tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Role of Phosphate in Treatment of Renal Tubular (Hypophosphataemic) Rickets and Ostemalacias
Authors: G. A. Rose
Journal: BMJ (1964)

be pointed out that the disease had already shown signs of spreading outside this area, and there were many parts of the city which were as vulnerable, if not more so, than the one that was affected-.There will obviously be considerable interest in the trend of poliomyelitis in Dundee over the next few years.The population had probably a high degree of natural protection, and this had already been reinforced by the fairly extensive use of inactivated vaccine before being boosted still further by the widespread use of trivalent attenuated live vaccine in the 1962 outbreak. SummaryAn outbreak of poliomyelitis involving 40 patients occurred during the early summer of 1962 in the city of Dundee, particularly in certain new housing areas in the north-eastern part of the city.The causal virus was poliovirus type 1.An interesting feature was that the main attack was on children below the age of 6 years; it is suggested that this was perhaps not surprising in view of the probable age distribution of both natural and acquired antibody in the population.Trivalent attenuated vaccine, given orally, was used on a large scale in an effort to cut short the outbreak; within three weeks of the start of an intensive campaign, and when approxi- mately half of the population had received a single dose of vaccine, the outbreak came to an abrupt end.An intratypic serodifferentiation method was used to distinguish between wild and vaccine type poliovirus isolated from patients who had received live vaccine.It is a pleasure to acknowledge our indebtedness to our respective staffs in the City of Dundee Public Health Department, in King's Cross Hospital, and in the virological section of the bacteriology department, Queen's College, Dundee.We are particularly grateful to Dr. N. R. Grist and Dr. Eleanor Bell, Virus Laboratory, Ruchil] Hospital, Glasgow, for the intratypic serodifferentiation of some of the strains of virus, and to Mr. J. Hutchison, orthopaedc surgeon, for his independent assessment of severity in the paralytic cases.
Interleukin-18 Regulates Both Th1 and Th2 Responses
Authors: Kenji Nakanishi, Tomohiro Yoshimoto, Hiroko Tsutsui, Haruki Okamura
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2001)

Although interleukin-18 is structurally homologous to IL-1 and its receptor belongs to the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily, its function is quite different from that of IL-1. IL-18 is produced not only by types of immune cells but also by non-immune cells. In collaboration with IL-12, IL-18 stimulates Th1-mediated immune responses, which play a critical role in the host defense against infection with intracellular microbes through the induction of IFN-γ. However, the overproduction of IL-12 and IL-18 induces severe inflammatory disorders, suggesting that IL-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that has pathophysiological roles in several inflammatory conditions. IL-18 mRNA is expressed in a wide range of cells including Kupffer cells, macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, astrocytes, and microglias. Thus, the pathophysiological role of IL-18 has been extensively tested in the organs that contain these cells. Somewhat surprisingly, IL-18 alone can stimulate Th2 cytokine production as well as allergic inflammation. Therefore, the functions of IL-18 in vivo are very heterogeneous and complicated. In principle, IL-18 enhances the IL-12-driven Th1 immune responses, but it can also stimulate Th2 immune responses in the absence of IL-12.
Spirometric reference values for Italian children
Authors: Valentina Fainardi, Daniela Vitale, Elio Volta, Maurizio Vanelli, Giovanna Pisi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Introduction:  Spirometry is the basic tool to evaluate pulmonary function both in adults and in children. The purpose of this study was to provide updated reference values and equations for healthy Italian children.   Subjects and methods:  Two-hundred-seven healthy children (aged 6-14 yrs, mean ± SD: 9.4±1.9) attending a summer sport school in the North of Italy performed spirometry with a pneumotachograph (Koko Spirometer; Sensormedics, Milan, Italy) according to American Thoracic Society. Pulmonary function parameters included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1st second (FEV 1 ), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF 25-75 ), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). After stratification by gender, descriptive statistics were determined for the primary outcome variables FVC, FEV 1 , FEF 25–75 , and PEF. Independent variables considered included age (A, in years), weight (W in kilograms), and height (Ht in meters). The independent predictors of these variables were determined using linear regression models. To define the lower limit of the normal ranges (LLNs), the fifth percentiles were determined. SPSS version 18 was used for the analyses.   Results:  Reference equations for spirometry for girls (n=98) and boys (n=109) are reported in the table.   Conclusions:  Height and age were significant predictors of FEV1, FVC, FEF 25–75 , and PEF in the gender-specific models. Further studies are requested to confirm these preliminary results.
