tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Antismoking Advertising Campaigns
Authors: Lisa K. Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Active and passive smoking are the first and third leading preventable causes of death. Many states are running or initiating antitobacco media campaigns.To review research on the effectiveness of different antismoking messages and published evidence of the effectiveness of paid antismoking advertising.Focus group studies conducted by professional advertising agencies that contract with California, Massachusetts, and Michigan to run their antismoking advertising campaigns, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Media Campaign Resource Book, and copies of the advertisements. In total, we reviewed the results of 186 focus groups involving more than 1500 children and adults dealing with 118 advertisements that had actually been aired and additional concept advertisements that were not produced. Published literature was located using MEDLINE and standard bibliographic sources on the effectiveness of large, paid antitobacco media campaigns. We also reviewed reports and studies conducted by, or for, the California and Massachusetts health departments on program effectiveness, and conducted our own comparison of California vs Massachusetts using cigarette consumption data from the Tobacco Institute.All available studies.Eight advertising strategies to prevent people from starting to smoke and persuading them to stop were reviewed: industry manipulation, secondhand smoke, addiction, cessation, youth access, short-term effects, long-term health effects, and romantic rejection. These focus groups identified strategies that would be expected to be effective and ineffective. Regression analysis was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the California and Massachusetts programs.Focus group participants indicated that industry manipulation and secondhand smoke are the most effective strategies for denormalizing smoking and reducing cigarette consumption. Addiction and cessation can be effective when used in conjunction with the industry manipulation and secondhand smoke strategies. Youth access, short-term effects, long-term health effects, and romantic rejection are not effective strategies. More aggressive advertising strategies appear to be more effective at reducing tobacco consumption.
PRESENT POSITION OF CAESAREAN SECTION IN OBSTETRIC PRACTICE
Authors: J. B. Banister
Journal: BMJ (1935)

The evolut-on of antral surgery shows clearly that openings made through the external sinus walls, away from intranasal ventilation, have proved a failure, and are now obsolete, because they are contrary to the principle which maintains air function in the sinuses and restores its loss when absent.The early Caldwell method or those of Cowper and Kuster have gone this way.The Caldwell-Luc operation, as now performed, still holds its place for cases complicated by gross oedematous changes in the lining, such as those just described, but in the absence of this complication, and for ordinary recent suppuration, the intranasal antrostomy-the really functioning portion of the Caldwell-Luc operation-must continue to be the method of choice.I frequently make a second opening in the hiatus semilunaris by enlarg:ng the anatomical ostium region, as recommended by Harmer and Gerber.This provides thorough ventilation of the cavity and the additional very important service of affording a continued portal of output for ciliary activity.Horgan carries his intra- nasal antrostomy opening high into the middle meatus, but this is for cases complicated by ethmoidal disease.It is excellent as a combined operation, and is planned on sound principles of ventilation.
Helper virus induced T cell lymphoma in nonhuman primates after retroviral mediated gene transfer.
Authors: R E Donahue, S W Kessler, D Bodine, K McDonagh, C Dunbar, S Goodman, B Agricola, E Byrne, M Raffeld, R Moen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMuLV) causes T cell neoplasms in rodents but is not known to be a pathogen in primates. The core protein and enzyme genes of the MoMuLV genome together with an amphotropic envelope gene are utilized to engineer the cell lines that generate retroviral vectors for use in current human gene therapy applications. We developed a producer clone that generates a very high concentration of retroviral vector particles to optimize conditions for gene insertion into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. This producer cell line also generates a much lower concentration of replication-competent virus that arose through recombination. Stem cells from rhesus monkeys were purified by immunoselection with an anti-CD34 antibody, incubated in vitro for 80-86 h in the presence of retroviral vector particles with accompanying replication-competent virus and used to reconstitute recipients whose bone marrow had been ablated by total body irradiation. The retroviral vector genome was detected in circulating cells of five of eight transplant recipients of CD34+ cells and in the circulating cells of two recipients of infected, unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cells. Three recipients of CD34+ cells had a productive infection with replication-competent virus. Six or seven mo after transplantation, each of these animals developed a rapidly progressive T cell neoplasm involving the thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Lymphoma cells contained 10-50 copies of the replication-competent virus, but lacked the retroviral vector genome. We conclude that replication-competent viruses arising from producer cells making retroviral vectors can be pathogenic in primates, which underscores the importance of carefully screening retroviral producer clones used in human trials to exclude contamination with replication-competent virus.
Symptomatic and silent gall stones in the community.
