tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Population-Based<i>BRCA1/2</i>Testing in Ashkenazi Jews: Ready for Prime Time
Authors: Filipa Lynce, Claudine Isaacs
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2016)

Deleterious mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with a markedly elevated risk of early-onset breast and ovarian cancer.2][3] Germline testing for these genes provides an opportunity to reduce morbidity and mortality by allowing for appropriate integration of risk reduction and screening options.Studies evaluating the efficacy of these prophylactic strategies in patients with BRCA1/2 mutation have confirmed that risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is associated not only with a reduction in cancer risk but, most importantly, with a significant reduction in cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.Compared with women who did not undergo RRSO, those who had the surgery had lower all-cause mortality (10% vs 3%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.26-0.61),breast cancer-specific mortality (6% vs 2%; HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.76),and ovarian cancer-specific mortality (3% vs 0.4%; HR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06-0.8). 4 Markov modeling suggests that a healthy 30-year-old woman with the mutation would gain 0.2 to 1.8 years in life expectancy with RRSO and 0.6 to 2.1 years from risk-reducing mastectomies. 5,6dditionally, risk-reducing surgeries have been shown to be the most cost-effective measures.Using costs, life-years (LY), and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) as outcomes, a study that compared preventive surgery, chemoprevention, MRI, and mammography showed that prophylactic surgeries were associated with the lowest overall cost and the longest survival in LYs, dominating all other strategies. 5Thus, testing for BRCA1/2 mutations meets the ultimate goal of a screening test: it saves lives.Unfortunately, many mutation carriers are only identified after their first cancer diagnosis.This is often because they have few female relatives or because their family history was not striking enough to warrant testing.However, it is clear that for genetic testing to have its greatest impact, it should occur before a carrier develops cancer.This argument forms the basis for considering population-based genetic testing. 7Concerns about this approach have focused on an expected increase in the rate of identification of variants of unknown significance (VUS) causing anxiety and uncertainty; a lack of clarity regarding the cancer risks in carriers without a strong family history of cancer; the accuracy of interpretation of negative results; the ability of the current model of genetic counseling practices to deal with the increase in patient volume; and the cost-effectiveness of such an approach. 8,91][12][13] The advantage of such an approach is that, in these populations, the founder mutations often account for the majority of mutations identified.Additionally, this more narrowed testing reduces cost and decreases the likelihood of detecting a VUS.For example, in Ashkenazi Jews, 2 BRCA1 mutations (185delAG and 5382insC) and 1 BRCA2 mutation (6174delT) have been found in approximately 1 in 40 individuals (2.5%).[16][17][18]
Imported rocket salad partly responsible for increased incidence of hepatitis A cases in Sweden, 2000-2001
Authors: K Nygård, Y Andersson, P Lindkvist, C Ancker, I Asteberg, E Dannetun, R Eitrem, L Hellström, M Insulander, L Skedebrant, K Stenqvist, J Giesecke
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2001)

An increased incidence of domestic hepatitis A without any obvious source of infection in Sweden and a small outbreak in late spring 2001 led to the undertaking of a case-control study. Consumption of imported rocket salad was clearly associated with disease (odds ratio 9.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 69). The importation of vegetables from countries where hepatitis A is endemic to countries where this disease is not endemic continues to be a public health problem.
Cytochrome &lt;italic&gt;c&lt;/italic&gt; and Myoglobin in Rats Bearing the Walker Carcinosarcoma 256
Authors: Ralph F. Kampschmidt, Mabelle E. Adams, Thomas A. McCoy
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1958)

Journal Article Cytochrome c and Myoglobin in Rats Bearing the Walker Carcinosarcoma 256 Get access Ralph F. Kampschmidt, Ralph F. Kampschmidt Biomedical Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Mabelle E. Adams, Mabelle E. Adams Biomedical Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thomas A. McCoy Thomas A. McCoy Biomedical Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc., Ardmore, Oklahoma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 20, Issue 4, April 1958, Pages 741–746, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/20.4.741 Published: 01 April 1958 Article history Received: 03 October 1957 Published: 01 April 1958
The Physiology and Pathology of Hemostasis.
Authors: S WITTE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1953)

The chapter on anatomy has introduced into it the Jackson-Huber terminology for the pulmonary segments and their bronchi.By the aid of excellent drawings their concept of bronchial anatomy is clearly demonstrated.The main portion of the book is divided into sections on bronchology and esophagology.The subjects of anatomy and physiology are well covered.The techniques of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy as practieed at the authors' clinic for diag- nostic and therapeutic purposes are well delineated.Numer- ous illustrations, drawings and x-ray reproductions add to the clearness.The paper, printing and general format are excellent.The only adverse criticism to be offered is the little space de- voted to bronchoseopy with optical lens system which has so aided bronchoscopists in the last few years in the practice of their art.
Metoclopramide
Authors: Jan Koch-Weser, Konrad Schulze-Delrieu
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

