tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LETTER-WRITING IN A MENTAL HOSPITAL
Authors: ROBERT SOMMER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

To determine the relationship between letter writing and length of hospitalization, the names were secured of all patients in a mental hospital who received or sent letters during a given one-week period. There was a highly significant relationship between length of hospitalization and receiving and sending letters. The longer a patient remained in the hospital, the less likely he was to receive or send letters. Women were found to receive and send proportionately more letters than men. Patients who received letters were 10 times more likely to send letters than patients who did not receive letters. The probabilities of receiving and sending letters and receiving visitors were estimated for various durations of hospitalization. It was found that after one year in the hospital, there is a drastic reduction in sending letters, receiving letters, and receiving visitors.
Estrogen-Receptor Biology: Continuing Progress and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: C. Kent Osborne, Rachel Schiff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Endocrine therapies, first used more than 100 years ago, are the most effective treatments for breast cancers expressing the estrogen receptor (ER). All endocrine therapies are designed to block ER function in some way, thereby making them the first targeted therapies used for cancer. Selective ER modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen bindERandpartially block its activity.Ovarian ablation, luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonists, and aromatase inhibitors reduce the level of estrogen and inhibit ligand-induced activation of ER. Steroidal antiestrogens such as fulvestrant bind ER, more completely block its function, and induce receptor degradation.While all of these therapies are effective in certain patients, de novo and acquired resistance remain major problems. New information on the biology of ER provides insight into the mechanisms of treatment resistance and new strategies to overcome it, thereby potentially making these therapies even more effective.
Long-Term Outcome of Patients With Isolated Thin Discrete Subaortic Stenosis Treated by Balloon Dilation
Authors: José Suárez de Lezo, Miguel Romero, José Segura, Manuel Pan, Javier Suárez de Lezo, Djordje Pavlovic, Francisco Mazuelos, Mónica Delgado, Dolores Mesa
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Transluminal balloon tearing of the membrane in a thin discrete subaortic stenosis is an alternative to membrane surgical resection. However, the long-term outcome of patients with isolated thin discrete subaortic stenosis treated by transluminal balloon tearing remains unknown.This 25-year study describes findings from 76 patients with isolated thin discrete subaortic stenosis who underwent percutaneous transluminal balloon tearing of the membrane and were followed up for a mean period of 16±6 years. The age at presentation had a wide range (2-67 years). The mean age at treatment was 19±16 years. Immediately after treatment, the subvalvular gradient decreased from 70±27 to 18±12 mm Hg (P<0.001). No significant postprocedural aortic regurgitation was observed. After a mean follow-up time of 16±6 years, 11 patients (15%) developed restenosis, 3 patients (4%) progressed to muscular obstructive disease, and 1 patient (1.3%) developed a new distant obstructive membrane. Twelve patients (16%) were redilated at a mean of 5±3 years after their first treatment, and 4 patients (5%) underwent surgery at a mean of 3±2 years after their first treatment. Fifty-eight patients (77%) remained alive and free of redilation or surgery at follow-up. Larger annulus diameter and thinner membranes were independent factors associated with better long-term results.Most patients (77%) with isolated thin discrete subaortic stenosis treated with transluminal balloon tearing of the membrane had sustained relief at subsequent follow-ups without restenosis, the need for surgery, progression to muscular obstructive disease, or an increase in the degree of aortic regurgitation.
