tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Influence of mode of storage and drying of fodder on thermophilic actinomycete aerocontamination in dairy farms of the Doubs region of France.
Authors: J C Dalphin, D Pernet, G Reboux, J Martinez, A Dubiez, T Barale, A Depierre
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Airborne contamination by thermophilic actinomycetes, micromycetes and Gram negative bacteria was determined on 34 dairy farms and related to fodder drying and storage methods. Eighteen farms had a barn drying system, eight with additional heating; the remaining 16 had traditional fodder storage methods. Three air samples were obtained for each farm with a six stage Andersen sampler. The thermophilic actinomycetes were identified as Streptomyces and the dominant micromycetes as Aspergillus spp; there was no relation between the levels of these organisms. There were fewer thermophilic actinomycete colonies per Petri dish (stage 5 on the Anderson sampler) on farms with barn drying than on those with traditional storage (median (range) 7 (0-2628) and 56 (4-2628) respectively). The three farms where no thermophilic actinomycetes were found had barn drying with heating and the four most modern farms had lower thermophilic actinomycete colony counts than the others (median (range) 3 (0-10) and 48 (0-2628)). The level of thermophilic actinomycetes and, to a lesser degree, of micromycetes was higher where the farmer had farmer9s lung. Thermophilic actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces are probably the antigens associated with farmer9s lung in the Doubs, and modern farms with barn drying and heating furnish some protection against this disease.
The Council of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and the Association of Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, England
Authors: H. P. Dunn
Journal: BMJ (1892)

<h3>Objectives:</h3> To determine the frequency and distribution of mumps-specific IgG antibodies among the healthy adult Saudi population in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, where mandatory vaccination against measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) has been implemented for 30 years. <h3>Methods:</h3> Qualitative and quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the mumps IgG antibody levels in sera collected from 429 individuals, including 224 men and 205 women. Participants were stratified into 3 age groups according to vaccination history (&lt;20, 21-30, and &gt;31 years). <h3>Results:</h3> The overall seroprevalence of mumps antibodies in our population was 79.0%. The highest proportion of individuals with IgG antibody seropositivity, at 87.8% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 84.7%-90.8%), was observed among the &lt;20 years age group, who received 2 doses of vaccine. No significant relationships were observed between mumps seropositivity and age group or gender. The multivariable analysis identified the male gender and the age group &gt;31 years as factors associated with an increased likelihood of seronegativity. Al Madinah Al Munawarah has achieved increased anti-mumps antibody seroprevalence since the implementation of the 2-dose MMR vaccination schedule. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Based on our study findings, we recommend that serological screening be performed to assess the need for mumps vaccination among adults at high risk for exposure and transmission.
Vitamin D and Asthma
Authors: Grace Paul, John M. Brehm, John F. Alcorn, Fernando Holguín, Shean J. Aujla, Juan C. Celedón
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Vitamin D deficiency and asthma are common conditions that share risk factors such as African American ethnicity, inner-city residence, and obesity. This review provides a critical examination of current experimental and epidemiologic evidence of a causal association between vitamin D status and asthma or asthma morbidity, including potential protective mechanisms such as antiviral effects and enhanced steroid responsiveness. Because most published epidemiologic studies of vitamin D and asthma or asthma morbidity are observational, a recommendation for or against vitamin D supplementation as preventive or secondary treatment for asthma is not advisable and must await results of ongoing clinical trials. Should these trials confirm a beneficial effect of vitamin D, others will be needed to assess the role of vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat asthma in different groups such as infants, children of school age, and ethnic minorities.
