tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transient Hypoparathyroidism during Acute Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: K Laitinen, C Lamberg-Allardt, R Tunninen, S L Karonen, R Tähtelä, R Ylikahri, M Välimäki
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

Persons with chronic alcoholism frequently have hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and osteoporosis. The short-term effects of alcohol ingestion on calcium and magnesium metabolism are poorly understood, however.We measured serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate concentrations in 17 normal men and 7 normal women before and at intervals up to 16 hours after the ingestion of 1.2 to 1.5 g of alcohol per kilogram of body weight over a 3-hour period (doses sufficient to cause acute intoxication). Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate and serum calciotropic hormone levels were measured in 16 of these subjects. As a control, the same measurements were made after the ingestion of fruit juice instead of alcohol.The mean (+/- SE) peak blood alcohol level in the men was 37.5 +/- 1.6 mmol per liter, and in the women it was 38.0 +/- 3.2 mmol per liter. In the men the mean serum parathyroid hormone concentration decreased from 16.1 +/- 2.1 to 6.8 +/- 0.9 ng per liter at the end of the three-hour drinking period. The value at this time was 30 percent of that at the end of the three-hour session during which the men drank fruit juice (P = 0.004). The serum concentration of ionized calcium reached a nadir eight hours after the beginning of alcohol administration (decreasing from 1.18 +/- 0.01 to 1.15 +/- 0.01 mmol per liter; P less than 0.001 as compared with values during the fruit-juice study), and urinary excretion of calcium increased from 0.34 +/- 0.08 to 0.36 +/- 0.08 mmol per hour (P less than 0.01 as compared with values during the fruit-juice study). Serum parathyroid hormone levels exceeded base-line values during the last 4 hours of the 16-hour study period; this increase was accompanied by a decrease in the urinary excretion of calcium. Both serum levels of magnesium (in the first 6 hours) and urinary levels (in the first 12 hours) increased after the ingestion of alcohol. In the women, serum parathyroid hormone levels decreased from 29.2 +/- 2.8 to 17.3 +/- 2.6 ng per liter two hours after the administration of alcohol was begun (P less than 0.001) and increased above base-line values during the last four hours of the study period. The serum concentration of ionized calcium decreased from 1.20 +/- 0.01 to 1.16 +/- 0.01 mmol per liter, reaching a nadir 8 to 12 hours after alcohol administration was begun (P less than 0.001).Short-term alcohol administration causes transitory hypoparathyroidism. This decline in the secretion of parathyroid hormone accounts at least in part for the transient hypocalcemia, hypercalciuria, and hypermagnesuria that follow alcohol ingestion.
Cerebral Gigantism in Childhood
Authors: Juan F. Sotos, Philip R. Dodge, Donald Muirhead, John D. Crawford, Nathan B. Talbot
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

THE 5 children described below had an illness characterized by excessively rapid growth, acromegalic features and a nonprogressive cerebral disorder with mental retardation. The pattern of clinical findings failed to conform to any of the recognized causes of tall stature. The remarkable similarity among the cases justifies their grouping as a syndrome that, to our knowledge, has not previously been described.Case ReportsCase 1. A 10–2/12-year-old boy (M.G.H. 1199268) was referred for evaluation of his large body size, slow mental development and hyperactivity. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, he grew and gained at an unusually rapid rate during the . . .
Long-Term Follow-up in London Transplant Group Recipients of Cadaver Renal Allografts
Authors: Hilliard Festenstein, Pat Doyle, Julian Holmes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

