tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of the Vaginal Smear as a Screening Test
Authors: Herbert L. Lombard, Margaret Middleton, Shields Warren, Olive Gates
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

A LONG-RANGE experimental study, financed in part by the Commonwealth Fund, was inaugurated in January, 1945, by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to evaluate, from an administrative standpoint, the use of vaginal smears in the diagnosis of uterine cancer. At that time the test was just beginning to be generally known and enthusiasm for its utilization was increasing.1 2 3 4 5 Several lay periodicals were soon to advocate the universal examination of women by this test. The Department desired to determine whether the cytology test for cancer should be added to the other services offered to physicians and the public, whether the . . .
AB1370 Case mix of new patients seen in northumberland-results from a local survey:
Authors: N. Thalayasingam, I. Atchia, F. Birrell, M. Grove, A. Myers, E.K. Omar, S. Adimulam
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> There is a paucity of data regarding the case mix in Rheumatology new patient clinics in the United Kingdom. In addition, the prevalence of inflammatory rheumatic diseases is known to vary between countries and, indeed, geographical variations have been shown within the same country [ref]. Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust is one of the largest geographical trusts in the UK with a large rural/suburban population. We sought to identify whether there are differences in the case mix in the rural/urban areas of the trust and compare our patient population to the rest of UK <h3>Methods</h3> Five consultant rheumatologists retrospectively recorded the diagnoses of at least fifty of their most recent new patients in the preceding two months (n=256), after the results of preliminary investigations were available. The patients with inflammatory arthritis were sub classified into seropostive(RA +) and sero negative(RA -) rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and other Spondyloarthritides We estimated the incidence of RA + and RA - for the 570,000 population that the trust serves <h3>Results</h3> Inflammatory arthritis accounts for more than one third (37%) of the new patients seen within our trust. Other Rheumatological include osteoporosis, Vitamin D deficiency, primary Raynaud's, PMR, GCA, HSP, CRPS, JIA and Fibromyalgia The annual incidence of RA (RA+ and RA-) in our population is 44/100,000. However on separating the RA+ from RA- the annual incidence of RA+ is 19/100,000.Our estimated incidence of PsA is 44/100,000 and that of other Spondyloarthritis including Ankylosing spondylitis is 11.4/100,000. The annual incidence of RA+ in rural and suburban populations was 6/100,000 and 13/100,000 respectively. <h3>Conclusions</h3> There is a high incidence of IA in Northumberland with a higher proportion of patients having PsA or IA-. Our estimated annual incidence of RA is different from The Norfolk data of 26/100000. We have identified differences in incidence between rural/urban areas, which may be indicative of wider geographical variations in incidence of RA or Reflect referral patterns from GP's. It would be interesting to compare our figures with other centres. Our study has certain limitations being small and we have extrapolated the data over two months for calculating the annual incidence, but does highlight a potential area of further research: the potential geographical variation in the incidence of RA throughout the UK. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Reply to White et al.
Authors: Andrea Riphaus, Jean-Marc Dumonceau
Journal: Endoscopy (2016)

We thank Drs. White and Draganov for their comments concerning the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGE-ESGENA) guideline on non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol (NAAP) for gastrointestinal endoscopy [1]. Indeed, between 2010 and 2015, our recommendation has changed following the publication of three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), from “Capnography cannot be recommended as standard” to “We suggest consideration of capnographic monitoring during NAAP in specific situations including high risk patients, intended deep sedation, and long procedures.” As detailed in the section 5.2.2 of the 2015 Guideline Update, we considered that the data from new RCTs were insufficient to further support the use of capnographic monitoring, in particular its generalization. This is in line with a recent statement by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association [2].
P696Relationship between pulmonary vasoactive factors and pulmonary arterial pressure in acute high altitude reaction and its change after return to lower altitude
Authors: Q Zhou
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Objective: To assess the relationship between pulmonary vasoactive factors and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in acute high altitude reaction (AHAR) and its change after return to lower altitude. Methods: 96 officers and soldiers of rapidly getting into high altitude (3700 m) combined strong physical work were analyzed. According to the symptomatic scores of AHAR, they were divided into 3 groups: severe (group A, n=24), mild to moderate (group B, n=47) and without AHAR (group C, n=25). Plasma intermedin (IMD), adrenomedulin (ADM), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) were measured at that altitude for 50 ds and after return to lower altitude (1500 m) for 12 hs and 15 ds and 50 healthy volunteers at 1500 m altitude served as controll (group D). Results: Level of plasma IMD, ADM, ET-1 and mPAP were significantly higher in group A than those in group B, C and D (all P<0.01), and there were significantly differences between the group B and group C, also group C and group D (all P<0.01). At altitude 3700 m for 50 ds, AHAR total scores were positively correlated with mPAP, IMD, ADM and ET-1, IMD, ADM and ET-1 was positively correlated with mPAP (all P<0.01). mPAP, IMD, ADM and ET-1 were significantly higher at 3700 m for 50 ds than those at 1500 m for 12 hs, 15 ds and the group D (all P<0.01); there was significantly difference at 1 500 m between 12 h and 15 d (all P<0.01); there were no difference between at 15 d and the group D (all P>0.05). Conclusion: IMD, ADM and ET-1 may play important roles in mechanism of PAH in AHAR. Imbalance of these factors has great effects on the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertasion. It was obviously improved after return to lower altitude 12h, and recovered to normal after 15d.
PTU-088 The microflora of bile after intraoperative aspiration of the gallbladder during cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: Abstract PTU-088 Table 1
Authors: M S J Wilson, K Seymour
Journal: Gut (2012)

