tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dynamic laryngeal narrowing during exercise: a mechanism for generating intrinsic PEEP in COPD?
Authors: M. Baz, G. S. Haji, A. Menzies-Gow, R. J. Tanner, N. S. Hopkinson, M. I. Polkey, J. H. Hull
Journal: Thorax (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with COPD commonly exhibit pursed-lip breathing during exercise, a strategy that, by increasing intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure, may optimise lung mechanics and exercise tolerance. A similar role for laryngeal narrowing in modulating exercise airways resistance and the respiratory cycle volume–time course is postulated, yet remains unstudied in COPD. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of laryngeal narrowing and its role in exercise intolerance and dynamic hyperinflation in COPD. <h3>Methods</h3> We studied 19 patients (n=8 mild–moderate; n=11 severe COPD) and healthy age and sex matched controls (n=11). Baseline physiological characteristics and clinical status were assessed prior to an incremental maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test with continuous laryngoscopy. Laryngeal narrowing measures were calculated at the glottic and supra-glottic aperture at rest and peak exercise. <h3>Results</h3> At rest, expiratory laryngeal narrowing was pronounced at the glottic level in patients and related to FEV<sub>1</sub> in the whole cohort (r=−0.71, p&lt;0.001) and patients alone (r=−0.53, p=0.018). During exercise, glottic narrowing was inversely related to peak ventilation in all subjects (r=−0.55, p=0.0015) and patients (r=−0.71, p&lt;0.001) and peak exercise tidal volume (r=−0.58, p=0.0062 and r=−0.55, p=0.0076, respectively). Exercise glottic narrowing was also inversely related to peak oxygen uptake (% predicted) in all subjects (r=−0.65, p&lt;0.001) and patients considered alone (r=−0.58, p=0.014). Exercise inspiratory duty cycle was related to exercise glottic narrowing for all subjects (r=−0.69, p&lt;0.001) and patients (r=−0.62, p&lt;0.001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Dynamic laryngeal narrowing during expiration is prevalent in patients with COPD and is related to disease severity, respiratory duty cycle and exercise capacity.
Long-term survival and transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells for immunodeficiencies: report of the European experience 1968–99
Authors: Corinne Antoine, Susanna Müller, Andrew Cant, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo, Paul Veys, Jaak Vossen, Anders Fasth, Carsten Heilmann, Nicolas Wulffraat, Reinhard Seger, Stéphane Blanche, Wilhelm Friedrich, Mario Abinun, Graham Davies, Robert Bredius, Ansgar Schulz, Paul Landais, Alain Fischer
Journal: The Lancet (2003)
Post-prandial changes in PH and electrolyte concentration, in the upper jejunum after truncal vagotomy and drainage in man.
Authors: J G Temple, A Birch, R Shields
Journal: Gut (1975)

The changes in pH and concentration of electrolytes in the jejunal lumen after a hypertonic fluid meal have been studied after truncal vagotomy and drainage, with and without diarrhoea. The results show that, in these respects, there are no specific changes in the jejunal content associated with post-vagotomy diarrhoea, but that these measurements are markedly affected by the completeness of vagotomy, as judged by the insulin test.
Passive respiratory mechanics: the occlusion techniques
Authors: M. Gappa, A.A. Colin, I. Goetz, J. Stocks
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

The aim of this position paper is to define quality control and acceptance criteria for measuring passive respiratory mechanics in infants using the occlusion techniques to ensure that valid results are obtained. These guidelines cover numerous aspects including: 1) terminology and definitions; 2) equipment; 3) data acquisition; 4) data handling and analysis; 5) reporting of results. Adherence to these guidelines should ensure that measurement of passive respiratory mechanics in infants in different lung function laboratories could be performed with an acceptable degree of safety, precision, and reproducibility. This will facilitate multi-centre collection of data and performance of clinical investigations.
Interleukin-2 continuous infusion and angiogenesis surrogate markers in metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: C. Simonelli, R. Talamini, A. Bearz, M. Berretta, S. Spazzapan, P. Monini, C. Sgadari, I. Sartor, B. Ensoli, U. Tirelli
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
Acute, severe constipation in a 58-year-old Japanese patient
Authors: N. Hosoe, R. Sakakibara, M. Yoshida, T. Wakabayashi, H. Kikuchi, T. Yamada, K. Kawahara, M. Kishi
Journal: Gut (2010)