The London Transplant Group followed 1341 patients with cadaver renal transplants, none of whom received cyclosporine, for six months to 14 years to determine the effect on graft survival of matching donor and recipient for HLA Class I antigens (HLA-A, -B, and -C) and Class II antigens (HLA-DR, -MT, and -DQ). Long-term graft survival was greatly improved by matching for HLA Class I antigens, especially HLA-B. Transplants that could not be matched for both B-locus antigens but were completely matched for Bw4/Bw6 also did very well. In addition, since 1978, excellent results have been obtained with HLA-DR and -DRw52/53 (HLA-MT) matching, but not with HLA-DQ matching. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model confirmed that combination Class I and Class II matching produced significant improvements in graft survival. Thus, transplants matched for HLA-DR plus HLA-B and those matched for HLA-MT plus HLA-B had excellent results--even better than those reported with cyclosporine treatment. Double HLA-MT incompatibilities yielded the poorest results. We conclude that this approach of combining the broad and narrow specificities of Class I and II is extremely practical and that appropriate matching of tissue types is clinically important.
Pathogenesis of Inherited Forms of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Robert M. Graham, W. Andrew Owens
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

In 1990, Geisterfer-Lowrance et al. reported the first evidence of a gene defect underlying a form of intrinsic heart-muscle disease. They found that a mutation in the gene encoding the contractile protein β-myosin heavy chain results in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.1 Since then, mutations in seven other genes, all encoding proteins of the myofibrillar apparatus, the fundamental contractile unit of the cardiomyocyte, have been found to cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.2,3 These proteins include sarcomeric proteins (ventricular myosin light chains 1 and 2, cardiac troponin I and T, α-tropomyosin, α-cardiac actin) and an intrasarcomeric cytoskeletal protein (myosin-binding protein C). Although the . . .
Results at 2 Years after Gene Therapy for RPE65-Deficient Leber Congenital Amaurosis and Severe Early-Childhood–Onset Retinal Dystrophy
Authors: Richard G. Weleber, Mark E. Pennesi, David J. Wilson, Shalesh Kaushal, Laura R. Erker, Lauren Jensen, Maureen T. McBride, Terence R. Flotte, Margaret Humphries, Roberto Calcedo, William W. Hauswirth, Jeffrey D. Chulay, J. Timothy Stout
Journal: Ophthalmology (2016)

To provide an initial assessment of the safety of a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector expressing RPE65 (rAAV2-CB-hRPE65) in adults and children with retinal degeneration caused by RPE65 mutations.Nonrandomized, multicenter clinical trial.Eight adults and 4 children, 6 to 39 years of age, with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) or severe early-childhood-onset retinal degeneration (SECORD).Patients received a subretinal injection of rAAV2-CB-hRPE65 in the poorer-seeing eye, at either of 2 dose levels, and were followed up for 2 years after treatment.The primary safety measures were ocular and nonocular adverse events. Exploratory efficacy measures included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), static perimetry central 30° visual field hill of vision (V30) and total visual field hill of vision (VTOT), kinetic perimetry visual field area, and responses to a quality-of-life questionnaire.All patients tolerated subretinal injections and there were no treatment-related serious adverse events. Common adverse events were those associated with the surgical procedure and included subconjunctival hemorrhage in 8 patients and ocular hyperemia in 5 patients. In the treated eye, BCVA increased in 5 patients, V30 increased in 6 patients, VTOT increased in 5 patients, and kinetic visual field area improved in 3 patients. One subject showed a decrease in BCVA and 2 patients showed a decrease in kinetic visual field area.Treatment with rAAV2-CB-hRPE65 was not associated with serious adverse events, and improvement in 1 or more measures of visual function was observed in 9 of 12 patients. The greatest improvements in visual acuity were observed in younger patients with better baseline visual acuity. Evaluation of more patients and a longer duration of follow-up will be needed to determine the rate of uncommon or rare side effects or safety concerns.
Icotinib in Patients with Pretreated Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with EGFR Overexpression or EGFR Gene Amplification: A Single-Arm, Multicenter Phase 2 Study
Authors: Jing Huang, Qingxia Fan, Ping Lu, Jianming Ying, Changwu Ma, Wei Liu, Ying Liu, Fenlai Tan, Yan Sun
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2016)
Albumin Kinetics and Nutritional Rehabilitation in the Unattended Home-Dialysis Patient
Authors: Jay C. Fish, August R. Remmers, James D. Lindley, Harry E. Sarles
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Forty-six patients with chronic renal failure were trained in a home-dialysis program and followed for six to 42 months. All were given a diet containing 80 g per day of protein. They carried out dialysis three times a week for a total of 24 to 30 hours. After six to 42 months, 41 had gained 1 to 45 per cent of their initial weight, four had no change in weight, and one had lost weight. Mean albumin concentration increased from 3.3 to 4.4 g per 100 ml during the period of observation. Changes from normal as measured by 125l-labeled albumin in eight patients included an increased plasma volume (58 vs. 41 ml per kilogram), increased intravascular albumin (2.6 vs. 1.7 g per kilogram), and a total exchangeable albumin (6.2 vs. 3.7 g per kilogram). The albumin half-life and albumin turnover rates were normal. Thirty-six patients returned to full activity, and 10 resumed part-time activities. nutritional rehabilitation thus was possible with frequent dialysis and a relatively normal protein intake.
Dicumarol Prophylaxis of Thromboembolic Disease in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: W. Proctor Harvey, Clement A. Finch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

