tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Internet based repository of medical records that retains patient confidentiality
Authors: R. Schoenberg
Journal: BMJ (2000)

A patient's medical record has always been a dispersed entity.Literally defined, it is the accumulation of medical information concerning the patient.Ideally, this information is bundled in a single folder with the patient's identification data on the cover.In real life, this information is scattered between several archives (computerised and paper based) in various locations, often under different identifier numbers.Much of the information in the records is obsolete, redundant, duplicated, or indecipherable to the extent that it does not benefit the patient at the point of care. 1 Ownership of the data is also a limiting issue.Many hospitals consider the records in their systems to be their property, whereas many patients argue that their medical information is their own. 2 3 Consequently, a distinction is made between ownership of the physical record and the right to access (or duplicate) data that are stored in it.Policies on this issue differ substantially between delivery networks, states, and countries.That said, it is typically agreed that patients have the right to be informed of the general content of their medical record and that patients' care providers must be allowed access to any information that is relevant to a patient's treatment.This approach endorses locking sensitive information (such as psychiatric evaluation or various serological findings) from some care providers but promoting access to what is "needed to know" for the provision of appropriate care.It is thus reasonable to assume that, between the patient and his or her primary healthcare coordinator (such as the family doctor), most of the "critical information" is within reach.For the purpose of our argument, we will assume that patients have rights of access to their medical information and are entitled to decide which parts of their record can be exposed or electronically published.In this article we describe a patient controlled, "granularly secured," cross sectional medical record that is accessible via the world wide web.Unlike existing information systems, the patient initiates the service.The patient's primary healthcare coordinator suggests which clinical content is worth "risking" for the benefit of making it available when needed.The patient secures his or her identity and each data element in the medical record by specifying which identifying data anyone requesting the information must supply in order to gain access.
Open access mammography.
Authors: R. F. Bury
Journal: BMJ (1992)

difficult, is one based on the balance of proba- bilities.More research is required and should focus on the general concept of work related disorders rather than be confined to the upper limb.If health promotion is to mean anything it should mean that going to work tends to engender fitness.This is why unemployment is considered to be bad for society in general and individual workers in particular.A more positive attitude should be taken towards work, and this should be embodied in the concept that to work is to keep fit.No one would suggest that all pain at work was caused by the work itself: it may be caused by sports injuries acquired over a weekend or be part of intercurrent disease.Hence the importance of the therapeutic test of altering circumstances at work to see if the symptoms remit.With the implementation of the European Com- munity's regulations for workers the medical professions and ergonomists will have to cooperate if pains are to be prevented.Staff working in district rheumatological, orthopaedic, and remedial ser- vices should work more closely with occupational physicians and ergonomists.Perhaps it is time for a combined medicoergonomics society.
Selective inhibitors of picornavirus replication
Authors: Armando M. De Palma, Inge Vliegen, Erik De Clercq, Johan Neyts
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2008)