A 58-year-old Japanese patient was referred to our departments with 1 week history of severe constipation together with a painful skin eruption in his left abdomen. He had abdominal distension, pain, anorexia, and no bowel movements for 1 week at all. A plain abdominal x-ray revealed colonic dilatation but haustra only in the proximal colon (figure 1). Abdominal CT and ultrasound echography revealed no evidence of colonic spasm or obstruction. His blood tests, including C-reactive protein, were normal. Neurological examination revealed no evidences of myelopathy …
DNase treatment for atelectasis in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: P.J.F.M. Merkus, M. de Hoog, R. van Gent, J.C. de Jongste
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Respiratory insufficiency due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is partly due to the abundance of thickened mucus and the inability to clear it from the airways. Mucus in RSV bronchiolitis contains necrotic inflammatory and epithelial cells. The viscoelastic properties of purulent airway secretions are largely due to the presence of highly polymerized deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase) is known to liquefy such mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis, whereas case reports described a beneficial effect in other respiratory disorders. The authors hypothesized that rhDNase would diminish atelectasis and mucus plugging in infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis. Two infants with RSV bronchiolitis with massive unilateral atelectasis in whom mechanical ventilation was imminent due to exhaustion, and three mechanically ventilated infants (two neonates, one with bronchopulmonary dysplasia) with RSV bronchiolitis with pneumonia received treatment with 2.5 mg nebulized rhDNase twice daily. Following administration of nebulized recombinant human deoxyribonuclease, clinical and radiological parameters improved quickly. Mechanical ventilation could be avoided in two infants while in three infants on artificial ventilation, clinical recovery started following the first dose of the drug. A therapeutic trial of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease may be an option in the treatment for atelectasis in severe or complicated respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy.
Hedging Your Bets by Learning Reward Correlations in the Human Brain
Authors: Klaus Wunderlich, Mkael Symmonds, Peter Bossaerts, Raymond J. Dolan
Journal: Neuron (2011)

Human subjects are proficient at tracking the mean and variance of rewards and updating these via prediction errors. Here, we addressed whether humans can also learn about higher-order relationships between distinct environmental outcomes, a defining ecological feature of contexts where multiple sources of rewards are available. By manipulating the degree to which distinct outcomes are correlated, we show that subjects implemented an explicit model-based strategy to learn the associated outcome correlations and were adept in using that information to dynamically adjust their choices in a task that required a minimization of outcome variance. Importantly, the experimentally generated outcome correlations were explicitly represented neuronally in right midinsula with a learning prediction error signal expressed in rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Thus, our data show that the human brain represents higher-order correlation structures between rewards, a core adaptive ability whose immediate benefit is optimized sampling.
Arterial blood gas tensions, hydrogen ion, and electroencephalogram during sleep in patients with chronic ventilatory failure.
Authors: A G Leitch, L J Clancy, R J Leggett, P Tweeddale, P Dawson, J I Evans
Journal: Thorax (1976)

