tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Validity of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Jonathan R. Strosberg, Jill M. Weber, Max Feldman, Domenico Coppola, Kenneth Meredith, Larry K. Kvols
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual has introduced a TNM staging classification for jejunal-ileal (midgut) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This classification has not been validated in a population consisting solely of midgut NETs. The purpose of this study was to test the prognostic validity of the classification in such a population.Patients with jejunal and ileocecal NETs who were treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center between 2000 and 2010 were assigned stages (I through IV). Kaplan-Meier analyses for overall survival (OS) were performed on the basis of TNM stage and pathologic grade. Multivariate modeling was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression.We identified 691 patients with jejunal-ileocecal NETs. The AJCC classification in aggregate was highly prognostic for OS (P < .001). Five-year OS rates for stages I through IV were 100%, 100%, 91%, and 72%, respectively. The survival difference between stages III and IV was significant (P < .001); the difference between stages I/II versus III was not statistically significant (P = .1). Among patients with stage IIIB tumors, 5-year survival rates were 95% for resectable tumors versus 78% for unresectable mesenteric tumors (P = .02). A proliferative threshold of five mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF) was of greater prognostic value than a threshold of two mitoses per 10 HPF for discriminating between low- and intermediate-grade tumors.Stage I and II midgut NETs are associated with identical survival rates. Stage IIIB tumors are heterogeneous, with significant differences in survival observed between resectable mesenteric lymph nodes versus unresectable masses in the root of the mesentery. A higher mitotic cutoff of five per 10 HPF may lead to improved prognostic differentiation between low- and intermediate-grade tumors. Revisions to the current AJCC staging and grading classification may be warranted.
Tuberculosis: a forgotten plague?
Authors: Jessica L Keal, Peter DO Davies
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

Tuberculosis has long been overshadowed in the media by HIV, malaria and now ‘sexy’ new pandemics such as swine flu. Why has tuberculosis been forgotten by the UK public and how can we move it into the media spotlight to raise awareness and improve funding?

After HIV, tuberculosis is the world's second most lethal infectious disease, but in this country the public has consigned it to history and novels such as Jane Eyre. Indeed when asked about tuberculosis by former BBC health correspondent Glenda Cooper, one journalist said ‘consumption has been eradicated in the developed world’. This is not a rare assumption; many of my own contemporaries, working in politics, journalism and education, are similarly ignorant of the facts.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly one-third of the world's population are infected with tuberculosis bacilli, with a new infection occurring every second. Of those with latent tuberculosis, one in 10 will go on to get active disease; 9.4 million people in 2008. In 2007, according to estimates, $1.1 billion went into research and development funding for HIV and malaria, which led to an estimated 863,000 deaths in 2008,1 received $468.5 million; tuberculosis, meanwhile, received just $410.4 million.2

Drug resistance is spreading, with half a million people now infected with MDR-tuberculosis. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis is an even more frightening phenomenon. At the start of this year, 58 countries had reported cases of XDR-tuberculosis and many more countries cannot survey the extent of drug resistance due to inadequate laboratory facilities.3 The medications used to treat tuberculosis have barely changed since the 1970s and are associated with side-effects which threaten adherence. Treatment is over an extended period with high levels of morbidity and money is needed for medical, social and psychological support.
Defective Suppressor Function of Human CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type II
Authors: Martin A. Kriegel, Tobias Lohmann, Christoph Gabler, Norbert Blank, Joachim R. Kalden, Hanns-Martin Lorenz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

In autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS), several organ-specific autoimmune diseases are clustered. Although APS type I is caused by loss of central tolerance, the etiology of APS type II (APS-II) is currently unknown. However, in several murine models, depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) causes a syndrome resembling human APS-II with multiple endocrinopathies. Therefore, we hypothesized that loss of active suppression in the periphery could be a hallmark of this syndrome. Tregs from peripheral blood of APS-II, control patients with single autoimmune endocrinopathies, and normal healthy donors showed no differences in quantity (except for patients with isolated autoimmune diseases), in functionally important surface markers, or in apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal. Strikingly, APS-II Tregs were defective in their suppressive capacity. The defect was persistent and not due to responder cell resistance. These data provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of APS-II and possibly human autoimmunity in general.
Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis
Authors: Thibaut Van Zele, Philippe Gevaert, Jean-Baptiste Watelet, Geert Claeys, Gabriele Holtappels, Cindy Claeys, Paul van Cauwenberge, Claus Bachert
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Doctors fear that rise in infection rates points to a return to unsafe sex
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Numbers of cases of sexually transmitted infection in the Netherlands have increased by two thirds in three years, leaving researchers “alarmed” because it points to an increase in unsafe sex. The total figure for all sexually transmitted infections rose over three years from about 5500 to 9500.