Abstract Picornaviruses cover a large family of pathogens that have a major impact on human but also on veterinary health. Although most infections in man subside mildly or asymptomatically, picornaviruses can also be responsible for severe, potentially life‐threatening disease. To date, no therapy has been approved for the treatment of picornavirus infections. However, efforts to develop an antiviral that is effective in treating picornavirus‐associated diseases are ongoing. In 2007, Schering‐Plough, under license of ViroPharma, completed a phase II clinical trial with Pleconaril, a drug that was originally rejected by the FDA after a New Drug Application in 2001. Rupintrivir, a rhinovirus protease inhibitor developed at Pfizer, reached clinical trials but was recently halted from further development. Finally, Biota's HRV drug BTA‐798 is scheduled for phase II trials in 2008. Several key steps in the picornaviral replication cycle, involving structural as well as non‐structural proteins, have been identified as valuable targets for inhibition. The current review aims to highlight the most important developments during the past decades in the search for antivirals against picornaviruses. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 6, 823–884, 2008
Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Gene CD33 Inhibits Microglial Uptake of Amyloid Beta
Authors: Ana Griciuc, Alberto Serrano-Pozo, Antonio R. Parrado, Andrea N. Lesinski, Caroline N. Asselin, Kristina Mullin, Basavaraj Hooli, Se Hoon Choi, Bradley T. Hyman, Rudolph E. Tanzi
Journal: Neuron (2013)
Twice-Weekly Progressive Resistance Training Decreases Abdominal Fat and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Older Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Javier Ibañez, Mikel Izquierdo, Iñaki Argüelles, Luis Forga, José L. Larrión, Marisol García-Unciti, Fernando Idoate, Esteban M. Gorostiaga
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the influence of a twice-weekly progressive resistance training (PRT) program, without a concomitant weight loss diet, on abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Nine older men (aged 66.6 ± 3.1) with type 2 diabetes participated in a 16-week PRT supervised program (50–80% of the one repetition maximum), for all main muscle groups. Basal glycemia, HbA1c, diet, habitual physical activity, body composition, and upper/lower maximal strength were measured. Insulin sensitivity was determined according to Bergman’s minimal model procedure and abdominal fat was obtained by computed tomography. The measurements were taken 4 weeks before training (−4), immediately before training (0), and at 8-week intervals (i.e., weeks 8 and 16) during the 16-week training period. RESULTS—No significant variation was observed in any of the above selected parameters during the 4-week control period. After PRT, both leg and arm maximal strength increased significantly by 17.1 and 18.2%, respectively. Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat decreased significantly by 10.3% (from 249.5 ± 97.9 to 225.6 ± 96.6 cm3, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and by 11.2% (from 356.0 ± 127.5 to 308.6 ± 118.8 cm3, P &amp;lt; 0.01), respectively, while no changes were observed in body mass. PRT significantly increased insulin sensitivity by 46.3% (from 2.0 ± 1.2 to 2.8 ± 1.6 · 104 · min−1 · μU−1 · ml−1, P &amp;lt; 0.01), whereas it significantly decreased (−7.1%, P &amp;lt; 0.05) fasting blood glucose (from 146.6 ± 28.3 to 135.0 ± 29.3 mg/dl). Finally, a 15.5% increase in energy intake (from 2,287.1 ± 354.7 to 2,619.0 ± 472.1 kcal/day, P &amp;lt; 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS—Two sessions per week of PRT, without a concomitant weight loss diet, significantly improves insulin sensitivity and fasting glycemia and decreases abdominal fat in older men with type 2 diabetes.
ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Bladder Cancer 2012: Screening, Diagnosis, and Molecular Markers
Authors: Ashish M. Kamat, Paul K. Hegarty, Jason R. Gee, Peter E. Clark, Robert S. Svatek, Nicholas Hegarty, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Evanguelos Xylinas, Bernd J. Schmitz-Dräger, Yair Lotan, Lawrence C. Jenkins, Michael Droller, Bas W. van Rhijn, Pierre I. Karakiewicz
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Ionic basis of ventricular arrhythmias in remodeled rat heart during long-term myocardial infarction
Authors: F Aimond
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Objective: Deleterious electrical abnormalities evolve during myocardial infarction. The goal of this study was to analyse current changes during the late decompensated phase of heart disease induced by coronary ligation and to compare them in various heart regions. Methods: Young rats were submitted to left coronary ligature. After 4–6 months, cells were enzymatically dissociated and isolated from the upper part basal region of the left ventricle, as well as from the septum, apex and the right ventricle before being studied under whole-cell patch-clamp. Results: Basal L-type Ca2+ current, ICaL elicited at +10 mV did not exhibit regional dependence neither in control nor after post-myocardial infarction (PMI). ICaL showed both a significantly reduced peak amplitude (17.1±2.8 pA/pF versus 9.9±1.4 pA/pF in seven control and seven PMI hearts, n=32 and 40, respectively) and a slower inactivation, such that the amount of inward charges during a 200 ms-depolarizing pulse was nearly unchanged. β-Adrenergic stimulation was less effective in increasing ICaL in PMI cells but it slowed inactivation further. Significant differences in the K+ currents were observed. A regional distribution was seen for Ito only, with the largest amplitude in the right ventricle (in pA/pF: 23.1±2.4, 18.2±3.9, 14.8±2.4, 8.3±1.7 in the right ventricle, apex, septum and left ventricle, respectively n=8, 7, 8 and 9). This was also true in failing heart cells despite Ito being halved in each of the four regions (in pA/pF: 12.2±2.5, 11.2±1.9, 5.1±1.0 and 4.8±1.0, respectively n=12, 12, 11 and 13). IK1 was also significantly reduced by 20% in the PMI cells. Two-way analyses of variance demonstrated the absence of interaction between the topographical origin of the cells and the physiological state of the rats. The α1-adrenergic agonist, methoxamine significantly reduced Ito and IK1 to the same extent in both sham and PMI cells, by about 35% and 20% respectively. Conclusions: Long-term left coronary occlusion induces significant alterations in both Ca2+ and K+ currents that occur with similar amplitude in both ventricles. They include a marked reduction in Ito amplitude as well as a slowing of ICaL inactivation. Both factors could contribute to the disturbances in cellular electrical behaviour and the occurrence of arrhythmias in the post-myocardial infarcted heart.
SMARCA4 inactivation defines a group of undifferentiated thoracic malignancies transcriptionally related to BAF-deficient sarcomas
Authors: Francois Le Loarer, Sarah Watson, Gaelle Pierron, Vincent Thomas de Montpreville, Stelly Ballet, Nelly Firmin, Aurelie Auguste, Daniel Pissaloux, Sandrine Boyault, Sandrine Paindavoine, Pierre Joseph Dechelotte, Benjamin Besse, Jean Michel Vignaud, Marie Brevet, Elie Fadel, Wilfrid Richer, Isabelle Treilleux, Julien Masliah-Planchon, Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran, Gerard Zalcman, Yves Allory, Franck Bourdeaut, Francoise Thivolet-Bejui, Dominique Ranchere-Vince, Nicolas Girard, Sylvie Lantuejoul, Francoise Galateau-Sallé, Jean Michel Coindre, Alexandra Leary, Olivier Delattre, Jean Yves Blay, Franck Tirode
Journal: Nature Genetics (2015)
Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide Once Daily Versus Exenatide Twice Daily in Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Metformin
Authors: Julio Rosenstock, Denis Raccah, László Korányi, Laura Maffei, Gabor Boka, Patrick Miossec, John E. Gerich
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

