tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Are there sex biases in standardized tests of radiation oncology knowledge?
Authors: E C Halperin, G J Broadwater
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1997)

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE Recent studies have identified biases directed against women in standardized tests. We tested for the existence of such biases in the American College of Radiology (ACR) In-Training Examination in Radiation Oncology and the American Board of Radiology (ABR) Written Radiation Oncology Board Examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our request to the ABR to permit us to study performance on their examinations, as a function of sex, was refused. We obtained scores, through the cooperation of six academic radiation oncology departments, for residents-in-training taking the in-service examination and candidates taking the written board examination for the first time. Test results for 1984 to 1995 were blinded as to name, but not sex or institution of training. For the in-service examination, scores are reported as percentiles normalized to the year of training. The effect of multiple scores for the same resident was assessed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Residents were nested within each sex/institution combination and crossed with training year and calendar year. The effects of three factors (sex, institution, and year the examination was taken) on the results of the biology, physics, and clinical sections were evaluated with an analysis of variance. The interactions of sex with institution and year were included to determine the scope of the sex effect. For the board examination, scores are reported as percentiles, as well as an overall pass/ fail outcome. An analyses of variance was performed similar to that used for the in-service examination. In addition, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used to analyze overall outcome (pass/fail). RESULTS We obtained data for 79 residents (48 men and 31 women, 1.54:1) who took the in-service examinations 165 times. Sixty-two residents (41 men and 21 women, 1.95:1) had an initial sitting for the ABR written examination. On the in-service examination, for the biology, physics, and clinical subsections, calendar year, training year, and sex did not have a significant effect on examinees scores. Institution of training had a significant effect (P &lt; .02) on the scores in biology and physics. The total in-service examination scores were not significantly influenced by calendar year, training year, or sex. Institution of training has a strong influence on overall score (P = .03) and the interaction of sex with training year is near significance level (P = .06). The power for our statistical tests ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. On the board examination, sex, institution of training, year the examination was taken, and interaction of sex with year or sex with institution of training did not have a significant effect on test scores. Pass rates were 90% for men versus 81% for women (P = .43). CONCLUSION Sex did not significantly influence the results of the in-service examination or the written board examination. Institution of training is the strongest influence on the results of the in-service examination.
Electrical charge of the antigen determines intraarticular antigen handling and chronicity of arthritis in mice.
Authors: W B van den Berg, L B van de Putte, W A Zwarts, L A Joosten
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We studied the influence of antigenic charge on the handling of intraarticular antigen by the joint and on the ability of the antigen to induce chronic arthritis. Three different antigens were used: anionic native bovine serum albumin (BSA), and charge modified BSA made cationic (pI 8.5) either by methylation (mBSA), or amidation (aBSA). 125I-labeled antigen was injected into the knee joints of nonimmune mice and of mice immunized with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Intraarticular antigen retention of the cationic antigens mBSA and aBSA was significantly increased compared with native BSA, both in immune and non-immune mice. In vitro studies indicated the electrostatic character of the binding of the cationic antigens to joint tissues and confirmed the large difference in antigen retention of the antigens found in vivo. A 100-fold amount of cationic antigen could be bound to non-cartilaginous collagenous tissue of the joint compared with antibody-mediated trapping of native BSA, and for hyaline articular cartilage, this difference was even greater. In immunized mice, chronic arthritis only developed after intraarticular injection of the cationic antigens. This phenomenon was apparently related to increased retention of mBSA and aBSA compared with BSA, since delayed hypersensitivity and humoral immunity were comparable for the three antigens used. Our data indicate that antigenic charge is an important determinant of antigen handling by the joint and, in addition, support the concept that the development of chronic arthritis depends on the amount of antigen retained in the joint.
CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2006-2010
Authors: Q. T. Ostrom, H. Gittleman, P. Farah, A. Ondracek, Y. Chen, Y. Wolinsky, N. E. Stroup, C. Kruchko, J. S. Barnholtz-Sloan
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2013)

The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI), is the largest population-based registry focused exclusively on primary brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors in the United States (US) and represents the entire US population. This report contains the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors (malignant and non-malignant) and supersedes all previous CBTRUS reports in terms of completeness and accuracy. All rates (incidence and mortality) are age-adjusted using the 2000 US standard population and presented per 100,000 population. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rate (AAAIR) of all malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors was 23.79 (Malignant AAAIR=7.08, non-Malignant AAAIR=16.71). This rate was higher in females compared to males (26.31 versus 21.09), Blacks compared to Whites (23.88 versus 23.83), and non-Hispanics compared to Hispanics (24.23 versus 21.48). The most commonly occurring malignant brain and other CNS tumor was glioblastoma (14.5% of all tumors), and the most common non-malignant tumor was meningioma (38.3% of all tumors). Glioblastoma was more common in males, and meningioma was more common in females. In children and adolescents (age 0-19 years), the incidence rate of all primary brain and other CNS tumors was 6.14. An estimated 83,830 new cases of malignant and non-malignant brain and other CNS tumors are expected to be diagnosed in the US in 2020 (24,970 malignant and 58,860 non-malignant). There were 81,246 deaths attributed to malignant brain and other CNS tumors between 2013 and 2017. This represents an average annual mortality rate of 4.42. The 5-year relative survival rate following diagnosis of a malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 23.5% and for a non-malignant brain and other CNS tumor was 82.4%.
A common variant mapping to CACNA1A is associated with susceptibility to exfoliation syndrome
Authors: Tin Aung, Mineo Ozaki, Takanori Mizoguchi, R Rand Allingham, Zheng Li, Aravind Haripriya, Satoko Nakano, Steffen Uebe, Jeffrey M Harder, Anita S Y Chan, Mei Chin Lee, Kathryn P Burdon, Yury S Astakhov, Khaled K Abu-Amero, Juan C Zenteno, Yildirim Nilgün, Tomasz Zarnowski, Mohammad Pakravan, Leen Abu Safieh, Liyun Jia, Ya Xing Wang, Susan Williams, Daniela Paoli, Patricio G Schlottmann, Lulin Huang, Kar Seng Sim, Jia Nee Foo, Masakazu Nakano, Yoko Ikeda, Rajesh S Kumar, Morio Ueno, Shin-ichi Manabe, Ken Hayashi, Shigeyasu Kazama, Ryuichi Ideta, Yosai Mori, Kazunori Miyata, Kazuhisa Sugiyama, Tomomi Higashide, Etsuo Chihara, Kenji Inoue, Satoshi Ishiko, Akitoshi Yoshida, Masahide Yanagi, Yoshiaki Kiuchi, Makoto Aihara, Tsutomu Ohashi, Toshiya Sakurai, Takako Sugimoto, Hideki Chuman, Fumihiko Matsuda, Kenji Yamashiro, Norimoto Gotoh, Masahiro Miyake, Sergei Y Astakhov, Essam A Osman, Saleh A Al-Obeidan, Ohoud Owaidhah, Leyla Al-Jasim, Sami Al Shahwan, Rhys A Fogarty, Paul Leo, Yaz Yetkin, Çilingir Oğuz, Mozhgan Rezaei Kanavi, Afsaneh Naderi Beni, Shahin Yazdani, Evgeny L Akopov, Kai-Yee Toh, Gareth R Howell, Andrew C Orr, Yufen Goh, Wee Yang Meah, Su Qin Peh, Ewa Kosior-Jarecka, Urszula Lukasik, Mandy Krumbiegel, Eranga N Vithana, Tien Yin Wong, Yutao Liu, Allison E Ashley Koch, Pratap Challa, Robyn M Rautenbach, David A Mackey, Alex W Hewitt, Paul Mitchell, Jie Jin Wang, Ari Ziskind, Trevor Carmichael, Rangappa Ramakrishnan, Kalpana Narendran, Rangaraj Venkatesh, Saravanan Vijayan, Peiquan Zhao, Xueyi Chen, Dalia Guadarrama-Vallejo, Ching Yu Cheng, Shamira A Perera, Rahat Husain, Su-Ling Ho, Ulrich-Christoph Welge-Luessen, Christian Mardin, Ursula Schloetzer-Schrehardt, Axel M Hillmer, Stefan Herms, Susanne Moebus, Markus M Nöthen, Nicole Weisschuh, Rohit Shetty, Arkasubhra Ghosh, Yik Ying Teo, Matthew A Brown, Ignacio Lischinsky, Jonathan G Crowston, Michael Coote, Bowen Zhao, Jinghong Sang, Nihong Zhang, Qisheng You, Vera Vysochinskaya, Panayiota Founti, Anthoula Chatzikyriakidou, Alexandros Lambropoulos, Eleftherios Anastasopoulos, Anne L Coleman, M Roy Wilson, Douglas J Rhee, Jae Hee Kang, Inna May-Bolchakova, Steffen Heegaard, Kazuhiko Mori, Wallace L M Alward, Jost B Jonas, Liang Xu, Jeffrey M Liebmann, Balram Chowbay, Elke Schaeffeler, Matthias Schwab, Fabian Lerner, Ningli Wang, Zhenglin Yang, Paolo Frezzotti, Shigeru Kinoshita, John H Fingert, Masaru Inatani, Kei Tashiro, André Reis, Deepak P Edward, Louis R Pasquale, Toshiaki Kubota, Janey L Wiggs, Francesca Pasutto, Fotis Topouzis, Michael Dubina, Jamie E Craig, Nagahisa Yoshimura, Periasamy Sundaresan, Simon W M John, Robert Ritch, Michael A Hauser, Chiea-Chuen Khor