Molecular Staging of Lymph Nodes from Patients with Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liqiang Xi, James D. Luketich, Siva Raja, William E. Gooding, Virginia R. Litle, Michael C. Coello, Sydney D. Finkelstein, Melissa L. Chestney, Rodney J. Landreneau, Steven J. Hughes, Tony E. Godfrey
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate molecular markers for the detection of micrometastasis in esophageal adenocarcinoma, define algorithms to distinguish positive from benign lymph nodes and to validate these findings in an independent tissue set and in patients with pN0 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Experimental Design: Potential markers were identified through literature and database searches. All markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription (QRT)-PCR on a limited set of primary tumors and benign lymph nodes. Selected markers were further evaluated on a larger tissue set and classification algorithms were generated for individual markers and combinations. Algorithms were statistically validated internally as well as externally on an independent set of lymph nodes. Selected markers were then used to identify occult disease in lymph nodes from 34 patients with pN0 esophageal adenocarcinoma. Results: Thirty-nine markers were evaluated, six underwent further analysis and five were analyzed in the external validation study. Two markers provided perfect classification in both the screening and validation sets, although parametric bootstrap analysis estimated 2% to 3% optimism in the observed classification accuracy. Several marker combinations also gave perfect classification in the observed data sets, and estimates of optimism were lower, implying more robust classification than with individual markers alone. Five of thirty-four patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma had positive nodes by multimarker QRT-PCR analysis and disease-free survival was significantly worse in these patients (P = 0.0023). Conclusions: We have identified novel QRT-PCR markers for the detection of occult lymph node disease in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. The objective nature of QRT-PCR results, and the ability to detect occult metastases, make this an attractive alternative to routine pathology.
A multifactorial analysis of concurrent patch‐test reactions to nickel, cobalt, and chromate
Authors: J. Hegewald, W. Uter, A. Pfahlberg, J. Geier, A. Schnuch
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Previous research indicates that positive patch tests to nickel (II) sulphate, cobalt (II) chloride and potassium dichromate commonly occur together.To further examine the relationship between nickel, cobalt, chromate, and the factors that may potentially be related to concurrent sensitizations to two or all three metal allergens, data from the Information Network of Dermatology Departments have been investigated.Women had a higher conditional odds of concurrent nickel-cobalt (OR = 6.80; 95% CI: 5.65-8.19) and nickel-chromate (OR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.67-2.72) reactions than men. Construction workers had a significantly higher odds of cobalt-chromate reactions (OR = 13.89; 95% CI: 10.36-18.64), while the odds of isolated cobalt allergy was only 0.92 (95% CI: 0.48-1.74). Patients with underlying atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome had a 40-90% higher chance of any positive outcome, which involved chromate. Polysensitization, defined as the number of positive reactions to standard series substances other than nickel, cobalt, and chromate, was also significantly associated with the concurrent reactions; moreover, steady and significant effect gradients were noted.This research confirms the occupational nature of cobalt-chromate concurrent reactions, in particular, in construction workers. Polysensitization, which is considered to represent susceptibility to delayed-hypersensitivity in general, is also associated with the concurrent reactions to the metals. Hence, not only coupled exposure, but also individual susceptibility may be responsible for concurrent reactions to metals in man.
