tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dark Tobacco and Lung Cancer in Cuba&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Olga G. Joly, D.D.S., Sc.D., Jay H. Lubin, Ph.D., Magaly Caraballoso, M.D.
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1983)

A retrospective epidemiologic study of 826 cytologically and/or histologically confirmed lung cancer cases (219 females and 607 males), 979 hospital controls, and 539 neighborhood controls was undertaken in Havana, Cuba, to investigate whether the high lung cancer mortality rates in this country could be explained by the cigarette and cigar consumption habits, including the smoking of dark-tobacco cigarettes. Relative risk(s) (RR) of lung cancer among cigarette smokers were 7.3 in women and 14.1 in men and increased consistently with various measures of exposure to smoke. The findings suggested that duration of smoking, daily number of cigarettes consumed, and inhalation practices have independent effects. Most Cubans smoked dark tobacco. RR were higher for dark-tobacco users than for light-tobacco users"(RR = B.6 vs. 4.6 for women and 14.3 vs. 11.3 for men), but the differences were reduced after adjustment for amount smoked. Cigarette smoking was associated with all histologic types of lung cancer, although the risk for adenocarcinoma was lower than that for the other types. Men who smoked exclusively cigars had a fourfold risk of lung cancer. Mixed smokers (Le., cigar and cigarette smokers) had a greater RR than cigarette-only smokers (15.0 vs. 14.1), which was perhaps related to the unusually deep and frequent inhalation of cigar smoke. The data support the hypothesis that smoking patterns account for the higher lung cancer mortality in Cuba than in other Latin American countries.
And fiinally, in the good old days..
Authors: M K. Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--Iona Heath's editorial clearly states the effects of social deprivation on general practice.1 I worked for 31 years in a deprived area without any modern advantages. Patients with severe chest pain were not told to dial 999 but were visited by their general practitioner with oxygen, given antiarrhythmic drugs when needed, and visited daily during rehabilitation. Pneumonia was common in winter, but patients were treated effectively at home. Evening visits …
Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2014
Authors: Deborah A. Adams, Kimberly R. Thomas, Ruth Ann Jajosky, Loretta Foster, Pearl Sharp, Diana H. Onweh, Alan W. Schley, Willie J. Anderson, Paul M. Arguin, Aileen Artus, Kaitlin Benedict, David D. Blaney, Jesse Blanton, Anna Bowen, William A. Bower, Elizabeth C. Briere, Kevin Chatham-Stephens, Tom Chiller, Mary Choi, Nakia Clemmons, Shannon Cooney, Karen A. Cullen, F. Scott Dahlgren, Annabelle de St Maurice, Naomi Drexler, Elizabeth Ervin, Amanda E. Faulkner, Marc Fischer, Kathleen E. Fullerton, Julia Warner Gargano, Laurel E. Garrison, Hannah Gould, Elizabeth B. Gray, Marta Guerra, Rebecca Hall, Kristen Nichols Heitman, Katherine A. Hendricks, Barbara L. Herwaldt, Michele C. Hlavsa, Scott Holmberg, Jacqueline Hurd, Martha Iwamoto, Kelly A. Jackson, Ruth Jiles, Anna Satcher Johnson, Jeffrey Jones, Michael Judd, Grishma A. Kharod, Sarah Kidd, Robert Kirkcaldy, Barbara Knust, Kiersten J. Kugeler, Ben Kupronis, Amanda N. Lankford, Jennifer Lehman, Nicole Lindsey, Adriana Lopez, Kimberly E. Mace, Jessica R. MacNeil, Barbara Mahon, Lilia P. Manangan, Stacey W. Martin, Robert F. Massung, Orion McCotter, Paul S. Mead, Rajal K. Mody, Susan Montgomery, Anna Newton, Christopher D. Paddock, Emily Pieracci, Robert H. Pratt, Rodney Presley, Lawrence Purpura, Susan Redd, Pierre Rollin, Ilana J. Schafer, Sean V. Shadomy, Tyler M. Sharp, Tami H. Skoff, Erin Staples, Tara Stine, Tejpratap S.P. Tiwari, Elizabeth Torrone, Rita M. Traxler, Gregory Wallace, Ryan Wallace, Hillard Weinstock, Emily Weston
Journal: MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2016)

