tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROMES
Authors: M L JANOWER
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract B22: Focal brain radiation induces systemic lymphopenia in an animal model
Authors: Anna F. Piotrowski, Esteban Velarde, Stuart Grossman
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Background: Approximately half of patients with solid tumors develop severe and prolonged lymphopenia after beginning standard radiation and this lymphopenia is associated with shortened survival. An animal model to understand the mechanisms behind radiation-induced lymphopenia has not previously been reported. Methods: Using the small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice approximately 7-12 weeks old received focal brain irradiation with prolonged and abbreviated schemes: 2 Gy x 30 fractions and 4 Gy x 10 fractions. Blood was collected weekly via peripheral tail vein. Lymphocytes were labelled with antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD45 and analyzed by Hemavet, Flow Cytometry and TruCount. Results: In all four groups (n=12) - C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice receiving prolonged and abbreviated schemes: 2 Gy x 30 fractions and 4 Gy x 10 fractions - lymphopenia was achieved but not sustained. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice total lymphocyte counts decreased by 72% and 63% of baseline respectively, after 6 weeks of radiation. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice total lymphocyte counts decreased by 85% and 87% of baseline respectively, after 2 weeks of radiation. Within 3 weeks of the completion of radiation, counts returned to 60-80% of baseline. All animals had a similar magnitude of change in total lymphocyte counts. Conclusion: This animal model is a practical way to study the reduction in lymphocytes related to radiation. CD4 counts in BALB/c mice receiving prolonged radiation show a linear decline. Future immunology studies should assess T cell subsets and cytokines. The clinically observed phenomenon persistent radiation-induced lymphopenia is challenging to model in mice. Citation Format: Anna F. Piotrowski, Esteban Velarde, Stuart Grossman. Focal brain radiation induces systemic lymphopenia in an animal model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr B22.
The WHO collaborative study on strategies for extending mental health care, I: The genesis of the study
Authors: N Sartorius, T W Harding
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1983)

In 1975 the World Health Organization began a multinational collaborative study of the feasibility and effectiveness of offering community-based mental health care in developing countries. Services were to be offered by primary health care workers in pilot study areas in seven countries. The authors discuss the philosophic and epidemiologic underpinnings of the study, the factors that helped the collaborative effort develop, and some of the issues that emerged. Areas for future study are outlined.
Characteristics of Smoking Patients with Lung Cancer with Emphysematous Bullae
Authors: Eiji Iwama, Isamu Okamoto, Hidetake Yabuuchi, Koichi Takayama, Taishi Harada, Yoshio Matsuo, Shoji Tokunaga, Eishi Baba, Yoichi Nakanishi
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2016)
Incentives paid to GPs to improve healthcare have no effect on mortality, study finds
Authors: Helen Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2016)

The UK Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), the world’s largest system of payment for performance in primary care, has failed to improve death rates, show the results of a study published in the Lancet .1

The study, carried out by York and Manchester Universities and the University of Michigan in the Unites States, showed no statistically significant declines in mortality associated with the chronic conditions targeted by the programme, which include cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.

In 2004 the Labour government introduced QOF across general practices in the United …
Estrogens and Endometrial Cancer
Authors: A M Bongiovanni
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

Retrospective case-control studies attempt to determine the relation of estrogens to endometrial cancer. However, the case group in such studies is a source of bias in that while the cases have undergone examinations for presence of cancer, the controls have not. A woman who does not receive estrogen can have an asymptomatic cancer that can remain undetected. As a solution to this bias, the authors designed a different case-control sampling procedure in which both controls and cases are chosen from patients given intraendometrial examinations. However, other investigators have rejected this method and have continued to use the conventional procedure without doing anything to avoid the overt bias in the case group. Shapiro et al (August 28 issue) presented the results of their conventional case/control groups with some new statistical tactics but the bias still remains. The bias cannot be eliminated until satisfactory sources of other data become available. Clinicians and pathologists are urged to evaluate the epidemiologist's basic assumption that all endometrial cancer cases can be detected clinically during the patient's lifetime: such assumption can be examined without using case-control studies, and new research may provide answers to the unresolved questions.
Screening for Genetic Disease
Authors: D B Nelson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Canadian multicentre trial supports the use of Cipro for acute exacerba- tions of chronic bronchitis, in accor- dance with the treatment algorithm presented by Murphy and Sethi.'The aim of antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is to decrease the severity and the duration of the exacerbations and to prevent the deterioration of pulmonary function.'-3In a longitudinal study of patients who satisfied the criteria for COPD of the Ameri- can Thoracic Society Kanner and as- sociates,4 using objective parameters of pulmonary function, found that recurrent respiratory tract infections were associated with progressive de- creases in lung function.This find- ing supports the use of antibiotics in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.5
Continuous Glucose Sensor Survival and Accuracy Over 14 Consecutive Days
Authors: Daniel J. DeSalvo, Trang T. Ly, R. Paul Wadwa, Laurel Messer, Emily Westfall, Divya Gopisetty, Sarah Hanes, Rie von Eyben, David M. Maahs, Bruce A. Buckingham
Journal: Diabetes Care (2016)

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology provides real-time glucose data and the ability to achieve improved glycemic control; however, widespread adoption has been limited (1). Among the challenges to CGM uptake are cost and the inconvenience of changing the sensor.

