tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lung hyperinflation: foe or friend?
Authors: M. Eichinger, S. Walterspacher, T. Scholz, K. Tetzlaff, K. Röcker, C-M. Muth, M. Puderbach, H-U. Kauczor, S. Sorichter
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Breath-hold divers employ glossopharyngeal insufflation (GI) in order to prevent the lungs from compressing at great depth and to increase intrapulmonary oxygen stores, thus increasing breath-hold time. The presented case study shows the physiological data and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) findings of acute hyperinflation, deliberately induced by GI, in a breath-hold diver and discusses the current state of knowledge regarding the associated hazards of this unique competitive sport. Static and dynamic lung volumes and expiratory flows were within the normal range, with vital capacity and peak expiratory flow being higher than the predicted values. Airway resistance and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide were normal. Static compliance was normal and increased five-fold with hyperinflation. dMRI revealed a preserved shape of the thorax and diaphragm with hyperinflation. A herniation of the lung beneath the sternum and enlargement of the costodiaphragmatic angle were additional findings during the GI manoeuvre. After expiration, complete resolution to baseline was demonstrated. Hyperinflation can be physiological and even protective under abnormal physical conditions in the sense of acute adaptation to deep breath-hold diving. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging is adequate for visualisation of the sequence of the glossopharyngeal insufflation manoeuvre and the complete reversibility of deliberate hyperinflation.
The Triple Negative Paradox: Primary Tumor Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer Subtypes
Authors: Lisa A. Carey, E. Claire Dees, Lynda Sawyer, Lisa Gatti, Dominic T. Moore, Frances Collichio, David W. Ollila, Carolyn I. Sartor, Mark L. Graham, Charles M. Perou
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Gene expression analysis identifies several breast cancer subtypes. We examined the relationship of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response to outcome among these breast cancer subtypes. Experimental Design: We used immunohistochemical profiles [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (HER2+)/hormone receptor–negative for HER2+/estrogen receptor–negative (ER−), hormone receptor and HER2− for basal-like, hormone receptor–positive for luminal] to subtype a prospectively maintained data set of patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline-based (doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide, AC) chemotherapy. We analyzed each subtype for clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and examined the relationship of response to distant disease–free survival and overall survival. Results: Of the 107 patients tested, 34 (32%) were basal-like, 11 (10%) were HER2+/ER−, and 62 (58%) were luminal. After neoadjuvant AC, 75% received subsequent chemotherapy and all received endocrine therapy if hormone receptor–positive. The chemotherapy regimen and pretreatment stage did not differ by subtype. Clinical response to AC was higher among the HER2+/ER− (70%) and basal-like (85%) than the luminal subtypes (47%; P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Pathologic complete response occurred in 36% of HER2+/ER−, 27% of basal-like, and 7% of luminal subtypes (P = 0.01). Despite initial chemosensitivity, patients with the basal-like and HER2+/ER− subtypes had worse distant disease–free survival (P = 0.04) and overall survival (P = 0.02) than those with the luminal subtypes. Regardless of subtype, only 2 of 17 patients with pathologic complete response relapsed. The worse outcome among basal-like and HER+/ER− subtypes was due to higher relapse among those with residual disease (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Basal-like and HER2+/ER− subtypes are more sensitive to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy than luminal breast cancers. Patients that had pathologic complete response to chemotherapy had a good prognosis regardless of subtype. The poorer prognosis of basal-like and HER2+/ER− breast cancers could be explained by a higher likelihood of relapse in those patients in whom pathologic complete response was not achieved.
Association Between Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Glucose Levels and Adverse Outcomes After Complex Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Angelo Polito, Ravi R. Thiagarajan, Peter C. Laussen, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Michael S.D. Agus, Mark A. Scheurer, Frank A. Pigula, John M. Costello
Journal: Circulation (2008)

