tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The psychological aspects of terrorism: from denial to hyperbole
Authors: David A Alexander, Susan Klein
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives'.The word 'unlawful' stands out as a crucial qualifier.Against this definition where would stand the 'carpet bombing' of civilian targets in Hamburg and Dresden, the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the recent missile attack on the civilian-staffed Telecommunications Centre in Baghdad?Not only have some definitions shown themselves to be of pragmatic convenience, Robespierre even managed to elevate the sanguineous brutality of the French Revolution (1793-1794) to a higher order.'Terror is nothing but prompt, severe and inflexible justice, it is thus an emanation of virtue' (Cited in Anatomy of Terror 2 [p 77]). THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE TERRORISTThe objectives of terrorists vary but include:. creating mass anxiety, fear, and panic .fostering a sense of helplessness and hopelessness .demonstrating the incompetence of the authorities .destroying a sense of security and safety REVIEW
Partial Genetic Turnover in Neandertals: Continuity in the East and Population Replacement in the West
Authors: L. Dalen, L. Orlando, B. Shapiro, M. Brandstrom-Durling, R. Quam, M. T. P. Gilbert, J. C. Diez Fernandez-Lomana, E. Willerslev, J. L. Arsuaga, A. Gotherstrom
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

Remarkably little is known about the population-level processes leading up to the extinction of the neandertal. To examine this, we use mitochondrial DNA sequences from 13 neandertal individuals, including a novel sequence from northern Spain, to examine neandertal demographic history. Our analyses indicate that recent western European neandertals (<48 kyr) constitute a tightly defined group with low mitochondrial genetic variation in comparison with both eastern and older (>48 kyr) European neandertals. Using control region sequences, Bayesian demographic simulations provide higher support for a model of population fragmentation followed by separate demographic trajectories in subpopulations over a null model of a single stable population. The most parsimonious explanation for these results is that of a population turnover in western Europe during early Marine Isotope Stage 3, predating the arrival of anatomically modern humans in the region.
Decreased plasma IL22 levels, but not increased IL17 and IL23 levels, correlate with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: F Cheng, Z Guo, H Xu, D Yan, Q Li
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

Interleukin 17 (IL17)-producing T helper (Th17) cells, a new effector T cell subset, appear to play an essential role in autoimmune diseases.1 It has been shown that IL22 is another Th17 cytokine in mice and IL23 is critical for Th17 development.2–5 Increased plasma IL17 levels have been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).6 We analysed Th17-related cytokine profiles in the plasma of patients with SLE.

A total of 45 patients with SLE were studied. All patients received glucocorticoids (2.5–50 mg/day). There were 24 patients with active (SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score of ⩾6; 22 female; mean (SD) age 37.3 (12.1)) and 21 with inactive …
HTLV-III Infection Among Health Care Workers
Authors: Stanley H. Weiss
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Health care workers are caring for an increasing number of persons infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), the primary etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We studied 361 health care and clinical laboratory personnel from institutions in several metropolitan areas with both high and moderate levels of HTLV-III infection among high-risk group members to evaluate routes of exposure to and seropositivity for HTLV-III. Protection of the privacy of subjects and prospective determination of risk factors were integral components of the study design. Six (26%) of 23 health care workers with recognized risk factors for AIDS had HTLV-III antibodies. Thirty-nine (14%) of 278 workers at one institution as well as a total of five workers from other institutions reported possible percutaneous exposure to HTLV-III, usually injuries with needles that had been used on AIDS patients. There were three HTLV-III seropositive subjects who reported possible parenteral exposure to HTLV-III but no recognized AIDS risk factors. One was a symptomatic female, subject A, and her apparent sources of HTLV-III exposure were two puncture wounds, without injection of blood, made with needles used on AIDS patients. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III was cultured from her asymptomatic, seronegative long-term sexual partner, apparently representing female-to-male transmission. For the two other seropositive workers (subjects B and C) with nosocomial parenteral exposure, we could not rule out heterosexual transmission as a possible source of HTLV-III exposure. These latter two cases as well as the identification of seropositive health care providers from known risk groups point to the need for thorough case investigation to identify routes of exposure in health care workers. The risk of nosocomial HTLV-III transmission appears to be low and related to percutaneous exposure. Medical personnel should be trained systematically in the proper techniques and handling of instruments for phlebotomy and similar procedures to decrease occupational exposure to HTLV-III. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;254:2089-2093)