The gene for familial Mediterranean fever, MEFV, is expressed in early leukocyte development and is regulated in response to inflammatory mediators
Authors: Michael Centola, Geryl Wood, David M. Frucht, Jerome Galon, Martin Aringer, Christopher Farrell, Douglas W. Kingma, Mitchell E. Horwitz, Elizabeth Mansfield, Steven M. Holland, John J. O'Shea, Helene F. Rosenberg, Harry L. Malech, Daniel L. Kastner
Journal: Blood (2000)
Heading in football. Part 1: Development of biomechanical methods to investigate head response
Authors: N Shewchenko, C Withnall, M Keown, R Gittens, J Dvorak
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Objectives: There has been growing controversy regarding long term effects of repeated low severity head impacts such as when heading a football. However, there are few scientific data substantiating these concerns in terms of the biomechanical head response to impact. The present study aimed to develop a research methodology to investigate the biomechanical response of human subjects during intentional heading and identify strategies for reducing head impact severity. Methods: A controlled laboratory study was carried out with seven active football players, aged 20–23 and of average stature and weight. The subjects were fitted with photographic targets for kinematic analysis and instrumented to measure head linear/angular accelerations and neck muscle activity. Balls were delivered at two speeds (6 m/s and 8 m/s) as the subjects executed several specific forward heading manoeuvres in the standing position. Heading speeds up to 11 m/s were seen when the head closing speed was considered. One subject demonstrating averaged flexion–extension muscle activity phased with head acceleration data and upper torso kinematics was used to validate a biofidelic 50th percentile human model with a detailed head and neck. The model was exercised under ball incoming speeds of 6–7 m/s with parameter variations including torso/head alignment, neck muscle tensing, and follow through. The model output was subsequently compared with additional laboratory tests with football players (n = 3). Additional heading scenarios were investigated including follow through, non-active ball impact, and non-contact events. Subject and model head responses were evaluated with peak linear and rotational accelerations and maximum incremental head impact power. Results: Modelling of neck muscle tensing predicted lower head accelerations and higher neck loads whereas volunteer head acceleration reductions were not consistent. Modelling of head–torso alignment predicted a modest reduction in volunteer head accelerations. Exaggerated follow through while heading reduced volunteer head accelerations modestly. Conclusion: Biomechanical methods were developed to measure head impact response. Changing the biomechanics of currently accepted heading techniques will have inconsistent benefits towards the reduction of head loading. Furthermore, mathematical modelling suggested an increased risk of neck loads with one alternative technique. No consistent recommendations can be made on the basis of the current study for altering heading techniques to reduce impact severity.
In Vitro–expanded Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Suppress Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Qizhi Tang, Kammi J. Henriksen, Mingying Bi, Erik B. Finger, Greg Szot, Jianqin Ye, Emma L. Masteller, Hugh McDevitt, Mark Bonyhadi, Jeffrey A. Bluestone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

