tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Art: The Origin of Captured Images
Authors: Arpan K Banerjee
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Specimens and Marvels: The Work of W H F Talbot

National Museum of Photography, Bradford, until 9 July  

William Henry Fox Talbot is widely regarded as the founder of modern photography. He is credited with the discovery of the use of “negatives” and “positives” in photographic processing and produced the first camera negative in 1835, a picture of a lattice window at Lacock Abbey. This exhibition at the National Museum of Photography in Bradford displays some of the earliest photographs in the national collection and celebrates the bicentenary of the birth of the genius who made photography possible.

Talbot was a true Victorian polymath, who became a fellow of the Royal Society aged 32 for his contribution to mathematics. He was an accomplished classical scholar with a wide range of interests, from Hebrew and Greek to Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions and astronomy. He even contributed ideas for the development of internal combustion engines in the 1840s and found time to enter politics, becoming a Whig MP in 1832.

The idea of photography came to him while on honeymoon at Lake Como in Italy in 1833. In his book Pencil of Nature he writes how charming it would be if it were possible to cause these natural images to imprint themselves durably on paper.

He gradually lost interest in politics and immersed himself in photographic research, producing the first camera negative in 1835 with his camera obscura. His early “photogenic drawings,” as he called them, were of leaves and copies of sketches and engravings. Josiah Wedgwood, the potter, and Sir Humphry Davy were also working on photography, but it was Talbot who eventually invented the photographic process, weeks after the Frenchman Daguerre announced his version in 1839. Talbot used light on sensitised paper for his image and fixed this with common salt. Over the years, refinements in techniques continued. A photographic society was founded in 1853, and Talbot twice declined the offer of its presidency.

Towards the end of his life he became a recluse. Little would he have imagined that, 18 years after his death, Roentgen in 1895 would make another momentous leap in imaging research with his discovery of x rays, which enabled internal pictures of the human body to be captured. However, the medical application of photography might not have been possible without Talbot's pioneering work.
Response to “Comment on ‘Predictors of Indoor Radon Concentrations in Pennsylvania, 1989–2013’”
Authors: Joan A. Casey, Sara G. Rasmussen, Brian S. Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

When dividing Pennsylvania counties into five groups, Casey et al. reported an upward trend in radon concentration between 2004 and 2012 in all groups.NBC News subsequently warned, "Rising levels of toxic gas found in homes near fracking sites" (NBC News 2015).This headline is misleading.The county groups of most interesthigh, low, and no Marcellus activity-show a difference in adjusted geometric mean indoor radon concentration of < 0.8 pCi/L during any given year.Because the counties with no drilling activity had higher indoor radon concentrations than those with low drilling activity, it is unreasonable to attach a physical meaning to the difference of < 0.4 pCi/L between high-and no-activity counties at any time during Marcellus development.This result (i.e., < 0.4 pCi/L) would not be expected if ambient radon gas was escaping in significant volume from Marcellus drill pads.While it is fair to separate counties with high and low activity, both groups are part of the same geological province, the Appalachian Plateau.High-and low-activity counties are interspersed in a patchwork such that, prior to any Marcellus activity, the two data sets should have shown similar but not necessarily identical trends.Figure 4 of Casey et al. shows that with the exception of 1995, 1996, and 2000, they do exhibit the same up-down trends in radon, with predicted indoor radon concentrations in high-activity counties offset upward by a fraction of a pCi/L long before the arrival of drilling in Pennsylvania.The same trends carry through the years of Marcellus drilling.The no-activity counties are part of a different geological province, possibly giving rise to a different radon trend (Rodgers 1971), but even data from the no-activity counties demonstrate a similar up-down trend that carries through from before the arrival of Marcellus activity.It is even more difficult to make the case that radon trends correlate with hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, if one considers the true arrival date of significant high-volume fracking in all but Washington County, Pennsylvania.Arguably, major drilling activities were not under way until the second half of 2008, and significant production of Marcellus gas was not under way until 2009 (PA DEP 2015).
Current concepts in the diagnosis and pathobiology of intraepithelial neoplasia: A review by organ system
Authors: Lysandra Voltaggio, Ashley Cimino‐Mathews, Justin A. Bishop, Pedram Argani, Jonathan D. Cuda, Jonathan I. Epstein, Ralph H. Hruban, George J. Netto, Mark H. Stoler, Janis M. Taube, Russell Vang, William H. Westra, Elizabeth A. Montgomery
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2016)