Access to catheterisation facilities in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome: multinational registry study
Authors: Frans Van de Werf, Joel M Gore, Álvaro Avezum, Dietrich C Gulba, Shaun G Goodman, Andrzej Budaj, David Brieger, Kami White, Keith A A Fox, Kim A Eagle, Brian M Kennelly
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To investigate the relation between access to a cardiac catheterisation laboratory and clinical outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with suspected acute coronary syndrome. <b>Design</b> Prospective, multinational, observational registry. <b>Setting</b> Patients enrolled in 106 hospitals in 14 countries between April 1999 and March 2003. <b>Participants</b> 28 825 patients aged &gt; 18 years. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Use of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery, death, infarction after discharge, stroke, or major bleeding. <b>Results</b> Most patients (77%) across all regions (United States, Europe, Argentina and Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada) were admitted to hospitals with catheterisation facilities. As expected, the availability of a catheterisation laboratory was associated with more frequent use of percutaneous coronary intervention (41% <i>v</i> 3.9%, P &lt; 0.001) and coronary artery bypass graft (7.1% <i>v</i> 0.7%, P &lt; 0.001). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, medical history, and geographical region there were no significant differences in the risk of early death between patients in hospitals with or without catheterisation facilities (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.30, for death in hospital; hazard ratio 1.05, 0.93 to 1.18, for death at 30 days). The risk of death at six months was significantly higher in patients first admitted to hospitals with catheterisation facilities (hazard ratio 1.14, 1.03 to 1.26), as was the risk of bleeding complications in hospital (odds ratio 1.94, 1.57 to 2.39) and stroke (odds ratio 1.53, 1.10 to 2.14). <b>Conclusions</b> These findings support the current strategy of directing patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome to the nearest hospital with acute care facilities, irrespective of the availability of a catheterisation laboratory, and argue against early routine transfer of these patients to tertiary care hospitals with interventional facilities.
Low Levels of Circulating Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Predict Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients With Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Johan W. Molling, Jacqueline A.E. Langius, Johannes A. Langendijk, C. René Leemans, Hetty J. Bontkes, Hans J.J. van der Vliet, B. Mary E. von Blomberg, Rik J. Scheper, Alfons J.M. van den Eertwegh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Evading antitumor immune responses is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Invariant CD1d-restricted natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an allegedly pivotal role in such responses via transactivation of immune effector cells. It has been reported that iNKT cells are reduced in peripheral blood of cancer patients compared with healthy controls. Here, we investigated whether the extent of this deficiency affected disease outcome in HNSCC patients.In a prospective study, circulating iNKT cell numbers were evaluated in 47 patients before radiotherapy. Patients were stratified in three groups based on iNKT cell levels, and clinical data were obtained during a median follow-up period of 31 months.A small, compared with an intermediate or large, circulating iNKT cell fraction was significantly associated with decreased 3-year overall survival rate (39% v 75% and 92%, respectively), disease-specific survival rate (43% v 87% and 92%, respectively), and locoregional control rate (31% v 74% and 92%, respectively) in HNSCC patients. Cox regression revealed that the iNKT cell level, as well as clinical T stage, was an independent prognostic parameter even after correction for the confounding effect of age.A severe circulating iNKT cell deficiency was related to poor clinical outcome in HNSCC patients, suggesting their critical contribution to antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, screening for iNKT cell levels may be useful for determining which patients can benefit from immunotherapeutic adjuvant therapies aimed at reconstitution of the circulating iNKT cell pool.
The impact of N-ratio in minimizing stage migration phenomenon in gastric cancer patients with insufficient number or level of lymph node retrieved: results from a Chinese mono-institutional study in 2159 patients
Authors: Z. Sun, G.-L. Zhu, C. Lu, P.-T. Guo, B.-J. Huang, K. Li, Y. Xu, De-Ming Li, Z.-N. Wang, H.-M. Xu
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Longitudinal Decline in Lung Volume in a Population of Children with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Joanna E. MacLean, Eshetu Atenafu, Melanie Kirby-Allen, Ian B. MacLusky, Derek Stephens, Hartmut Grasemann, Padmaja Subbarao
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) results in significant morbidity and mortality attributable to pulmonary complications. The pattern of lung function change across childhood in SCD is not well delineated.To determine if the pattern of lung function in SCD differs from race-matched, predicted values across childhood, to describe that pattern of change, and to examine the effect of clinical covariates on lung function.Lung function measurements for children with SCD, aged 8-18 years, from a single center were examined for inclusion. Mixed-model analysis was used to retrospectively review lung function in these children in comparison with those predicted by race-matched reference equations. The contribution of age, sex, Hb level, and beta-globin genotype on longitudinal changes in lung function was examined.Children with SCD show significant decline in spirometric lung volumes across childhood that are concordant with the pattern of change in other measures of lung volume. The average decline for FEV(1) and total lung capacity is 2.93 and 2.15% predicted/year for males and 2.95 and 2.43% predicted/year for females. beta-Globin genotypes known to be associated with more severe disease showed a faster decline in lung function, whereas sex showed an inconsistent effect on lung function.Lung volumes in children with SCD decline with age. The pattern of decline begins in childhood, and supports a predominately restrictive defect.
Mandatory Reporting of Occupational Diseases by Clinicians
Authors: Eugene Freund
Journal: JAMA (1989)

OCCUPATIONAL disease surveillance is a critical step in the prevention of work-related injury and illness.<sup>1</sup>Case reporting by health care providers to public health authorities is one way of identifying sources of exposure toward which control measures can be directed. Most health care providers are familiar with the existence of reporting requirements for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and the sexually transmitted diseases; however, less attention has been paid by the medical community to recognizing and reporting occupationally related conditions.<sup>2,3</sup> The Department of Labor estimated that in 1978 approximately 1.9 million people were severely or partially disabled from occupationally related diseases, at an annual cost of $11.4 billion in lost wages alone.<sup>4</sup>The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported an incidence of occupational injury<i>and</i>illness for 1984 of 8.0 cases and 63.4 lost workdays per 100 full-time workers.<sup>5</sup>This is most likely an underestimate, especially for
Sex Differences in Fertility-Related Information Received by Young Adult Cancer Survivors
Authors: Gabriela M. Armuand, Kenny A. Rodriguez-Wallberg, Lena Wettergren, Johan Ahlgren, Gunilla Enblad, Martin Höglund, Claudia Lampic
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Purpose The aim was to investigate male and female cancer survivors' perception of fertility-related information and use of fertility preservation (FP) in connection with cancer treatment during reproductive age. Methods The study sample consisted of cancer survivors diagnosed from 2003 to 2007 identified in population-based registers in Sweden. Inclusion criteria included survivors who were age 18 to 45 years at diagnosis and had lymphoma, acute leukemia, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, or female breast cancer treated with chemotherapy. Of 810 eligible participants, 484 survivors (60% response rate) completed a postal questionnaire. Results The majority of male participants reported having received information about treatment impact on fertility (80%) and FP (68%), and more than half of the men banked frozen sperm (54%). Among women, less than half (48%) reported that they received information about treatment impact on fertility, and 14% reported that they received information about FP. Only seven women (2%) underwent FP. Predictors for receiving information about treatment impact on fertility were a pretreatment desire to have children (odds ratio [OR], 3.5), male sex (OR, 3.2), and being ≤ 35 years of age at diagnosis (OR, 2.0). Predictors for receiving information about FP included male sex (OR, 14.4), age ≤ 35 at diagnosis (OR, 5.1), and having no children at diagnosis (OR, 2.5). Conclusion Our results show marked sex differences regarding the receipt of fertility-related information and use of FP. There is an urgent need to develop fertility-related information adapted to female patients with cancer to improve their opportunities to participate in informed decisions regarding their treatment and future reproductive ability.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell–Directed Overexpression of Heme Oxygenase-1 Elevates Blood Pressure Through Attenuation of Nitric Oxide–Induced Vasodilation in Mice
Authors: Tomihiko Imai, Toshisuke Morita, Takayuki Shindo, Ryozo Nagai, Yoshio Yazaki, Hiroki Kurihara, Makoto Suematsu, Shigehiro Katayama
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

To elucidate pathophysiological roles of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in regulation of vascular tone in vivo, we have developed and characterized transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress HO-1 site specifically in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The Tg mice were generated by use of human HO-1 cDNA under the control of SM22-alpha promoter. The HO-1 gene overexpression was demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and coincided with increases in the protein expression in VSMCs and total HO activities. Tg mice exhibited a significant increase in arterial pressure at various ages and displayed impaired nitrovasodilatory responses in isolated aortic segments versus nontransgenic littermates while enhancing their nitric oxide (NO) production. The pressure of Tg mice was unchanged by systemic administration of either N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine or SNP. Furthermore, the isolated aorta in these mice exhibited lesser extents of NO-elicited cGMP elevation via soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), while exhibiting no notable downregulation of sGC expression. Such impairment of the NO-elicited cGMP increase was restored significantly by tin protoporphyrin IX, an HO inhibitor. On the other hand, 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2' furyl)-1-benzyl-indazol (YC-1), an NO-independent activator of sGC, increased cGMP and relaxed aortas from Tg mice to levels comparable with those from nontransgenic mice, which indicates that contents of functionally intact sGC are unlikely to differ between the two systems. These findings suggest that site-specific overexpression of HO-1 in VSMCs suppresses vasodilatory response to NO and thereby leads to an elevation of arterial pressure.
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome Associated with Necrotizing Fasciitis
Authors: Dennis L. Stevens
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2000)

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (strep TSS) with associated necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive process that kills 30–60% of patients in 72– 96 h. Violaceous bullae, hypotension, fever, and evidence of organ failure are late clinical manifestations. Thus, the challenge to clinicians is to make an early diagnosis and to intervene with aggressive fluid replacement, emergent surgical debridement, and general supportive measures. Superantigens such as pyrogenic exotoxin A interact with monocytes and T lymphocytes in unique ways, resulting in T-cell proliferation and watershed production of monokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, interleukin 6), and lymphokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor β, interleukin 2, and gamma-interferon). Penicillin, though efficacious in mild Streptococcus pyogenes infection, is less effective in severe infections because of its short postantibiotic effect, inoculum effect, and reduced activity against stationary-phase organisms. Emerging treatments for strep TSS include clindamycin and intravenous gamma-globulin.
Non-invasive ventilation as ceiling of ventilatory care (NIVc) in a respiratory intermediate care unit (RICU)
Authors: Ana Sofia Oliveira, Sara Salgado, Cecília Nunes, Fernanda Oliveira, Cristina Bárbara
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Aims:  In European RICUs an end-of-life decision is taken for ±20% of the patients admitted. One of the most common practices is the use of NIVc. We aimed to characterize this group of patients under NIVc practice.   Methods:  A systematic retrospective review of the patients admitted in our RICU for NIV, in whom an end-of-life decision was made, was carried between February 1 and July 31, 2010.   Results:  Of the 126 admissions, 23 had an end-of-life decision (18%), in 10 decision was made pre-admission and in 13 during hospitalization. NIVc was instituted in 18 patients (78%), with a mean age of 74 yrs. (52-93) and 72% males. Patients were referred mainly from the Emergency Department (39%), Respiratory wards (22%) and other hospital wards (11%). All patients had chronic diseases, a quarter had neoplastic disease and diabetes, 77% pulmonary chronic disease, mostly severe, 89% cardiovascular disease, 17% neurologic disease, 50% renal insufficiency, 72% were high dependent on daily activities and 61% had previous hospitalizations in the last year. The majority had decompensated chronic diseases (83%) at admission (mainly pulmonary and cardiovascular). Nosocomial pneumonia was the main cause for admission (56%). RICU mean stay was 9 days (2-23) and mean hospital stay was 19 days (2-71). At RICU admission, blood gases showed respiratory acidosis in 61%, hypoxemia in 22% and mixed acidosis in 17%. NIVc had success in 1 patient and 17 died (94%).   Conclusions:  NIVc is used as an effective alternative to intubation in patients whom invasive approach is questioned or as palliative approach. The high mortality found in our group of patients was related to NIVc on the end stage disease.
Adaptation in Hair Cells
Authors: Ruth Anne Eatock
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2000)

Hair cells adapt to sustained deflections of the hair bundle via Ca(2+)-dependent negative feedback on the open probability of the mechanosensitive transduction channels. A model posits that adaptation relieves the input to the transduction channels--force applied by elastic tip links between stereocilia--by repositioning the insertions of the links in the stereocilium. The tip link insertion and transduction channel are dragged by myosins moving on the stereocilium's actin core. This model accounts for many aspects of adaptation in hair cells of the frog saccule, where adaptation time constants are tens of milliseconds. Adaptation in hair cells of the turtle cochlea is much faster, possibly reflecting a more direct mechanism such as Ca2+ binding to the transduction channel. Adaptation mechanisms attenuate the transduction current at low frequencies and may be tuned to different corner frequencies according to the stimulus demands of the inner ear organ. Other sites of adaptation in the inner ear include accessory structures, voltage-dependent properties of hair cells, and afferent transmitter release. A remaining challenge is to understand how these processes work together to shape the output of the inner ear to natural stimuli.
Confronting Africa's health crisis: more of the same will not be enough
Authors: D M Sanders, C Todd, M Chopra
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The international community needs to rethink its approach to Africa if it wants to produce sustained improvements in health At current rates of progress, sub-Saharan Africa will not achieve any of the millennium development goals. 1 In health, the situation is especially bleak, with little or no substantive progress since 1990.All key health indicators are at much worse levels than those in any other of the world's developing regions (with the exception of malnutrition in children under 5 in South Asia, but there the situation is improving). 2 3 In this article, we critically examine the main approaches currently supported by the international community for accelerating progress towards the health related goalsincreased aid, reform of the health sector, and global health initiatives-and outline an alternative approach for improving the health of African people. Why is the health of people in Africa so poor?At the heart of the poor state of health in Africa lies a failure to tackle extreme poverty.Today, 46% of the population live on less than $1 (£0.55; €0.82) a day, a greater proportion than 15 years ago. 1 The failure to tackle poverty is due to several inter-related factors, mainly economic stagnation and the related debt crisis.Support from the International Monetary Fund and World Bank for countries with crippling debt has been contingent on governments adopting painful structural adjustment programmes.These have required countries to put strict ceilings on government spending in the social sectors, limit public sector recruitment, and liberalise trade.National institutions in many African countries are often weak, leaving governments open to corruption, and conflict has affected several African countries with devastating consequences for health.HIV and AIDS have undoubtedly contributed.On average, 1 in every 14 adults in Africa is infected with HIV, a rate much higher than in any other part of the world.The resulting pressures on health workers are immense, and the situation described by a clinical officer in Malawi (box 1) is by no means unique.People gather at a mobile clinic to receive health care