This study sought to determine whether associations exist between perioperative glucose exposure, prolonged hospitalization, and morbid events after complex congenital heart surgery.Metrics of glucose control, including average, peak, minimum, and SD of glucose levels, and duration of hyperglycemia were determined intraoperatively and for 72 hours after surgery for 378 consecutive high-risk cardiac surgical patients. Multivariable regression analyses were used to determine relationships between these metrics of glucose control, hospital length of stay, and a composite morbidity-mortality outcome after controlling for multiple variables known to influence early outcomes after congenital heart surgery. Intraoperatively, a minimum glucose <or=75 mg/dL was associated with greater adjusted odds of reaching the composite morbidity-mortality end point (odds ratio [OR], 3.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49 to 6.48), but other metrics of glucose control were not associated with the composite end point or length of stay. Greater duration of hyperglycemia (glucose >126 mg/dL) during the 72 postoperative hours was associated with longer duration of hospitalization (P<0.001). In the 72 hours after surgery, average glucose <110 mg/dL (OR, 7.30; 95% CI, 1.95 to 27.25) or >143 mg/dL (OR, 5.21; 95% CI, 1.37 to 19.89), minimum glucose <or=75 mg/dL (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.38 to 5.88), and peak glucose level >or=250 mg/dL (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.20 to 5.43) were all associated with greater adjusted odds of reaching the composite morbidity-mortality end point.In children undergoing complex congenital heart surgery, the optimal postoperative glucose range may be 110 to 126 mg/dL. Randomized trials of strict glycemic control achieved with insulin infusions in this patient population are warranted.
Phase III Trial of an Emulsion Containing Trolamine for the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis in Patients With Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 99-13
Authors: Elizabeth A. Elliott, James R. Wright, R. Suzanne Swann, Felix Nguyen-Tân, Cristiane Takita, M. Kara Bucci, Adam S. Garden, Harold Kim, Eugen B. Hug, Janice Ryu, Michael Greenberg, Jerrold P. Saxton, Kian Ang, Lawrence Berk
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

This multicentered phase III trial was designed to compare an emulsion containing trolamine against the usual supportive care within each participating institution for patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy.Patients with biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: prophylactic trolamine emulsion, interventional trolamine emulsion, or declared institutional preference. The primary outcome was the reduction in grade 2 or higher skin toxicity, as per National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 2.0. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported quality of life (QOL).From October 2000 to April 2002, 547 patients from 51 institutions were entered onto the trial. The average age was 59 years. Patients were predominately male (79%) and most continued to use tobacco products (52%). The rates of grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis were 79%, 77%, and 79% in the prophylactic, interventional, and institutional preference arms of the study, respectively. No significant differences in QOL were found.The results of this trial demonstrate no advantage for the use of trolamine in reducing the incidence of grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis or improving patient-reported QOL. The use of 15 different local standards of care highlights the need to continue research that will result in evidence-based recommendations to reduce the burden of radiation dermatitis.
THE CULTIVATION OF THE LEPROSY BACILLUS FROM THE HUMAN TISSUES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMINO-ACIDS AS CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Charles W. Duval
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

