tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance: Part 43
Authors: M K Ranchordas, N A Burd, R J Godfrey, D S Senchina, S J Stear, L M Burke, L M Castell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Part 43 reviews three more noteworthy W's: wheat germ oil, whey protein and wolfberry. Wheat germ and the oil extracted from it, albeit by-products from flour milling, contain significant quantities of tocopherols. A succinct review follows on whey protein, a very popular dietary supplement, particularly with resistance-trained individuals wanting to gain lean muscle mass. The issue finishes with a close look at wolfberry, also known as goji berry, an important herbal component of traditional Chinese medicine, but also frequently found in sports supplements.

The next instalment of our A–Z series is dedicated to a review on nutritional supplements used in the sporting world for weight loss. This includes a special focus on the supplements marketed as having ‘thermogenic’ properties, which frequently contain a wide array of interesting herbs—a review not to be missed!

### Wheat germ oil

#### MK Ranchordas SJ Stear

The wheat germ ( Triticum vulgare , Gramineae), a by-product of the flour-milling industry, represents about 2.5–3.8% of the total seed weight. Wheat germ and the oil extracted from wheat germ contain significant quantities of bioactive compounds and, in particular, are known to be the richest plant origin source of tocopherols (vitamin E),1 with the antioxidant activity of tocopherols being well-documented. Wheat germ contains mainly α-tocopherols and β-tocopherols,1 alongside other bioactive compounds such as phytosterols, polycosanols (POC), carotenoids, particularly lutein and zeaxanthin, thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2).2 Wheat germ is also a source of α-linolenic-rich polyunsaturated fatty acids,3 and contains several minerals, principally potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc and manganese.

Wheat germ contains about 10–15% lipids (oil), with oil extraction being primarily achieved by mechanical pressing or solvent extraction, which retrieves about 50% or >90% of the total lipids, respectively.2 Crude wheat …
Stereology: a bridge to a better understanding of lung structure and function
Authors: V. Brusasco, A. T. Dinh-Xuan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

Unlike solid organs, the lung is a hollow organ that contains, under physiological conditions, an amount of air that is much larger than the total amount of its tissue. This confers to the lung a degree of heterogeneity that is much larger than in any other organ and adds difficulties to the interpretation of physiological measurements, which are in most cases related to the whole system. To overcome these difficulties and to construct suitable models for lung function, a number of studies on the relationships between structure and function have been performed over the last five decades. The major problem in relating lung function measurements to morphological data is the need to gather information on a three-dimensional (3D) structure …
Comparison of stress/rest myocardial perfusion tomography, dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary disease in hypertensive patients with chest pain and positive exercise test
Authors: Gabriele Fragasso, Chunzeng Lu, Pawel Dabrowski, Paolo Pagnotta, Imad Sheiban, Sergio L Chierchia
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
Night Sweats in Prostatic Cancer
Authors: C. Balcom Moore
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  In regard to the question, Frequent Hot Sweats in Metastatic Carcinoma of Prostate ( 207 :567, 1969), there is additional information which might be helpful. In my practice, I find that after orchiectomy, patients frequently have the same hot flashes that women have after surgical or natural menopause. Testosterone, as implied by Dr. Nourse, will undoubtedly cause exacerbation of carcinoma. On the other hand, the female hormones will control these hot flashes in most patients perfectly well. Among the various medications mentioned by the physician-questioner, diethylstilbestrol is not mentioned. He might be extremely pleased with the effect of as little as 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol daily, but I suggest 5 mg.
Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites
Authors: José Such, Rubén Francés, Carlos Muñoz, Pedro Zapater, Juan A. Casellas, Ana Cifuentes, Francisco Rodríguez-Valera, Sonia Pascual, Javier Sola-Vera, Fernando Carnicer, Francisco Uceda, José M. Palazón, Miguel Pérez-Mateo
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

