tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FRI0087 Predictors for Attaining Remission at Two Consecutive Visits in Newly Diagnosed Early RA Patients
Authors: M. Kuijper, J. Luime, P. de Jong, A. Gerards, J. van Zeben, I. Tchetverikov, P. de Sonnaville, M. van Krugten, B. Grillet, M. Hazes, A. Weel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> Early and intensive treatment with DMARDs are essential for remission induction in newly diagnosed RA patients. However, demographic, psychosocial and disease related factors may play a role as well. <h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate which demographic, psychosocial and disease related factors are associated with attaining remission at two consecutive visits in early RA patients treated in a treat-to-target manner <h3>Methods</h3> We used 12 months follow-up data from patients participating in the tREACH trial<sup>1,2</sup> in which induction therapy strategies were compared: (A) combination high dose conventional therapy ((MTX + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine or (B) MTX. Both groups had glucocorticoid (GCs) bridging. Disease activity (DAS) was assessed every 3 months. Remission was defined as DAS&lt;1.6 at 2 consecutive visits (3 months). Univariate and multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed including demographic, disease related and psychosocial factors evaluated at baseline as predictors for attaining remission during 12 months of follow-up. <h3>Results</h3> 281 patients (68% female; mean DAS 3.4, median HAQ 1.00) were included. During 1 year of follow-up, 129 of 281 (46%) patients (group A: 90 (49%), group B: 39 (40%)) attained remission at 2 consecutive visits. 76/281 (27)% achieved remission within 6 months. Univariate analyses revealed that female sex was associated with a lower chance of attaining remission (demographic factors). Similar relations were observed for higher DAS, HAQ and worse physical functioning (disease factors) and higher levels of anxiety, depression, fatigue and passive coping with pain and lower levels of mental functioning and internal locus of control (psychosocial factors). In multivariate analyses, female sex, treatment and higher levels of fatigue were associated with a lower chance to attain remission within 6 months, whereas older age, female sex and higher levels of depression were associated with increased time to remission within 12 months. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In the tREACH trial, 46% of early RA patients attained remission within 1 year of follow-up. Female sex, higher baseline DAS, HAQ, and several psychosocial factors were predictors for attaining remission, but in the final models age, sex, baseline DAS, fatigue and depression remained. Results suggest that high levels of fatigue and depressive symptoms may prevent patients from attaining remission despite treatment according to a tight control and treat-to-target strategy. <h3>References</h3> Claessen et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009:71. De Jong et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Jan;72. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
THU0289 Long Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Table 1.
Authors: E. Nuri, M. Taraborelli, L. Andreoli, M. Gerosa, L.M. Argolini, P.L. Meroni, A. Tincani
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> A potential role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) has been suggested by some retrospective cohorts and in animal models based on its potential beneficial effects on autoantibody effect and titer, endothelial function and glucose or lipid metabolism [1–3]. <h3>Objectives</h3> To evaluate the impact of HCQ on aPL titers, on glucose and cholesterol levels and its role in the prevention of thrombotic recurrences in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome (PAPS). <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with PAPS, diagnosed according to 2006 Classification Criteria without any Connective Tissue Disease, that received HCQ (HCQ+) but no immunosuppressive drugs, were matched with similar patients that did not received HCQ (HCQ-) according to the following characteristics: same gender, follow-up duration, disease onset, age at the beginning of the follow-up ±10 years and initial date of the follow-up ± 5 years. <h3>Results</h3> Seventy-two patients (36 HCQ+ and 36 HCQ-) with a mean follow-up of 77 (±SD 49) months between 1992 and 2015 were studied. No significant variations in demographical, clinical, serological features were observed between the two groups except for of anti-extractable nuclear antigen antibodies (19% in HCQ+ versus 0% in HCQ-,p:0.014). Anti-β2Glycoprotein I IgG titers were significantly lower in HCQ+ than in HCQ- patients at the end of the follow-up (Student t,p:0.018). The variations of all the aPL titers in the two groups are shown in Figure 1. No differences in glucose and cholesterol levels were detected. Eight percent of HCQ+ and 17% of HCQ- patients experienced a thrombosis during the follow-up. Among patients with a history of thrombosis the annual incidence of recurrences was lower (0,87%) in HCQ+ patients than in HCQ- (2,17%). <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study showed a strong reduction of aPL titers and of the incidence of recurrences in patients treated with HCQ, supporting a possible role of this drug in the treatment of patients with PAPS. <h3>References</h3> Rand JH, Wu XX, Quinn AS, et al. Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers. Blood 2008, 112:1687–1695. Broder A, Putterman C. Hydroxychloroquine use is associated with lower odds of persisently positive antiphospholipid antibodies and/or lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2013, 40:30–33. Schmidt-Tanguy A, Voswinkel J, Henrion D, et al. Antithrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013;11(10):1927–1929. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Palbociclib (PD-0332991), a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, restricts tumour growth in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Julien Bollard, Verónica Miguela, Marina Ruiz de Galarreta, Anu Venkatesh, C Billie Bian, Mark P Roberto, Victoria Tovar, Daniela Sia, Pedro Molina-Sánchez, Christie B Nguyen, Shigeki Nakagawa, Josep M Llovet, Yujin Hoshida, Amaia Lujambio
Journal: Gut (2016)

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options. Palbociclib, a well-tolerated and selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, has shown promising results in the treatment of retinoblastoma (RB1)-positive breast cancer. RB1 is rarely mutated in HCC, suggesting that palbociclib could potentially be used for HCC therapy. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterisation of the efficacy of palbociclib in multiple preclinical models of HCC.The effects of palbociclib on cell proliferation, cellular senescence and cell death were investigated in a panel of human liver cancer cell lines, in ex vivo human HCC samples, in a genetically engineered mouse model of liver cancer, and in human HCC xenografts in vivo. The mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to palbociclib were assessed in human liver cancer cell lines and human HCC samples by protein and gene expression analyses.Palbociclib suppressed cell proliferation in human liver cancer cell lines by promoting a reversible cell cycle arrest. Intrinsic and acquired resistance to palbociclib was determined by loss of RB1. A signature of 'RB1 loss of function' was found in <30% of HCC samples. Palbociclib, alone or combined with sorafenib, the standard of care for HCC, impaired tumour growth in vivo and significantly increased survival.Palbociclib shows encouraging results in preclinical models of HCC and represents a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment, alone or particularly in combination with sorafenib. Palbociclib could potentially benefit patients with RB1-proficient tumours, which account for 70% of all patients with HCC.
Low-Dose ATG-F Reduces Non-Relapse Mortality after Reduced-Intensity Bone Marrow Transplantation from an Unrelated Donor: A Single-Center Analysis of 65 Patients.
Authors: Shigeo Fuji, Takahiro Fukuda, Sung-Won Kim, Eiji Usui, Saiko Kurosawa, Hiroki Yokoyama, Bungo Saito, Toshihiro Takahashi, Shin-ichiro Mori, Yuji Heike, Kensei Tobinai, Ryuji Tanosaki, Yoichi Takaue
Journal: Blood (2007)
Utility of Quantum Dots for Labeling and Tracking Leukemic Cell Lines, Human Bone Marrow and CD 34+ Umbilical Cord Blood.
Authors: Edward B. Garon, Gay M. Crooks, Oxana Tcherniantchouk, Quang T. Luong, Thanassis Papaioannou, Laura Marcu, H. Phillip Koeffler
Journal: Blood (2005)
AB0192 Some of The Painful RA Patients Underrate Global Health VAS at Hospitals
Authors: G. Kageyama, A. Onishi, Y. Ueda, Y. Kamei, H. Yamada, Y. Ichise, D. Waki, I. Naka, K. Tsuda, T. Okano, S. Takahashi, M. Nishida, K. Akashi, K. Nishimura, S. Sendo, Y. Kogata, J. Saegusa, A. Morinobu
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> Evaluating patient global VAS is one of the most essential process in RA practice. Despite reliability of patient global VAS being highly important in clinical practice, there has been no study comparing global VAS scores obtained at hospitals and those obtained at home where patients answer anonymously. <h3>Objectives</h3> To compare the patient global VAS obtained before clinical examination in hospital with those answered anonymously at home. <h3>Methods</h3> We asked RA patients to answer and mail the EQ5D data set anonymously. EQ5D consisted of 5 component questions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) and patient assessment global health VAS. EQ5D global VAS is anonymized patient global VAS evaluated at home. We compared the patient global VAS which is routinely surveyed at hospital before clinical examination with those surveyed anonymously at home. <h3>Results</h3> The anonymized VAS score was higher than those routinely evaluated at hospital (p&lt;0.0001). Global VAS scores obtained at hospital poorly correlated with those obtained anonymously at home (r=0.426). We compared patients who had higher patient global VAS at hospital than anonymized VAS at home with patients who had lower patient global VAS at hospital than anonymized VAS at home. Pain VAS scores remained to be risk factor to be higher anonymized VAS at home than those routinely evaluated at hospital after multivariate analysis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Discrepancy exists between patient global VAS evaluated in the hospital before clinical examination and those evaluated anonymously at home. There is a possibility that patients rating high pain VAS are underrating their global VAS scores at hospital. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
AB0427 Health-Related Quality of Life in Thai Lupus Patients. Comparison of The European Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) and The Lupus Quality of Life Questionnaire (LupusQol)
Authors: A. Koolvisoot, N. Thongthap
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> SLE mostly affects the working-age population. The disease burden has a significant impact to the quality of life. <h3>Objectives</h3> To assess the HRQoL in SLE patients by using the EQ-5D and the LupusQoL and to evaluate their correlation. <h3>Methods</h3> 248 patients were recruited. Demographic and clinical data including the SLEDAI were collected. We also evaluated the patients9 preference in terms of the language, the precision of questions, and time consume. The correlation was examined by Pearson9s correlation. <h3>Results</h3> 94.6% of patients were female. Mean age was 37.5±11.9 with the median disease duration of 5.1 years. The mean SLEDAI score was 3.6±0.4. The mean of EQ-5D health value and VAS scores were 0.65±0.20 and 78.1±20.2. Most patients reported that SLE had mild effect to their health status. 28.1 and 18.3% of patients reported moderate to severe problems in the mental components of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The mean LupusQoL score was 78.9±16.3. Both EQ-5D health value and VAS were significantly correlated with all LupusQOL domains, strongly correlated with physical health and pain but poorly correlated with planning and body image. The patients preferred to use the EQ-5D over LupusQoL. <h3>Conclusions</h3> HRQoL in most SLE patients was generally good. The EQ-5D score was significantly correlated with the LupusQoL score particularly in the domains of physical health and pain. The EQ-5D is a simple and more convenient tool to assess the general health and can be used as a brief evaluation of lupus-specific HRQoL in daily practice. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Sequential Serum Cytokine Levels after Autologous, Related and Unrelated Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Reflection of Immune Reactivity and Reconstitution.
Authors: Omar R. Fagoaga, Sandra L. Nehlsen-Cannarella, Voravit Ratanatharatorn, Christine M. Martinelli, Lawrence G. Lum, Joseph P. Uberti
Journal: Blood (2007)
Molecular Analysis of Primary Cutaneous Aggressive T-Cell Lymphomas: the Epidermotropic CD8+, the Pleomorphic CD8+ and the Gamma Delta Subsets.
Authors: Emilio Berti, Daniele Fanoni, Francesco Onida, Valentina Girgenti, Francesca Novara, Laura Corti, Luigia Venegoni, Francesca Viganò, Giorgia Saporiti, Orsetta Zuffardi, Marco Paulli
Journal: Blood (2012)
Three dimensional electrospun PCL/PLA blend nanofibrous scaffolds with significantly improved stem cells osteogenic differentiation and cranial bone formation
Authors: Qingqing Yao, Jaqueline G.L. Cosme, Tao Xu, Jacob M. Miszuk, Paulo H.S. Picciani, Hao Fong, Hongli Sun
Journal: Biomaterials (2016)
Gas6/AXL Signaling Regulates Self-Renewal of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Stem Cells by Stabilizing β-Catenin
Authors: Yanli Jin, Danian Nie, Juan Li, Xin Du, Yuhong Lu, Yangqiu Li, Chang Liu, Jingfeng Zhou, Jingxuan Pan
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2016)

Purpose: Quiescent leukemia stem cells (LSC) are important resources of resistance and relapse in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Thus, strategies eradicating CML LSCs are required for cure. In this study, we discovered that AXL tyrosine kinase was selectively overexpressed in primary CML CD34+ cells. However, the role of AXL and its ligand Gas6 secreted by stromal cells in the regulation of self-renewal capacity of LSCs has not been well investigated.Experimental Design: The function of CML CD34+ cells was evaluated by flow cytometer, CFC/replating, long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC), CML mouse model driven by human BCR-ABL gene and NOD-scid-IL2Rg-/- (NSI) mice.Results: AXL was selectively overexpressed in primary CML CD34+ cells. AXL knockdown reduced the survival and self-renewal capacity of human CML CD34+ cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of AXL reduced the survival and self-renewal capacity of human CML LSCs in vitro and in long-term grafts in NSI mice. Human CML CD34+ cells conscripted bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMDSC) and primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to secrete Gas6 to form a paracrine loop that promoted self-renewal of LSCs. Suppression of AXL by shRNA and inhibitor prolonged survival of CML mice and reduced the growth of LSCs in mice. Gas6/AXL ligation stabilizes β-catenin in an AKT-dependent fashion in human CML CD34+ cells.Conclusions: Our findings improve the understanding of LSC regulation and validate Gas6/AXL as a pair of therapeutic targets to eliminate CML LSCs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2842-55. ©2016 AACR.
