tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Performance of First Mammography Examination in Women Younger Than 40 Years
Authors: Bonnie C Yankaskas, Sebastien Haneuse, Julie M Kapp, Karla Kerlikowske, Berta Geller, Diana S M Buist
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2010)

Few data have been published on mammography performance in women who are younger than 40 years.We pooled data from six mammography registries across the United States from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. We included 117 738 women who were aged 18-39 years when they had their first screening or diagnostic mammogram during 1995-2005 and followed them for 1 year to determine accuracy of mammography assessment. We measured the recall rate for screening examinations and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and cancer detection rate for all mammograms.For screening mammograms, no cancers were detected in 637 mammograms for women aged 18-24 years. For women aged 35-39 years who had the largest number of screening mammograms (n = 73 335) in this study, the recall rate was 12.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.4% to 12.9%), sensitivity was 76.1% (95% CI = 69.2% to 82.6%), specificity was 87.5% (95% CI = 87.2% to 87.7%), positive predictive value was 1.3% (95% CI = 1.1% to 1.5%), and cancer detection rate was 1.6 cancers per 1000 mammograms (95% CI = 1.3 to 1.9 cancers per 1000 mammograms). Most (67 468 [77.7%]) of the 86 871 women screened reported no family history of breast cancer. For diagnostic mammograms, the age-adjusted rates across all age groups were: sensitivity of 85.7% (95% CI = 82.7% to 88.7%), specificity of 88.8% (95% CI = 88.4% to 89.1%), positive predictive value of 14.6% (95% CI = 13.3% to 15.8%), and cancer detection rate of 14.3 cancers per 1000 mammograms (95% CI = 13.0 to 15.7 cancers per 1000 mammograms). Mammography performance, except for specificity, improved in the presence of a breast lump.Younger women have very low breast cancer rates but after mammography experience high recall rates, high rates of additional imaging, and low cancer detection rates. We found no cancers in women younger than 25 years and poor performance for the large group of women aged 35-39 years. In a theoretical population of 10 000 women aged 35-39 years, 1266 women who are screened will receive further workup, with 16 cancers detected and 1250 women receiving a false-positive result.
<i>SSBP2</i> Variants Are Associated with Survival in Glioblastoma Patients
Authors: Yuanyuan Xiao, Paul A. Decker, Terri Rice, Lucie S. McCoy, Ivan Smirnov, Joseph S. Patoka, Helen M. Hansen, Joe L. Wiemels, Tarik Tihan, Michael D. Prados, Susan M. Chang, Mitchel S. Berger, Matthew L. Kosel, Brooke L. Fridley, Daniel H. Lachance, Brian Patrick O'Neill, Jan C. Buckner, Reid C. Thompson, Louis Burt Nabors, Jeffrey J. Olson, Steve Brem, Melissa H. Madden, James E. Browning, John K. Wiencke, Kathleen M. Egan, Robert B. Jenkins, Margaret R. Wrensch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Glioblastoma is a devastating, incurable disease with few known prognostic factors. Here, we present the first genome-wide survival and validation study for glioblastoma.
Integrated Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Ductal Carcinoma <i>In situ</i> of the Breast
Authors: Anne Vincent-Salomon, Carlo Lucchesi, Nadège Gruel, Virginie Raynal, Gaëlle Pierron, Rémi Goudefroye, Fabien Reyal, François Radvanyi, Rémy Salmon, Jean-Paul Thiery, Xavier Sastre-Garau, Brigitte Sigal-Zafrani, Alain Fourquet, Olivier Delattre
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

To gain insight into genomic and transcriptomic subtypes of ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast (DCIS).We did a combined phenotypic and genomic analysis of a series of 57 DCIS integrated with gene expression profile analysis for 26 of the 57 cases.Thirty-two DCIS exhibited a luminal phenotype; 21 were ERBB2 positive, and 4 were ERBB2/estrogen receptor (ER) negative with 1 harboring a bona fide basal-like phenotype. Based on a CGH analysis, genomic types were identified in this series of DCIS with the 1q gain/16q loss combination observed in 3 luminal DCIS, the mixed amplifier pattern including all ERBB2, 12 luminal and 2 ERBB2(-)/ER(-) DCIS, and the complex copy number alteration profile encompassing 14 luminal and 1 ERBB2(-)/ER(-) DCIS. Eight cases (8 of 57; 14%) presented a TP53 mutation, all being amplifiers. Unsupervised analysis of gene expression profiles of 26 of the 57 DCIS showed that luminal and ERBB2-amplified, ER-negative cases clustered separately. We further investigated the effect of high and low copy number changes on gene expression. Strikingly, amplicons but also low copy number changes especially on 1q, 8q, and 16q in DCIS regulated the expression of a subset of genes in a very similar way to that recently described in invasive ductal carcinomas.These combined approaches show that the molecular heterogeneity of breast ductal carcinomas exists already in in situ lesions and further indicate that DCIS and invasive ductal carcinomas share genomic alterations with a similar effect on gene expression profile.
