tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A and Other Deficiencies in Linxian, a High Esophageal Cancer Incidence Area in Northern China&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;1&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Chung S. Yang, Yuhai Sun, Qiuping Yang, Kenneth W. Miller, Guangyi Li, Su-Fang Zheng, Abby G. Ershow, William J. Blot, Junyao Li
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1984)

Biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of a high esophageal cancer risk population in Linxian, People's Republic of China. A study was conducted in September 1980 in which plasma levels of vitamins A, B2 and C were analyzed. In a second study in 1983, the plasma fat-soluble vitamins were analyzed with a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography method that allowed the simultaneous determination of retinol, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, α-carotene, and lycopene in 0.1 ml of plasma sample. The average plasma retinol levels ranged from 24 to 27 μg/dl among the population groups, with 20–35% of the individuals having levels under 20 μg/dl. Low plasma β-carotene levels averaging 8–12 μg/dl were observed among the population groups. Low plasma α-tocopherol levels with average values around 700 μg/dl were also observed; about half the individuals were either low or deficient in vitamin E. After 4 months of supplementation with daily multivitamin tablets, the plasma contents of retinol and α-tocopherol were significantly increased. The plasma α-carotene and β-carotene were also increased, possibly as a reflection of seasonal changes in the diet or a sparing effect of vitamins A and E on these carotenes. Low plasma ascorbate levels with an average of 567 μg/dl were observed, and about 23% of the individuals had values under 200 μg/dl. Riboflavin deficiency was prevalent, with about 90% of the subjects having an erythrocyte glutathione activation coefficient over 1.2. The study establishes the low nutritional status in vitamins of the population in Linxian and provides the background for further studies on the effects of nutritional deficiency on carcinogenesis.
Trends in Use and Adverse Outcomes Associated with Transvenous Lead Removal in the United States
Authors: Abhishek Deshmukh, Nileshkumar Patel, Peter A. Noseworthy, Achint A. Patel, Nilay Patel, Shilpkumar Arora, Suraj Kapa, Amit Noheria, Siva Mulpuru, Apurva Badheka, Avi Fischer, James O. Coffey, Yong Mei Cha, Paul Friedman, Samuel Asirvatham, Juan F. Viles-Gonzalez
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Transvenous lead removal (TLR) has made significant progress with respect to innovation, efficacy, and safety. However, limited data exist regarding trends in use and adverse outcomes outside the centers of considerable experience for TLR. The aim of our study was to examine use patterns, frequency of adverse events, and influence of hospital volume on complications.Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified 91 890 TLR procedures. We investigated common complications including pericardial complications (hemopericardium, cardiac tamponade, or pericardiocentesis), pneumothorax, stroke, vascular complications (consisting of hemorrhage/hematoma, incidents requiring surgical repair, and accidental arterial puncture), and in-hospital deaths described with TLR, defining them by the validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code. We specifically assessed in-hospital death (2.2%), hemorrhage requiring transfusion (2.6%), vascular complications (2.0%), pericardial complications (1.4%), open heart surgery (0.2%), and postoperative respiratory failure (2.4%). Independent predictors of complications were female sex and device infections. Hospital volume was not independently associated with higher complications. There was a significant rise in overall complication rates over the study period.The overall complication rate in patients undergoing TLR was higher than previously reported. Female sex and device infections are associated with higher complications. Hospital volume was not associated with higher complication rates. The number of adverse events in the literature likely underestimates the actual number of complications associated with TLR.
Distinctions between health and social care could fade under new national care service
Authors: A. O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The distinction between health and social care in England could become less precise under UK government plans to move the two closer together, MPs have been told.

Department of Health officials, who were giving evidence to the parliamentary health select committee on 29 October, said that the current plan to reform social care would mean a much closer relationship between it and the health service.

The government published its green paper Shaping the Future of Care Together in July, with the intention of reforming social care funding and delivery by creating a new national care service, which would be on an almost equal footing with the NHS.

That paper proposes several funding options. A …
Clinical and economic burden of community-acquired pneumonia among adults in Europe
Authors: T Welte, A Torres, D Nathwani
Journal: Thorax (2010)

It is difficult to determine the impact of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Europe, because precise data are scarce. Mortality attributable to CAP varies widely between European countries and with the site of patient management. This review analysed the clinical and economic burden, aetiology and resistance patterns of CAP in European adults. All primary articles reporting studies in Europe published from January 1990 to December 2007 addressing the clinical and economic burden of CAP in adults were included. A total of 2606 records were used to identify primary studies. CAP incidence varied by country, age and gender, and was higher in individuals aged ≥65 years and in men. <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> was the most common agent isolated. Mortality varied from &lt;1% to 48% and was associated with advanced age, co-morbid conditions and CAP severity. Antibiotic resistance was seen in all pathogens associated with CAP. There was an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains, but resistance was not related to mortality. CAP was associated with high rates of hospitalisation and length of hospital stay. The review showed that the clinical and economic burden of CAP in Europe is high. CAP has considerable long-term effects on quality of life, and long-term prognosis is worse in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia.
Associations between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Double-Stranded DNA Repair Pathway Genes and Familial Breast Cancer
Authors: Mary E. Sehl, Lucy R. Langer, Jeanette C. Papp, Lorna Kwan, Joyce L. Seldon, Geovanni Arellano, Jean Reiss, Elaine F. Reed, Sugandha Dandekar, Yael Korin, Janet S. Sinsheimer, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Patricia A. Ganz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

DNA damage recognition and repair play a major role in risk for breast cancer. We investigated 104 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 17 genes whose protein products are involved in double-stranded break repair (DSBR).We used a case-control design. Both the case individuals affected with breast cancer or with both breast and ovarian cancers and the controls had similar familial risk of breast cancer and were participants in a high-risk cancer registry.We found that 12 of the polymorphisms are associated with breast or breast and ovarian cancers, most notably rs16888927, rs16888997, and rs16889040, found in introns of RAD21, suggesting that SNPs in other genes in the DSBR pathway in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2 may affect breast cancer risk.SNPs within or near several DSBR DNA repair pathway genes are associated with breast cancer in individuals from a high-risk population. In addition, our study reemphasizes the unique perspective that recruitment of cases and controls from family cancer registries has for gene discovery studies.
Remission in Schizophrenia: Proposed Criteria and Rationale for Consensus
Authors: Nancy C. Andreasen, William T. Carpenter, John M. Kane, Robert A. Lasser, Stephen R. Marder, Daniel R. Weinberger
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

New advances in the understanding of schizophrenia etiology, course, and treatment have increased interest on the part of patients, families, advocates, and professionals in the development of consensus-defined standards for clinical status and improvement, including illness remission and recovery. As demonstrated in the area of mood disorders, such standards provide greater clarity around treatment goals, as well as an improved framework for the design and comparison of investigational trials and the subsequent evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. Unlike the approach to mood disorders, however, the novel application of the concept of standard outcome criteria to schizophrenia must reflect the wide heterogeneity of its long-term course and outcome, as well as the variable effects of different treatments on schizophrenia symptoms. As an initial step in developing operational criteria, an expert working group reviewed available definitions and assessment instruments to provide a conceptual framework for symptomatic, functional, and cognitive domains in schizophrenia as they relate to remission of illness. The first consensus-based operational criteria for symptomatic remission in schizophrenia are based on distinct thresholds for reaching and maintaining improvement, as opposed to change criteria, allowing for alignment with traditional concepts of remission in both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric illness. This innovative approach for standardizing the definition for outcome in schizophrenia will require further examination of its validity and utility, as well as future refinement, particularly in relation to psychosocial and cognitive function and dysfunction. These criteria should facilitate research and support a positive, longer-term approach to studying outcome in patients with schizophrenia.
&lt;TITLE&gt;Generalized Anxiety Disorder&lt;/TITLE&gt;
Authors: Elizabeth A. Hoge, Julia E. Oppenheimer, Naomi M. Simon
Journal: JAMA (2000)

and the AMA.The information and recommendations appearing on this page are appropriate in most instances, but they are not a substitute for medical diagnosis.For specific information concerning your personal medical condition, JAMA and the AMA suggest that you consult your physician.This page may be reproduced noncommercially by physicians and other health care professionals to share with patients.Any other reproduction is subject to AMA approval.
Pressure-release Tracheal Gas Insufflation Reduces Airway Pressures in Lung-injured Sheep Maintaining Eucapnia
Authors: MAX KIRMSE, YUJI FUJINO, JONATHAN HROMI, HARALD MANG, DEAN HESS, ROBERT M. KACMAREK
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Although tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) has proved to be a useful adjunct to mechanical ventilation, end-inspiratory as well as end-expiratory pressures may increase. We investigated the ability of continuous-flow TGI to maintain eucapnia while reducing airway pressure (Paw) and tidal volume (Vt). Seven sheep (36 ± 2 kg) were ventilated using the Dräger Evita 4 in the pressure control plus mode where flow is released via the expiratory valve to maintain constant inspiratory pressure. To avoid TGI-generated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), a prototype reverse flow TGI tube was used. Two TGI flows (5 and 10 L/min) were investigated pre- and postsaline lavage–induced lung injury. Inspiratory pressures and Vt were significantly reduced as TGI flow increased. At 10 L/min TGI flow the carinal pressures (Pcar) and Vt were reduced pre- and postinjury by 15% and 20%, and by 28% and 34%, respectively. Tidal volume to dead space ratio (Vd/Vt) decreased preinjury from 0.49 ± 0.1 to 0.18 ± 0.2 and postinjury from 0.62 ± 0.1 to 0.33 ± 0.1 at a TGI flow of 10 L/min. The combination of the reverse flow TGI tube and a ventilator with an inspiratory pressure relief mechanism kept set end-inspiratory and end-expiratory pressures constant. This TGI system effectively reduced set Paw and Vt while maintaining eucapnia. Kirmse M, Fujino Y, Hromi J, Mang H, Hess D, Kacmarek RM. Pressure-release tracheal gas insufflation reduces airway pressures in lung-injured sheep maintaining eucapnia.
Identification of novel Notch target genes in T cell leukaemia
Authors: Nicholas Chadwick, Leo Zeef, Virginia Portillo, Carl Fennessy, Fiona Warrander, Sarah Hoyle, Anne-Marie Buckle
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2009)

Abstract Background Dysregulated Notch signalling is believed to play an important role in the development and maintenance of T cell leukaemia. At a cellular level, Notch signalling promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) cells. In this study we aimed to identify novel transcriptional targets of Notch signalling in the T-ALL cell line, Jurkat. Results RNA was prepared from Jurkat cells retrovirally transduced with an empty vector (GFP-alone) or vectors containing constitutively active forms of Notch (N1ΔE or N3ΔE), and used for Affymetrix microarray analysis. A subset of genes found to be regulated by Notch was chosen for real-time PCR validation and in some cases, validation at the protein level, using several Notch-transduced T-ALL and non-T-ALL leukaemic cell lines. As expected, several known transcriptional target of Notch, such as HES1 and Deltex, were found to be overexpressed in Notch-transduced cells, however, many novel transcriptional targets of Notch signalling were identified using this approach. These included the T cell costimulatory molecule CD28, the anti-apoptotic protein GIMAP5, and inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (1D1). Conclusion The identification of such downstream Notch target genes provides insights into the mechanisms of Notch function in T cell leukaemia, and may help identify novel therapeutic targets in this disease.
Limiting transplantation-related mortality following unrelated donor stem cell transplantation by using a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen
Authors: Ronjon Chakraverty, Karl Peggs, Rajesh Chopra, Donald W. Milligan, Panagiotis D. Kottaridis, Stephanie Verfuerth, Johanne Geary, Dharsha Thuraisundaram, Kate Branson, Suparno Chakrabarti, Premini Mahendra, Charles Craddock, Anne Parker, Ann Hunter, Geoff Hale, Herman Waldmann, Catherine D. Williams, Kwee Yong, David C. Linch, Anthony H. Goldstone, Stephen Mackinnon
Journal: Blood (2002)
Controls of ventricular contractility assessed by pressure-volume ratio, Emax
Authors: H. SUGA, K. SAGAWA, D. P. KOSTIUK
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