In the cultivation of Bacillus lepræ the initial multiplication outside the body cannot be obtained unless amino-acids are present in the medium. The amino-acids are believed to be essential nutritives for the initial growth of the organisms. It has been demonstrated that the primary growth of the leprosy bacilli occurs only in the presence of the products of tryptic digestion. Hence, putrefactive and other bacteria which are capable of splitting nucleo-proteids into their end acid products are, in consequence, of value in the isolation and cultivation of the leprosy bacilli. Amebæ are not necessary for securing the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli upon artificial media and are detrimental since they feed with avidity upon the bacilli themselves. Two methods may be employed for recovering in culture Bacillus lepræ from the tissues. In one (the direct), tryptophane or a mixture of albumen and trypsin are employed with a culture medium; in the other (indirect), bacterial species capable of digesting the albumen constituent of the culture medium are introduced into the medium. In both, the end result is identical, since they both provide for the presence of the amino-acids in the medium, without which the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli cannot be secured.
Deep RNA Sequencing Reveals Dynamic Regulation of Myocardial Noncoding RNAs in Failing Human Heart and Remodeling With Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Kai-Chien Yang, Kathryn A. Yamada, Akshar Y. Patel, Veli K. Topkara, Isaac George, Faisal H. Cheema, Gregory A. Ewald, Douglas L. Mann, Jeanne M. Nerbonne
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Microarrays have been used extensively to profile transcriptome remodeling in failing human heart, although the genomic coverage provided is limited and fails to provide a detailed picture of the myocardial transcriptome landscape. Here, we describe sequencing-based transcriptome profiling, providing comprehensive analysis of myocardial mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression in failing human heart before and after mechanical support with a left ventricular (LV) assist device (LVAD). Deep sequencing of RNA isolated from paired nonischemic (NICM; n=8) and ischemic (ICM; n=8) human failing LV samples collected before and after LVAD and from nonfailing human LV (n=8) was conducted. These analyses revealed high abundance of mRNA (37%) and lncRNA (71%) of mitochondrial origin. miRNASeq revealed 160 and 147 differentially expressed miRNAs in ICM and NICM, respectively, compared with nonfailing LV. Among these, only 2 (ICM) and 5 (NICM) miRNAs are normalized with LVAD. RNASeq detected 18 480, including 113 novel, lncRNAs in human LV. Among the 679 (ICM) and 570 (NICM) lncRNAs differentially expressed with heart failure, ≈10% are improved or normalized with LVAD. In addition, the expression signature of lncRNAs, but not miRNAs or mRNAs, distinguishes ICM from NICM. Further analysis suggests that cis-gene regulation represents a major mechanism of action of human cardiac lncRNAs. The myocardial transcriptome is dynamically regulated in advanced heart failure and after LVAD support. The expression profiles of lncRNAs, but not mRNAs or miRNAs, can discriminate failing hearts of different pathologies and are markedly altered in response to LVAD support. These results suggest an important role for lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of heart failure and in reverse remodeling observed with mechanical support.
Azacitidine Prolongs Overall Survival Compared With Conventional Care Regimens in Elderly Patients With Low Bone Marrow Blast Count Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Pierre Fenaux, Ghulam J. Mufti, Eva Hellström-Lindberg, Valeria Santini, Norbert Gattermann, Ulrich Germing, Guillermo Sanz, Alan F. List, Steven Gore, John F. Seymour, Hervé Dombret, Jay Backstrom, Linda Zimmerman, David McKenzie, C.L. Beach, Lewis R. Silverman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

In a phase III randomized trial, azacitidine significantly prolonged overall survival (OS) compared with conventional care regimens (CCRs) in patients with intermediate-2- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Approximately one third of these patients were classified as having acute myeloid leukemia (AML) under current WHO criteria. This analysis compared the effects of azacitidine versus CCR on OS in this subgroup.Patients were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous azacitidine 75 mg/m(2)/d or CCR (best supportive care [BSC] only, low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), or intensive chemotherapy [IC]).Of the 113 elderly patients (median age, 70 years) randomly assigned to receive azacitidine (n = 55) or CCR (n = 58; 47% BSC, 34% LDAC, 19% IC), 86% were considered unfit for IC. At a median follow-up of 20.1 months, median OS for azacitidine-treated patients was 24.5 months compared with 16.0 months for CCR-treated patients (hazard ratio = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.79; P = .005), and 2-year OS rates were 50% and 16%, respectively (P = .001). Two-year OS rates were higher with azacitidine versus CCR in patients considered unfit for IC (P = .0003). Azacitidine was associated with fewer total days in hospital (P < .0001) than CCR.In older adult patients with low marrow blast count (20% to 30%) WHO-defined AML, azacitidine significantly prolongs OS and significantly improves several patient morbidity measures compared with CCR.
Ethnic-Specific Obesity Cutoffs for Diabetes Risk: Cross-sectional Study of 490,288 UK Biobank Participants
Authors: Uduakobong E. Ntuk, Jason M.R. Gill, Daniel F. Mackay, Naveed Sattar, Jill P. Pell
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

