tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Communicating risks
Authors: A. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The epidemic this year of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) etched another chapter into the annals of risk science. So do all the major “scares”: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its potential effect on humans through variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; the scare about third generation oral contraceptives in 1995; and the feared link between autism and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination. On p 725 Bellaby discusses these particular risks and describes how public reactions that on the face of it may seem irrational in fact have understandable origins.1 Most of this theme issue, however, is concerned not with mass communication about risks but with one to one interactions between healthcare professionals and patients about their individual risks. Clinicians want to know how best to communicate risk to their patients, and this issue aims to help.
Pathogenicity for Rats of a Strain of Chicken Sarcoma Virus
Authors: F Svec, C Altaner, E Hlavay
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1966)

The RBI rat tumor, induced with cell suspensions from chicken sarcoma B77, is pathogenic for chicks as well as for rats. Cell suspensions from RBI tumors induced sarcomas in 100 percent of inoculated chicks. Cell suspensions of this chicken sarcoma induced early RBA sarcomas in 50 percent of 171 rats. Most of these rats died within 4 weeks after inoculation. The early tumors regressed in 15 of the 85 tumor-bearing rats, and the animals died of cystic hemorrhagic disease. The sarcoma was induced in 9 animals within 50 to 70 days after inoculation, and cystic hemorrhagic disease developed in 117. None of the 171 rats remained free from either tumor or cyst and only 12 survived for 3 months or longer. The tumors induced in rats were transplantable into rats and after transplantation of early-appearing tumors, tumors and cysts developed. Virus strongly infective in chicks was demonstrated by cell-free filtrates and virus preparations from RBI and RBA rat sarcomas induced by chicken sarcoma cells. Cell suspensions from the wall of small cysts induced tumors in chicks and cystic hemorrhagic disease and tumors in rats.
10th international Luebeck conference on the pathophysiology and pharmacology of erythropoietin and other hemopoietic growth factors
Authors: Andre Bernardini, Ulf Brockmeier, Erik Metzen, Joachim Fandrey, Nina Trošt¹, Neli Hevir¹, Patrícia Kimáková³, Lenka Hurtuková³, Barbora Fecková³, Lanišnik Tea, Radovan Rižner¹, Peter Komel¹, Nataša Solár³, Martina Rauner, Kristin Franke, Rashim Singh, Sahar Hiram-Bab, Max Gassmann, Drorit Neumann, Yankel Gabet, Trian- Tafyllos Chavakis, Lorenz Hofbauer, Ben Wielockx, Sahar Hiram-Bab¹, Tamar Liron¹, Naamit Deshet-Unger², Moshe Mittelman³, Ben Wielockxº, Drorit Neumann², Yankel Gabet¹
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2015)