Host apolipoprotein b messenger RNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G is an innate defensive factor and drug target against hepatitis C virus
Authors: Zong-Gen Peng, Zhi-Yun Zhao, Yan-Ping Li, Yu-Ping Wang, Lan-Hu Hao, Bo Fan, Yu-Huan Li, Yue-Ming Wang, Yong-Qiang Shan, Yan-Xing Han, Yan-Ping Zhu, Jian-Rui Li, Xue-Fu You, Zhuo-Rong Li, Jian-Dong Jiang
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Host cellular factor apolipoprotein B messenger RNA (mRNA)-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (hA3G) is a cytidine deaminase that inhibits a group of viruses including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). In the continuation of our research on hA3G, we found that hA3G stabilizing compounds significantly inhibited hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Therefore, this study investigated the role of hA3G in HCV replication. Introduction of external hA3G into HCV-infected Huh7.5 human hepatocytes inhibited HCV replication; knockdown of endogenous hA3G enhanced HCV replication. Exogenous HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) decreased intracellular hA3G and therefore enhanced HCV proliferation, suggesting that the presence of Vif might be an explanation for the HIV-1/HCV coinfection often observed in HIV-1(+) individuals. Treatment of the HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells with RN-5 or IMB-26, two known hA3G stabilizing compounds, increased intracellular hA3G and accordingly inhibited HCV replication. The compounds inhibit HCV through increasing the level of hA3G incorporated into HCV particles, but not through inhibiting HCV enzymes. However, G/A hypermutation in the HCV genome were not detected, suggesting a new antiviral mechanism of hA3G in HCV, different from that in HIV-1. Stabilization of hA3G by RN-5 was safe in vivo.hA3G appears to be a cellular restrict factor against HCV and could be a potential target for drug discovery.
Breathing pattern awake and asleep in patients with myotonic dystrophy
Authors: D Veale, BG Cooper, JJ Gilmartin, TJ Walls, CJ Griffith, GJ Gibson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

Patients with myotonic dystrophy often have an irregular pattern of breathing at rest, implying abnormality of breathing control. No central medullary defect has been found in such patients. We postulated that irregular breathing in myotonic dystrophy due to abnormal central respiratory output would persist during slow-wave sleep. We examined the patterns of breathing whilst awake and asleep in seven patients with myotonic dystrophy, seven similarly weak nonmyotonic subjects and seven normal controls. Polysomnography was performed, and the coefficients of variation (CoV) of the breath intervals were analysed during different stages of sleep. The myotonic group showed significantly greater variation in breath intervals than the other two groups whilst awake (median CoV 37 vs 18% for nonmyotonics) and during light sleep (31 vs 13%). This difference was not evident during slow-wave sleep (median CoV 12 vs 9% in nonmyotonic). We conclude that irregular breathing in patients with myotonic dystrophy whilst awake and during light sleep, does not persist during slow-wave sleep. These results suggest that "behavioural" influences play a role in the abnormal breathing pattern found in myotonic dystrophy. The source of the irregular breathing is unlikely to be found in the medulla, but may originate from forebrain influences.
