotherapy and bevacizumab respectively, with a median interval between the last bevacizumab and the IDS of 38 days (IQR: 34-47). The median duration of the IDS was 3.5 hours (IQR: 2.8-5) and discharge of the patients was after a median of 7.5 days (IQR: 6-10). The outcome of IDS is unknown for 3 patients; 10 patients (12.7%) were suboptimally debulked, while the residual disease was absent or ≤ 1 cm in 61 patients (82.4%). After IDS there was no major adverse events. Fever complicated 4% of the interventions and 4% of the patients required blood transfusion after surgery. Surgical wound infection and/or dehiscence, pelvic abscess, intestinal sub-occlusion and fistula were experienced by one patient each. Conclusions: In the MITO16A-MANGO OV2A phase 4 trial, combined chemotherapy and bevacizumab did not prevent IDS and the rate of perioperative complications was similar to what expected without bevacizumab. These data support the hypothesis that the opportunity to add bevacizumab to chemotherapy in first line treatment of ovarian cancer might not be denied to patients for whom IDS is planned. Clinical trial information: NCT01706120.
Learning dynamic psychotherapy: a longitudinal study
Authors: P Buckley, H R Conte, R Plutchik, T B Karasu, K V Wild
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1982)

The authors investigated the evolution of psychotherapeutic skills over time in a group of psychiatric residents in their third year of training. A 29-item Supervisors Evaluation Scale measuring psychotherapy skills was developed. Each resident who began his or her clinical experience in conducting individual analytically oriented psychotherapy was rated by his or her supervisors on this scale toward the beginning of training and again 8 months later. Statistically significant changes were found for 7 of the skills measured. The authors feel that these may reflect those aspects of psychotherapy which the beginning therapist can readily learn with supervision and experience.
How would a decision to leave the European Union affect medical research and health in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Azeem Majeed, Anna Hansell, Sonia Saxena, Christopher Millett, Helen Ward, Matthew Harris, Benedict Hayhoe, Josip Car, Graham Easton, Christl A Donnelly, Robert Perneczky, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Majid Ezzati, Salman Rawaf, Paolo Vineis, Neil Ferguson, Elio Riboli
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2016)

Azeem Majeed, Anna Hansell, Sonia Saxena, Christopher Millett, Helen Ward, Matthew Harris, Benedict Hayhoe, Josip Car, Graham Easton, Christl A Donnelly, Robert Perneczky, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin, Majid Ezzati, Salman Rawaf, Paolo Vineis, Neil Ferguson and Elio Riboli School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK Corresponding author: Azeem Majeed. Email: a.majeed@imperial.ac.uk
Correlation between antisaccade and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia
Authors: R B Rosse, B L Schwartz, S Y Kim, S I Deutsch
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1993)

In 27 patients with chronic schizophrenia, there was a significant correlation between performance on an antisaccade eye movement task and on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. A significant correlation was not obtained between antisaccade task performance and scores on the modified Mini-Mental State examination or the Schedule for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. In addition, patients' antisaccade task performance was impaired compared with that of 12 normal subjects.
Convictions
Authors: Jerry Kruse
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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