tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Osteoporotic fracture in an elite male Kenyan athlete
Authors: N Pollock, B Hamilton
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

An elite Kenyan runner presented with a tibial fracture sustained during an international cross-country race. There was no clear history of symptoms suggestive of preceding overload and no radiological features of stress fracture. He was found to have sustained an osteoporotic, insufficiency fracture. There are no previous case reports of an osteoporotic fracture in a male athlete. Possible aetiologies and directions for future investigation are presented.
Chemotherapy and biotherapy in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: K Oberg
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2001)

The medical treatment of neuroendocrine GEP tumours must be based on the growth properties of the tumour. Medical treatment includes chemotherapy, somatostatin analogues and alpha interferons. Chemotherapy has been particularly active in patients with high proliferating neuroendocrine tumours such as endocrine pancreatic tumours and lung carcinoids. Streptozotocin-based combinations including 5-flourouracil and doxorubicin have generated partial remissions in 40%-60% of the patients giving a median survival of about two years in patients with advanced disease. Cisplatinum plus etoposide have demonstrated significant antitumour effects in anaplastic endocrine pancreatic tumours and lung carcinoids. However, in low proliferating tumours such as classical midgut carcinoids the response rates with the same combinations of cytotoxic agents have only generated short lasting responses in less than 10% of patients. In these patients, biological treatment has been of benefit. Alpha interferon at doses of 3-9 million units three to seven times per week subcutaneously, has given biochemical response rates of 50% and significant tumour reduction in about 15% of patients with long duration, up to three years. Somatostatin analogues have been widely used in the treatment of neuroendocrine gut and pancreatic tumours. The currently available somatostatin analogues particularly bind somatostatin receptor 2 and 5 and with low affinity also receptor subtype 3. Octreotide is registered in most countries for the treatment of patients with carcinoid syndrome and also VIP and glucagon producing tumours. Regular octreotide at standard doses of 100-300 microg/day gives symptomatic responses in a medium of 60% of patients and biochemical responses in up to 70% of patients. Significant tumour responses are rare, less than 5%. Long-acting formulations of somatostatin analogues have been of significant benefit for the patients with similar response rates as for regular formulations. The quality of life has been significantly improved by using the long-acting formulations.
Digitalis and vagal stimulation during atrial fibrillation: effects on atrioventricular conduction and ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: K. GREENSPAN, T. J. LORD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

The magnitude of vagal depression of AV conduction in dogs with atrial fibrillation is enhanced by increasing doses of digitalis. For this reason, a decrease of ventricular rate with vagal stimulation cannot be used as evidence that additional digitalis can or should be administered. Vagal stimulation, by inhibiting atrial impulses from reaching the ventricles, may unmask digitalis toxicity in the form of enhanced His-Purkinje automaticity.
Regulators of G-Protein Signaling in the Heart and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Peng Zhang, Ulrike Mende
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

Signal transduction through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is central for the regulation of virtually all cellular functions and has been widely implicated in human disease. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS proteins) belong to a diverse protein family that was originally discovered for their ability to accelerate signal termination in response to GPCR stimulation, thereby reducing the amplitude and duration of GPCR effects. All RGS proteins share a common RGS domain that interacts with G protein α subunits and mediates their biological regulation of GPCR signaling. However, RGS proteins differ widely in size and the organization of their sequences flanking the RGS domain, which contain several additional functional domains that facilitate protein-protein (or protein-lipid) interactions. RGS proteins are subject to posttranslational modifications, and, in addition, their expression, activity, and subcellular localization can be dynamically regulated. Thus, there exists a wide array of mechanisms that facilitate their proper function as modulators and integrators of G-protein signaling. Several RGS proteins have been implicated in the cardiac remodeling response and heart rate regulation, and changes in RGS protein expression and/or function are believed to participate in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy, failure and arrhythmias as well as hypertension. This review is based on recent advances in our understanding of the expression pattern, regulation, and functional role of canonical RGS proteins, with a special focus on the healthy heart and the diseased heart. In addition, we discuss their potential and promise as therapeutic targets as well as strategies to modulate their expression and function.
Role of Serology in the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease
Authors: S L Brown, S L Hansen, J J Langone
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Numerous concerns regarding the potential for misdiagnosis of Lyme disease using commercial assays have been voiced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We attempted to clarify the clinical value of serologic testing for Lyme disease using the results of commonly marketed assays for detecting antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism that causes Lyme disease. We reviewed published studies on B burgdorferi test performance published through 1998, package insert labeling from FDA-cleared test kits for B burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease Survey Set LY-A from the College of American Pathologists. We assessed the sensitivity and specificity of commercial serologic tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], immunofluorescence antibody [IFA], and immunodot) for diagnosis of Lyme disease. To reduce this risk of misdiagnosis, it is important that clinicians understand the performance characteristics and limitations of these tests. These tests, in common use in clinical or commercial laboratories, should be used only to support a clinical diagnosis of Lyme disease, not as the primary basis for making diagnostic or treatment decisions. Serologic testing is not useful early in the course of Lyme disease because of the low sensitivity of tests in early disease. Serologic testing may be more useful in later disease, at which time sensitivity and specificity of the test are improved. Positive or equivocal results on an ELISA, IFA, or immunodot assay requires supplemental testing with a Western blot assay. A negative result on the Western blot or ELISA indicates that there is no serologic evidence of infection by B burgdorferi at the time the sample was drawn.
Diagnostic Classification of the Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Is Equivalent to Fractional Flow Reserve and Is Not Improved With Adenosine Administration
Authors: Sayan Sen, Kaleab N. Asrress, Sukhjinder Nijjer, Ricardo Petraco, Iqbal S. Malik, Rodney A. Foale, Ghada W. Mikhail, Nicolas Foin, Christopher Broyd, Nearchos Hadjiloizou, Amarjit Sethi, Mahmud Al-Bustami, David Hackett, Masood A. Khan, Muhammed Z. Khawaja, Christopher S. Baker, Michael Bellamy, Kim H. Parker, Alun D. Hughes, Darrel P. Francis, Jamil Mayet, Carlo Di Mario, Javier Escaned, Simon Redwood, Justin E. Davies
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Mucosa associated lymphoma of the lung.
Authors: P H Bolton-Maggs, A Colman, G R Dixon, M W Myskow, J G Williams, R J Donnelly, C R Hind
Journal: Thorax (1993)

