tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review
Authors: Hashem B El-Serag, Stephen Sweet, Christopher C Winchester, John Dent
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3> To update the findings of the 2005 systematic review of population-based studies assessing the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). <h3>Design</h3> PubMed and Embase were screened for new references using the original search strings. Studies were required to be population-based, to include ≥200 individuals, to have response rates ≥50% and recall periods &lt;12 months. GERD was defined as heartburn and/or regurgitation on at least 1 day a week, or according to the Montreal definition, or diagnosed by a clinician. Temporal and geographic trends in disease prevalence were examined using a Poisson regression model. <h3>Results</h3> 16 studies of GERD epidemiology published since the original review were found to be suitable for inclusion (15 reporting prevalence and one reporting incidence), and were added to the 13 prevalence and two incidence studies found previously. The range of GERD prevalence estimates was 18.1%–27.8% in North America, 8.8%–25.9% in Europe, 2.5%–7.8% in East Asia, 8.7%–33.1% in the Middle East, 11.6% in Australia and 23.0% in South America. Incidence per 1000 person-years was approximately 5 in the overall UK and US populations, and 0.84 in paediatric patients aged 1–17 years in the UK. Evidence suggests an increase in GERD prevalence since 1995 (p&lt;0.0001), particularly in North America and East Asia. <h3>Conclusions</h3> GERD is prevalent worldwide, and disease burden may be increasing. Prevalence estimates show considerable geographic variation, but only East Asia shows estimates consistently lower than 10%.
Atrial myxoma producing a saddle embolus in a child
Authors: M. A. R. Khan, M. A. Mujahed
Journal: Thorax (1970)

Atrial myxomata are rare in childhood. A case is described in a boy aged 7 years. The presenting feature was a saddle embolus, requiring immediate surgical intervention. Further investigations showed that a large part of the myxoma remained in the atrium; this portion was successfully removed. This mode of presentation is unusual. The presence of calcification within the myxoma was detectable on intensifier screen examination. The biochemical abnormalities frequently associated with myxomata were not found. The importance of recognizing a myxoma as the cause of a saddle embolus in an otherwise healthy child is emphasized and a number of unusual features of the present case are described.
A population of murine hematopoietic progenitors expresses an endogenous retroviral gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and associated with resistance to erythroleukemia
Authors: R S Buller, G Van Zant, P W Eldridge, J L Portis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Multiple copies of retroviral sequences are stably integrated in the genomes of many higher organisms, and are thus transmitted vertically to offspring via the germline (1). Most of these heritable viral genes are not expressed, and expression, when observed, is commonly limited to envelope (env) genes as demonstrated by the presence of cell surface and serum envelope glycoprotein (gp70) in mice. Studies of the mouse have shown that certain tissues such as the reproductive tract and lymphoid organs are common sites for the expression of endogenous env genes, suggesting that the transcription of at least some endogenous sequences is tissue specific. The transcription of endogenous viral genes is regulated by both cis and trans mechanisms (2-5) and their expression can be temporally linked to differentiation and development (6-8). The consequences to the host of endogenous retroviral genes are varied. At one extreme, expression of endogenous virus can result in the development of leukemia and death. Another potentially detrimental effect is that of insertional mutagenesis, seen when the integration of retroviral sequences interrupts the functioning of a cellular gene (9, 10). However, it is now clear that expression of endogenous retroviral genes may also have a beneficial effect for the host: namely, mediating resistance to retroviral leukemias as has been demonstrated for the Fv-4 gene in mice (11) and some ea loci in chickens (12). This form of resistance is due to the blockage of cellular viral receptors by the expression of envelope glycoprotein on the cell surface. The Rmcf locus of the mouse is another resistance gene that may exert its effect by the expression of an endogenous env gene. A summary of our current state of knowledge concerning the Rmcf gene is shown in Table I. The Rmcf gene was originally described when it was observed that fibroblast cell cultures derived from certain strains of mice restricted the replication of recombinant mink cell focus-forming(MCF)1 viruses (13). As detailed in Table I, DBA/2 mice are the prototypic strain exhibiting the Rmcf resistance (Rmcf(r)) phenotype. Cell cultures from other strains, such as C57BL/6 and IRW, are permissive for MCF viral replication and are termed Rmcf sensitive (Rmcf(s)). Previously, we described two allelic forms of an endogenous env gene, whose expression is linked to the Rmcf gene (14). Cell cultures from Rmcf(r) mice express gp70 related to that of MCF viruses, whereas cultures derived from Rmcf(s) mice either express no gp70 (IRW) or express an endogenous xenotropic gp70 (C57BL/6). These two gp70 alleles are detectable by type-specific mAbs.
Case of Tuberculous Disease of the Uterus and Ovaria: and a Case of Polypus of the Uterus
Authors: W. T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1852)

DIFFICULTIES in the Diagnosis of Uterine Disease Complicated with Tumours, are constantly met with in practice; and no better method of dinrishm-'g these difficulties at present exists, than the comparison of the 8symptoms and physical signs in cases similar in their nature, and their contrast in cases of dissimilar character.In the two follow- ing cases, entirely dissimilar in their nature and terminations, it will be seen that some of the symptoms were most unlike; while there were others which resembled each other sufficiently to show the great care required in the examination and diagnosis of this class of maladies.The first case is interesing, inasmuch as it presents an instance of the rare localisation of tubercle in the uterus, and the still more rare example of its deposition in the ovaria.Rokitansky even states that he has never seen an instance of ovarian tubercle.The account of this case, and the autopsy, are chiefly taken from the notes of Mr. J. W. Trotter, one of the resident medical officers of St. Mary's Hospital.I. CAB OF TUBERCULOUS DISEASE OF THE UTERUS AND OVA RIA.Lydia 0., aged 35, was admitted June 13th, 1851, into the Victoria Ward of St. Mary's Hospital.The subject of the present case had been a domestic servant for the last three years.Previously to this, she had travelled three years as the companion to a lady.For the last nine years she had been a widow, her husband having died of phthisis two years after marriage.Until within the last five months, her place of residence had been the country, and her cicrumstances, as regards air, food, etc., had been most favourable to health.Her parents were both dead; they died of phthiss, and her father had suffered from fistula in ano.Out of a numerous famiy of brothers and sisters, only VOL.IV.
DETERMINANTS OF RETROVIRUS (HTLV-III) ANTIBODY AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY CONDITIONS IN HOMOSEXUAL MEN
Authors: JamesJ. Goedert, RobertJ. Biggar, DeborahM. Winn, MarkH. Greene, DeanL. Mann, RobertC. Gallo, M.G. Sarngadharan, StanleyH. Weiss, RonaldJ. Grossman, AnneJ. Bodner, DouglasM. Strong, WilliamA. Blattner
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Hepatitis C virus in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A reappraisal after a prospective case-control study of 300 patients
Authors: Pietro Pioltelli, Livio Gargantini, Edmondo Cassi, Luca Santoleri, Giorgio Bellati, Enrico Massimo Magliano, Enrico Morra
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

It is widely thought, but not yet explained, that there might be a pathogenetic link between the infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the onset of B non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We studied the prevalence of serum anti-HCV antibodies among 300 NHL comparing it with the prevalence among 600 age- and sex-matched non-neoplastic subjects as controls, 247 patients with non-lymphomatous neoplasm, and 122 patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. We found a prevalence of 0.16 among NHL and 0.085 among controls and non-lymphomatous patients. Although the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001), the odds ratio was 2.049 and its confidence intervals included the equality. The HCV prevalence was independent of NHL subset, and the genotypes distribution was the same among NHL and controls. We disclosed a HBsAg prevalence of 0.077 in NHL versus 0.008 in controls (P < 0.001) with an odds ratio of 9.9. We do not believe that these findings support the hypothesis of an HCV pathogenetic role in lymphomagenesis because (i) the risk of previous infection is marginally higher in NHL than in controls, (ii) a typical genotype distribution is lacking, as is a NHL clinico-histological feature associated with HCV, and (iii) the higher prevalence of viral infection is not specific as witnessed by the high HBsAg prevalence.
A technique for trans-septal left heart catheterization with a catheter tip manometer
Authors: J. KVASNICKA, B. LIANDER, L. RYDEN, E. VARNAUSKAS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

A percutaneous trans-septal method of left ventricular catheterization with a Statham SF-1 catheter tip manometer is described. To make the procedure relatively safe, a special left heart catheter introducer (inserted via the right subclavian vein) has been devised.
Regulation of ATM/p53-dependent suppression of myc-induced lymphomas by Wip1 phosphatase
Authors: Sathyavageeswaran Shreeram, Weng Kee Hee, Oleg N. Demidov, Calvina Kek, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Albert J. Fornace, Carl W. Anderson, Ettore Appella, Dmitry V. Bulavin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a key tumor suppressor that regulates numerous cell cycle checkpoints as well as apoptosis. Here, we report that ATM is a critical player in the regulation of apoptosis and lymphomagenesis in the presence of c-myc. In turn, deletion of the inhibitory ATM phosphatase, Wip1, results in ATM up-regulation and suppression of Eμ-myc–induced B cell lymphomas. Using mouse genetic crosses, we show that the onset of myc-induced lymphomas is dramatically delayed in Wip1-null mice in an ATM- and p53-, but not p38 MAPK– or Arf-, dependent manner. We propose that Wip1 phosphatase is critical for regulating the ATM-mediated tumor surveillance network.
EAACI/GA2LEN guideline: aspirin provocation tests for diagnosis of aspirin hypersensitivity
Authors: E. Niżankowska‐Mogilnicka, G. Bochenek, L. Mastalerz, M. Świerczyńska, C. Picado, G. Scadding, M. L. Kowalski, M. Setkowicz, J. Ring, K. Brockow, C. Bachert, S. Wöhrl, B. Dahlén, A. Szczeklik
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common causes of adverse drug reactions. Majority of them are of the hypersensitivity type. The two frequent clinical presentations of aspirin hypersensitivity are: aspirin-induced bronchial asthma/rhinosinusitis (AIA/R) and aspirin-induced urticaria/angioedema (AIU). The decisive diagnosis is based on provocation tests with aspirin, as the in vitro test does not hold diagnostic value as yet. Detailed protocols of oral, bronchial and nasal aspirin provocation tests are presented. Indications, contraindications for the tests, the rules of drug withdrawal and equipment are reviewed. Patient supervision and interpretations of the tests are proposed.
Epigenetic mechanisms and the relationship to childhood asthma
Authors: M. Kabesch, S. Michel, J. Tost
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Epigenetic mechanisms mediate genomic adaption to the environment and epigenetic alterations can contribute to the development of disease phenotypes, as can genetic variants. A variety of molecular mechanisms are involved in epigenetic regulation, including post-transcriptional histone modifications, histone variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes, polycomb/trithorax protein complexes, small and other noncoding RNAs (small interfering RNA and micro RNAs) and DNA methylation. Epigenetic mechanisms have been identified in cancer but very little is known about these effects in complex diseases such as asthma. Epigenetic mechanisms have been found to play a primordial role in T-cell differentiation and novel aspects of asthma and allergy development are now investigated by systematic epigenetic studies. Here we give an introduction to epigenetics, review the existing literature in relation to asthma and asthma-related mechanisms and hypothesise on feasible approaches for the study of epigenetics in asthma in the future.
Feasibility and Utility of Adding Disease-Specific Outcome Measures to Administrative Databases To Improve Disease Management
Authors: M H Liang, N Shadick
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

To increase the utility of administrative databases, it has been recommended that they include disease-specific, patient-centered outcome measures. This paper reviews practical and theoretical considerations and the critical evidence to support this recommendation. The strengths and weaknesses of the recommended approach are illustrated by examples of disease-specific measures for arthritis and musculoskeletal diseases. Current experience suggests that routine capture of these measures in administrative databases has formidable practical problems and would be unlikely to affect patient care. They could be used as gross indicators of a population's experience but would be insensitive to clinically meaningful improvement on the level of the individual patient. By themselves, these measures are unlikely to identify actionable strategies to improve outcomes, but they could improve efficiency. Overall, implementing this type of disease management improvement strategy would have little value in direct patient care and would be costly.
Response to higher doses of interferon alfa-2b in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A randomized multicenter trial
Authors: K L Lindsay, G L Davis, E R Schiff, H C Bodenheimer, L A Balart, J L Dienstag, R P Perrillo, C H Tamburro, J S Goff, G T Everson, M Silva, W N Katkov, Z Goodman, J Y Lau, G Maertens, J Gogate, B Sanghvi, J Albrecht
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

To evaluate response rates to 3, 5, or 10 million units (MU) of interferon alfa–2b, given thrice weekly, and to determine whether higher doses of interferon increase the likelihood or durability of the response, a multicenter, randomized trial was performed at nine academic medical centers in the United States. Two hundred forty eight patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomized to receive 3, 5, or 10 MU of interferon alfa–2b thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Based on the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) response at treatment–week 12, the patients were rerandomized to additional therapy at the same or at increased doses for an additional 12 to 36 weeks; in the case of no response to the highest dose, the patients were discontinued from the study. Serum ALT concentrations and liver histology were measured. The overall complete response rates to 3, 5, or 10 MU were not different at treatment–week 12 (31% vs. 42% vs. 40%, not significant). The majority of week–12 responders continued to respond during additional treatment. When the treatment was discontinued, 15.4% to 19.0% of patients maintained their response. Of the nonresponders to 3 MU at week 12, who were continued on 3 MU for an additional 12 weeks, none responded. However, response to additional therapy occurred in 12% of week–12 nonresponders, whose dose was escalated from 3 or 5 MU to 10 MU. The only baseline features associated with the treatment response were the absence of fibrosis or cirrhosis on the pretreatment liver biopsy and viral genotype. We conclude that the initial response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C is not increased by treatment with higher doses of the drug. Patients who do not respond to 3 MU by treatment–week 12 will not respond with continued therapy at that dose; however, a proportion of patients who do not respond to 12 weeks of treatment with 3 or 5 MU may respond to higher doses. Although the long–term sustained response rates are marginally increased with interferon doses above 3 MU three times per week, the side effects are difficult to tolerate. The analysis of baseline factors in relation to response identified no single baseline factor associated with a low–enough response rate to warrant withholding interferon therapy from patients with chronic hepatitis C.
The energy expenditure of using a “walk-and-work” desk for office workers with obesity
Authors: James A Levine, Jennifer M Miller
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

For many people, most of the working day is spent sitting in front of a computer screen. Approaches for obesity treatment and prevention are being sought to increase workplace physical activity because low levels of physical activity are associated with obesity. Our hypothesis was that a vertical workstation that allows an obese individual to work while walking would be associated with significant and substantial increases in energy expenditure over seated work.The vertical workstation is a workstation that allows an office worker to use a standard personal computer while walking on a treadmill at a self-selected velocity. 15 sedentary individuals with obesity (14 women, one man; 43 (7.5) years, 86 (9.6) kg; body mass index 32 (2.6) kg/m(2)) underwent measurements of energy expenditure at rest, seated working in an office chair, standing and while walking at a self-selected speed using the vertical workstation. Body composition was measured using dual x ray absorptiometry.The mean (SD) energy expenditure while seated at work in an office chair was 72 (10) kcal/h, whereas the energy expenditure while walking and working at a self-selected velocity of 1.1 (0.4) mph was 191 (29) kcal/h. The mean (SD) increase in energy expenditure for walking-and-working over sitting was 119 (25) kcal/h.If sitting computer-time were replaced by walking-and-working, energy expenditure could increase by 100 kcal/h. Thus, if obese individuals were to replace time spent sitting at the computer with walking computer time by 2-3 h/day, and if other components of energy balance were constant, a weight loss of 20-30 kg/year could occur.
A place for TACE
Authors: S J H van Deventer
Journal: Gut (2002)

Background: Renal cancer is one of the ten most common malignant tumours in humans and its histological classification, best clinical management and treatment strategies are continuously debated. Roughly 10% of renal carcinomas are papillary renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a histologically well characterized tumour subtype that is linked to alterations on chromosomes 7 and 17. Peptidases are proteolytic enzymes known to be involved in oncological processes, although their precise role in renal cancer is poorly understood. Materials and Methods: Eighteen papillary RCCs were selected for the study. Tumour and normal tissue samples were frozen for enzymatic analysis. The catalytic activity for a pool of peptidases (EC numbers: 3.4.11.14; 3.4.11.2; 3.4.11.6; 3.4.11.21; 3.4.11.7; 3.4.14.5; 3.4.24.11; 3.4.21.26; 3.4.19.3) was measured fluorometrically. Results: Statistically significant decreases were observed in the following cell surface activities: EC.3.4.11.2 (six-fold decrease in tumour vs. non-tumour); 3.4.11.6 (five-fold decrease); 3.4.11.7 (eight-fold decrease); 3.4.24.11 (four-fold decrease). No significant alterations were observed in the soluble activities. Conclusion: These data confirm the involvement of cell-surface peptidases in the mechanisms underlying RCC aetiogenesis and suggest that the peptidase activity profile in the RCC may be a diagnostic/prognostic marker.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with coronary artery calcification
Authors: Donghee Kim, Su-Yeon Choi, Eun Ha Park, Whal Lee, Jin Hwa Kang, Won Kim, Yoon Jun Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Sook Hyang Jeong, Dong Ho Lee, Hyo-suk Lee, Joseph Larson, Terry M. Therneau, Ray W. Kim
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to risk factors of coronary artery disease, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which are closely linked with visceral adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether NAFLD was associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC), which is used as a surrogate marker for coronary atherosclerosis independent of computed tomography (CT)-measured visceral adiposity. Out of 5,648 subjects who visited one of our health screening centers between 2003 and 2008, we enrolled 4,023 subjects (mean age, 56.9 ± 9.4 years; 60.7% males) without known liver disease or a history of ischemic heart disease. CAC score was evaluated using the Agatston method. On univariate analysis, the presence of CAC (score >0) was significantly associated with age, sex, body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and increased risk of diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and NAFLD. Increasing CAC scores (0, <10, 10-100, ≥ 100) were associated with higher prevalence of NAFLD (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-2.10; P<0.001). Multivariable ordinal regression analysis was adjusted for traditional risk factors, and CT-measured visceral adipose tissue area in a subgroup of subjects showed that the increased CAC scores were significantly associated with the presence of NAFLD (OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.04-1.59; P = 0.023) independent of visceral adiposity.Patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for coronary atherosclerosis independent of classical coronary risk factors, including visceral adiposity. These data suggest that NAFLD might be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease.
Metalloproteinases in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: R.C.A. Dancer, A.M. Wood, D.R. Thickett
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

In this article, we outline the current state of knowledge about the balance between collagen production and degradation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The dysregulated action of metalloproteinases implicated in IPF may play a central role in IPF pathogenesis. Inhibiting metalloproteinases in IPF may, therefore, have therapeutic potential, but our knowledge of their pathophysiological role is held back by limited animal models and the lack of specific inhibitors.