The present study on canine left ventricles showed that Emax which we previously proposed as a good index of both ventricular contractility and its pumping capability, decreased from 2.06 to 1.38kPa/ml (15.5 to 10.4 mmHg/ml) via the sino-aortic baroreceptor reflex. Cerebral ischaemic response increased Emax to 3.83 kPa/ml (28.8 mmHg/ml). Emax decreased to 1.17kPa/ml (8.8 mmHg/ml) after cardiac denervation.
Reduced Incidence of Thymic Lymphomas in AKR Recipients of Syngeneic Marrow Preincubated With Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Delta E. Uphoff
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1970)

The incidence of thymic lymphomas in AKR mice was reduced when lethally irradiated recipients were protected with AKR marrow preincubated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or CBA erythrocytes. The effectiveness of the treatment depended on the age of the recipients when treated and the type of antigen used. Syngeneic marrow preincubated with washed CBA erythrocytes for 35 minutes at 25–26°C apparently destroyed the thymus of the irradiated AKR recipients, since only atrophic remnants of the thymuses were retrievable at death. The incidence of thymic lymphomas was reduced from a range of 50–70% to 5% in recipients of the preincubated marrow-erythrocyte mixture. A similar preincubation of AKR marrow with BSA had an alternative effect which was more subtle, since it did not involve thymic destruction but was age dependent. While only 21% of the AKR recipients protected with the preincubated marrow-BSA mixture developed thymic lymphomas when treated at 12–14 weeks of age, delaying the treatment until 17–19 weeks of age resulted in a 71% incidence of thymic lymphomas.
P221 Advance care planning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study of patients' views
Authors: A. MacPherson, C. Walshe, V. O'Donnell, A. Vyas
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction and objectives</h3> There are concerns that end of life care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is inadequate. Advance care planning is recommended for these patients, with an aim of reducing unwanted interventions and influencing place of death, but it is currently rarely done. Healthcare professionals9 perspectives on the reasons for this have been sought, but there is little information about patients9 views. This research explores the opinions of patients with severe COPD on advance care planning, and how they feel it could be integrated into their care. <h3>Methods</h3> A qualitative interview strategy was adopted, drawing from grounded theory techniques. Patients with severe COPD (according to Gold Standards Framework criteria1) were recruited from two primary and secondary care settings (n=10, 9M, 1F). Interviews using a broad topic guide were conducted in participants9 homes, audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was inductive, generating themes using techniques of constant comparison. <h3>Results</h3> People with severe COPD wanted more information about diagnosis, and more discussion of their prognosis and future. They very much wanted to be involved in decisions about their current care. They were happy to discuss general treatment preferences for the future, but not to make binding advance decisions. They expected the initiation of these discussions to come from the healthcare team, especially those they feel they know. When information was inadequate or they felt they had not been included in decisions, the relationship with their healthcare team was damaged. Discussing these issues does not cause undue distress. <h3>Conclusions</h3> A focus on encouraging formal binding advance decisions for people with severe COPD is not helpful. An advance care planning approach involving repeated discussions of disease status, prognosis and general preferences for future care would be more effective. Healthcare professionals should take responsibility for initiating these discussions. As well as improving end of life care, this improved information provision could improve relationships between patients and healthcare professionals, as well as enabling patients to be more involved in current decisions about their care.