WITHIN the past decade the medical profession has become keenly aware of the danger of thromboembolic disease. First considered to be largely a postoperative complication, this condition is now realized to be actually more prevalent among medical patients.1 Over half these patients suffer from heart disease, particularly congestive failure.2 Routine autopsies on patients in the middle to older age groups have revealed a rather staggering incidence of thrombosis. Rössle3 and Hunter et al.4 report an incidence of 27.0 and 52.7 per cent respectively of thrombophlebitis. These deep thrombi are without question responsible for the great majority of pulmonary emboli.Why . . .
Transplantation For Myelodysplastic Syndrome Evolving From Aplastic Anemia Treated With Immunosuppressive Therapy: From The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Center For International Bone Marrow Transplantation Research
Authors: Sung-Yong Kim, Jennifer Le Rademacher, Jeanette Carreras, Joseph H. Antin, Paolo Anderlini, Mouhab Ayas, Minoo Battiwalla, Joanne Kurtzberg, Ryotaro Nakamura, Mary Eapen, H. Joachim Deeg
Journal: Blood (2013)
Microarray Analysis and Transcriptional Phenotypes in Pediatric Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Russell Ault, Bennett Smith, Melissa Robinson, Asuncion Mehias, Patrice G. Kruszewski, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Octavio Ramilo, Elizabeth A. Erwin
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016)
Isolation of Oval Cells and Transitional Cells From the Livers of Rats Fed the Carcinogen &lt;sc&gt;dl&lt;/sc&gt;-Ethionine&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: M A Sells, S L Katyal, H Shinozuka, L W Estes, S Sell, B Lombardi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1981)

For the characterization of the metabolic and biologic properties of oval cells (i.e., cells emerging in the livers of rats treated with chemical carcinogens due to proliferation of bile ductular and/or duct cells) and transitional cells (i.e., cells having properties intermediate between those of oval cells and hepatocytes), these cells were isolated from the livers of Sprague-Dawley rats fed DL-ethionine for 4-5 weeks. The livers were dissociated into single cells by perfusion in situ with collagenase, and total cell suspensions were allowed to stand at unit gravity for 10 minutes to separate parenchymal (hepatocytes) from nonparenchymal cells. Nonparenchymal cells were centrifuged in linear gradients of Metrizamide (8-24% wt/vol), and 2-ml fractions were collected from the gradients. The cells in the fractions were defined by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and histochemical and immunofluorescence methods. A cell isolate was thus obtained consisting of Kupffer's cells (approximately 20%), bile ductular and/or duct cells and oval cells (approximately 30%), and transitional cells (approximately 50%). A twofold enrichment of bile ductular and/or duct cells and their derivatives was achieved over that found in the nonparenchymal cell fraction before isopyknic gradient centrifugation.
Leprosy's Footprints in Bone-Marrow Histiocytes
Authors: Christine Lawrence, Allen J. Schreiber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

