tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Language of Emotions
Authors: WILLIAM C. LEWIS, RICHARD N. WOLMAN, MURIEL KING
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

A study of 256 school children revealed that with increasing age, children—especially boys—demonstrate increased freedom from the external environment for cues to emotional arousal; girls tend to be more visceral and less cerebral in the body sites they associate with certain emotions; and older children describe emotions more as ideas or thoughts than as body sensations. The authors feel that children should be encouraged to explore their emotions, thereby facilitating the communication of those feelings to others.
Detection of a Widespread Clone of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in a Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Clinic
Authors: David S. Armstrong, Gillian M. Nixon, Rosemary Carzino, Andrea Bigham, John B. Carlin, Roy M. Robins-Browne, Keith Grimwood
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Cross-infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa between unrelated patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is believed to be uncommon. After detecting a genotypically identical strain of P. aeruginosa in five unrelated children with CF dying from severe lung disease, we determined its prevalence within a large CF clinic using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA assays. The clinical status of P. aeruginosa-infected patients was also determined. Between September and December 1999, 152 patients, aged 3.9-20.7 years, provided sputum for culture. P. aeruginosa was detected in 118 children of mean (SD) age 13.5 (3.8) years. The genotyping techniques were concordant, showing that 65 (55%) infected patients carried an indistinguishable or closely related strain. No distinctive antibiogram or environmental reservoir was found. Patients with the clonal strain were more likely than those with unrelated isolates to have been hospitalized in the preceding 12 months for respiratory exacerbations. This study demonstrates extensive spread of a single, clonal strain of P. aeruginosa in a large pediatric CF clinic. Whether this strain is also more virulent than sporadic isolates remains to be determined. As transmissible strains could emerge elsewhere, other CF clinics may also need to consider molecular methods of surveillance for cross-infection.
Role of ineffective erythropoiesis in anaemia of RA.
Authors: I Cavill, C Ricketts
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Role of ineffective erythropoiesis in anaemia of RA Sir, Samson et al. (1977) reported a study of the role of ineffective erythropoiesis in the anaemia of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis before and after gold therapy, suggesting that ineffective erythropoiesis may be an important reversible factor in the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.We feel that the results should be interpreted
Alignment Artifacts in Optical Coherence Tomography Analyzed Images
Authors: Christopher Kai-shun Leung, Wai-Man Chan, Kelvin Kam-Lung Chong, Kwok-Cheung Chan, Wing-ho Yung, Moon-Kong Tsang, Raymond Kwok Kay Tse, Dennis Shun-chiu Lam
Journal: Ophthalmology (2006)
Philosophy for physicians
Authors: C M. Harper
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Philosophy has a reputation for being complex, esoteric and divorced from reality. However, just as the basic sciences of biochemistry, physiology and anatomy underlie our understanding of medicine, so philosophy can answer fundamental questions about our everyday lives—issues of life, death, knowledge, reason and religion to name but a few. With the possible exception of the clergy, doctors are in the unique position of grappling with such issues.

In western civilization, philosophical writings date from Ancient Greece, and eastern philosophical traditions go back even further. To benefit from the fruits of so much intellectual endeavour, all one needs is an awareness of some basic philosophical arguments. In the same way, it does not really matter whether or not you can float a pulmonary artery catheter or perform a Whipple's operation, as long as you recognize their potential and know someone who can.
Containing Costs While Improving Quality of Care: The Role of Profiling and Practice Guidelines
Authors: D W Shapiro, R D Lasker, A B Bindman, P R Lee
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1993)

In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and ...Read More
Cardiac Safety Analysis of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Paclitaxel With or Without Trastuzumab in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial
Authors: Edith A. Perez, Vera J. Suman, Nancy E. Davidson, George W. Sledge, Peter A. Kaufman, Clifford A. Hudis, Silvana Martino, Julie R. Gralow, Shaker R. Dakhil, James N. Ingle, Eric P. Winer, Karen A. Gelmon, Bernard J. Gersh, Allan S. Jaffe, Richard J. Rodeheffer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