In this prospective, multicenter study, the Dexcom G4 PLATINUM system was analyzed over 14 days of continuous sensor wear. Each subject wore two sensors simultaneously. After 7 days, subjects left their original sensors in place and began a second 7-day sensor session. This procedure was then repeated with two new sensors for a second 2-week period.

Blood glucose (BG) readings from Bayer CONTOUR NEXT meters served as reference (2), with absolute relative difference (ARD) defined as the percent error between sensor and matched BG values. The Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used for comparison of sensor accuracy for week 1 versus week 2. The data were analyzed in a generalized linear model to account for the …
Clinical Outcome Following Change of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) According to the Detection of an ABL Kinase Mutation
Authors: Renuka Palani, Richard M Szydlo, Jane F. Apperley, Gareth Gerrard, Chrissy Giles, Simona Deplano, Alistair Reid, Letizia Foroni, Dragana Milojkovic
Journal: Blood (2014)
Surgery in the Newborn for Congenital Cardiovascular Lesions
Authors: Denton A. Cooley, Stanley Berman, Felipe A. Santibanez-Woolrich
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The highest mortality from congenital cardiovascular anomalies occurs during infancy, and 60 per cent of such patients die during the first year of life, usually because of anoxemia or pulmonary congestion from cardiac failure. Surgical treatment provides palliation or complete cure in many such patients. In a series of 400 consecutive operations there were 288 survivors (72 per cent). The commonest lesions (332 patients) were patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, complete transposition of the great vessels, ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, tricuspid atresia, and total anomaly of pulmonary venous drainage. During the same period of this study 154 autopsies were performed on patients with congenital cardiovascular anomalies of which theoretically 70 could have been treated surgically. The authors stress the need for an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic effort in infants with cardiovascular anomalies.
Hepatitis A outbreak predominantly affecting men who have sex with men in Northern Ireland, October 2008 to July 2009
Authors: O Sfetcu, N Irvine, S L Ngui, C Emerson, C McCaughey, P Donaghy
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2011)

We describe an outbreak of hepatitis A which evolved in Northern Ireland between October 2008 and July 2009, against a background of large concurrent hepatitis A outbreaks in various parts of Europe. Thirty-eight cases were defined as outbreak cases using a stratified case definition; 36 were males with a median age of 29 years and of the 28 males whose sexual orientation was known, 26 were men who have sex with men(MSM). Detailed descriptive epidemiology data collected through standardised questionnaires, together with sequencing of a 289 bp fragment of the VP1/2PA region of the virus, significantly aided the understanding of the spread of the outbreak when non-MSM cases occurred. The sequence of the outbreak strain, genotype IA, was indistinguishable from that involved in a large outbreak in the Czech Republic. Although seeded in a generally susceptible Northern Ireland population, the outbreak remained mostly contained in MSM, showing this sub-population to be the most vulnerable despite ongoing hepatitis A vaccination programmes in genito-urinary medicine clinics.
Compassion, control, and decisions about competency
Authors: V Abernethy
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1984)

A competent patient has the right to refuse any medical intervention. However, hospitalized patients who refuse treatment sometimes find their competency challenged. The author describes the grounds for deciding that an elderly woman who resisted amputation "lacked capacity" to refuse the intervention, so that custody was conditionally awarded to a state social service department. Questions are raised about the evaluation process. The author suggests that the standard for finding a patient not competent to refuse treatment should be no less than generalized incompetence, including clear evidence that a patient is uninformable on emotionally neutral issues and cognitively incapable of making ordinary decisions on matters unrelated to the crisis at hand.
Estrogens, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Alessandro Villa, Elisabetta Vegeto, Angelo Poletti, Adriana Maggi
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2016)

