tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interaction of human monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes with zymosan in vitro. Role of type 3 complement receptors and macrophage-derived complement.
Authors: R A Ezekowitz, R B Sim, G G MacPherson, S Gordon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Macrophages take up zymosan in the absence of exogenous complement via receptors for iC3b (type 3 complement receptors) acting with or without lectin-like receptors for mannosyl-fucosyl-terminated glycoconjugates. We previously provided evidence that macrophages themselves secrete complement-alternative pathway components able to opsonize zymosan locally (Ezekowitz et al., J. Exp. Med. 1984. 159:244-260). We show here that covalently bound C3 cleavage products C3b and iC3b can be eluted from zymosan particles cultivated with 36-h adherent human monocytes in the absence of serum. The ligand binding site of type 3 complement receptors is involved in macrophage-zymosan interactions as shown by inhibition studies of zymosan binding and uptake with Fab fragments of anti-C3 antibodies and monoclonal antireceptor antibodies M01 and OKM10. In contrast, antibody IB4, which binds to a receptor epitope distinct from the binding site, does not inhibit zymosan uptake. Selective modulation of macrophage receptors onto anticomplement receptor antibody and mannose-rich yeast mannan, respectively, confirms that the complement and lectin-like receptors are distinct. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which express receptors for complement, but are not known to secrete complement proteins, bind and ingest only exogenously opsonized zymosan. Unopsonized zymosan is a poor trigger of respiratory burst activity in neutrophils or 7-d adherent human macrophages, but induces cell aggregation and secretion of large amounts of superoxide anion when these cells are co-cultivated in serum-free medium and challenged with zymosan. Our studies indicate that complement and/or other products synthesized by macrophages at extravascular sites could play an important role in opsonization and lysis of pathogens able to activate the alternative pathway and mediate macrophage-neutrophil collaboration in first-line host defence.
Chromogranin A expression in normal and malignant human tissues.
Authors: L J Helman, A F Gazdar, J G Park, P S Cohen, J D Cotelingam, M A Israel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

We used a recombinant cDNA probe for human chromogranin A to measure the expression of mRNA encoded by this gene in a variety of normal human tissues and tumor specimens using Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis. With few exceptions, the expression of chromogranin A mRNA appears to be restricted to normal tissues and tumors of neuroendocrine lineage. However, we have detected mRNA expression of this gene in 1 of 14 cell lines and 2 of 13 tumor specimens of colon adenocarcinoma. The finding of chromogranin A expression in some colon carcinomas suggests that a previously unrecognized subgroup of these tumors has neuroendocrine features. The detection of this subgroup demonstrates the potential for improving tumor classification through the use of techniques and reagents developed by recombinant DNA technology.
Immunological and respiratory changes in coffee workers.
Authors: E Zuskin, F Valic, B Kanceljak
Journal: Thorax (1981)

Immunological status and respiratory function were studied in a group of 45 coffee workers. Skin tests with coffee allergens demonstrated the highest percentage of positive reactions to dust collected during emptying bags (40.0%), followed by dust of green (12%) and then roasted coffee (8.9%). Among 34 skin-tested control workers, 14.7% had positive skin reaction to dust collected during emptying bags, but none had positive skin reaction to green or roasted coffee. Serum levels of total IgE were increased in 24.4% of coffee workers and in 5.9% of control subjects. The prevalence of all chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in coffee workers than in control subjects. Coffee workers with positive skin tests to coffee allergen had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic cough (63.6%) and chronic phlegm (72.7%) than those with negative skin tests (32.4% and 23.5% respectively). There was a significant mean decrease over the Monday work shift in the maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% of vital capacity (MEF50: -7.9%) and at 25% vital capacity (MEF25: -17.8%), suggesting an obstructive effect mostly in smaller airways. Coffee workers with positive skin tests to coffee allergens had larger acute reductions in flow rates than those with negative skin tests but the difference was not statistically significant.
Fewer Mega-Trials and More Clinically Oriented Studies in Hypertension Research? The Case of Blocking the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Authors: Massimo Volpe, Giuliano Tocci, Erika Pagannone
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