The low number of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), their anergic phenotype, and diverse antigen specificity present major challenges to harnessing this potent tolerogenic population to treat autoimmunity and transplant rejection. In this study, we describe a robust method to expand antigen-specific Tregs from autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic mice. Purified CD4+ CD25+ Tregs were expanded up to 200-fold in less than 2 wk in vitro using a combination of anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and interleukin 2. The expanded Tregs express a classical cell surface phenotype and function both in vitro and in vivo to suppress effector T cell functions. Most significantly, small numbers of antigen-specific Tregs can reverse diabetes after disease onset, suggesting a novel approach to cellular immunotherapy for autoimmunity.
Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice.
Authors: C A Leslie, W A Gonnerman, M D Ullman, K C Hayes, C Franzblau, E S Cathcart
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

B10.RIII and B10.G mice were transferred from a diet of laboratory rodent chow to a standard diet in which all the fat (5% by weight) was supplied as either fish oil (17% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], 12% docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 0% arachidonic acid [AA], and 2% linoleic acid) or corn oil (0% EPA, 0% DHA, 0% AA, and 65% linoleic acid). The fatty acid composition of the macrophage phospholipids from mice on the chow diet was similar to that of mice on a corn oil diet. Mice fed the fish oil diet for only 1 wk showed substantial increases in macrophage phospholipid levels of the omega-3 fatty acids (of total fatty acid 4% was EPA, 10% docosapentaenoic acid [DPA], and 10% DHA), and decreases in omega-6 fatty acids (12% was AA, 2% docosatetraenoic acid [DTA], and 4% linoleic acid) compared to corn oil-fed mice (0% EPA, 0% DPA, 6% DHA, 20% AA, 9% DTA, and 8% linoleic acid). After 5 wk this difference between the fish oil-fed and corn oil-fed mice was even more pronounced. Further small changes occurred at 5-9 wk. We studied the prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) profile of macrophages prepared from mice fed the two diets just before being immunized with collagen. Irrespective of diet, macrophages prepared from female mice and incubated for 24 h had significantly more PG and TX in the medium than similarly prepared macrophages from male mice. The increased percentage of EPA and decreased percentage of AA in the phospholipids of the macrophages prepared from the fish oil-fed mice was reflected in a reduction in the amount of PGE2 and PGI2 in the medium relative to identically incubated macrophages prepared from corn oil-fed mice. When this same fish oil diet was fed to B10.RIII mice for 26 d before immunization with type II collagen, the time of onset of arthritis was increased, and the incidence and severity of arthritis was reduced compared to arthritis induced in corn oil-fed mice. The females, especially those on the fish oil diet, tended to have less arthritis than the males. These alterations in the fatty acid pool available for PG and leukotriene synthesis suggest a pivotal role for the macrophage and PG in the immune and/or inflammatory response to type II collagen.
Intensified chemotherapy supported by DMSO-free peripheral blood progenitor cells in breast cancer patients
Authors: L. Del Mastro, M. Venturini, C. Viscoli, M. Bergaglio, A. Signorini, C. Bighin, G. Bertelli, C. Semino, G. Pietra, S. Bertoglio, M.R. Sertoli, A. Lambiase, R. Rosso, G. Melioli
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2001)
Ethical, Psychosocial, and Public Policy Implications of Procuring Organs From Non—Heart-Beating Cadaver Donors
Authors: Stuart J. Youngner
Journal: JAMA (1993)

A SHORTAGE of transplantable organs is a constant and frustrating reality. With continued progress in organ transplantation, the demand for transplants, and thus the need for organs, has increased markedly. The result is an increasing shortage of organs and longer waiting lists for transplantation. As of May 7, 1993, there were 31 303 people awaiting organ transplants (Dave Lohrey, United Network for Organ Sharing Data Base, oral communication, May 7,1993). One third of patients awaiting liver or heart transplants currently will die awaiting an organ, while patients awaiting renal transplants must tolerate a less acceptable quality of life undergoing dialysis.<sup>1</sup> Most organs come from patients who have been declared dead by neurological criteria—ie, they have irreversibly lost all brain function and their bodies are being maintained on ventilators in intensive care units. They are commonly referred to as heart-beating cadaver donors (HBCDs) because their hearts are beating at the
Exercise metabolism in healthy volunteers taking celiprolol, atenolol, and placebo.
Authors: A Head, S Maxwell, M J Kendall
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1997)