We have studied arterial PO2, PCO2, and hydrogen ion and electroencephalogram during sleep in 10 patients with stable severe chronic respiratory failure. As a group the patients slept badly. Sleep was associated with a worsening of hypoxia and no significant change in PCO2 and H+. Two patients were restudied, receiving oxygen therapy overnight. Both had improved sleep but one, who had an intact hypoxic drive to breathing, developed marked hypercapnia and acidosis when his PO2 was restored to normal during sleep; the other, who had no hypoxic drive to breathing, developed no more hypercapnia or acidosis during sleep when breathing oxygen than when breathing air. Oxygen therapy may improve sleep disturbance in these patients, but its effect on the drive to breathing during sleep should be considered if severe hypercapnia and acidosis are to be avoided.
miR33 Inhibition Overcomes Deleterious Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on Atherosclerosis Plaque Regression in Mice
Authors: Emilie Distel, Tessa J. Barrett, Kellie Chung, Natasha M. Girgis, Saj Parathath, Christine C. Essau, Andrew J. Murphy, Kathryn J. Moore, Edward A. Fisher
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

Diabetes mellitus increases cardiovascular disease risk in humans and remains elevated despite cholesterol-lowering therapy with statins. Consistent with this, in mouse models, diabetes mellitus impairs atherosclerosis plaque regression after aggressive cholesterol lowering. MicroRNA 33 (miR33) is a key negative regulator of the reverse cholesterol transport factors, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and high-density lipoprotein, which suggested that its inhibition may overcome this impairment.To assess the effects of miR33 inhibition on atherosclerosis regression in diabetic mice.Reversa mice, which are deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor and in which hypercholesterolemia is reversed by conditional inactivation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene, were placed on an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks, then either made diabetic by streptozotocin injection or kept normoglycemic. Lipid-lowering was induced by microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene inactivation, and mice were treated with anti-miR33 or control oligonucleotides. Although regression was impaired in diabetic mice treated with control oligonucleotides, anti-miR33 treatment decreased plaque macrophage content and inflammatory gene expression in these mice. The decreased macrophage content in anti-miR33 treated diabetic mice was associated with a blunting of hyperglycemia-induced monocytosis and reduced monocyte recruitment to the plaque, which was traced to an inhibition of the proliferation of bone marrow monocyte precursors associated with the upregulation of their Abca1.miR33 inhibition overcomes deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus in atherosclerosis regression in mice, which suggests a therapeutic strategy in diabetic patients, who remain at elevated cardiovascular disease risk, despite plasma cholesterol lowering.
Treating tuberculosis in HIV-positive Africans
Authors: K Blot, R Colebunders, G Van Ham, J Perriens, Annik Rouillon, DonaldA Enarson, AnthonyD Harries, CooperM Nyirenda, JackJ Wirima, David Fegan, Jacqueline Glennon, Paul Nunn, John Porter, Willie Githui, Joseph Odhiambo
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
The safety of dental extractions in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Authors: S K Williford, P L Salisbury, J E Peacock, J M Cruz, B L Powell, E S Lyerly, R L Capizzi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1989)

Dental disorders have been recognized as major sources of infection in patients with hematologic malignancies (HM). Management of severe dental infections usually includes dental extractions (DE), but the safety of extractions in patients with HM who are at risk for bleeding, sepsis, and poor wound healing has not been well established. In conjunction with an aggressive program of dental care, 142 DE were performed in 26 patients with acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders. Granulocytopenia (less than 1,000 granulocytes/microL) was present during or within ten days following surgery in 14 patients. In these 14 patients (101 DE), the mean granulocyte count was less than 450/microL, with a median duration of granulocytopenia following surgery of 32 days (range, four to 169 days). Thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/microL) occurred during or within two days following surgery in 13 patients (80 DE), with a mean platelet count of 63,500/microL. Transfusions were given for platelet counts less than 50,000/microL. All DE were performed without significant complications. Bleeding was minor to moderate and easily controlled with local measures; no patient required transfusion due to hemorrhage. Average maximum temperature 24 hours after DE was 37.7 degrees C. No episodes of bacteremia were documented within ten days of DE. Minor delay in wound healing was observed in two patients. We conclude that DE can be safely performed in patients with HM in combination with aggressive supportive care.
Anisotropic Activation Spread in Heart Cell Monolayers Assessed by High-Resolution Optical Mapping
Authors: Vladimir G. Fast, Bruce J. Darrow, Jeffrey E. Saffitz, Andre´ G. Kle´ber
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

