tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
High Midbrain [<sup>18</sup>F]DOPA Accumulation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Monique Ernst, Alan J. Zametkin, John A. Matochik, Daisy Pascualvaca, Peter H. Jons, Robert M. Cohen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired attention, excessive motor activity, and impulsivity. Despite extensive investigation of the neuropathophysiology of ADHD by a wide array of methodologies, the neurobiochemical substrate of this disorder is still unknown. Converging evidence, however, suggests a primary role of the dopaminergic system.This study examined the integrity of presynaptic dopaminergic function in children with ADHD through use of positron emission tomography and the tracer [18F]fluorodopa ([18F]DOPA). Accumulation of [18F]DOPA in synaptic terminals, a measure of dopa decarboxylase activity, was quantified in regions rich in dopaminergic innervation, including caudate nucleus, putamen, frontal cortex, and midbrain (i.e., substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum).Accumulation of [18F]DOPA in the right midbrain was higher by 48% in 10 children with ADHD than in 10 normal children. Despite its magnitude, this difference would not have reached statistical significance if corrected by the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. However, [18F]DOPA in the right midbrain was correlated with symptom severity. No other dopamine-rich regions significantly differed between groups.These findings are suggestive of dopaminergic dysfunction at the level of the dopaminergic nuclei in children with ADHD. Abnormality in dopa decarboxylase activity may be primary or secondary to deficits in other functional units of the dopamine pathway (e.g., receptor, uptake transporter, vesicular transporter, degradation enzymes). Efforts toward defining the origin of this abnormality should help delineate mechanisms of midbrain control of attention and motor behavior important for the understanding of the causes and treatment of ADHD.
Safety of Type 2 Diabetes Treatment With Repaglinide Compared With Glibenclamide in Elderly People
Authors: Giuseppe Papa, Viviana Fedele, Maria Rosaria Rizzo, Marisa Fioravanti, Carmelo Leotta, Sebastiano Bruno Solerte, Francesco Purrello, Giuseppe Paolisso
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

The incidence of type 2 diabetes increases with age (1), and elderly people with this disease may be particularly susceptible to hypoglycemia due to long-acting oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The American Geriatric Society clinical guidelines on type 2 diabetes treatment in elderly people report that short-acting hypoglycemic agents are preferable to longer-acting agents (chlorpropramide), which are associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia (2). Repaglinide is an insulin secretagogue with a rapid onset and relatively short duration of action (3,4). Several studies have shown repaglinide to be a safe and effective treatment for type 2 diabetes (5–9). However, few data are available on its use in elderly patients and, in particular, on the incidence of hypoglycemic events. The present study assessed the safety of repaglinide versus glibenclamide in this population, in terms of hypoglycemia and adverse events.

This was a 24-week, randomized, open-label, two-period, cross-over comparison between mealtime repaglinide and twice-daily glibenclamide. Patients ( n = 90) were aged ≥65 years and had been previously treated with diet or OADs (mean age 74.6 years, HbA1c [A1C] 7.9%). A subgroup of 37 patients aged ≥75 years was evaluated separately. After screening, previous OAD treatment was discontinued and patients were randomized to first receive either repaglinide (Novonorm; …
SMAD4 as a Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hafid Alazzouzi, Pia Alhopuro, Reijo Salovaara, Heli Sammalkorpi, Heikki Järvinen, Jukka-Pekka Mecklin, Akeseli Hemminki, Simo Schwartz, Lauri A. Aaltonen, Diego Arango
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract More than 50% of patients with Dukes C colorectal cancer have disease recurrence and die within 5 years after surgical removal of their primary tumor. It is currently not possible to distinguish patients with good and bad prognosis. SMAD4 is an important tumor suppressor gene that mediates transforming growth factor-β superfamily signaling and is located in chromosome 18q21, a region with frequent genetic losses in these tumors. Allelic imbalance in 18q has been linked to poor prognosis in a subset of colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, we generated a tissue microarray containing triplicate tumor samples from 86 Dukes C patients and used immunohistochemistry to assess the relative expression level of SMAD4 and its value as a prognostic marker. In addition, SMAD4 was screened for mutations and two polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to assess the presence of allelic imbalance in these tumors. Patients with tumors expressing high SMAD4 levels had significantly better overall (P &amp;lt; 0.025) and disease-free (P &amp;lt; 0.013) survival than patients with low levels. This identifies SMAD4 as a prognostic marker for Dukes C colorectal cancer. Although all tumors with absent SMAD4 staining showed allelic imbalance in 18q21, tumors with 18q21 allelic imbalance as a group showed no difference in SMAD4 levels compared with tumors without allelic imbalance, suggesting that additional mechanisms of SMAD4 down-regulation exist. In addition, although SMAD4 mutations were found in five tumors, they were not associated with shorter survival. In conclusion, the level of expression of SMAD4 was found to be a more sensitive marker than 18q21 allelic imbalance and SMAD4 mutations, which were of no prognostic significance for these patients.
AUTOANTIBODIES IN DERMATITIS HERPETIFORMIS
Authors: N. G. FRASER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