Modes of Growth and Spread of a Transplantable, Virus-Producing Murine (Moloney) Sarcoma: Karyotypic Analyses2
Authors: Stephen W. Russell, Uta Francke, Lynette Buettner, Charles G. Cochrane
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

Cloned cells of a virus-producing, transplantable murine (Moloney) sarcoma line (MSC) contained a set of stable, structurally rearranged, “marker” chromosomes. These identifying markers were not present in cells newly transformed by murine sarcoma virus (MSV). It was therefore possible, after MSC cell injection, to determine whether or not any causal relationship existed between MSV produced in vivo and subsequently developing primary and secondary neoplasms. Each adult and neonatal mouse given 106 MSC cells developed a progressing primary sarcoma. Many exhibited secondary pulmonary neoplasms as well, and some neonates developed secondary tumors in their spleens and periosteal tissues. Of 879 metaphase spreads prepared from primary and pulmonary neoplasms, all contained MSC marker chromosomes. In contrast, cells explanted from a periosteal tumor of a neonatal mouse uniformly lacked such markers, even though the primary sarcoma of the same mouse consisted of MSC cells exclusively. Similarly, none of 180 metaphase spreads obtained from sarcoma virusinduced primary tumors contained MSC marker chromosomes. Primary sarcomas and secondary pulmonary neoplasms-the lesions most frequently encountered in this system-developed, respectively, by replication and metastasis of MSC cells. Virus recruitment of new tumor cells appeared to have only a minor role associated with the spread of sarcomas in neonatal mice.
Lessons From the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test
Authors: Rachel E.J. Besser, Beverley M. Shields, Rosaura Casas, Andrew T. Hattersley, Johnny Ludvigsson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE Mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) area under the curve C-peptide (AUC CP) is the gold-standard measure of endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes but is intensive and invasive to perform. The 90-min MMTT-stimulated CP ≥0.2 nmol/L (90CP) is related to improved clinical outcomes, and CP ≥0.1 nmol/L is the equivalent fasting measure (FCP). We assessed whether 90CP or FCP are alternatives to a full MMTT. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS CP was measured during 1,334 MMTTs in 421 type 1 diabetes patients aged &amp;lt;18 years at 3, 9, 18, 48, and 72 months duration. We assessed: 1) correlation between mean AUC CP and 90CP or FCP; 2) sensitivity and specificity of 90CP ≥0.2 nmol/L and FCP ≥ 0.1 nmol/L to detect peak CP ≥0.2 nmol/L and the equivalent AUC CP; and 3) how the time taken to reach the CP peak varied with age of diagnosis and diabetes duration. RESULTS AUC CP was highly correlated to 90CP (rs = 0.96; P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and strongly correlated to FCP (rs = 0.84; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). AUC CP ≥23 nmol/L/150 min was the equivalent cutoff for peak CP ≥0.2 nmol/L (98% sensitivity/97% specificity). A 90CP ≥0.2 nmol/L correctly classified 96% patients using AUC or peak CP, whereas FCP ≥0.1 nmol/L classified 83 and 85% patients, respectively. There was only a small difference seen between peak and 90CP (median 0.02 nmol/L). The CP peak occurred earlier in patients with longer diabetes duration (6.1 min each 1-year increase in duration) and younger age (2.5 min each 1-year increase). CONCLUSIONS 90CP is a highly sensitive and specific measure of AUC and peak CP in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and offers a practical alternative to a full MMTT.
S147 Diesel exhaust particles alter monocyte differentiation in vitro but have little impact on neutrophil function
Authors: H. Jary, K. Piddock, K. Donaldson, L. R. Prince, L. C. Parker, I. Sabroe, N. Chaudhuri
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a key player in orchestrating the inflammatory response to inhaled pathogens and environmental toxins. DEP causes the release of monocytes from the bone marrow, and during chronic inflammation, macrophages mature continuously from infiltrating monocytes. There are no studies investigating the chronic effects of DEP on monocytes and actions of DEP on neutrophils are unclear. We investigated how DEP modulate neutrophil and monocyte function and macrophage differentiation. <h3>Methods</h3> Monocytes and neutrophils were obtained from healthy volunteers by density gradient centrifugation and negative magnetic selection. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were generated in the presence or absence of DEP. Apoptosis and cell loss of MDMs were assessed by microscopy, propidium iodide positivity and alamar blue reduction assays. Killing assays of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> were performed. Cytokine generation in response to varied TLR agonists was assessed by ELISA and surface marker expression of receptors including TLRs, and CD14 was measured by FACS. <h3>Results</h3> Monocytes and MDMs avidly phagocytosed DEP but neutrophils neither phagocytosed DEP, or markedly responded to DEP. However, chronic exposure to DEP in vitro had a detrimental effect on monocytes, with marked enhancement of apoptosis and cell loss. Despite this, the ability to kill an important respiratory pathogen <i>S pneumoniae</i> was preserved. Cytokine generation to TLR agonists was reduced, and this phenotype was associated with a reduction in CD14 surface marker expression. <h3>Conclusions</h3> DEP directly activate monocytes but not neutrophils, and chronic exposure may have detrimental effects on the host by enhancing loss of monocytes recruited to the airways and modulating aspects of the inflammatory response to pathogens.