To assess cardiac safety and potential cardiac risk factors associated with trastuzumab in the NCCTG N9831 Intergroup adjuvant breast cancer trial.
Safety and efficacy of oral entecavir given for 28 days in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Robert A. de Man, Leonieke M. M. Wolters, Frederik Nevens, David Chua, Morris Sherman, Cing L. Lai, Adrian Gadano, Youngmee Lee, Fransesco Mazzotta, Neil Thomas, Deborah DeHertogh
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Entecavir is an oral antiviral drug with selective activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection in which we evaluated the efficacy and safety of entecavir given for 28 days. Follow-up was 24 weeks. All doses of entecavir (0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg, and 1.0 mg) showed a pronounced suppression of replication of the HBV with a 2.21, 2.29, 2.81, and 2.55 mean log(10) reduction of viral load, respectively. Approximately 25% of patients on entecavir showed a decline of HBV DNA below the limit of detection of the Chiron HBV-DNA assay (<0.7 MEq/mL). In the postdosing follow-up period patients who were treated with 0.5 and 1.0 mg of entecavir showed a considerably slower return in their HBV DNA levels to baseline compared with those patients treated with lower dosages (P <.05). All doses of entecavir were well tolerated with no significant difference between treated patients and those receiving placebo. No significant changes in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels within the dose groups and the placebo group between baseline and the end of treatment were observed. Three patients (9%) (1 each in the 0.05-, 0.1-, and 0.5-mg groups) experienced asymptomatic hepatitis flares 16 weeks (2 patients) and 24 weeks (1 patient) after withdrawal of entecavir. In conclusion, in this 28-day study of entecavir a pronounced decrease of HBV DNA was observed and there were no significant side effects in entecavir patients in comparison with placebo-treated patients.
ErbB3 Expression Predicts Tumor Cell Radiosensitization Induced by Hsp90 Inhibition
Authors: Hideaki Dote, David Cerna, William E. Burgan, Kevin Camphausen, Philip J. Tofilon
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

The ability to identify tumors that are susceptible to a given molecularly targeted radiosensitizer would be of clinical benefit. Towards this end, we have investigated the effects of a representative Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17DMAG), on the radiosensitivity of a panel of human tumor cell lines. 17DMAG was previously shown to enhance the radiosensitivity of a number of human cell lines, which correlated with the loss of ErbB2. We now report on cell lines in which 17DMAG induced the degradation of ErbB2, yet had no effect on radiosensitivity. In a comparison of ErbB family members, ErbB3 protein was only detectable in cells resistant to 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization. To determine whether ErbB3 plays a casual role in this resistance, short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown ErbB3 in the resistant cell line AsPC1. Whereas individual treatments with siRNA to ErbB3 or 17DMAG had no effect on radiosensitivity, the combination, which reduced both ErbB2 and ErbB3, resulted in a significant enhancement in AsPC1 radiosensitivity. In contrast to siRNA to ErbB3 or 17DMAG treatments only, AsPC1 cell exposure to the combination also resulted in a decrease in ErbB1 kinase activity. These results indicate that ErbB3 expression predicts for tumor cell susceptibility to and suggests that the loss of ErbB1 signaling activity is necessary for 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization. However, for cell lines sensitized by 17DMAG, treatment with siRNA to ErbB2, which reduced ErbB1 activity, had no effect on radiosensitivity. These results suggest that, whereas the loss of ErbB1 signaling may be necessary for 17DMAG-induced radiosensitization, it is not sufficient.
The Ability of Bilirubin in Identifying Smokers with Higher Risk of Lung Cancer: A Large Cohort Study in Conjunction with Global Metabolomic Profiling
Authors: Chi-Pang Wen, Fanmao Zhang, Dong Liang, Christopher Wen, Jian Gu, Heath Skinner, Wong-Ho Chow, Yuanqing Ye, Xia Pu, Michelle A.T. Hildebrandt, Maosheng Huang, Chien-Hua Chen, Chao Agnes Hsiung, Min Kuang Tsai, Chwen Keng Tsao, Scott M. Lippman, Xifeng Wu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: We aimed to identify serum metabolites as potential valuable biomarkers for lung cancer and to improve risk stratification in smokers. Experimental Design: We performed global metabolomic profiling followed by targeted validation of individual metabolites in a case–control design of 386 lung cancer cases and 193 matched controls. We then validated bilirubin, which consistently showed significant differential levels in cases and controls, as a risk marker for lung cancer incidence and mortality in a large prospective cohort composed of 425,660 participants. Results: Through global metabolomic profiling and following targeted validation, bilirubin levels consistently showed a statistically significant difference among healthy controls and lung cancer cases. In the prospective cohort, the inverse association was only seen in male smokers, regardless of smoking pack-years and intensity. Compared with male smokers in the highest bilirubin group (&amp;gt;1 mg/dL), those in the lowest bilirubin group (&amp;lt;0.75 mg/dL) had 55% and 66% increase in risks of lung cancer incidence and mortality, respectively. For every 0.1 mg/dL decrease of bilirubin, the risks for lung cancer incidence and mortality increased by 5% and 6% in male smokers, respectively (both P &amp;lt; 0.001). There was a significant interaction between low serum bilirubin level and smoking on lung cancer risk (Pinteraction = 0.001). Conclusion: Low levels of serum bilirubin are associated with higher risks of lung cancer incidence and mortality in male smokers and can be used to identify higher risk smokers for lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 193–200. ©2014 AACR.
Establishment of four new mesothelioma cell lines: characterization by ultrastructural and immunophenotypic analysis
Authors: AM Orengo, L Spoletini, A Procopio, RE Favoni, A De Cupis, A Ardizzoni, B Castagneto, M Ribotta, PG Betta, S Ferrini, L Mutti
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