Exhaled air molecular profiling in relation to inflammatory subtype and activity in COPD
Authors: N. Fens, S.B. de Nijs, S. Peters, T. Dekker, H.H. Knobel, T.J. Vink, N.P. Willard, A.H. Zwinderman, F.H. Krouwels, H-G. Janssen, R. Lutter, P.J. Sterk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Eosinophilic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predictive for responses to inhaled steroids. We hypothesised that the inflammatory subtype in mild and moderate COPD can be assessed by exhaled breath metabolomics. Exhaled compounds were analysed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and electronic nose (eNose) in 28 COPD patients (12/16 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I/II, respectively). Differential cell counts, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured in induced sputum. Relationships between exhaled compounds, eNose breathprints and sputum inflammatory markers were analysed and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed. Exhaled compounds were highly associated with sputum cell counts (eight compounds with eosinophils, 17 with neutrophils; p&lt;0.01). Only one compound (alkylated benzene) overlapped between eosinophilic and neutrophilic profiles. GC-MS and eNose breathprints were associated with markers of inflammatory activity in GOLD stage I (ECP: 19 compounds, p&lt;0.01; eNose breathprint r=0.84, p=0.002) (MPO: four compounds, p&lt;0.01; eNose r=0.72, p=0.008). ROC analysis for eNose showed high sensitivity and specificity for inflammatory activity in mild COPD (ECP: area under the curve (AUC) 1.00; MPO: AUC 0.96) but not for moderate COPD. Exhaled molecular profiles are closely associated with the type of inflammatory cell and their activation status in mild and moderate COPD. This suggests that breath analysis may be used for assessment and monitoring of airway inflammation in COPD.
Breast Cancer Risk After Supradiaphragmatic Radiotherapy for Hodgkin's Lymphoma in England and Wales: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Anthony J. Swerdlow, Rosie Cooke, Andrew Bates, David Cunningham, Stephen J. Falk, Dianne Gilson, Barry W. Hancock, Sarah J. Harris, Alan Horwich, Peter J. Hoskin, David C. Linch, T. Andrew Lister, Helen H. Lucraft, John A. Radford, Andrea M. Stevens, Isabel Syndikus, Michael V. Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

To investigate breast cancer risk after supradiaphragmatic radiotherapy administered to young women with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in a much larger cohort than previously to provide data for patient follow-up and screening individualized according to treatment type, age, and time point during follow-up.Breast cancer risk was assessed in 5,002 women in England and Wales treated for HL with supradiaphragmatic radiotherapy at age < 36 years from 1956 to 2003, who underwent follow-up with 97% completeness until December 31, 2008.Breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ developed in 373 patients, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 5.0 (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.5). SIRs were greatest for those treated at age 14 years (47.2; 95% CI, 28.0 to 79.8) and continued to remain high for at least 40 years. The maximum absolute excess risk was at attained ages 50 to 59 years. Alkylating chemotherapy or pelvic radiotherapy diminished the risk, but only for women treated at age ≥ 20 years, not for those treated when younger. Cumulative risks were tabulated in detail; for 40-year follow-up, the risk for patients receiving ≥ 40 Gy mantle radiotherapy at young ages was 48%.This article provides individualized risk estimates based on large numbers for patients with HL undergoing follow-up after radiotherapy at young ages. Follow-up of such women needs to continue for 40 years or longer and may require more-intensive screening regimens than those in national general population programs. Special consideration is needed of potential measures to reduce breast cancer risk for girls treated with supradiaphragmatic radiotherapy at pubertal ages.
Should 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 Receptor Antagonists Be Administered Beyond 24 Hours After Chemotherapy to Prevent Delayed Emesis? Systematic Re-Evaluation of Clinical Evidence and Drug Cost Implications
Authors: Olga Geling, Hans-Georg Eichler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonists (5-HT(3) antagonists) are effective for preventing acute chemotherapy-induced emesis but the benefits of continuing administration of these agents beyond 24 hours after chemotherapy (delayed emesis) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of clinical efficacy and drug acquisition cost associated with administering 5-HT(3) antagonists beyond 24 hours, as monotherapy or as added to dexamethasone.This analysis is based on the Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative meta-analysis of the efficacy of 5-HT(3) antagonists. Results from the clinical trials covered in that meta-analysis were reanalyzed to provide estimates of absolute risk reductions (ARR) and numbers needed to treat (NNT) for 5-HT(3) antagonists, as monotherapy or as adjunct treatment. Numbers of 5-HT(3) antagonist unit doses per successfully treated patient were also calculated.Five studies (comprising 1,716 assessable patients) compared a 5-HT(3) antagonist with placebo; five studies (2,240 patients) compared a combination of a 5-HT(3) antagonist and dexamethasone with dexamethasone monotherapy. ARR for monotherapy was only 8.2% (95% CI, 3.0% to 13.4%). On average, 74 5-HT(3) antagonist doses must be administered to 12 patients (NNT, 12.2; 95% CI, 7.5 to 33.4) not receiving dexamethasone to protect one patient from delayed emesis. In those patients receiving dexamethasone as standard antiemetic treatment in the delayed phase, the addition of a 5-HT(3) antagonist did not significantly improve control of delayed emesis as compared with dexamethasone monotherapy (ARR, 2.6%; 95% CI, -0.6% to 5.8%).Neither clinical evidence nor considerations of cost effectiveness justify using 5-HT(3) antagonists beyond 24 hours after chemotherapy for prevention of delayed emesis.