Naturally Occurring Leukemia Viruses in <italic>H-2</italic> Congenic C57BL Mice. II. Antibody Response to Viral Envelope Antigens<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref>
Authors: A Vlug, C J Melief, C de Bruyne, H Schoenmakers, J L Molenaar
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

In C57BL mice milk-borne infection with B-tropic murine leukemia virus (V+ denoting positive for milk-transmitted B-tropic virus and V- denoting negative for milk-transmitted B-tropic virus) was accompanied by an antibody response against viral envelope antigens (VEA). Milk transmission of virus led to higher virus titers and lymphoma incidence in B10.A (H-2a) mice than in B10 (H-2b) mice, and the latter strain produced higher titers of anti-VEA antibodies than did the former. H-2 control of the antivirus-antibody response was confirmed in the (B10.A V+ X B10 V+)F2 cross. B10 V+ mice produced both IgM and IgG antibodies, whereas in the sera of B10.A V+ mice only IgM antibodies were demonstrable. The production of IgG and high-titer IgM antibodies to VEA was dominant in (B10.A V+ X B10 V+)F1 animals. The failure of B10.A V+ mice to produce IgG antibodies against VEA was not due to an intrinsic defect of helper T-cell function because these mice produced IgG antivirus antibodies after sc immunization with killed viral vaccine. Furthermore, in B10.A mice without milk-transmitted virus (B10.A V- subline), expression of genetically transmitted virus upon aging was associated with the production of IgG antibodies to VEA. The combined data were compatible with the existence of an H-2-linked dominant immune-response gene regulating the antibody response to milk-transmitted murine leukemia virus.
Review: Pulmonary rehabilitation improves health-related QoL and exercise capacity more than usual care in COPD
Authors: Christine F. McDonald
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

ACP Journal Club16 June 2015Review: Pulmonary rehabilitation improves health-related QoL and exercise capacity more than usual care in COPDChristine F. McDonald, MBBS (Hons), PhDChristine F. McDonald, MBBS (Hons), PhDAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (C.F.M.)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/ACPJC-2015-162-12-004 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationMcCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2:CD003793. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25705944Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Phys Med & Rehab: Pulmonology: References1. Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014;44:1428-46. [PMID: 25359355] Google Scholar2. Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, Martin S. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD003793. [PMID: 17054186] Google Scholar3. Redelmeier DA, Bayoumi AM, Goldstein RS, Guyatt GH. Interpreting small differences in functional status: the Six Minute Walk test in chronic lung disease patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1278-82. [PMID: 9105067] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (C.F.M.)This article was published at Annals.org on 2 June 2015. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByDevelopment and validation of a patient‐reported outcome measure for patients with chronic respiratory failure: The CRF‐PROM scaleA Feasibility Trial of Two Rehabilitation Models in Severe Cardiopulmonary Illness 16 June 2015Volume 162, Issue 12Page: JC4KeywordsChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDatabasesDrug therapyExerciseExercise therapyPulmonary diseasesPulmonary medicineQuality of lifeQuestionnairesVentilators ePublished: 16 June 2015 Issue Published: 16 June 2015 CopyrightCopyright © 2015 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Whole proteomes as internal standards in quantitative proteomics
Authors: Shao-En Ong
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

As mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approaches become increasingly powerful, researchers are taking advantage of well established methodologies and improving instrumentation to pioneer new protein expression profiling methods. For example, pooling several proteomes labeled using the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method yields a whole-proteome stable isotope-labeled internal standard that can be mixed with a tissue-derived proteome for quantification. By increasing quantitative accuracy in the analysis of tissue proteomes, such methods should improve integration of protein expression profiling data with transcriptomic data and enhance downstream bioinformatic analyses. An accurate and scalable quantitative method to analyze tumor proteomes at the depth of several thousand proteins provides a powerful tool for global protein quantification of tissue samples and promises to redefine our understanding of tumor biology.
