tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nitrite in pulmonary arterial hypertension: therapeutic avenues in the setting of dysregulated arginine/nitric oxide synthase signalling
Authors: B. S. Zuckerbraun, P. George, M. T. Gladwin
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an insidious disease of the small pulmonary arteries that is progressive in nature and results in right heart strain/hypertrophy and eventually failure. The aetiologies may vary but several common pathophysiological changes result in this phenotype, including vasoconstriction, thrombosis, and vascular proliferation. Data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) signalling is vasoprotective in the setting of PAH. The classic arginine–NO synthase (NOS)–NO signalling pathway may represent an adaptive response that is eventually dysregulated during disease progression. Dysregulation occurs secondary to NOS enzyme down-regulation, enzymatic uncoupling, and arginine catabolism by vascular and red cell arginases and by direct NO inactivation via catabolic reactions with superoxide or cell-free plasma haemoglobin (in the case of haemolytic disease). The anion nitrite, which has recently been recognized as a source of NO that circumvents the arginine–NOS pathway, may serve as an additional adaptive signalling pathway that is now appreciated to have a vasoregulatory role in the pulmonary and systemic vasculature. Inhaled nebulized sodium nitrite is a relatively potent pulmonary vasodilator in the setting of hypoxia and is also anti-proliferative in multiple experimental models of pulmonary hypertension. Multiple nitrite reductases have been shown to be relevant in the conversion of nitrite to metabolically active NO, including deoxy-haemoglobin and myoglobin in the circulation and heart, respectively, and xanthine oxidoreductase in the lung parenchyma.
Remarks on THE ENDOCRINES AND SOME ASSOCIATED PSYCHONEUROSES
Authors: W. L. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1932)

I will begin with some rather dogmatic statements, because they are convenient pegs on which to hang recent observations, but I hope to be able to show that these pegs have a firm attachment to a wall of facts.1. Endocrines are an elaboration of a survival of those chemical mechanisms to which animals responded before a central nervous system was developed.2. When the central nervous system was developed it entered into an alliance with pre-existing chemical mechanisms, particularly through its lowest level, the visceral nervous system.3. The visceral nervous system may be subdivided into (a) the sympathetic, and (b) the parasympathetic; each co-operates with its group of endocrines.4. The sympathetic is largely katabolic in its activities, and is associated with the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenals.5. The parasympathetic (or extended vagus) is largely anabolic in its activities, and is associated with the pancreas.The parathyroids co-operate with the internal secretion of the pancreas, but there is no direct evidence of their control by the vagus.6.The gonads interact particularly with the sym- pathetic-endocrine group.7. The pineal and thymus are not true endocrines, as they are not known to form any internal secretion.They can, however, through some agency not at present com- pletely understood, influence the endocrine system, and
Rapid Molecular Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampin Resistance
Authors: Catharina C. Boehme, Pamela Nabeta, Doris Hillemann, Mark P. Nicol, Shubhada Shenai, Fiorella Krapp, Jenny Allen, Rasim Tahirli, Robert Blakemore, Roxana Rustomjee, Ana Milovic, Martin Jones, Sean M. O'Brien, David H. Persing, Sabine Ruesch-Gerdes, Eduardo Gotuzzo, Camilla Rodrigues, David Alland, Mark D. Perkins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Global control of tuberculosis is hampered by slow, insensitive diagnostic methods, particularly for the detection of drug-resistant forms and in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Early detection is essential to reduce the death rate and interrupt transmission, but the complexity and infrastructure needs of sensitive methods limit their accessibility and effect.
Cyclophosphamide Induces a Type I Interferon–Associated Sterile Inflammatory Response Signature in Cancer Patients' Blood Cells: Implications for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Federica Moschella, Giovanni Fernando Torelli, Mara Valentini, Francesca Urbani, Carla Buccione, Maria Teresa Petrucci, Fiammetta Natalino, Filippo Belardelli, Robin Foà, Enrico Proietti
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Certain chemotherapeutics, particularly cyclophosphamide, can enhance the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of cyclophosphamide-mediated immunomodulation is needed to improve the efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy.Transcript profiling and flow cytometry were used to explore cyclophosphamide-induced immunoadjuvanticity in patients with hematologic malignancies.A single high-dose treatment rapidly (1-2 days) induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) transcriptional modulation, leading to reduction of cell-cycle and biosynthetic/metabolic processes and augmentation of DNA damage and cell death pathways (p53 signaling pathway), death-related scavenger receptors, antigen processing/presentation mediators, T-cell activation markers and, noticeably, a type I IFN (IFN-I) signature (OAS1, CXCL10, BAFF, IFITM2, IFI6, IRF5, IRF7, STAT2, UBE2L6, UNC93B1, ISG20L1, TYK2). Moreover, IFN-I-induced proinflammatory mediators (CXCL10, CCL2, IL-8, and BAFF) were increased in patients' plasma. Accordingly, cyclophosphamide induced the expansion/activation of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, of HLA-DR(+), IL-8RA(+), and MARCO(+) monocytes/dendritic cells, and of CD69(+), OX40(+), and IL-8RA(+) lymphocytes.Altogether, these data identify the cyclophosphamide-induced immunomodulatory factors in humans and indicate that preconditioning chemotherapy may stimulate immunity as a consequence of danger perception associated with blood cell death, through p53 and IFN-I-related mechanisms.