The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions-United States, 2014 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphic form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2014. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2014 reported as of June 30, 2015. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territory, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.
Mitochondrial Benzodiazepine Receptors and the Regulation of Steroid Biosynthesis
Authors: K E Krueger, V Papadopoulos
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1992)

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern drug discovery has advanced to the big data era. Central to this shift is the development of artificial intelligence approaches to implementing innovative modeling based on the dynamic, ...Read More
Hunt announces 4m drive to reduce stillbirths and neonatal and maternal deaths in England
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A new drive to halve the rate of stillbirths and neonatal and maternal deaths in England by 2030 has been announced by the health secretary, Jeremy Hunt.

The initiative will focus on reducing one of the highest rates of stillbirth in Europe: the United Kingdom had the third highest rate among 35 high income countries in a 2011 study.1 Launched in partnership with consultants, midwives, and other experts, the plan will also target a reduction in the number of brain injuries that occur during or soon after birth.

As part of the drive, NHS trusts with maternity services will be benchmarked against other trusts by publishing new data on stillbirth …
Cardiac Revascularization in Specialty and General Hospitals
Authors: David J Ballard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

regarding sever-ity of illness, mortality, and length of stay amongMedicare patients undergoing revascularization inspecialty hospitals could be generalized to an all-payer population. We used data for January 2002through September 2004 from Solucient’s all-payerProjected Inpatient Database, which contains infor-mation on more than 17 million discharges in theUnited States annually and has been used for theanalysis of patients with cardiac disease.
CC-chemokine ligand 2 inhibition in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a phase 2 trial of carlumab
Authors: Ganesh Raghu, Fernando J. Martinez, Kevin K. Brown, Ulrich Costabel, Vincent Cottin, Athol U. Wells, Lisa Lancaster, Kevin F. Gibson, Tarik Haddad, Prasheen Agarwal, Michael Mack, Bidisha Dasgupta, Ivo P. Nnane, Susan K. Flavin, Elliot S. Barnathan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

The objective of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of carlumab in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A phase 2, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled dose-ranging study was conducted in patients with IPF (n=126). Patients were randomised to carlumab (1 mg·kg −1 , 5 mg·kg −1 , or 15 mg·kg −1 ) or placebo every 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the rate of percentage change in forced vital capacity (FVC). Secondary endpoints were time to disease progression, absolute change in FVC, relative change in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide ( D LCO ), and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score. Due to a pre-planned, unfavourable interim benefit–risk analysis, dosing was suspended. The rate of percentage change in FVC showed no treatment effect (placebo −0.582%, 1 mg·kg −1 −0.533%, 5 mg·kg −1 −0.799% and 15 mg·kg −1 −0.470%; p=0.261). All active treatment groups showed a greater decline in FVC (1 mg·kg −1 −290 mL, 5 mg·kg −1 −370 mL and 15 mg·kg −1 −320 mL) compared with placebo (−130 mL). No effect on disease progression, D LCO , infection rates or mortality was observed. SGRQ scores showed a nonsignificant trend toward worsening with active treatment. Unexpectedly, free CC-chemokine ligand 2 levels were elevated above baseline at both 24 and 52 weeks. A higher proportion of patients with one or more serious adverse events was observed in the 5 mg·kg −1 group (53.1%) compared with 1 mg·kg −1 (15.2%), 15 mg·kg −1 (21.9%) and placebo (46.4%), although no unexpected serious adverse events were noted. Although dosing was stopped prematurely, it is unlikely that carlumab provides benefit to IPF patients.
The importance of age in survival of patients treated with chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Authors: J M Vose, J O Armitage, D D Weisenburger, P J Bierman, S Sorensen, M Hutchins, D F Moravec, D Howe, M D Dowling, J Mailliard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1988)