Introduction Emergency cholecystectomy for the management of acute cholecystitis is now common. In order to facilitate this procedure it can be helpful to decompress the gallbladder by aspirating its contents. The benefit of gallbladder aspiration in the elective setting is however unclear.1 2 It is important to be aware of the likely microflora of bile in patients undergoing emergency cholecystectomy to facilitate the use of appropriate targeted antibiotics. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of intraoperative gallbladder aspiration during acute cholecystectomy and to determine the microflora after microscopy and culture. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis over an 18-month period (July 2010 to January 2012) identified from PAS data. Cross referencing with microbiology electronic database for microscopy and culture findings from gallbladder aspiration samples. Results 124 patients (36 male, 88 female, age range 18–90 years) underwent cholecystectomy during the study period. 29 (23.4%) patients underwent intraoperative aspiration of gallbladder contents, of which 20 (69.0%) had no organisms seen at microscopy and 14 (48.3%) grew no organisms after incubation in culture medium. [Abstract PTU-088 table 1][1] outlines the organisms isolated in the remaining 15 patients; four grew an isolated organism and 11 grew more than one organism and also details the antibiotic profile following culture. View this table: Abstract PTU-088 Table 1 Microorganisms isolated after culture of gallbladder aspirates and antibiotic profile (S = sensitive, R = resistant) Conclusion In order to facilitate emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystectomy it is often necessary to decompress the gallbladder by aspirating its contents. In our case series this was necessary in 23% of patients. Almost half of aspirates were found to be sterile. In the remainder, the most common organism isolated after culture is Escherichia coli , whch is usually resistant to amoxicillin, but sensitive to tazocin. However, the sensitivity of E coli to augmentin is less clear and surgeons should be aware of this when initiating antibiotic prophylaxis for acute cholecystitis. Competing interests None declared. References 1. Ezer A , Nursal TZ, Colakoglu T, et al. The impact of gallbladder aspiration during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective randomized study. AJS 2008; 196 :456–9. 2. Calik A , Topaloglu S, Topcu S, et al. Routine intraoperative aspiration of gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2007; 21 :1578–81. [1]: #T1
Abstract 2495: The autophagy inducing drug carbamazepine is a radiation protector and mitigator
Authors: Hyun Kim, Mark Bernard, John Flickinger, Michael W. Epperly, Hong Wang, Tracy M. Dixon, Donna Shields, Frank Houghton, Joel S. Greenberger
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The role of autophagy in cellular response to radiation is controversial. Some investigators report that induction of autophagy increases radiosensitivity whereas others report that it confers radioresistance. Carbamazepine, traditionally used to treat mood disorders, epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia, has recently been shown to induce autophagy. We hypothesized that carbamazepine would be radioprotective in vitro and in vivo by upregulating autophagy in cells and tissue after irradiation. In clonogenic assays of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells (32Dcl3), carbamazepine at 1, 10 and 100 uM for 1 hour prior to irradiation (0 – 8 Gy) increased the Do from 1.5 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 (p = 0.011), 2.3 ± 0.1 (p = 0.010), and 3.6 ± 0.7 (p = 0.003), respectively. Carbamazepine after irradiation increased the shoulder (ñ) on the survival curve from 1.4 ± 0.3 to 10.1 ± 4.2 (p = 0.011), 5.5 ± 1.7 (p = 0.018), or 3.6 ± 0.8 (p = 0.014), respectively. C57BL/6NHsd mice with intraperitoneal injection of carbamazepine (20 mg/kg) immediately before or after 9.25 