The aim of this study was to assess the biological characteristics of four new malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines. Since simian virus (SV)40 sequences have been recently detected in MM, SV40 large T antigen (Tag) expression was also analysed. MM cell lines were characterized by morphological, ultrastructural and cytogenetic analysis. Expression of Tag and of relevant MM markers was studied by immunocytochemistry, surface antigens by indirect immunofluorescence and immunomodulating cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The four MM cell lines, established from pleural effusions, showed a slow proliferation rate and pleomorphic changes during culture. Cell lines expressed vimentin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, and the mesothelial antigen recognized by HBME-1 monoclonal antibody, but not carcinoembryonic antigen. Surface human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-class I and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 molecules were present on all the cell lines. While HLA class II and CD86 were constitutively undetectable, HLA-class II was present after interferon (IFN)-gamma stimulation. All cell lines displayed abnormal karyotypes with chromosome 6 abnormalities. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 and interleukin (IL)-6 were constitutively secreted, while tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was secreted only in response to lipopolysaccharide. Intranuclear Tag was expressed in two cell lines. The persistence of large T antigen with human leukocyte antigen class I and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 positivity may point to large T antigen as a target for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-based immunotherapy in some malignant mesothelioma patients.
Rare human papillomavirus 16 E6 variants reveal significant oncogenic potential
Authors: Ingeborg Zehbe, Hava Lichtig, Ashley Westerback, Paul F Lambert, Massimo Tommasino, Levana Sherman
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2011)

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether low prevalence human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 variants differ from high prevalence types in their functional abilities. We evaluated functions relevant to carcinogenesis for the rarely-detected European variants R8Q, R10G and R48W as compared to the commonly detected L83V. Human immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) stably transduced with the E6 variants were used in most functional assays. Low and high prevalence E6 variants displayed similar abilities in abrogation of growth arrest and inhibition of p53 elevation induced by actinomycin D. Differences were detected in the abilities to dysregulate stratification and differentiation of NIKS in organotypic raft cultures, modulate detachment induced apoptosis (anoikis) and hyperactivate Wnt signaling. No distinctive phenotype could be assigned to include all rare variants. Like L83V, raft cultures derived from variants R10G and R48W similarly induced hyperplasia and aberrantly expressed keratin 5 in the suprabasal compartment with significantly lower expression of keratin 10. Unlike L83V, both variants, and particularly R48W, induced increased levels of anoikis upon suspension in semisolid medium. R8Q induced a unique phenotype characterized by thin organotypic raft cultures, low expression of keratin 10, and high expression of keratins 5 and 14 throughout all raft layers. Interestingly, in a reporter based assay R8Q exhibited a higher ability to augment TCF/β-catenin transcription. The data suggests that differences in E6 variant prevalence in cervical carcinoma may not be related to the carcinogenic potential of the E6 protein.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECOLOGY OF <i>CRYPTOSPORIDIUM</i> AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Joan B. Rose
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1997)

