tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Localization of the binding site for the monocyte immunoglobulin (Ig) A-Fc receptor (CD89) to the domain boundary between Calpha2 and Calpha3 in human IgA1.
Authors: L Carayannopoulos, J M Hexham, J D Capra
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Immunoglobulin (Ig) A serves as the first line of humoral defense at all mucosal surfaces and is present in large quantities of blood. In playing its role in humoral immunity, IgA interacts with a variety of effector molecules present both in serum and on the surfaces of immune and inflammatory cells. To study these interactions, we previously established expression of human IgA1 in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses and showed that the expressed antibody is a structurally and functionally intact polypeptide useful for examining the molecular properties of IgA. Indeed, since the C alpha 2 N-linked glycosylation site lies near the Fab-distal pole of C alpha 2, the inability of a mutant IgA1 lacking C alpha 2 N-glycosylation to bind its cognate receptor suggested that the monocyte Fc alpha receptor (mFcalphaR) recognizes IgA at a hinge-distal site encompassing the boundary between the C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 domains. In this report, we utilize both domain-swapped IgA/IgG and point-mutated IgA chimeras to verify the above hypothesis. Using an antigen-specific rosetting assay and a mFc alpha R-expressing cell line, we show that (a) C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 together are necessary and sufficient for binding; (b) neither the IgA hinge nor the tailpiece is necessary for binding; (c) mutations away from the interdomain boundary do not affect binding; and (d) mutations located near the three-dimensional boundary between C alpha 2 and C alpha 3 completely disrupt binding. Taken together, these results localize the mFc alpha R recognition site on IgA to the boundary region between the second and third constant domains--a site analogous to that recognized by Staphylococcus aureus protein A on IgG. The use of this hinge-distal site is, to date, unique among Fc receptors of the Ig superfamily.
Sex Differences in Diabetes Risk and the Effect of Intensive Lifestyle Modification in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Leigh Perreault, Yong Ma, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Edward Horton, David Marrero, Jill Crandall, Elizabeth Barrett-Connor
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

In participants of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) randomized to intensive lifestyle modification (ILS), meeting ILS goals strongly correlated with prevention of diabetes in the group as a whole. Men met significantly more ILS goals than women but had a similar incidence of diabetes. Therefore, we explored sex differences in risk factors for diabetes and the effect of ILS on risk factors.Baseline risk factors for diabetes and percent change in risk factors over the first year in men versus women were compared using Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests.At baseline, men were older and had a larger waist circumference; higher fasting plasma glucose concentration, caloric intake, and blood pressure; and lower HDL cholesterol and corrected insulin response than women, who were less physically active and had a higher BMI (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Over the first year of the DPP, no sex difference in risk factors for diabetes was observed for those who lost <3% body weight. Weight loss of 3-7% body weight yielded greater decreases in 2-h glucose (P < 0.01), insulin concentration (P < 0.04), and insulin resistance (P < 0.03) in men than in women. Weight loss of >7% body weight resulted in greater decreases in 2-h glucose (P < 0.01), triglyceride level (P < 0.01), and A1C (P < 0.03) in men than in women.Weight loss >3% body weight yielded greater reduction in risk factors for diabetes in men than in women. Despite the more favorable effects of ILS in men, baseline risk factors were more numerous in men and likely obscured any sex difference in incident diabetes.
Unintentional Injuries: Magnitude, Prevention, and Control
Authors: Sarah Stewart de Ramirez, Adnan A. Hyder, Hadley K. Herbert, Kent Stevens
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2012)

The World Health Organization estimates injuries accounted for more than 5 million deaths in 2004, significantly impacting the global burden of disease. Nearly 3.9 million of these deaths were due to unintentional injury, a cause also responsible for more than 138 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in the same year. More than 90% of the DALYs lost occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), highlighting the disproportionate burden that injuries place on developing countries. This article examines the health and social impact of injury, injury data availability, and injury prevention interventions. By proposing initiatives to minimize the magnitude of death and disability due to unintentional injuries, particularly in LMICs, this review serves as a call to action for further investment in injury surveillance, prevention interventions, and health systems strengthening.
Sports hernias: a systematic literature review
Authors: P Caudill, J Nyland, C Smith, J Yerasimides, J Lach
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