Two cases of mucosa associated lymphoma (pseudolymphoma) of the lung are described which highlight the varied clinical and radiological features of this rare pulmonary condition. Following chemotherapy with prednisolone and chlorambucil, both patients are disease free three years later.
Homoeopathic remedies in dermatology: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials
Authors: T. Simonart, C. Kabagabo, V. De Maertelaer
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2011)

Journal Article Homoeopathic remedies in dermatology: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials Get access T. Simonart, T. Simonart Private Practice, av. Gounod 27, B‐1070 Brussels, Belgium Thierry Simonart. E‐mail: tsimonar@ulb.ac.be Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. Kabagabo, C. Kabagabo Private Practice, av. Gounod 27, B‐1070 Brussels, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V. De Maertelaer V. De Maertelaer Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics & IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 165, Issue 4, 1 October 2011, Pages 897–905, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10457.x Published: 01 October 2011
The relationship of insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and estrogen receptor-alpha expression to disease progression in epithelial ovarian cancer.
Authors: Lingeng Lu, Dionyssios Katsaros, Andrew Wiley, Irene A Rigault de la Longrais, Harvey A Risch, Manuela Puopolo, Herbert Yu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract PURPOSE: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays important roles in cancer; blocking IGF signaling has been shown to have therapeutic effects on tumor growth. Many studies have focused on the effect of IGF-I, but few have addressed IGF-II. To assess the role of IGF-II in cancer, we analyzed IGF-II expression in ovarian cancer and examined its association with disease characteristics and prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Included in the study were 215 patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. Fresh tumor specimens were collected during surgery, and the patients were followed for a median of 31 months. Total RNA was extracted from the tumor and analyzed for IGF-II, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and estrogen receptor-alpha expressions using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Survival analysis was done to examine the associations of IGF-II with disease progression. RESULTS: IGF-II expression was found to be higher in tumors with poor prognosis; this included tumors with advanced stage, poor differentiation, serous histology, and large residual lesions. Patients with high IGF-II had elevated risk for disease progression and death, although the significance became less evident when the analysis was adjusted for clinical and pathologic variables. IGFBP-3 expression was higher in less aggressive tumors, but was not associated with disease progression. The expression of estrogen receptor-alpha had no effect on survival. CONCLUSION: This study found evidence that IGF-II expression is associated with disease progression, suggesting that IGF-II and IGF signaling are potential targets for ovarian cancer treatment. The study also indicates that IGF-II and IGFBP-3 have limited value in prognosis because of their strong associations with disease stage and tumor grade.
Multi-channel blockers for treatment of atrial fibrillation: an effective strategy?
Authors: D. R. Van Wagoner
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

This editorial refers to ‘The new antiarrhythmic drug Vernakalant: ex vivo study of human atrial tissue from sinus rhythm and chronic atrial fibrillation’ by Wettwer et al ., pp. 145–154, this issue, and to ‘Atrial selectivity in Na+ channel blockade by acute amiodarone’ by Suzuki et al. pp. 136–144, this issue. 