IN 1964 Justin-Besançon and his co-workers described a new compound that depressed the vomiting center and stimulated gut motility.1 Metoclopramide (Fig. 1) (methoxychloroprocainamide [RegIan]) resulted from efforts to alter the procaine molecule so that its antiemetic properties would equal those of the phenothiazines.1 , 2 Like the phenothiazines, metoclopramide acts on the brain by blocking dopamine receptors: it induces extrapyramidal symptoms and stimulates prolactin secretion but has at best weak antipsychotic properties. Since metoclopramide and its congeners sulpiride, sultopride, and tiapride differ in some clinical and pharmacologic respects from other antipsychotic drugs, it has been suggested that these substituted benzamides act on . . .
Debate on whether Tamiflu prevents flu deaths reignites after new analysis
Authors: Nigel Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2016)

A new analysis of data from trials of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) has reopened the debate over whether the drug reduces deaths from H1N1 influenza.

Conducted by the Cochrane Tamiflu team, the study found no effect on mortality,1 in contrast with a 2014 meta-analysis conducted by the PRIDE consortium at the University of Nottingham, which concluded that the drug did save lives.2

The two groups have already crossed swords when the PRIDE study was published and was immediately criticised by the statistician Mark Jones, who is the lead author of the relevant chapter in the new Cochrane analysis. Those who have closely followed the controversy may not, therefore, be surprised at the Cochrane findings.

The difference between the two teams hangs on the methods they used to analyse the data and, in particular, …
Induction of c-<i>fos</i> Gene Expression by Arabinofuranosylcytosine in Human KG-1 Leukemia Cells
Authors: S Kharbanda, R Datta, D Kufe
Journal: Cancer Communications (1990)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the c-fos proto-oncogene is expressed during induction of differentiation and as an immediate early response to growth factors. The present results demonstrate that exposure of human KG-1 myeloid leukemic cells to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was associated with increases in c-fos gene expression. This effect was dependent on the concentration and time of ara-C treatment. The level of c-fos transcripts was maximal after 6 hr of exposure to 5 x 10(-6) M ara-C and subsequently declined to that in untreated cells. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated low to undetectable levels of c-fos gene transcription in untreated KG-1 cells. In contrast, treatment with 5 x 10(-6) M ara-C for 6 hr was associated with increases in transcription of this gene. Although superinduction of c-fos expression has been observed at the post-transcriptional level in the presence of protein synthesis inhibition, this effect was not detectable in ara-C-treated KG-1 cells. These combined results demonstrate that ara-C increased c-fos mRNA levels in KG-1 cells and that this effect was associated with transcriptional activation of the c-fos gene.
Carcinogenicity of Some Ingested Acetylated Mono- and Diaminobiphenyl Compounds in the Rat&lt;xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: H P MORRIS, C A VELAT, B P WAGNER
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1957)

Journal Article Carcinogenicity of Some Ingested Acetylated Mono- and Diaminobiphenyl Compounds in the Rat Get access Harold P. Morris, Harold P. Morris Laboratories of Biochemistry and Pathology, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Clarence A. Velat, Clarence A. Velat Laboratories of Biochemistry and Pathology, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Billie P. Wagner Billie P. Wagner Laboratories of Biochemistry and Pathology, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 18, Issue 1, January 1957, Pages 101–115, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/18.1.101 Published: 01 January 1957 Article history Received: 30 July 1956 Published: 01 January 1957
Outbreak of measles in adults in the north west of Greece
Authors: G Mantzios, M Mastora, E Liapis, I Giannakakis, N K Akritidis
Journal: Eurosurveillance (1997)

The overall incidence of measles fell markedly in Greece after measles vaccination was introduced (although precise data are not available), but sporadic outbreaks continue to occur. A live monovalent measles vaccine was introduced in Greece in 1965 and r
The second wave of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in New Zealand, January–October 2010
Authors: D Bandaranayake, M Jacobs, M Baker, D Hunt, T Wood, A Bissielo, M Macfarlane, L Lopez, G Mackereth, Q S Huang
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2011)

This paper uses data from multiple surveillance systems to describe the experience in New Zealand with the second complete wave of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 in 2010. Measures such as hospitalisation rates suggest the overall impact of influenza A(H1N1)2009 in 2010 was between half and two thirds that of the first wave in 2009. There was considerable regional and sub-regional variation with a tendency for higher activity in areas that experienced low rates in 2009. Demographic characteristics of the second wave were similar to those in 2009 with highest rates seen in children under the age of five years, and in indigenous Māori and Pacific peoples. Hospital services including intensive care units were not under as much pressure as in 2009. Immunisation appears to have contributed to the reduced impact of the pandemic in 2010, particularly for those aged 60 years and older.
Early glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction**Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiologyreflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACCor the American College of Cardiology.
Authors: Peter H Stone, Yerem Yeghiazarians
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
A Method for the Quantitative Spectrophotometric Measurement of 7-Hydroxy-2-Acetylaminofluorene
Authors: Charlotte M. Damron, Helen M. Dyer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1953)

