tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12–15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries
Authors: Bo Xi, Yajun Liang, Yunxia Liu, Yinkun Yan, Min Zhao, Chuanwei Ma, Pascal Bovet
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2016)

BackgroundTobacco use is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases worldwide. However, the global extent and prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents is poorly described. Using previously collected survey data, we aimed to assess tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12–15 years in 68 low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsWe used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2006–13) and the China Global Tobacco Youth Survey (2013), which are school-based surveys of young adolescents aged 12–15 years that assess health behaviours using a standardised, anonymous, self-reported questionnaire. We calculated the prevalence of current tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke in young adolescents from 68 low-income and middle-income countries that collected these data in the surveys. We used a multilevel model to estimate the association between parental tobacco use, second-hand smoke, and adolescent tobacco use, adjusting for sex, age, school, school class, country's purchasing power parity, smoking initiation age, national prevalence of tobacco use among adults, year the WHO FCTC was ratified for each country, proxy of socioeconomic status, and survey year.FindingsThe mean prevalence of current tobacco use was 13·6%, ranging from 2·8% in Tajikistan to 44·7% in Samoa. In most countries, the prevalence of tobacco use was higher for boys than girls, and higher for adolescents aged 14–15 years than for those aged 12–13 years. The overall prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure was 55·9%, ranging from 16·4% in Tajikistan to 85·4% in Indonesia. Parental tobacco use (as reported by the young adolescents), especially maternal use, was associated with tobacco use in young adolescents (odds ratio 2·06, 95% CI 1·93–2·19, for maternal and 1·29, 1·23–1·35 for paternal use). Second-hand smoke exposure was also a risk factor for young adolescents' tobacco use (2·56, 2·43–2·69). However, the prevalence of tobacco use was not associated with a country's purchasing power parity.InterpretationTobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were frequent among young adolescents aged 12–15 years in low-income and middle-income countries. Parental tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure were strongly associated with young adolescents' tobacco use. The data emphasise the need to strengthen tobacco control interventions and programmes in young adolescents from low-income and middle-income countries.FundingThis work was partly supported by the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2015WLJH51), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2012HQ033), and the National Natural Science Foundation (81302496).
Nomogram-based Prediction of Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Receiving First-line Platinum-based Chemotherapy: Retrospective International Study of Invasive/Advanced Cancer of the Urothelium (RISC)
Authors: Andrea Necchi, Guru Sonpavde, Salvatore Lo Vullo, Daniele Giardiello, Aristotelis Bamias, Simon J. Crabb, Lauren C. Harshman, Joaquim Bellmunt, Ugo De Giorgi, Cora N. Sternberg, Linda Cerbone, Sylvain Ladoire, Yu-Ning Wong, Evan Y. Yu, Simon Chowdhury, Gunter Niegisch, Sandy Srinivas, Ulka N. Vaishampayan, Sumanta K. Pal, Neeraj Agarwal, Ajjai Alva, Jack Baniel, Ali-Reza Golshayan, Rafael Morales-Barrera, Daniel W. Bowles, Matthew I. Milowsky, Christine Theodore, Dominik R. Berthold, Gedske Daugaard, Srikala S. Sridhar, Thomas Powles, Jonathan E. Rosenberg, Matthew D. Galsky, Luigi Mariani
Journal: European Urology (2016)
Stress and depression in head and neck cancer patients by primary surgery versus primary radiotherapy treatment modality.
Authors: C. A. Jensen, J. J. Hu, L. D. Case, J. D. Browne, J. Gilbert, J. Metzner-Sidurski, E. Franzmann, B. Frizzell, C. Schneider, E. G. Shaw
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