▪ Abstract Cryptosporidium has become the most important contaminant found in drinking water and is associated with a high risk of waterborne disease particularly for the immunocompromised. There have been 12 documented waterborne outbreaks in North America since 1985; in two of these (Milwaukee and Las Vegas) mortality rates in the immunocompromised ranged from 52% to 68%. The immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) using epifluorescence microscopy has been used to examine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in sewage (1 to 120 oocysts/liter), filtered secondary treated wastewater (0.01 to 0.13 oocysts/liter), surface waters (0.001 to 107 oocysts/liter), groundwater (0.004 to 0.922 oocysts/liter) and treated drinking water (0.001 to 0.72 oocysts/liter). New rules are being developed (Information Collection Rule and Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule) to obtain more occurrence data for drinking water systems for use with new risk assessment models. Public health officials should consider a communication program to physicians treating the immunocompromised, nursing homes, develop a plan to evaluate cases of cryptosporidiosis in the community, and contribute to the development of public policies that limit contamination of source waters, improve water treatment, and protect public health.
Babesiosis in Washington State: A New Species of Babesia?
Authors: Robert E. Quick
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

To characterize the etiologic agent (WA1) of the first reported case of babesiosis acquired in Washington State.Case report, and serologic, molecular, and epizootiologic studies.South-central Washington State.A 41-year-old immunocompetent man with an intact spleen who developed a moderately severe case of babesiosis.Serum specimens from the patient were assayed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing for reactivity with seven Babesia species and with WA1, which was propagated in hamsters inoculated with his blood. A Babesia-specific, ribosomal-DNA (rDNA) probe was hybridized to Southern blots of restriction-endonuclease-digested preparations of DNA from WA1, Babesia microti, and Babesia gibsoni. Serum specimens from 83 family members and neighbors were assayed for IFA reactivity with WA1 and B. microti. Small mammals and ticks were examined for Babesia infection.The patient's serum had very strong IFA reactivity with WA1, strong reactivity with B. gibsoni (which infects dogs), but only weak reactivity with B. microti. DNA hybridization patterns with the rDNA probe clearly differentiated WA1 from B. gibsoni and B. microti. Four of the patient's neighbors had IFA titers to WA1 of 256. The tick vector and animal reservoir of WA1 have not yet been identified, despite trapping 83 mammals and collecting 235 ticks.WA1 is morphologically indistinguishable but antigenically and genotypically distinct from B. microti. Some patients elsewhere who were assumed to have been infected with B. microti may have been infected with WA1. Improved serodiagnostic and molecular techniques are needed for characterizing Babesia species and elucidating the epidemiology of babesiosis, an emergent zoonosis.
Aurora B–Mediated Phosphorylation of RASSF1A Maintains Proper Cytokinesis by Recruiting Syntaxin16 to the Midzone and Midbody
Authors: Su Jung Song, Soon Jung Kim, Min Sup Song, Dae-Sik Lim
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Aurora B is critically involved in ensuring proper cytokinesis and maintaining genomic stability. The tumor suppressor RASSF1A regulates cell cycle progression by regulating mitotic progression, G1-S transition, and microtubule stability. We previously reported that both Aurora A and Aurora B phosphorylate RASSF1A, and showed that phosphorylation of RASSF1A by Aurora A blocks the inhibitory function of RASSF1A toward anaphase-promoting complex-Cdc20. However, the role of Aurora B–mediated RASSF1A phosphorylation remains unknown. Here, we show that phosphorylation of RASSF1A on Ser203 by Aurora B during late mitosis has a critical role in regulating cytokinesis. Notably, RASSF1A interacts with Syntaxin16, a member of the t-SNARE family, at the midzone and midbody during late mitosis. Aurora B is required for this interaction and for the subsequent recruitment of Syntaxin16 to the midzone and midbody, a prerequisite for the successful completion of cytokinesis. Furthermore, Aurora B depletion results in a failure of Syntaxin16 to properly localize to the midzone and midbody, a mislocalization that was prevented by overexpression of the phosphomimetic RASSF1A (S203D) mutant. Finally, either depletion of Syntaxin16 or expression of the nonphosphorylatable RASSF1A (S203A) mutant results in cytokinesis defects. Our findings implicate Aurora B–mediated phosphorylation of RASSF1A in the regulation of cytokinesis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(22):8540–4]
Elastic-Vessel Arteritis in Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist–Deficient Mice Involves Effector Th1 Cells and Requires Interleukin-1 Receptor
Authors: Joanna Shepherd, Martin J.H. Nicklin
Journal: Circulation (2005)

In mice that lack interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), transmural inflammation of the elastic arteries develops at sites of turbulent flow. We described late histopathology previously. Here, we investigate the cellular events in nonlethal arteritis at the aortic root and compare them with Takayasu's arteritis and giant cell arteritis.IL-1ra-deficient mice were inbred from the original stocks and from BALB/c backcrosses. Disease was ascertained histologically and immunohistologically postmortem at the aortic root. Onset appeared to be stochastic and was not detectably age dependent; in our local Sf3 strain, the half-time of onset was approximately 52 days. Loss of the type I IL-1 receptor suppressed the arteritis. Microvascular activation, as determined by absence of strong E-selectin expression, was absent from preaffected vessels. In mildly affected cases, infiltration was adventitial. In severely affected animals, infiltrates appeared to be active in destroying elastin, but resynthesis of disorganized elastin occurred at closely adjacent sites. Infiltrates consisted predominantly of macrophages but were rich in CD4+-interferon-gamma+ cells, which are likely to represent Th1 cells. Dendritic cells accumulated in lesional areas.The arteritic phenotype of IL-1ra deficiency is mediated by the interleukin-1 receptor and involves effector Th1 cells. The destructive pattern and many of the cellular features of arteritis in IL-1ra-deficient mice resemble the human elastic-vessel arteritides, for which these mice may be a useful animal model.
Can Animal Models of Disease Reliably Inform Human Studies?
Authors: H. Bart van der Worp, David W. Howells, Emily S. Sena, Michelle J. Porritt, Sarah Rewell, Victoria O'Collins, Malcolm R. Macleod
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2010)

Animal experiments have contributed much to our understanding of mechanisms of disease, but their value in predicting the effectiveness of treatment strategies in clinical trials has remained controversial [1-3].In fact, clinical trials are essential because animal studies do not predict with sufficient certainty what will happen in humans.In a review of animal studies published in seven leading scientific journals of high impact, about one-third of the studies translated at the level of human randomised trials, and one-tenth of the interventions, were subsequently approved for use in patients [1].However, these were studies of high impact (median citation count, 889), and less frequently cited animal research probably has a lower likelihood of translation to the clinic.Depending on one's perspective, this attrition rate of 90% may be viewed as either a failure or as a success, but it serves to illustrate the magnitude of the difficulties in translation that beset even findings of high impact.Recent examples of therapies that failed in large randomised clinical trials despite substantial reported benefit in a range of animal studies include enteral probiotics for the prevention of infectious complications of acute pancreatitis, NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke, and a range of strategies to reduce lethal reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction [4][5][6][7].In animal models of acute ischemic stroke, about 500 ''neuroprotective'' treatment strategies have been reported to improve outcome, but only aspirin and very early intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase (recombinant tissueplasminogen activator) have proved effec-tive in patients, despite numerous clinical trials of other treatment strategies [8,9].Research in Translation discusses health interventions in the context of translation from basic to clinical research, or from clinical evidence to practice.