Journal Article A Method for the Quantitative Spectrophotometric Measurement of 7-Hydroxy-2-Acetylaminofluorene Get access Charlotte M. Damron, Charlotte M. Damron Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Helen M. Dyer Helen M. Dyer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 14, Issue 2, October 1953, Pages 279–289, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/14.2.279 Published: 01 October 1953 Article history Received: 03 March 1953 Published: 01 October 1953
OC-099 The two-week clinic for bowel cancer isn’t working; a re-audit of referrals twelve years on: Abstract OC-099 Table 1
Authors: K Flashman, B Ellis, D O’Leary, A Senapati, MR Thompson
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Considerable resources have been used to achieve DOH targets for Two-week Colorectal Clinics (TWC) but few studies have monitored the increase in referrals, the decrease in diagnostic yield (DY) of referral criteria and whether this costly strategy has improved outcomes. <h3>Method</h3> A prospective study of the numbers referred to the TWC in Portsmouth for each of the referral criteria and the DY for bowel cancer in 2013/14 compared with 2000/1.<sup>1</sup> <h3>Results</h3> The last 12 years has seen a 235% increase (695<sup>1</sup>to 1636<sup>2</sup>) in referrals to the TWC, compared to a 130% increase (1815<sup>1</sup>to 2404<sup>2</sup>) in routine clinics. 41% of all new patient referrals to surgical clinics are to the TWC, compared to 27% in 2000/1. An extra 194 clinics per year are required to see these patients. DY for cancer in the TWC has fallen from 9.4% (65/695) to 4.1% (20/487). The greatest fall was for patients referred with a change in bowel habit with rectal bleeding. <h3>Conclusion</h3> A doubling in outpatient staff has been required to cope with the increase in referrals to the TWC. There has been a decrease in adherence to the TWC referral criteria, particularly change in bowel habit, resulting in a DY of 1.8% (3/170) for patients referred with C+B-. Unless this is improved there is little point in continuing with the TWC. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared. <h3>References</h3> Flashman K, O’Leary DP, Senapati A, Thompson MR. The Department of Health’s ‘two-week standard’ for bowel cancer: is it working? Gut 2004;53(3):387–391 Estimate from numbers for 3 months
General practitioners’ role in the notification of communicable diseases – study in Malta
Authors: C Gauci, H Gilles, S O’Brien, J Mamo, N Calleja
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2007)

General practitioners (GPs) have an essential role in notification of communicable diseases. The main aim of the study described here was to assess the GPs' awareness of and attitudes towards the notification system in Malta, with special focus on infectious intestinal disease (IID). A questionnaire collecting demographic data, information on reporting practices, opinions on the existing notification system and suggestions for improvement was sent to 256 GPs working in either private or public health sector. In all, 150 GPs took part in the survey (response rate 58.6%). The responses revealed that Maltese GPs were aware of their obligations to notify communicable diseases but often did not report them, relying on the hospitals or laboratories to do so. The Disease Surveillance Unit (DSU) website and medical school training were the main sources of information on notification. Notification forms were obtained from health centres and usually kept at the place of work. Most GPs reported filling in the forms during the patients' visits. Private GPs tended to notify earlier than GPs working in public health centers. Among IID, food-borne illness was reported more frequently than person-to-person transmitted gastroenteritis and was considered to be of a higher priority with regard to public health importance (p<0.001). The survey highlighted also some areas for improvement, including need of feedback especially by direct communication or a newsletter.
Meanings of combat and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: H Hendin, A Pollinger, P Singer, R B Ulman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1981)