The role of tissue discontinuities in anisotropic impulse propagation was assessed in two-dimensional anisotropic monolayers of neonatal rat myocytes cultured on a growth-directing substrate of collagen. Activation spread and distribution of maximal upstroke rate of rise (V˙ max ) of the action potential were measured with an optical system using a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye (RH-327) and a 10×10 photodiode array with a spatial resolution ranging from 7 to 15 μm. Activation maps were compared with the cellular architecture and the distribution of gap junctions obtained from immunostaining the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43). Four types of structures were studied: (1) dense cell cultures, (2) cultures with anisotropic intercellular clefts of variable size, (3) discontinuities created by inclusion of nonmyocyte cells, and (4) discontinuities resulting from nonuniform expression of gap junctions. In dense monolayers, activation spread was continuous with microinhomogeneities in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The average cell dimensions in such monolayers were smaller than in adult canine myocardium. However, the degree of cellular anisotropy (length-to-width ratio of 5.3±1.4) and connectivity were similar. The presence of small intercellular clefts (less than one cell in length) did not disturb the general pattern of transverse or longitudinal activation spread, but it was associated with wave front microcollisions during transverse propagation and a concomitant increase of V˙ max beyond the cleft. Long intercellular clefts caused discontinuous transverse propagation. Conduction velocity and V˙ max decreased significantly at narrow isthmuses formed by closely apposed clefts, rendering such sites susceptible for conduction block. In contrast, V˙ max increased when the wave front faced the borders of the clefts. Nonmyocyte cells were electrically connected to myocytes and served as sinks for electrotonic currents, thereby producing localized conduction slowing and a decrease in V˙ max . Localized inhomogeneity in Cx43 distribution correlated accurately with circumscribed conduction block and changes in V˙ max . Our results provide direct experimental evidence that the cellular structure and gap junction distribution correlate with action potential propagation and distribution of V˙ max . We suggest that in tissue with a nonuniform anisotropy, connective tissue separating fiber bundles or sites of inhomogeneous connexin distribution may represent predilective sites for block in transverse direction.
Tuberculous retropharyngeal abscess producing respiratory obstruction.
Authors: N Carroll, R J Bain, M H Tseung, R H Edwards
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Oropharyngeal tuberculosis is a rare presentation of the disease even in the presence of extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. A case is described in which a retropharyngeal abscess, causing stridor and threatening respiratory obstruction, was the only manifestation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
VARIATIONS IN THE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE OBSERVATIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS BEFORE AND AFTER SHOCK TREATMENT
Authors: LORNE D. PROCTOR, JOHN G. DEWAN, BURDETT H. MCNEEL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