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is a malignancy that occurs frequently in the elderly with a median age greater than 60 years. However, most chemotherapy trials have included predominantly patients less than 60 years of age. We treated 157 patients with diffuse aggressive NHL between September 1982 and May 1986 with cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), procarbazine, bleomycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CAP/BOP). There were no treatment exclusions for age. Patients in this study ranged in age from 15 to 91 years (median, 63) with 112 patients greater than or equal to 60 years of age. The overall complete remission (CR) rate was 65% with no significant difference for age less than 60 (76%) v age greater than or equal to 60 (61%) (P = .18). With a median 36-month follow-up (range, 22 to 65 months), the overall 5-year survival was 42%. The patients less than 60 years old had a 62% 5-year survival in contrast to a 34% 5-year survival in those patients greater than or equal to age 60 (P = .01). The deaths attributed to tumor or treatment-related toxicity were similar above and below age 60. The difference in survival was due to other causes of death not obviously related to the lymphoma or its therapy-occurring in 22% of patients greater than or equal to 60 years of age but only 2% of patients less than 60 years (P = .005). Our data supports the position that aggressive NHL in elderly patients is not significantly less responsive than in younger patients; however, the inclusion of older patients in clinical trials will decrease the overall survival secondary to deaths due to apparently unrelated causes.
<i>CISH</i>and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
Authors: Hiroshi Okamoto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Background-The interleukin-2 (IL2)-mediated immune response is critical for host defence against infectious pathogens.CISH, a suppressor of cytokine signalling, controls IL2 signalling.Methods-We tested for association between CISH polymorphisms and susceptibility to major infectious diseases (bacteremia, tuberculosis and severe malaria) in 8402 persons from the Gambia, Hong Kong, Kenya, Malawi, and Vietnam using a case-control design.We have previously tested twenty other immune-related genes in one or more of these sample collections. Results-We observed associations between variant alleles of multiple CISH polymorphismsand increased susceptibility to each infectious disease in each of the study populations.When all five SNPs (CISH -639, -292, -163, +1320 and +3415) within the CISH-associated locus were considered together in a multi-SNP score, we found substantial support for an effect of CISH genetic variants on susceptibility to bacteremia, malaria, and tuberculosis (overall P=3.8 × 10 -11 ) with CISH -292 being "responsible" for the majority of the association signal (P=4.58×10 - ).Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult volunteers carrying the CISH -292 variant showed a muted response to IL2 stimulation -in the form of 25-40% less CISH -when compared with "control" cells lacking the -292 variant.Conclusions-Variants of CISH are associated with susceptibility to diseases caused by diverse infectious pathogens, suggesting that negative regulators of cytokine signalling may play a major role in immunity against various infectious diseases.The overall risk of having one of these infectious diseases was found to be increased by at least 18 percent in individuals carrying the variant CISH alleles.
Nutrition and Biochemistry of <i>Trans</i> and Positional Fatty Acid Isomers in Hydrogenated Oils
Authors: E. A. Emken
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1984)

INTRODUCTION  340 DIETARY SOURCES OF ISOMERIC FATTY ACIDS ...   ... 340 DIETARY INTAKE OF HYDROGENATED FATS AND FATTY ACID ISOMERS... 341 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC STUDIES   342 Absorption  342 Growth. Organ Size.and Longevity                                                343 Cell Function    .....                 344 EFFECT OF ISOMERIC FATS ON LIPID-METABOLIZING ENZYMES   345 Desaturases and Elongases     345 Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase .....      346 Oxygenases         ,., 346 Prostaglandin Synthetase ...... ,.,    ,.,                   ....                                   347 EFFECT OF ISOMERIC FATS ON LIPOPROTEINS. TISSUE LIPIDS. AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION                                         ..   347 Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations ...  ...                                347 Tissue Lipid Class Concentrations ........     .     348 Fatty Acid Composition   ...  '''                                 ,,.             349 HEALTH·RELATED NUTRITION STUDIES .....                                    350 Atherosclerosis                                           350 Cancer                              .........         .....           ...       , 351 Prostaglandins and Related Studies ......             .....          ....                        352
Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals
Authors: A Fan, R Howd, B Davis
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1995)