The Accuracy of Predictions of Violence to Others
Authors: C W Lidz, E P Mulvey, W Gardner
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the accuracy of clinicians in predicting violence in mental patients. Specifically, to determine if clinicians can predict violence when variation in rates of violence attributable to age, race, and sex is controlled. <h3>Design.</h3> —Two samples of psychiatric patients, matched on age, race, sex, and admission status, were followed up in the community during a 6-month period. One group included individuals assessed by psychiatric emergency department clinicians as likely to be violent to another person during the follow-up period; the other was a comparison group. Patients provided self-reports of violent incidents, and a "collateral," ie, an individual with detailed knowledge of the patient's life, provided this same information. Official records were also reviewed. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Patients were recruited in the emergency department of a metropolitan psychiatric hospital. Patients and collaterals were interviewed in their homes or in public places in the community. <h3>Patients or Other Participants.</h3> —A consecutive sample of individuals coming into a psychiatric emergency department during daylight and evening shifts was obtained. A total of 2452 patients were approached for consent and 1948 consented. A final sample of 357 patients whom clinicians assessed as likely to be violent and their matched comparison patients were included. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Patients', collaterals', and official records' reports of incidents in which the patient laid hands on another person or threatened someone with a weapon. <h3>Results.</h3> —Violence during the follow-up period was reported in approximately 45% of the cases: 36% in the comparison group and 53% in the cases predicted to be violent. Overall clinical accuracy was significantly better than chance, but predictions of female patients' violence were not better than chance. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The level of patient violence reported using self-reports and collateral reports was higher than has been obtained using other methods. Clinical judgment adds to predictive accuracy, but overall accuracy was modest and particularly low for female patients. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:1007-1011)
Total cholesterol and LDL levels decrease before rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: E. Myasoedova, C. S. Crowson, H. M. Kremers, P. D. Fitz-Gibbon, T. M. Therneau, S. E. Gabriel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

To compare lipid profiles in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in non-RA subjects during the 5 years before and 5 years after the RA incidence/index date.Lipid measures were abstracted in a population-based incident cohort of patients with RA (1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria) first diagnosed between 1 January 1988 and 1 January 2008 and in non-RA subjects. Random-effects models adjusting for age, sex and calendar year were used to examine trends in lipid profiles, accounting for multiple measurements for each subject.The study population included a cohort of 577 patients with RA (a total of 3088 lipid measurements) and 540 non-RA subjects (a total of 3048 lipid measurements). There were significant decreases in total (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels in the RA cohort during the 5 years before RA, compared with the non-RA cohort (p<0.001). Decreases of 0.58 mmol/l for TC and 0.61 mmol/l for LDL were noted in RA compared with decreases of 0.09 mmol/l for TC and 0.22 mmol/l for LDL in the non-RA cohort. Trends in other lipid measures (triglycerides (TGs) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)) were similar in RA and non-RA cohorts during the 5 years before and 5 years after the RA incidence/index date. During the 5 years before the RA incidence/index date, the proportion of patients with RA with elevated TC or LDL measures, but not with abnormal HDL and TG measures, significantly decreased compared with non-RA subjects. Lipid-lowering drugs (statins in particular) were less often prescribed to patients with RA than to non-RA subjects (34% vs 41%; p=0.02).TC and LDL levels and the prevalence of abnormal TC or LDL measures decreased significantly during the 5 years before the RA incidence/index date in patients with RA as compared with the non-RA cohort. These trends in lipid profile in RA are unlikely to be solely due to lipid-lowering treatment.