This review summarises the existing knowledge about pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, conservative treatment, surgery and post-surgical rehabilitation of sports hernias. Sports hernias occur more often in men, usually during athletic activities that involve cutting, pivoting, kicking and sharp turns, such as those that occur during soccer, ice hockey or football. Sports hernias generally present an insidious onset, but with focused questioning a specific inciting incident may be identified. The likely causative factor is posterior inguinal wall weakening from excessive or high repetition shear forces applied through the pelvic attachments of poorly balanced hip adductor and abdominal muscle activation. There is currently no consensus as to what specifically constitutes this diagnosis. As it can be difficult to make a definitive diagnosis based on conventional physical examination, other methods, such as MRI and diagnostic ultrasonography are often used, primarily to exclude other conditions. Surgery seems to be more effective than conservative treatment, and laparoscopic techniques generally enable a quicker recovery time than open repair. However, in addition to better descriptions of surgical anatomy and procedures and conservative and post-surgical rehabilitation, well-designed research studies are needed, which include more detailed serial patient outcome measurements in addition to basing success solely on return to sports activity timing. Only with this information will we better understand sports hernia pathogenesis, verify superior surgical approaches, develop evidence-based screening and prevention strategies, and more effectively direct both conservative and post-surgical rehabilitation.
Management of heart failure in primary care (the IMPROVEMENT of Heart Failure Programme): an international survey
Authors: JGF Cleland, A Cohen-Solal, J Cosin Aguilar, R Dietz, J Eastaugh, F Follath, N Freemantle, A Gavazzi, WH van Gilst, FDR Hobbs, J Korewicki, HC Madeira, I Preda, K Swedberg, J Widimsky
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Differences in 24-Hour Urine Composition between Black and White Women
Authors: Eric N. Taylor, Gary C. Curhan
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Black women are less likely to develop kidney stones and have greater bone mass than white women. However, little is known about racial differences in urine composition. Urine pH, volume, and 24-h urinary excretion of calcium, citrate, oxalate, uric acid, sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, and creatinine of 146 black women were compared with 330 white women in the Nurses' Health Study. All participants were postmenopausal non-stone formers. ANOVA was used to compare mean urinary values. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, body mass index, dietary intake, and urinary factors. On average, black women excreted 65 mg less urinary calcium (P < 0.001), 4 mg more oxalate (P < 0.001), 9 mEq less potassium (P < 0.001), 11 mg less magnesium (P = 0.003), 120 mg less phosphate (P < 0.001), and 3 mmol less sulfate (P < 0.001) per day than did white women. The urine pH of black women was 0.11 units higher (P = 0.03) and urine volume was 0.24 L less (P = 0.001). The urinary relative supersaturations of calcium oxalate (P = 0.03) and brushite (P = 0.002) were lower in black women. No other significant differences were observed. Differences in urinary calcium and pH persisted after multivariate adjustment and after exclusion of participants who were taking thiazide diuretics or those with diabetes. In conclusion, black women excrete less urinary calcium and have a higher urinary pH than do white women. These differences are not explained by differences in age, body mass index, or diet and may account for the lower incidence of both nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis in black women.
The Enigmatic Persistence of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: B. Timothy Walsh
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2013)

Objective In this review, based on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience, the author presents a formulation in which the marked persistence of anorexia nervosa can be usefully understood as a well-ingrained maladaptive habit. Method The author reviewed the relevant literature on the development and course of anorexia nervosa and interpreted critical features in light of developments in cognitive neuroscience. Results Anorexia nervosa is a well characterized disorder with remarkable persistence both across history and among affected individuals. Food restriction, the salient behavioral feature of the disorder, often begins innocently but gradually takes on a life of its own. Over time, it becomes highly entrenched and resistant to change through either psychological or pharmacological treatment. Cognitive neuroscience has described two related but distinct processes that underlie the acquisition of new patterns of behavior, namely, action-outcome and stimulus-response learning. It is likely that both processes are engaged in the development of anorexia nervosa and that stimulus-response learning (that is, habit formation) is critical to the persistence of the dieting behavior. Conclusions The formulation of the dieting behavior characteristic of anorexia nervosa as a well-entrenched habit provides a basis for understanding the striking persistence of this disorder. This model helps explain the resistance of anorexia nervosa to interventions that have established efficacy in related disorders and implies that addressing the dieting behavior is critical, especially early in the course of the illness, before it has become ingrained.
Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (iNOS) by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Role of NF-κ
Authors: I. Zubia-Lauzurica, C. García-Monzón, P.L. Majano, O. Lo Iacono, A. Apolinario, P. Sanz, L. Sunyer, R. Moreno-Otero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
It takes more to forgive: The role of executive control
Authors: Johan C. Karremans, Reine C. van der Wal
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract The target article's evolutionary approach provides an excellent framework for understanding when and why people retaliate or forgive. We argue that recent findings on the basic processes in forgiveness – particularly, the role of executive control – can further refine the authors' proposed model. Specifically, the lack of executive control may restrict the explanatory power of relationship value and exploitation risk.
Cognitive Training in Mental Disorders: Update and Future Directions
Authors: Matcheri S. Keshavan, Sophia Vinogradov, Judith Rumsey, Joel Sherrill, Ann Wagner
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