The current pathogenic theory of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with cirrhosis and ascites suggests that repeated episodes of bacterial translocation (BT) from intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes followed by systemic seeding are the key steps for the final development of infectious events. However, most of the episodes of systemic bacterial circulation remain undetected. Therefore, we investigated the hypothetical presence of bacteria in blood and/or ascitic fluid (AF) from patients with cirrhosis and sterile (culture negative) AF by means of bacterial DNA (bactDNA) detection and identification. Twenty-eight consecutively admitted patients with cirrhosis and presence of AF were included in the study. BactDNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. The corresponding bacteria were identified by nucleotide sequencing of purified PCR products. BactDNA was detected simultaneously in blood and AF in 9 patients (32.1%). DNA sequencing allowed the identification of Escherichia coli (n = 7) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2). In all cases, the similarity between the sequence found in AF and blood indicated that the bactDNA present in both locations originated from a single clone (single translocation event). Child-Pugh score and basic hemodynamic, clinical, endoscopic, and biochemical characteristics were similar among patients with or without the presence of bactDNA. In conclusion, we have detected bactDNA in serum and AF in 32% of all patients studied, and this likely represents single clone episodes of translocation and systemic seeding. E. coli is the most frequently identified bacteria.
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.
Authors: C M Ridley
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A comprehensive account of this many-faceted and fascinating disease could be of formidable length. I shall review a few aspects of particular interest, especially those that raise questions as yet unanswered. More detailed discussion and references can be found elsewhere. 1,2   ETIOLOGY  The article by Shirer and Ray in this issue of theArchivescomments on familial incidence; one such recent and striking report 3 is of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) at the vulva in identical twin girls of HLA types A2/3, B7/60, and C3/7. Although the evidence linking LSA with HLA types is at present somewhat confusing, these findings suggest that there is a significance awaiting elucidation. Strange, too, is the link with autoimmune disease, 4-6 and the fact that when the link is present it confers no particular pattern on the clinical manifestations. Apart from the suggestion that some local anomaly of sex-hormone metabolism is involved, some
Patterns of inspiratory muscle shortening during hypoxia and hypercapnia in dogs
Authors: M Suzuki, S Suzuki, T Akahori, A Miyashita, T Yoshioka, M Sato, T Okubo
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The shortening of parasternal intercostal muscles (Para) and crural (Cru) and costal diaphragms (Cos) are not precisely understood. We therefore examined shortening patterns of these inspiratory muscles by using chronically implanted sonomicrometers in dogs. To avoid acute effects of surgery, measurements were performed 3 weeks after implanting the sonomicrometers. Patterns of length changes of Para, Cru, and Cos were measured during hypoxia and hypercapnia under two levels of anaesthesia. Respiratory length change (delta L) was assessed as a percentage change relative to the resting length at functional residual capacity (LFRC). Peak tidal shortening was defined as the maximal change from LFRC (delta L/LFRC). Under light anesthesia, the delta L/LFRC was the same among the three muscle groups at all tidal volumes (VT). Under deep anaesthesia, the delta L/LFRC both of Cru and Cos exceeded that of Para. Under light anaesthesia, the maximal shortening velocity ((delta L/LFRC)/delta t) of Cru was greater than that of Para. Under deep anaesthesia, the (delta L/LFRC)/delta t of Para was exceeded by that both of Cru and Cos. Furthermore, the (delta L/LFRC)/delta t of each inspiratory muscle was greater during hypoxia than during hypercapnia at equal volume. We conclude that: 1) the contribution of the diaphragm to ventilation increases during deep anaesthesia; 2) the muscle shortening velocity during hypoxia or hypercapnia is lower in parasternal intercostal muscles than in the diaphragm; and 3) there is no difference in the shortening pattern between crural and costal diaphragms.
Effect of Normalization of Hematocrit on Brain Circulation and Metabolism in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: GEORGE METRY, BJÖRN WIKSTRÖM, SVEN VALIND, BO SANDHAGEN, TORBJÖRN LINDE, SOHEIR BESHARA, BENGT LA[Combining Ring Above]NGSTRÖM, BO G. DANIELSON
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1999)