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are neuroprotective and play a significant role in maintaining neuronal connectivity, but the prolongation of an inflammatory status may limit the beneficial functions of these immune cells. The finding that estrogen receptors are present in monocyte-derived cells and that estrogens prevent and control the inflammatory response raise the question of the role that this sex steroid plays in the manifestation and progression of pathologies that have a clear sex difference in prevalence, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The present review aims to provide a critical review of the current literature on the actions of estrogen in microglia and on the involvement of estrogen receptors in the manifestation of selected neurological disorders. This current understanding highlights a research area that should be expanded to identify appropriate replacement therapies to slow the progression of such diseases.
Oral health and risk of colorectal cancer: results from three cohort studies and a meta-analysis
Authors: H.G. Ren, H.N. Luu, H. Cai, Y.B. Xiang, M. Steinwandel, Y.T. Gao, M. Hargreaves, W. Zheng, W.J. Blot, J.R. Long, X.O. Shu
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2016)
Tuberculosis in a Yorkshire prison: case report
Authors: S Ahmed, Autilia Newton, T Allison
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2007)

In 2005 there were 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) globally and 1.6 million deaths. Incidence rates in Western Europe ranged between 4 and 10 per 100,000 in 2001, but TB is still a significant challenge in this region, especially due to delayed diagnosis and management. Prisons are a potential "breeding ground" for TB with a mean notification rate of 232 cases per 100,000 prisoners in Europe in 2002. This report describes the measures taken in response to a TB case in a British prison. Following diagnosis, the "stone in the pond" method was used to identify potential contacts. Selection criteria were agreed and screening tools included the Quantiferon test. These methods, combined with an effective integrated community and hospital TB service, resulted in the successful management of the incident.
Haptoglobin Genotype as a Determinant of Benefit or Harm From Niacin for Participants With Diabetes
Authors: Rabea Asleh, Nina S. Levy, Gheorge Doros, Tina Costacou, Jennifer G. Robinson, Shany Blum, Hagit Goldenstein, William E. Boden, Debra L. Simmons, Megan A. Lacy, George Grunberger, Todd J. Anderson, Andrew P. Levy
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016)
Lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer: influence on prognosis of lymph node count.
Authors: Andrea Giuliani, A. Caporale, M. Corona, M. Di Bari, M. Demoro, T. Ricciardulli, P. Gozzo, G. Galati, A. Tocchi
Journal: Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research (2004)

To better understand the role of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on long-term outcome of gastric cancer treatment, 154 patients who had undergone curative resection, with dissection of >15 nodes were retrospectively studied. Dissection of perigastric and extraperigastric lymph nodes, defined as 'extended' (>26 nodes dissected) in 39 cases and 'limited' (< or = 26 nodes dissected) in 115 cases, was performed. A total of 3479 lymph nodes (mean 22.6 per specimen), were dissected and of these 721 showed metastases. A mean of 8.1 lymph node metastases, per metastatic case, was found. Regression analysis showed no independent factor associated with the extent of lymphadenectomy. Depth of wall invasion (p=0.000) and histological growth pattern (p=0.044) were independently associated with the number of lymph nodes involved (pN0, pN1 1-7, pN2 >7). The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 47% in patients without lymph node metastases; 29% in those with 1-7 nodes involved and 17% in those with >8 nodes involved (p=0.002). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, in 65 nodenegative cancer cases, demonstrated an area under the curve for vital status (alive or dead) of 0.602 (95% CI: 0.473 - 0.721). All node-negative cases with a number equivalent to or exceeding the cutoff point of 23 nodes were alive. ROC analysis showed 11 to be the cutoff number of metastasized lymph nodes in correlation with vital status. Almost all those patients in whom the number of positive nodes was equivalent to, or exceeded the cutoff point had died (area under the ROC curve 0.633; 95% CI: 0.524 - 0.733). ROC analysis showed that the cutoff lymph node ratio, in relation to vital status, was 0.33. The majority of patients at or above this cutoff point had died (area under ROC curve 0.682; 95% CI: 0.574 - 0.776). Multivariate survival analysis showed that lymph node ratio was the only independent prognostic factor (p=0.001). The present findings suggest that, in lymphadenectomy with at least 15 nodes, the number and status of regional nodes dissected, irrespective of the location, provide reliable prognostic information on curatively resected gastric carcinomas.
Prevalence of panic in patients referred for pulmonary function testing at a major medical center
Authors: M H Pollack, R Kradin, M W Otto, J Worthington, R Gould, S A Sabatino, J F Rosenbaum
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1996)

The authors examined the prevalence and correlates of panic disorder in a group of patients who were referred for pulmonary function testing.Patients (N = 115) were screened for the presence of panic attacks and panic disorder with a self-report questionnaire; a subgroup (N = 25) received structured diagnostic assessment.Of the 115 patients, 41% (N = 47) reported panic attacks and 17% (N = 20) met screening criteria for panic disorder. From the confirmed rate of panic disorder among the subgroup who received structured diagnostic assessment, the overall prevalence rate of panic disorder was estimated to be 11% and included six of the nine patients (67%) who had a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There were no significant differences between patients with and without panic in the severity of pulmonary function abnormalities or in the response to bronchodilators. However, patients with panic attacks were significantly more likely to report dyspnea at rest and irritable bowel symptoms and tended to report difficulty swallowing.This study suggests that panic disorder and subsyndromal panic are relatively common and may be unrecognized and inadequately treated in patients who present with respiratory symptoms.
Abstract B29: Inhibition of histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1,2) perturbs DNA replication and DNA repair in cancer cells: Implications in mechanism-based therapeutic strategies
Authors: Danielle Johnson, Simon Jones, Steven Quayle, Jeff Shearstone, Srividya Bhaskara
Journal: Cancer Research (2016)

Abstract Class I family enzymes, histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1,2), are targets of FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors currently used in cancer therapy. HDAC inhibitors impair DNA repair and replication in cancer cells to trigger genotoxic stress and cause cell death. How HDAC1,2 function in genome maintenance processes, DNA replication and repair, in mammalian cells is far from fully understood. Using small molecules to selectively inhibit HDAC1,2 activities, we have systematically defined their direct functions in DNA replication and repair. Our studies show that HDAC1,2 inhibition reduces replication fork velocity and activates the replication stress associated DNA damage independent of its effect on transcription. HDAC1,2 inhibition increases histone H4K16 acetylation (H4K16ac) and nuclease sensitivity of nucleosomes associated with newly replicated DNA, suggesting that HDAC1,2 are required for chromatin compaction during DNA replication. Thus, mechanistically, HDAC1,2 activities are required for maintaining nascent chromatin structure and dynamics required for efficient progression of the replication fork. In addition to H4K16ac, we have found that HDAC1,2 inhibition activities increases H3K27ac and H4K91ac present on the histone tail and core regions, respectively. Increase in these histone acetyl marks perturbs the acetyl-methyl or the acetyl-ubiquityl switch during DNA repair leading to impaired EZH2-mediated H3K27me3-dependent DNA repair signaling and the H4K91ubiquityl-dependent 53BP1-mediated DNA repair signaling in chemoresistant EZH2 gain-of-function diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. We are currently investigating the therapeutic benefits of HDAC1,2 inhibition in mouse models of aggressive chemoresistant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and in primary patient samples. Overall, our studies have uncovered novel functions for HDAC1,2 in genome maintenance processes and provide insight into the mode-of-action of HDAC1,2 inhibitors in overcoming chemoresistance in cancer cells (via targeting the DNA repair process) and in inducing DNA damage and death in the rapidly cycling cancer cells (via targeting DNA replication). Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Danielle Johnson, Simon Jones, Steven Quayle, Jeff Shearstone, Srividya Bhaskara. Inhibition of histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1,2) perturbs DNA replication and DNA repair in cancer cells: Implications in mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Sep 24-27, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B29.
Abstract B64: Suboptimal cytoreduction in ovarian carcinoma is associated with molecular pathways characteristic of increased stromal activation.
Authors: Zhenqiu Liu, Jessica A. Beach, Hasmik Agadjanian, Dongyu Jia, Paul-Joseph Aspuria, Beth Y. Karlan, Sandra Orsulic
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2016)

Abstract Suboptimal cytoreductive surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is associated with poor survival but it is unknown if poor outcome is due to the intrinsic biology of unresectable tumors or insufficient surgical effort resulting in residual tumor-sustaining clones. Our objective was to identify the potential molecular pathway(s) and cell type(s) that may be responsible for suboptimal surgical resection. By comparing gene expression in optimally and suboptimally cytoreduced patients, we identified a gene network associated with suboptimal cytoreduction and explored the biological processes and cell types associated with this gene network. We show that primary tumors from suboptimally cytoreduced patients express molecular signatures that are typically present in a distinct molecular subtype of EOC characterized by increased stromal activation and lymphovascular invasion. Similar molecular pathways are present in EOC metastases, suggesting that primary tumors in suboptimally cytoreduced patients are biologically similar to metastatic tumors. We demonstrate that the suboptimal cytoreduction network genes are enriched in reactive tumor stroma cells rather than malignant tumor cells. Our data suggest that the success of cytoreductive surgery is dictated by tumor biology, such as extensive stromal reaction and increased invasiveness, which may hinder surgical resection and ultimately lead to poor survival. Citation Format: Zhenqiu Liu, Jessica A. Beach, Hasmik Agadjanian, Dongyu Jia, Paul-Joseph Aspuria, Beth Y. Karlan, Sandra Orsulic. Suboptimal cytoreduction in ovarian carcinoma is associated with molecular pathways characteristic of increased stromal activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B64.