tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and Coronary Event Incidence in Northern Ireland and France
Authors: Aline Wagner, Chantal Simon, Alun Evans, Jean Ferrières, Michèle Montaye, Pierre Ducimetière, Dominique Arveiler
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — The influence of physical activity on the incidence of angina pectoris and hard coronary events (myocardial infarction and coronary deaths) was examined in Northern Ireland and France at contrasting risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and with different physical activity patterns. Methods and Results — Participants of the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) (n=9758; age, 50 to 59 years), free of CHD at baseline, were followed up for 5 years: 167 hard CHD and 154 angina events were recorded. Net energy expenditure (EE) as the result of physical activity was assessed by means of the MONICA Optional Study of Physical Activity Questionnaire (MOSPA-Q). Leisure-time physical activity EE was calculated; subjects were also categorized as to whether they performed high-intensity leisure-time activities or walked or cycled to work. After multivariate adjustment, leisure-time physical activity EE was associated with a lower risk of hard CHD events ( P &lt;0.04), whereas walking or cycling to work was not independently related to hard CHD events. No interaction by country was found. The beneficial effect of leisure-time physical activity was also present among subjects who did not report high-intensity activities ( P &lt;0.04), with similar results in France and Northern Ireland. In contrast, an increasing level of leisure-time physical activity was associated with a higher risk of angina in both countries. Conclusions — These data indicate a beneficial effect of leisure-time physical activity EE on hard CHD incidence in middle-aged men, which could partly explain the unfavorable rate of CHD in Northern Ireland. The higher level of leisure-time activities in France could, in part, explain its lower rate of CHD.
Going Beyond the False Dichotomy of Broad or Specific Consent: A Meta-Perspective on Participant Choice in Research Using Human Tissue
Authors: Thomas Ploug, Søren Holm
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2015)

Christine Grady and colleagues (2015) have presented a clear and comprehensive case for broad consent as an adequate way of balancing society's interests against concerns for the individual when it...
Formative research in clinical trial development: attitudes of patients with arthritis in enhancing prevention trials
Authors: H. A Taylor, J. Sugarman, D. S Pisetsky, J. Bathon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

In preparation for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with early inflammatory arthritis (EIA), formative research was conducted to enhance the design of such trials. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine patients' educational needs as they relate to the necessary elements of informed consent; and (2) assess patients' interest in enrolling in a hypothetical prevention trial. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine patients. Seven patients were women and all but one white. The mean age was 48 years. During the 4-month enrolment period, only three patients with EIA were identified; six patients with longer duration of symptoms were also interviewed. Most patients were able to express the primary aim of a hypothetical prevention trial presented. Factors cited by patients favouring enrolment were potential for direct medical benefit and knowledge that they would be withdrawn from the trial if they developed symptoms. Factors cited by patients against enrolment were the inclusion of a placebo and general uncertainty regarding treatment required by the RCT design. Pending larger-scale empirical projects to explore patients' attitudes about prevention trials, small-scale formative research in advance of such trials ought to be conducted.
In-Center Hemodialysis Six Times per Week versus Three Times per Week
Authors: The FHN Trial Group
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

In this randomized clinical trial, we aimed to determine whether increasing the frequency of in-center hemodialysis would result in beneficial changes in left ventricular mass, self-reported physical health, and other intermediate outcomes among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.Patients were randomly assigned to undergo hemodialysis six times per week (frequent hemodialysis, 125 patients) or three times per week (conventional hemodialysis, 120 patients) for 12 months. The two coprimary composite outcomes were death or change (from baseline to 12 months) in left ventricular mass, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and death or change in the physical-health composite score of the RAND 36-item health survey. Secondary outcomes included cognitive performance; self-reported depression; laboratory markers of nutrition, mineral metabolism, and anemia; blood pressure; and rates of hospitalization and of interventions related to vascular access.Patients in the frequent-hemodialysis group averaged 5.2 sessions per week; the weekly standard Kt/V(urea) (the product of the urea clearance and the duration of the dialysis session normalized to the volume of distribution of urea) was significantly higher in the frequent-hemodialysis group than in the conventional-hemodialysis group (3.54±0.56 vs. 2.49±0.27). Frequent hemodialysis was associated with significant benefits with respect to both coprimary composite outcomes (hazard ratio for death or increase in left ventricular mass, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46 to 0.82; hazard ratio for death or a decrease in the physical-health composite score, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.92). Patients randomly assigned to frequent hemodialysis were more likely to undergo interventions related to vascular access than were patients assigned to conventional hemodialysis (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.73). Frequent hemodialysis was associated with improved control of hypertension and hyperphosphatemia. There were no significant effects of frequent hemodialysis on cognitive performance, self-reported depression, serum albumin concentration, or use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.Frequent hemodialysis, as compared with conventional hemodialysis, was associated with favorable results with respect to the composite outcomes of death or change in left ventricular mass and death or change in a physical-health composite score but prompted more frequent interventions related to vascular access. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00264758.).
Subclinical hepatocellular carcinoma. Edited by Tang-Zhao-you. pp. ix + 366. Beijing: China Academic Publishers (also Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 1985. $83
Authors: Kunio Okuda
Journal: Hepatology (1986)