Risk assessment is an evolving process, based not only upon toxicology but also upon a broad background of knowledge in fields ranging from chemistry to physiology and molecular biology and from environmental transport processes to applied statistics. Risk assessment procedures must be continually updated to reflect advances in these basic sciences. This review addresses several areas of risk assessment that are receiving heightened attention, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and toxicokinetics and modeling. Risk assessors must work with the scientific community at large to incorporate advances in the basic sciences into their extrapolations. A concerted attempt to better define the variability and decrease the uncertainty of hazard estimates will result in more efficient protection of the public and the environment against toxic hazards.
Efficacy and Safety of Vorapaxar With and Without a Thienopyridine for Secondary Prevention in Patients With Previous Myocardial Infarction and No History of Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Erin A. Bohula, Philip E. Aylward, Marc P. Bonaca, Ramon L. Corbalan, Robert G. Kiss, Sabina A. Murphy, Benjamin M. Scirica, Harvey White, Eugene Braunwald, David A. Morrow
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Background— Vorapaxar antagonizes protease-activated receptor 1, the primary receptor for thrombin on human platelets, and reduces recurrent thrombotic events in stable patients with a previous myocardial infarction (MI). We wished to determine whether the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet therapy with vorapaxar was modified by concurrent thienopyridine use. Methods and Results— The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist in Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic Ischemic Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 50 (TRA 2°P-TIMI 50) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vorapaxar in 26 449 patients with previous atherothrombosis. This prespecified analysis included 16 897 patients who qualified with a MI in the preceding 2 weeks to 12 months and was restricted to patients without a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack given its contraindication in that population. Randomization was stratified on the basis of planned thienopyridine use. Thienopyridine was planned at randomization in 12 410 (73%). Vorapaxar significantly reduced the composite of cardiovascular death, MI, and stroke in comparison with placebo regardless of planned thienopyridine therapy (planned thienopyridine, hazard ratio, 0.80, 0.70–0.91, P &lt;0.001; no planned thienopyridine, hazard ratio, 0.75; 0.60–0.94, P =0.011; P -interaction=0.67). Findings were similar when patients were stratified by actual thienopyridine use at baseline ( P -interaction=0.82) and through 18 months ( P -interaction=0.44). Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) moderate or severe bleeding risk was increased with vorapaxar and was not significantly altered by planned thienopyridine (planned, hazard ratio, 1.50; 1.18–1.89, P &lt;0.001; no planned, hazard ratio, 1.90, 1.17–3.07, P =0.009; P -interaction=0.37) or actual thienopyridine use ( P -interaction=0.24). Conclusions— Vorapaxar reduced cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke in stable patients with a history of previous MI, whether treated concomitantly with a thienopyridine or not. The relative risk of moderate or severe bleeding was similarly increased irrespective of thienopyridine use. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00526474.
The I-J Puzzle
Authors: D B Murphy
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1987)

In 1976, several laboratories independently demonstrated that antibodies produced in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I region-incom­ patible strains react with T cells (Ts) or T cell---d erived factors (TsF) involved in the generation of suppressor activity. The determinants detected by these antibodies are expressed on a small number of peripheral T cells ( < 10%) but not on B lymphocytes, thus distinguishing them from I region--encoded class-II antigens. Studies with intra-I region recombinant strains provided further evidence that the gene (Ia-4) which controlled determinants expressed on Ts or TsF mapped within the MHC in a new 1 subregion, designated 1-1. Subsequent studies by numerous investigators have confirmed these observations and have shown that these T-cell  now referred to collectively as  determinants, are expressed on several immuno­ regulatory T-cell subsets and T cell--derived factors involved in the generation of suppressor, contrasuppressor, and helper-amplifier activity. Different I-J determinants are selectively expressed on many of these T­ cell subsets and factors. Notably, 1-1 determinants have not been detected on helper T lymphocytes that recognize foreign antigen plus self--class II determinants or on cytolytic T lymphocytes that recognize foreign antigen plus self-dass-I determinants. I-J determinants may thus demarcate a small but functionally distinct T-cell lineage. Studies in several systems provide evidence that molecules bearing 1-1 determinants (1-1 molecules) are involved in information trafficking among immunocompetent cells,
Computerized Cognitive Training for Amelioration of Cognitive Late Effects Among Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Heather M. Conklin, Robert J. Ogg, Jason M. Ashford, Matthew A. Scoggins, Ping Zou, Kellie N. Clark, Karen Martin-Elbahesh, Kristina K. Hardy, Thomas E. Merchant, Sima Jeha, Lu Huang, Hui Zhang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