The authors use the concept of "meanings of combat" to explain combat veterans' different reactions to war experiences, particularly the development of a posttraumatic stress disorder after combat. The authors present four case reports to illustrate some of the different meanings of combat and the ways such meanings relate to stress disorder and soldiers' adaptation before, during, and after combat.
Abstract 15859: Interrupting Prolonged Sitting Reduces Resting Blood Pressure and Plasma Norepinephrine in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Paddy C Dempsey, Julian W Sacre, Nora E Straznicky, Gavin W Lambert, Neale Cohen, Neville Owen, Bronwyn A Kingwell, David W Dunstan
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Interrupting prolonged sitting with frequent short bouts of light-intensity physical activity reduces blood pressure (BP) in overweight, non-diabetic adults, however, the effects in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have not been investigated. This study examined the effects of two types of activity breaks (light-intensity walking or simple resistance activities) compared to continuous, uninterrupted sitting on resting BP and plasma norepinephrine (NE) in adults with T2D. In a randomized crossover trial, 24 inactive adults with T2D (14 male; 62 ± 6 y; BMI 33.0 ± 3.4 kg/m 2 ) consumed standardized breakfast and lunch meals during 3 x 8 h conditions (6-day washout): i) SIT: uninterrupted sitting (control); ii) LW: sitting + 3 min bouts of Light-intensity Walking (3.2 km/h every 30 min); and iii) SRA: sitting + 3 min bouts of Simple Resistance Activities (half-squats, calf raises, gluteal contractions and knee raises) every 30 min. Resting seated BP was measured hourly (mean of 3 recordings, performed ≥ 25 min after activity). Venous blood was drawn every 30 min for the plasma NE assay, ≥ 25 min after activity. As illustrated in figures 1A and 1B, compared to SIT, both LW and SRA reduced BP ( P &lt; 0.001); with the effect being more pronounced with SRA ( P &lt; 0.01 vs. LW). Similarly, compared to SIT, both LW and SRA reduced plasma NE concentrations, with SRA significantly lower than LW ( P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, simple interruptions to sitting lowered resting BP and plasma NE concentration in adults with T2D. Reduced sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone may contribute to the observed hypotensive effect. With the ubiquity of sedentary behaviours and the low adherence to structured exercise, this approach is a practical strategy which may contribute to BP control.
Diseases Due to Immunologic Reactions in the Lungs
Authors: Robert P. McCombs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

THE unique relations that exist in the respiratory tract, and particularly in the lungs, between man's internal and external environments have long been recognized as being of importance in disease. Discovery of anaphylaxis and allergy around the turn of this century soon led to recognition that immunologic events were involved in the pulmonary manifestations of anaphylactic shock, asthma and serum sickness. Hypersensitivity mechanisms were then suspected in a number of other pulmonary disorders. As recently as 1966, in a review of the various hypersensitivity reactions in the lungs, Liebow and Carrington1 found it necessary to use a largely descriptive approach . . .
PTU-012 Endoscopic resection of giant colorectal adenomas greater than 8 cm – lessons from a tertiary referral practice
Authors: A Haji, B Hayee
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with large sessile colorectal polyps can be technically challenging to resect endoscopically and have been subject to colorectal resection in the United Kingdom and in several centres in the Western world. Surgery can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality particularly in the elderly and in patients with rectal lesions. Our aims were to determine the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection of large colorectal lesions at a tertiary referral unit. <h3>Method</h3> All patients with colorectal polyps greater than or equal to 8 cm deemed suitable for endoscopic resection were included in the study. Patients underwent magnification colonoscopy after dye spraying with 0.4% indigo carmine under midazolam sedation after oral bowel preparation. Snares were utilised for endoscopic mucosal piecemeal resection (EMR) and the Fuji flush knife for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). The scar was examined with magnification chromoendoscopy post resection to check for residual disease. All patients underwent follow up magnification colonoscopy at 3 and 12 months by the same endoscopist. <h3>Results</h3> 84 endoscopic resections of lesions greater than or equal to 8 cm were undertaken, with a mean age of 72 years (SD 10.6). The location of lesions included rectum (n = 23); recto-sigmoid (n = 25); sigmoid (n = 26); descending colon (n = 2); ascending colon (n = 4) and caecum (n = 4). The mean size of the polyps was 102 mm. Histology revealed 78 tubulo-villous adenoma, 5 tubular adenomas and 1 adenocarcinomas. All lesions were resected completely with curative intent. There were 3 perforations (3.6%) all of which were closed endoscopically using clips without need for further surgery. One of the patients had evidence of post procedure haemorrhage. The local recurrence rate was 9.5%. The rate of complications and recurrence were significantly higher than that seen in patients with lesions less than 8 cm (n = 180). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Endoscopic resection of giant colorectal adenomas may be undertaken with low risk of complications thereby avoiding the need for surgical resection. Nonetheless, it is associated with a higher risk of complications, recurrence and admission to hospital when compared with lesions less than 8 cm and therfore should be considered in specialist units. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.
Observations on the Effect of a Folic-Acid Antagonist on Transplantable Lymphoid Leukemias in Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Law, L. W., Dunn, Thelma B., Boyle, Peter J., Miller, J. H.
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1949)

Journal Article Observations on the Effect of a Folic-Acid Antagonist on Transplantable Lymphoid Leukemias in Mice Get access L. W. Law, L. W. Law National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thelma B. Dunn, Thelma B. Dunn National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Peter J. Boyle, Peter J. Boyle National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. H. Miller J. H. Miller National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 10, Issue 1, August 1949, Pages 179–192, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/10.1.179 Published: 01 August 1949 Article history Received: 02 June 1949 Published: 01 August 1949