tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
From Chick Nutrition to Nutrition Policy
Authors: D. M. Hegsted
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2000)

It is difficult to abstract a summary of a lifetime of work. I have chosen to discuss research on protein, calcium, and the effects of dietary fat and cholesterol on serum cholesterol and on my activities that led to the publication of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Among the conclusions from studies on protein and calcium is that reasonably healthy people are adapted to their current diets. People all over the world, for example, are raised on relatively low calcium intakes yet have less osteoporosis than those who consume western-style diets. They also appear to do reasonably well on low-lysine intakes. Attempts to define requirements need to allow for adaptation, and we need to determine whether such adaptations are beneficial or detrimental to health. The studies on serum cholesterol defined the role of the various classes of fatty acids. The publication of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans introduced a new era of nutrition and has radically altered nutrition policy, nutrition standards, and education.
Acute Appendicitis in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: G. L. Bunton
Journal: BMJ (1953)

Bailey and Love (1949) begin their section on appendicitis with these words: " Over 3,000 persons die annually from acute appendicitis in England and Wales alone.Many of them are in youth or the prime of life.Practically aIf these lives could be saved if an early diagnosis were made, and, at this stage, the comparatively simple operation of appendicectomy carried out.The importance of the stibject cannot be overstated."Recent years have seen an improvement in the saving of lives, though not necessarily in early diagnosis.In this paper are reviewed 115 consecutive unselected children whose appendices were removed.They were admitted to the wards of the Westminster Children's Hospital during 1950-2.Thirty-two suffered from "recurrent " appendicitis.The remainder had appendices which were unequivocally demonstrated to be the seat of acute inflammation.All were under 12 years old.It is not proposed to deal in detail with those in the "recurrent " group or with those over 5, but to make special reference to the 28 cases under 5.It should be
Atrial rhythm during ventricular fibrillation in the dog.
Authors: A M Scher, R M Heethaar, A N Zimmerman, F L Meijler
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

Depolarization of the atrioventricular junctional tissues and of the atrial septum was examined in the perfused dog heart before and during ventricular fibrillation by (1) recording the potentials from the junctional tissues in the regions of the interatrial and interventricular septum and examining the relationship of activity at these sites to atrial depolarization, (2) computing histograms and autocorrelograms of atrial firing intervals to study atrial rhythmicity, and (3) plotting the sequence of atrial septal depolarization. The junctional tissue was generally randomly depolarized by the fibrillating ventricles. The histograms and autocorrelograms indicate that during ventricular fibrillation the atrial depolarization intervals do not remain constant, but vary widely. This seems to be due to the retrograde excitation from the junctional tissues. Plots of the depolarization sequences of the interatrial septum also indicate that retrograde depolarization takes place. The junctional tissues decrease the number of impulses that can pass from ventricle to atrium, and they similarly decrease the number of impulses that pass in an antegrade direction during atrial fibrillation.
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS COMPLICATING TYPHOID FEVER
Authors: ALFRED S.  SCHWARTZ, BERNARD  LIDMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1939)