To compare efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily versus exenatide twice daily in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin.Adults with diabetes inadequately controlled (HbA1c 7-10%) with metformin were randomized to lixisenatide 20 μg once daily (n=318) or exenatide 10 μg twice daily (n=316) in a 24-week (main period), open-label, parallel-group, multicenter study. The primary objective was a noninferiority assessment of lixisenatide versus exenatide in HbA1c change from baseline to week 24.Lixisenatide once daily demonstrated noninferiority in HbA1c reduction versus exenatide twice daily. The least squares mean change was -0.79% (mean decrease 7.97 to 7.17%) for lixisenatide versus -0.96% (mean decrease 7.96 to 7.01%) for exenatide, and treatment difference was 0.17% (95% CI, 0.033-0.297), meeting a predefined noninferiority upper CI margin of 0.4%. Responder rate (HbA1c<7.0%) and improvements in fasting plasma glucose were comparable. Both agents induced weight loss (from 94.5 to 91.7 kg and from 96.7 to 92.9 kg with lixisenatide and exenatide, respectively). Incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar for lixisenatide and exenatide, as was incidence of serious AEs (2.8 and 2.2%, respectively). Discontinuations attributable to AEs occurred in 33 lixisenatide (10.4%) and 41 exenatide (13.0%) patients. In the lixisenatide group, fewer participants experienced symptomatic hypoglycemia (2.5 vs. 7.9%; P<0.05), with fewer gastrointestinal events (especially nausea; 24.5 vs. 35.1%; P<0.05).Add-on lixisenatide once daily in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin demonstrated noninferior improvements in HbA1c, with slightly lower mean weight loss, lower incidence of hypoglycemia, and better gastrointestinal tolerability compared with exenatide twice daily.
Division I intercollegiate ice hockey team coverage
Authors: R F LaPrade, C A Wijdicks, C J Griffith
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

The role of the team physician for intercollegiate ice hockey teams is unique. Owing to the rather diverse characteristics of many of the mechanisms of injuries for on-ice activities, it is important that team physicians have a good knowledge of the fundamentals of the game in order to understand when a player can return to on-ice activities. It is also essential that the team physician understands the underlying passion in the great majority of players for returning to competition. Unlike many other sportsmen, ice hockey players have a strong desire to return to competition, even after fractures or dislocations that would make athletes in other sports be sidelined for long periods of time. Therefore, in addition to understanding the on-ice activities, it is important that the team physician understands the individual athletes, either personally or through his/her relationship with the team’s athletic trainer, to determine a safe time for these athletes to return to competition. The purpose of this review is to summarise the main injuries seen in high level intercollegiate ice hockey and to review the practical treatment problems for physicians who provide coverage for high level amateur hockey teams.

The vast majority of division I ice hockey injuries occur during games. In fact, the injury rate in practices of 2.1/1000 athlete exposures is one of the lowest in intercollegiate sports.1 However, the game injury rate of 17.5/1000 athlete exposures is one of the highest among team sports.1 Therefore on-site coverage of most division I and high level ice hockey games is necessary.

There is a distinct distribution of the types of injury that occur in ice hockey. Firstly, early season injuries are almost always overuse or sprain and strain type injuries. Groin, or adductor, strain is one of the most common lower body injuries, but almost …
Efficiency of curative and prophylactic treatment with rituximab in ADAMTS13-deficient thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a study of 11 cases
Authors: Fadi Fakhouri, Jean Paul Vernant, Agnès Veyradier, Martine Wolf, Gilles Kaplanski, Raynald Binaut, Manfred Rieger, Friedrich Scheiflinger, Pascale Poullin, Benjamin Deroure, Richard Delarue, Philippe Lesavre, Philippe Vanhille, Olivier Hermine, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Jean Pierre Grünfeld
Journal: Blood (2005)
Significance of joint fluid uric acid levels in gout.
Authors: B Reeves
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1965)

Thoughthepresence ofsynovial fluid injoints has beenknownsince thetimeofParacelsus, present concepts ofsynovial membranestructure andthe formation ofsynovial fluid areofrelatively recent origin. Mostworkers nowconsider thearticular cavities tobeconnective tissue spaces; thesynovial fluid istissue fluid, andtheembodied mucinisthe polysaccharide protein component ofother connective tissue. Thishypothesis issupported bythefact that nonelectrolytes diffuse readily ineither direction betweenblood andsynovial fluid andthatelectrolytes aredistributed inaccordance withtheGibbsDonnantheory ofmembraneequilibrium (Ropes, Bennett, andBauer,1939). Chloride andbicarbonate arepresent inhigher concentration inthe fluid thanintheserum,whileconcentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, andmagnesium are lowerinthefluid. Themobility ofmanyionsin synovial tissue isthesameasinwaterbutthe bivalent cations havealowerapparent mobility in tissues thaninwater(Joseph, Reed, Steck, Folk, and Kaplan, 1948). Because ofthese facts, ithasusually beenassumed thatthesynovial fluid level ofuric acidfollows ata slightly lower level thanthatoftheserum, andthis assumption hasbeensupported bytheworkofRopes andBauer(1953) andTalbott (1957), whorefute the earlier observation byKling (1938) thatthelevel of joint fluid maybesignificantly raised abovethatof theseruminanacuteattack ofgout. Observations Ihavemade,however, support the original thesis ofKling, andsuggest thatthishigher level ofjoint fluid uricacidisassociated withthe formation ofuratecrystals inthejoint fluid.
European framework for tuberculosis control and elimination in countries with a low incidence
Authors: J.F. Broekmans, G.B. Migliori, H.L. Rieder, J. Lees, P. Ruutu, R. Loddenkemper, M.C. Raviglione
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

As countries approach the elimination phase of tuberculosis, specific problems and challenges emerge, due to the steadily declining incidence in the native population, the gradually increasing importance of the importation of latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis from other countries and the emergence of groups at particularly high risk of tuberculosis. Therefore, a Working Group of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) and the Royal Netherlands Tuberculosis Association (KNCV) have developed a new framework for low incidence countries based on concepts and definitions consistent with those of previous recommendations from WHO/IUATLD Working Groups. In low-incidence countries, a broader spectrum of interventions is available and feasible, including: 1) a general approach to tuberculosis which ensures rapid detection and treatment of all the cases and prevention of unnecessary deaths; 2) an overall control strategy aimed at reducing the incidence of tuberculosis infection (risk-group management and prevention of transmission of infection in institutional settings) and 3) a tuberculosis elimination strategy aimed at reducing the prevalence of tuberculosis infection (outbreak management and provision of preventive therapy for specified groups and individuals). Government and private sector commitment towards elimination, effective case detection among symptomatic individuals together with active case finding in special groups, standard treatment of disease and infection, access to tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment services, prevention ( e.g. through screening and bacille Calmette-Guéria immunization in specified groups), surveillance and treatment outcome monitoring are prerequisites to implementing the policy package recommended in this new framework document.
A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Authors: Emilio Ros, Isabel Núñez, Ana Pérez-Heras, Mercè Serra, Rosa Gilabert, Elena Casals, Ramón Deulofeu
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Epidemiological studies suggest that nut intake decreases coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect that partly explains this benefit. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with CAD and its risk factors and is reversed by antioxidants and marine n-3 fatty acids. Walnuts are a rich source of both antioxidants and α-linolenic acid, a plant n-3 fatty acid. Methods and Results— To test the hypothesis that walnut intake will reverse endothelial dysfunction, we randomized in a crossover design 21 hypercholesterolemic men and women to a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet and a diet of similar energy and fat content in which walnuts replaced ≈32% of the energy from monounsaturated fat. Participants followed each diet for 4 weeks. After each intervention, we obtained fasting blood and performed ultrasound measurements of brachial artery vasomotor function. Eighteen subjects completing the protocol had suitable ultrasound studies. Compared with the Mediterranean diet, the walnut diet improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduced levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 ( P &lt;0.05 for both). Endothelium-independent vasodilation and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and oxidation biomarkers were similar after each diet. The walnut diet significantly reduced total cholesterol (−4.4±7.4%) and LDL cholesterol (−6.4±10.0%) ( P &lt;0.05 for both). Cholesterol reductions correlated with increases of both dietary α-linolenic acid and LDL γ-tocopherol content, and changes of endothelium-dependent vasodilation correlated with those of cholesterol-to-HDL ratios ( P &lt;0.05 for all). Conclusions— Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat in a Mediterranean diet improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This finding might explain the cardioprotective effect of nut intake beyond cholesterol lowering.
Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor, for Drug-Resistant HIV Infection in North and South America
Authors: Jacob P. Lalezari, Keith Henry, Mary O'Hearn, Julio S.G. Montaner, Peter J. Piliero, Benôit Trottier, Sharon Walmsley, Calvin Cohen, Daniel R. Kuritzkes, Joseph J. Eron, Jain Chung, Ralph DeMasi, Lucille Donatacci, Claude Drobnes, John Delehanty, Miklos Salgo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

The T-20 vs. Optimized Regimen Only Study 1 (TORO 1) was a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study of enfuvirtide (T-20), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor.
Superagonistic anti-CD28 antibodies: potent activators of regulatory T cells for the therapy of autoimmune diseases
Authors: N Beyersdorf
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

This paper reviews the existing evidence regarding the use of superagonistic anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28 superagonists) for therapeutic manipulation of regulatory T cells (T<sub>reg</sub> cells). The molecular properties of superagonistic anti-CD28 antibodies allow the generation of a strong activating signal in mature T cells, including T<sub>reg</sub> cells, without additional stimulation of the T cell receptor complex. CD28 superagonist administration in vivo leads to the preferential expansion and strong activation of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+FoxP3+ T<sub>reg</sub> cells over conventional T cells. In animal models, both prophylactic and therapeutic administration of a CD28 superagonist prevented or at least greatly mitigated clinical symptoms and induced remission. Adoptive transfer experiments have further shown that CD28 superagonists mediate protection by expansion and activation of CD4+CD25+ T<sub>reg</sub> cells. Therefore, superagonistic anti-CD28 antibodies offer a promising novel treatment option for human autoimmune diseases and the first clinical trials are eagerly awaited.