WE recently helped establish the diagnosis of leprosy by finding many Mycobacteria leprae in aspirated bone-marrow histiocytes. Macrophages containing lepra bacilli are found in other tissues,1 , 2 and the bacilli are present in the marrow1 , 3 4 5 in lepromatous leprosy. These striking histiocytes with engulfed bacilli have apparently not previously been described in marrow aspirates.Case ReportsCase 1. A 28-year-old Puerto Rican woman was admitted to the hospital because of papulonodular lesions on her forearms and abdomen. A skin biopsy showed acid-fast bacilli in foamy histiocytes, and lepromatous leprosy was diagnosed. Mild anemia prompted bone-marrow aspiration, which revealed megaloblastic changes, clusters of . . .
The Quantitative Relation between Platelet Count and Hemorrhage in Patients with Acute Leukemia
Authors: Lawrence A. Gaydos, Emil J. Freireich, Nathan Mantel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

HEMORRHAGE is a frequent and often major complication in patients with acute leukemia. In addition to thrombocytopenia and its resulting coagulation defects disturbances of the hemostatic mechanism have been described in such patients.1 These include qualitative platelet defects2 3 4 and the presence of a fibrinolytic system and hypofibrinogenemia.5 , 6 Fever, which is presumably due to bacterial infection, has been found to be related to bleeding in patients with acute leukemia.6 , 7 This may result from the anticoagulant effect of bacterial polysaccharide demonstrated in vitro.8 Capillary damage resulting from lysins,9 anoxemia or leukemic infiltration has been postulated.10 Although any or all of these disturbances . . .
PWE-292 How many cases does it take to learn how to do trus?
Authors: CSL Hoh, G Pickering, J Hampton, R Vinayagam, L Smith, S Brown
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Three dimensional transrectal endosonography (3D TRUS) is a very sensitive technique for preoperative staging of early rectal cancer and is recommended as an adjunct for these patients to optimise therapy. Major limitations include complexity of interpretation and operator variability. A learning curve definitely exists. If a centre wants to establish a service, how many cases do they need to do before they can reliably interpret the scans? A cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis provides a simple and practical tool for monitoring cumulative performance. <h3>Method</h3> This is a descriptive single-centre study using routinely collected clinical data from 233 patients who were diagnosed of early rectal cancer between 1 Jan 2008 to 31 Dec 2014. 3D TRUS was performed to identify the pre-operative T staging of the tumour. This was compared to post-surgical pathological T staging of the lesion. A CUSUM analysis chart based on sequential monitoring of cumulative performance was used for evaluating the learning curve for 3D TRUS. <h3>Results</h3> Two hundred and thirty three patients (153 male) had 3D TRUS over the six years. 172 (73.8%) were available for analysis (52 did not have post-surgical histology for comparison and 9 could not be staged). Overall accuracy of T staging was 75%. The CUSUM analysis demonstrated a learning curve of 31 cases to reach a level of steady state performance. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These data provide some insight into the number of cases required to achieve an acceptable accuracy if a TRUS service is to be established in a hospital or region. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.
The Immunopathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Franklin H. Epstein, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Cecilia Graziosi, Anthony S. Fauci
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. As a consequence of the interaction of gp120 envelope with the CD4 receptor molecule expressed by a subset of T lymphocytes and by mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), a second envelope protein (gp41) mediates fusion of the virion membrane with the target membrane. In these events the role of adhesion molecules such as LFA-1 has recently been highlighted. Following viral entry, reverse transcription of the virion-associated RNA and integration of proviral DNA into the host genome are crucial steps in HIV infection, which can lead to expression of high levels of new HIV or to silent infection for indefinite periods, a condition defined as viral latency. Several factors in addition to endogenous viral regulatory proteins have been reported as capable of modulating the state of viral latency and expression in vitro, including the cytokine network that normally modulates immune homeostasis as well as the immune response to inflammatory stimuli. Finally, recent studies have underscored the observation that the CD4+ T lymphocytes are the major reservoir of HIV in the peripheral blood compartment and in the lymphoid tissues, which are characterized by a greater viral burden, whereas in nonlymphoid organs such as the brain and the lung, local infection is predominantly sustained by MPs.
The Relation of Splenic Calcification to Histoplasmosis
Authors: J. Schwarz, F. N. Silverman, S. M. Adriano, M. Straub, S. Levine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