Case Reports1 November 1939INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS COMPLICATING TYPHOID FEVERALFRED S. SCHWARTZ, M.D., BERNARD LIDMAN, M.D.ALFRED S. SCHWARTZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, BERNARD LIDMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-13-5-895 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe simultaneous occurrence of typhoid fever and infectious mononucleosis has not previously been recorded in the literature. The case reported below is an instance of such coincidence.CASE REPORTDr. I. S., aged 25, a member of the house staff of this hospital, was admitted to the service of Dr. Charles R. Austrian on August 29, 1937, complaining of malaise and sore throat of three days' duration. Except for a history of asthma in the father and hay fever in one brother, the family history was negative. The patient had the usual diseases of childhood without sequelae and a tonsillectomy...References1. BERNSTEIN A: Antibody responses in infectious mononucleosis, Jr. Clin. Invest., 1934, xiii, 419. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. THAYER WS: Studies in typhoid fever, 1901, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, iii, 489. Google Scholar3. OSLER W: ibid., iii, 457. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Baltimore, Maryland*Received for publication May 18, 1938.From the Department of Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1939Volume 13, Issue 5Page: 895-898KeywordsAsthmaFeversHospital medicinePharyngitisTyphoid ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1939 PDF downloadLoading ...
Short-course oral co-trimoxazole versus intramuscular benzathine benzylpenicillin for impetigo in a highly endemic region: an open-label, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial
Authors: Asha C Bowen, Steven Y C Tong, Ross M Andrews, Irene M O'Meara, Malcolm I McDonald, Mark D Chatfield, Bart J Currie, Jonathan R Carapetis
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
M42 Increasing Complexity Of Treating Tb In Older Patients
Authors: J. Barrett, G. O'Hara, A. Nundoll, N. Price, H. Milburn, R. Breen
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Older adults remain an important reservoir of tuberculosis (TB) infection in the UK. Waning cellular immune responses, more frequent co-morbidities such as diabetes and malignancy, and increased polypharmacy may all modulate clinical presentation, treatment tolerability and ultimately outcomes when compared to younger individuals with TB. We sought to investigate this in our population. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective study of all adults over 60 diagnosed with TB during a five year period at one hospital trust. Case-note and electronic record review established baseline disease features, co-morbidities, pre-morbid immune suppression including HIV status, TB-related outcomes and death. A randomly selected control group of identical size, containing adults aged 16–59 who were treated for TB during the same period, was used for comparison. <h3>Results</h3> Forty-eight cases aged &gt;60 years at TB diagnosis were identified. The case and control groups are described in the Table. Multi-lobar pulmonary disease was significantly more common in the &gt;60 year old, as was diabetes, other significant co-morbidities and non-HIV immune suppression. Whilst treatment regimen discontinuation or alteration was more common in the &gt;60 year old group (7 (14%) versus 3 (6%) if 60 years old but none (0%) of the younger group; whilst deaths after completion of TB treatment have been observed in 8 (17%) and 1 (2%) of cases respectively (no post-treatment death was related to TB in either group). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our observations of older patients presenting with more extensive pulmonary disease, increased pre-diagnosis immune suppression and co-morbidities, as well as more frequent TB-related deaths and TB-regimen alterations, suggest that this group of TB patients are frequently in need of more intensive support during treatment than their younger counterparts. However if treatment can be tolerated and completed than TB outcomes do not appear to be affected by age.
Surfactant Protein-A and Phosphatidylglycerol Suppress Type IIA Phospholipase A2 Synthesis via Nuclear Factor-κB
Authors: Yong-Zheng Wu, Samir Medjane, Sophie Chabot, Flavia Saldanha Kubrusly, Isaias Raw, Michel Chignard, Lhousseine Touqui
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

We previously showed that surfactant inhibits the synthesis of type IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) by alveolar macrophages. These cells have been identified as the main source of this enzyme in an animal model of acute lung injury. The aim of the present study was to identify the surfactant components involved in the inhibition of sPLA2-IIA expression in alveolar macrophages and the signaling pathways that mediate this inhibition. Our results show that various surfactant preparations can inhibit sPLA2-IIA expression in endotoxin-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Both the surfactant protein (SP)-A and the surfactant phospholipid fraction inhibit this expression. The surfactant phospholipid dioleylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) abolishes sPLA2-IIA expression, whereas dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine does not. Chromatographic analysis and confocal microscopy revealed that phosphatidylglycerol was rapidly incorporated and metabolized by alveolar macrophages and that its metabolites accumulate in the cytosol. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) modulates sPLA2-IIA expression in endotoxin-activated alveolar macrophages, and surfactant preparations, surfactant phospholipid fraction, SP-A, and DOPG indeed suppressed NF-κB activation. In summary, our results show that SP-A and DOPG play a role in the surfactant-mediated inhibition of sPLA2-IIA expression in alveolar macrophages and that this inhibition occurs via a downregulation of NF-κB activation.
EARLY AND LATE MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH LOW BODY WEIGHT UNDERGOING AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Robert Sorabella, Halit Yerebakan, Marc Najjar, Vivian Choi, Catherine Wang, Hiroo Takayama, Yoshifumi Naka, Michael Argenziano, Mathew Williams, Craig Smith, Isaac George
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Proof by synthesis of Tobacco mosaic virus
Authors: Bret Cooper
Journal: Genome biology (2014)

Synthetic biology is a discipline that includes making life forms artificially from chemicals. Here, a DNA molecule was enzymatically synthesized in vitro from DNA templates made from oligonucleotides representing the text of the first Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) sequence elucidated in 1982. No infectious DNA molecule of that seminal reference sequence exists, so the goal was to synthesize it and then build viral chimeras. RNA was transcribed from synthetic DNA and encapsidated with capsid protein in vitro to make synthetic virions. Plants inoculated with the virions did not develop symptoms. When two nucleotide mutations present in the original sequence, but not present in most other TMV sequences in GenBank, were altered to reflect the consensus, the derivative synthetic virions produced classic TMV symptoms. Chimeras were then made by exchanging TMV capsid protein DNA with Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) capsid protein DNA. Virus expressing ToMV capsid protein exhibited altered, ToMV-like symptoms in Nicotiana sylvestris. A hybrid ORF6 protein unknown to nature, created by substituting the capsid protein genes in the virus, was found to be a major symptom determinant in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus expressing BSMV capsid protein did not have an extended host range to barley, but did produce novel symptoms in N. benthamiana. This first report of the chemical synthesis and artificial assembly of a plant virus corrects a long-standing error in the TMV reference genome sequence and reveals that unnatural hybrid virus proteins can alter symptoms unexpectedly.
Time-invariant oxygen cost of mechanical energy in dog left ventricle: consistency and inconsistency of time-varying elastance model with myocardial energetics.
Authors: Y Yasumura, T Nozawa, S Futaki, N Tanaka, H Suga
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

We studied whether the oxygen cost of mechanical energy is time-invariant in the excised, cross-circulated canine heart. The total mechanical energy generated by ventricular contraction can be quantified by the total pressure-volume area (PVA) according to the time-varying elastance model. In this model, mechanical energy generated until a specified time (t) during systole can be quantified by the partial pressure-volume area, PVA(t). PVA(t) was obtained by quickly releasing ventricular volume at a varied time during isovolumic contraction. The quick release aborted further development of mechanical energy. We found that PVA(t) at a constant end-diastolic volume linearly correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption (VO2). This indicates that the oxygen cost of mechanical energy is time-invariant. However, we also found that the slope of the VO2-PVA(t) relation decreased with increasing quick-release speed. This indicates a decrease in VO2 by the quick release despite the same PVA(t). The time-invariant oxygen cost of mechanical energy is consistent with the time-varying elastance model of the ventricle, but the decreased VO2 with increasing quick-release speed despite the same PVA(t) is not.
Bone mineral density and bone turnover in spinal osteoarthrosis.
Authors: N F Peel, N A Barrington, A Blumsohn, A Colwell, R Hannon, R Eastell
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

To determine whether there was a generalised increase in bone mineral density (BMD) in spinal osteoarthrosis (OA), and to determine the mechanism of this possible protection against osteoporosis as assessed by biochemical markers of bone turnover.We studied 375 women (ages 50 to 85) from a population based group. Spinal OA was defined from radiographs as the presence of degenerative changes affecting intervertebral or facet joints. BMD of the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total body (TB) was measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (Lunar DPX). Bone turnover rates were estimated from measurement of biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption (urine deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr) and serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP)).BMD at each site was greater in the women with spinal OA (mean increase in LS-BMD 7.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0 to 15.1; TB-BMD 8.4%, 95% CI 1.9 to 9.7; FN-BMD 6.4%, 95% CI 0.3 to 12.6). Twenty four hour urinary excretion of Dpyr, corrected for TB bone mineral content, and serum BAP were 19% lower in the women with spinal OA (95% CI for Dpyr 4.3 to 31.9%; for BAP 6.3 to 32.0%).Spinal OA is associated with a generalised increase in BMD and a decreased rate of bone turnover. This suggests that the protective effect of spinal OA against osteoporosis may be mediated by decreased bone turnover.
Dyspnoea and a lung mass in a young female 2 weeks after Caesarean delivery
Authors: M. Schwitter, P. Potocnik, R. von Moos, H. Frick, M. Furrer, R. Cathomas
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Dyspnoea and a lung mass in a young female 2 weeks after Caesarean deliveryTo the Editors:A 28-yr-old female presented 2 weeks after an uneventful delivery by Caesarean section with progressive cough, dyspnoea and left-sided chest pain.Medical history was uneventful but she had smoked until her pregnancy (16 pack-yrs).On admission, conventional chest radiography revealed a large pulmonary mass in the left lung (fig.1a).A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large, slightly inhomogeneous mass in the upper lobe of the left lung (fig. 1b).Apart from a 17-mm lesion in the left pulmonary vein, no other metastases were found.CT-guided true-cut biopsy was not diagnostic, and so a thoracotomy was performed.In the frozen section, a malignant process was diagnosed, and the surgeon proceeded to a left upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy.
Transcriptional response to alcohol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.
Authors: Tatiana V Morozova, Robert RH Anholt, Trudy FC Mackay
Journal: Genome biology (2006)

Alcoholism presents widespread social and human health problems. Alcohol sensitivity, the development of tolerance to alcohol and susceptibility to addiction vary in the population. Genetic factors that predispose to alcoholism remain largely unknown due to extensive genetic and environmental variation in human populations. Drosophila, however, allows studies on genetically identical individuals in controlled environments. Although addiction to alcohol has not been demonstrated in Drosophila, flies show responses to alcohol exposure that resemble human intoxication, including hyperactivity, loss of postural control, sedation, and exposure-dependent development of tolerance.We assessed whole-genome transcriptional responses following alcohol exposure and demonstrate immediate down-regulation of genes affecting olfaction, rapid upregulation of biotransformation enzymes and, concomitant with development of tolerance, altered transcription of transcriptional regulators, proteases and metabolic enzymes, including biotransformation enzymes and enzymes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. Functional tests of P-element disrupted alleles corresponding to genes with altered transcription implicated 75% of these in the response to alcohol, two-thirds of which have human orthologues.Expression microarray analysis is an efficient method for identifying candidate genes affecting complex behavioral and physiological traits, including alcohol abuse. Drosophila provides a valuable genetic model for comparative genomic analysis, which can inform subsequent studies in human populations. Transcriptional analyses following alcohol exposure in Drosophila implicate biotransformation pathways, transcriptional regulators, proteolysis and enzymes that act as metabolic switches in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism as important targets for future studies of the physiological consequences of human alcohol abuse.
Screening and Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Prisons in Russia and Eastern Europe: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Daniel E. Winetsky, Diana M. Negoescu, Emilia H. DeMarchis, Olga Almukhamedova, Aizhan Dooronbekova, Dilshod Pulatov, Natalia Vezhnina, Douglas K. Owens, Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Background Prisons of the former Soviet Union (FSU) have high rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and are thought to drive general population tuberculosis (TB) epidemics. Effective prison case detection, though employing more expensive technologies, may reduce long-term treatment costs and slow MDR-TB transmission. Methods and Findings We developed a dynamic transmission model of TB and drug resistance matched to the epidemiology and costs in FSU prisons. We evaluated eight strategies for TB screening and diagnosis involving, alone or in combination, self-referral, symptom screening, mass miniature radiography (MMR), and sputum PCR with probes for rifampin resistance (Xpert MTB/RIF). Over a 10-y horizon, we projected costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and TB and MDR-TB prevalence. Using sputum PCR as an annual primary screening tool among the general prison population most effectively reduced overall TB prevalence (from 2.78% to 2.31%) and MDR-TB prevalence (from 0.74% to 0.63%), and cost US$543/QALY for additional QALYs gained compared to MMR screening with sputum PCR reserved for rapid detection of MDR-TB. Adding sputum PCR to the currently used strategy of annual MMR screening was cost-saving over 10 y compared to MMR screening alone, but produced only a modest reduction in MDR-TB prevalence (from 0.74% to 0.69%) and had minimal effect on overall TB prevalence (from 2.78% to 2.74%). Strategies based on symptom screening alone were less effective and more expensive than MMR-based strategies. Study limitations included scarce primary TB time-series data in FSU prisons and uncertainties regarding screening test characteristics. Conclusions In prisons of the FSU, annual screening of the general inmate population with sputum PCR most effectively reduces TB and MDR-TB prevalence, doing so cost-effectively. If this approach is not feasible, the current strategy of annual MMR is both more effective and less expensive than strategies using self-referral or symptom screening alone, and the addition of sputum PCR for rapid MDR-TB detection may be cost-saving over time. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Clinical Management and Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Omair Yousuf, Jonathan Chrispin, Gordon F. Tomaselli, Ronald D. Berger
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Despite the revolutionary advancements in the past 3 decades in the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with device-based therapy, sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains an enormous public health burden. Survivors of SCD are generally at high risk for recurrent events. The clinical management of such patients requires a multidisciplinary approach from postresuscitative care to a thorough cardiovascular investigation in an attempt to identify the underlying substrate, with potential to eliminate or modify the triggers through catheter ablation and ultimately an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for prompt treatment of recurrences in those at risk. Early recognition of low left ventricular ejection fraction as a strong predictor of death and association of ventricular arrhythmias with sudden death led to significant investigation with antiarrhythmic drugs. The lack of efficacy and the proarrhythmic effects of drugs catalyzed the development and investigation of the ICD through several major clinical trials that proved the efficacy of ICD as a bedrock tool to detect and promptly treat life-threatening arrhythmias. The ICD therapy is routinely used for primary prevention of SCD in patients with cardiomyopathy and high risk inherited arrhythmic conditions and secondary prevention in survivors of sudden cardiac arrest. This compendium will review the clinical management of those surviving SCD and discuss landmark studies of antiarrhythmic drugs, ICD, and cardiac resynchronization therapy in the primary and secondary prevention of SCD.
Conservation of tandem stop codons in yeasts.
Authors: Han Liang, Andre RO Cavalcanti, Laura F Landweber
Journal: Genome biology (2005)

Abstract Background It has been long thought that the stop codon in a gene is followed by another stop codon that acts as a backup if the real one is read through by a near-cognate tRNA. The existence of such 'tandem stop codons', however, remains elusive. Results Here we show that a statistical excess of stop codons has evolved at the third codon downstream of the real stop codon UAA in yeasts. Comparative analysis indicates that stop codons at this location are considerably more conserved than sense codons, suggesting that these tandem stop codons are maintained by selection. We evaluated the influence of expression levels of genes and other biological factors on the distribution of tandem stop codons. Our results suggest that expression level is an important factor influencing the presence of tandem stop codons. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the existence of tandem stop codons, which represent one of many meaningful genomic features that are driven by relatively weak selective forces.