tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Encyclopedia of Biostatistics
Authors: CR Palmer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Eds P Armitage, T Colton John Wiley and Sons, £1495, pp 4898 (6 volumes) ISBN 0 471 97576 1 Rating:![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> Just amazing: how did they do it? Given that the task of organising academics has been likened to herding cats, how could anyone persuade so many to write so much, in such depth, and in so short a time? This was my initial impression of this monumental undertaking, a veritable tour de forcecomprising over 1200 articles written by more than 800 contributors worldwide from academia, government, and industry and supervised by about 20 section editors. All this initiated in 1995 and yet published within three years. Editors in chief Peter Armitage and Ted Colton are characteristically modest in their preface, giving due credit to those who made the endeavour possible, notably the editorial board, authors, and the project motivator from Wiley, Helen Ramsey. Other factors, besides countless hours of labour, are professional respect for the editors and, ultimately, the nature of biostatisticians. As a breed, they tend to be obliging folk, only too happy … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Reduction of Adrenal-Steroid Production by an Inhibitor of Cholesterol Biosynthesis
Authors: James C. Melby, Marlys St. Cyr, Sidney L. Dale
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

SINCE cholesterol is an important if not essential precursor of steroid hormones, interference with its formation could result in reduced synthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. An agent that effectively interferes with cholesterol synthesis has become available. Triparanol (p-β-diethylaminoethoxy-phenyl-1-[p-tolyl]-2-[p-chlorophenyl]) ethanol is an efficient inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis.1 Frantz, Mobberley and Schroepfer2 and Avigan et al.3 have demonstrated that triparanol prevents the conversion of 24-dehydrocholesterol (desmosterol) to cholesterol (Fig. 1). Blohm, Kariya and Laughlin4 produced a reduction in adrenocortical cholesterol content and adrenal hypertrophy in rats by pretreatment with triparanol.Preliminary studies5 suggested that triparanol is an effective inhibitor of cortisol and . . .
Levels of Anxiety in Colonic Disorders
Authors: Murray D. Esler, Kerry J. Goulston
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

Levels of anxiety and neuroticism were assessed in patients with the irritable-colon syndrome, and compared with levels in patients with ulcerative colitis and general medical patients. Assessment of the level of anxiety was based on psychometric testing with the use of the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing anxiety-scale questionnaire, and on the urinary excretion of epinephrine under stressful conditions. The level of neuroticism was derived from testing with the Eysenck personality inventory. Patients with the irritable-colon syndrome who had predominantly diarrhea were significantly more anxious and more neurotic than the control population of general medical patients. Patients with ulcerative colitis, and patients with the irritable-colon syndrome who had predominantly abdominal pain, did not differ significantly from the control group in these dimensions of personality.
Case 6-1992
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Robert E. Scully, Eugene J. Mark, William F. McNeely, Betty U. McNeely, B.T. Woods, A.C. McKee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Presentation of CaseA 67-year-old right-handed man was referred to the hospital because of aphasia and memory loss.The patient was well until 18 months earlier, when he began to have progressive difficulty in speaking and writing. During approximately the next nine months his communication skills gradually worsened to the point that he retired from the practice of law; he made no major professional errors, but he had made a substantial error in completing his own most recent income-tax return.Eighteen months later the patient was first seen at this hospital. He had pursued his hobbies of golfing, bowling, photography, . . .
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
Authors: Masao Omata
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

In this issue of the Journal, Lai et al.1 report the results of a one-year trial of lamivudine, an oral nucleoside analogue, in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. The 358 patients were randomly assigned to receive daily lamivudine (25 mg or 100 mg) or placebo orally for one year. The incidence of adverse events was similar in all groups and there were few serious adverse events. Histologic improvements, including a reduction in necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis, were demonstrated in the patients treated with lamivudine, as compared with those receiving placebo. The patients treated with 100 mg of lamivudine had . . .
Correlation between K-ras mutations status and benefit from cetuximab treatment in advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: L. Xie, R. Lai, X. Wu, S. Zhang, X. Tang, T. Chen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

e15084 Background: Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically blocks the EGFR. We follow -up study the efficacy and toxicity of cetuximab with chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer from Chinese in East China. Methods: We analyzed tumor samples from 120 patients with advanced colorectal cancer by direct sequencing, to observe the mutations status in exon 2,3 of K-ras gene. And 30 patients were followed up according the RECIST standard for their treatment outcome of cetuximab plus chemotherapy at 2 -12 months. Results: K-ras mutations were identified in 48 of 120(40%) patients with colorectal cancer in exon2, which including 8 mutation types; 38/48(79.2%) mutations in 12 codon(G12D 43.7%,G12V 25%,G12C 10.4%,G12R 6%,G12S 4%,G12A 2%) and 10/48(18.7%) in 13 codon(G13D 18.7%,G13C 2%). None mutation was found in 61codon of exon3. we observed the clinical efficacy of 30 patients treated by cetuximab plus chemotherapy, of 21 patients with wild-type K-ras tumors as compared with 9 patients with mutated K-ras significantly improved the response rate (5/21 21.8% vs 1/9 11.1%,P&lt;0.01)and the disease control rate (19/21 90.4% vs,2/9 22.2%,P&lt;0.01). There were a few patients with mutated K-ras tumors benefit from cetuximab, in which the fluorescence intensity of mutation cells of all detected tumor tissue approach to 1:3 status by sequencing analysis. The major toxicities of treatment were acne-like rash, which were found in 14/21(66.6%)of patients with wild-type K- ras, and 5/9(55.5%)of patients with mutated K-ras . Conclusions: The East-China patients share the same (40%) mutation frequency and type of k-ras gene with other races . Patients with wild type K-ras mutation have significantly higher Response rate and disease control rate on cetuximab plus chemotherapy treatment .Our results once again show that somatic mutations status of k-ras is a major determinant of cetuximab response in advanced colorectal cancer. There was no statistical correlation between acne-like rash of the major toxicities and mutations status of k-ras. There were a few patients bearing mutated k-ras did benefit from cetuximab, that would need to be validation between Chinese or Ethnicity association phenotype by a large numbers of samples. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Effect of Long-Term Salmeterol Treatment on Exercise-Induced Asthma
Authors: J A Nelson, L Strauss, M Skowronski, R Ciufo, R Novak, E R McFadden
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

With long-term administration of salmeterol, the extent of protection afforded by the drug against experimental precipitants of asthma such as methacholine and adenosine may decrease. Whether this effect extends to a clinically relevant stimulus such as exercise is unknown.
GABA levels in CSF of patients with psychiatric disorders
Authors: B I Gold, M B Bowers, R H Roth, D W Sweeney
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1980)

The authors measured gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the lumbar CSF of patients with depression, with psychosis, or undergoing evaluation for a neurologic disorder. GABA levels in the CSF from depressed patients were significantly decreased compared with neurologic control patients. CSF GABA levels in psychotic patients were not different from those in neurologic patients, although the data suggested a decrease in CSF GABA levels in patients with schizoaffective disorder.
Nosocomial Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Associated with the Use of a Spring-Loaded Finger-Stick Device
Authors: Louis B. Polish, Craig N. Shapiro, Frederick Bauer, Phyllis Klotz, Paulette Ginier, Ronald R. Roberto, Harold S. Margolis, Miriam J. Alter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

From June 1989 through March 1990, 26 patients, of whom 23 had diabetes, contracted acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a hospital in California. All 26 patients and one HBV carrier (also a diabetic) had been admitted to a single medical ward during the six months before the case patients became infected with HBV. To determine the source of the infection, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of the 72 patients with diabetes who had been admitted to the ward from January through December 1989 and a case–control study comparing the 3 nondiabetic patients who contracted hepatitis with 20 nondiabetic controls.
Intracellular Accumulation Of Light Chains Caused By Lenalidomide, and Mediated Via CRBN, Causes Major ER Stress and Is Implicated In The Synergistic Combination Of Imids and Proteasome Inhibitors
Authors: Sinto Sebastian, Yuan Xiao Zhu, Esteban Braggio, Sonali Panchabhai, Chang-Xin Shi, Gregory Ahmann, Leif Bergsagel, Rafael Fonseca
Journal: Blood (2013)
Retinopathy in Leukemia
Authors: M A Perazella, J Magaldi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Figure 1. Retinopathy in Leukemia. A 43-year-old man presented with blurred vision that had persisted for several days. Funduscopic examination of the retina revealed leukemic infiltrates (arrowheads) and hemorrhages (arrows). Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis.
M22 Does a Nurse-Led Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) Service improve patient outcomes?: Abstract M22 Table 1
Authors: H Mainman, S Chambers, HJ Curtis
Journal: Thorax (2015)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to reduce in-patient mortality in AECOPD from 20 to 10%. In 2011 national data revealed that there were multifactorial failures in effective NIV service provision, with a 26% in-patient mortality rate. Local audit data in 2012 showed our in-patient mortality was 40% for all patients treated with NIV compared to a national rate of 30%. There was evidence of missed patients and delays to treatments. Could a nurse-led NIV service improve upon this? <h3>Methods</h3> We set up a dedicated 24/7 nurse-led service with portable NIV machines and allocated respiratory ward beds in December 2013. The nurse would aim to be involved in all AECOPD admissions from the outset, with support from acute medical team. All aspects of clinical care were prospectively collected including nursing workload. <h3>Results</h3> More patients received NIV with an improved success rate and reduced in-patient mortality rate. Mortality fell to 12% by summer 2014, and was 0% in patients with pH 7.25–7.35. Quality indicators also improved e.g. failure planning, in-put from respiratory team and consultants (See Table 1). Although survival rates were maintained over winter 2014/15, quality indicators slipped, due to nursing pressures across our trust, which compromised the service. During this period the NIV-nurse had extra or alternative duties on 28% of the shifts. As a consequence 6 patients were treated on Intensive care and 3 operations were cancelled. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The nurse-led service has dramatically improved survival outcomes and the quality of our NIV service. We believe this to be due to a dedicated nurse-led model as opposed to a traditional physiotherapy service. But this model may be leaving our service open to the external pressures in nursing numbers across our trust. Via our robust data collection and rolling analysis, we have been able to influence decision makers into not “pulling” the NIV nurse to alternative duties and compromising our successful service.
Pulmonary Edema in Acute Opium Intoxication
Authors: Philip Troen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

ACUTE opium intoxication is not commonly seen in American medical practice. However, two phenomena may well portend an increased incidence in the near future. Throughout the United States evidence of widespread drug addiction appears almost daily. The problem of drug addiction has also become most important to American troops stationed in certain overseas areas.1 The exposure of the uninitiate to opium derivatives leads to accidental and intentional overdosage. The purpose of this report is to stress the occurrence of pulmonary edema in acute opium intoxication, and its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. An illustrative case report is presented.Case ReportA . . .
Should Intracranial Aneurysms Be Treated before They Rupture?
Authors: Louis R. Caplan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Modern diagnostic techniques allow the detection of many potentially dangerous conditions before patients get sick, often before symptoms occur. The ability to detect four such conditions — asymptomatic carotid-artery stenosis,1 atrial fibrillation without brain embolism,2 vascular malformations in the brain,3,4 and cerebral aneurysms57 — has led to controversy about preventive treatment. All four are serious disorders that can cause disabling or fatal brain infarction or hemorrhage. Treatment of these conditions — surgery in patients with carotid artery disease, aneurysms, or vascular malformations and anticoagulant therapy in elderly persons with atrial fibrillation — carries considerable risks as well as . . .
Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Content of Cigarette Smoke and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Young Men
Authors: David W. Kaufman, Susan P. Helmrich, Lynn Rosenberg, Olli S. Miettinen, Samuel Shapiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

To evaluate whether the nicotine and carbon monoxide content of cigarette smoke is related to the risk of nonfatal first myocardial infarction in young men, we compared 502 cases with 835 hospital controls, all between the ages of 30 and 54 years. As expected, the estimated risk of myocardial infarction increased with the number of cigarettes smoked; overall, the relative-risk estimate for current smokers was 2.8 (95 per cent confidence interval, 2.0 to 4.0). The risk did not appear to vary according to the amount of nicotine or carbon monoxide in the cigarette, and the mean amounts of both substances per cigarette were similar for the cases and controls. The results suggest that men who smoke the newer cigarettes with reduced amounts of nicotine and carbon monoxide do not have a lower risk of myocardial infarction than those who smoke cigarettes containing larger amounts of these substances.
Surgical Decisions in the Elderly
Authors: O M P Jolobe, D Gwyn Seymour
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2001)

The study by Miss Farquharson and others (May 2001 JRSM, pp. 232-235) is a fitting reminder that doctors should be advocates for the intellectually disabled. A cardiologist whom I greatly admired exemplified this role when he implanted an expensive pacemaker in a demented patient with a history of multiple falls resulting from sinus node disease—justifying his action by arguing that, if this patient fell and fractured his femur or sustained a subdural haematoma, with consequent physical disability, this would vastly compound the mental disadvantage that he already suffered as a result of dementia. The same argument justifies neurosurgical intervention for subdural haematoma in previously active and mobile patients with antecedent dementia. We need always be aware that the demented have human rights, and that the right to physical disability is not one of them.
Case 9-2006
Authors: Rocío M. Hurtado, Dushyant V. Sahani, Richard L. Kradin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

A 35-year-old woman had recurrent abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. Two similar episodes, one year earlier and one month earlier, had led to imaging studies that detected dilated intrahepatic bile ducts with numerous calculi; removal of stones and sphincterotomy led to the relief of symptoms. She had fever, abdominal tenderness, mildly elevated aminotransferase levels, dilated bile ducts with numerous stones, and possible external compression of the left intrahepatic duct.
Effect of abiraterone acetate (AA) on pain control and skeletal-related events (SRE) in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) post docetaxel (D): Results from the COU-AA-301 phase III study.
Authors: C. Logothetis, J. S. De Bono, A. Molina, E. M. Basch, K. Fizazi, S. A. North, K. N. Chi, R. J. Jones, O. B. Goodman, P. N. Mainwaring, C. N. Sternberg, D. D. Gagnon, R. Dhawan, M. Rothman, Y. Hao, C. S. Liu, T. S. Kheoh, H. I. Scher, C. M. Haqq
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

4520 Background: Reduction in morbidity and clinical sequelae of bone metastases is a significant unmet medical need of mCRPC pts. AA, a potent androgen biosynthesis inhibitor, increases survival in mCRPC pts (HR = 0.646). Here we assess the effect of AA on pain control and SRE. Methods: COU-AA-301 is an international, randomized, double blind study of AA (1 g QD) + P (5 mg BID) vs placebo + P in mCRPC post D. Pain was assessed at baseline and each treatment cycle until discontinuation using the BPI-SF questionnaire. Palliation/progression of pain intensity (P-INT) and pain interference (P-INF) was evaluated and pain scores analyzed for changes over time. Analyses were conducted using prospective response definitions. Results: 797 pts were randomized to AA and 398 to placebo. Median treatment duration was 8 and 4 months, respectively. Time to SRE (pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression or palliative radiation/bone surgery) was 301 d (AA) vs 150 d (placebo; P = 0.0006). Cumulative proportion of pts with a change (vs baseline) in P-INT was consistently in favor of AA. AA yielded significantly improved pain outcomes (Table), including better and faster palliation of P-INT and P-INF. Fewer AA pts had progression of P-INT and P-INF at 6 (22% vs 28%; 20% vs 31%), 12 (30% vs 38%; 28% vs 32%) and 18 months (35% vs 46%; 30% vs 35%). The pain profile of AA was superior to placebo from cycles 1 to 10. Conclusions: Therapy with AA + P offers significant clinical benefits, incl. pain relief and delay of pain recurrence while preventing SRE, in post D mCRPC. There may be potential for integrating bone targeting therapy with AA to further improve symptom free survival of mCRPC pts. AA (N = 797) Placebo (N = 398) P P-INT Palliation, n (%) 155/349 (44.4) 44/163 (27.0) 0.0002 Time to palliation [median], d (95% CI) 169 (113, 302) 312 (165, 450) 0.0010 Time to progression [25th percentile], d (95% CI) 225 (171, 315) 142 (91, 253) 0.0056 P-INF Palliation, n (%) 132/223 (59.2) 38/100 (38.0) 0.0004 Time to palliation [median], d (95%CI) 31 (28, 58) 113 (82, 135) 0.0009 Time to progression [25th percentile], d (95% CI) 282 (225, 392) 139 (85, 197) 0.0019
Early Peanut OIT-Induced Suppression of Basophil Reactivity Is a Marker of Sustained Unresponsiveness
Authors: Sarita U. Patil, Johanna Steinbrecher, Alex Ma, Neal Smith, Cecilia Washburn, Alanna Hickey, Caroline Southwick, Lauren Tracy, Bert Ruiter, Yamini Virkud, Michael Schneider, Wayne Shreffler
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016)
Subjective memory complaints in geriatric depression
Authors: D A Plotkin, J Mintz, L F Jarvik
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1985)