5597 Background: Primary surgery or radiotherapy are potential treatment options for many patients with head and neck cancer. Both have similar control and survival outcomes, but may have differences in health-related quality of life, including stress and depression. Methods: Between 2004-2009, 133 adults with curatively treated stage I-IVb head and neck cancer (squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx, free of locally recurrent or metastatic disease for 6 months to 3 years following primary treatment) were entered on a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled chemoprevention study. All patients completed the 10-item perceived stress scale (PSS) and the 20-item Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD) both at baseline and 12 weeks after being randomized either to a fruit and vegetable concentrate intervention or placebo. Both scales are scored such that higher scores relate to worse quality of life, i.e. more stress or depression, respectively. For a general population, the mean PSS is 13.02. CESD scores >16 signal depression. Results: 89 patients had undergone primary surgery (PS), 44 had received primary radiotherapy (PRT). At baseline and twelve weeks, the mean PSS scores were 9.82 and 8.64 for the PRT group and were 11.09 and 10.31 for the PS group. At baseline and 12 weeks, the mean CESD scores were 7.48 and 9.47 for the PRT group and 9.30 and 8.89 for the PS group. Differences between the PRT and PS groups were not significantly different at baseline or 12 weeks, nor were differences within each group at the two time points. Conclusions: In patients with controlled head and neck cancer, stress, and depression scores as measured by the PSS and CESD did not differ significantly for patients treated with either primary surgery or primary radiotherapy. Mean PSS scores were not higher than those from a normal population and mean CESD scores were not indicative of depression. Twelve weeks of fruit and vegetable concentrate use did not cause any significant changes in mean PSS or CESD scores in either patient group. This study was supported by NSA, Inc. and NIH/NCI grants 3 U10 CA 81851 and R21 CA 106205. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
An Analysis of the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Dengue Transmission in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Melinda K. Butterworth, Cory W. Morin, Andrew C. Comrie
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2016)

Dengue fever, caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is an increasing health concern in the Americas. Meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation can affect disease distribution and abundance through biophysical impacts on the vector and on the virus. Such tightly coupled links may facilitate further spread of dengue fever under a changing climate. In the southeastern United States, the dengue vector is widely established and exists on the current fringe of dengue transmission.We assessed projected climate change-driven shifts in dengue transmission risk in this region.We used a dynamic mosquito population and virus transmission model driven by meteorological data to simulate Aedes aegypti populations and dengue cases in 23 locations in the southeastern United States under current climate conditions and future climate projections. We compared estimates for each location with simulations based on observed data from San Juan, Puerto Rico, where dengue is endemic.Our simulations based on current climate data suggest that dengue transmission at levels similar to those in San Juan is possible at several U.S. locations during the summer months, particularly in southern Florida and Texas. Simulations that include climate change projections suggest that conditions may become suitable for virus transmission in a larger number of locations and for a longer period of time during each year. However, in contrast with San Juan, U.S. locations would not sustain year-round dengue transmission according to our model.Our findings suggest that Dengue virus (DENV) transmission is limited by low winter temperatures in the mainland United States, which are likely to prevent its permanent establishment. Although future climate conditions may increase the length of the mosquito season in many locations, projected increases in dengue transmission are limited to the southernmost locations.
Explosion Injuries from E-Cigarettes
Authors: Elisha G Brownson, Callie M Thompson, Sarah Goldsberry, H Jonathan Chong, Jeffrey B Friedrich, Tam N Pham, Saman Arbabi, Gretchen J Carrougher, Nicole S Gibran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2016)

This report from a single center describes 15 patients with injuries caused by explosions of e-cigarettes that occurred over a period of less than a year. Patients had a combination of flame burns, chemical burns, and blast injuries.
Rational targeted therapies to overcome microenvironment-dependent expansion of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: David Chiron, Céline Bellanger, Antonin Papin, Benoit Tessoulin, Christelle Dousset, Sophie Maiga, Anne Moreau, Julie Esbelin, Valérie Trichet, Selina Chen-Kiang, Philippe Moreau, Cyrille Touzeau, Steven Le Gouill, Martine Amiot, Catherine Pellat-Deceunynck
Journal: Blood (2016)
A phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of a eugeroic agent in 642 cancer patients reporting fatigue during chemotherapy: A URCC CCOP Study
Authors: G. R. Morrow, P. Jean-Pierre, J. A. Roscoe, C. E. Heckler, P. O. Schwartzenberger, J. K. Giguere, S. R. Dakhil
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