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that beta 1 selective agents have fewer adverse effects on exercise metabolism than nonselective beta blockers, and this has been attributed to their reduced blockade of beta 2 receptors. This study aimed at determining whether a beta blocker with partial agonist activity at beta 1 and beta 2 receptors (celiprolol) was better than a conventional beta 1 receptor-blocker (atenolol) in prolonging exercise capabilities. METHODS: After four days of treatment with celiprolol 200 mg, atenolol 50 mg, or placebo, 22 healthy volunteers exercised on a treadmill for two hours at 50% of their maximal oxygen uptake. Resting heart rate and blood pressure were recorded before and after exercise. During exercise, fat oxidation, plasma free fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, and ammonia were measured together with heart rate and perceived exertion. RESULTS: Mean exercising heart rate was significantly lower in those taking either of the beta blockers than in those taking placebo, and significantly lower for those taking atenolol rather than celiprolol. Fat oxidation was significantly lower for those taking celiprolol (38.8 (SD 12.2)%, P &lt; 0.01) and atenolol (36.6 (15.9)%, P &lt; 0.01) compared with placebo (45.6 (14.1)%). For the first 15 minutes of exercise, fat oxidation was significantly lower for those taking atenolol (24.6 (12.8)%, P &lt; 0.01) than celiprolol (29.6 (14.3)%). The rise in plasma free fatty acids and glycerol during exercise was also significantly attenuated by both beta blockers in comparison with the rise in those taking placebo (P &lt; 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both celiprolol and atenolol reduced fat oxidation compared with placebo. For the first 15 minutes of exercise fat oxidation was preserved by celiprolol, but not atenolol. This preservation of fat oxidation during the early part of exercise may confer some small benefit to patients who take beta blockers and intend to exercise regularly. However, we did not detect significant differences between atenolol and celiprolol in overall mean fat oxidation or perceived exertion in this study.
Pulmonary hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: A Oktay, A Oto
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Baxter's suggestion-namely, to change the warnings on packets of cotton tipped swabs and warn the mothers of possible dangers.As it is not practical and also not generally advisable to use recurrent syringing for the removal of wax plugs in children, the use of olive oil or other commercially available wax softener ear drops (Waxsol, Cerumol) should be encouraged.The softened wax plugs can then be easily cleaned with either cotton swabs or ordinary cleaning tissue paper.
Secretin pancreozymin stimulation test and confirmation of the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
Authors: L T Wong, S Turtle, A G Davidson
Journal: Gut (1982)

We have studied the secretin-pancreozymin stimulation test of pancreatic function with particular regard to its usefulness in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. We have compared the test results in 38 control individuals, 14 patients with cystic fibrosis and five other patients with problems affecting pancreatic function. Of the cystic fibrosis patients tested, six had no gastrointestinal symptoms and were shown to have normal or raised output of pancreatic enzymes measured (lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase). There was a positive correlation between both volume and bicarbonate measurement versus body weight in all subjects, but this relationship was clearly different in the cystic fibrosis patients compared with others regardless of the cystic fibrosis patients' ability to secrete pancreatic enzymes. Among the cystic fibrosis patients, bicarbonate concentration tended to be higher in those able to secrete a significant amount of pancreatic enzymes. However, the actual output of bicarbonate measured in all cystic fibrosis patients (range 0.001-0.037 mmol/kg/45 min post-stimulation) was below that found in all control patients (range 0.104-0.516 mmol/kg/45 min post-stimulation). Therefore the secretin-pancreozymin test of pancreatic function appears to be useful in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis even in those patients with adequate enzyme production.
Funding health and social services for older people – a qualitative study of care recipients in the last year of life
Authors: Barbara Hanratty, Elizabeth Lowson, Louise Holmes, Gunn Grande, Julia Addington-Hall, Sheila Payne, Jane Seymour
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2012)

Objectives This study explores the views of older adults who are receiving health and social care at the end of their lives, on how services should be funded, and describes their health-related expenditure. Design Qualitative interview study Setting North West England Participants 30 people aged 69–93 years, diagnosed with lung cancer, heart failure or stroke and judged by health professionals to be in their last year of life. Sixteen participants lived in disadvantaged areas. Main outcome measures Views of older adults on funding of services. Results Participants expressed a belief in an earned entitlement to services funded from taxation, based on a broad sense of being a good citizen. Irrespective of social background, older people felt that those who could afford to pay for social care, should do so. Sale of assets and use of children's inheritance to fund care was widely perceived as an injustice. The costs of living with illness are a burden, and families are filling many of the gaps left by welfare provision. People who had worked in low-wage occupations were most concerned to justify their current acceptance of services, and distance themselves from what they described as welfare ‘spongers’ or ‘layabouts.’ Conclusions There is a gap between the health and social care system that older adults expect and what may be provided by a reformed welfare state at a time of financial stringencies. The values that underpinned the views expressed – mutuality, care for the most needy, and the importance of working to contribute to society – are an important contribution to the debate on welfare funding.
Utility of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in "sawtooth" strategy. A prospective study of early rheumatoid arthritis patients up to 15 years
Authors: T Sokka, P Hannonen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