Constructing understanding, with feeling
Authors: Jeremy I. M. Carpendale, Charlie Lewis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

We explore three types of criticisms of our theory on the development of children's social understanding. We reject suggestions that we offer nothing new to traditional theories of development or recent “social” accounts of “theory of mind.” Second, we take the point that there are grounds for improving our account of dyadic interaction in infancy but reject claims that we have not sufficiently accounted for how we incorporate the notions of criteria and structure into the theory. Third, we accept that the epistemic triangle, as defined, would benefit from an affective dimension and such a formulation could be used to describe the dynamic of developmental change from infancy to beyond early childhood. We still feel that the combination of Wittgenstein, Vygotsky, and Piaget remains as an antidote to the flaws in current “theories of mind” approaches to social understanding.
Oral Cancer Risk in Relation to Sexual History and Evidence of Human Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: S. M. Schwartz, J. R. Daling, M. M. Madeleine, D. R. Doody, E. D. Fitzgibbons, G. C. Wipf, J. J. Carter, E.-J. Mao, S. Huang, A. M. Beckmann, J. K. McDougall, D. A. Galloway
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1998)

Background: Experimental models and analyses of human tumors suggest that oncogenic, sexually transmittable human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are etiologic factors in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine whether the risk of this cancer is related to HPV infection and sexual history factors. Methods: Case subjects (n = 284) were 18—65-year-old residents of three counties in western Washington State who were newly diagnosed with oral SCC from 1990 through 1995. Control subjects (n = 477) similar in age and sex were selected from the general population. Serum samples were tested for HPV type 16 capsid antibodies. Exfoliated oral tissue collected from case and control subjects and tumor tissue from case subjects were tested for HPV DNA. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated after adjusting for age, sex, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: Among males only, oral SCC risk increased with self-reported decreasing age at first intercourse, increasing number of sex partners, and a history of genital warts. Approximately 26% of the tumors in case subjects contained HPV DNA; 16.5% of the tumors contained HPV type 16 DNA. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV types in exfoliated oral tissue was similar in case and control subjects. The ORs for HPV type 16 capsid seropositivity were 2.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6−3.3) for all oral SCCs and 6.8 (95% CI = 3.0−15.2) for oral SCCs containing HPV type 16 DNA. The joint association of cigarette smoking and HPV type 16 capsid seropositivity with oral SCC (OR = 8.5; 95% CI = 5.1−14.4) was stronger than predicted from the sum of individual associations with current smoking (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.0−5.2) and seropositivity (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1−2.6). Conclusions: HPV type 16 infection may contribute to the development of a small proportion of oral SCCs in this population, most likely in combination with cigarette smoking.