Comparison of Myeloma Cell Gene Expression Profiles Pre and Post Thalidomide - Dexamethasone Therapy Provides Insight into Potential Mechanisms.
Authors: Shaji Kumar, Philip R. Greipp, Jessica Haug, Michael Kline, Emily Blood, Wee Joo Chng, John A. Lust, Leif Bergsagel, Morie A. Gertz, Rafael Fonseca, S. Vincent Rajkumar
Journal: Blood (2005)
Erythroid Lineage Analysis By Flow Cytometry Is of Highly Additive Value for MDS Diagnosis: A Study on Behalf of the HOVON89 Study Group
Authors: Eline MP Cremers, Theresia M Westers, Canan Alhan, Claudia Cali, Heleen A Visser-Wisselaar, Dana A Chitu, Marian JPL Stevens-Kroef, Pedro Silva Coelho, Edo Vellenga, Saskia K. Klein, Pierre W. Wijermans, Georgine E De Greef, Marie-Cecile Legdeur, Petra Muus, Gert J Ossenkoppele, Joop H Jansen, Arjan A Van de Loosdrecht
Journal: Blood (2014)
Idiopathic Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Antinuclear Antibodies, Platelet Count and Creatinin Level Can Predict a Severe ADAMTS13 Deficiency.
Authors: Paul Coppo, Alain Wynckel, Karine Clabault, Mickael Schwarzinger, Matthieu Monge, Pascale Poullin, Elie Azoulay, Lionel Galicier, Jean-Paul Mira, Dominique Bordessoule, Norbert C. Gorin, Jean-Paul Vernant, Agnès Veyradier
Journal: Blood (2007)
Efficacy and Risk Factors Analysis of Upfront Autologous Stem Cell Mobilization Using Plerixafor and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Adebayo Ogunniyi, Mabel Rodriguez, Sean M. Devlin, Nelly G. Adel, Heather Landau, David J Chung, Nikoletta Lendvai, Alexander M. Lesokhin, Ola Landgren, Sergio A Giralt, Hani Hassoun
Journal: Blood (2014)
Aberrant Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination and Switch Translocations in Activated B Cell-Like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.
Authors: Georg Lenz, Inga Nagel, Reiner Siebert, Warren Sanger, George W. Wright, Hong Zhao, Andreas Rosenwald, Hans-Konrad Muller-Hermelink, Randy D. Gascoyne, Elias Campo, Elaine S. Jaffe, Erlend B. Smeland, Richard I. Fisher, W. Michael Kuehl, Wing C. Chan, Louis M. Staudt
Journal: Blood (2006)
SAT0255 Prospective Study: The Role of Urinary HER2 as A Lupus Nephritis Biomarker
Authors: P. Costa Reis, K. Dietzmann-Maurer, E. Von Scheven, J.M. Burnham, K.E. Sullivan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2016)

<h3>Background</h3> Recently, a dramatic increase in HER2 expression in the glomeruli and in the tubular compartment of patients with lupus nephritis was observed. A similar pattern was not seen in patients with IgA nephropathy, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. HER2 overexpression was also found in NZM2410 mice and it correlated with disease activity. <i>In vitro</i>, IRF1 and α-interferon increased HER2 expression in human mesangial cells and HER2 regulated the levels of miR-26a and miR-30b. These miRNAs control mesangial cell proliferation, by regulating the expression of several genes, including those controlling cell cycle. It was also found that urinary HER2 levels were increased in patients with active lupus nephritis in an adult cohort and correlated with the urine protein:creatinine ratio and with the levels of MCP-1 and VCAM-1. <h3>Objectives</h3> Determine the role of HER2 as a urinary biomarker for lupus nephritis activity. <h3>Methods</h3> This is an interim analysis of a prospective, multicentric study, of patients with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis. Urine samples were collected from patients at every clinical visit and also from age-sex matched controls. The samples were centrifuged and the supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for HER2. Clinical data were also collected. The activity of lupus nephritis was measured using renal SLEDAI. Unpaired and paired t tests were used for the comparisons between samples. The relationship between HER2 and disease activity was defined by Pearson9s correlation and linear regression. <h3>Results</h3> Urinary HER2 is significantly increased in children with lupus nephritis (N=15) when compared to controls (N=24) (p=0.003). Furthermore, our preliminary data from patients analyzed at different visits showed that HER2 levels tend to reflect disease activity. <h3>Conclusions</h3> HER2 was significantly increased in the urine of children with lupus nephritis and its levels changed between visits, reflecting disease activity. Further studies are necessary to determine if HER2 levels can be clinically useful, namely if they can predict the occurrence of a flare. These findings also support the study of anti-HER2 drugs for cell proliferation control in lupus nephritis. <h3>References</h3> Costa Reis P, Russo PA, Zhang Z et al. The role of microRNAs and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Proliferative Lupus Nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015 Sep;67(9). <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Long-Term Outcome after Hyper-CVAD and Rituximab Chemoimmunotherapy for Burkitt (BL) or Burkitt-Like (BLL) Leukemia/Lymphoma and Mature B-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukmia (B-ALL).
Authors: Deborah A. Thomas, Hagop Kantarjian, Jorge Cortes, Stefan Faderl, Farhad Ravandi-Kashani, William Wierda, Alma Rodriguez, Luis Fayad, Susan O’Brien
Journal: Blood (2007)
In Vivo Tracking of T Cells in Humans Unveils Decade-Long Survival and Activity of Genetically Modified T Memory Stem Cells
Authors: Serena Scala, Luca Biasco, Luca Basso Ricci, Francesca Dionisio, Cristina Baricordi, Andrea Calabria, Stefania Giannelli, Nicoletta Cieri, Federica Barzaghi, Roberta Pajno, Hamoud Al-Mousa, Alessia Scarselli, Caterina Cancrini, Claudio Bordignon, Maria Grazia Roncarolo, Eugenio Montini, Chiara Bonini, Alessandro Aiuti
Journal: Blood (2014)
High-Intensity Statins for Secondary Prevention
Authors: Robert O. Bonow, Clyde W. Yancy
Journal: JAMA Cardiology (2016)

Fatima Rodriguez, MD, MPH; David J. Maron, MD; Joshua W. Knowles, MD, PhD; Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD; Shoutzu Lin, MS; Paul A. Heidenreich, MD, MS
Prospective Measurement of EBV-DNA in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type.
Authors: Ritsuro Suzuki, Motoko Yamaguchi, Koji Izutsu, Go Yamamoto, Kenzo Takada, Yasuaki Harabuchi, Yasushi Isobe, Hiroshi Gomyo, Tadashi Koike, Masataka Okamoto, Junji Suzumiya, Shigeo Nakamura, Keisei Kawa, Kazuo Oshimi
Journal: Blood (2009)
Antibody-Induced Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells Is Mediated Through NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Jamie Honeychurch, Waleed Alduaij, Eleanor Cheadle, Mahsa Azizyan, Helene Pelicano, Peng Huang, Andrei Ivanov, Mark S Cragg, Timothy M Illidge
Journal: Blood (2011)
Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation
Authors: Welbeck Danquah, Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger, Björn Rissiek, Carolina Pinto, Arnau Serracant-Prat, Miriam Amadi, Domenica Iacenda, Jan-Hendrik Knop, Anna Hammel, Philine Bergmann, Nicole Schwarz, Joana Assunção, Wendy Rotthier, Friedrich Haag, Eva Tolosa, Peter Bannas, Eric Boué-Grabot, Tim Magnus, Toon Laeremans, Catelijne Stortelers, Friedrich Koch-Nolte
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2016)

Ion channels are desirable therapeutic targets, yet ion channel-directed drugs with high selectivity and few side effects are still needed. Unlike small-molecule inhibitors, antibodies are highly selective for target antigens but mostly fail to antagonize ion channel functions. Nanobodies-small, single-domain antibody fragments-may overcome these problems. P2X7 is a ligand-gated ion channel that, upon sensing adenosine 5'-triphosphate released by damaged cells, initiates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, including release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). To further explore its function, we generated and characterized nanobodies against mouse P2X7 that effectively blocked (13A7) or potentiated (14D5) gating of the channel. Systemic injection of nanobody 13A7 in mice blocked P2X7 on T cells and macrophages in vivo and ameliorated experimental glomerulonephritis and allergic contact dermatitis. We also generated nanobody Dano1, which specifically inhibited human P2X7. In endotoxin-treated human blood, Dano1 was 1000 times more potent in preventing IL-1β release than small-molecule P2X7 antagonists currently in clinical development. Our results show that nanobody technology can generate potent, specific therapeutics against ion channels, confirm P2X7 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, and characterize a potent new drug candidate that targets P2X7.