SINCE High1 and Zwerling and Palmer2 suggested that calcifications found in the spleen in the course of routine x-ray examinations of the chest may represent sequels of histoplasmosis, no attempt to verify this hypothesis has been reported. Splenic calcification per se is not extremely rare and a sizable bibliography on the subject was reviewed in some detail by Gray3 in 1944. In general the reports deal with individual cases or at best small series. When large numbers of spleens were examined, calcification was generally infrequent. Barsony and Schütz4 found roentgenographically demonstrable calcification in 7 of 180 spleens examined in Budapest; . . .
Comparison of Transmyocardial Revascularization with Medical Therapy in Patients with Refractory Angina
Authors: Keith B. Allen, Robert D. Dowling, Tommy L. Fudge, G. Phillip Schoettle, Samuel L. Selinger, Deepak M. Gangahar, William W. Angell, Michael R. Petracek, Carl J. Shaar, William W. O'Neill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

Transmyocardial revascularization involves the creation of channels in the myocardium with a laser to relieve angina. We compared the safety and efficacy of transmyocardial revascularization performed with a holmium laser with those of medical therapy in patients with refractory class IV angina (according to the criteria of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society).
Case 4-2005
Authors: Peter F. Weller, Marlene L. Durand, Ben Z. Pilch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

A 35-year-old man who had recently emigrated from Brazil had swelling and pain in his right nostril that had worsened over six months. A physical examination disclosed swelling and erythema of the right nasal vestibule, with tenderness and crusting. The lesion did not respond to antibiotic therapy. A biopsy disclosed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation without evidence of microorganisms. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
S113 An Epidemiological Review of Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Cohort
Authors: P Mitchelmore, A Brown, C Sheldon, C Scotton, M Bull, E Mahenthiralingam, N Withers
Journal: Thorax (2015)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>Pa</i>) is a significant respiratory pathogen. Research in Cystic Fibrosis cohorts has revealed transmissible strains, leading to heightened infection control protocols due to concerns of cross-infection. In patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis (NCFB), the research is more limited. Our objectives were to investigate the strains found in our local NCFB population, and assess the occurrence of shared strains. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with NCFB and previous <i>Pa</i> in sputum culture consented to providing sputum for the study and review of their medical notes. Sputum samples from patients were processed in the usual manner and if <i>Pa</i> was isolated, 10 representative colonies per patient were stored for strain typing. Isolates were subjected to Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Distinct RAPD types were verified by electrophoresis on an Agilent Bioanalyzer and subsequent cluster analysis using GelCompar II software, and further investigated by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). <h3>Results</h3> <i>Pa</i> was obtained from 46 patients over 12 months providing 459 isolates. Co-existence of multiple strains was observed in two patients. Twenty patients (43%) had unique strains by RAPD and the remaining patients were clustered into 7 subgroups, defined as ≥90% homology by RAPD, using Pearson’s correlation analysis. The largest cluster showed a predominance of one MLST strain type identified as ST-17 (also known as “Clone C”) on the MLST database. In our cohort, 8 patients (17%) harboured Clone C, which is a higher prevalence than observed in previous UK studies of various patient cohorts (typically 2–6% prevalence). MLST analysis of smaller RAPD clusters identified other MLST strain types shared by 2 or 3 patients. As with Clone C, all the observed shared MLST strain types are globally distributed. MLST did not reveal any novel shared strains. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our cohort of patients with NCFB shows evidence of shared strains of <i>Pa</i> including a high prevalence of Clone C compared to previous national reports. Whilst the occurrence of shared strains may reflect their global distribution, we cannot rule out cross-infection between patients.