Effect of a behaviour-change intervention on handwashing with soap in India (SuperAmma): a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Adam Biran, Wolf-Peter Schmidt, Kiruba Sankar Varadharajan, Divya Rajaraman, Raja Kumar, Katie Greenland, Balaji Gopalan, Robert Aunger, Val Curtis
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundDiarrhoea and respiratory infections are the two biggest causes of child death globally. Handwashing with soap could substantially reduce diarrhoea and respiratory infections, but prevalence of adequate handwashing is low. We tested whether a scalable village-level intervention based on emotional drivers of behaviour, rather than knowledge, could improve handwashing behaviour in rural India.MethodsThe study was done in Chittoor district in southern Andhra Pradesh, India, between May 24, 2011, and Sept 10, 2012. Eligible villages had a population of 700–2000 people, a state-run primary school for children aged 8–13 years, and a preschool for children younger than 5 years. 14 villages (clusters) were selected, stratified by population size (<1200 vs >1200), and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to intervention or control (no intervention). Clusters were enrolled by the study manager. Random allocation was done by the study statistician using a random number generator. The intervention included community and school-based events incorporating an animated film, skits, and public pledging ceremonies. Outcomes were measured by direct observation in 20–25 households per village at baseline and at three follow-up visits (6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the intervention). Observers had no connection with the intervention and observers and participant households were told that the study was about domestic water use to reduce the risk of bias. No other masking was possible. The primary outcome was the proportion of handwashing with soap at key events (after defecation, after cleaning a child's bottom, before food preparation, and before eating) at all follow-up visits. The control villages received a shortened version of the intervention before the final follow-up round. Outcome data are presented as village-level means.FindingsHandwashing with soap at key events was rare at baseline in both the intervention and control groups (1% [SD 1] vs 2% [1]). At 6 weeks' follow-up, handwashing with soap at key events was more common in the intervention group than in the control group (19% [SD 21] vs 4% [2]; difference 15%, p=0·005). At the 6-month follow-up visit, the proportion handwashing with soap was 37% (SD 7) in the intervention group versus 6% (3) in the control group (difference 31%; p=0·02). At the 12-month follow-up visit, after the control villages had received the shortened intervention, the proportion handwashing with soap was 29% (SD 9) in the intervention group and 29% (13) in the control group.InterpretationThis study shows that substantial increases in handwashing with soap can be achieved using a scalable intervention based on emotional drivers.FundingWellcome Trust, SHARE.
A Novel Endocytic Mechanism of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Sequestration and Internalization
Authors: James D. Orth, Eugene W. Krueger, Shaun G. Weller, Mark A. McNiven
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Cells form transient, circular dorsal ruffles or "waves" in response to stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor. These dynamic structures progress inward on the dorsal surface and disappear, occurring concomitantly with a marked reorganization of F-actin. The cellular function of these structures is largely unknown. Here we show that EGF-induced waves selectively sequester and internalize approximately 50% of ligand-bound EGFR from the cell surface. This process requires receptor phosphorylation, active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and dynamin 2, although clathrin-coated pits or caveolae are not required. Epithelial and fibroblast cells stimulated with EGF sequestered EGFR rapidly into waves that subsequently generated numerous receptor-positive tubular-vesicular structures. Electron microscopy confirmed that waves formed along the dorsal membrane surface and extended numerous tubules into the cytoplasm. These findings characterize a structure that selectively sequesters large numbers of activated EGFR for their subsequent internalization, independent of traditional endocytic mechanisms such as clathrin pits or caveolae.
ON THE NATURE OF PARABIOSIS INTOXICATION: SHOCK AS THE PRECIPITATING CAUSE
Authors: C. E. Hall, O. Hall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Spinal transection of one of a parabiotic pair of rats is immediately followed by a state indistinguishable in visual and hematologic characteristics from spontaneous "parabiosis intoxication." The transected rat develops erythremia, hyperhemoglobinemia, and an increased hematocrit count; whereas the twin concurrently shows anemia characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit reading, and often also lipemia. These findings are ascribed to whole blood transfusion of one rat by the other followed by adjustments compensatory to the resulting distortion in the respective blood volumes. It is suggested that parabiosis intoxication is a manifestation of this same process and is not due, as has been contended, to an immune response.
Kerion formation caused by Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: F.A. Ive
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

Journal Article Kerion formation caused by Trichophyton rubrum Get access F.A. Ive F.A. Ive Consulting Rooms, Nuffield Hospital, Clayton Road, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 1JP, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 142, Issue 5, 1 May 2000, Pages 1065–1066, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03511.x Published: 01 May 2000
Empirical Examination of Current Depression Categories in a Population-Based Study: Symptoms, Course, and Risk Factors
Authors: L S Chen, W W Eaton, J J Gallo, G Nestadt, R M Crum
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: Research studies on the validity of current diagnostic and subthreshold categories of depression that use a population-based follow-up design are rare. The authors examined the validity and utility of four current depression categories by examining subject transition between categories and the symptoms, course, and risk factors of each. METHOD: A general population sample of 1,920 adults from the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area 13-year follow-up study were examined. Data on diagnoses, symptoms, course, and risk factors were collected by using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule, the Life Chart Interview, and an office visit. Polychotomous regression was used to examine the heterogeneity of four diagnostic categories: major depressive disorder, depressive syndrome, dysthymia, and a comorbid depression condition (major depressive disorder and dysthymia). RESULTS: Transitions between the four depression categories occurred over the 13 years. Symptom profiles for the four categories were parallel but differed in severity. Course characteristics among the four categories slightly differed. Risk factor profiles showed significant differences. Family history was associated with both depressive syndrome and major depressive disorder. Stressful life events were most strongly associated with depressive syndrome. Female gender was most strongly associated with the comorbid depression category. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that except for dysthymia, the depression categories are genetically homogeneous and environmentally heterogeneous. Stress is associated with mild depression, and gender is associated with severe depression. The apparent familial transmission of the subthreshold entity, depressive syndrome, needs further investigation.
P8 Vitamin D Deficiency in the Difficult Asthma Population; Findings from a Difficult Asthma Clinic
Authors: VB Joshi, B Dyke, T Rahman, C Townshend, V Patil, R Kurukullaratchy
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Recent interest has focussed on potential regulatory roles for vitamin D in the development and course of asthma. <h3>Aim</h3> We assessed the prevalence and characteristics of patients with vitamin D deficiency, during a calendar year, among our Regional Difficult Asthma Clinic population. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective study was undertaken to assess vitamin D deficiency prevalence plus characterisation of “deficient” compared to “normal” vitamin D level patients. Characterisation included demographic factors, associated comorbidities, asthma severity (BTS steps), and spirometry during that 12 month period. Comorbidities recorded included BodyMass Index (BMI), smoking status, atopic status, rhinitis, food allergy, salicylate sensitivity, sulphite sensitivity, Gastro-oesophageal Reflux disease (GORD), dysfunctional breathing, and psychological comorbidity. <h3>Results</h3> Serum vitamin D3 assessment was available for 85.4% (158/185) patients during the previous 12 months. First measured vitamin D3 levels were used for primary analysis showing a mean clinic vitamin D3 level of 45.1nmol/L. Normal vitamin D3 levels (&gt;72nmol/L) occurred in 18.9%, 14.6% had insufficient levels (52–72nmol/L) and 65.5% had deficient levels (&lt;52nmol/L). Severe deficiency (&lt;20nmol/L) occurred in 14.6%. Vitamin D deficiency showed highest prevalence during Winter, Autumn and Spring(83–79%) and lowest level in Summer (53.3%). Two thirds of patients received a course of vitamin D replacement therapy during the year. Vitamin D deficient showed no difference compared to normal vitamin D3 status patients in atopic status, spirometry, inhaled medication usage, maintenance oral steroid use, Omalizumab use and asthma hospitalisations. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in respect to comorbidities like GORD, rhinitis, COPD, bronchiectasis, food allergy and dysfunctional breathing. However, vitamin D deficient subjects had significantly higher BMI (31.6 v 26.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.007), obesity (BMI&gt;30) (55.3% v 13%; p&lt;0.001) and psychological comorbidity (26.7% v 3.6%; p =0.009). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the Difficult Asthma group. The clinical relevance of this finding remains unclear. While vitamin D deficient patients did not show greater asthma treatment needs or healthcare use that might have reflected influence of receiving high dose vitamin D replacement. Patients with vitamin D deficiency showed significantly greater obesity and psychological comorbidity. The association of vitamin D and Difficult Asthma merits further attention.