Drugs Five Years Later
Authors: J Ferlinz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Diagnosis and Treatment1 November 1986Drugs Five Years LaterNifedipine in Myocardial Ischemia, Systemic Hypertension, and Other Cardiovascular DisordersAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-5-714 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail AbstractAbstractThe advent of calcium (slow-channel) blockers introduced a potent new pharmacologic tool to cardiovascular therapy. Among these agents, the dihydropyridines have been shown to be the most potent vasodilators and the uses for their clinically available representative, nifedipine, in particular, have expanded. Beyond the standard use of nifedipine to treat various ischemic heart disorders, the drug's potent vasodilatory properties often make it a powerful antihypertensive agent. Although dihydropyridines might be effective in the treatment of other disorders such as central nervous system vascular accidents, some valvular heart disorders, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and perhaps antiatherogenesis, nifedipine's clinical role remains the treatment of myocardial ischemia and systemic hypertension.References1. OPIE L. Drugs and the heart: III. Calcium antagonists. Lancet. 1980;1:806-10. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ELLRODTCHEWSINGH GCB. Therapeutic implications of slow-channel blockade in cardiocirculatory disorders. Circulation. 1980;62:669-79. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. BONOWROSINGBACHARACH RDS. Effects of verapamil on left ventricular systolic function and diastolic filling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1981;64:787-96. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BONOWLEONROSING RMD. Effects of verapamil and propranolol on left ventricular systolic function and diastolic filling in patients with coronary artery disease: radionuclide angiographic studies at rest and during exercise. Circulation. 1982;65:1337-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. DIAMONDCHEUNGFANG JJL. Nifedipine-induced renal dysfunction: alterations in renal hemodynamics. Am J Med. 1984;77:905-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. PEARLE D. Nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(suppl):21E-23E. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. COHENJANISTAYLORSCRIABINE CRDA. Where do calcium antagonists act? In: OPIE LH, ed. Calcium Antagonists and Cardiovascular Disease. New York: Raven Press; 1984:151-63. Google Scholar8. NAYLERDILLONDALY WJM. Cellular sites of action of calcium antagonists and â-adrenoceptor blockers. In: OPIE LH, ed. Calcium Antagonists and Cardiovascular Disease. New York: Raven Press; 1984:181-91. Google Scholar9. VAN ZWIETENVAN MEELTIMMERMANS PJP. Pharmacology of calcium entry blockers: interaction with vascular alpha-adrenoceptors. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II8-17. MedlineGoogle Scholar10. KATZ A. Basic cellular mechanisms of action of the calcium-channel blockers. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(suppl):2B-9B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. SNYDERREYNOLDS SI. Calcium-antagonist drugs: receptor interactions that clarify therapeutic effects. N Engl J Med. 1985;313: 995-1002. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. FERLINZ J. Effects of verapamil on coronary blood flow. In: KELLY DT, ed. Verapamil in the Treatment of Myocardial Ischaemia. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1986:24-40. Google Scholar13. MUELLERCHAHINE HR. Interim report of multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of nifedipine in chronic stable angina. Am J Med. 1981;71:645-57. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14. SUBRAMANIANBOWLESKHURMIDAVIESRAFTERY VMNAE. Randomized double-blind comparison of verapamil and nifedipine in chronic stable angina. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:696-703. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. SHERMANLIANG LC. Nifedipine in chronic stable angina: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:706-11. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. KALTENBACHSCHULZKOBER MWG. Effects of nifedipine after intravenous and intracoronary administration. Am J Cardiol. 1979;44:832-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. SCHANZENBÄCHERLIEBAUDEEGKOCHSIEK PGPK. Effect of intravenous and intracoronary nifedipine on coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:712-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18. LUDBROOKTIEFENBRUNNREEDSOBEL PAFB. Acute hemodynamic responses to sublingual nifedipine: dependence on left ventricular function. Circulation. 1982;65:489-98. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19. EMANUELSSONHOLMBERG HS. Mechanisms of angina relief after nifedipine: a hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic study. Circulation. 1983;68:124-30. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar20. TIEFENBRUNNSOBELLUDBROOK ABP. Salutary effect of nifedipine in pacing-induced angina: relation to afterload reduction. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1983;9:583-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21. HOPFDOWINSKYKALTENBACH RSM. Use of the calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of classic exertional angina. IN: STONE PH, ANTMAN EM, eds. Calcium Channel Blocking Agents in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders. New York: Futura Publishing Co.; 1983:241-68. Google Scholar22. WARLTIERHARDMANBROOKSGROSS DHHG. Transmural gradient of coronary blood flow following dihydropyridine calcium antagonists and other vasodilator drugs. Basic Res Cardiol. 1983;78:644-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar23. LEONROSINGBONOWEPSTEIN MDRS. Combination therapy with calcium-channel blockers and beta blockers for chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(suppl):69B-80B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar24. OPIEWHITE LD. Adverse interaction between nifedipine and β-blockade. Br Med J. 1980;281:1462. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar25. LYNCHDARGIEKRIKLERKRIKLER PHSD. Objective assessment of antianginal treatment: a double-blind comparison of propranolol, nifedipine, and their combination. Br Med J. 1980;281:184-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar26. DARGIELYNCHKRIKLERHARRISKRIKLER HPDLS. Nifedipine and propranolol: a beneficial drug interaction. Am J Med. 1981;71:676-82. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar27. MOSESWERTHEIMERBODENHEIMERBANKAFELDMANHELFANT JJMVMR. Efficacy of nifedipine in rest angina refractory to propranolol and nitrates in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94(4 pt l):425-9. LinkGoogle Scholar28. BASSANWEILER-RAVELLSHALEV MDO. The additive antianginal action of oral nifedipine in patients receiving propranolol: magnitude and duration of effect. Circulation. 1982;66:710-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar29. WHITEPOLAKWYNNEHOLMANANTMANNESTO HJJBER. Addition of nifedipine to maximal nitrate and beta-adrenoreceptor blocker therapy in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:1303-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar30. WINNIFORDMARKHAMFIRTHNICODHILLIS MRBPL. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of verapamil and nifedipine in patients on propranolol. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:704-10. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar31. ROBSONVISHWANATH RM. Nifedipine and beta-blockade as a cause of cardiac failure. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1982;284:104. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar32. KERNPETRUFERRY MMD. Regional coronary vasoconstriction after combined beta-adrenergic and calcium channel blockade in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:1438-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar33. FELDMANHILLCONTICONTIPEPINE RJJCC. Analysis of coronary responses to nifedipine alone and in combination with intracoronary nitroglycerin in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 1983;105:651-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar34. COHN P. Silent myocardial ischemia: classification, prevalence, and prognosis. Am J Med. 1985;79(suppl 3A):2-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar35. DEANFIELDWRIGHTFOX JCK. Treatment of angina pectoris with nifedipine: importance of dose titration. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1983;286:1467-70. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar36. BOURDILLONBETTMANNMCCRACKENPOOLE-WILSONGROSSMAN PMSPW. Effects of a new nonionic and a conventional ionic contrast agent on coronary sinus ionized calcium and left ventricular hemodynamics in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6:845-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar37. MORRISWISNESKIGERTZWEXMANAXELRODLANGBERG DJEMRJ. Potentiation by nifedipine and diltiazem of the hypotensive response after contrast angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;6:785-91. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar38. MASERIKLASSENLESCH AGM eds. Primary and Secondary Angina Pectoris. New York: Grune & Stratton Inc.; 1978. Google Scholar39. LINDSAYPICHARD JA. Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries [Editorial]. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:902-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar40. SHEPHERDVANHOUTTE JP. Spasm of the coronary arteries: causes and consequences (the scientist's viewpoint). Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60:33-46. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar41. CHAHiNE R. Coronary artery spasm: the pendulum continues swinging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:446-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar42. AMBROSEWINTERSSTERN JSA. Angiographic morphology and the pathogenesis of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:609-16. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar43. HIROKIINOUEYOSHIDAARAKAWA TTTK. Effect of the calcium antagonistic agent nifedipine on platelet aggregation response to exercise in patients with angina pectoris. Arzneimittelforschung. 1982;32:1572-4. MedlineGoogle Scholar44. ANTMANMULLERGOLDBERG EJS. Nifedipine therapy for coronary-artery spasm: experience in 127 patients. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:1269-73. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar45. HUGENHOLTZMICHELSSERRUYSBROWER PHPR. Nifedipine in the treatment of unstable angina, coronary spasm and myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47:163-73. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar46. JOHNSONMAURITSONWILLERSONHILLISERCKBROWN SDJLBS. Comparison of verapamil and nifedipine in the treatment of variant angina pectoris: preliminary observations in 10 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47:1295-300. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar47. HILLFELDMANPEPINECONTI JRCC. Randomized double-blind comparison of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate in patients with coronary arterial spasm. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:431-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar48. TIEFENBRUNNSOBELGOWDAMCKNIGHTLUDBROOK ABSRP. Nifedipine blockade of ergonovine-induced coronary arterial spasm: angiographic documentation. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:184-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar49. WATERSTHÉROUXSZLACHCICDAUWE DPJF. Provocative testing with ergonovine to assess the efficacy of treatment with nifedipine, diltiazem and verapamil in variant angina. Am J Cardiol. 1981;48:123-30. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar50. PITCHERSOWTON JE. Double-blind trial of nifedipine in angina patients with normal coronary arteries. Pharmatherapeutica. 1981;3:6-13. MedlineGoogle Scholar51. GERSTENBLITHOUYANGACHUFF GPS. Nifedipine in unstable angina: a double-blind, randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:885-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar52. SELLERSGIBSONTAYLOR TRG. Relation of therapeutic response to nifedipine to coronary anatomy and motion of S-T segment during unstable angina pectoris. Am J Med. 1983;75:57-64. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar53. GOTTLIEBWEISFELDTOUYANG SMP. Effect of the addition of propranolol to therapy with nifedipine for unstable angina pectoris: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation. 1986;73:331-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar54. SCHICKLIANGHEUPLER ECF. Randomized withdrawal from nifedipine: placebo-controlled study in patients with coronary artery spasm. Am Heart J. 1982;104:690-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar55. LETTEGAGNONLEMIREMORISSETTE JRJM. Rebound of vasospastic angina after cessation of long-term treatment with nifedipine. Can Med Assoc J. 1984;130:1169-71, 1174. MedlineGoogle Scholar56. GOTTLIEBOUYANGACHUFF SPS. Acute nifedipine withdrawal: consequences of preoperative and late cessation of therapy in patients with prior unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:382-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar57. BODENKORRBOUGH WKE. Nifedipine-induced hypotension and myocardial ischemia in refractory angina pectoris. JAMA. 1985;253:1131-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar58. SIAMACDONALDTRIESTEROLIVERHOROWITZGOBLE SPBLJA. Aggravation of myocardial ischaemia by nifedipine. Med J Aust. 1985;142:48-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar59. HAMMOPIE CL. Protection of infarcting myocardium by slow channel inhibitors: comparative effects of verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem in the coronary-ligated, isolated working rat heart. Circ Res. 1983;52:(2 pt 2)I 129-38. Google Scholar60. RUIGROKVAN ECHTELDDE KRUIJFFBORSTMEIJLER TCBCF. Protective effect of nifedipine in myocardial ischemia assessed by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J. 1983;4(suppl C):109-13. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar61. SELWYNWELMANFOXHORLOCKPRATTKLEIN AEKPTM. The effects of nifedipine on acute experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction in dogs. Circ Res. 1979;44:16-23. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar62. WEINTRAUBHATTORIAGARWALBODENHEIMERBANKAHELFANT WSJMVR. The effects of nifedipine on myocardial blood flow and contraction during ischemia in the dog. Circulation. 1982;65:49-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar63. GEARYSMITHSUEHIROMCNAMARA GGGJ. Failure of nifedipine therapy to reduce myocardial infarct size in the baboon. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:331-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar64. LAMPINGCHRISTENSENPELCWARLTIERGROSS KCLDG. Effects of nicorandil and nifedipine on protection of ischemic myocardium. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1984;6:536-42. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar65. KOIWAYATORIITAKESHITANAKAGAKINAKAMURA YSAOM. Postinfarction angina caused by coronary arterial spasm. Circulation. 