To compare the relationship between adiposity and prevalent diabetes across ethnic groups in the UK Biobank cohort and to derive ethnic-specific obesity cutoffs that equate to those developed in white populations in terms of diabetes prevalence.UK Biobank recruited 502,682 U.K. residents aged 40-69 years. We used baseline data on the 490,288 participants from the four largest ethnic subgroups: 471,174 (96.1%) white, 9,631 (2.0%) South Asian, 7,949 (1.6%) black, and 1,534 (0.3%) Chinese. Regression models were developed for the association between anthropometric measures (BMI, waist circumference, percentage body fat, and waist-to-hip ratio) and prevalent diabetes, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and heart disease.Nonwhite participants were two- to fourfold more likely to have diabetes. For the equivalent prevalence of diabetes at 30 kg/m(2) in white participants, BMI equated to the following: South Asians, 22.0 kg/m(2); black, 26.0 kg/m(2); Chinese women, 24.0 kg/m(2); and Chinese men, 26.0 kg/m(2). Among women, a waist circumference of 88 cm in the white subgroup equated to the following: South Asians, 70 cm; black, 79 cm; and Chinese, 74 cm. Among men, a waist circumference of 102 cm equated to 79, 88, and 88 cm for South Asian, black, and Chinese participants, respectively.Obesity should be defined at lower thresholds in nonwhite populations to ensure that interventions are targeted equitably based on equivalent diabetes prevalence. Furthermore, within the Asian population, a substantially lower obesity threshold should be applied to South Asian compared with Chinese groups.
THE SOURCE OF AGGLUTININS IN THE MILK OF COWS
Authors: Theobald Smith, Marion L. Orcutt, Ralph B. Little
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

The foregoing experimental cases point to a distinct participation of the udder in the production of agglutinins when the gland is invaded by living or flooded by dead bacteria. The quarter injected reacts at first with a heavy influx of polynuclear leucocytes and later with an increase of agglutinins.
Conditional Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Deletion in Mice
Authors: Pandelakis A. Koni, Sunil K. Joshi, Ulla-Angela Temann, Dian Olson, Linda Burkly, Richard A. Flavell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

We generated vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 “knock-in” mice and Cre recombinase transgenic mice to delete the VCAM-1 gene (vcam-1) in whole mice, thereby overcoming the embryonic lethality seen with conventional vcam-1–deficient mice. vcam-1 knock-in mice expressed normal levels of VCAM-1 but showed loss of VCAM-1 on endothelial and hematopoietic cells when interbred with a “TIE2Cre” transgene. Analysis of peripheral blood from conditional vcam-1–deficient mice revealed mild leukocytosis, including elevated immature B cell numbers. Conversely, the bone marrow (BM) had reduced immature B cell numbers, but normal numbers of pro-B cells. vcam-1–deficient mice also had reduced mature IgD+ B and T cells in BM and a greatly reduced capacity to support short-term migration of transferred B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and preactivated CD4+ T cells to the BM. Thus, we report an until now unappreciated dominant role for VCAM-1 in lymphocyte homing to BM.
Comparing Survival Curves Using an Easy to Interpret Statistic
Authors: Kenneth R. Hess
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Here, I describe a statistic for comparing two survival curves that has a clear and obvious meaning and has a long history in biostatistics. Suppose we are comparing survival times associated with two treatments A and B. The statistic operates in such a way that if it takes on the value 0.95, then the interpretation is that a randomly chosen patient treated with A has a 95% chance of surviving longer than a randomly chosen patient treated with B. This statistic was first described in the 1950s, and was generalized in the 1960s to work with right-censored survival times. It is a useful and convenient measure for assessing differences between survival curves. Software for computing the statistic is readily available on the Internet.
Evidence Against Presence of Chromaffin Cells in Human Skin
Authors: Leonard R. Matz, Sandford L. Skinner
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

"Chromaffin cells" in human digital skin, described by previous workers, are readily recognized, but their granules do not produce the true chromaffin reaction of catecholamine, nor do they become green when subsequently stained with the Sevki technique. Although "chromaffin cells" differ morphologically from mast cells, they have similar tinctorial characteristics. Many cells were seen that could be accepted as either mast cells or "chromaffin cells." These cells in human skin are unaffected by intra-arterial reserpine and had the normal appearance in three patients with chronic degeneration of the sympathetic nerves. It is suggested that the "chromaffin cells" are mast cell variants and are not involv1ed in the autonomic effector mechanism.
Why not LF for false belief reasoning?
Authors: Jill G. de Villiers, Peter A. de Villiers
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

We argue that natural language has the right degree of representational richness for false belief reasoning, especially the complements under verbs of communication and belief. Language may indeed be necessary synchronically for cross-modular reasoning, but certain achievements in language seem necessary at least diachronically for explicit reasoning about false beliefs.
Stimulation of connective tissue-type mast cell proliferation by crosslinking of cell-bound IgE.
Authors: M Takagi, T Nakahata, K Koike, T Kobayashi, K Tsuji, S Kojima, T Hirano, A Miyajima, K Arai, T Akabane
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Crosslinking of cell-bound IgE on mouse connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) by multivalent antigen or anti-IgE antibody induced clonal growth of CTMC in methylcellulose culture containing IL-3. Continuous presence of antigen, IgE antibody, and IL-3 in culture was required for extensive proliferation of CTMC. Optimal concentrations of antigen and anti-IgE antibody for proliferation of sensitized CTMC approximately corresponded to those for maximal histamine release from the cells, and it was observed that most dividing cells stimulated by antigen had pericellular degranulation halos in culture. Experiments of both single cell culture and serum free culture provided evidence for a direct effect of antigen stimulation on proliferation of CTMC. Neither accessory cells nor some factors in FCS were required for the clonal growth of CTMC in our culture condition. Compound 48/80, a direct stimulator of CTMC, also triggered histamine release from CTMC but failed to support their proliferation. These results suggest that stimulation of CTMC via IgE receptors not only triggers the release of chemical mediators from the cells but induces clonal growth of CTMC in the presence of IL-3. Our data indicate the possibility that antigen stimulation may play another role in the proliferation of CTMC.
Relative risk and economic consequences of inpatient care among patients with renal failure.
Authors: M Thamer, N F Ray, S N Fehrenbach, C Richard, P L Kimmel
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

During the final phases of chronic renal disease, inpatient care comprises an enormous share of morbidity and direct medical costs. Using an attributable risk methodology, this study calculated inpatient resource utilization and associated costs for chronic renal failure (CRF) and ESRD. A national hospital survey was used to identify the 348,962 hospitalizations for patients with renal failure in 1991. Among persons under the age of 65, pre-ESRD CRF patients had the same number of hospitalizations (nearly 75,000) as ESRD patients. Age-adjusted relative risk calculations indicate that patients with renal failure experience greater inpatient morbidity compared with other populations with chronic, progressive diseases. For example, compared with persons with diabetes, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and emphysema, renal patients were at significantly higher risk of hospitalization for congestive heart failure, pneumonia, sepsis, electrolyte disorders, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Overall, renal failure patients were ten times more likely to be hospitalized (relative risk, 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 10.00 to 10.04) and, on average, were hospitalized nearly 1 day longer (P < 0.01) compared with the non-renal failure population in 1991. As a result, the economic consequences of inpatient care for the treatment of renal failure were enormous. In 1991, 222,827 hospitalizations, 1.5 million days of inpatient care, and $2.2 billion were attributable to renal failure. Further studies that examine other components of direct medical costs (e.g., long-term care, outpatient care, and pharmaceuticals) as well as indirect costs associated with the treatment and care of renal failure patients are warranted.
Second Primary Cancers After an Index Head and Neck Cancer: Subsite-Specific Trends in the Era of Human Papillomavirus–Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Luc G.T. Morris, Andrew G. Sikora, Snehal G. Patel, Richard B. Hayes, Ian Ganly
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at elevated risk of second primary malignancies (SPM), most commonly of the head and neck (HN), lung, and esophagus. Our objectives were to identify HNSCC subsite-specific differences in SPM risk and distribution and to describe trends in risk over 3 decades, before and during the era of human papillomavirus (HPV) -associated oropharyngeal SCC.