1. The majority of schizophrenic patients who improved clinically, showed a significant change in their oral glucose tolerance, this change being towards the normal. 2. In the occasional case, clinical improvement did occur without any significant change in the glucose tolerance. 3. Those who did not improve or deteriorated clinically, showed no change in their abnormal tolerance or it became more abnormal. 4. This change could not be attributed to the administration of insulin per se, nor entirely to the change in absorption of the glucose in the gastro-intestinal tract. 5. The pre-treatment glucose tolerance curves in this series of schizophrenics, seem to show an abnormally prolonged period before the return to fasting levels.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Genotype and Response to Pravastatin in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Kristel C.M.C. Koeijvoets, Jessica Rodenburg, Barbara A. Hutten, Albert Wiegman, John J.P. Kastelein, Eric J.G. Sijbrands
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The lipid-lowering effects of statin therapy show considerable interindividual variation in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Whether the type of LDL receptor mutation predicts the response to statin treatment is not yet established. We analyzed the relationship between LDL receptor genotype and response to pravastatin treatment in children with FH using carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) to measure efficacy. Methods and Results— In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 2-year trial with pravastatin, 193 children had genetically confirmed FH and were included in the present substudy. At baseline, children with null alleles had higher LDL cholesterol levels (difference, 0.94±0.19 mmol/L [SEM]; P &lt;0.001) and a greater carotid IMT (difference, 0.019±0.01 mm; P =0.02) compared with children with receptor-defective mutations. The decrease in carotid IMT during the trial was not significantly different in children with null alleles and receptor-defective mutations (0.018±0.012 and 0.012±0.010 mm; 2-way ANCOVA, P =0.7). After 2 years of treatment, the children with null alleles continued to have greater carotid IMT than children with receptor-defective mutations (difference, 0.016±0.01 mm; P =0.02). LDL cholesterol lowering tended to be less in carriers of null alleles compared with carriers of receptor-defective mutations (1.30±0.25 and 1.85±0.20 mmol/L; 2-way ANCOVA, P =0.08). Conclusions— In FH children, we found that the null allele genotype was associated with a greater carotid IMT, higher LDL cholesterol levels, and a nonsignificant tendency to attenuated LDL cholesterol lowering compared with receptor-defective mutations. Null alleles identify FH patients at the highest cardiovascular disease risk who may benefit from more aggressive treatment started in childhood.
Tobacco, Colorectal Cancer, and Adenomas: a Review of the Evidence
Authors: E Giovannucci, M E Martínez
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

Although tobacco has been clearly implicated as a cause of a number of cancers, earlier studies had not generally found cigarette smokers to be at higher risk for cancers of the large bowel. Unlike the earlier studies, more recent studies have tended to find cigarette smokers to be at higher risk of colorectal cancer. In addition, cigarette smoking has been consistently associated with a higher risk of colorectal adenomas, precursors of cancers. We hypothesize that smoking is an initiator of colorectal carcinogenesis. The consistent finding of a positive association between smoking and risk of adenomas may reflect the presumably shorter induction period for these lesions. Recent studies indicate that an increased risk for large-bowel cancer emerges only after about four decades after one begins smoking, perhaps accounting for the null studies that were conducted earlier during the smoking epidemic. Most studies had not taken into account an induction period between timing of smoking and risk for cancer. The increasing male-to-female mortality ratio from colorectal cancer over the latter half of this century in the United States may have been a result of tobacco use by men earlier in the century. If the associations observed with colorectal adenomas and cancers in recent studies are causal, approximately 20% of the large-bowel cancers in men would be attributable to smoking. On the basis of the strength of the available evidence, intensified effort to prevent smoking among young people is warranted.
Upregulation of c-mip is closely related to podocyte dysfunction in membranous nephropathy
Authors: Kelhia Sendeyo, Vincent Audard, Shao-yu Zhang, Qingfeng Fan, Khedidja Bouachi, Mario Ollero, Catherine Rucker-Martin, Elodie Gouadon, Dominique Desvaux, Franck Bridoux, Georges Guellaën, Pierre Ronco, Philippe Lang, Andre Pawlak, Djillali Sahali
Journal: Kidney International (2013)
Histamine antagonism and postinflammatory visceral hypersensitivity
Authors: M M Wouters
Journal: Gut (2014)

Emerging data suggest that a wide array of measurable biomarkers in blood may provide a novel window into the pathophysiology of stroke. In this review, we survey the state of progress in the field. Three specific questions are assessed. Can biomarkers augment the clinical examination and powerful brain imaging tools to enhance the accuracy of the diagnostic process? Can biomarkers be used to help triage patients for thrombolytic therapy? Can biomarkers help predict patients who are most susceptible to malignant infarction? Many encouraging molecular candidates have been found that appear to match the known cascades of neurovascular injury after stroke. However, whether these putative biomarkers may indeed have direct clinical utility remains to be quantitatively validated. Larger clinical trials are warranted to establish the sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for routine use in clinical stroke.