The researchers' report highlights worrying evidence of people becoming infected both with HIV and other diseases, in particular syphilis, so allowing HIV to be transmitted more easily.

Although the incidence of syphilis is rising in other European countries, the Dutch data show a sharp rise of 78% in 12 months—including a “remarkable” rise of 182% among gay and …
Characterization of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Tissue Doppler Imaging and Clinical Status in Children With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Colin J. McMahon, Sherif F. Nagueh, Ricardo H. Pignatelli, Susan W. Denfield, William J. Dreyer, Jack F. Price, Sarah Clunie, Louis I. Bezold, Amanda L. Hays, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Benjamin W. Eidem
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Conventional transmitral Doppler indices are unreliable in assessing clinical status in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) because they are affected by loading conditions. This study sought to determine whether tissue Doppler velocities are predictive of adverse clinical outcomes including death, cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia (VT), significant cardiac symptoms, and exercise capacity in children with HCM.We studied 80 consecutive children (median age 12 years, median follow-up 26 months) evaluated at 1 hospital from January 1999 to August 2003 compared with 80 age- and gender-matched controls. Patients underwent echocardiography, ambulatory Holter monitoring, and upright exercise testing. Children with HCM had significantly decreased early diastolic tissue Doppler velocities at the lateral mitral (13.2 versus 19.3 cm/s), tricuspid (13.3 versus 16.3 cm/s), and septal (9.4 versus 13.5 cm/s) annuli compared with controls (P<0.001 for each comparison). By forward stepwise regression analysis, early transmitral left ventricular filling velocity (E)/septal Ea ratio predicted death, cardiac arrest, or VT (r=0.610, R2=0.37, P<0.001). Peak oxygen consumption (VO2) was most predictive of children who developed symptoms (r=0.427, R2=0.182, P<0.001). Peak VO2 correlated inversely with E/Ea septal ratio (r=-0.740, P<0.01).Transmitral E/septal Ea ratio predicts children with HCM who are at risk of adverse clinical outcomes including death, cardiac arrest, VT, and significant cardiac symptoms. Peak VO2 correlated with peak exercise capacity in HCM patients.
Hematopoietic reconstitution by multipotent adult progenitor cells: precursors to long-term hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Marta Serafini, Scott J. Dylla, Masayuki Oki, Yves Heremans, Jakub Tolar, Yuehua Jiang, Shannon M. Buckley, Beatriz Pelacho, Terry C. Burns, Sarah Frommer, Derrick J. Rossi, David Bryder, Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari, Matthew J. O'Shaughnessy, Molly Nelson-Holte, Gabriel C. Fine, Irving L. Weissman, Bruce R. Blazar, Catherine M. Verfaillie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