Authors: K W Heaton, F E Braddon, R A Mountford, A O Hughes, P M Emmett
Journal: Gut (1991)

The prevalence of gall stone disease in a stratified random sample of 1896 British adults (72.2% of those approached) was established using real time ultrasound. The prevalence rose with age, except in women of 40-49 years, so that at 60-69 years, 22.4% of women and 11.5% of men had gall stones or had undergone cholecystectomy. The cholecystectomy rate of people with gall stone disease was higher in women than in men (43.5% v 24%, p less than 0.05). Very few subjects with gall stones had convincing biliary symptoms. In women, 10.4% had symptoms according to a questionnaire definition of biliary pain and 6.3% according to conventional history taking, while no men at all admitted to biliary pain. Nevertheless, cholecystectomy in men had nearly always been preceded by convincing biliary symptoms. The age at cholecystectomy was, on average, nine years less than the age at detection of silent gall stones in both sexes. It is concluded that either gall stones are especially prone to cause symptoms in younger people or that there are two kinds of cholelithiasis - symptomatic and silent. The lack of symptomatic gall stones in cross sectional surveys is probably due to their rapid diagnosis and treatment.
A novel modified paclitaxel-loaded discoidal recombinant high-density lipoproteins: Preparation, characterizations and in vivo evaluation
Authors: Mengyuan Zhang, Junting Jia, Jianping Liu, Hongliang He, Lisha Liu
Journal: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2013)

This study is one of the first to focus on the unexpected drug leakage from discoidal recombinant high-density lipoproteins (d-rHDLs) as a consequence of remodeling process, mainly associated with lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) during their metabolic process. Here, a newly monocholesterylsuccinate (CHS) modified paclitaxel-loaded d-rHDLs (cP-d-rHDLs) were constructed successfully through structural modification, thus aiming to improve the performance of d-rHDLs. And next their in vitro physiochemical properties and pharmacokinetics in Sprague–Dawley rats were elaborately investigated. Collectively our studies demonstrated that cP-d-rHDLs, whose remodeling behaviors were restrained effectively after structural modification, exhibited more excellent and promising properties as novel delivery vehicles for anti-cancer agents.
Temperature-dependent kinetic variation among phosphoglucose isomerase allozymes from the wing-polymorphic water strider, Limnoporus canaliculatus.
Authors: A J Zera
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1987)

Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) allozymes were isolated from the wing-polymorphic water strider, Limnoporus canaliculatus, and were characterized biochemically with respect to temperature-dependent kinetic and thermostability properties. At higher temperatures, the allozymes exhibited significant differences in Michaelis constant (Km) values for substrates of both the forward and reverse reaction directions. Results were consistent with expectations of adaptive kinetic differentiation based on the latitudinal variation of PGI allele frequencies. PGI genotypes also differed with regard to maximal velocity (Vmax)/Km ratios at higher temperatures. These differences were due primarily, if not exclusively, to allozyme-dependent variation in Km values. The allozymes also exhibited dramatic differences in thermostability. However, no thermostability differences were observed when the substrate analogue 6-phosphogluconate was present in the incubation medium. The data from this study, together with data from Mytilus edulis and Metridium senile on temperature-dependent kinetic variation among PGI allozymes, form a consistent picture of natural selection influencing the clinal variation of alleles at this locus in these three phylogenetically distant organisms. More definitive support of this hypothesis, however, must await additional studies on the physiological effects of the allozymic variation as well as direct measurements of fitness differences among the enzyme genotypes.
Low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in plasma, and reduced sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycaemia in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: R Imrich, J Rovensky, F Malis, M Zlnay, Z Killinger, R Kvetnansky, M Huckova, M Vigas, L Macho, J Koska
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objectives:</b> To evaluate the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). <b>Methods:</b> Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (0.1 IU/kg) was produced in 15 glucocorticoid-naive patients with long term RA with low disease activity and in 14 healthy women matched for age and body mass index. Concentrations of glucose, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, Δ4-androstenedione (ASD), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) were analysed in plasma. <b>Results:</b> Patients had comparable responses of glucose, cortisol, ACTH, ASD, and 17OHP to hypoglycaemia, without any signs of hypothalamic insufficiency. Patients had lower basal DHEAS than controls (3.03 (0.37) μmol/l <i>v</i> 5.1 (0.9) μmol/l, respectively; p&lt;0.05); borderline lower basal DHEA levels (p = 0.067); while the response of DHEA to hypoglycaemia was comparable to that of controls. Patients with RA had lower EPI (p = 0.005) and NE (p&lt;0.001) responses to hypoglycaemia. TNFα and IL6 were higher (p&lt;0.05) in patients with RA (TNFα 8 (2.8) pg/ml in RA <i>v</i> 1.1 (0.5) pg/ml in controls and IL6 15.1 (6.7) pg/ml <i>v</i> 1.4 (0.7) pg/ml). <b>Conclusions:</b> Lower basal DHEAS levels, without concomitant differences or changes in DHEA, ASD, 17OHP, and cortisol responses to hypoglycaemia in patients with RA, indicate an isolated decrease in adrenal androgen production. Significantly lower responses of EPI and NE to hypoglycaemia may suggest sympathoadrenal hyporeactivity in patients with RA.