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and one of the most vexing cardiovascular conditions for patients and the physicians who care for them. AF is a primary cause of cardioembolic stroke and may account for more than 20% of all stroke cases in older individuals.1 While AF can easily be diagnosed by electrocardiography, many cases of AF are undetected due to the lack of symptoms. Lifetime risk for developing AF after an age of 40 years is ∼25% for both men and women. The prevalence of AF has been increasing, due to both ageing of the population and an increased prevalence of risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle. The personal and societal economic consequences of AF are staggering.

Given the scope of the problem, efforts to better diagnose and manage AF are urgently needed. Although many cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, heart failure, etc.) can be managed with drugs, pharmacotherapy for the management of AF remains inadequate. Many of the available antiarrhythmic drugs have the potential for life-threatening ventricular proarrhythmia, coupled with a limited efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm. Other drugs have less proarrhythmia, but are associated with systemic toxicity when used for long periods. From this perspective, it seems clear that additional efforts to develop drugs that safely and effectively treat AF are urgently needed. To achieve this goal, fundamental studies are needed to better understand the pathophysiology of AF, to identify the differences between atrial and ventricular physiology, and then to selectively target the atrial …
Different Mechanisms for Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Postprandial Glucose Tolerance in Humans
Authors: Christian Meyer, Walkyria Pimenta, Hans J. Woerle, Timon Van Haeften, Ervin Szoke, Asimina Mitrakou, John Gerich
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To compare the pathophysiology of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a more comprehensive and standardized fashion than has hitherto been done. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 21 individuals with isolated IFG (IFG/normal glucose tolerance [NGT]), 61 individuals with isolated IGT (normal fasting glucose [NFG]/IGT), and 240 healthy control subjects (NFG/NGT) by hyperglycemic clamps to determine first- and second-phase insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes of β-cell function (HOMA-%B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated from fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. RESULTS—Compared with NFG/NGT, IFG/NGT had similar fasting insulin concentrations despite hyperglycemia; therefore, HOMA-IR was increased ∼30% (P &amp;lt; 0.05), but clamp-determined insulin sensitivity was normal (P &amp;gt; 0.8). HOMA-%B and first-phase insulin responses were reduced ∼35% (P &amp;lt; 0.002) and ∼30% (P &amp;lt; 0.02), respectively, but second-phase insulin responses were normal (P &amp;gt; 0.5). NFG/IGT had normal HOMA-IR but ∼15% decreased clamp-determined insulin sensitivity (P &amp;lt; 0.03). Furthermore, HOMA-%B was normal but both first-phase (P &amp;lt; 0.0003) and second-phase (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) insulin responses were reduced ∼30%. IFG/NGT differed from NFG/IGT by having ∼40% lower HOMA-%B (P &amp;lt; 0.012) and ∼50% greater second-phase insulin responses (P &amp;lt; 0.005). CONCLUSIONS—Since first-phase insulin responses were similarly reduced in IFG/NGT and NFG/IGT, we conclude that IFG is due to impaired basal insulin secretion and preferential resistance of glucose production to suppression by insulin, as reflected by fasting hyperglycemia despite normal plasma insulin concentrations and increased HOMA-IR, whereas IGT mainly results from reduced second-phase insulin release and peripheral insulin resistance, as reflected by reduced clamp-determined insulin sensitivity.
Gross and Histological Criteria for Developmental Disorders in Brains of Schizophrenics
Authors: H Jakob, H Beckmann
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1989)

Autopsy findings and examination of histological sections from 12 schizophrenic patients and from age-matched, non-schizophrenic controls were enlarged and confirmed our previous study. Four subgroups were differentiated with gross abnormalities, in most cases with asymmetry of the temporal sulcal gyral pattern. Two types of macroscopical deviations are described. Different periods of developmental termination, concerning the sulcal gyral pattern of the temporal lobe, suggest a period in which the disturbance of the development originated which coincides with a probably genetically-induced disturbed migration in the entorhinal region toward the end of the fifth month. It is thought that the parahippocampal or entorhinal area develops differently, space- and time-wise. This may explain why migratory disturbances particularly occur in this precisely limited area. The findings in the ventral insular area are discussed, together with factors which also suggest a developmental disorder.
Impact of social interactions in the community on the transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence area
Authors: C. N Classen, R. Warren, M. Richardson, J. H Hauman, R. P Gie, J. H P Ellis, P. D van Helden, N. Beyers
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted by close contact with an infectious person. It is assumed that close contact occurs amongst household members and that contact outside the house is “casual” and does not play a major role in the transmission of TB. <h3>METHODS</h3> This study was conducted in an impoverished area with a high incidence of TB and a low HIV seropositive prevalence. Thirty three households with 84 TB patients were identified between February 1993 and April 1996 and the transmission of TB was studied by combining<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> fingerprinting with in depth sociological interviews. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Forty two strain genotypes were identified in the 84 patients. In 15 households all the patients had identical strains, in nine households all the patients had different strains, and in nine households some patients had identical strains and one had a different strain. In 26 houses at least one patient had a strain which formed part of a larger community cluster and in 12 of these households the patient(s) had contact with a community member who had the identical strain. In 58% of the cases the contact took place while drinking in social groups. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> In high incidence areas contact outside the household may be important for the transmission of TB. This contact often takes place during recreation which, in the case of this study of impoverished people, consisted of drinking in social groups. Social interaction patterns should be studied and understood for effective implementation of control strategies.
Agenesis of the Lung
Authors: P. Wexels
Journal: Thorax (1951)