Journal: Nature Genetics (2015)
Young women's accounts of factors influencing their use and non-use of emergency contraception: in-depth interview study
Authors: C. Free
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To explore young women9s accounts of their use and non-use of emergency contraception. <b>Design:</b> Qualitative study using in-depth interviews. <b>Participants:</b> 30 women aged 16-25; participants from socially deprived inner city areas were specifically included. <b>Setting:</b> Community, service, and educational settings in England. <b>Results:</b> Young women9s accounts of their non-use of emergency contraception principally concerned evaluations of the risk conferred by different contraceptive behaviours, their evaluations of themselves in needing emergency contraception, and personal difficulties in asking for emergency contraception. <b>Conclusions:</b> The attitudes and concerns of young women, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, may make them less able or willing than others to take advantage of recent increases in access to emergency contraception. Interventions that aim to increase the use of emergency contraception need to address the factors that influence young women9s non-use of emergency contraception. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Limited knowledge of, or poor access to, emergency contraception, and concerns about side effects and moral issues may reduce the use of emergency contraception in women at risk Young people can be embarrassed about using contraception services Interventions to increase knowledge of and access to emergency contraception have had limited success among teenagers <h3>What this study adds</h3> Perceptions of low vulnerability to pregnancy, negative self evaluations about the need for such contraception, and concerns about what others think deter young women from using emergency contraception These women find it difficult to ask for emergency contraception The attitudes and concerns of young women, especially those from deprived inner city areas, may render them least willing and able to obtain emergency contraception
Autoantibodies in lung cancer: possibilities for early detection and subsequent cure
Authors: C J Chapman, A Murray, J E McElveen, U Sahin, U Luxemburger, O Tureci, R Wiewrodt, A C Barnes, J F Robertson
Journal: Thorax (2007)

People with lung cancer usually present at a late stage in the course of their disease when their chances of long-term survival are low. At present there is little to offer for early diagnosis, even in those at high risk of developing the disease. Autoantibodies have been shown to be present in the circulation of people with various forms of solid tumour before cancer-associated antigens can be detected, and these molecules can be measured up to 5 years before symptomatic disease.To assess the potential of a panel of tumour-associated autoantibody profiles as an aid to other lung cancer screening modalities.Plasma from normal controls (n = 50), patients with non-small cell lung cancer (n = 82) and patients with small cell lung cancer (n = 22) were investigated for the presence of autoantibodies to p53, c-myc, HER2, NY-ESO-1, CAGE, MUC1 and GBU4-5 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Raised levels of autoantibodies were seen to at least 1/7 antigens in 76% of all the patients with lung cancer plasma tested, and 89% of node-negative patients, with a specificity of 92%. There was no significant difference between the detection rates in the lung cancer subgroups, although more patients with squamous cell carcinomas (92%) could be identified.Measurement of an autoantibody response to one or more tumour-associated antigens in an optimised panel assay may provide a sensitive and specific blood test to aid the early detection of lung cancer.
CHANGES IN THE TITRE OF SERUM OPSONINS AND PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FOLLOWING INJECTION OF ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Charles Jenkin, D. L. Palmer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

A study has been made of the changes in the opsonic properties of mouse serum and bactericidal activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages at different times following the injection of various doses of lipopolysaccharide. It has been found that changes in the percentage of bacteria phagocytosed and killed within the mouse peritoneal cavity in a given time could be correlated with changes in the opsonic titre of the serum. Macrophages harvested from the peritoneal cavities of mice injected with endotoxin appear to be more efficient in phagocytosing bacteria in the presence of serum opsonins than macrophages obtained from normal mice. The relative importance of these changes in determining an animal's resistance to infection is discussed.