1982;65:275-80. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar66. GORDONMABINISAACSLLOYDEICHLEROPIE GTSEHL. Hemodynamic effects of sublingual nifedipine in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1228-32. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar67. MULLERMORRISONSTONE JJP. Nifedipine therapy for patients with threatened and acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. Circulation. 1984;69:740-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar68. SIRNESOVERSKEIDPEDERSEN PKT. Evolution of infarct size during the early use of nifedipine in patients with acute myocardial infarction: the Norwegian Nifedipine Multicenter Trial. Circulation. 1984;70:638-44. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar69. LUBSENTIJSSENKERKKAMP JJH. Early treatment of unstable angina at the coronary care unit: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled comparison of recurrent ischaemia in patients treated with nifedipine and/or metroprolol: report of the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/Metoprolol Trial (HINT) Research Group. Br Heart J. 1986;56. (In press). Google Scholar70. OUYANGBRINKERMELLITSWEISFELDTGERSTENBLITH PJEMG. Variables predictive of successful medical therapy in patients with unstable angina: selection by multivariate analysis from clinical, electrocardiographic, and angiographic evaluations. Circulation. 1984;70:367-76. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar71. BRAUNWALDKLONER ER. Myocardial reperfusion: a double-edged sword? J Clin Invest. 1985;76:1713-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar72. JUGDUTT B. Myocardial salvage by intravenous nitroglycerin in conscious dogs: loss of beneficial effect with marked nitroglycerin-induced hypotension. Circulation. 1983;68:673-84. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar73. GROSSWARLTIERHARDMAN GDH. Comparative effects of two slow channel calcium entry blockers, FR 34235 and nifedipine, on true coronary collateral blood flow. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1984;6:61-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar74. CANNONLEONWATSONROSINGEPSTEIN RMRDS. Chest pain and "normal" coronary arteries—role of small coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1985;55(suppl):50B-60B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar75. HINTZEVATNER TS. Comparison of effects of nifedipine and nitroglycerin on large and small coronary arteries and cardiac function in conscious dogs. Circ Res. 1983;52(2 pt 2):I139-46. MedlineGoogle Scholar76. CANNONWATSONROSINGEPSTEIN RRDS. Efficacy of calcium channel blocker therapy for angina pectoris resulting from small-vessel coronary artery disease and abnormal vasodilator reserve. Am J Cardiol. 1985;56:242-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar77. ROULEAUCHUCKHOLLOSI JLG. Verapamil preserves myocardial contractility in the hereditary cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. Circ Res. 1982;50:405-12. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar78. FACTORMINASECHODOMINITZSONNENBLICK STSRE. Microvascular spasm in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster: a preventable cause of focal myocardial necrosis. Circulation. 1982;66:342-54. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar79. NAYLER W. Calcium and cell death. Eur Heart J. 1983;4(suppl C):33-41. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar80. BOEDIXONSAKERTMAGOVERN SCTG. The control of myocardial CA++ sequestration with nifedipine cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1982;84:678-84. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar81. CLARKCHRISTLIEBFERGUSON RIT. The first American clinical trial of nifedipine in cardioplegia: a report of the first 12 month experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1981;82:848-59. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar82. CLARKMAGOVERNCHRISTLIEBBOE RGIS. Nifedipine cardioplegia experience: results of a 3-year cooperative clinical study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1983;36:654-63. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar83. HICKSSALLEYDEWEESE GRJ. Calcium channel blockers: an intraoperative and postoperative trial in women. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;37:319-23. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar84. HANGERASSEY KM. Angina after aortocoronary bypass grafting: combined medical therapy including nifedipine. South Med J. 1985;78:924-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar85. SERRUYSVAN DEN BRANDBROWERHUGENHOLTZ PMRP. Regional cardioplegia and cardioprotection during transluminal angioplasty, which role for nifedipine? Eur Heart J. 1983;4(suppl C):115-21. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar86. MCCARRON D. IS calcium more important than sodium in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension? Hypertension. 1985;7:607-27. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar87. MCCARRONMORRIS DC. Blood pressure response to oral calcium in persons with mild to moderate hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:825-31. LinkGoogle Scholar88. Hypertension: is there a place for calcium [Editorial]? Lancet. 1986;1:359-61. MedlineGoogle Scholar89. MCCARRONMORRISSTANTON DCJ. Hypertension and calcium. Science. 1984;226:386-90. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar90. MASSIEHIRSCHINOUYETUBAU BAIJ. Calcium channel blockers as antihypertensive agents. Am J Med. 1984;77(suppl 4A):135-42. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar91. Calcium antagonists and blood-pressure [Editorial]. Lancet. 1983;2:22-4. MedlineGoogle Scholar92. PEARCEHAWKEYSYMONSOLSEN PCCE. Role of calcium in the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and myofibrillar disarray: experimental studies of a possible cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1985;54:420-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar93. PANIDISKOTLERRENMINTZROSSKALMAN IMJGJP. Development and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:1309-20. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar94. MOTZSTRAUER WB. Nifedipine in the long-term management of hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II39-44. MedlineGoogle Scholar95. STRAUERMAHMOUDBAYERBOHNMOTZ BAFIU. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and improvement of cardiac function in man by nifedipine. Eur Heart J. 1984;5(suppl F):53-60. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar96. OPHERKMALLZEBE DGH. Reduction of coronary reserve: a mechanism for angina pectoris in patients with arterial hypertension and normal coronary arteries. Circulation. 1984;69:1-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar97. WIENERGIACOMELLI JF. Morphogenesis of hypertensive vascular disease. In: KALEY G, ALTURA BM, eds. Microcirculation III. Baltimore: University Park Press; 1980:187-222. Google Scholar98. KIOWSKIERNEBERTELBOLLIBÜHLER WPOPF. Acute and chronic sympathetic reflex activation and hypertensive response to nifedipine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:344-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar99. AGABITI-ROSEIMUIESANROMANELLI EMG. Similarities and differences in the antihypertensive effect of two calcium antagonist drugs, verapamil and nifedipine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:916-24. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar100. DUFFEYHORWITZBRAMMELL DLH. Nifedipine and the conditioning response. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:908-11. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar101. CHICKHALPERINJACKSONVAN AS TAJA. The effect of nifedipine on cardiopulmonary responses during exercise in normal subjects. Chest. 1986;89:641-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar102. MIDTBØHALSVAN DER MEER KO. Verapamil compared with nifedipine in the treatment of essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1982;4(suppl 3):S363-8. MedlineGoogle Scholar103. KLEINBRANDTVRECKOHXRRINGER WDKM. Role of calcium antagonists in the treatment of essential hypertension. Circ Res. 1983;52(2 pt 2):I174-81. MedlineGoogle Scholar104. HORNUNGGOULDJONESSONECHARAFTERY RBRTE. Nifedipine tablets for systemic hypertension: a study using continuous ambulatory intraarterial recording. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:1323-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar105. YOSHIMURATAKASHINASHIKUMA MRR. Antihypertensive effect of nifedipine and its relationship to severity of hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung. 1983;33:254-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar106. ERNEBOLLIBERTEL PPO. Factors influencing the hypotensive effects of calcium antagonists. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II97-102. MedlineGoogle Scholar107. HALPERINGROSSROGERSCUBEDDU AKJL. Verapamil and propranolol in essential hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;36:750-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar108. GAVRASGAVRAS HI eds. Hypertension in the Elderly. Boston: John Wright; 1983:9-21. Google Scholar109. DIETZDAVISFREEMANVILLARREALECHTENKAMP JJRDS. Effects of intrarenal infusion of calcium entry blockers in anesthetized dogs. Hypertension. 1983;5:482-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar110. GARTHOFFKAZDAKNORRTHOMAS BSAG. Factors involved in the antihypertensive action of calcium antagonists. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):34-8. MedlineGoogle Scholar111. SHAMOONBAYLORKAMBOSOSCHARLAPPLAWESFRISHMAN HPDSSW. Influence of oral verapamil or glucoregulatory hormones in man. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1985;60:536-41. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar112. LEWISSTEWARTLEWISBONESMORLEYJANUS GDBPKE. The antihypertensive effect of oral verapamil—acute and long-term administrations and its effects on the high-density lipoprotein values in plasma. In: ZANCHETTI A, KRIKLER DM, eds. Calcium Antagonism in Cardiovascular Therapy: Experience with Verapamil. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1981:270-9. Google Scholar113. FRISHMANKLEINKLEIN WNP. Comparison of oral propranolol and verapamil for combined systemic hypertension and angina pectoris: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized crossover trial. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50:1164-72. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar114. HALLINANDRENHANSSON LLL. Controlled trial of nifedipine and bendroflumethiazide in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1983;5:1083-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar115. Treatment of hypertension: the 1985 results [Editorial]. Lancet. 1985;2:645-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar116. OPIEJEEWHITE LLD. Antihypertensive effects of nifedipine combined with cardioselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism by atenolol. Am Heart J. 1982;104:606-12. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar117. YAGILKOBRINSTESSMANGHANEMLEIBELBEN-ISHAY YIJJBD. Effectiveness of combined nifedipine and propranolol treatment in hypertension. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II113-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar118. EKELUNDEKELUNDRÖSSNER LCS. Antihypertensive effects at rest and during exercise of a calcium blocker, nifedipine, alone and in combination with metoprolol. Acta Med Scand. 1982;212:71-5. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar119. GUAZZIFIORENTINIOLIVARIBARTORELLINECCHIPOLESE MCMAGA. Short- and-long-term efficacy of a calcium-antagonistic agent (nifedipine) combined with methyldopa in the treatment of severe hypertension. Circulation. 1980;61:913-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar120. GUAZZIDE CESAREGALLI MNC. Calcium-channel blockade with nifedipine and angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition with captopril in the therapy of patients with severe primary hypertension. Circulation. 1984;70:279-84. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar121. BAYLEYDOBBSROBINSON SRB. Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension: report of a double-blind controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;14:509-12. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar122. MURPHYSCRIVENDOLLERY MAC. Efficacy of nifedipine as a step 3 antihypertensive drug. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II118-21. MedlineGoogle Scholar123. MURPHYBULPITTDOLLERY MCC. Role of nifedipine in the treatment of resistant hypertension: comparison with hydralazine in hospital outpatients. Am J Med. 1984;77(suppl 2B):16-21. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar124. EVANSOLANOFFHURWITZCOWARTCONRADI MLGTE. Use of nifedipine as an adjunct to current antihypertensive therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:985-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar125. JEEOPIE LL. Acute hypotensive response to nifedipine added to prazosin in treatment of hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1983;287:1514. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar126. BEERGALLEGOSCOHENKLEINSONNENBLICKFRISHMAN NIANEW. Efficacy of sublingual nifedipine in the acute treatment of systemic hypertension. Chest. 1981;79:571-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar127. YOUNG G. Calcium channel blockers in emergency medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1984;13(9 pt 1):712-22. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar128. BERTELCONENRADüMüLLERLANGDUBACH ODEJCU. Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1983;286:19-21. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar129. HUYSMANSSLUITERTHIENKOENE FHTR. Acute treatment of hypertensive crisis with nifedipine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;16:725-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar130. KUBOSHIRAISHIMUTOSUZUKISUGINO KKHTN. Treatment of hypertension in hemodialysis patients with nifedipine. Hypertension. 1983;5(4 pt 2):II109-12. MedlineGoogle Scholar131. WALTERSREDMAN BC. Treatment of severe pregnancy-associated hypertension with the calcium antagonist nifedipine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1984;91:330-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar132. DILMENÇAGLARSENSESKINIK UKAE. Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies of children. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137:1162-5. MedlineGoogle Scholar133. FERLINZCITRON JP. Hemodynamic and myocardial performance characteristics after verapamil use in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1983;51:1339-45. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar134. FERLINZGALLO JC. Responses of patients in heart failure to long-term oral verapamil administration [Abstract]. Circulation. 1984;70(suppl 2):II305. Google Scholar135. POLESEFIORENTINIOLIVARIGUAZZI ACMM. Clinical use of calcium antagonistic agent (nifedipine) in acute pulmonary edema. Am J Med. 1979;66:825-30. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar136. FIFERCOLUCCILORELLJASKIBARRY MWBBW. Inotropic, vascular and neuroendocrine effects of nifedipine in heart failure: comparison with nitroprusside. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5:731-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar137. KLUGMANNFIORETTISALVICAMERINI SPAF. Afterload reducing agents in congestive cardiomyopathy: a study with a calcium antagonist drug: nifedipine. Eur Heart J. 1980;l(suppl B):49-52. CrossrefGoogle Scholar138. BELLOCCIANSALONESANTARELLI FGP. Oral nifedipine in the long-term management of severe chronic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1982;4:847-55. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar139. GUAZZICIPOLLADELLA BELLAFABBIOCCHIMONTORSISGANZERLA MCPFPP. Disparate unloading efficacy of the calcium channel blockers, verapamil and nifedipine, on the failing hypertensive left ventricle. Am Heart J. 1984;108:116-23. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar140. TOPOLTRAILLFORTUIN ETN. Hypertensive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the elderly. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:277-83. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar141. RASMUSSEN H. The calcium messenger system. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1094-101. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar142. OLIVARILEVINEWEIRCOHN MTEJ. Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine at rest and during exercise in primary pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1984;86:14-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar143. RUBINNICODHILLISFIRTH LPLB. Treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension with nifedipine: a hemodynamic and scintigraphic evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:433-8. LinkGoogle Scholar144. RICHBRUNDAGELEVY SBP. The effect of vasodilator therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1985;71:1191-6. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar145. FERLINZEGAN JJ. Influence of verapamil on right ventricular compliance in primary pulmonary hypertension [Abstract]. Clin Res. 1985;33:804A. Google Scholar146. PATAKASVLACHOIANNITSARALOURIDASARGIROPOULOU DEVGP. Nifedipine in bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983;72:269-73. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar147. HENDERSONHEATONDUNLOPCOSTELLO ARLJ. Effects of nifedipine on antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;127:549-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar148. PATELAL-SHAMMA KM. Effect of nifedipine on histamine reactivity in asthma. Br Med J (Clin Res). 1982;284:1916. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar149. GELMERS H. Calcium-channel blockers in the treatment of migraine. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(suppl):139B-143B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar150. ALLENAHNPREZIOSI GHT. Cerebral arterial spasm—a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:619-24. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar151. GELMERS H. Calcium-channel blockers: effects on cerebral blood flow and potential uses for acute stroke. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(suppl): 144B-148B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar152. RODEHEFFERROMMERWIGLEYSMITH RJFC. Controlled double-blind trial of nifedipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:880-3. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar153. SHENROUBINHIRASAWA WGK. Noninvasive assessment of acute effects of nifedipine on rest and exercise hemodynamics and cardiac function in patients with aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:902-7. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar154. CASTELL D. Calcium-channel blocking agents for gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55(suppl):210B-213B. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar155. ROSS R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:488-500. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar156. HENRY P. Atherosclerosis, calcium, and calcium antagonists. Circulation. 1985;72:456-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar157. HENRYBENTLEY PK. Suppression of atherogenesis in cholesterolfed rabbit treated with nifedipine. J Clin Invest. 1981;68:1366-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar158. ETINGINHAJJAR OD. Nifedipine increases cholesteryl ester hydrolytic activity in lipid-laden rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells: a possible mechanism for its antiatherogenic effect. J Clin Invest. 1985;75:1554-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure Information▸From the Division of Adult Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cook County Hospital and Chicago Medical School; Chicago, Illinois. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCorrection: Author's Name Omitted from Article 1 November 1986Volume 105, Issue 5Page: 714-729KeywordsRabbitsSmooth muscle cells ePublished: 12 March 2020 Issue Published: 1 November 1986 Copyright & Permissions© 1986 American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...