Full correction of anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Effects of normalization of hematocrit on cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism were investigated by positron emission tomography. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV), oxygen extraction ratio (rOER), and metabolic rate for oxygen (rCMRO2) were measured in seven HD patients before and after correction of anemia and compared with those in six healthy control subjects. In addition, blood rheology before and on rhEPO therapy was measured in HD patients, which included blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte fluidity, and erythrocyte aggregability. The results showed that plasma viscosity was high (1.51+/-0.19 mPa x s) and erythrocyte fluidity was low (85.8+/-4.8 Pa(-1) x s(-1)), while whole blood viscosity was within the normal range (3.72+/-0.38 mPa x s) before rhEPO therapy. After treatment, the hematocrit rose significantly from 29.3+/-3.3 to 42.4+/-2.2% (P<0.001), accompanied by a significant increase in the whole blood viscosity to 4.57+/-0.16 mPa x s, nonsignificant decrease in erythrocyte fluidity to 79.9+/-7.4 mPa(-1) x s(-1) and nonsignificant change in plasma viscosity (1.46+/-1.3 mPa x s). Positron emission tomography measurements revealed that by normalization of hematocrit, rCBF significantly decreased from 65+/-11 to 48+/-12 ml/min per 100 cm3 (P<0.05). However, arterial oxygen content (caO2) significantly increased from 5.7+/-0.7 to 8.0+/-0.4 mmol/L (P<0.0001), rOER of the hemispheres significantly increased from 44+/-3 to 51+/-6% (P<0.05) and became significantly higher than healthy control subjects (P<0.05). In addition, rCBV significantly increased from 3.5+/-0.5 to 4.6+/-0.6 ml/100 cc brain tissue. The results showed that oxygen supply to the brain tissue increased with normalization of hematocrit, but it was accompanied by increased oxygen extraction in the brain tissue. This may be assumed to be related to the decrease of erythrocyte velocity in the cerebral capillaries as a result of the decreased blood deformability and the increased plasma viscosity.
Relationship Between Distressing Cancer-Related Recollections and Hippocampal Volume in Cancer Survivors
Authors: Tomohito Nakano, Marcus Wenner, Masatoshi Inagaki, Akira Kugaya, Tatsuo Akechi, Yutaka Matsuoka, Yuriko Sugahara, Shigeru Imoto, Koji Murakami, Yosuke Uchitomi
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Having cancer is extremely stressful, and distressing cancer-related recollections are frequently reported by cancer survivors. Smaller hippocampal volume has been observed in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a similar association between distressing cancer-related recollections and hippocampal volume. METHOD: The subjects were 67 women who had had breast cancer surgery 3 or more years earlier and had no history of PTSD or major depression before the cancer. Each woman was evaluated with a semistructured interview to determine whether she had a history of distressing cancer-related recollections. Hippocampal volume was measured by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, and memory function was assessed by the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. RESULTS: The volume of the left hippocampus was significantly smaller (5%) in the subjects with a history of distressing cancer-related recollections (N=28) than in those without any such history (N=39). There was no significant difference in right hippocampal volume or whole brain volume measured as a control. There were no significant differences in delayed memory or percentage retention. However, significantly worse immediate visual memory, but not verbal memory, was observed in the subjects with a history of distressing cancer-related recollections. CONCLUSIONS: Having distressing cancer-related recollections is associated with smaller left hippocampal volume in survivors of breast cancer.
Risk Taking, Depression, Adherence, and Symptom Control in Adolescents and Young Adults with Asthma
Authors: Bruce G. Bender
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR IS C...RISK TAKING ALSO OCCURS I...TREATMENT NONADHERENCE IS...CORRELATION AMONG MOOD DI...WORKING TOWARD A CLEARER ...RECOMMENDATIONSReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Toward a Reconstruction of Medical Morality
Authors: Edmund D. Pellegrino
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2006)