The Schlemm’s canal is a VEGF-C/VEGFR-3–responsive lymphatic-like vessel
Authors: Aleksanteri Aspelund, Tuomas Tammela, Salli Antila, Harri Nurmi, Veli-Matti Leppänen, Georgia Zarkada, Lukas Stanczuk, Mathias Francois, Taija Mäkinen, Pipsa Saharinen, Ilkka Immonen, Kari Alitalo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

In glaucoma, aqueous outflow into the Schlemm's canal (SC) is obstructed. Despite striking structural and functional similarities with the lymphatic vascular system, it is unknown whether the SC is a blood or lymphatic vessel. Here, we demonstrated the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers by the SC in murine and zebrafish models as well as in human eye tissue. The initial stages of SC development involved induction of the transcription factor PROX1 and the lymphangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR-3 in venous endothelial cells in postnatal mice. Using gene deletion and function-blocking antibodies in mice, we determined that the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C and its receptor, VEGFR-3, are essential for SC development. Delivery of VEGF-C into the adult eye resulted in sprouting, proliferation, and growth of SC endothelial cells, whereas VEGF-A obliterated the aqueous outflow system. Furthermore, a single injection of recombinant VEGF-C induced SC growth and was associated with trend toward a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure in adult mice. These results reveal the evolutionary conservation of the lymphatic-like phenotype of the SC, implicate VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 as critical regulators of SC lymphangiogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on therapeutic manipulation of the SC with VEGF-C in glaucoma treatment.
Vaccination with a Recombinant <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Expressing a Tumor Antigen Breaks Immune Tolerance and Elicits Therapeutic Antitumor Responses
Authors: Elizabeth K. Wansley, Mala Chakraborty, Kenneth W. Hance, Michael B. Bernstein, Amanda L. Boehm, Zhimin Guo, Deborah Quick, Alex Franzusoff, John W. Greiner, Jeffrey Schlom, James W. Hodge
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a nonpathogenic yeast, has been used previously as a vehicle to elicit immune responses to foreign antigens, and tumor-associated antigens, and has been shown to reduce tumor burden in mice. Studies were designed to determine if vaccination of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-transgenic (CEA-Tg) mice (where CEA is a self-antigen) with a recombinant S. cerevisiae construct expressing human CEA (yeast-CEA) elicits CEA-specific T-cell responses and antitumor activity. Experimental Design: CEA-Tg mice were vaccinated with yeast-CEA, and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were assessed after one and multiple administrations or vaccinations at multiple sites per administration. Antitumor activity was determined by tumor growth and overall survival in both pulmonary metastasis and s.c. pancreatic tumor models. Results: These studies demonstrate that recombinant yeast can break tolerance and that (a) yeast-CEA constructs elicit both CEA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses; (b) repeated yeast-CEA administration causes increased antigen-specific T-cell responses after each vaccination; (c) vaccination with yeast-CEA at multiple sites induces a greater T-cell response than the same dose given at a single site; and (d) tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with yeast-CEA show a reduction in tumor burden and increased overall survival compared to mock-treated or control yeast-vaccinated mice in both pulmonary metastasis and s.c. pancreatic tumor models. Conclusions: Vaccination with a heat-killed recombinant yeast expressing the tumor-associated antigen CEA induces CEA-specific immune responses, reduces tumor burden, and extends overall survival in CEA-Tg mice. These studies thus form the rationale for the incorporation of recombinant yeast-CEA and other recombinant yeast constructs in cancer immunotherapy protocols.
Children's understanding of mind: Constructivist but theory-like
Authors: Ted Ruffman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Although in general agreement with Carpendale &amp; Lewis's (C&amp;L's) claims, I argue that (1) gradual development is better supported by within-task eye gaze/verbal comparisons; (2) gradual development and social construction do not contradict the theory-theory view; (3) there is good evidence for an early developing self-other distinction; and (4) the language–false belief link could be mediated by parental talk.