For decades, in vitro expansion of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been an elusive goal. Here, we demonstrate that multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice and expanded in vitro for &amp;gt;40–80 population doublings, are capable of multilineage hematopoietic engraftment of immunodeficient mice. Among MAPC-derived GFP+CD45.2+ cells in the bone marrow of engrafted mice, HSCs were present that could radioprotect and reconstitute multilineage hematopoiesis in secondary and tertiary recipients, as well as myeloid and lymphoid hematopoietic progenitor subsets and functional GFP+ MAPC-derived lymphocytes that were functional. Although hematopoietic contribution by MAPCs was comparable to control KTLS HSCs, approximately 103-fold more MAPCs were required for efficient engraftment. Because GFP+ host-derived CD45.1+ cells were not observed, fusion is not likely to account for the generation of HSCs by MAPCs.
Gene Relocations within Chloroplast Genomes of Jasminum and Menodora (Oleaceae) Are Due to Multiple, Overlapping Inversions
Authors: H.-L. Lee, R. K. Jansen, T. W. Chumley, K.-J. Kim
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The chloroplast (cp) DNA sequence of Jasminum nudiflorum (Oleaceae–Jasmineae) is completed and compared with the large single-copy region sequences from 6 related species. The cp genomes of the tribe Jasmineae (Jasminum and Menodora) show several distinctive rearrangements, including inversions, gene duplications, insertions, inverted repeat expansions, and gene and intron losses. The ycf4–psaI region in Jasminum section Primulina was relocated as a result of 2 overlapping inversions of 21,169 and 18,414 bp. The 1st, larger inversion is shared by all members of the Jasmineae indicating that it occurred in the common ancestor of the tribe. Similar rearrangements were also identified in the cp genome of Menodora. In this case, 2 fragments including ycf4 and rps4–trnS–ycf3 genes were moved by 2 additional inversions of 14 and 59 kb that are unique to Menodora. Other rearrangements in the Oleaceae are confined to certain regions of the Jasminum and Menodora cp genomes, including the presence of highly repeated sequences and duplications of coding and noncoding sequences that are inserted into clpP and between rbcL and psaI. These insertions are correlated with the loss of 2 introns in clpP and a serial loss of segments of accD. The loss of the accD gene and clpP introns in both the monocot family Poaceae and the eudicot family Oleaceae are clearly independent evolutionary events. However, their genome organization is surprisingly similar despite the distant relationship of these 2 angiosperm families.
Impaired Renal Function Is Associated With Echocardiographic Nonresponse and Poor Prognosis After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Rutger J. Van Bommel, Sjoerd A. Mollema, C. Jan Willem Borleffs, Matteo Bertini, Claudia Ypenburg, Nina Ajmone Marsan, Victoria Delgado, Ernst E. Van Der Wall, Martin J. Schalij, Jeroen J. Bax
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
FOOD POISONING DUE TO EGGS
Authors: W. M. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1930)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[MIEDICAL JOUsualBrillianit grcen eniiriicient wfith sll(o.l a slille as h]as keen ind(1icated for the further iiivcstigatioii of strlai!,.s isolated appears to give the miiost conlsistenilt results and it is suggested for use whllere a sinle routine miethio(d is required.A series of concentrationis of the dy-e rangiiig firom 1 in 125,000 to 1 in 500,000 lias boeen foiid to he satisfactory.It mi-ust be noted, lhoweve, that in ouir wor-lk, ais ini that of Gray (1929), positive results w-ere obtained by other methods wlieni brilliant gpreeni enrlclichment failed.ThAe IIse of Wilson and Blair's p)latiug Iietho(d in ad(ditioni inidoubitedlv increases the possibilitv of isolating orcrganiismis of tle elnteric gr'ouip.Our results sugcgest that theo mnethods are to some extent comiplemneentary ill that factors whichi militaLt agaiist the success of onie (lo niot appcar to operate when the otlher is used.DiscuissioIn.The areas drainied by those sewers fromn which B. para-f1p)h osvs B w\as isolated could bee divi(le(d illto two groups.JFour sewers yieldinog positive results were associated with adjoiniing districts comprisinig the whole lport ar-ea of the city (District I).The remaininig tlhree dr-ainied part of the souitlhernli suburban area, the district b)eillg aogain well dlefined (District II).By the courtesy of the medical officer of health for Ediniburgh the incidenice of cases of B. pairtayplhosis B inifectioni in these districts w-as ascertained for the five-year-period 1925-29 iDiclusive.The total number of cases niotified iii the city, excluding imiiported cases anid those arisinig in institutions, wvas also available for the samiie period.Cases on diagnosis were, as a rule, removed at once to the City Hospital, so that recognized sufferers-,rum the disease did not contribute to the discharge of organiisms in sewage.The total nuiimber of cases arisinig in Districts I and 11 amounitedl to 46, while 103 cases had beeni notified durinig the same quinq uenniumn for the wlhole city.Thus some 44.6 pei cenit. of the city cases occurred in these districts.It must, lhowever, be noted that the population of these areas, as far as could be ascertained from available data, was approximately 30 per cenit. of that of-the whole city.It will thtus be seeni that, oni a conisi(lerationi of a prolon-ged
Modulation of Vigilance in the Primary Hypersomnias by Endogenous Enhancement of GABA <sub>A</sub> Receptors
Authors: David B. Rye, Donald L. Bliwise, Kathy Parker, Lynn Marie Trotti, Prabhjyot Saini, Jacqueline Fairley, Amanda Freeman, Paul S. Garcia, Michael J. Owens, James C. Ritchie, Andrew Jenkins
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2012)