To study long term utility of early, continual, and serial use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical setting.A total of 135 patients with early RA were treated according to the "sawtooth" strategy and prospectively followed up to 15 years. DMARD survivals as well as reasons for drug terminations were documented and are reported here.During 1401 person years of follow up, a DMARD or a combination of two or several DMARDs (COMBOs) was started 606 times. A total of 528 drug periods were terminated because of inefficacy, adverse effects, remission, and other reasons in respective 270 (51.1%), 149 (28.2%), 32 (6.1%), and 77 (14.6%) cases. Severe drug related adverse events were rare. The median duration of DMARD periods of individual DMARDs or COMBOs was 10 months ranging from six to 18 months. Not a single DMARD/COMBO stood out favourably from the others with respect to ineffecacy, toxicity or drug survival.The use of serial DMARDs/COMBOs was safe even in the long run. Inefficacy rather than toxicity was the leading reason for drug terminations. More powerful drug therapies are needed.
The Incidence of Portal Vein Thrombosis At Liver Transplantation
Authors: Toshiaki Nonami, Itsuo Yokoyama, Shunzaburo Iwatsuki, Thomas E. Starzl
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

The incidence of portal vein thrombosis was examined in 885 patients who received orthotopic liver transplantations for various end-stage liver diseases between 1989 and 1990. The thrombosis was classified into four grades. Grade 1 was thrombosis of intrahepatic portal vein branches, grade 2 was thrombosis of the right or left portal branch or at the bifurcation, grade 3 was partial obstruction of the portal vein trunk, and grade 4 was complete obstruction of the portal vein trunk. Among the 849 patients without previous portosystemic shunt, 14 patients (1.6%) had grade 1, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 2, 27 patients (3.2%) had grade 3 and 49 patients (5.8%) had grade 4 portal vein thrombosis. The incidence of portal vein thrombosis was highest (34.8%) in the patients with hepatic malignancy in the cirrhotic liver, followed by those with Budd-Chiari syndrome (22.2%) and postnecrotic cirrhosis of various causes (15.7%). The patients with encephalopathy, ascites, variceal bleeding, previous splenectomy and small liver had significantly higher incidences of portal vein thrombosis than the others. The total incidence of portal vein thrombosis among the 36 patients with previous portosystemic shunt was 38.9%, which was significantly higher than that (13.8%) of those without shunt.
Increased Expression of Thrombospondin-1 in Vessel Wall of Diabetic Zucker Rat
Authors: Olga I. Stenina, Irene Krukovets, Kai Wang, Zhongmin Zhou, Farhad Forudi, Marc S. Penn, Eric J. Topol, Edward F. Plow
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression in the vascular wall has been related to the development of atherosclerotic lesions and restenosis. TSP-1 promotes the development of neointima and has recently been associated with atherogenesis at a genetic level. Because TSP-1 expression is responsive to glucose stimulation in mesangial cells, we hypothesized that glucose may stimulate its production by vascular cells. Thus, TSP-1 expression in the blood vessel wall may increase, providing a molecular link between diabetes and accelerated vascular lesion development.To determine whether the expression level of TSP-1 in vessel wall is increased in diabetes, aorta and carotid arteries of Zucker rats were used for immunostaining, Western blotting, and in situ RNA hybridization. A significant increase in TSP-1 expression was found in the adventitia of blood vessels from diabetic rats. Consistent with the well-known antiangiogenic effect of TSP-1, the number of vasa vasorum was reduced in aortas from diabetic rats. In cultured endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, TSP-1 expression increased in response to glucose stimulation (>30-fold). After balloon catheter injury to carotid arteries, expression of TSP-1 protein and mRNA was higher at all time points in the vessels of diabetic rats.Increased expression of TSP-1 in blood vessels in diabetes may represent a new link between diabetes, atherogenesis, and accelerated restenosis. This increase in TSP-1 production may be a direct response of vascular cells to glucose.