Gy irradiation demonstrated increased survival (p = 0.008 and 0.005, respectively). JC1 stain and TUNEL assay revealed that carbamazepine had no effect on changes in mitochondria potential or apoptosis, respectively, following 5 or 10 Gy. Immunoblot for LC3 in 32Dcl3 cells 24 hours after irradiation revealed a 3.3x (5 Gy) and 6.2x (10 Gy) increase in LC3II/LC3I when cells were incubated in 50 uM carbamazepine. Cells irradiated in the absence of carbamazepine exhibited a 1.3x (5 Gy) and 1.8x (10 Gy) LC3II/LC3I increase, respectively. This data suggest that carbamazepine may be a valuable radiation mitigator by upregulating autophagy in irradiated cells. Supported by 2U19A1068021-06 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2495. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2495
Abstract 5246: Genomic determinants of aggressive phenotype in oral SCC
Authors: David R. Sibson, Bryony Lloyd, Julia Woolgar, Janet Risk, Richard Shaw, Jag Dhanda
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the common form of HNSCC, affects over 600,000 cases worldwide per annum. We reviewed 561 consecutive cases in Liverpool1 finding that the most predictive marker for death was extra-capsular spread (ECS) from cervical lymph nodes (p&amp;lt;0.001). Overall survival at 5 years was 56% for all 561 cases, but only 24% in the ECS group independently of its site, extent or the stage of the primary tumour2. The presence of ECS predicted for recurrence, usually at the primary site, even when surgical margins were generous indicating that this aggressive phenotype is likely to be expressed in the primary tumour as much as in the metastatic cells. Hypothesis: We hypothesised that molecular pathways represented by global gene expression signatures would be detected in the samples associated with ECS. Methods: High density exon array expression analysis was performed on fresh frozen samples comprising T2 and T4 stage OSCC cases having no nodal involvement; positive nodes without ECS or positive nodes plus ECS picked longitudinally from a single centre series (n&amp;gt;200) with bias towards increasing the numbers with ECS. Contingency tests were performed to assess the significance of ECS associated pathways. Results and Discussion: Power analysis showed that 90% of all ≥ twofold differences in gene expression between node negative &amp; ECS cases were significant. Affected pathways included: keratinocyte differentiation, ECM remodelling, chemokines &amp; adhesion, TGF &amp; WNT: cytoskeletal remodelling, regulation of actin cytoskeleton by rho GTPases &amp; cell adhesion/ histamine H1 receptor signalling/loss of cell barrier (p values:7.7×10−15 – 1.9×10−6). A 29 gene signature able to discriminate the ECS from the non-ECS cases with 78% sensitivity and 86% specificity was found. Blocked differentiation of keratinocytes at an early (“stem cell”/ EMT) stage was suggested by the genes which included keratin 15, keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein, retinol binding protein 1, cellular serine peptidase inhibitor (Kazal type 6), and stratifin implicated in mesenchymal stem cells, basal, suprabasal expression and keratinocyte activation and differentiation. The signature may be connected with these tumours having poor prognosis. Conclusion: This is a significant and novel finding suggesting that the pattern of metastasis in regional lymph nodes can be predicted by molecular pathways prevalent in a small oral biopsy. 1. Rogers et al. Oral Oncol 2009;45(3):201-211 2. Shaw et.al. Head Neck 2010;32(6):714-722 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5246. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5246
Under-5 child mortality falls by almost 40% over 20 years in countries with worst record, WHO says
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The millennium development goals (MDGs) have helped improve health in the poorest countries but differences remain both within and between these countries, a World Health Organization report says.