At the center of medical morality is the healing relationship. It is defined by three phenomena: the fact of illness, the act of profession, and the act of medicine. The first puts the patient in a vulnerable and dependent position; it results in an unequal relationship. The second implies a promise to help. The third involves those actions that will lead to a medically competent healing decision. But it must also be good for the patient in the fullest possible sense. The physician cannot fully heal without giving the patient an understanding of alternatives such that he or she can freely arrive--together with the physician--at a decision in keeping with his or her personal morality and values. In today's pluralistic society, universal agreement on moral issues between physicians and patients is no longer possible. Nevertheless, a reconstruction of professional ethics based on a new appreciation of what makes for a true healing relationship between patient and physician is both possible and necessary.
Hospital Certification for Optimizing Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke Quality of Care and Outcomes
Authors: Gregg C. Fonarow, Tammy Gregory, Meagen Driskill, Mark D. Stewart, Craig Beam, Javed Butler, Alice K. Jacobs, Neil M. Meltzer, Eric D. Peterson, Lee H. Schwamm, John A. Spertus, Clyde W. Yancy, Gordon F. Tomaselli, Ralph L. Sacco
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Cardiovascular disease and stroke remain leading causes of mortality, disability, and rising healthcare expenditures in the United States. Although a number of organizations provide hospital accreditation, recognition, and certification programs, existing programs do not address cardiovascular disease and stroke care in a comprehensive way. Current evidence suggests mixed findings for correlation between accreditation, recognition, and certification programs and hospitals' actual quality of care and outcomes. This advisory discusses potential opportunities to develop and enhance hospital certification programs for cardiovascular disease and stroke. The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association is uniquely positioned as a patient-centered, respected, transparent healthcare organization to help drive improvements in care and outcomes for patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease and stroke. As a part of its commitment to promoting high-quality, evidence-based care for cardiovascular and stroke patients, it is recommended that the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association explore hospital certification programs to develop truly meaningful programs to facilitate improvements in and recognition for cardiovascular disease and stroke quality of care and outcomes. Future strategies should standardize objective, unbiased assessments of hospital structural, process, and outcome performance while allowing flexibility as technology and methodology advances occur.
Improvement of defective cystic fibrosis airway epithelial wound repair after CFTR rescue
Authors: Nguyen Thu Ngan Trinh, Olivier Bardou, Anik Privé, Emilie Maillé, Damien Adam, Sarah Lingée, Pasquale Ferraro, Martin-Yvon Desrosiers, Christelle Coraux, Emmanuelle Brochiero
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Airway damage and remodelling are important components of lung pathology progression in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although repair mechanisms are engaged to restore the epithelial integrity, these processes are obviously insufficient to maintain lung function in CF airways. Our aims were therefore to study how the basic cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) defect could impact epithelial wound healing and to determine if CFTR correction could improve it. Wound-healing experiments, as well as cell migration and proliferation assays, were performed to study the early phases of epithelial repair in human CF and non-CF airway cells. CFTR function was evaluated using CFTR small interferring (si)RNA and inhibitor GlyH101 in non-CF cells, and conversely after CFTR rescue with the CFTR corrector VRT-325 in CF cells. Wound-healing experiments first showed that airway cells from CF patients repaired slower than non-CF cells. CFTR inhibition or silencing in non-CF primary airway cells significantly inhibited wound closure. GlyH101 also decreased cell migration and proliferation. Interestingly, wild-type CFTR transduction in CF airway cell lines or CFTR correction with VRT-325 in CFBE-ΔF508 and primary CF bronchial monolayers significantly improved wound healing. Altogether our results demonstrated that functional CFTR plays a critical role in wound repair, and CFTR correction may represent a novel strategy to promote the airway repair processes in CF.
Molecular subgroups of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours in children: an integrated genomic and clinicopathological analysis
Authors: Jonathon Torchia, Daniel Picard, Lucie Lafay-Cousin, Cynthia E Hawkins, Seung-Ki Kim, Louis Letourneau, Young-Shin Ra, King Ching Ho, Tiffany Sin Yu Chan, Patrick Sin-Chan, Christopher P Dunham, Stephen Yip, Ho-keung Ng, Jian-Qiang Lu, Steffen Albrecht, José Pimentel, Jennifer A Chan, Gino R Somers, Maria Zielenska, Claudia C Faria, Lucia Roque, Berivan Baskin, Diane Birks, Nick Foreman, Douglas Strother, Almos Klekner, Miklos Garami, Peter Hauser, Tibor Hortobágyi, Laszló Bognár, Beverly Wilson, Juliette Hukin, Anne-Sophie Carret, Timothy E Van Meter, Hideo Nakamura, Helen Toledano, Iris Fried, Daniel Fults, Takafumi Wataya, Chris Fryer, David D Eisenstat, Katrin Scheineman, Donna Johnston, Jean Michaud, Shayna Zelcer, Robert Hammond, David A Ramsay, Adam J Fleming, Rishi R Lulla, Jason R Fangusaro, Nongnuch Sirachainan, Noppadol Larbcharoensub, Suradej Hongeng, Muhammad Abrar Barakzai, Alexandre Montpetit, Derek Stephens, Richard G Grundy, Ulrich Schüller, Theodore Nicolaides, Tarik Tihan, Joanna Phillips, Michael D Taylor, James T Rutka, Peter Dirks, Gary D Bader, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Stefan Rutkowski, Torsten Pietsch, Alexander R Judkins, Nada Jabado, Eric Bouffet, Annie Huang
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2015)
Evaluation of upper airway patency during Cheyne–Stokes breathing in heart failure patients
Authors: Vincent Jobin, Jordi Rigau, Josée Beauregard, Ramon Farre, Josep Monserrat, T. Douglas Bradley, R. John Kimoff
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Little is known about the changes in upper airway calibre in Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR) during sleep in patients with congestive heart failure. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that upper airway closure occurs during central CSR events, by assessing upper airway calibre during sleep using the forced oscillation technique (FOT). Nine males with compensated heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction mean± sem 27.9±5.1%) and predominant central CSR (apnoea/hypopnoea index 43.9±4.2 events·h −1 ) were studied during overnight polysomnography, which included pneumotachography, inductance plethysmography or oesophageal pressure and FOT-derived impedance signal (|Z|). Baseline |Z| values during stable breathing in stage 2 sleep were 11.0±1.3 cmH 2 O·s·L −1 . Mean |Z| increased to 31.9±6.7 cmH 2 O·s·L −1 during obstructive apnoeas (7% of events, n=46). Increases in |Z| consistent with upper airway narrowing (more than two-fold baseline) were common during central apnoeas (50±12% of events) occurring in the middle or end of apnoeas and occurred during some central hypopnoeas (16±10% of events), typically in the expiratory phase. These findings indicate that in heart failure patients, reductions in upper airway calibre are common during CSR apnoeas, and may also occur during central hypopnoeas.
The dynamic interaction of conceptual and embodied knowledge
Authors: Daniël Lakens, Kirsten I. Ruys
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract We propose the SIMS model can be strengthened by detailing the dynamic interaction between sensorimotor activation and contextual conceptual information. Rapidly activated evaluations and contextual knowledge can guide and constrain embodied simulations. In addition, we stress the potential importance of extending the SIMS model to dynamic social interactions that go beyond the passive observer.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Promote Immunosuppression in Ovarian Cancer via ICOS Costimulation of Foxp3+ T-Regulatory Cells
Authors: Curdin Conrad, Josh Gregorio, Yi-Hong Wang, Tomoki Ito, Stephan Meller, Shino Hanabuchi, Sonya Anderson, Neely Atkinson, Pedro T. Ramirez, Yong-Jun Liu, Ralph Freedman, Michel Gilliet
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth most common cause of cancer death among women. Despite its immunogenicity, effective antitumor responses are limited, due, in part, to the presence of forkhead box protein 3–positive (Foxp3+) T regulatory (Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, the mechanisms that regulate the accumulation and the suppressive function of these Foxp3+ Treg cells are poorly understood. Here, we found that the majority of Foxp3+ Treg cells accumulating in the tumor microenvironment of EOCs belong to the subset of Foxp3+ Treg cells expressing inducible costimulator (ICOS). The expansion and the suppressive function of these cells were strictly dependent on ICOS-L costimulation provided by tumor plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Accordingly, ICOS+ Foxp3+ Treg cells were found to localize in close vicinity of tumor pDCs, and their number directly correlated with the numbers of pDCs in the tumors. Furthermore, pDCs and ICOS+ Foxp3+ Treg cells were found to be strong predictors for disease progression in patients with ovarian cancer, with ICOS+ Treg cell subset being a stronger predictor than total Foxp3+ Treg cells. These findings suggest an essential role for pDCs and ICOS-L in immunosuppression mediated by ICOS+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, leading to tumor progression in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5240–9. ©2012 AACR.