Improvement in depressive symptoms was significantly related to a decrease in subjective memory complaints in 29 elderly depressed outpatients. Patients with substantial improvement in their depression showed similar reductions in memory complaints regardless of whether they received tricyclic antidepressants or group psychotherapy.
Surgical Importance of the Solitary Kidney
Authors: E. Everett Anderson, J. Hartwell Harrison
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

DURING the past ten years 5 patients have been referred to the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital for renal homotransplantation because of unintentional surgical extirpation of all functioning renal tissue that in each case was anomalous in development. The renal anomalies encountered in these 5 patients were solitary fused pelvic kidney in 1 case, crossed fused renal ectopia in 2, and unilateral renal agenesis in 2 cases. In 1 of the latter a solitary normal kidney underwent traumatic rupture, and the other was a congenital solitary ectopic pelvic kidney. It is reasonable to assume that before renal homotransplantation became feasible other . . .
New Pathways in General Medical Education
Authors: Daniel C. Tosteson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

MEDICINE is changing rapidly and at an increasing rate. When today's students are in midcareer, medical practice will be far different. Medical educators must find ways to help young doctors prepare for the medicine of the future. This article explores some of the forces, inside and outside the profession, that are causing change, and considers some directions for change with respect to the concepts and organization of general medical education. I also describe efforts under way in the faculty of medicine at Harvard University to develop new pathways in general medical education. The Need for Change The strongest forces for . . .
Trench Foot and Immersion Foot
Authors: James C. White, William B. Scoville
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1945)

FROSTBITE and kindred injuries to the feet from cold have been recorded as a source of casualties in military campaigns since the epic retreat of the Greeks under Xenophon across the snow-covered mountains of Armenia. Cold does not necessarily produce a single type of injury, as many have supposed, but may result in several distinct syndromes, which become of particular importance in time of war, when clothing, food, heat and shelter are likely to be inadequate and great numbers of indoor dwellers are exposed to the rigors of outdoor life. These clinical and pathologic changes have been summarized by Greene, . . .
Impending Gangrene of Four Extremities Secondary to Ergotism
Authors: John J. Granley, Raymond J. Krause, Edward S. Strasser, Charles D. Hafner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

TO encounter late at night a young nurse with impending gangrene of all four extremities secondary to ergotism is a frightening experience, and one that impresses the physician with the paucity of knowledge available to him on this subject. Simultaneous spasm of the arterial tree and of the superficial veins, threatened thrombosis and probable hypercoagulability of blood constituted the immediate problem, and later on in the convalescent period the sequelae of this acute vascular insufficiency included repeated infections of the left foot, osteomyelitis and, finally, a severe burning sensation in the feet in warm weather. Since a search of the . . .
Risk Factors of Prolonged Duration of Gastrosoma Placement in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Ccrt
Authors: Yasuyoshi Sato, Kenji Nakano, Lina Inagaki, Junichi Tomomatsu, Yukiko Sato, Takashi Toshiyasu, Kazuyoshi Kawabata, Shunji Takahashi
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)