Overlapping Roles of CXCL13, Interleukin 7 Receptor α, and CCR7 Ligands in Lymph Node Development
Authors: Sanjiv A. Luther, K. Mark Ansel, Jason G. Cyster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Lymphoid tissue development is associated with local accumulation of CD4+ CD3− IL-7Rαhi hematopoietic cells that deliver lymphotoxin (LT)α1β2 signals to resident stromal cells. Previous studies have established an important role for CXCL13 (BLC) in the development of Peyer's patches (PP) and some peripheral lymph nodes (LNs), but the chemokine requirements for several LN types, including mesenteric LNs, remain undefined. Using CXCL13−/− mice that additionally carry the paucity of LN T cell mutation (plt/plt), we discovered that CCR7 ligands function in peripheral LN development. We also tested for a genetic interaction during LN development between CXCL13 and a cytokine receptor required in PP development, IL-7Rα. Mice deficient for both CXCL13 and IL-7Rα displayed a striking absence of LNs, including mesenteric LNs. These data extend the role of CXCL13 to the development of all LNs and establish a previously unappreciated role for IL-7Rα in this process. Both circulating and LN CD4+ CD3− IL-7Rαhi cells are shown to express LTα1β2 in an IL-7Rα–dependent manner. Furthermore, CXCL13 was found to be sufficient to mediate CD4+ CD3− IL-7Rαhi cell recruitment in vivo to an ectopic site. These findings indicate that CXCL13 and CCR7 ligands promote accumulation of CD4+ CD3− IL-7Rαhi cells, delivering IL-7Rα–dependent LTα1β2 signals critical for LN development.
WMA to challenge Indian Medical Association over its support of top Indian doctor for president
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The World Medical Association (WMA) has said it will challenge the Indian Medical Association about its repeated assurances that all charges against Ketan Desai had been dropped, after Reuters published an investigation into the man selected as the WMA’s future president.

Desai, who was nominated for the presidency by the Indian Medical Association, was first elected president of the WMA in 2009. But his inauguration was suspended in 2010 after he was arrested amid allegations of bribery involving …
Cost Comparison of Mastectomy Versus Breast-Conserving Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: W E Barlow, S H Taplin, C K Yoshida, D S Buist, D Seger, M Brown
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Background: Choice of treatment for early-stage breast cancer depends on many factors, including the size and stage of the cancer, the woman's age, comorbid conditions, and perhaps the costs of treatment. We compared the costs of all medical care for women with early-stage breast cancer cases treated by breast-conserving therapy (BCT) or mastectomy. Methods: A total of 1675 women 35 years old or older with incident early-stage breast cancer were identified in a large regional nonprofit health maintenance organization in the period 1990 through 1997. The women were treated with mastectomy only (n = 183), mastectomy with adjuvant hormonal therapy or chemotherapy (n = 417), BCT with radiation therapy (n = 405), or BCT with radiation therapy and adjuvant hormonal therapy or chemotherapy (n = 670). The costs of all medical care for the period 1990 through 1998 were computed for each woman, and monthly costs were analyzed by treatment, adjusting for age and cancer stage. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: At 6 months after diagnosis, the mean total medical care costs for the four groups differed statistically significantly (P<.001), with BCT being more expensive than mastectomy. The adjusted mean costs were $12 987, $14 309, $14 963, and $15 779 for mastectomy alone, mastectomy with adjuvant therapy, BCT plus radiation therapy, and BCT plus radiation therapy with adjuvant therapy, respectively. At 1 year, the difference in costs was still statistically significant (P<.001), but costs were influenced more by the use of adjuvant therapy than by type of surgery. The 1-year adjusted mean costs were $16 704, $18 856, $17 344, and $19 081, respectively, for the four groups. By 5 years, BCT was less expensive than mastectomy (P<.001), with 5-year adjusted mean costs of $41 930, $45 670, $35 787, and $39 926, respectively. Costs also varied by age, with women under 65 years having higher treatment costs than older women. Conclusions: BCT may have higher short-term costs but lower long-term costs than mastectomy.
Physiologic Effects of Negative Pressure Ventilation in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: MASSIMO GORINI, ANTONIO CORRADO, GIUSEPPE VILLELLA, ROBERTA GINANNI, ANNIKE AUGUSTYNEN, DONATELLA TOZZI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

To assess the physiologic effects of continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP), negative pressure ventilation (NPV), and negative extrathoracic end-expiratory pressure (NEEP) added to NPV in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we measured in seven patients ventilatory pattern, arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, and pressure– time product of the diaphragm (PTPdi) under four conditions: (1) spontaneous breathing (SB); (2) CNEP ( − 5 cm H2O); (3) NPV; (4) NPV plus NEEP. CNEP and NPV were provided by a microprocessor-based iron lung capable of thermistor-triggering. Compared with SB, CNEP improved slightly but significantly PaCO2 and pH, and decreased PTPdi (388 ± 59 versus 302 ± 43 cm H2O · s, respectively, p < 0.05) and dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) (4.6 ± 0.5 versus 2.1 ± 0.3 cm H2O, respectively, p < 0.001). NPV increased minute ventilation (V˙ e), improved arterial blood gases, and decreased PTPdi to 34% of value during SB (p < 0.001). NEEP added to NPV further slightly decreased PTPdi and improved patient–ventilator interaction by reducing dynamic PEEPi and nontriggering inspiratory efforts. We conclude that CNEP and NPV, provided by microprocessor-based iron lung, are able to improve ventilatory pattern and arterial blood gases, and to unload inspiratory muscles in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.
Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic pattern of Mycobacterium marinum infection: A retrospective series of 35 cases from southern France
Authors: Eléonore Eberst, Olivier Dereure, Bernard Guillot, Charlotte Trento, Dominique Terru, Philippe van de Perre, Sylvain Godreuil
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Availability of prescription zopiclone over the internet
Authors: James H Ho, David M Wood, John R H Archer, Paul I Dargan
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The use of “Z drugs” has recently increased; in 2013-14 zopiclone was the sixth most common drug among enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service’s online database, TOXBASE.1 Weich and colleagues noted an increased risk of mortality with hypnotic drugs,2 amid increasing concern about non-medical misuse.3 4 Furthermore, people’s increasingly consumerist approach to healthcare provision provides …
Preterm Birth with Childhood Asthma: The Role of Degree of Prematurity and Asthma Definitions
Authors: Huan He, Arlene Butz, Corinne A. Keet, Cynthia S. Minkovitz, Xiumei Hong, Deanna M. Caruso, Colleen Pearson, Robyn T. Cohen, Marsha Wills-Karp, Barry S. Zuckerman, Mary E. Hughes, Xiaobin Wang
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

Preterm birth (PTB) (1) and childhood asthma (2) are major health problems that disproportionally affect urban, poor minorities in the United States.Growing evidence suggests that children born preterm are at increased risk for asthma, but findings are inconsistent across studies (3-5).Of the 30 major studies on the association published worldwide, nearly a third reported null effects, whereas the others reported significant associations, with odds ratios ranging from 1.2 to 4.9 (4).We suspected that inconsistencies in the PTB-asthma association in part reflected differences among studies in three key domains: definitions of asthma ( 6), degree of prematurity, and the age when asthma was assessed.We therefore investigated whether the association between PTB and asthma varied by definition of asthma used (e.g., recurrent wheezing vs. asthma, physician diagnosis vs. prescribed medication), degree of prematurity, and age at assessment (0-5 yr vs. 6-9 yr) in the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC).Our study is the first to simultaneously address these three sources of ambiguity in a large, prospective U.S. birth cohort.As an urban, poor, predominantly minority cohort with a high burden of PTB and asthma, the BBC is well-suited to this investigation. MethodsOur analysis included 2,540 children (age 5.0 6 2.8 yr) recruited at Boston Medical Center after excluding 161 children because of postterm birth or incomplete data.BBC data collection protocols are described elsewhere (7, 8) and were approved by the appropriate institutional review boards.Asthma measures were created using electronic medical record data on physician diagnoses and prescriptions documented between October 2003 and September 2013.Eleven measures were created
Emotional Intelligence Training and Evaluation in Physicians
Authors: Anita R. Webb
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IN ACNE VULGARIS.
Authors: IAN D. RILEY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1939)

Journal Article TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IN ACNE VULGARIS. Get access IAN D. RILEY, B.Sc, M.B., CHB. IAN D. RILEY, B.Sc, M.B., CHB. House Physician to the Dermatological Department, The General Infirmary, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 51, Issue 3, 1 March 1939, Pages 119–126, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1939.tb10659.x Published: 01 March 1939
Experimental Transmission of Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Kshv/Hhv-8) to Scid-Hu Thy/Liv Mice
Authors: D. Dittmer, C. Stoddart, R. Renne, V. Linquist-Stepps, M.E. Moreno, C. Bare, J.M. McCune, D. Ganem
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is a novel human lymphotropic herpesvirus linked to several human neoplasms. To date, no animal model for infection by this virus has been described. We have examined the susceptibility of C.B-17 scid/scid mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver grafts (SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice) to KSHV infection. KSHV virions were inoculated directly into the implants, and viral DNA and mRNA production was assayed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This revealed a biphasic infection, with an early phase of lytic replication accompanied and followed by sustained latency. Ultraviolet irradiation of the inoculum abolished all DNA- and mRNA-derived signals, and infection was inhibited by ganciclovir. Viral gene expression was most abundant in CD19+ B lymphocytes, suggesting that this model faithfully mimics the natural tropism of this virus. Short-term coinfection with HIV-1 did not alter the course of KSHV replication, nor did KSHV alter levels of HIV-1 p24 during the acute phase of the infection. Although no disease was evident in infected animals, SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice should allow the detailed study of KSHV tropism, latency, and drug susceptibility.