In recent years, medical practice has been influenced substantially by several factors, including the overwhelming development of evidence-based medicine, which is a consequence of the impressive, growing number of large clinical trials, the so-called "mega-trials." These clinical studies are designed mostly to investigate the effects of drugs or treatments on hard end points that cannot be tested by individual physicians in their daily clinical practice. The growing role of this epidemiologic approach to medicine, which is based mostly on the assessment of the average response or behavior of large populations rather than of individuals, is systematically replacing the former knowledge and reference points of the physician, as a substitute rather than as an aid. Taking into account the case of hypertension and particularly the renin-angiotensin system-blocking agents, this article reviews the issues and limitations of transferring evidence from mega-trials to clinical practice and suggests new strategies to make trials more effective and transferable to the case of individual patients.
Tissue- and species-specific expression of inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Cloning of a full-length complementary DNA from canine heart.
Authors: S R Holmer, S Stevens, C J Homcy
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Three different isoforms of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-subunit (Gi alpha) have been cloned. However, little information on the cardiac-specific expression of these isoforms is available. The deduced amino acid sequence of a full-length Gi alpha 2 complementary DNA from a canine ventricular library displays several unique residues compared with those from other species. In contrast to previously described complementary DNA clones for Gi alpha 2, this complementary DNA has a complete 3'-untranslated region with the expected consensus sequence for polyadenylation. Gi alpha 2 is the predominant isoform in the heart, and its message level of 14.7 +/- 4.9 pg/10 micrograms total ventricular RNA is about fourfold lower than that of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein.
Cellular immune responses to HCV core increase and HCV RNA levels decrease during successful antiretroviral therapy
Authors: J. Rohrbach, N. Robinson, G. Harcourt, E. Hammond, S. Gaudieri, M. Gorgievski, A. Telenti, O. Keiser, H. F. Gunthard, B. Hirschel, M. Hoffmann, E. Bernasconi, M. Battegay, H. Furrer, P. Klenerman, A. Rauch
Journal: Gut (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in HIV infected individuals. Coinfection with HIV is associated with diminished HCV-specific immune responses and higher HCV RNA levels. <h3>Aims</h3> To investigate whether long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) restores HCV-specific T cell responses and improves the control of HCV replication. <h3>Methods</h3> T cell responses were evaluated longitudinally in 80 HIV/HCV coinfected individuals by ex vivo interferon-γ-ELISpot responses to HCV core peptides, that predominantly stimulate CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. HCV RNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR in 114 individuals. <h3>Results</h3> The proportion of individuals with detectable T cell responses to HCV core peptides was 19% before starting cART, 24% in the first year on cART and increased significantly to 45% and 49% after 33 and 70 months on cART (p=0.001). HCV-specific immune responses increased in individuals with chronic (+31%) and spontaneously cleared HCV infection (+30%). Median HCV RNA levels before starting cART were 6.5 log<sub>10</sub> IU/ml. During long-term cART, median HCV-RNA levels slightly decreased compared to pre-cART levels (−0.3 log10 IU/ml, p=0.02). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Successful cART is associated with increasing cellular immune responses to HCV core peptides and with a slight long-term decrease in HCV RNA levels. These findings are in line with the favourable clinical effects of cART on the natural history of hepatitis C and with the current recommendation to start cART earlier in HCV/HIV coinfected individuals.
Population-Level Intervention Strategies and Examples for Obesity Prevention in Children
Authors: Jennifer L. Foltz, Ashleigh L. May, Brook Belay, Allison J. Nihiser, Carrie A. Dooyema, Heidi M. Blanck
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2012)

With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth, population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention examples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Information is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home). Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations, guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies; and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
RODENT ULCER OF THE BACK IN A BOY OF TWELV
Authors: J. H. SEQUEIRA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1912)