Expression Profile and Gene Age Jointly Shaped the Genome-Wide Distribution of Premature Termination Codons in a Drosophila melanogaster Population
Authors: Haiwang Yang, Bin Z. He, Huijing Ma, Shun-Chern Tsaur, Chenyu Ma, Ying Wu, Chau-Ti Ting, Yong E. Zhang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Widespread premature termination codon mutations (PTCs) were recently observed in human and fly populations. We took advantage of the population resequencing data in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel to investigate how the expression profile and the evolutionary age of genes shaped the allele frequency distribution of PTCs. After generating a high-quality data set of PTCs, we clustered genes harboring PTCs into three categories: genes encoding low-frequency PTCs (≤1.5%), moderate-frequency PTCs (1.5–10%), and high-frequency PTCs (>10%). All three groups show narrow transcription compared with PTC-free genes, with the moderate- and high-PTC frequency groups showing a pronounced pattern. Moreover, nearly half (42%) of the PTC-encoding genes are not expressed in any tissue. Interestingly, the moderate-frequency PTC group is strongly enriched for genes expressed in midgut, whereas genes harboring high-frequency PTCs tend to have sex-specific expression. We further find that although young genes born in the last 60 My compose a mere 9% of the genome, they represent 16%, 30%, and 50% of the genes containing low-, moderate-, and high-frequency PTCs, respectively. Among DNA-based and RNA-based duplicated genes, the child copy is approximately twice as likely to contain PTCs as the parent copy, whereas young de novo genes are as likely to encode PTCs as DNA-based duplicated new genes. Based on these results, we conclude that expression profile and gene age jointly shaped the landscape of PTC-mediated gene loss. Therefore, we propose that new genes may need a long time to become stably maintained after the origination.
The Globally Disseminated M1T1 Clone of Group A Streptococcus Evades Autophagy for Intracellular Replication
Authors: Timothy C. Barnett, David Liebl, Lisa M. Seymour, Christine M. Gillen, Jin Yan Lim, Christopher N. LaRock, Mark R. Davies, Benjamin L. Schulz, Victor Nizet, Rohan D. Teasdale, Mark J. Walker
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
Not Only for Egg Yolk—Functional and Evolutionary Insights from Expression, Selection, and Structural Analyses of Formica Ant Vitellogenins
Authors: Claire Morandin, Heli Havukainen, Jonna Kulmuni, Kishor Dhaygude, Kalevi Trontti, Heikki Helanterä
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Vitellogenin (Vg), a storage protein, has been extensively studied for its egg-yolk precursor role, and it has been suggested to be fundamentally involved in caste differences in social insects. More than one Vg copy has been reported in several oviparous species, including ants. However, the number and function of different Vgs, their phylogenetic relatedness, and their role in reproductive queens and nonreproductive workers have been studied in few species only. We studied caste-biased expression of Vgs in seven Formica ant species. Only one copy of conventional Vg was identified in Formica species, and three Vg homologs, derived from ancient duplications, which represent yet undiscovered Vg-like genes. We show that each of these Vg-like genes is present in all studied Hymenoptera and some of them in other insects as well. We show that after each major duplication event, at least one of the Vg-like genes has experienced a period of positive selection. This, combined with the observation that the Vg-like genes have acquired or lost specific protein domains suggests sub- or neofunctionalization between Vg and the duplicated genes. In contrast to earlier studies, Vg was not consistently queen biased in its expression, and the caste bias of the three Vg-like genes was highly variable among species. Furthermore, a truncated and Hymenoptera-specific Vg-like gene, Vg-like-C, was consistently worker biased. Multispecies comparisons are essential for Vg expression studies, and for gene expression studies in general, as we show that expression and also, putative functions cannot be generalized even among closely related species.