Implications of the imposition of the junior doctor contract in England
Authors: Ailsa J McKay, Ravi Parekh, Azeem Majeed
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2016)

Three years ago, the British Medical Association and National Health Service Employers entered negotiations about the contract for junior doctors working in England’s National Health Service. The discussions did not progress smoothly, and in late 2015, the government began to threaten imposition of a new contract of its own design. Mediated negotiation, between December 2015 and February 2016, nevertheless aided progress on the issue. Despite this, and even though the government did not have a fully developed proposal prepared, imposition of a new contract was announced by the Department of Health on 11 February 2016. For doctors, the contract imposition is distressing for several reasons. First, the contract is incompletely developed, and there are errors in the associated ‘pay calculator’, and heavily criticised, unrealistic rotas have been published. Doctors are therefore unable to determine the hours they are likely to work under the new contract, how these will be distributed across the week, and the impact on their salaries. This uncertainty is compounded by lack of clarity around the government’s rationale for imposition: provision of a ‘seven-day National Health Service’. The government has not clearly defined what it means by this, and the proposed rotas do not redistribute services evenly across the week. Indeed it is unclear whether the new rotas will provide any enhancement of weekend cover. Nor is it known what impact the proposed new working patterns of junior doctors will have on clinical outcomes, mortality and National Health Service productivity. A second source of frustration for doctors is the government’s apparent lack of understanding about the work junior doctors do, and its unwillingness to engage further on this issue. For example, in discussion pertaining to the imposed contract, National Health Service Employers suggested that, ‘Exceptionally, because of unforeseen circumstance, a trainee may feel a professional duty to work beyond the hours described in their work schedule’. Junior doctors routinely supply the National Health Service with many hours of service additional to those they are contracted to work, because the service is insufficiently staffed. To suggest that doctors should not be undertaking such additional work except in ‘exceptional circumstances’ is unrealistic. What do National Health Service Employers think would happen to patients if surgeons and anaesthetists walked out of theatres at the end of their shift, and do they expect patients to be turned away from routinely overbooked clinics at 5 pm? If this was to happen through a loss of goodwill on the part of junior doctors – or if they were to insist on payment for any extra hours worked – this would have a substantial effect on the National Health Service. A third concern for doctors is working for an employer that is potentially putting patient safety at risk with untested changes in working patterns. Although the government’s definition of a ‘sevenday National Health Service’ is unclear, the government wants to increase weekend services without reducing weekday services and while claiming to reduce the average number of hours that junior doctors will work. Without additional doctors, this means doctors will be redistributed from weekdays to weekends. This has implications for patient safety, and neither the clinicalnor the cost-effectiveness of this change in working practices has been tested. Any doctor would feel unable to use a new treatment without information on its effectiveness, cost and safety profile. Yet, this contract will force doctors to change their working patterns without evidence that this will improve clinical outcomes and with high-associated risks to doctors as well as patients. These issues are such a concern that the new contract appears unworkable to most junior doctors. Many are leaving for better working conditions in other countries or other professions. Others feel