Novel Role for Integrin-Linked Kinase in Modulation of Coxsackievirus B3 Replication and Virus-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury
Authors: Mitra Esfandiarei, Agripina Suarez, Ansel Amaral, Xiaoning Si, Maziar Rahmani, Shoukat Dedhar, Bruce M. McManus
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

Viral myocarditis is a major cause of sudden cardiac death in children and young adults. Among viruses, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common agent for myocarditis. Recently, more consideration has been given to the role of signaling pathways in pathogenesis of enteroviral myocarditis, providing new platform for identifying a new potential therapeutic target for this, so far, incurable disease. Previously, we reported on the role of the protein kinase-B/Akt in CVB3 replication and virus-induced cell injury. Here, we report on regulation of virus-induced Akt activation by the integrin-linked kinase in infected mouse cardiomyocytes and HeLa cells. This study also presents the first observation that inhibition of ILK in CVB3-infected cells significantly improves the viability of infected cells, while blocking viral replication and virus release. Complementary experiments using a constitutively active form of Akt1 revealed that the observed protective effect of ILK inhibition is dependent on the associated downregulation of virus-induced Akt activation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such beneficial effects of ILK inhibition in a viral infection model and conveys new insights in our efforts to characterize a novel therapeutic target for treatment of enteroviral myocarditis.
One-year sublingual immunotherapy in asthmatic children do not influence on basophil's CD203c stimulated and spontaneous expression
Authors: Olga Ciepiela, Anna Zawadzka-Krajewska, Urszula Demkow
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background. The only effective causative treatment of atopic diseases is immunotherapy. Sublingual form is safe and easy to administer, even by a child. There is a plenty of publications about clinical efficacy of SLIT but only few regard laboratory markers of SLIT action. The main goal of this study was to assess influence of sublingual immunotherapy on basophils activation through measurement of spontaneous and stimulated CD203c surface expression.

Material and methods . 25 individuals aged of 8,13 ± 3,08 years old, suffering from atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis, sensitized to grass pollen and/or house dust mite allergens, shortlisted for specific immunotherapy, served as studied group. Tests were performed before and after one year of specific sublingual immunotherapy. Evaluation of CD203c surface expression was performed by flow cytometry.

Results. One-year treatment did not influence the number of spontaneously activated basophils. Additionally, in the group of children suffering from asthma and sensitized to grass pollen 47,07 (30,04; 60,71) % basophils before SLIT and 40,08 (30,99; 58,27) % basophils after one-year SLIT were activated after stimulation with specific allergens, p=0.63. In the group of children sensitized to D. pteronyssinus allergens before SLIT, 35,78 (15,99; 39,74) % of basophils were activated after incubation with house dust mite allergens versus 28,86 (5,63; 35,77) % of basophils after one year of treatment, p=0.16

Conclusion. Further and more complex analysis are necessary to confirm usefulness of cytometric basophils‘ activation test in assessment basophils’ desensitization after allergen-specific immunotherapy.
SLIM DISEASE: A NEW DISEASE IN UGANDA AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH HTLV-III INFECTION
Authors: D. Serwadda, N.K. Sewankambo, J.W. Carswell, A.C. Bayley, R.S. Tedder, R.A. Weiss, R.D. Mugerwa, A. Lwegaba, G.B. Kirya, R.G. Downing, S.A. Clayden, A.G. Dalgleish
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
Ototoxicity in a Randomized Phase III Trial of Intra-Arterial Compared With Intravenous Cisplatin Chemoradiation in Patients With Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Charlotte L. Zuur, Yvonne J. Simis, Pauline E. Lansdaal, Augustinus A. Hart, Jan H. Schornagel, Wouter A. Dreschler, Coen R. Rasch, Alfons J. Balm
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Cisplatin concomitantly administered with radiotherapy is increasingly used in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We aimed to compare the incidence of hearing loss between patients treated with intra-arterial high-dose cisplatin chemoradiation with sodium thiosulfate (CRT-IA) and intravenous high-dose cisplatin chemoradiation without sodium thiosulfate (CRT-IV).We conducted a prospective analysis of hearing thresholds at low and (ultra-) high frequencies obtained before, during, and after treatment in 158 patients. Patients were randomly assigned for either CRT-IA (150 mg/m(2), four courses) with sodium thiosulfate cisplatin neutralization or CRT-IV (100 mg/m(2), three courses) without rescue. All patients received concomitant radiation therapy (RT; 70 Gy).CRT-IA resulted in approximately 10% less hearing loss at frequencies vital for speech perception, compared with CRT-IV (P < .001). In CRT-IA, fewer ears qualified for hearing aids (36% v 49%; P = .03). However, in both treatment arms, the incidence expressed in National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events (version 3) did not deviate (P > .14). Age, cumulative cisplatin dose, cumulative RT dose, and the considered frequency area determine the degree of hearing loss (P < .001). Cisplatin induced increasing hearing loss of 24% to 60% with increasing frequencies. RT induced hearing loss at speech frequencies of 9% to 12%.Depending on the criteria used to assess hearing loss due to treatment, differences in ototoxicity between CRT-IA and CRT-IV were found in favor of CRT-IA. It is desirable to specify hearing loss criteria toward frequencies vital for speech perception, and to refine grading scales to reveal subtle and clinically relevant dissimilarities in ototoxicity between different treatment protocols.
Association Between Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Severe Hypoglycemia in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Berit Inkster, Renata L. Riha, Liesbeth Van Look, Rachel Williamson, Stela McLachlan, Brian M. Frier, Mark W.J. Strachan, Jackie F. Price, Rebecca M. Reynolds
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Sleep-disordered breathing and sleepiness cause metabolic, cognitive, and behavioral disturbance. Sleep-disordered breathing is common in type 2 diabetes, a condition that requires adherence to complex dietary, behavioral, and drug treatment regimens. Hypoglycemia is an important side effect of treatment, causing physical and psychological harm and limiting ability to achieve optimal glycemic control. We hypothesized that sleep disorder might increase the risk of hypoglycemia through effects on self-management and glucose regulation.
Predicting IGF-1R Therapy Response in Bone Sarcomas: Immuno-SPECT Imaging with Radiolabeled R1507
Authors: Emmy D.G. Fleuren, Yvonne M.H. Versleijen-Jonkers, Addy C.M. van de Luijtgaarden, Janneke D.M. Molkenboer-Kuenen, Sandra Heskamp, Melissa H.S. Roeffen, Hanneke W.M. van Laarhoven, Peter J. Houghton, Wim J.G. Oyen, Otto C. Boerman, Winette T.A. van der Graaf
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: To investigate whether indium-111–labeled R1507 (111In-R1507) immuno-SPECT (single—photon emission computed tomography), a novel noninvasive, in vivo screening method to visualize membranous insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression and accessibility, can be used to predict IGF-1R treatment (R1507) response in bone sarcomas. Experimental Design: BALB/c nude mice were subcutaneously implanted with IGF-1R–expressing human bone sarcoma xenografts (OS-1, EW-5, and EW-8) which showed high, modest, or no response, respectively, to R1507, a monoclonal antibody targeting the extracellular domain of IGF-1R. An IGF-1R–negative tumor (OS-33), unresponsive to IGF-1R inhibitors, was examined as well. Mice were injected with 111In-R1507. Biodistribution and immuno-SPECT/computed tomography imaging studies were carried out 1, 3, and 7 days p.i. in mice with OS-1 and EW-5 xenografts and 3 days p.i. in mice with EW-8 and OS-33 xenografts. Results: Biodistribution studies showed specific accumulation of 111In-R1507 in OS-1 and EW-5 xenografts (27.5 ± 6.5%ID/g and 14.0 ± 2.8%ID/g, 3 days p.i., respectively). Most importantly, 111In-R1507 uptake in IGF-1R positive, but unresponsive, EW-8 xenografts (6.5 ± 1.5%ID/g, 3 days p.i.) was similar to that of the IGF-1R–negative OS-33 tumor (5.5 ± 0.6%ID/g, 3 days p.i.). Uptake in normal tissues was low and nonspecific. Corresponding immuno-SPECT images clearly discriminated between high, modest, and nonresponding tumors by showing a homogeneous (OS-1), heterogeneous (EW-5), or nonspecific (EW-8 and OS-33) tumor uptake of 111In-R1507. Conclusions: 111In-R1507 immuno-SPECT is an excellent method to visualize membranous IGF-1R expression and target accessibility in vivo in human bone sarcoma xenografts and may serve as an independent marker to predict IGF-1R therapy (R1507) response in bone sarcoma patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(24); 7693–703. ©2011 AACR.