Children receiving CNS-directed therapy for cancer are at risk for cognitive problems, with few available empirically supported interventions. Cognitive problems indicate neurodevelopmental disruption that may be modifiable with intervention. This study evaluated short-term efficacy of a computerized cognitive training program and neural correlates of cognitive change.A total of 68 survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or brain tumor (BT) with identified cognitive deficits were randomly assigned to computerized cognitive intervention (male, n = 18; female, n = 16; ALL, n = 23; BT, n = 11; mean age ± standard deviation, 12.21 ± 2.47 years) or waitlist (male, n = 18; female, n = 16; ALL, n = 24; BT, n = 10; median age ± standard deviation, 11.82 ± 2.42 years). Intervention participants were asked to complete 25 training sessions at home with weekly, telephone-based coaching. Cognitive assessments and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans (intervention group) were completed pre- and postintervention, with immediate change in spatial span backward as the primary outcome.Survivors completing the intervention (n = 30; 88%) demonstrated greater improvement than controls on measures of working memory (mean ± SEM; eg, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [fourth edition; WISC-IV] spatial span backward, 3.13 ± 0.58 v 0.75 ± 0.43; P = .002; effect size [ES], 0.84), attention (eg, WISC-IV spatial span forward, 3.30 ± 0.71 v 1.25 ± 0.39; P = .01; ES, 0.65), and processing speed (eg, Conners' Continuous Performance Test hit reaction time, -2.10 ± 1.47 v 2.54 ± 1.25; P = .02; ES, .61) and showed greater reductions in reported executive dysfunction (eg, Conners' Parent Rating Scale III, -6.73 ± 1.51 v 0.41 ± 1.53; P = .002; ES, 0.84). Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant pre- to post-training reduction in activation of left lateral prefrontal and bilateral medial frontal areas.Study findings show computerized cognitive training is feasible and efficacious for childhood cancer survivors, with evidence for training-related neuroplasticity.
WITHDRAWN: Microenvironmental analysis of binding site of sodium phenylbutyrate on human serum albumin
Authors: Keishi Yamasaki, Taisuke Enokida, Yuko Okamoto, Kazuaki Taguchi, Toru Maruyama, Hakaru Seo, Masaki Otagiri
Journal: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2015)

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Insulin Aspart in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: 15 Years of Clinical Experience
Authors: Kjeld Hermansen, Mette Bohl, Anne Grethe Schioldan
Journal: Drugs (2015)

Limiting excessive postprandial glucose excursions is an important component of good overall glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that insulin aspart, which is structurally identical to regular human insulin except for the replacement of a single proline amino acid with an aspartic acid residue, has a more physiologic time–action profile (i.e., reaches a higher peak and reaches that peak sooner) than regular human insulin. As expected with this improved pharmacokinetic profile, insulin aspart demonstrates a greater glucose-lowering effect compared with regular human insulin. Numerous randomized controlled trials and a meta-analysis have also demonstrated improved postprandial control with insulin aspart compared with regular human insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, as well as efficacy and safety in children, pregnant patients, hospitalized patients, and patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Studies have demonstrated that step-wise addition of insulin aspart is a viable intensification option for patients with type 2 diabetes failing on basal insulin. Insulin aspart has shown a good safety profile, with no evidence of increased receptor binding, mitogenicity, stimulation of anti-insulin antibodies, or hypoglycemia compared with regular human insulin. In one meta-analysis, there was evidence of a lower rate of nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with regular human insulin and, in a trial that specifically included patients with a history of recurrent hypoglycemia, a significantly lower rate of severe hypoglycemic episodes. The next generation of insulin aspart (faster-acting insulin aspart) is being developed with a view to further improving on these pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties.