tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Leonie K. Callaway, Paul B. Colditz, Nuala M. Byrne, Barbara E. Lingwood, Ingrid J. Rowlands, Katie Foxcroft, H. David McIntyre
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility of an individualized exercise program to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was a pilot randomized controlled trial with obese pregnant women (intervention group, individualized exercise program [n = 25]; control group, usual care [n = 25]). Average weekly energy expenditure (MET hours per week and kilocalories per week) of exercise-specific activity was assessed during pregnancy using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Fasting glucose and insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at baseline and 20, 28, and 36 weeks' gestation. RESULTS Of the women in the intervention group, 16 of 22 (73%) achieved more than 900 kcal/week of exercise-based activity at 28 weeks compared with 8 of 19 women in the control group (42%), P = 0.047. However, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION This intervention was feasible and prompted a modest increase in physical activity. However, we are not confident that this intervention would be sufficient to prevent GDM.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a redox-sensitive cytokine in cardiac myocytes
Authors: M Takahashi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which plays a pivotal role in the control of inflammatory responses, was first characterized as a T-cell cytokine, but later was also found as a pituitary peptide released in response to infection and stress. However, MIF's role and expression in the myocardium has never been reported. The goal of this study is to examine MIF in the myocardium. Methods and results: MIF protein and mRNA levels were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), respectively. Increased MIF concentrations were detected in the sera of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In cultured rat cardiac myocytes, significant amounts of MIF were produced in response to hypoxia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but not to angiotensin II, endothelin-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). H2O2-induced MIF production increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was completely abolished in the presence of catalase. H2O2 also induced MIF mRNA expression. The H2O2-induced MIF production was completely inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X, partially inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A, and uninhibited by calcium chelation or phorbol ester-sensitive PKC down-regulation. This suggests that H2O2-induced MIF production is mediated by an atypical PKC isoform. DNA microarray analysis revealed that 52 genes were preferentially expressed in response to MIF. Of these, the MIF-induced expression of both glutathione S-transferase (GST) and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX) mRNAs was confirmed using RT–PCR analysis. Conclusion: The present results suggest that MIF is expressed by the myocardium in response to redox stress and may play a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia.
Treatment of facial angiofibromas with topical application of oral rapamycin solution (1 mg mL <sup>−1</sup> ) in two patients with tuberous sclerosis
Authors: M.M. Mutizwa, D.R. Berk, M.J. Anadkat
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2011)

Journal Article Treatment of facial angiofibromas with topical application of oral rapamycin solution (1 mg mL−1) in two patients with tuberous sclerosis Get access M.M. Mutizwa, M.M. Mutizwa Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.R. Berk, D.R. Berk Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.J. Anadkat M.J. Anadkat Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, U.S.A. Milan Anadkat. E‐mail: manadkat@dom.wustl.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 165, Issue 4, 1 October 2011, Pages 922–923, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10476.x Published: 01 October 2011
Impact of inhaled corticosteroid use on outcome in COPD patients admitted with pneumonia
Authors: A. Singanayagam, J.D. Chalmers, A.R. Akram, A.T. Hill
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use affects outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This was a prospective, observational study of patients with spirometry-confirmed COPD presenting with a primary diagnosis of CAP in Lothian, UK. Outcome measures were compared between ICS users and non-ICS users. Of 490 patients included in the study, 76.7% were classified as ICS users. ICS users had higher Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage compared with non-ICS users (mean± sd 3.2±0.8 versus 2.6±0.9; p&lt;0.0001). There were no significant differences in pneumonia severity (mean± sd Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) 4.2±0.8 versus 4.3±0.8 (p = 0.3); mean± sd CURB-65 score 2.1±1.3 versus 2.3±1.3 (p = 0.07)) or markers of systemic inflammation (median C-reactive protein 148 (interquartile range 58–268) mg·L −1 versus 183 (IQR 85–302) mg·L −1 ; p = 0.08) between ICS users and non-ICS users. On multivariable analysis, after adjustment for COPD severity and PSI, ICS use was not independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.75–3.90; p = 0.2), 6-month mortality (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.82–3.16; p = 0.2), requirement for mechanical ventilation and/or inotropic support (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.33–1.62; p = 0.4) or development of complicated pneumonia (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.25–1.99; p = 0.5). Prior ICS use had no impact on outcome in patients with COPD admitted with CAP.
Right ventricular dysfunction persists following brief right ventricular pressure overload
Authors: C Greyson
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: Acute pulmonary hypertension may cause right ventricular (RV) contractile failure. While it has been assumed that restoration of normal loading conditions after acute pulmonary hypertension is sufficient for complete recovery of RV function, this has not been rigorously examined. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute RV pressure overload produces RV contractile dysfunction that persists following restoration of control loading conditions. Methods: We subjected 18 autonomically-blocked, chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest pigs to 1 h of pulmonary artery constriction to increase RV systolic pressure from 35±1 to 55±1 mmHg, followed by 2 h of measurements after pulmonary artery constriction release. We determined regional RV free wall function from pressure–segment length loops and preload recruitable stroke work relations, and global RV function from stroke work vs. end-diastolic pressure relations. Results: As expected, RV free wall systolic shortening diminished during pulmonary artery constriction, but the endo/epi blood flow ratio, lactate uptake, and coronary venous pH were not significantly changed. Following release of pulmonary artery constriction, RV systolic and diastolic pressures returned to control values. Nonetheless, contractile dysfunction persisted, with depressed RV free wall systolic shortening (70±22% of control), RV regional external work (59±11% of control at control end-diastolic length), and global RV stroke work (56±14% of control at control end-diastolic pressure). Depressed regional work was due to a parallel, rightward shift of the preload recruitable stroke work relation. Five pigs identically instrumented but not subjected to pulmonary artery constriction showed no significant changes over 3 h. Conclusions: Acute pulmonary hypertension causes RV contractile dysfunction that persists at least 2 h after restoration of control loading conditions. Contractile dysfunction is not attributable to RV ischemia during pressure overload.
Small airways obstruction and asthma exacerbations
Authors: Marcia Soares, Sherif Gonem, Amisha Singapuri, Beverley Hargadon, Chistopher Brightling, Salman Siddiqui
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background:  Airflow obstruction in asthma is associated with increased risk of morbidity and exacerbations. A number of reports have identified that small airways obstruction (SAO) may be present in asthma in the presence or absence of fixed airflow obstruction (FAO). We sought to evaluate the prevalence of SAO and its clinical expression in the presence or absence of FAO.  Methods:  132 adult asthmatics (GINA 1(11), GINA 2-3 (30) GINA 4-5 (89)) were recruited from Glenfield Hospital. All patients underwent impulse oscillometry and spirometry with reversibility. Two markers of SAO were evaluated (R5-R20 and AX). Due to the lack of robust reference equations for predicted impulse oscillometric parameters of SAO, we defined 9abnormal9 as a value above the asthmatic mean.  Results:  We identified that 23.5 % and 15.2% of patients with asthma had SAO in the presence of a normal post bronchodilator FEV 1 /FVC >70% - when evaluating the markers AX and R5-R20 respectively. A similar percentage had SAO and FAO for both markers (24.2% for AX and 19.7% for R5-R20). The frequency of asthma exacerbations in the previous year was significantly elevated (3.13/yr (AX), 3.53/yr (R5-R20)) in patients with isolated SAO compared to patients without SAO and spirometric airflow obstruction (1.29/yr (AX), 1.64/yr (R5-R20)) [p=0.0014 ANOVA, p>0.05 intergroup comparison]. There were no differences in eosinophilic airway inflammation between the groups.  Conclusion:  We have identified that isolated small airways obstruction is associated with asthma exacerbations independently of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Further studies are required to evaluate whether treating isolated SAO may reduce the frequency of asthma exacerbations.
Antigen-driven bystander suppression after oral administration of antigens.
Authors: A Miller, O Lider, H L Weiner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats by the oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) is mediated by CD8+ T cells that can be isolated from the spleens of MBP-fed animals. These cells adoptively transfer protection to naive animals subsequently immunized with MBP and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and suppress in vitro MBP proliferative responses. Using a transwell system in which the modulator spleen cells from MBP-fed animals are separated by a semipermeable membrane from responder cells, MBP, or OVA-specific T cell lines, we have found that cell contact is not required for in vitro suppression to occur. In vitro suppression is dependent, however, upon antigen-specific triggering of modulator T cells. Once antigen-specific triggering occurs, suppression across the transwell is mediated by an antigen-nonspecific soluble factor that equally suppresses an MBP line or an ovalbumin (OVA) line. This phenomenon of antigen-driven bystander suppression was also demonstrated in vivo. Specifically, Lewis rats fed OVA which were then immunized with MBP/CFA plus OVA given separately subcutaneously were protected from EAE. Animals fed OVA and then immunized with MBP/CFA without OVA given subcutaneously were not protected. The protective effect of feeding OVA could be adoptively transferred by CD8+ T cells from OVA-fed animals into MBP/CFA plus OVA-injected animals. Feeding bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin did not suppress EAE in animals immunized with MBP/CFA plus OVA. EAE was suppressed, however, if BSA was fed and animals then immunized with MBP/CFA plus BSA given subcutaneously. Antigen-driven bystander suppression appears to be an important mechanism by which antigen-driven peripheral tolerance after oral administration of antigen is mediated, and presumably occurs in the microenvironment accounting for the antigen specificity of suppression generated by oral tolerization to antigens.
Training Psychiatrists in Mental Retardation
Authors: DAVID E. RASKIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The author reviews some approaches to training psychiatrists in mental retardation. He describes a program begun in the District of Columbia to provide consultation for mental retardation. In addition to teaching the physical aspects of retardation, this program attempts to incorporate training in family interaction and its relationship to the social environment. The resident sees the retarded child not only as a genetic product, but also as he affects and is affected by his interpersonal environment.
Empiric Treatment of Acute Diarrheal Disease with Norfloxacin
Authors: Johan Wiström, Marianne Jertborn, Erik Ekwall, Karin Norlin, Bo Söderquist, Anders Strömberg, Rolf Lundholm, Harriet Hogevik, Lillemor Lagergren, Gunnar Englund, S. Ragnar Norrby
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and microbiologic efficacy and safety of norfloxacin for acute diarrhea. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical multicenter trial. Setting: Six departments of infectious disease. Participants: Patients 12 years of age or older with a history of acute diarrhea lasting 5 or fewer days. Eighty-five percent of patients (511/598) were evaluable for efficacy. Of these evaluable patients, 70% had traveled abroad within the previous 6 weeks. Interventions: Patients received either norfloxacin, 400 mg, or placebo twice daily for 5 days. Measurements: Enteric pathogens were isolated in 51% of the evaluable patients: Campylobacter species in 29%, Salmonella species in 16%, Shigella species in 3.5%, and other pathogens in 2.6%. Results: Norfloxacin had a favorable overall effect compared with placebo (cure rate, 63% compared with 51%; P = 0.003). There were statistically favorable effects in culture-positive patients, patients with salmonellosis, and severely ill patients but not in culture-negative patients or patients with campylobacteriosis or shigellosis. A significant difference was noted between norfloxacin and placebo in median time to cure among all evaluable patients (3 compared with 4 days, P = 0.02) and in patients with campylobacteriosis (3 compared with 5 days, P = 0.05). Culture-positive, but not culture-negative patients, in the norfloxacin group had significantly fewer loose stools per day compared with patients in the placebo group from day 2 onward (P < 0.01). Norfloxacin was significantly less effective than placebo in eliminating Salmonella species on days 12 to 17 (18% compared with 49%, P = 0.006), whereas the opposite was true for Campylobacter species (70% compared with 50%, P = 0.03). In six of nine patients tested, norfloxacin-resistant Campylobacter species (MIC, ≥ 32 µg/mL) appeared after norfloxacin treatment. Conclusion: Empiric treatment reduced the intensity and, to some extent, the duration of symptoms of acute diarrhea. The effect was restricted to patients who had bacterial enteropathogens or who were severely ill. The clinical usefulness of this treatment is limited by the fact that norfloxacin seems to delay the elimination of salmonella and to induce resistance in campylobacter.
Correlation of morphological patterns of nucleoli in alveolar macrophages with HLA-DR antigen expression in sarcoidosis.
Authors: W Popp, F J Wachtler
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis express increased quantities of HLA-DR during activation. Because silver staining has been described as a sensitive indicator of cellular activity a study was performed to examine whether it relates to HLA-DR antigen expression.The relation between silver staining patterns of nucleoli and HLA-DR antigen expression was examined in alveolar macrophages collected by bronchoalveolar lavage from 11 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and 11 control subjects.The mean (SD) number of silver stained protein dots associated with the nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) was significantly higher in alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis (7.5 (1.5)) than in those from control subjects (5.6 (0.6)). The number of silver stained dots in alveolar macrophages correlated significantly with the intensity and the density of HLA-DR antigen expression in the patients with sarcoidosis.Silver staining may be a sensitive tool for the investigation of the biological cell activity of alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Latin America
Authors: Jean-Paul Carrera, Naomi Forrester, Eryu Wang, Amy Y. Vittor, Andrew D. Haddow, Sandra López-Vergès, Ivan Abadía, Elizabeth Castaño, Nestor Sosa, Carmen Báez, Dora Estripeaut, Yamilka Díaz, Davis Beltrán, Julio Cisneros, Hector G. Cedeño, Amelia P. Travassos da Rosa, Humberto Hernandez, Alex O. Martínez-Torres, Robert B. Tesh, Scott C. Weaver
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses are pathogens that infect humans and horses in the Americas. Outbreaks of neurologic disease in humans and horses were reported in Panama from May through early August 2010.
The role of PET/CT in lung cancer staging
Authors: Korkmaz Burc, Serife Tuba Liman, Salih Topcu, Aykut Elicora, Asli Gül Akgül, Seymur Salih Mehmetoglu, Ahmet Ilgazli
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Routine preoperative examinations should contain PET/CT for proper staging. Series have different results about its efficiency in mediastinal nodal staging. Here we aimed to determine the efficiency of PET/CT in mediastinal lymph node involvement of lung cancer in our clinic.  There were 91 patients (82 male, 9 female) with lung carcinoma who underwent operation for treatment or staging. Patients with PET/CT positive lymph node involvement underwent mediastinoscopy. Thoracotomy was performed in patients with operable disease. Age, sex preoperative diagnosis, diameter of tumor, localization of tumor, mediastinal lymph nodes, surgical procedure, postoperative pathologic examinations, SUV max values in PET/CT were reviewed. Clinical and postsurgery staging were compared.  The sensitivity and specifity of thorax CT in determining the pathological lymph nodes were found 39% and 63% respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 32%, negative predictive value (NPV) was found as 70%. For PET/CT examination, sensitivity was 67%, specivity was 73%, whereas PPV and NPV were 50% and 80% respectively. PET/CT had 80%sensitivity, 91% specivity, PPV 36% and NPV%98 for detecting distant metastasis. Regarding satellit nodules PET/CT had 54% sensitivity, 91% specivity, 50% PPV and 93% NPV.  When clinical staging was compared with surgical staging results, PPV was lower for detecting N2 N3 metastasis. That9s why biopsy was definitely needed. NPV of PET/CT was higher, the need of invasive staging methods was getting decreased. For unsuspected N2 and M1 disease PET/CT was very useful. PET/CT was found superior in detecting lymph node metastasis, more sensitive in distant metastasis and similar to find patients without metastasis when compared with CT alone.
The compliance of renal transplant recipients with advice about sun protection measures
Authors: None Seukeran, None Newstead, None Cunliffe
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Renal transplant recipients have an increased risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation is one of the major cofactors in the development of skin cancer in the immunosuppressed. In view of this, we undertook this study to determine the advice given to renal transplant recipients and their compliance with that advice. Two hundred and two renal transplant recipients were interviewed using a questionnaire. Their knowledge about the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and preventive measures was not good, despite advice and literature given to newly transplanted patients at the time of discharge from hospital. Only 54% remembered receiving advice. Renal physicians and nurses gave advice to the majority, with dermatologists providing advice only in 17% of cases. The use of sun-protective measures such as sun avoidance and protective clothing was poor and the use of sun barrier creams was inappropriate. Only 30% of patients knew why extra precautions against sunlight were necessary. Health professionals and dermatologists in particular need to take a more active role in raising the awareness of renal transplant recipients to their increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer.
Phase II Study of the Anti–Insulin-Like Growth Factor Type 1 Receptor Antibody CP-751,871 in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Previously Untreated, Locally Advanced, or Metastatic Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Daniel D. Karp, Luis G. Paz-Ares, Silvia Novello, Paul Haluska, Linda Garland, Felipe Cardenal, L. Johnetta Blakely, Peter D. Eisenberg, Corey J. Langer, George Blumenschein, Faye M. Johnson, Stephanie Green, Antonio Gualberto
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Purpose We conducted a phase II study of combination of the anti–insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor antibody CP-751,871 with paclitaxel and carboplatin (PCI) in advanced treatment-naïve non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to paclitaxel 200 mg/m 2 , carboplatin (area under the plasma concentration-time curve of 6), and CP-751,871 10 to 20 mg/kg (PCI 10 , PCI 20 ) or paclitaxel and carboplatin alone (PC) every 3 weeks for up to six cycles. PCI 10-20 patients could continue CP-751,871 (figitumumab) treatment after chemotherapy discontinuation. Patients treated with PC experiencing disease progression were eligible to receive CP-751,871 at investigator's discretion. An additional nonrandomized single-arm cohort of 30 patients with nonadenocarcinoma tumor histology receiving PCI 20 was enrolled on completion of the randomized study. Results A total of 156 patients were enrolled onto the randomized portion of the study. Safety and efficacy information are available for 151 patients (98 patients treated with PCI and 53 patients treated with PC). Forty-eight patients treated with PCI received PCI 10 and 50 patients received PCI 20 in two sequential stages. Twenty of 53 patients treated with PC received CP-751,871 after disease progression. PCI was well tolerated. Fifty-four percent of patients treated with PCI and 42% of patients treated with PC had objective responses. Sixteen of 23 patients assessable for efficacy in the nonrandomized single-arm extension cohort also responded to treatment. Of note, 14 of 18 randomly assigned and 11 of 14 nonrandomly assigned patients treated with PCI with squamous cell carcinoma histology had response to treatment, including nine objective responses in bulky disease. Responses were also observed in two patients with squamous histology receiving CP-751,871 on PC discontinuation. PCI 20 /PC hazard ratio for progression-free survival was 0.8 to 0.56, according to censorship. Conclusion These data suggest that PCI 20 is safe and effective in patients with NSCLC.