on any aspect of the book, such as style, appearance, type size, quality of illustrations, adequacy of index, cost or any other feature.
Evolution of metabolic and renal changes in the ZDF/Drt-fa rat model of type II diabetes.
Authors: J P Vora, S M Zimsen, D C Houghton, S Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

Studies of the pathophysiology of renal disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have been hindered by the lack of an appropriate experimental model. We examined the natural history of metabolic and renal changes in the partially inbred Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat (ZDF/Drt-fa), a model that closely mimics the metabolic abnormalities of NIDDM. Lean nondiabetic littermates served as controls. Body weights in the obese rats were higher initially, but thereafter stabilized at values similar to those in lean controls. Blood glucose levels rose to overtly hyperglycemic levels in the obese group, stabilizing in the 300 to 400 mg/dL range. Serum insulin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were all elevated in the obese group, though insulin levels declined later in life. Values for systolic blood pressure rose slightly with age in both groups, but remained within the normal range, and did not differ between groups. Urinary albumin excretion values were higher in the obese group at all time points, and rose progressively throughout the study. Morphologic examination revealed the presence of severe hydronephrosis in almost all animals, affecting lean as well as obese rats. In some cases, complications were found, including tubular dilation, necrotizing granulomas, inflammatory changes, and pyelonephritis, some of which were fungal. Accordingly, the ZDF/Drt-fa rat appears to be an excellent model of the metabolic changes that characterize NIDDM. Unfortunately, the utility of this model for study of diabetic renal disease is compromised by the ubiquitous presence of other, nondiabetic renal lesions.
Type I Collagen Promotes the Malignant Phenotype of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Thomas Armstrong, Graham Packham, Lindsay B. Murphy, Adrian C. Bateman, John A. Conti, David R. Fine, Colin D. Johnson, R. Christopher Benyon, John P. Iredale
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of functional interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) in the formation of the desmoplastic reaction (DR) in pancreatic cancer and to characterize the effect of type I collagen (the predominant component of the DR) on pancreatic cancer cell phenotype. Experimental Design: PSCs and type I collagen were identified in sections of pancreatic cancer using immunohistochemistry, and their anatomic relationship was studied. Interactions among pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1, and AsPC-1), primary cultures of human PSCs, and type I collagen were investigated in a series of tissue culture models. Results: In vivo, the DR causes gross distortion of normal pancreas, bringing cancer cells into close contact with numerous PSCs and abundant type I collagen. In tissue culture models of pancreatic cancer, conditioned media from each cell line increased PSC [3H]thymidine incorporation up to 6.3-fold that of controls, and AsPC-1 cells also increased PSC collagen synthesis 1.3-fold. Type I collagen was observed to increase long-term survival of pancreatic cancer cells treated with 5-fluorouracil, by up to 62% in clonogenic assays. This was because type I collagen increased the proliferation of cancer cells ([3H]thymidine incorporation was up to 2.8-fold that of cells cultured on tissue culture plastic) and reduced apoptosis of AsPC-1 cells in response to 5-fluorouracil (by regulating mcl-1). Conclusions: These experiments elucidate a mechanism by which the DR in pancreatic cancer may form and, via the collagen within it, promote the malignant phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting significant detriment to the host.
Impact on health inequalities of rising prosperity in England 1998-2007, and implications for performance incentives: longitudinal ecological study
Authors: B. Barr, D. Taylor-Robinson, M. Whitehead
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate whether the uneven rise in prosperity between 1999 and 2008 accounted for differential increases in life expectancy in English local authorities. <b>Design</b> Longitudinal ecological study. <b>Setting</b> 324 local authorities in England, classified by their baseline level of deprivation. <b>M</b>ain outcome measures Multivariable regression was used to investigate the association between trends in prosperity between 1998 and 2007 and trends in life expectancy. Trends in health inequalities were assessed by comparing the experience of Spearhead local authorities (the 70 most deprived in 1998) with the average for all English local authorities. <b>Results</b> Those local authorities that experienced the greatest improvement in prosperity experienced greater increases in life expectancy. With each 1% absolute decline in unemployment, life expectancy increased by 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 3.8) months in men and by 1.7 (0.4 to 3.1) months in women. With each £1000 increase in average household income in a local authority, life expectancy increased by 1.4 (0.3 to 2.5) months in men and by 1.1 (0.2 to 1.9) months in women. The more deprived a local authority was in 1998, the lower the rate at which life expectancy improved. <b>Conclusion</b> Decreases in unemployment and increases in average income in an area explained, to a large extent, why some local authorities “performed” better than others. Health inequalities between Spearhead and all local authorities widened during the period of rising prosperity, but they would have widened to an even greater extent had unemployment not fallen at a faster rate in more deprived areas. With worsening economic trends over the next 10 years, this research suggests that increases in life expectancy are likely to be smaller and health inequalities may widen at a faster rate than in the previous decade. Allocating resources to local authorities on the basis of their “performance” at increasing life expectancy is likely to reward more affluent areas rather than disadvantaged areas with greater needs, exacerbating the problem.
Fluid reabsorption and glucose consumption in edematous rat lungs.
Authors: R M Effros, G R Mason, K Sietsema, P Silverman, J Hukkanen
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

Solute and water uptake were studied in isolated perfused rat lungs with airspaces filled with the perfusion fluid. The albumin in this solution was labelled with Evans blue (T-1824), and uptake of fluid from the airspaces was documented by an increase in T-1824 concentration in airway fluid of 6.5 +/- 1.6% (n = 5, SEM) at 1 hour and 12.2 +/- 0.9% (n = 10) at 2 hours. The only detectable osmotic force that could have contributed to a loss of fluid from the alveolar fluid was a decrease in airspace glucose concentrations, which fell much more rapidly (from 150 mg/dl to 58.7 +/- 7.1 mg/dl, n = 10, after 2 hours) than plasma glucose (from 150 mg/dl to 128.9 +/- 3.7 mg/dl). Addition of 5 X 10(-5) M terbutaline to the perfusate and airspace solutions nearly doubled fluid reabsorption at 1 hour, an effect that was inhibited by propranolol and did not appear to be related to glucose consumption. Exposure to terbutaline for 2 hours increased epithelial permeability to 3H-mannitol and 22Na+. These observations suggest that active sodium transport and epithelial metabolism or transport of glucose in airway fluid may each play a role in the reabsorption of edema fluid.
EUK-8, a Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Mimetic, Reduces Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Ameliorates Pressure Overload-Induced Heart Failure in the Harlequin Mouse Mutant
Authors: Vanessa P.M. van Empel, Anne T. Bertrand, Ralph J. van Oort, Roel van der Nagel, Markus Engelen, Harold V. van Rijen, Pieter A. Doevendans, Harry J. Crijns, Susan L. Ackerman, Wim Sluiter, Leon J. De Windt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Genetic instability in the tumor microenvironment: a new look at an old neighbor
Authors: Antonio Palumbo, Nathalia de Oliveira Meireles Da Costa, Martin Hernan Bonamino, Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto, Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2015)