9512 Background: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a debilitating symptom that can negatively affect patients’ psychosocial functioning. Previous studies have reported that 70 to 100% of cancer patients experience CRF during and following treatment. We previously showed the SSRI Paxil was ineffective in treating CRF. The present study expands promising open label studies and examines the effect of a eugeroic agent, a drug with stimulatory properties and no peripheral effects or potential for addiction and abuse, on the severity of CRF. Methods: A sample of 888 cancer patients beginning chemotherapy at 23 geographically different URCC CCOP affiliates was assessed for fatigue. The patients were randomly assigned to receive orally either 200 mg of the eugeroic agent modafinil or a placebo daily if they reported a value of >1 on a 10 point fatigue scale. Treatment began on Day 5 of chemotherapy cycle 2 and ended after Day 7 of cycle 4. Patient-reported fatigue, sleepiness and depression were assessed at Cycles 2 and 4 using psychometrically valid and reliable measures. Differences between treatment and control groups at Cycle 4 were tested by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusting for Cycle 2 values. Results: 642 patients (320 drug and 322 placebo) provided complete data. A significant overall effect of drug on fatigue was found (p=0.03) along with a significant interaction between treatment effects and Cycle 2 fatigue. Patients with ‘severe’ fatigue (>6 on a 10 point scale) at Cycle 2 demonstrated significantly more improvement on drug than on placebo (p=0.017, Cohen’s δ=0.19) while patients with ‘moderate’ or ‘mild’ baseline fatigue did not. Patients on drug reported significantly less sleepiness than those on placebo (p=0.002). Modafinil had no effect on depression (p = 0.83). Conclusions: Modafinil appears useful in the control of severe CRF, especially for patients with severe baseline fatigue. This eugeroic agent also has a significant beneficial effect on sleepiness but no effect on depression. Supported in part by U10 CA37420. Cephalon, Inc. provided drug and placebo. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Special Report: American Academy of Ophthalmology Task Force Recommendations for Specular Microscopy for Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Scott MacRae, Jack T. Holladay, Gene Hilmantel, Don Calogero, Samuel Masket, Walter Stark, Adrian Glasser, Eva Rorer, Michelle E. Tarver, Tieuvi Nguyen, Malvina Eydelman
Journal: Ophthalmology (2016)
The Effect of Predialysis Fistula Attempt on Risk of All-Cause and Access-Related Death
Authors: Robert R. Quinn, Matthew J. Oliver, Daniel Devoe, Krishnan Poinen, Rameez Kabani, Fareed Kamar, Priyanka Mysore, Adriane M. Lewin, Swapnil Hiremath, Jennifer MacRae, Matthew T. James, Lisa Miller, Brenda R. Hemmelgarn, Louise M. Moist, Amit X. Garg, Tanvir T. Chowdhury, Pietro Ravani
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2016)

Whether the lower risk of mortality associated with arteriovenous fistula use in hemodialysis patients is due to the avoidance of catheters or if healthier patients are simply more likely to have fistulas placed is unknown. To provide clarification, we determined the proportion of access-related deaths in a retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥18 years who initiated hemodialysis between 2004 and 2012 at five Canadian dialysis programs. A total of 3168 patients initiated dialysis at the participating centers; 2300 met our inclusion criteria. Two investigators independently adjudicated cause of death using explicit criteria and determined whether a death was access-related. We observed significantly lower mortality in individuals who underwent a predialysis fistula attempt than in those without a predialysis fistula attempt in patients aged &lt;65 years (hazard ratio [HR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.29 to 0.82) and in the first 2 years of follow-up in those aged ≥65 years (HR 0–24 months , 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.84; HR 24+ months , 1.83; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.67). Sudden deaths that occurred out of hospital accounted for most of the deaths, followed by deaths due to cardiovascular disease and infectious complications. We found only 2.3% of deaths to be access-related. In conclusion, predialysis fistula attempt may associate with a lower risk of mortality. However, the excess mortality observed in patients treated with catheters does not appear to be due to direct, access-related complications but is likely the result of residual confounding, unmeasured comorbidity, or treatment selection bias.
Effects of the Integrative Mind-Body Intervention on Depression, Sleep Disturbances and Plasma IL-6
Authors: Celia H.Y. Chan, Xiao-Wen Ji, Jessie S.M. Chan, Bobo H.P. Lau, Kwok-Fai So, Ang Li, Ka-Fai Chung, Siu-man Ng, Cecilia L.W. Chan
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2016)
Physical activity and exercise for erectile dysfunction: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: André B Silva, Nelson Sousa, Luís F Azevedo, Carlos Martins
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2016)

Background A growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise may improve erectile function. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effects of physical activity modalities and exercise on erectile function in erectile dysfunction trials. Methods A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We searched 6 electronic databases between January 1990 and July 2016 and hand-searched reference lists for randomised controlled trials. Only patients with a diagnosis of erectile dysfunction were included. The mean differences between intervention and control groups were calculated for meta-analysis. Results 7 studies were eligible, including 478 participants allocated to aerobic, pelvic or combined exercise interventions. Follow-up ranged from 8 weeks to 2 years. The risk of bias in the trials was deemed moderate to high mainly due to impossible blinding of patients and personnel, as well as questionable blinding of outcome assessors. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed. Pooled data showed a statistically significant improvement in erectile function score (mean difference 3.85, 95% CI 2.33 to 5.37). A benefit was still demonstrable after a sensitivity analysis because the mean difference in International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score ranged from 3.39 (95% CI 1.92 to 4.87) to 4.28 (95% CI 2.54 to 6.02). A benefit was also detected in short-term and long-term interventions as well as in trials evaluating physical activity and exercise alone or in addition to usual care. Conclusions The present study suggests that physical activity and exercise interventions improve patient-reported erectile dysfunction, particularly aerobic exercise with moderate-to-vigorous intensity.
Impact of Health Insurance Expansion on the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Andrew P. Loehrer, Zirui Song, Alex B. Haynes, David C. Chang, Matthew M. Hutter, John T. Mullen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

Purpose Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lack of insurance coverage has been associated with more advanced disease at presentation, more emergent admissions at time of colectomy, and lower survival relative to privately insured patients. The 2006 Massachusetts health care reform serves as a unique natural experiment to assess the impact of insurance expansion on colorectal cancer care. Methods We used the Hospital Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases to identify patients with colorectal cancer with government-subsidized or self-pay (GSSP) or private insurance admitted to a hospital between 2001 and 2011 in Massachusetts (n = 17,499) and three control states (n = 144,253). Difference-in-differences models assessed the impact of the 2006 Massachusetts coverage expansion on resection of colorectal cancer, controlling for confounding factors and secular trends. Results Before the 2006 Massachusetts reform, government-subsidized or self-pay patients had significantly lower rates of resection for colorectal cancer compared with privately insured patients in both Massachusetts and the control states. The Massachusetts insurance expansion was associated with a 44% increased rate of resection (rate ratio = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.68; P < .001), a 6.21 percentage point decreased probability of emergent admission (95% CI, -11.88 to -0.54; P = .032), and an 8.13 percentage point increased probability of an elective admission (95% CI, 1.34 to 14.91; P = .019) compared with the control states. Conclusion The 2006 Massachusetts health care reform, a model for the Affordable Care Act, was associated with increased rates of resection and decreased probability of emergent resection for colorectal cancer. Our findings suggest that insurance expansion may help improve access to care for patients with colorectal cancer.
Antitumor activity of nivolumab on hemodialysis after renal allograft rejection
Authors: Michael Ong, Andrea Marie Ibrahim, Samuel Bourassa-Blanchette, Christina Canil, Todd Fairhead, Greg Knoll
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2016)

Nivolumab (Opdivo™) is a novel IgG4 subclass programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibiting antibody that has demonstrated breakthrough-designation anti-tumor activity. To date, clinical trials of nivolumab and other checkpoint inhibitors have generally excluded patients with solid organ transplantation and patients with concurrent immunosuppression. However, organ transplant recipients are at high-risk of development of malignancy as a result of suppressed immune surveillance of cancer.We illustrate the outcomes of a 63 year-old type I diabetic female patient who developed pulmonary metastatic, BRAF wild-type cutaneous melanoma 10 years after renal transplantation. After downward titration of the patient's immunosuppressive medications and extensive multidisciplinary review, she was treated with nivolumab in the first-line setting. Within 1 week of administration, the patient experienced acute renal allograft rejection, renal failure and concurrent diabetic ketoacidosis due to steroid therapy. Allograft function did not return, but patient made a full clinical recovery after being placed on hemodialysis. Subsequently, the patient had clinical disease progression off therapy and required re-challenge with nivolumab on hemodialysis, resulting in ongoing clinical and radiographic response.This case illustrates multiple practical challenges and dangers of administering anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitors to patients with solid-organ transplantation including need for titration of immunosuppressive medications, risks of allograft rejection, and treatment during hemodialysis.
Molecular Pathways: Dietary Regulation of Stemness and Tumor Initiation by the PPAR-δ Pathway
Authors: Semir Beyaz, Ömer H. Yilmaz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2016)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression during development and disease states, such as cancer. However, the precise role of PPAR-δ during tumorigenesis is not well understood. Recent data suggest that PPAR-δ may have context-specific oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles depending on the tissue, cell-type, or diet-induced physiology in question. For example, in the intestine, pro-obesity diets, such as a high-fat diet (HFD), are associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence. Interestingly, many of the effects of an HFD in the stem and progenitor cell compartment are driven by a robust PPAR-δ program and contribute to the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Importantly, the PPAR-δ pathway or its downstream mediators may serve as therapeutic intervention points or biomarkers in colon cancer that arise in patients who are obese. Although potent PPAR-δ agonists and antagonists exist, their clinical utility may be enhanced by uncovering how PPAR-δ mediates tumorigenesis in diverse tissues and cell types as well as in response to diet. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5636-41. ©2016 AACR.