Randomized Trial of Preventive Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction
Authors: David S. Wald, Joan K. Morris, Nicholas J. Wald, Alexander J. Chase, Richard J. Edwards, Liam O. Hughes, Colin Berry, Keith G. Oldroyd
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

In acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to treat the artery responsible for the infarct (infarct, or culprit, artery) improves prognosis. The value of PCI in noninfarct coronary arteries with major stenoses (preventive PCI) is unknown.From 2008 through 2013, at five centers in the United Kingdom, we enrolled 465 patients with acute STEMI (including 3 patients with left bundle-branch block) who were undergoing infarct-artery PCI and randomly assigned them to either preventive PCI (234 patients) or no preventive PCI (231 patients). Subsequent PCI for angina was recommended only for refractory angina with objective evidence of ischemia. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiac causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or refractory angina. An intention-to-treat analysis was used.By January 2013, the results were considered conclusive by the data and safety monitoring committee, which recommended that the trial be stopped early. During a mean follow-up of 23 months, the primary outcome occurred in 21 patients assigned to preventive PCI and in 53 patients assigned to no preventive PCI (infarct-artery-only PCI), which translated into rates of 9 events per 100 patients and 23 per 100, respectively (hazard ratio in the preventive-PCI group, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21 to 0.58; P<0.001). Hazard ratios for the three components of the primary outcome were 0.34 (95% CI, 0.11 to 1.08) for death from cardiac causes, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.75) for nonfatal myocardial infarction, and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.69) for refractory angina.In patients with STEMI and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing infarct-artery PCI, preventive PCI in noninfarct coronary arteries with major stenoses significantly reduced the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, as compared with PCI limited to the infarct artery. (Funded by Barts and the London Charity; PRAMI Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN73028481.).
Durability of hbeag seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B patients after lamivudine A-interferon or lamivudine A- interferon combination therapy
Authors: A.B. Van Nunen, B. Hansen, D. Suh, H. Loehr, H. Fontaine, L. Chemello, B. Song, J. Heathcote, H. Janssen, R.A. de Man, S.W. Schalm
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
HSulf-1 Inhibits Angiogenesis and Tumorigenesis <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Keishi Narita, Julie Staub, Jeremy Chien, Kristy Meyer, Maret Bauer, Andreas Friedl, Sundaram Ramakrishnan, Viji Shridhar
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract We previously identified HSulf-1 as a down-regulated gene in several tumor types including ovarian, breast, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Loss of HSulf-1, which selectively removes 6-O-sulfate from heparan sulfate, up-regulates heparin-binding growth factor signaling and confers resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Here we report that HSulf-1 expression in MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma clonal lines leads to reduced proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor burden in athymic nude mice in vivo. Additionally, xenografts derived from HSulf-1–expressing stable clones of carcinoma cells showed reduced vessel density, marked necrosis, and apoptosis, indicative of inhibition of angiogenesis. Consistent with this observation, HSulf-1–expressing clonal lines showed reduced staining with the endothelial marker CD31 in Matrigel plug assay, indicating that HSulf-1 expression inhibits angiogenesis. More importantly, HSulf-1 expression in the xenografts was associated with a reduced ability of vascular endothelial cell heparan sulfate to participate in a complex with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and its receptor tyrosine kinase FGF receptor 1c. In vitro, short hairpin RNA–mediated down-regulation of HSulf-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) resulted in an increased proliferation mediated by heparan sulfate–dependent FGF-2, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) but not by heparan sulfate–independent VEGF121. HSulf-1 down-regulation also enhanced downstream signaling through the extracellular signal–regulated kinase pathway compared with untreated cells. Consistent with the role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfation in VEGF-mediated signaling, treatment of HUVEC cells with chlorate, which inhibits heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfation and therefore mimics HSulf-1 overexpression, led to an attenuated VEGF-mediated signaling. Collectively, these observations provide the first evidence of a novel mechanism by which HSulf-1 modulates the function of heparan sulfate binding VEGF165 in proliferation and angiogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(12): 6025-32)
Genetic Variation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Black Individuals in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Charles Chia-chuen Hsu, Molly S. Bray, W.H.Linda Kao, James S. Pankow, Eric Boerwinkle, Josef Coresh
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates BP and may affect chronic kidney disease (CKD) through induction of tissue growth and fibrosis. The angiotensinogen (AGT) promoter G(-6) allele lowers transcription and is inversely associated with hypertension. In white individuals, the A1166C 3'-UTR variant of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) has been associated with CKD. CKD associations with these RAS genes are uncertain in high-risk black populations. A prospective population-based study of CKD risk was conducted among 3706 black individuals without severe renal dysfunction at baseline (serum creatinine > or =177 micromol/L [2.0 mg/dl] for men, > or =159 micromol/L [1.8 mg/dl] for women) to examine associations with AGT and AT1R. Incident CKD progression was defined as kidney disease hospitalization or increase in serum creatinine level > or =35 micromol/L (0.4 mg/dl) above baseline. During mean follow-up of 10.2 yr, CKD progression incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) was 8.2 (n = 312 cases). Risk was lower for AGT G(-6) carriers compared with A(-6) (incidence 6.9 versus 9.0; log-rank P = 0.03) and nonsignificantly higher among AT1R C1166 carriers. Adjusting for hypertension and major CKD risk factors, AGT G(-6)decreased risk (relative risk 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.98). AT1R C1166 increased risk only among those with hypertension (relative risk 1.65; 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 2.39). The AGT G(-6)A polymorphism may play a role in CKD progression in black individuals, consistent with in vitro effects on AGT levels and renal remodeling but independent of BP. The AT1R C1166 allele may increase susceptibility but only in the presence of hypertension.
Modulation of human bronchial epithelial cell IIICS fibronectin mRNA in vitro
Authors: E Rosi, JD Beckmann, P Pladsen, SI Rennard, DJ Romberger
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Fibronectin (Fn) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein which is involved in wound repair, including repair of injured airway epithelium. Bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) are known to produce Fn which has enhanced chemotactic activity compared to serum Fn. Alternative splicing of the Fn gene is an important mechanism by which cells regulate the production of Fn. Human BECs produce Fn which contains the EIIIA region, but the expression of IIICS region variants has not previously been reported. Our purpose was to better define the molecular characteristics of human BEC Fn by determining the expression of alternative splice variants of the IIICS region of Fn of human BECs in vitro. Human bronchial epithelial cells obtained from bronchoscopy were cultured. To examine the presence of IIICS messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) variants, we synthesized oligonucleotide primers complementary to the published human fibronectin complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) sequence of the IIICS domain for use in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with total ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from cultured human BECs. To examine the modulation of IIICS mRNA expression, the 428 base pair (bp) DNA fragment generated in the PCR was oligo-labelled with 32[P]-deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) for use as a probe for Northern blot analysis. Human BECs were cultured in the presence and absence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and agents which influence cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) including isoproterenol and dibutryl cAMP (db-cAMP). Total RNA from cultures was extracted, electrophoresis performed, and Northern blots obtained. Blots were hybridized with IIICS probe, total Fn cDNA, and tubulin cDNA. It was found that human BECs in culture expressed the five known human IIICS variants. TGF-beta enhanced the expression of IIICS mRNA in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Isoproterenol and db-cAMP both reduced the expression of IIICS mRNA and attenuated the TGF-beta induction. Changes in IIICS mRNA paralleled changes in total Fn mRNA, suggesting that these agents do not selectively modulate only the IIICS domain of Fn. We conclude that human airway epithelial cell Fn in vitro does contain mRNA for five IIICS variants, and that IIICS mRNA can be modulated by TGF-beta and agents which influence cAMP. It is unknown whether alterations in IIICS variants contribute to the functional differences previously observed between airway epithelial cell Fn and plasma-derived Fn.
Activation of platelets adhered on amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) films synthesized by plasma immersion ion implantation-deposition (PIII-D)
Authors: P Yang, N Huang, Y.X Leng, J.Y Chen, R.K.Y Fu, S.C.H Kwok, Y Leng, P.K Chu
Journal: Biomaterials (2003)
Solar urticaria: treatment with PUVA and mediator inhibitors
Authors: J.A. PARRISH, K.F. JAENICKE, W.L. MORISON, K. MOMTAZ, C. SHEA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

SUMMARY Several therapeutic regimes for solar urticaria were evaluated. A short course of PUVA therapy produced a marked increase in the minimal dose of radiation required to produce urticaria in the six patients treated. This objective evidence of improvement was supported by the patients' reports of greatly increased tolerance to sun-exposure. Chlorpheniramine, an antihistamine, produced a slight increase in the minimal dose of radiation necessary to produce urticaria but its effectiveness was limited by side-effects. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, produced no beneficial effect.
Risk Factors for Diseases of Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis After Restorative Proctocolectomy for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Bo Shen, Victor W. Fazio, Feza H. Remzi, Aaron Brzezinski, Ana E. Bennett, Rocio Lopez, Jeffrey P. Hammel, Jean-Paul Achkar, Charles L. Bevins, Ian C. Lavery, Scott A. Strong, Conor P. Delaney, Wendy Liu, Marlene L. Bambrick, Kerry K. Sherman, Bret A. Lashner
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2006)