Objective This article reviews the conceptual basis, definitions, and evolution of cognitive training approaches for the treatment of mental disorders. Method The authors review the current state of the knowledge on cognitive training in psychiatric illnesses, and its neural and behavioral targets, and summarize the factors that appear to relate to a successful response, including learner characteristics that influence clinical outcome. They also discuss methodological issues relevant to the development and testing of cognitive training approaches, with the goal of creating maximally efficient and effective approaches to training. Finally, they identify gaps in existing knowledge and outline key research directions for the future. Results While much of the early research has been conducted in schizophrenia, cognitive training has more recently been applied to a widening range of neuropsychiatric illnesses, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, and substance use disorders. Cognitive training harnesses the inherent neuroplastic capacities of the brain, targeting neural system function across psychiatric disorders, thus improving the cognitive processes that play a role in emotion regulation, clinical symptoms, and adaptive community functioning. Conclusions Cognitive training offers considerable promise, especially given the limited efficacy of pharmacological interventions in ameliorating cognitive deficits. However, more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying cognitive training, predictors of response, generalization and real-world applicability, and approaches to dissemination in practice settings.
Risk of cervical and other cancers after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ilkka Kalliala, Ahti Anttila, Eero Pukkala, Pekka Nieminen
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To study the long term risk of cervical and other cancers after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. <b>Design</b> Retrospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. <b>Participants</b> 7564 women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia during 1974 and 2001 and followed up through the Finnish cancer registry until 2003. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Standardised incidence ratio for cervical cancer and other cancers. <b>Results</b> During follow-up 22 cases of invasive cervical cancer occurred in women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (standardised incidence ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 4.2). The highest risk was during the second decade (10 cases observed: 3.1, 1.5 to 5.7). The standardised incidence ratio for cervical intraepithelial cancer type 1 was 3.1 (1.4 to 6.2) and for type 2 was 3.7 (0.9 to 10.7). <b>Conclusions</b> The risk of cervical cancer in the first 20 years after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is higher than in the average population. The risk of smoking related cancers is also increased.
Prognostic Implications of Physiologic and Radiographic Changes in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Kevin R. Flaherty, Jeanette A. Mumford, Susan Murray, Ella A. Kazerooni, Barry H. Gross, Thomas V. Colby, William D. Travis, Andrew Flint, Galen B. Toews, Joseph P. Lynch, Fernando J. Martinez
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are a diverse group of lung diseases with varied prognoses. We hypothesized that changes in physiologic and radiographic parameters would predict survival. We retrospectively examined 80 patients with usual interstitial pneumonia and 29 patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Baseline characteristics were examined together with 6-month change in forced vital capacity, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and ground glass infiltrate and fibrosis on high resolution computed tomography. Patients with usual interstitial pneumonia were more likely to have a statistically significant or marginally significant decline in lung volume, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and an increase in ground glass infiltrates (p < or = 0.08) compared with patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. For patients with usual interstitial pneumonia, change in forced vital capacity was the best physiologic predictor of mortality (p = 0.05). In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model controlling for histopathologic diagnosis, gender, smoking history, baseline forced vital capacity, and 6-month change in forced vital capacity, a decrease in forced vital capacity remained an independent risk factor for mortality (decrease > 10%; hazard ratio 2.47; 95% confidence interval 1.29, 4.73; p = 0.006). We conclude that a 6-month change in forced vital capacity gives additional prognostic information to baseline features for patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.
Expression of nitric oxide synthases and effects of L-arginine and L-NMMA on nitric oxide production and fluid transport in collagenous colitis
Authors: A Perner
Journal: Gut (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND AND AIMS</h3> Luminal nitric oxide (NO) is greatly increased in the colon of patients with collagenous and ulcerative colitis. To define the source and consequence of enhanced NO production we have studied expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and nitrotyrosine in mucosal biopsies from these patients. In addition, effects on colonic fluid transfer caused by manipulating the substrate of NOS were studied in patients with collagenous colitis. <h3>PATIENTS</h3> Eight patients with collagenous colitis, nine with active ulcerative colitis, and 10 with uninflamed bowel were included. <h3>METHODS</h3> Expression of NOS isoforms was quantified by western blotting. Inducible NOS (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine were localised by immunohistochemistry. Modulation of NOS activity by topical<i>N</i><sup>G</sup>-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) or l-arginine was assessed during perfusion of whole colon. Plasma and perfusate nitrite/nitrate (NO<sub>x</sub>) was measured by Griess9 reaction. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Both in collagenous and ulcerative colitis, expression of iNOS was 10<sup>2</sup>–10<sup>3</sup> higher (p&lt;0.001) than in uninflamed bowel and localised primarily to the epithelium. Endothelial NOS was evenly expressed in all groups while neuronal NOS was undetectable. Nitrotyrosine was markedly expressed in active ulcerative colitis but rarely detected in collagenous colitis and never in uninflamed bowel. In collagenous colitis, the output of NO<sub>x</sub> was markedly increased compared with uninflamed bowel (283 (58)<i>v</i> &lt;37 nmol/min; p&lt;0.01) and fluid was net secreted. l-NMMA reduced the output of NO<sub>x</sub> by 13–66% (95% confidence intervals) and secretion of fluid by 25–109% whereas l-arginine increased the output of NO<sub>x</sub> by 3–39% and secretion of fluid by 15–93%. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> In collagenous colitis, as opposed to ulcerative colitis, upregulation of iNOS occurs in the absence of nitrotyrosine formation and mucosal damage. Excess generation of NO may be the primary cause of diarrhoea in this condition.
Flexibility versus stretching
Authors: I. Shrier
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

Editor,—Dr Schur1 brings up an apparent discrepancy between my article,2 which suggests that stretching does not prevent injury, and that of Reid and McNair,3 which suggests that stretching may be beneficial in rowers. This is an apparent discrepancy for two reasons. My review of the literature discussed stretching immediately before exercise and not stretching in general. To my knowledge, there …
Randomized Evaluation of Anticoagulation Versus Antiplatelet Therapy After Coronary Stent Implantation in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Philip Urban, Carlos Macaya, Hans-Jürgen Rupprecht, Ferdinand Kiemeneij, Hakan Emanuelsson, Alessandro Fontanelli, Michael Pieper, Thea Wesseling, Luc Sagnard
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Although the association of ticlopidine and aspirin has been shown to be superior to anti–vitamin K agents and aspirin after coronary stent implantation in low-risk patients, the latter combination has remained an unproven reference regimen for high-risk patients until recently. Methods and Results —We randomized 350 high-risk patients within 6 hours after stent implantation to receive during 30 days either aspirin 250 mg and ticlopidine 500 mg/d (A+T group) or aspirin 250 mg/d and oral anticoagulation (A+OAC group) targeted at an international normalized ratio of 2.5 to 3. The primary composite end point was defined as the occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or repeated revascularization at 30 days. Patients were eligible if (1) the stent(s) were implanted to treat abrupt closure after PTCA; (2) the angiographic result after implantation was suboptimal; (3) a long segment was stented (&gt;45 mm and/or ≥3 stents); or (4) the largest balloon inflated in the stent had a nominal diameter of ≤2.5 mm. The primary cardiac end point was reached for 10 patients (5.6%) in the A+T group and 19 (11%) in the A+OAC group (relative risk [RR], 1.9; 95% CI, 0.9 to 4.1; P =0.07). Major vascular and bleeding complications were less frequent in the A+T group (3 patients, 1.7%) than in the A+OAC group (12 patients, 6.9%) (RR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 14.3; P =0.02). Conclusions —High-risk patients should be treated with A+T rather than A+OAC after coronary stenting because the bleeding and vascular complications are significantly reduced and there is a marked trend suggesting a decrease in cardiac events.
Unidirectional block and reentry of cardiac excitation: a model study.
Authors: W Quan, Y Rudy
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

A computer model of a ring-shaped, one-dimensional cardiac fiber was used for examination of responses of propagation to premature stimuli applied under different degrees of both cell-to-cell coupling and membrane excitability. Results demonstrated the importance of cellular uncoupling in the genesis of unidirectional block and reentry. Propagation of excitation itself created a certain degree of functional inhomogeneity that provided necessary conditions for unidirectional block and reentry. The likelihood of induction of unidirectional block was proportional to the degree of cellular uncoupling. In contrast, uniform reduction in sodium channel conductance decreased the inducibility of unidirectional block. Nonsustained and sustained reentry was induced by a properly timed single premature stimulus during the refractory period of a propagating action potential. Reduction of the size of the reentry pathway resulted in an increased degree of interaction between the wavefront and its tail, which, in turn, changed the kinetics of the slow ionic channels, bringing about shortening of action potential duration. Alternans in action potential duration were also demonstrated during circus movement and were caused by the alternating kinetic properties of the slow ionic currents. Inhomogeneity along the reentry pathway in refractory period, in membrane excitability, in fiber cross-sectional area, or in gap junction resistance also provided conditions necessary for unidirectional block. The simulations suggested that an important role was played by cellular uncoupling in the genesis and maintenance of unidirectional block and reentry.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral beclomethasone dipropionate as a prednisone-sparing therapy for gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease
Authors: David M. Hockenbery, Scott Cruickshank, Timothy C. Rodell, Ted Gooley, Friedrich Schuening, Scott Rowley, Donald David, Mark Brunvand, Brian Berryman, Sunil Abhyankar, Michelle Bouvier, George B. McDonald
Journal: Blood (2007)