World Health Statistics 2013 ,1 WHO’s annual snapshot of global health, shows that much progress has been made to meet the goals on reducing child mortality and improving maternal health.

For the quarter of countries with the highest rates of under-5 child death, rates fell from 183 to 112 deaths per 1000 live births between 1990 and 2010—a …
Abstract 79: Role of histone deacetylase expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Yuji Morine, Mitsuo Shimada, Tohru Utsunomiya, Satoru Imura, Tetsuya Ikemoto, Hiroki Mori, Jun Hanaoka, Syuichi Iwahashi, Yu Saito, Shinichiro Yamada, Michihito Asanoma, Mami Kanamoto
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays an important role in chromatin remodeling, gene expression and in regulating cell cycle progression and differentiation. Furthermore, HDAC inhibitors have recently been found to repress the function of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) through inducing hyperacetylation of histones. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the role of HDAC in IHCC. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of HDAC in IHCC. Methods: Thirty-five patients with IHCC who underwent hepatic resection were evaluated. The expressions of HDAC1 and HIF-1α were determined immunohistochemically, and the patients were divided into two groups: HDAC1 positive group (n=21); and HDAC1 negative group (n=14). Clinicopathological variables including HIF-1α expression were compared between the two groups. Results: The HDAC1 expression correlated significantly with higher stage carcinoma, lymph node metastasis, and vascular invasion. The prognosis in the HDAC1 positive group was poorer than in the HDAC1 negative group (5-year survival: 77.9% vs. 7.9%, p=0.001). In the multivariate analysis, HDAC1 positive expression was identified as the only independent prognostic factor for disease free survival (Hazard Ratio: 7.194, p=0.0018). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between HDAC1 expression and HIF-1α expression (p=0.007), and co-expressions of these markers in same cancer cells were proven by immunofluorescent stainings in the serial section Conclusions: The findings suggested that a positive expression of HDAC1 is a new prognostic indicator of IHCC, and that HDAC1 might be a possible promising molecular target of IHCC, through the regulation of HIF-1α. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 79. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-79
Abstract 1771: Therapeutic management of pancreatic cancer using a novel drug, Minnelide
Authors: Rohit Chugh, Satish Patil, Veena Sangwan, Selwyn Vickers, Gunda Georg, Ashok K. Saluja
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Pancreatic cancer, the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, is one of the most malignant and aggressive forms of cancer, with a 5-year survival of &amp;lt;5%. We have previously shown that triptolide, a diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, inhibits HSP70 expression leading to cell death in pancreatic cancer cells and reduces the growth as well as loco-regional spread of pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic model. The drawback of the use of triptolide in the clinic is its insolubility in water, requiring the presence of organic solvents. We therefore developed a prodrug of triptolide named Minnelide which is water soluble and converts to the parent compound both in vitro and in vivo. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Minnelide as a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Pancreatic cancer cells of varying metastatic potential (MIA PaCa-2/S2-VP10/S2-013) were incubated with different concentrations of Minnelide (100-200 nM) or vehicle (control). Cell viability was measured using an MTT-based assay, and apoptosis assessed using annexin V staining and caspase 3/9 activation at different time intervals. HSP70 expression was measured in lysates from Minnelide-treated cells by western blot. In vivo efficacy of the drug was measured by implanting tumor cells into the pancreas of nude mice which were then treated with either vehicle or Minnelide for different periods of time, and at different stages of tumor formation. Results: Minnelide decreased the cell viability of the three different human pancreatic cancer cell lines tested in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, cell death was associated with annexin V positivity and activation of caspase 3/9. Minnelide repressed HSP70 protein expression at 100nM, supporting our previous results which show that HSP70 plays an important role in tumor progression. In the in vivo orthotopic mouse model, Minnelide dramatically decreased tumor size, loco-regional spread of tumor and extended survival, both in the early (7 days post-inoculation) and late (28 days post-inoculation) stages of pancreatic cancer. Importantly, toxic studies have shown that Minnelide at the concentrations required for tumor regression is not toxic to the animal. Conclusion: Minnelide is a potent anti-cancer agent, both in vitro and in vivo, causing cell death via apoptosis and tumor regression in vivo. It holds great promise as a novel single-agent therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer. We are currently in the process of initiating Phase I clinical trials for this drug. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1771.
The Effect of the Volume of Procedures at Transplantation Centers on Mortality after Liver Transplantation
Authors: Erick B. Edwards, John P. Roberts, Maureen A. McBride, James A. Schulak, Lawrence G. Hunsicker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

For many complex surgical procedures there is an association between a low volume of procedures and an increased risk of death for the patients who undergo the procedures.
Chemical and Histochemical Sequences in the Normal Healing of Wounds
Authors: J. Englebert Dunphy, K. N. Udupa
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

THE healing wound is of perennial interest and fundamental importance to the surgeon. Despite continued study, however, knowledge to date consists largely of the factors that affect the well known histological sequences of healing and the rate of gain in tensile strength. The intensive inquiries1 , 2 that many investigators have conducted into the nature of connective tissue in the last decade have provided a variety of technics, some old and some new, that require application to the healing wound. This report reappraises the sequences of wound healing on the basis of data obtained from chemical and histochemical studies.Formation of Collagen . . .
Abstract 432: A tissue engineered human extra cellular matrix (hECM) inhibits tumor growth
Authors: Emmett Pinney, Aaron Schenone, Mayra Montes-Camacho, Atsushi Suetsugu, David Easter, Robert M. Hoffman, Gail Naughton
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract A human extracellular matrix (hECM) was extracted from deposits made by neonatal dermal fibroblasts that were seeded on dextran microspheres and cultivated in a stirred bioreactor. The resulting hECM is high in collagen content with reduced hydroxylation as well as proteins found primarily in fetal ECM. These include high concentrations of SPARC, fibulin-2, tenascin, decorin, lumican, and fibromodulin. This hECM was used to treat tumor lines that were introduced onto the CAM of the fertilized chicken egg or growing subcutaneously in the nude mouse. In the CAM model significant tumor inhibition by hECM was seen with the following tumor lines: B16 melanoma was reduced 67%, C6 glioma 58% and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer 78%. Histology indicated that where the cells are in contact with hECM the cells appeared apoptotic. In the nude mouse models similar inhibition by hECM was observed: B16 melanoma was reduced 61%, C6 glioma 60% and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer reduced 58%. Apoptotic pathway activation was confirmed with caspase 9 upregulation in a dose-dependent response to hECM. These data indicate that an ECM rich in fetal proteins is capable of retarding tumor growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 432. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-432