Abstract Answer questions and earn CME/CNE In this report, a team of surgical pathologists has provided a review of intraepithelial neoplasia in a host of (but not all) anatomic sites of interest to colleagues in various medical specialties, namely, uterine cervix, ovary, breast, lung, head and neck, skin, prostate, bladder, pancreas, and esophagus. There is more experience with more readily accessible sites (such as the uterine cervix and skin) than with other anatomic sites, and the lack of uniform terminology, together with divergent biology in various sites, makes it difficult to paint a unifying, relevant portrait. The authors' aim was to provide a framework from which to move forward as we care for patients with such precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:408–436. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Premature explantation of an EndoBarrier gastrointestinal liner because of sleeve invagination
Authors: Ulrich Rohde, Cecilie Federspiel, Peter Vilmann, Steffen Friis, Ebbe Langholz, Tina Vilsbøll, Filip Knop
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

The EndoBarrier gastrointestinal liner (GI Dynamics, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA) ([Fig. 1]) is an endoscopically deployed and fully reversible treatment modality for type 2 diabetes and/or obesity [1]. Adverse events related to its use include transient abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which typically occur within the first 2 weeks after implantation. We present the first case of premature explantation of the EndoBarrier after recurrent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting due to invagination of the sleeve.
FRI0534 Physical Activity, Overweight, and Leisure Time Activity in a Cohort of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients
Authors: G. Sherman, V. Moshe, R. Haviv, Y. Reis, A. Consolaro, N. Ruperto, Y. Uziel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) might lead to decreased physical activity and quality of life. Physical activity is an important part of children9s social development and is important in the treatment of JIA. <h3>Objectives</h3> To characterize clinical aspects, physical activity rates, obesity, and screen time in a group of JIA patients <h3>Methods</h3> Over a 6-month period, a cohort of consecutive JIA patients in the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at Meir Medical Center were evaluated and compared to healthy children. Information on disease activity, type and amount of physical activity (using the Modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire), and daily screen time hours were collected. <h3>Results</h3> 97 patients and 98 matched controls completed the questionnaires. Among the patients, 56% had oligoarthritis, 22% polyarthritis and 17% systemic disease. Disease activity among all JIA sub-groups was low (average of 1.7 out of 10), two thirds of patients had a disease activity lower than 3, only 4% over 5, and 56% were in clinical remission. Obesity rates in the patient group and control groups were 21.5% and 19.4%, respectively. Physical activity levels were similar in both groups. There was a statistically significant reverse correlation between physical activity and age. The "total weekly leisure activity" of the control group was higher (46.9 vs. 38.4 hours, respectively). Daily screen time was similar (3.2 vs. 2.9 hours). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Physical activity, screen time hours and obesity rates were similar between JIA patients and controls. This lack of difference could be attributed to the clinical remission following early, aggressive, treat-to-target therapy. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
PWE-272 Ct colonography for selection of colonic polyps for laparoendoscopic excision
Authors: A Currie, E Mainta, R Ilangovan, O Faiz, D Burling, R Kennedy
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Full-thickness laparoendoscopic excision could offer an innovative solution for endoscopically irresectible early colonic neoplasia that would otherwise require colectomy. However, accurate preoperative characterisation is needed. This study evaluated the accuracy of CT colonography (CTC) when assessing key anatomical considerations concerning safe laparoendoscopic excision: polyp location in relation to mesenteric vascular supply (‘mesenteric versus anti-mesenteric border of colonic wall’), proportion of colonic circumference involved and polyp diameter. <h3>Method</h3> National ethics committee approval was obtained. Between 2006–2014 consecutive patients undergoing CTC examination prior to colonic resection for complex benign polyps or UICC stage 1 cancer were selected from a colorectal database for retrospective review. CTC examinations were interpreted in consensus by two experienced gastrointestinal radiologists, blinded to postoperative histopathological findings (reference). The percentage of cases accurately located was recorded. Kappa statistic (κ) and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) were used to compare circumferential involvement and polyp diameter. <h3>Results</h3> 20 patients with 20 early colonic neoplasms (2 polyps and 18 UICC stage 1 cancers (median diameter 32.5 mm, range 15–80)) were included. 15 were located on the mesenteric border and 5 on the anti-mesenteric border. All 20 polyps were correctly categorised (mesenteric vs antimesenteric). Consensus agreement on interpretation of proportion of wall circumference involvement was good (17/20 cases, κ 0.76). There was excellent correlation for polyp diameter between radiology and reference (r 0.926). <h3>Conclusion</h3> CTC can accurately define local characteristics of colon polyps and early cancers. This is likely to assist in selecting colonic polyps that are suitable for full-thickness laparoendoscopic excision. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.
Laparoscopic single site (LESS) and classic video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly: A single centre experience
Authors: Giovanni Aprea, Aldo Rocca, Andrea Salzano, Luigi Sivero, Mauro Scarpaleggia, Prisida Ocelli, Maurizio Amato, Tommaso Bianco, Raffaele Serra, Bruno Amato
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2016)
Roles of acid-extruding ion transporters in regulation of breast cancer cell growth in a 3-dimensional microenvironment
Authors: Anne Poder Andersen, Mette Flinck, Eva Kjer Oernbo, Nis Borbye Pedersen, Birgitte Martine Viuff, Stine Falsig Pedersen
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2016)

The 3-dimensional (3D) microenvironment of breast carcinomas is characterized by profoundly altered pH homeostasis, reflecting increased metabolic acid production and a confined extracellular space characterized by poor diffusion, yet the relative contributions of specific pH-regulatory transporters to 3D growth are poorly understood. The aim of this work was to determine how 3D spheroid growth of breast cancer cells impacts the expression and spatial organization of major acid extruding proteins, and how these proteins in turn are required for spheroid growth. MCF-7 (Luminal-A) and MDA-MB-231 (Triple-negative) human breast cancer cells were grown as ~700-950 μm diameter spheroids, which were subjected to Western blotting for relevant transporters (2- and 3D growth), quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, and spheroid growth assays. Individual transporter contributions were assessed (i) pharmacologically, (ii) by stable shRNA- and transient siRNA-mediated knockdown, and (iii) by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. In MCF-7 spheroids, expression of the lactate-H+ cotransporter MCT1 (SLC16A1) increased from the spheroid periphery to its core, the Na+,HCO3 − cotransporter NBCn1 (SLC4A7) was most highly expressed at the periphery, and the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 (SLC9A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) were evenly distributed. A similar pattern was seen in MDA-MB-231 spheroids, except that these cells do not express MCT1. The relative total expression of NBCn1 and NHE1 was decreased in 3D compared to 2D, while that of MCT1 and MCT4 was unaltered. Inhibition of MCT1 (AR-C155858) attenuated MCF-7 spheroid growth and this was exacerbated by addition of S0859, an inhibitor of Na+,HCO3 − cotransporters and MCTs. The pharmacological data was recapitulated by stable knockdown of MCT1 or NBCn1, whereas knockdown of MCT4 had no effect. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of NHE1, but neither partial NHE1 knockdown nor the NHE1 inhibitor cariporide, inhibited MCF-7 spheroid growth. In contrast, growth of MDA-MB-231 spheroids was inhibited by stable or transient NHE1 knockdown and by NHE1 knockout, but not by knockdown of NBCn1 or MCT4. This work demonstrates the distinct expression and localization patterns of four major acid-extruding transporters in 3D spheroids of human breast cancer cells and reveals that 3D growth is dependent on these transporters in a cell type-dependent manner, with potentially important implications for breast cancer therapy.
FRI0369 Health Utilities and Costs Among Early Spondyloarthritis Patients Treated and not Treated with TNFα Blockers: Estimates from the Desir Cohort
Authors: S. Harvard, A. Molto, D. Guh, N. Bansback, M. Dougados, S. Paternotte, P. Richette, B. Fautrel, A. Anis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> We previously described the clinical effectiveness of TNFα blockers in a population of matched pairs within the DESIR cohort of early spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients.<sup>1</sup> Health utilities and costs have not yet been compared among these patients. <h3>Objectives</h3> To compare costs and SF6D health utilities among SpA patients treated and not treated with TNFα blockers in the DESIR cohort. <h3>Methods</h3> The DESIR cohort includes 708 patients with early (&lt;3 years) SpA symptoms who are followed-up every 6 months. We examined 202 matched pairs (404 patients) comprised of ‘active’ and ‘controlș patients with/without TNFα blocker use over two years of follow-up. Matching between active and control patients was done by propensity score, with baseline data used to estimate probability of TNFα blocker use. Patient-reported costs from health resource use and productivity loss were valued using French public health and national salary data. SF6D utilities were estimated from SF36 (Version 1) data. Costs and utilities were described only for matched pairs with complete post-baseline cost data. MCMC multiple imputation was used to impute missing SF36 data using BASDAI, BASFI, HAQ, and Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire scores. Pairs were compared on baseline variables associated with TNFα blocker use (age, disease duration, BASDAI, BASFI, CRP, ASDAS CRP, NSAID use (yes/no), mNY criteria, MRI sacroilitis, and HLA-B27) using Student9s t-tests or Chi-square tests. <h3>Results</h3> The analysis included 324 patients. Active and control patients were significantly different on mean BASDAI (active=54.14 vs. control=49.22, p.&lt;0.007), BASFI (active=40.29 vs. control=33.61, p.&lt;0.005), CRP (active=12.73 vs. control=8.89, p.&lt;0.001), ASDAS CRP (active=3.19 vs. control=2.87, p.&lt;0.001), and binary NSAID use (active=0.91 vs. control=0.96, p.&lt;0.001). Mean costs across all follow-ups were € 7062 in the active group and € 1963 in the control group; mean SF6D utility across all follow-ups was in the 0.61113 active group and in 0.63374 the control group. <h3>Conclusions</h3> DESIR patients with/without TNFα blocker use were significantly different at baseline in variables known to be associated with costs and quality of life, including BASDAI and BASFI scores. As a result, unadjusted health utilities and costs cannot be compared between these groups. Future studies, including an ongoing cost-effectiveness analysis, must adjust for differences in disease severity between these patients. <h3>References</h3> Moltό et. al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014 Jul;66(7):1734-44. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> We acknowledge the DESIR Cohort and Scientific Committee <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Relationship of Genetic Instability with Immunoreactivities for p53 Protein and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Hiroaki Shiina, Mikio Igawa, Hiroshi Yagi, Shinji Urakami, Hiroki Shirakawa, Tomoyuki Ishibe
Journal: European Urology (1996)
Phase III CORRECT trial of regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
Authors: Eric Van Cutsem, Alberto F. Sobrero, Salvatore Siena, Alfredo Falcone, Marc Ychou, Yves Humblet, Olivier Bouche, Laurent Mineur, Carlo Barone, Antoine Adenis, Josep Tabernero, Takayuki Yoshino, Heinz-Josef Lenz, Richard M. Goldberg, Daniel J. Sargent, Frank Cihon, Andrea Wagner, Dirk Laurent, Axel Grothey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

3502 Background: Regorafenib (REG) is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor. The CORRECT trial was conducted to evaluate REG in patients (pts) with mCRC who had progressed after all approved standard therapies. Methods: Enrollment criteria included documented mCRC and progression during or ≤3 months after last standard therapy. Pts were randomized 2:1 to receive best supportive care plus either REG (160 mg od po, 3 wks on/1 wk off) or placebo (PL). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate, disease control rate, safety and quality of life (QoL). Efficacy analyses across prespecified subgroups were evaluated using univariate Cox regression. Results: 760 pts were randomized (REG: 505; PL: 255). The OS primary endpoint was met at a preplanned interim analysis. OS and PFS were significantly improved in REG arm compared to PL arm: hazard ratio (HR) for OS 0.77 (95% CI 0.64-0.94, 1-sided p=0.0052), median OS 6.4 vs 5.0 mos; HR for PFS 0.49 (95% CI 0.42-0.58, 1-sided p&lt;0.000001), median PFS 1.9 vs 1.7 mos. Comparable OS and PFS benefits were observed in exploratory subgroup analyses by region, age, time from diagnosis of mCRC to randomization, prior lines of treatment, and KRAS status (shown in table). The most common grade 3+ AEs related to REG were hand-foot skin reaction (16.6%), fatigue (9.6%), hypertension (7.2%), diarrhea (7.2%) and rash/desquamation (5.8%). QoL data will be presented. Conclusions: REG demonstrated statistically significant improvement in OS and PFS over PL, as well as comparable efficacy benefits across pt subgroups analyzed. [Table: see text]
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
Authors: James M. Goldfarb, A. Brian Little
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Whereas spontaneous abortions and bleeding from polyps or other pathologic processes continue to occur and should be recognized by generalists and obstetrician-gynecologists, these diseases have only accounted for 25 per cent of abnormal vaginal bleeding over the years. It is the other 75 per cent that is addressed in this brief review.The essence of the science of medicine is identification of the physiology and pathophysiology of an abnormal process and determination of the intervention that will arrest the abnormal and promote the normal state. Knowledge of the endocrinology of the menstrual cycle, its aberrations, and the availability of specific . . .
AB0355 Anti-Rheumatic Therapy Reduces Syndecan-1 Shedding in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Authors: I. Hollan, T.T. Vuong, T.M. Reine, G. Hjeltnes, T. Lyberg, S. Agewall, A. Wiik, K. Mikkelsen, Ø. T. Førre, S.O. Kolset
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Intact glycocalyx is of importance for healthy endothelial function. Changes in the endothelial glycocalyx, characterized by increased levels of circulating syndecan-1, might be related to accelerated atherosclerosis in RA. <h3>Objectives</h3> To examine the effect of anti-rheumatic treatment on serum syndecan-1 levels. <h3>Methods</h3> From the Norwegian observational PSARA study, we selected 32 patients starting with methotrexate (MTX) and/or anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment due to active RA. S-syndecan-1 was measured by ELISA at baseline and after 6 weeks of the treatment. <h3>Results</h3> The mean age of the patients was 59±8 years, and 27% were men. 12 patients received MTX and 20 received MTX and anti-TNF. S-syndecan-1 significantly decreased during the treatment (49±52 ng/ml vs. 45±50 ng/ml, p=0.047). The difference was independent of age, sex and DAS28. The s-syndecan-1 reduction was greater in the MTX than MTX+anti-TNF group (10±13 vs. 1±1 ng/ml, p=0.048). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Anti-rheumatic treatment reduces s-syndecan-1 in RA. Thus, a glycocalyx ameliorating effect may contribute to the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity due to anti-rheumatic treatment. In theory, the greater reduction of s-syndecan-1 in the MTX than in the combined group might be due to differences in patient population (less severe RA and a shorter disease duration in patients treated with MTX compared to anti-TNF). Interestingly, although MTX is considered a less potent anti-rheumatic drug than anti-TNF, it may have an important cardioprotective effect caused by its protective effect on glycocalyx etc. This effect might be at least partially independent of its anti-inflammatory properties. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, Version 1.2014
Authors: Susan O’Brien, Jerald P. Radich, Camille N. Abboud, Mojtaba Akhtari, Jessica K. Altman, Ellin Berman, Daniel J. DeAngelo, Michael Deininger, Steven Devine, Amir T. Fathi, Jason Gotlib, Madan Jagasia, Patricia Kropf, Joseph O. Moore, Arnel Pallera, Javier Pinilla-Ibarz, Vishnu VB. Reddy, Neil P. Shah, B. Douglas Smith, David S. Snyder, Meir Wetzler, Kristina Gregory, Hema Sundar
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

The 2014 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia recommend quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) standardized to International Scale (IS) as the preferred method for monitoring molecular response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. A BCR-ABL1 transcript level of 10% or less (IS) is now included as the response milestone at 3 and 6 months. Change of therapy to an alternate TKI is recommended for patients with BCR-ABL1 transcript levels greater than 10% (IS) at 3 months after primary treatment with imatinib. Continuing the same dose of TKI or switching to an alternate TKI are options for patients with BCR-ABL1 transcript levels greater than 10% (IS) at 3 months after primary treatment with dasatinib or nilotinib. The guidelines recommend 6-month evaluation with QPCR (IS) for patients with BCR-ABL1 transcript levels greater than 10% at 3 months. Monitoring with QPCR (IS) every 3 months is recommended for all patients, including those who meet response milestones at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months (BCR-ABL1 transcript level ≤10% [IS] at 3 and 6 months, complete cytogenetic response at 12 and 18 months).