It has been suggested that the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) can not only be found on erythroid precursor cells but also on the surface of certain tumour cells where it might enhance tumour proliferation if patients are treated with Epo to counteract chemotherapy-induced anaemia.The data showing EpoR on tumour cells in many of these studies however heavily rely on antibodies that have lately been shown to be highly unspecific.There is still no valid study that could undoubtedly show the presence of functional EpoR dimers on non-erythroid cells.Our aim was therefore to look at the process of receptor activation in living cells.For this we employed Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy.We generated fusion constructs of EpoR and either cyan (CFP) or yellow (YFP) fluorescent proteins.When co-expressed in a cellular environment these fusion proteins should assemble into dimers and give a solid FRET signal.As one of the pre-requisites for FRET is proximity (r < 10 nm) detection of a positive FRET signal is quasi-evidence for dimerization.Moreover, the receptor is known to undergo a substantial conformational change upon ligand binding which should result in a clearly recognizable increase in FRET efficiency.Our results show, that dimer formation did take place in every tested cell line.Unfortunately all constructs that were signalling competent failed to show unequivocal FRET signals whereas the constructs that gave positive FRET results failed to show any phosphorylation of intracellular EpoR targets.We found that fluorescently labelled STAT5, a key molecule in EpoR signalling can be used as an alternative way to look at EpoR activation.Upon addition of the ligand a redistribution of cytoplasmic STAT5 to the nucleus takes place that is completely absent in cells that do not express the EpoR.This redistribution takes place independently of the cell line that is used for the experiment and is nicely recorded by time lapse imaging.Conclusion from our results is: Dimerization of EpoR molecules is not limited to erythroid cells.Consistent with these data we see STAT5 translocation if EpoR is expressed and additional intracellular signalling molecules are sufficiently present.From these data we reason that if EpoR can be detected on the surface of tumour cells, it depends on the cellular context whether EpoR is functional.
Mogamulizumab Therapy for Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Masahito Tokunaga, Kentaro Yonekura, Daisuke Nakamura, Kouichi Haraguchi, Tomohisa Tabuchi, Nobuaki Nakano, Ayumu Kubota, Shogo Takeuchi, Yoshifusa Takatsuka, Makoto Yoshimitsu, Satoshi Fujino, Maiko Hayashida, Kenichi Maekawa, Akihiko Arai, Yuhei Kamata, Hirosaka Inoue, Satsuki Owatari, Maki Otsuka, Shuichi Hanada, Tadashi Matsumoto, Atae Utsunomiya
Journal: Blood (2015)
Role of Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase and Folylpolyglutamate Hydrolase in Methotrexate Accumulation and Polyglutamylation in Childhood Leukemia
Authors: Marianne G. Rots, Rob Pieters, Godefridus J. Peters, Paul Noordhuis, Christina H. van Zantwijk, Gertjan J.L. Kaspers, Karel Hählen, Ursula Creutzig, Anjo J.P. Veerman, Gerrit Jansen
Journal: Blood (1999)
Case 5-1970
Authors: Richard C. Cabot, Benjamin Castleman, Betty U. McNeely, Isidore Snapper, Benjamin Castleman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Presentation of CaseA sixty-eight-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of confusion and disorientation.He had been well until ten months previously, when he had the "flu." Two months later he consulted a physician because of dyspnea, loss of strength, ankle swelling and palpitation. A diagnosis of congestive heart failure and rapid atrial fibrillation was made, and treatment with digitalis and diuretics was begun. Diuresis occurred, with subsidence of the dyspnea and return of a sinus rhythm. The weakness and malaise persisted. Five months before admission the hematocrit was 37 per cent. The uric acid was 10 mg, . . .
Evaluation of a newly modified nonflared fully covered metal stent, 12 mm in diameter, for intraductal placement in patients with malignant biliary strictures: a feasibility study
Authors: Hyun Choi, Jong Moon, Yun Lee, Hyun Kim, Moon Choi, Tae Lee, Sang-Woo Cha, Young Cho, Sang-Heum Park, Sun-Joo Kim
Journal: Endoscopy (2016)

<b>Background and study aim:</b> The nonflared ends of fully covered, self-expandable, metal stents (FCSEMSs) may minimize stent-induced ductal injury. Suprapapillary intraductal placement of nonflared FCSEMSs for malignant biliary stricture might reduce duodenobiliary reflux and pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a newly modified, nonflared FCSEMS for intraductal placement in patients with malignant biliary stricture. <b>Patients and methods:</b> A total of 51 patients with nonhilar, extrahepatic, malignant biliary stricture were enrolled prospectively. The nonflared FCSEMS is 12 mm in diameter, and has a central saddle and a distal lasso of 7 cm in length. An FCSEMS was placed above the papilla in all patients, with the central saddle positioned at the stricture to prevent stent migration. <b>Results:</b> The technical and clinical success rates were 100 % and 98 %, respectively. Early adverse events occurred in one patient (2.0 %; mild pancreatitis). A total of 12 patients underwent surgery with curative intent, one of whom (8.3 %) experienced a postoperative adverse event. No stent migration occurred in any of the patients. Cholecystitis developed in one patient (2.0 %) as a late adverse event. Stent occlusion occurred in 44.7 % (17/38), and endoscopic removal of the stent was successful in 87.5 % of patients. The mean stent patency was 297 days (95 % confidence interval, 211 – 383). <b>Conclusions:</b> Intraductal placement of the nonflared FCSEMS, 12 mm in diameter, was feasible for the palliative and preoperative management of patients with malignant biliary stricture. Long-term follow-up and prospective comparative studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of intraductal placement of this stent.
Soundings: Land of the free
Authors: Trisha Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (2004)

At the age of 19, I got a job lifeguarding at a kids' summer camp in America. I let slip to a colleague that I didn't have a work permit. Next day, I got a ride in a yellow car with the siren screaming just like in Starsky and Hutch, while handcuffed to a hunky cop. I got six hours of questioning and my mugshot and fingerprints taken by the FBI. And I got deported.

Six months ago, I was invited to give the opening keynote lecture at an international conference in New York. My visa application included an Undesirable Alien Form. I ticked the boxes to indicate that I did not plan any subversive or terrorist activities, and that I had never knowingly engaged in genocide.

I was summoned to the US embassy and took along six character references from seriously important people. After a body search, I waited three hours before explaining to a charming lady what evidence based medicine was. She told me that the conference sounded wonderful, and tapped my number into a computer. An automated message flashed. Her tone became frosty and she informed me that my file would be transferred upstairs.

I was shown into a room behind an air-locked door, guarded by a man with a submachine gun. I waited four more hours without food or water. I made friends with three other Undesirables. One had had a parking ticket; one had been arrested on a peace march; and one (a fellow academic) had been caught eating grapes in a supermarket queue in the early 1970s.

I was eventually called to a desk, charged a three-figure sum, and had another mugshot and more fingerprints taken. I was told to go home while my case was considered, and not to build up my hopes.

Several weeks later they wrote asking me to send in my passport as my visa had been granted, and to expect up to three weeks' wait.

The Post Office tells me that my passport was signed for at the embassy on 21 November 2003 at 11 27 am. The embassy's call centre tells me to submit an email inquiry, and the email inquiry service does not reply to my messages. I have reported my passport stolen and applied for a new one from the British authorities.

And if any Americans want to hear me lecture, they can come to me.
Evidence for progenitors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells that undergo intraclonal differentiation and diversification
Authors: M Dono, S Hashimoto, F Fais, V Trejo, SL Allen, SM Lichtman, P Schulman, VP Vinciguerra, B Sellars, PK Gregersen, M Ferrarini, N Chiorazzi
Journal: Blood (1996)
Induction of Monooxygenases in Rhesus Monkeys by 3-Methylcholanthrene: Metabolism and Mutagenic Activation of N-2-Acetylaminofluorene and Benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: S. S. Thorgeirsson, S. Sakai, R. H. Adamson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Induction of content and activity of hepatic and lung cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in male rhesus monkeys. Hepatic microsomes were concomitantly studied for mutagenic activation of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) as well as with the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hepatic N-hydroxylation of AAF was increased sixfold to sevenfold after MCA treatment; aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was similarly increased in both liver and lung. The hepatic cytochrome P450 content was increased by 50%, and the Soret maximum in the CO-hemoprotein complex was shifted to the blue by 2 nm after MCA induction. Electrophoresis of hepatic microsomes from MCA-treated monkeys showed an increase in a polypeptide band of 54,000 molecular weight. Mutagenic activation of AAF by liver microsomes from untreated rhesus monkeys was low but was increased 40-fold after MCA treatment. No effect was observed on the mutagenic activation of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene by liver microsomes after MCA treatment. Rhesus monkeys may provide a model for evaluation of the role of polycyclic hydrocarbon induction in chemically caused cancer and toxicity in primates.
The Association between Dust Storms and Daily Non-Accidental Mortality in the United States, 1993–2005
Authors: James Lewis Crooks, Wayne E. Cascio, Madelyn S. Percy, Jeanette Reyes, Lucas M. Neas, Elizabeth D. Hilborn
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2016)

The impact of dust storms on human health has been studied in the context of Asian, Saharan, Arabian, and Australian storms, but there has been no recent population-level epidemiological research on the dust storms in North America. The relevance of dust storms to public health is likely to increase as extreme weather events are predicted to become more frequent with anticipated changes in climate through the 21st century.We examined the association between dust storms and county-level non-accidental mortality in the United States from 1993 through 2005.Dust storm incidence data, including date and approximate location, are taken from the U.S. National Weather Service storm database. County-level mortality data for the years 1993-2005 were acquired from the National Center for Health Statistics. Distributed lag conditional logistic regression models under a time-stratified case-crossover design were used to study the relationship between dust storms and daily mortality counts over the whole United States and in Arizona and California specifically. End points included total non-accidental mortality and three mortality subgroups (cardiovascular, respiratory, and other non-accidental).We estimated that for the United States as a whole, total non-accidental mortality increased by 7.4% (95% CI: 1.6, 13.5; p = 0.011) and 6.7% (95% CI: 1.1, 12.6; p = 0.018) at 2- and 3-day lags, respectively, and by an average of 2.7% (95% CI: 0.4, 5.1; p = 0.023) over lags 0-5 compared with referent days. Significant associations with non-accidental mortality were estimated for California (lag 2 and 0-5 day) and Arizona (lag 3), for cardiovascular mortality in the United States (lag 2) and Arizona (lag 3), and for other non-accidental mortality in California (lags 1-3 and 0-5).Dust storms are associated with increases in lagged non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality. Citation: Crooks JL, Cascio WE, Percy MS, Reyes J, Neas LM, Hilborn ED. 2016. The association between dust storms and daily non-accidental mortality in the United States, 1993-2005. Environ Health Perspect 124:1735-1743; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP216.
Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on pathologic stage and survival in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer
Authors: M. Gibson, B. Burtness, E. Heath, R. Heitmiller, A. A. Forastiere
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

4032 Background: The strongest predictor of survival in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer treated with primary surgical resection is stage. This study aimed to determine if surgical stage after pre-operative chemoradiotherapy predicted a similar survival pattern. Methods: Patients (n=42) received cisplatin, 5-FU and radiotherapy (RT) followed by esophagectomy. Pre- and post-treatment stages were compared to determine effect of treatment on pathologic stage and to evaluate the relationship between stage and survival compared to surgery only treated patients. Results: Characteristics included: age (range 35 to 75 years); gender (38 male; 9 female); histology (30 adeno; 12 squamous cell); and Barrett's (n=14). Pre-treatment stages were: stage IIA (n=9), stage IIB (n=3), stage III (n=21) and stage IV (n=9). Four patients did not have pathologic staging (2 progressive disease; 1 refused; 1 unknown). Treatment led to downstaging (DS, n= 29); no change (NC, n=6); and progression (PD, n=6). Post-treatment stage was: stage 0 (n=12); stage I (n=2); stage IIA (n=13); stage III (n=3); and stage IV (n=6). Of the 42 patients, 3 did not have surgery and 2 are lost to follow-up. Status of the remaining 37 patients is alive (n=10) and dead (n=27). Median survival is 4 years with minimum follow up of surviving patients of 5.5 years. All patients with NC or PD died. Of the 29 DS patients, 10 are alive, 17 are dead and 2 are censored. Median survivals for each pathologic stage were: stage 0 (7 yrs), stage I (not reached), stage IIA (1.9 yrs), stage IIB (1 yr), stage III (2.2 yrs) and stage IV (0.8 yr). Higher pathological stage correlated with worse survival (HR 1.56; 95% CI 1.16–2.1). The distribution of survivors by pathologic stage was: stage 0 (n=5), stage I (n=2), stage IIA (n=2), stage IIB (n=1), stage III (n=0) and stage IV (n=0). Conclusions: Pre-operative chemoradiotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer seems to impact the natural history of disease. Most patients achieved DS, lower pathologic stage correlated with better survival, and survival stratified by pathologic stage was similar to historical controls treated with primary surgery. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Nathan Chandler Foot
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. The injection of a colloidal suspension, or sol, of carbon into the veins of a living animal, as recommended by McJunkin, furnishes an apparently reliable means of tracing the so called epithelioid cell of the pulmonary tubercle from its origin in the vascular endothelium to the lesion. 2. Experimental tubercles are formed in the lung, as in the liver, primarily by cells originating in the capillary endothelium. These cells are probably present in small numbers in the normal lung, lying free both in the alveolar wall and the air vesicles. In response to infection they proliferate in the capillary walls in the vicinity of the invading organisms, migrate in steadily increasing numbers, and, arriving at the site of the infection, further multiply and to some extent fuse to form the syncytia known as giant cells. 3. The epithelial cell takes no active part in the process; its proliferation tends to repair denuded surfaces and is regenerative rather than combative or phagocytic in nature. This cell is free from carbon and stains only diffusely with carmine, in contradistinction to the endothelial cell which readily takes up both pigments in granular form. 4. The cells of endothelial origin not only phagocytose tubercle bacilli, but carry them into the tissues, for example into lymph nodes, by way of the lymphatics, or into other lung lobules by way of the air passages, in which they are readily demonstrable.
Usefulness of confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of ileocecal lymphoma
Authors: Maiko Takita, Ken Ohata, Kouichi Nonaka, Shinichi Ban, Nobuyuki Matsuhashi
Journal: Endoscopy (2016)

It is often difficult to diagnose malignant lymphoma in the gastrointestinal tract using endoscopy. We report the case of ileocecal lymphoma diagnosed by probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) (ColoFlex UHD, Cellvizio; Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, France).
FG-3019 anti-connective tissue growth factor monoclonal antibody: results of an open-label clinical trial in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Ganesh Raghu, Mary Beth Scholand, João de Andrade, Lisa Lancaster, Yolanda Mageto, Jonathan Goldin, Kevin K. Brown, Kevin R. Flaherty, Mark Wencel, Jack Wanger, Thomas Neff, Frank Valone, John Stauffer, Seth Porter
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2016)

FG-3019 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that interferes with the action of connective tissue growth factor, a central mediator in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. This open-label phase 2 trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of two doses of FG-3019 administered by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks for 45 weeks in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Subjects had a diagnosis of IPF within the prior 5 years defined by either usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on a recent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan, or a possible UIP pattern on HRCT scan and a recent surgical lung biopsy showing UIP pattern. Pulmonary function tests were performed every 12 weeks, and changes in the extent of pulmonary fibrosis were measured by quantitative HRCT scans performed at baseline and every 24 weeks. FG-3019 was safe and well-tolerated in IPF patients participating in the study. Changes in fibrosis were correlated with changes in pulmonary function. Further investigation of FG-3019 in IPF with a placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted and is underway.
Weekly Versus Biweekly Combination of Docetaxel (D)-Cisplatin (C)-5Fu (F) in Advanced Gastric Cancer and Esogastric Junction Adenocarcinoma (Agc): Doge Study
Authors: A. Deleporte, M. van den Eynde, F. Forget, S. Holbrechts, T. Delaunoit, G. Houbiers, H. Rezaei Kalantari, S. Laurent, E. Vanderstraeten, M. De Man, P. Vergauwe, M. Clausse, J. Vanderauwera, P. Pierre, L. D'Hondt, B. Ghillemijn, A. Covas, M. Paesmans, L. Ameye, A. Hendlisz
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)