Functionalized Poly(<i>γ</i>‐Glutamic Acid) Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Cristina Gentilini, Yixiang Dong, Jessica R. May, Silvia Goldoni, David E. Clarke, Boon‐Heng Lee, E. Thomas Pashuck, Molly M. Stevens
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Abstract Poly( γ ‐glutamic acid) ( γ ‐PGA) is a biocompatible, enzymatically‐degradable, natural polymer with a higher resistance to hydrolysis than polyesters commonly used for tissue engineering scaffolds such as poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA). Notably, γ ‐PGA's free carboxyl side groups allow for simple chemical functionalization, making it a versatile candidate for producing scaffolds. Here, a series of water‐resistant fibrous scaffolds were engineered from ethyl (Et), propyl (Pr) and benzyl (Bn) esterifications of γ ‐PGA. All scaffolds were non‐cytotoxic and γ ‐PGA‐Bn showed an increase in cell adhesion of hMSCs compared to γ ‐PGA‐Et and γ ‐PGA‐Pr. Moreover, cells on γ ‐PGA‐Bn showed three‐fold higher viability at day 14 and significantly higher adhesion when compared with PLLA scaffolds, despite having a similar hydrophobicity. Cell attachment decreased by 40% when the polymer was only partially modified with benzyl groups ( γ ‐PGA‐Bn‐77%), but was restored when integrin‐binding RGD peptide was conjugated to the remaining free carboxylic groups, indicating the peptide was accessible and able to bind integrins. The mechanism behind the cell‐material interactions on γ ‐PGA‐Bn scaffolds was further investigated through protein adsorption and fibronectin conformation experiments. These results, in addition to the cell‐adhesion studies, suggest an inherent effect of the benzyl modification in the mechanism of cell attachment to γ ‐PGA‐Bn scaffolds. Finally, γ ‐PGA‐Bn scaffolds cultured in osteogenic media were also efficient in supporting hMSCs differentiation towards an osteogenic lineage as determined by alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 gene expression. Taken together these data suggest that esterified γ ‐PGA polymer scaffolds are new and versatile candidates for tissue engineering applications and that, intriguingly, aromatic functionality plays a key role in the cell‐scaffold interaction.
Two Cases of Plasmacytoma of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Authors: J. D. Kennedy, D. V. Kneafsey
Journal: Thorax (1959)

Plasmacytoma arising in the lower respiratory passages is very rare, as most primary plasmacytomas of soft tissue arise in the upper respiratory passages as described in Hellwig's review (1943).The purpose of this report is to place on record two cases of primary plasmacytoma, in one case arising from the bronchus and in the other from the trachea just above the carina.CASE REPORTS CASE 1.-A youth, aged 172 years, was admitted to the Regional Sanatorium, Merlin Park, in November, 1954, with a history of cough with
Phase 1 trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies
Authors: Robert Z. Orlowski, Peter M. Voorhees, Reynaldo A. Garcia, Melissa D. Hall, Fred J. Kudrik, Tammy Allred, Anandhi R. Johri, Paul E. Jones, Anastasia Ivanova, Hendrik W. Van Deventer, Don A. Gabriel, Thomas C. Shea, Beverly S. Mitchell, Julian Adams, Dixie-Lee Esseltine, Elizabeth G. Trehu, Marie Green, Mary Jo Lehman, Susan Natoli, Jason M. Collins, Celeste M. Lindley, E. Claire Dees
Journal: Blood (2004)
Circulating levels of IGF-1 directly regulate bone growth and density
Authors: Shoshana Yakar, Clifford J. Rosen, Wesley G. Beamer, Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell, Yiping Wu, Jun-Li Liu, Guck T. Ooi, Jennifer Setser, Jan Frystyk, Yves R. Boisclair, Derek LeRoith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

IGF-1 is a growth-promoting polypeptide that is essential for normal growth and development. In serum, the majority of the IGFs exist in a 150-kDa complex including the IGF molecule, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and the acid labile subunit (ALS). This complex prolongs the half-life of serum IGFs and facilitates their endocrine actions. Liver IGF-1-deficient (LID) mice and ALS knockout (ALSKO) mice exhibited relatively normal growth and development, despite having 75% and 65% reductions in serum IGF-1 levels, respectively. Double gene disrupted mice were generated by crossing LID+ALSKO mice. These mice exhibited further reductions in serum IGF-1 levels and a significant reduction in linear growth. The proximal growth plates of the tibiae of LID+ALSKO mice were smaller in total height as well as in the height of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of chondrocytes. There was also a 10% decrease in bone mineral density and a greater than 35% decrease in periosteal circumference and cortical thickness in these mice. IGF-1 treatment for 4 weeks restored the total height of the proximal growth plate of the tibia. Thus, the double gene disruption LID+ALSKO mouse model demonstrates that a threshold concentration of circulating IGF-1 is necessary for normal bone growth and suggests that IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and ALS play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis.