tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Origins of the “Black/White” Difference in Blood Pressure
Authors: J.K. Cruickshank, F. Mzayek, L. Liu, L. Kieltyka, R. Sherwin, L.S. Webber, S.R. Srinavasan, G.S. Berenson
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The determinants of differences in blood pressure that emerge in adolescence between black Americans of predominantly African descent and white Americans of predominantly European descent are unknown. One hypothesis is related to intrauterine and early childhood growth. The role of early blood pressure itself is also unclear. We tested whether differences in birth weight and in carefully standardized subsequent measures of weight, height, and blood pressure from 0 to 4 or 5 years were related to black/white differences in blood pressure in adolescence. Methods and Results— Two Bogalusa cohorts who had complete follow-up data on birth weights and early childhood and adolescent anthropometric and blood pressure measures were pooled. One hundred eighty-five children (48 black and 47 white boys and 41 black and 49 white girls) were followed up and studied after 15 to 17 years. Birth weights were a mean 443 and 282 g lower in black boys and girls, respectively, than in whites ( P &lt;0.001). Blood pressures in adolescence were 3.4/1.9 and 1.7/0.6 mm Hg higher, respectively, and tracked from early childhood. In regression analyses, birth weight accounted for the ethnic difference in adolescent blood pressure, which was also independently predicted, in decreasing impact order, by adolescent height, adolescent body mass index, and systolic blood pressure at 4 to 5 years and inversely by growth from 0 to 4 to 5 years. Conclusions— If these results can be replicated in larger and independent samples, they suggest that efforts to improve intrauterine growth in black infants as well as lessen weight gain in adolescence might substantially reduce excess high blood pressure/hypertension in this ethnic group.
Cocaine by Internal Mail
Authors: Marc C Swan
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

I welcome the comments of Mr Bycroft (June 2003 JRSM1) on the odious use of children as surgical mules, but take issue with his statement about the occasional radiolucency of intracorporal drug packages.

Our statement that ingested narcotic containing packages are invariably radio-opaque2 was based on empirical experience from the Hillingdon Hospital (which takes the majority of symptomatic surgical mules apprehended at Heathrow Airport). In the past three years we have not seen a single patient whose concealed packages were not radio-opaque. The evidence cited by Mr Bycroft is well over a decade old. International drug trafficking has evolved considerably since then. The surgical mule is recruited by highly organized cartels that target vulnerable populations in some of the world's most impoverished regions. The packages usually contain cocaine (approximately 10 g) and are invariably factory processed: the narcotic powder is highly compressed and then encased in a protective cellophane coat. Their characteristic shape and density makes them readily visible radiologically—even with a faecally loaded colon.

Our experience is supported by that of Bulstrode and colleagues, who reported a series of 180 surgical mules, all identified by a plain abdominal radiograph.3 Jones and Shorey presented 51 mules who were similarly diagnosed.4 A Dutch group concluded that, of 40 consecutive 'body-packers' admitted over a five-year period, all had identifiable packages on plain abdominal X-ray.5 With a lack of contemporaneous evidence to the contrary, we agree with Krishnan and Brown, that plain abdominal radiography is a key diagnostic tool in this patient group.6

If recreational drug users knew the enteric history of much of the cocaine available on British streets, would they be so keen to use it?
B-RAF and its novel negative regulator reticulocalbin 1 (RCN1) modulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Nadine Kramann, Gerd Hasenfuß, Tim Seidler
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

AimActivation of the kinase RAF and its downstream targets leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. It has been hypothesized that B-RAF might be the main activator of MEK in various cell types. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of B-RAF and its modulating factors in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Antihypertensive Medications and Serious Fall Injuries in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults
Authors: Mary E. Tinetti, Ling Han, David S. H. Lee, Gail J. McAvay, Peter Peduzzi, Cary P. Gross, Bingqing Zhou, Haiqun Lin
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

IMPORTANCE The effect of serious injuries, such as hip fracture and head injury, on mortality and function is comparable to that of cardiovascular events. Concerns have been raised about the risk of fall injuries in older adults taking antihypertensive medications. The low risk of fall injuries reported in clinical trials of healthy older adults may not reflect the risk in older adults with multiple chronic conditions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether antihypertensive medication use was associated with experiencing a serious fall injury in a nationally representative sample of older adults. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING Competing risk analysis as performed with propensity score adjustment and matching in the nationally representative Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey cohort during a 3-year follow-up through 2009. Participants included 4961 community-living adults older than 70 years with hypertension. EXPOSURES Antihypertensive medication intensity based on the standardized daily dose for each antihypertensive medication class that participants used. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Serious fall injuries, including hip and other major fractures, traumatic brain injuries, and joint dislocations, ascertained through Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services claims. RESULTS Of the 4961 participants, 14.1% received no antihypertensive medications; 54.6% were in the moderate-intensity and 31.3% in the high-intensity antihypertensive groups. During follow-up, 446 participants (9.0%) experienced serious fall injuries, and 837 (16.9%) died. The adjusted hazard ratios for serious fall injury were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.03-1.90) in the moderate-intensity and 1.28 (95% CI, 0.91-1.80) in the high-intensity antihypertensive groups compared with nonusers. Although the difference in adjusted hazard ratios across the groups did not reach statistical significance, results were similar in the propensity score-matched subcohort. Among 503 participants with a previous fall injury, the adjusted hazard ratios were 2.17 (95% CI, 0.98-4.80) for the moderate-intensity and 2.31 (95% CI, 1.01-5.29) for the high-intensity antihypertensive groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Antihypertensive medications were associated with an increased risk of serious fall injuries, particularly among those with previous fall injuries. The potential harms vs benefits of antihypertensive medications should be weighed in deciding to continue treatment with antihypertensive medications in older adults with multiple chronic conditions.
New Drug for Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Purificaton of a functional mouse Fc receptor through the use of a monoclonal antibody.
Authors: I S Mellman, J C Unkeless
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

We recently reported the isolation of a rat monoclonal antibody designated 2.4G2 (9) that is directed against the mouse trypsin-resistant Fc receptor (FcR) for IgG2b and IgG1 immune aggregates. We have now utilized the Fab fragment of 2.4G2 as an affinity reagent to purify FcR from the macrophage cell line J774 to apparent homogeneity. The antigen isolated from J774 cells consisted of two general types of polypeptides with broad electrophoretic mobilities of approximately 60,000 and 47,000 mol wt. Similar broad bands ranging from 47,000 to 70,000 mol wt were isolated from various FcR-bearing cell lines of B, T, and null lymphocyte, as well as of macrophage origin. J774 FcR was judged to be a glycoprotein based on the sensitivity of its isoelectric point to neuraminidase digestion, its labeling with galactose oxidase/NaB[3H4], and its binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose. In phosphate-buffered saline, the isolated protein formed large aggregates that were shown to retain FcR activity, albeit with a somewhat altered IgG subclass specificity. The FcR aglutinated erythrocytes that were coated with both IgG2b and IgG2a that did not otherwise hemagglutinate. In addition, iodinated FcR bound to Sephadex beads coated with rabbit IgG, mouse IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2a, but not to beads coated with mouse IgG3 or rabbit F(ab')2 fragments. The binding of the purified receptor to all IgG classes was inhibited by the Fab fragments of 2.4G2. In contrast, the binding of IgG2a to intact macrophages was inhibited by 2.4G2 Fab by only 15%, whereas rabbit IgG immune aggregate binding was almost completely abolished.
Functional Nanostructures for Effective Delivery of Small Interfering RNA Therapeutics
Authors: Cheol Am Hong, Yoon Sung Nam
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has proved to be a powerful tool for target-specific gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi).Its ability to control targeted gene expression gives new hope to gene therapy as a treatment for cancers and genetic diseases.However, siRNA shows poor pharmacological properties, such as low serum stability, off-targeting, and innate immune responses, which present a significant challenge for clinical applications.In addition, siRNA cannot cross the cell membrane for RNAi activity because of its anionic property and stiff structure.Therefore, the development of a safe, stable, and efficient system for the delivery of siRNA therapeutics into the cytoplasm of targeted cells is crucial.Several nanoparticle platforms for siRNA delivery have been developed to overcome the major hurdles facing the therapeutic uses of siRNA.This review covers a broad spectrum of non-viral siRNA delivery systems developed for enhanced cellular uptake and targeted gene silencing in vitro and in vivo and discusses their characteristics and opportunities for clinical applications of therapeutic siRNA.
Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Timo Heidt, Hendrik B Sager, Gabriel Courties, Partha Dutta, Yoshiko Iwamoto, Alex Zaltsman, Constantin von zur Muhlen, Christoph Bode, Gregory L Fricchione, John Denninger, Charles P Lin, Claudio Vinegoni, Peter Libby, Filip K Swirski, Ralph Weissleder, Matthias Nahrendorf
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
IHG-1 Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Stabilizing PGC-1α
Authors: Fionnuala B. Hickey, James B. Corcoran, Neil G. Docherty, Brenda Griffin, Una Bhreathnach, Fiona Furlong, Finian Martin, Catherine Godson, Madeline Murphy
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Increased expression of Induced-by-High-Glucose 1 (IHG-1) associates with tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. IHG-1 amplifies TGF-β1 signaling, but the functions of this highly-conserved protein are not well understood. IHG-1 contains a putative mitochondrial-localization domain, and here we report that IHG-1 is specifically localized to mitochondria. IHG-1 overexpression increased mitochondrial mass and stabilized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Conversely, inhibition of IHG-1 expression decreased mitochondrial mass, downregulated mitochondrial proteins, and PGC-1α-regulated transcription factors, including nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and reduced activity of the TFAM promoter. In the unilateral ureteral obstruction model, we observed higher PGC-1α protein expression and IHG-1 levels with fibrosis. In a gene-expression database, we noted that renal biopsies of human diabetic nephropathy demonstrated higher expression of genes encoding key mitochondrial proteins, including cytochrome c and manganese superoxide dismutase, compared with control biopsies. In summary, these data suggest that IHG-1 increases mitochondrial biogenesis by promoting PGC-1α-dependent processes, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis.
Influence of secobarbital and alpha-chloralose, and of vagal and sympathetic interruption, on left ventricular activation after acute coronary artery occlusion in the dog.
Authors: R Ruffy, D E Lovelace, S B Knoebel, D P Zipes
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of secobarbital vs. alpha-chloralose anesthesia, and of tonic autonomic influence, upon ischemia-induced subepicardial and subendocardial bipolar electrogram changes during acute coronary artery occlusion in the open-chest dog. We found that the degree of bipolar electrogram alterations for similar reductions of regional myocardial blood flow was less in dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose than in those anesthetized with secobarbital. We also noted greater electrogram change when the sympathetic system was unopposed by the vagus nerves. Finally, this study demonstrates the reproducibility of ischemia-induced changes in bipolar electrograms during serial, short term, acute coronary artery occlusions.
Epistatic interaction between Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and prostaglandin E receptor 3 (PTGER3) genes
Authors: Mayumi Ueta, Gen Tamiya, Katsushi Tokunaga, Chie Sotozono, Masao Ueki, Hiromi Sawai, Tsutomu Inatomi, Toshiyuki Matsuoka, Shizuo Akira, Shuh Narumiya, Kei Tashiro, Shigeru Kinoshita
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Staphylococcus aureus triggered reactive arthritis.
Authors: A R Siam, M Hammoudeh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

OBJECTIVES--To report two patients who developed reactive arthritis in association with Staphylococcus aureus infection. METHODS--A review of the case notes of two patients. RESULTS--Two adult female patients have developed sterile arthritis in association with Staph aureus infection. The first patient has had two episodes of arthritis; the first followed olecranon bursitis, the second followed infection of a central venous catheter used for dialysis. The second patient developed sterile arthritis while being treated for pyomyositis. Both patients had a self limited arthritis and were HLA-B27 negative. CONCLUSION--Reactive arthritis may rarely follow Staph aureus infection. HLA-B27 negativity may be associated with a self limited arthritis in these cases.
Fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products and D‐dimer in clinical practice: Interpretation of discrepant results
Authors: Naoaki Sato, Hoyu Takahashi, Akria Shibata
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1995)

Abstract In clinical practice, occasionally some patients show dissociated values of fibrinogen / fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D‐dimer (cross‐linked fibrin degradation products). In an attempt to assess the frequency, clinical backgrounds, and hemostatic states of these cases, FDP and D‐dimer were simultaneously measured together with other hemostatic parameters in 371 samples from patients with various diseases. As a whole, FDP values were positively correlated with D‐dimer values (r = 0.871, P &lt; 0.0001), and both were elevated in parallel with the progress of activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. However, in patients with elevated FDP and/or D‐dimer, 11.5% of samples showed relatively lower D‐dimer values than those expected from FDP levels, and these were regarded as an apparently dissociated group. In the dissociated group, activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis occurred to a lesser extent than others. Analysis of these samples suggested that the possible reasons for the dissociation bet ween FDP and D‐dimer values were accelerated fibrinogenolysis with or without secondary fibrinolysis, accelerated fibrinogenolysis by non‐plasmic proteinases, elevated soluble fibrin, and possibly false‐positive FDP levels due to unclottable fibrinogen remaining in the serum samples. In practice, simultaneous measurements of FDP and D‐dimer are useful for more accurate estimation of hyperfibrinolytic states. ©1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Humoral antibody response after rubella vaccination.
Authors: H A Cubie, S M Burns, I T Collacott, L E Lawson
Journal: BMJ (1985)

insufficient to enable the active treatments to be compared.Acupuncture and nicotine gum were effective in helping smokers to stop smoking during the first month but did not reduce the tendency to relapse after that time.The subjects in our trial did not take the initiative in coming to a clinic to stop smoking but were invited to take part.This may explain our low long term rate of success compared with that of withdrawal clinics.We thank the Haut Comite d'Aide a la Lutte Contre le Cancer, France, for financial support and A B Leo and Co, Sweden, for financial support and for supplying the gum.We are indebted to Robert Molimard for participation, to Catherine Gros, Gerard Lavianne, and Benoit Ponsot for practical help, and to Susheela Fallah for technical help.
Hydatidiform Mole and Chorioncarcinoma
Authors: K. D. Bagshawe
Journal: BMJ (1964)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The ecological niche of species is often studied from two different perspectives. Environmental niche modelling (ENM) infers a species’ current niche from contemporary occurrence records, while phylogenetic comparative methods (PCM) infer the history of niche evolution. Although these two areas of research are conceptually linked, they are analysed independently, within separate analytical frameworks. Here we provide a new method, NEMo (Niche Evolution Model), for simultaneous inference of niche evolution and estimation of contemporary niches of species. NEMo explicitly models three fundamental processes of niche evolution – adaptation, speciation, and dispersal – applying a reversible jump algorithm to infer occurrences of these processes on a phylogeny. The model permits ENMs to account for the role of history in shaping current species distributions, and offers more realistic models of evolution in PCMs. Simulations show that NEMo has high accuracy for estimating the ecological niche of species, and reasonable power to identify the occurrences of the three processes on phylogeny. When applied to a real case study (the Australian plant genus <i>Acacia</i>), the method is more effective at predicting a key environmental niche axis (salt tolerance) than using ENM alone, and it infers temporal patterns in the evolution of drought tolerance in response to aridification that are consistent with prior expectations NEMo makes it possible to combine many types of data to study niche evolution and estimate species niches, not only species distributions and phylogeny, but also paleoclimate, species tolerance range, and fossil records.
<i>NT5E</i>Mutations and Arterial Calcifications
Authors: Cynthia St. Hilaire, Shira G. Ziegler, Thomas C. Markello, Alfredo Brusco, Catherine Groden, Fred Gill, Hannah Carlson-Donohoe, Robert J. Lederman, Marcus Y. Chen, Dan Yang, Michael P. Siegenthaler, Carlo Arduino, Cecilia Mancini, Bernard Freudenthal, Horia C. Stanescu, Anselm A. Zdebik, R. Krishna Chaganti, Robert L. Nussbaum, Robert Kleta, William A. Gahl, Manfred Boehm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Arterial calcifications are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but the genetic basis of this association is unclear.
HIGH-DOSE INTRAVENOUS GAMMAGLOBULIN FOR KAWASAKI DISEASE
Authors: Kenshi Furusho, Hiroyuki Nakano, Keisuke Shinomiya, Tokio Tamura, Yutaka Manabe, Masaharu Kawarano, Kiyoshi Baba, Tetsuro Kamiya, Nobuyuki Kiyosawa, Tadashi Hayashidera, Osamu Hirose, Tatsuo Yokoyama, Kunizo Baba, Chuzo Mori
Journal: The Lancet (1984)
Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics. 1: The P Value Fallacy
Authors: Steven N. Goodman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

An important problem exists in the interpretation of modern medical research data: Biological understanding and previous research play little formal role in the interpretation of quantitative results. This phenomenon is manifest in the discussion sections of research articles and ultimately can affect the reliability of conclusions. The standard statistical approach has created this situation by promoting the illusion that conclusions can be produced with certain "error rates," without consideration of information from outside the experiment. This statistical approach, the key components of which are P values and hypothesis tests, is widely perceived as a mathematically coherent approach to inference. There is little appreciation in the medical community that the methodology is an amalgam of incompatible elements, whose utility for scientific inference has been the subject of intense debate among statisticians for almost 70 years. This article introduces some of the key elements of that debate and traces the appeal and adverse impact of this methodology to the P value fallacy, the mistaken idea that a single number can capture both the long-run outcomes of an experiment and the evidential meaning of a single result. This argument is made as a prelude to the suggestion that another measure of evidence should be used--the Bayes factor, which properly separates issues of long-run behavior from evidential strength and allows the integration of background knowledge with statistical findings.
The interplay between the gut microbiota and the immune system
Authors: Markus B Geuking, Yasmin Köller, Sandra Rupp, Kathy D McCoy
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

The impact of the gut microbiota on immune homeostasis within the gut and, importantly, also at systemic sites has gained tremendous research interest over the last few years. The intestinal microbiota is an integral component of a fascinating ecosystem that interacts with and benefits its host on several complex levels to achieve a mutualistic relationship. Host-microbial homeostasis involves appropriate immune regulation within the gut mucosa to maintain a healthy gut while preventing uncontrolled immune responses against the beneficial commensal microbiota potentially leading to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the microbiota composition might impact on the susceptibility to immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmunity and allergy. Understanding how the microbiota modulates susceptibility to these diseases is an important step toward better prevention or treatment options for such diseases.