A component of cerebrospinal fluid in excessively sleepy people activates an inhibitory signaling pathway and mimics the actions of sedative-hypnotics.
Congenital pericardial defects
Authors: O. S. Tubbs, M. H. Yacoub
Journal: Thorax (1968)

Four cases of congenital defect of the pericardium are described; three had complete absence of the left pericardium and one had a partial defect. One of the patients developed acute pulmonary oedema in the immediate post-operative period following repair of a sinus venosus defect. This complication was thought to be directly related to the pericardial defect. The functions of the pericardium are discussed. The clinical features of the different types of pericardial defect are described. The diagnosis is usually made from the radiographic appearances. Electrical alternans has been noticed in one patient. This is probably due to the increased mobility of the heart. These defects are not completely benign, as has been suggested before. They can cause disabling symptoms, as in case 3, and may be directly responsible for death.
Trends in indigenous foodborne disease and deaths, England and Wales: 1992 to 2000
Authors: G K Adak
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Commitment to food safety is evidenced by high profile governmental initiatives around the globe. To measure progress towards targets, policy makers need to know the baseline from which they started. <b>Aim:</b> To describe the burden (mortality, morbidity, new presentations to general practice, hospital admissions, and hospital occupancy) and trends of indigenous foodborne disease (IFD) in England and Wales between 1992 and 2000. <b>Methods:</b> Routinely available surveillance data, special survey data, and hospital episode statistics were collated and arithmetic employed to estimate the burden and trends of IFD in England and Wales. Adjustments were made for underascertainment of disease through national surveillance and for foreign travel. The final estimates were compared with those from the USA. <b>Results:</b> In 1995 there were an estimated 2 365 909 cases, 21 138 hospital admissions, and 718 deaths in England and Wales due to IFD. By 2000 this had fallen to 1 338 772 cases, 20 759 hospital admissions, and 480 deaths. In terms of disease burden the most important pathogens were campylobacters, salmonellas, <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>, verocytotoxin producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (VTEC) O157, and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>. The ratio of food related illness in the USA to IFD in England and Wales in 2000 was 57:1. Taking into account population rates, this ratio fell to 11:1 and converged when aetiology and disease severity were considered. <b>Conclusion:</b> Reducing IFD in England and Wales means tackling campylobacter. Lowering mortality rates however also requires better control and prevention of salmonellas, <i>Cl perfringens</i>, <i>L monocytogenes</i>, and VTEC O157.
Percutaneous Pericardial Instrumentation for Endo-Epicardial Mapping of Previously Failed Ablations
Authors: Robert A. Schweikert, Walid I. Saliba, Gery Tomassoni, Nassir F. Marrouche, Christopher R. Cole, Thomas J. Dresing, Patrick J. Tchou, Dianna Bash, Salwa Beheiry, Cathy Lam, Logan Kanagaratnam, Andrea Natale
Journal: Circulation (2003)