Thoracic Surgical Cenitre, Shotley Bridge Hospital, Newcastle-uponi-Tynie Agenesis of the lung is a rare condition, and although 85 authenticated cases have been recorded in the literature, few of these were diagnosed during life.With the increasing use of radiographs, more of these cases are coming to be recognized, but the difficulties of diagnosis are still considerable.Thirty-four cases have been tabulated by Hurwitz and Stephens (1937) and 10 by Deweese and Howard (1944).A further 41 have been extracted from the literature and are summarized in a similar way in Table I.Two cases recorded here make up the total to 87 cases.CASE REPORTS Case 1.A boy, 16 months old, was born prematurely (7) months).Two days after birth he developed jaundice which lasted for five days.Aged two months he developed a wheeze with distressed respirations and a cough.His general condition remained good and he took his feeds well.After one month of wheezing he was taken to hospital, where his mother was told that the child was well.Since then he has had eight identical attacks, each consisting of wheezing with rapid, somewhat distressed breathing and a slight cough, usually dry, but occasionally productive.The attacks may last severai weeks, but the child was never cyanosed.The child's mother had asthma in childhood and during her last pregnancy.On admission his weight was 26! lb.There was no clubbing of the fingers, and no cyanosis.He had a cough with very little sputum.He was a well-nourished, healthy- looking child with good teeth and no tonsillar enlargement.There were no lymphatic glands palpable.The respiration rate was 28.The movements on both sides of the chest were equal, and there was slight flattening of the left chest.There was some dullness over the left chest posteriorly and anteriorly.Auscultation gave poor air entry on the left chest, but it was normal on the right side.The pulse was 120 and regular.The apex beat was situated in the sixth intercostal space in the anterior axillary line, and the heart sounds, which were normal, could be heard in the back of the left chest.Otherwise no abnormalities were noticed.Other findings were: blood, E.S.R. 1 mm., Hb 76 'S,, R.B.C. 3.600,000, W.B.C. 9,000; Wassermann reaction negative; urine, normal.No tubercle bacilli were found in fasting gastric juice.Radiographs of the chest (Fig. 1) showed a complete opacity of the left chest with herniation of the right lung across the middle line: the mediastinuLm was deviated to the left.The heart shadow was not defined but lay to the left of the spine.The latter looked remarkably clear.Attention was drawn to the hemivertebra on the left side, just above the first dorsal vertebra, and with this was found associated an accessory rib.There was slight scoliosis in the cervical dorsal region.A barium swallow (Fig. 2) showed displacement of the oesophagus to the left.After the child had been in the hospital for four weeks he developed an attack with wheezing, and had a cough with tracheal secretion; the attack lasted about two weeks.Bronchoscopy showed a rather on May 29, 2023 by guest.
Human inbreeding avoidance: Culture in nature
Authors: Pierre L. van den Berghe
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1983)

Abstract Much clinical and ethnographic evidence suggests that humans, like many other organisms, are selected to avoid close inbreeding because of the fitness costs of inbreeding depression. The proximate mechanism of human inbreeding avoidance seems to be precultural, and to involve the interaction of genetic predispositions and environmental conditions. As first suggested by E. Westermarck, and supported by evidence from Israeli kibbutzim, Chinese sim-pua marriage, and much convergent ethnographic and clinical evidence, humans negatively imprint on intimate associates during a critical period of early childhood (between ages 2 and 6). There is also much evidence that, like other social animals, humans do not seek to maximize outbreeding, but rather to maintain an optimal balance between outbreeding and inbreeding. Close inbreeding reduces fitness through inbreeding depression, but some inbreeding brings the benefits of nepotism. For simple, stateless, horticultural societies, the optimal balance seems to be achieved by a combination of precultural inbreeding avoidance of relatives with an r &amp;le;&amp;middot;25 and cultural rules of preferential marriage with kin with r &amp;ge;&amp;middot;25. Adjustment of the coefficient of inbreeding to other ecological settings seems to be largely cultural. An interactive model of &amp;ldquo;culture in nature&amp;rdquo; is presented, in which culture is seen as coevolving with genes to produce the maxiniization of individual inclusive fitness.