Journal Article RODENT ULCER OF THE BACK IN A BOY OF TWELV Get access J. H. SEQUEIRA, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. J. H. SEQUEIRA, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. Physician to the Skin‐Department and Lecturer on Dermatology at the London Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 24, Issue 11, 1 November 1912, Pages 391–392, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1912.tb16706.x Published: 01 November 1912
Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing to Reduce Head Start Children’s Secondhand Smoke Exposure. A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Michelle N. Eakin, Cynthia S. Rand, Belinda Borrelli, Andrew Bilderback, Mel Hovell, Kristin A. Riekert
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) is a significant modifiable risk for respiratory health in children. Although SHSe is declining overall, it has increased for low-income and minority populations. Implementation of effective SHSe interventions within community organizations has the potential for significant public health impact.To evaluate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) delivered in the context of a SHS education reduction initiative within Head Start to reduce preschool children's SHSe.A total of 350 children enrolled in Baltimore City Head Start whose caregivers reported a smoker living in the home were recruited. Caregivers were randomized to MI + education or education alone. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months.The primary outcome measure was household air nicotine levels measured by passive dosimeters. Secondary outcomes included child salivary cotinine, self-report of home smoking ban (HSB), and smoking status. Participants in the MI + education group had significantly lower air nicotine levels (0.29 vs. 0.40 mg), 17% increase in prevalence of caregiver-reported HSBs, and a 13% decrease in caregiver smokers compared with education-alone group (all P values < 0.05). Although group differences in salivary cotinine were not significant, among all families who reported having an HSB, salivary cotinine and air nicotine levels declined in both groups (P < 0.05).MI may be effective in community settings to reduce child SHSe. More research is needed to identify ways to tailor interventions to directly impact child SHSe and to engage more families to make behavioral change. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00927264).
Endogenous factors enhance HIV infection of tissue naive CD4 T cells by stimulating high molecular mass APOBEC3G complex formation
Authors: Jason F. Kreisberg, Wes Yonemoto, Warner C. Greene
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can infect resting CD4 T cells residing in lymphoid tissues but not those circulating in peripheral blood. The molecular mechanisms producing this difference remain unknown. We explored the potential role of the tissue microenvironment and its influence on the action of the antiviral factor APOBEC3G (A3G) in regulating permissivity to HIV infection. We found that endogenous IL-2 and -15 play a key role in rendering resident naive CD4 T cells susceptible to HIV infection. Infection of memory CD4 T cells also requires endogenous soluble factors, but not IL-2 or -15. A3G is found in a high molecular mass complex in HIV infection-permissive, tissue-resident naive CD4 T cells but resides in a low molecular mass form in nonpermissive, blood-derived naive CD4 T cells. Upon treatment with endogenous soluble factors, these cells become permissive for HIV infection, as low molecular mass A3G is induced to assemble into high molecular mass complexes. These findings suggest that in lymphoid tissues, endogenous soluble factors, likely including IL-2 and -15 and others, stimulate the formation of high molecular mass A3G complexes in tissue-resident naive CD4 T cells, thereby relieving the potent postentry restriction block for HIV infection conferred by low molecular mass A3G.
Prospective evaluation of unsuspected pulmonary embolism on contrast enhanced multidetector CT (MDCT) scanning
Authors: G. Ritchie, S. McGurk, C. McCreath, C. Graham, J. T Murchison
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Aim:</b> To quantify the incidence of unsuspected pulmonary emboli (PE) in an unselected inpatient population undergoing contrast enhanced multidetector CT (MDCT) scanning of the thorax and to assess aetiological factors in their development. <b>Methods:</b> All inpatients undergoing MDCT scanning of the thorax over a 10 month period were prospectively identified. Patients with previous or suspected current PE were excluded. CT scans were reviewed and the degree of contrast enhancement and presence of PE recorded. Where PE was found, the level of the most proximal thrombus was identified. Patient age, length of admission, slice scan thickness and clinical indication were noted. <b>Results:</b> 547 inpatients who had undergone MDCT scanning were identified. Following exclusions 487 remained, 28 of whom (5.7%) had PE. Unsuspected PE was more common with increasing age, occurring in 9.2% (20/218) of all patients over 70 years and 16.7% (11/66) of those over 80 years (p&lt;0.001). Eighteen of the 28 positive scans (64.3%) were at the segmental or subsegmental level. No other aetiological factor was identified which significantly increased the incidence of unsuspected PE. No significant difference was noted between 4-slice and 16-slice MDCT. Nine of the cases of incidental PE (32.1%) were not identified by the original reporting radiologists. <b>Conclusion:</b> PE is an unsuspected finding on contrast enhanced MDCT scanning of the thorax in 5.7% of all inpatients. The incidence is higher in older patients. Most are peripheral and &gt;30% are missed on initial review. PE should be routinely sought in all contrast enhanced MDCT scans of the chest, irrespective of the indication for the CT scan.
M10 21G VS 22G EBUS-TBNA needle sampling and cell morphology of the core biopsies and needle washings: Is bigger better?: Abstract M10 Table 1.
Authors: H Lockman, ARL Medford, JA Bennett
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> EBUS-TBNA has avoided the need for patients to undergo mediastinoscopy and can be done under conscious sedation with minimal complications for mediastinal lymph node sampling for lung cancer. The sample analysis varies depending on local expertice. <h3>Objective</h3> To compare histology (core biopsy) vs. needle washing cytology in achieving a diagnosis of malignancy. Comparing biopsy results using 21G and 22G EBUS-TBNA needles. <h3>Methods</h3> We reviewed all EBUS procedures performed at Glenfield Hospital, UK from 11 June 2008 till 24 April 2013. The results were then filtered to exclude the 1<sup>st</sup> 10 procedures in view of the learning curve in performing the procedure and EBUS from 1 January 2010–31 December 2010 (period when the EBUS-TBNA needles were changed from 22G to 21G). Only confirmed diagnosis of malignancy from the remainder were analysed for the study. <h3>Results</h3> 543 EBUS procedures were done in the 2 periods of which 234 yielded a diagnosis of malignancy (69 and 165 respectively). 68% of 22G needle core samples provided cell type morphology vs. 87% using the 21G needle. Needle washing only provided cell typing in 30% and 28%. The main cell types for the core biopsies were squamous cell carcinoma (19), adenocarcinoma (14) and small cell carcinoma (10) and in the 21G study adenocarcinoma (47), small cell carcinoma (34) and squamous cell carcinoma (28). <h3>Summary</h3> The results show that switching from 22G to 21G EBUS-TBNA needles yielded a better diagnostic result in this study. Diagnosis based on cell types were also better using the 21G needles. Core biopsies gave better results compared to cytology from needle washings. Potentially depending on local practices we could consider performing diagnostic sampling analysis on needle core biopsies only and 21G EBUS-TBNA needles gave a better diagnostic yield.
Correlation of Heart Rate During Norepinephrine Infusion with Pulse Pressure Following Amyl Nitrite Inhalation
Authors: FRANK A. FINNERTY, GLORIA DECARLO MASSARO, FREDRICK SIGDA, MARTIN RYAN
Journal: Circulation (1959)

Conway and Smith have suggested that a decrease in the pulse pressure following inhalation of amyl nitrite might be associated with loss of aortic elasticity. Studies in this laboratory have suggested that a decreased bradycrotic response during infusion of norepinephrine might also be associated with loss of aortic elasticity. It was hoped that further support might be given to such a hypothesis if both procedures gave similar results in the same patients. The present study was designed to compare the effect of inhalation of amyl nitrite on the pulse pressure and infusion of norepinephrine on the heart rate in normal, hypertensive, and arteriosclerotic subjects.
Acute Lung Injury With Alveolar Hemorrhage As Adverse Drug Reaction Related to Crizotinib
Authors: Akira Ono, Toshiaki Takahashi, Takuma Oishi, Takashi Sugino, Hiroaki Akamatsu, Takehito Shukuya, Tetsuhiko Taira, Hirotsugu Kenmotsu, Tateaki Naito, Haruyasu Murakami, Takashi Nakajima, Masahiro Endo, Nobuyuki Yamamoto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)
BEST: A Randomized Phase II Study of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RAF Kinase, and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Combination Targeted Therapy With Bevacizumab, Sorafenib, and Temsirolimus in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma—A Trial of the ECOG–ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2804)
Authors: Keith T. Flaherty, Judith B. Manola, Michael Pins, David F. McDermott, Michael B. Atkins, Janice J. Dutcher, Daniel J. George, Kim A. Margolin, Robert S. DiPaola
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

On the basis of evidence that resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor inhibition is caused by hypoxia-driven residual VEGF and other proangiogenic factors, combinations of agents from these classes were hypothesized to improve treatment outcomes relative to single-agent VEGF pathway blockade.A total of 361 patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma were randomly assigned equally to arm A (bevacizumab monotherapy 10 mg/kg intravenously [IV] every 2 weeks), B (bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks and temsirolimus 25 mg IV every week), C (bevacizumab 5 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks and sorafenib 200 mg orally twice daily on days 1 to 5, 8 to 12, 15 to 19, and 22 to 26), or D (sorafenib 200 mg twice daily and temsirolimus 25 mg IV weekly). Progression-free survival was the primary end point.Among 331 eligible treated patients, median PFS was 7.5 months for bevacizumab alone (90% CI, 5.8 to 10.8 months), 7.6 months for bevacizumab plus temsirolimus (90% CI, 6.7 to 9.2 months), 9.2 months for bevacizumab plus sorafenib (90% CI, 7.5 to 11.4 months), and 7.4 months for sorafenib plus temsirolimus (90% CI, 5.6 to 7.9 months). Hazard ratios from stratified Cox proportional hazards models were 1.01, 0.89, and 1.07 (with respective P values of .95, .49, and .68) for the three combinations, respectively, compared with bevacizumab alone. Adverse events did not differ significantly among treatment arms.The activity of sorafenib, temsirolimus, and bevacizumab administered in doublet combinations did not significantly improve median progression-free survival in comparison with bevacizumab monotherapy.
A case of Japanese encephalitis in a 20 year-old Spanish sportsman, February 2013
Authors: P Doti, P Castro, M J Martínez, Y Zboromyrska, E Aldasoro, A Inciarte, A Requena-Méndez, J Milisenda, S Fernández, J M Nicolás, J Muñoz
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2013)

We report a severe case of imported Japanese encephalitis (JE) in a healthy young Spanish traveller who developed symptoms after spending three weeks in a touristic area of Thailand. The patient was diagnosed in Thailand and subsequently transferred to Barcelona, Spain, where the Thai laboratory results were confirmed based on IgM serology. Although JE is a rare disease in travellers, this case illustrates the need for seeking travel medical advice before visiting tropical countries.