The epicardial location of an arrhythmia could be responsible for unsuccessful endocardial catheter ablation.In 48 patients referred after prior unsuccessful endocardial ablation, we considered percutaneous, subxiphoid instrumentation of the pericardial space for mapping and ablation. Thirty patients had ventricular tachycardia (VT), 6 patients had a right- and 4 had a left-sided accessory pathway (AP), 4 patients had inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and 4 patients had atrial arrhythmias. Of the 30 VTs, 24 (6 with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 3 with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, and 15 with normal hearts) appeared to originate from the epicardium. Seventeen (71%) of these 24 VTs were successfully ablated with epicardial lesions. The other 7 VTs had early epicardial sites that were inaccessible, predominantly because of interference from the left atrial appendage. Six of these were successfully ablated from the left coronary cusp. In 5 of the 10 patients with an AP, the earliest activation was recorded epicardially. Three of these were right atrial appendage-to-right ventricle APs, and epicardial ablation was successful. No significant complications were observed.Failure of endocardial ablation could reflect the presence of an epicardial arrhythmia substrate. Epicardial instrumentation and ablation appeared feasible and safe and provided an alternative strategy for the treatment of patients with a variety of arrhythmias. This was particularly true for VT, including patients without structural heart disease.
IgA-Associated Glomerulonephritis
Authors: J J McPhaul
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1977)

In summary, IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is an interesting clinical problem. The immunohistochemical identification of renal IgA deposits is the sine qua non of its diagnosis, although most of the patients reported have had hematuric syndromes, particularly recurrent gross hematuria. The importance of this immunopathologic entity devolves from the crucial use of special stains to identify IgA, the enigmatic role of IgA, the usual mesangioapthic expression of histologic response, and the ill-defined relationship of this clinical problem to nephropathies associated with systemic diseases that also have glomerular IgA deposits. Although still unproven, it is likely that the usual instance of IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is due to deposition of circulating immune complexes containing IgA. The nature of the exciting antigen(s), quantitative measures and characteristics of such complexes, and the role of mediating systems, including coagulation, have not yet been elucidated.
A National Survey of Cigarette Prices at Military Retail Outlets
Authors: Sara A. Jahnke, Christopher K. Haddock, W. S. Carlos Poston, Melissa L. Hyder, Harry Lando
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Smoking among military personnel impedes readiness and results in poorer job performance and substantial costs from smoking-related illness and absenteeism.1 Smoking rates among junior enlisted personnel remain higher than the general population, leading the Department of Defense to take steps to reduce tobacco use.2 In 2005, the Department of Defense Instruction 1330.9 mandated that prices for tobacco products sold in US military retail outlets be “no lower than 5 percent below the most competitive commercial prices in the local community” to “communicate to Service members that tobacco use is detrimental to health and readiness.” The Instruction was intended to equalize the cost to consumers, including taxes. No studies address the Instruction’s effect on tobacco pricing, although military personnel believe cigarettes are sold at deeply discounted prices.3 We investigated cigarette prices at military retail outlets compared with the local market.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Women With Previous Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Robert E. Ratner
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The consequences of hyperglycemia appearing during pregnancy were well described in 1917, when Elliot P. Joslin described Case 309, which “showed sugar in 1897 during pregnancy, but following confinement, with resulting dead baby, it disappeared, but returned in 9 years in the form of moderate to severe diabetes… . [W]ith our present knowledge, it is quite possible that such an outcome could be prevented by active treatment of the glycosuria from the very start” (1). Subsequently, O'Sullivan and Mahan's definition of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in 1964 was a formal recognition of the mother's increased risk of future development of diabetes (2). They defined GDM if a pregnant woman undergoing a 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test had glucose values exceeding 2 SDs above the mean on two of the four values. This landmark study described a population of pregnant women with a lifetime risk of diabetes exceeding 70% (3). Multiple studies worldwide have demonstrated a broad ethnic and geographic distribution of GDM, but all studies share the increased risk of subsequent diabetes after delivery (4).

Assessment of diabetes risk postpartum is influenced by the criteria used to define GDM, the testing undertaken postpartum, and the length of follow-up. Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance in the first trimester of pregnancy may reflect the ascertainment of previously undiagnosed and, presumably, asymptomatic diabetes. Alternatively, pregnancy creates a metabolic stress that may push a woman with compensated type 1 or type 2 diabetes into a decompensated hyperglycemic state. Under these circumstances, one would anticipate a high rate of persistent hyperglycemia in the postpartum state. In fact, the presence of GDM doubles the risk of diabetes within 4 months postpartum, whereas a fasting plasma glucose >121 mg/dl during the pregnancy increased the risk 21-fold (5).

Differential criteria for diagnosis of GDM affects the …