ON RHYTHMICAL VARIATIONS IN CEREBROSPINAL PRESSURE
Authors: E. G. Kensington
Journal: BMJ (1906)

TN BLm 553 case of disease not at the time attending the clinique is shown on the screen by the lantern.The exllibition of lantern slides is most useful also for illustrating eye diseases in groups, and of showing instances of interest either by their rarity or otherwise.Again, repeating by the lantern ofi the screen what lhas already been demon- strated on patients is found practically to be a most valuable means of impressing the facts on the mind of the student.In a few leetures on this plan the student can be showni points of all important diseases of the eye which will enable him to acquire a good, practical, working knowledge of eye work.
Combined mannitol and deferoxamine therapy for myohemoglobinuric renal injury and oxidant tubular stress. Mechanistic and therapeutic implications.
Authors: R A Zager
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Mannitol (M) and deferoxamine (DFO) can each protect against myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure (MH-ARF). This study assessed M-DFO interactions during MH-ARF to help discern mechanisms of renal injury, and to define whether M + DFO exerts additive or synergistic antioxidant/cytoprotective effects. Rats subjected to the glycerol model of MH-ARF were treated with (a) M; (b) DFO; (c) M + DFO; or (d) no protective agents. Relative degrees of protection (24-h plasma urea/creatinine concentrations) were M + DFO greater than M greater than DFO greater than or equal to no therapy. To assess whether catalytic Fe is generated during MH-ARF, the bleomycin assay was applied to plasma/urine samples obtained 0-2 h post-glycerol injection. Although striking plasma and urinary increments were noted, excess renal hydroxyl radical (.OH) production was not apparent (gauged by the salicylate trap method). M increased catalytic Fe excretion (four times), whereas DFO eliminated its urinary (but not plasma) activity. To determine direct M/DFO effects on proximal tubular cell oxidant injury, isolated rat proximal tubular segments (PTS) were incubated with toxic dosages of FeSO4 or H2O2. Despite inducing cell injury (lactic dehydrogenase release), Fe caused no .OH production. DFO conferred dose-dependent cytoprotection, correlating with increased, not decreased, .OH generation. Although M scavenged this .OH excess, it had no additive or independent, protective effect. H2O2 cytotoxicity correlated with increased catalytic Fe (but not .OH) generation. The fact that DFO (but not .OH scavengers [M and dimethylthiourea]) blocked H2O2 toxicity implied Fe-dependent, .OH-independent cell killing. In conclusion, (a) striking catalytic Fe generation occurs during MH-ARF, but augmented intrarenal .OH production may not develop; (b) DFO can block Fe toxicity despite a prooxidant effect; (c) H2O2 PTS toxicity is Fe, but possibly not .OH, dependent; and (d) M does not mitigate oxidant PTS injury, either in the presence or absence of DFO, suggesting that its additive benefit with DFO in vivo occurs via a diuretic, not antioxidant effect.
Topical therapies for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: systematic review and network meta-analyses
Authors: E.J. Samarasekera, L. Sawyer, D. Wonderling, R. Tucker, C.H. Smith
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

The majority of people with psoriasis have localized disease, where topical therapy forms the cornerstone of treatment. We set out to summarize evidence on the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of different topical treatments used in plaque psoriasis. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized trial data of U.K.-licensed topical therapies. The primary outcome was clear or nearly clear status stratified for (i) trunk and limbs; and (ii) scalp. Network meta-analyses allowed ranking of treatment efficacy. In total, 48 studies were available for trunk and limb psoriasis, and 17 for scalp psoriasis (22,028 patients in total); the majority included people with at least moderate severity psoriasis. Strategies containing potent corticosteroids (alone or in combination with a vitamin D analogue) or very potent corticosteroids dominated the treatment hierarchy at both sites (trunk and limbs, scalp); coal tar and retinoids were no better than placebo. No significant differences in achievement of clear or nearly clear status were observed between twice- and once-daily application of the same intervention or between any of the following: combined vitamin D analogue and potent corticosteroid (applied separately or in a single product), very potent corticosteroids, or potent corticosteroids (applied twice daily). Investigator and patient assessment of response differed significantly for some interventions (response rates to very potent corticosteroids: 78% and 39%, respectively). No significant differences were noted for tolerability or steroid atrophy, but data were limited. In conclusion, corticosteroids are highly effective in psoriasis when used continuously for up to 8 weeks and intermittently for up to 52 weeks. Coal tar and retinoids are of limited benefit. There is a lack of long-term efficacy and safety data available on topical interventions used for psoriasis.
BIOAVAILABILITY OF DIETARY IRON IN MAN
Authors: Leif Hallberg
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1981)

INTRODUCTION   123 MEASUREMENTS OF DIETARY BIOAVAILABILITY OF IRON   124 Earlier Methods   124 Extrinsic Tag Method   125 BIOAVAILABILITY OF NON-HEME IRON   126 Individual Factors Influencing Bioavailability   126 Iron status   126 Pregnancy   127 Disease states   128 Dietary Factors Influencing lron Bioavailability   128 Bioavailability of iron in single foods   128 Pool concept and concept of bioavailability   129 Diet factors that particularly influence bioavailability of non-heine iron   130 Bioavailabilio~ of iron in meals from different countries   132 Bioavailability of fortification iron   133 BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEME IRON   140 Individual Factors   140 Dietary Factors   141 ASSESSMENT OF BIOAVAILABILITY OF IRON IN THE WHOLE DIET ...... 141 Earlier Studies   141 Implications of the Pool Concept   142 Estimations Based on Bioavailable Nutrient Density   143 CONCLUSIONS   144
Non-oliguric renal failure during treatment with mefenamic acid in elderly patients: a continuing problem.
Authors: A Taha, R J Lenton, P S Murdoch, N R Peden
Journal: BMJ (1985)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> (1) To compare the incidence of active tuberculosis in HIV positive and HIV negative drug users. (2) To describe the main characteristics of the tuberculosis cases. <h3>DESIGN</h3> A prospective study was performed from 1986 to 1996 as part of an ongoing cohort study of HIV infection in Amsterdam drug users. <h3>METHODS</h3> Data from the cohort study, including HIV serostatus and CD4-cell numbers, were completed with data from the tuberculosis registration of the tuberculosis department of the Amsterdam Municipal Health Service. Analyses were carried out with person time and survival methods. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Of 872 participants, 24 persons developed culture confirmed tuberculosis during a total follow up period of 4000 person years (0.60 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.90). Nineteen cases were HIV positive (1.54 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.86, 2.11) and five HIV negative (0.18 per 100 py, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.43). Multivariately HIV infection (relative risk: 12.9; 95% CI: 3.4, 48.8) and age above 33 years (RR: 6.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 35.0, as compared with age below 27) increased the risk for tuberculosis substantially. Additional findings were: (1) 13 of 22 pulmonary tuberculosis cases (59%) were detected by half yearly radiographic screening of the chest; (2) tuberculosis occurred relatively early in the course of HIV infection at a mean CD4 cell number of 390/μl; (3) an estimated two thirds of the incidence of tuberculosis observed among HIV positive cases was caused by reactivation; (4) all but one patient completed the tuberculosis treatment. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> HIV infection increases the risk for active tuberculosis in Amsterdam drug users 13-fold. The incidence of tuberculosis in HIV negative drug users is still six times higher than in the overall Amsterdam population. In the absence of contact tracing and screening with tuberculin skin tests, periodic chest radiographic screening contributes substantially to early casefinding of active tuberculosis in Amsterdam drug users.
Isolation and molecular evolutionary analysis of a cytochrome c gene from Oryza sativa (rice)
Authors: E C Kemmerer, M Lei, R Wu
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1991)

A cytochrome c gene, OsCc-1, from rice (Oryza sativa) has been isolated and analyzed. The OsCc-1 gene encodes a cytochrome c protein that is typical of higher-plant cytochrome c proteins. OsCc-1 consists of three exons separated by two introns that are 817 and 747 bp in length, respectively. From genomic DNA hybridization analysis, OsCc-1 appears to be one of possibly two cytochrome c genes in several Asian, American, and Indian rice species and varieties surveyed. A single, unique cytochrome c gene appears to be present in one African cultivated rice species. We performed comparative molecular evolutionary analyses of OsCc-1 and other cytochrome c genes. We calculated a unit evolutionary period of 19.4 Myr for cytochrome c DNA sequences, which agrees closely with previous estimates based on protein sequence comparisons.