The recent exponential increase in our knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis has largely failed to translate into new therapies and clinical practices. This lack of success may result in part from the fact that most studies focus on tumor cells as potential therapeutic targets and neglect the complex microenvironment that undergoes profound changes during tumor development. Furthermore, an unfortunate association of factors such as tumor genetic complexity, overestimation of biomarker and drug potentials, as well as a poor understanding of tumor microenvironment in diagnosis and prognosis leads to the current levels of treatment failure regarding a vast majority of cancer types. A growing body of evidence points to the importance of the functional diversity of immune and structural cells during tumor development. In this sense, the lack of technologies that would allow for molecular screening of individual stromal cell types poses a major challenge for the development of therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment. Progress in microenvironment genetic studies represents a formidable opportunity for the development of new selective drugs because stromal cells have lower mutation rates than malignant cells, and should prove to be good targets for therapy.
Carrier-mediated translocation of uridine diphosphate glucose into the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles from rat liver.
Authors: F Vanstapel, N Blanckaert
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Radiolabeled UDPGlc incubated with rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-derived microsomes from rat liver became associated with the vesicles. This microsomal uptake of nucleotide sugar was time and temperature dependent. Analysis of the molecular species containing radiolabel revealed that initial uptake represented entry of predominantly intact UDPGlc in the microsomes. Conclusive evidence for proper translocation of UDPGlc across the microsomal membrane into the intravesicular space was obtained by demonstrating that UDPGlc was transported into an osmotically sensitive compartment. Microsomal uptake of UDPGlc exhibited features characteristic of carrier-mediated transport including saturation, specificity, and countertransport. Inhibition and trans-stimulation studies showed that other uridine-containing nucleotide sugars and 5'-UMP were substrates of the postulated microsomal carrier system for UDPGlc, while cytosine- or guanosine-containing nucleotides and non-5'-uridine monophosphates were, at best, very poor substrates. UDPGlc translocation activities were lower in smooth microsomal fractions than in the RER-derived vesicles, indicating that contamination with Golgi membranes could not be responsible for microsomal transport of UDPGlc. Our findings suggest that rat liver endoplasmic reticulum possesses a carrier system mediating proper translocation of UDPGlc and 5'-uridine-substituted structural analogues across the membrane.
Management of Cocaine-Associated Chest Pain and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: James McCord, Hani Jneid, Judd E. Hollander, James A. de Lemos, Bojan Cercek, Priscilla Hsue, W. Brian Gibler, E. Magnus Ohman, Barbara Drew, George Philippides, L. Kristin Newby
Journal: Circulation (2008)
Genetic Polymorphisms in <i>Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4</i> and Cancer: The Dialectical Nature of Subtle Human Immune Dysregulation
Authors: Tong Sun, Zhibin Hu, Hongbing Shen, Dongxin Lin
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Genetic polymorphisms in the human genome are an important component of genotypic variability including one's immune status. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene have been linked to susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Interestingly, we have recently shown that an SNP in the CTLA-4 coding region (49A &amp;gt; G) is also associated with susceptibility to human cancer, but the risk allele for susceptibility to cancer (allele A) is the opposite of that found for susceptibility to autoimmune disease (allele G), which has been confirmed by a meta-analysis of reported studies. These findings indicate an important role of the dialectical nature of T-cell immune dysregulation in human disorders, such as autoimmune disease and cancer. The requisites of CTLA-4 polymorphisms for susceptibility to cancer and response to targeted therapy are discussed in this review. [Cancer Res 2009;69(15):6011–4]
Ranges of movement at the shoulder complex using an electromagnetic movement sensor.
Authors: G R Johnson, N C Fyfe, M Heward
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

There are few published data on the ranges of available motion at the shoulder and no clinical technique for the assessment of three dimensional movement. An electromagnetic movement sensor (Isotrak), which makes three dimensional measurements of shoulder movement and measures the ranges of flexion, extension, abduction in the neutral position, abduction preceded by external rotation, and internal rotation achieved by placing the hand as far up the back as possible, was used to study 16 normal subjects. Intraobserver repeatability was good, and a study of five subjects by two observers showed no significant difference between single measurements made by each. The measured ranges were in broad agreement with published data, though they tended to be smaller. This was attributed to either the bulk of the mounting for the movement sensor or to the immobilisation of the elbow and hence the biceps muscle. Women had greater ranges, except for externally rotated abduction.
Transgenic Expression of the Chemokine Receptor Encoded by Human Herpesvirus 8 Induces an Angioproliferative Disease Resembling Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Tong-Yuan Yang, Shu-Cheng Chen, Michael W. Leach, Denise Manfra, Bernhard Homey, Maria Wiekowski, Lee Sullivan, Chung-Her Jenh, Satwant K. Narula, Stephen W. Chensue, Sergio A. Lira
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8, also known as Kaposi's sarcoma [KS]-associated herpesvirus) has been implicated as an etiologic agent for KS, an angiogenic tumor composed of endothelial, inflammatory, and spindle cells. Here, we report that transgenic mice expressing the HHV8-encoded chemokine receptor (viral G protein-coupled receptor) within hematopoietic cells develop angioproliferative lesions in multiple organs that morphologically resemble KS lesions. These lesions are characterized by a spectrum of changes ranging from erythematous maculae to vascular tumors, by the presence of spindle and inflammatory cells, and by expression of vGPCR, CD34, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We conclude that vGPCR contributes to the development of the angioproliferative lesions observed in these mice and suggest that this chemokine receptor may play a role in the pathogenesis of KS in humans.
Re: Baseline Findings of the Italian Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of "Once-Only Sigmoidoscopy"--SCORE
Authors: G. Hoff, M. Bretthauer, E. Skovlund, T. Grotmol
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of the National Cancer Institute following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/95.14.1089
Sleep, neural reuse, and memory consolidation processes
Authors: William Fishbein, Hiuyan Lau, Rafael DeJesús, Sara Elizabeth Alger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Neural reuse posits development of functional overlap in brain system circuits to accommodate complex evolutionary functions. Evolutionary adaptation evolved neural circuits that have been exploited for many uses. One such use is engaging cognitive processes in memory consolidation during the neurobiological states of sleep. Neural reuse, therefore, should not be limited to neural circuitry, but be extended to include sleep-state associated memory processes.