How advanced is breast cancer in Africa?
Authors: Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Kirstin Grosse Frie
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2016)

Breast cancer is a growing problem in low-resource settings. According to the GLOBOCAN database,1International Agency for Research on CancerGLOBOCAN.http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspxDate: 2012Google Scholar an estimated 94 378 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in sub-Saharan Africa annually. Incidence rates vary considerably between African countries—eg, 38 new cases per 100 000 women per year in Kenya compared with 28 cases per 100 000 women per year in Uganda. An average increase in incidence rate of 3·7 cases per 100 000 women per year was seen in the past 20 years in Uganda.2Wabinga HR Nambooze S Amulen PM Okello C Mbus L Parkin DM Trends in the incidence of cancer in Kampala, Uganda 1991–2010.Int J Cancer. 2014; 135: 432-439Crossref PubMed Scopus (123) Google Scholar The Concord study group has published survival data from individual patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries worldwide. Outcomes vary greatly between regions and improvements in survival were seen over time. The outcome was dependent on early diagnosis and access to therapy.3Allemani C Weir HK Carreira H et al.Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995–2009: analysis of individual data for 25 676 887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2).Lancet. 2015; 385: 977-1010Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar Findings from hospital-based studies suggest that patients who actually receive therapy can have a good outcome; one such study from Ethiopia4Kantelhardt EJ Zerche P Mathewos A et al.Breast cancer survival in Ethiopia: a cohort study of 1,070 women.Int J Cancer. 2014; 135: 702-709Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar reported a distant metastasis survival rate of 74% after 2 years. Patients with breast cancer in Africa are often thought of as being young and presenting at a late stage of the disease. In The Lancet Global Health, Elima Jedy-Agba and colleagues5Jedy-Agba E McCormack V Adebamowo C dos-Santos-Silva I Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Glob Health. 2016; 4: e923-e935Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar present the first comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of breast cancer stage at diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors included 83 studies with 26 788 individuals. Most results were from consecutive or convenience case series at tertiary hospitals, an important source of information for health-care planning. Notably, the percentage of patients with late-stage (stage III/IV) cancer varied greatly between studies, ranging from 30% in South Africa to nearly 98% in one Nigerian study. The meta-regression analysis revealed that urban populations and non-black South African populations had lower percentages of patients with late-stage breast cancer at diagnosis than black or mixed ethnic South African patients and those from rural or rural and urban backgrounds. Readers might have expected age, region, or type of health facility to affect the percentage of women with late-stage breast cancer, but no differences were seen. Information about late-stage breast cancer from a population-based cancer registry would be useful to account for the selection bias of hospitals. Population-based data showed that 74% of women in Côte d'Ivoire and 81% of women in Democratic Republic of the Congo had late-stage breast cancer in 2008–09.6Islami F Lortet-Tieulent J Okello C et al.Tumor size and stage of breast cancer in Cote d'Ivoire and Republic of Congo—results from population-based cancer registries.Breast. 2015; 24: 713-717Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar Jedy-Agba and colleagues also report that the average age at diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa (35–49 years) is lower than in high-income countries, which is due to the high proportion of young people in these countries. Others have shown that age-specific incidence rates in young age groups in Africa do not differ when compared with European countries.7Corbex M Bouzbid S Boffetta P Features of breast cancer in developing countries, examples from North-Africa.Eur J Cancer. 2014; 50: 1808-1818Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar These findings are evidence against the theory of a unique highly aggressive form of breast cancer in Africa. However, some differences in tumour biology or genetics have been described in studies comparing African-American patients with white patients, which showed a slightly earlier onset of the disease and adverse outcome in African-American patients after adjusting for known adverse prognostic factors.8Newman LA Breast cancer disparities: high-risk breast cancer and African ancestry.Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2014; 23: 579-592Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar These other known prognostic factors were not presented in most of the African papers and were therefore not reviewed by Jedy-Agba and colleagues. A debate about whether the advanced stages are due to a unique aggressive biology of the disease or a delay in presentation is ongoing. Jedy-Agba and colleagues found that the average time between self-reported onset of symptoms and time of diagnosis (analysed in 35 studies) was 8–12 months, and was not significantly associated with late-stage disease. However, such delays between symptom onset and diagnosis and treatment need to be addressed to improve patient outcome. Awareness campaigns can improve health-care seeking behaviour and referral in symptomatic women to some extent, but the long-term effect of early diagnosis on outcome has not been assessed in sub-Saharan Africa. Trained volunteers and health-care workers have been shown to be able to do simplified screening to find advanced breast cancer at a village level.9Abuidris DO Elsheikh A Ali M et al.Breast-cancer screening with trained volunteers in a rural area of Sudan: a pilot study.Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14: 363-370Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 10Ngoma T Mandeli J Holland JF Downstaging cancer in rural Africa.Int J Cancer. 2015; 136: 2875-2879Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar The need for patient advocates, such as survivors, and education of health-care workers to correctly help women with symptoms of breast cancer is evident. Their success will depend on the assurance of diagnosis and the availability of appropriate treatment. Pathology resources have to be sustainably developed across sub-Saharan Africa.11Nelson AM Milner DA Rebbeck TR Iliyasu Y Oncologic care and pathology resources in Africa: survey and recommendations.J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34: 20-26Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar Palliative care for patients with late-stage breast cancer is much needed because the risk of metastasis in these patients is high. The financial burden for the average patient with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa should also be considered in strategies to improve early diagnosis. Jedy-Agba and colleagues found that women in Africa often present with late-stage breast cancer. The publications differ greatly in the percentage of patients with late-stage disease, but not according to African regions. The percentage of patients with late-stage disease was lower in solely non-black South Africans or patients from non-rural backgrounds than in black or mixed ethnic South Africans or those from rural or rural and urban backgrounds. The percentage of patients with late-stage disease reduced over time across all studies. These findings might encourage policy makers to design, implement, and monitor adequate cancer control plans. Political attention such as the Forum of African First Ladies Against Breast and Cervical Cancer initiative to "Stop Cervical, Breast and Prostate Cancer" will hopefully help to sustain the positive trend already seen. We declare no competing interests. Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysisStrategies for early diagnosis of breast cancer should be regarded as a major priority by cancer control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Full-Text PDF Open Access