SUMMARY.– The incidence of thyroid and gastric autoantibodies in the sera of 43 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis was determined and compared with the incidence in a control group matched for age and sex. Thyroid microsomal antibody was present in the sera of 9 patients in the dermatitis herpetiformis group compared with 1 patient in the control group. This difference is statistically significant. Thyroglobulin antibody was present in the sera of 6 patients in the dermatitis herpetiformis group. It was not present in the control group. The incidence of gastric parietal cell antibody was increased, but not to a statistically significant extent, in the dermatitis herpetiformis patients. The relevance of these findings to the aetiology of dermatitis herpetiformis is discussed.
Eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium is P-selectin-dependent.
Authors: F A Symon, G M Walsh, S R Watson, A J Wardlaw
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Tissue eosinophilia is a characteristic feature of a number of inflammatory diseases including asthma and nasal polyposis. Eosinophil migration into tissues is controlled in part by interactions between eosinophil adhesion receptors and counter-structures on the vascular endothelium. To determine the receptors used by eosinophils to adhere to vascular endothelium in allergic inflammation we have adapted the Stamper-Woodruff frozen section assay (FSA) to study eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium. Immunohistology indicated that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin were well expressed by nasal polyp endothelium, whereas expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was weak or absent. Unstimulated human peripheral blood eosinophils adhered specifically to nasal polyp endothelium. Adherence was temperature and divalent cation-dependent and saturable at cell densities &amp;gt; 5 x 10(6) cells/ml. Eosinophil adhesion was almost completely inhibited by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against P-selectin and by a chimeric molecule consisting of the Fc portion of human IgG and the lectin binding domain of P-selectin, which binds to the P-selectin ligand on leucocytes. Anti-Mac-1 mAb partially inhibited eosinophil adhesion whereas mAb against E-selectin, L-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, very late activation antigen 4, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 had no effect. P-selectin is stored in intracellular granules within the endothelial cell and in vitro is only transiently expressed. To determine if P-selectin was expressed on the membrane of the nasal polyp endothelium we compared P-selectin expression in normal skin and nasal polyps after acetone fixation, which permeabilizes cells, and paraformaldehyde, which only allows staining of membrane expressed receptors. In the skin, good expression was seen with acetone fixation but no expression was seen after paraformaldehyde treatment, whereas in nasal polyps, similar expression was observed with both fixatives. In addition immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy demonstrated lumenal staining of nasal polyp endothelium indicating that P-selectin was located on the surface of endothelial cells while in skin only an intracellular granular distribution was apparent. Lastly, whereas eosinophils bound consistently to nasal polyp endothelium, no binding was observed to blood vessels in normal skin further supporting the idea that eosinophils were binding to membrane expressed and not intracellular P-selectin. The importance of P-selectin in eosinophil adhesion to nasal polyp endothelium suggests that P-selectin antagonists may be effective at inhibiting eosinophil accumulation at sites of allergic inflammation.
Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Progression of Renal Disease
Authors: Gema Fernandez-Juárez, Vicente Barrio, Soledad García de Vinuesa, Marian Goicoechea, Manuel Praga, José Luño
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

There is clear evidence that pharmacologic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) reduces proteinuria and slows the progression of renal disease in diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies, a beneficial effect that is not related to BP control. Some patients exhibit a significant beneficial response, whereas others do not. The absence of response may be explained by the incomplete blockade of the RAS obtained with ACEI. In the search of new alternatives that could improve the antiproteinuric and nephroprotective effects of RAS blockers, the association of ACEI and ARB might prove useful. ARB produces a complete blockade of the RAS. Several studies have shown a more marked antiproteinuric effect of the dual blockade of the RAS versus ACEI or ARB alone. A recent study also demonstrated that this more marked antiproteinuric effect is associated with less progression of renal disease in primary nondiabetic nephropathies despite a similar effect on BP. Until now, there has not been any reference to a beneficial effect on progression of the dual blockade in type 2 diabetic nephropathy, which is the most frequent cause of ESRD. A multicenter, prospective, open, active-controlled, and parallel-group trial was designed to compare the effects of an ACE inhibitor versus an ARB or its combination on renal disease progression, proteinuria, and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
Critically Ill Patients With 2009 Influenza A(H1N1) Infection in Canada
Authors: Anand Kumar
Journal: JAMA (2009)

HE REEMERGENCE OF PANdemic influenza has been anticipated since the Hong Kong (H3N2) influenza pandemic of 1968.In recent years, there has been substantial concern that a pandemic would involve the novel H5N1 avian flu variant, which has demonstrated an ability to cause severe disease when transmitted to humans. 1,2However, this spring the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the occurrence of a 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in 2 children in southern California. 35][6][7] The World Health Organization declared the first phase 6 global influenza pandemic of the century on June 11, 2009.
Quinine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura–Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Frequency, Clinical Features, and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Kiarash Kojouri, Sara K. Vesely, James N. George
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Quinine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP–HUS) is thought to be uncommon and to have a good prognosis. Objective: To describe the frequency, clinical features, and long-term outcomes of quinine-associated TTP–HUS. Design: Case series. Setting: Hospitals in central-western Oklahoma. Patients: 225 consecutive patients with TTP–HUS, 1989-2000. Measurements: Presenting features and clinical outcomes. Results: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome was associated with quinine in 17 patients. Four patients died, and 7 survivors currently have chronic renal failure. Since 1 July 1995, 132 patients with clinically suspected TTP–HUS were explicitly asked about drug exposure. Fourteen (11%) had taken quinine, and 7 had taken other drugs associated with TTP–HUS. Neurologic abnormalities were as severe in patients with quinine-associated TTP–HUS as in the 118 patients who had not taken quinine. Conclusions: Quinine is a common cause of drug-associated TTP–HUS and can cause death and chronic renal failure. When the disorder is described as TTP–HUS rather than only as HUS, the severity of neurologic abnormalities and the occasional absence of renal failure are emphasized. If recurrent disease is to be prevented, clinicians must recognize quinine as a possible cause.
SKIN TEMPERATURE and BLOOD FLOW IN RELATION TO THE SPEED OF SUCTION BLISTER FORMATION
Authors: R. D. G. PEACHEY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

Journal Article SKIN TEMPERATURE and BLOOD FLOW IN RELATION TO THE SPEED OF SUCTION BLISTER FORMATION Get access R. D. G. PEACHEY R. D. G. PEACHEY Department of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, S.E.1 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 84, Issue 5, 1 May 1971, Pages 447–452, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb02530.x Published: 01 May 1971 Article history Accepted: 11 December 1970 Published: 01 May 1971
Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial
Authors: Richard T Lester, Paul Ritvo, Edward J Mills, Antony Kariri, Sarah Karanja, Michael H Chung, William Jack, James Habyarimana, Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Mehdi Najafzadeh, Carlo A Marra, Benson Estambale, Elizabeth Ngugi, T Blake Ball, Lehana Thabane, Lawrence J Gelmon, Joshua Kimani, Marta Ackers, Francis A Plummer
Journal: The Lancet (2010)
Cholesterol lowering drugs and risk of age related maculopathy: prospective cohort study with cumulative exposure measurement
Authors: R van Leeuwen
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Recently, two studies have claimed that cholesterol lowering drugs, particularly statins, protect against age related maculopathy. 1 2 The end stage of this progressive retinal disorder is the commonest cause of untreatable blindness in elderly people in Western societies, and its prevalence is expected to rise with the ageing of the population.Thus, preventing this disorder would have an enormous public health impact. 3 The above mentioned studies used interview data on drug use and had a low statistical power.We therefore tested the hypothesis that cholesterol lowering drugs protect against age related maculopathy in a large cohort study with cumulative exposure measured. Participants, methods, and resultsThis investigation was part of the Rotterdam study, a population based cohort study of people aged 55 years and more.After the baseline phase from 1990 to 1993, two follow up examinations were performed at mean intervals of 2 and 6.5 years.Of all the subjects at risk of age related maculopathy, 4822 (83%) participated at follow up.A diagnosis of age related maculopathy was based on stereoscopic colour fundus transparencies graded according to the international classification system. 4 The incidence of the disorder was defined as the development of soft distinct drusen with pigmentary irregularities, indistinct drusen, or the end stages of atrophic or neovascular age related macular degeneration.A register of prescriptions filled by local pharmacies provided continuous data on use of cholesterol lowering drugs.These data were available for 99% of the cohort from 1 January 1991 onwards.We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to calculate hazard ratios, with age in days as the time axis to ensure optimal controlling for age.Cumulative exposure to drugs was represented as a time dependent covariate and was analysed both as a dichotomous and a categorical variable.The model compared each incident case of age related maculopathy with all subjects in the cohort who were alive and free of the disorder at the age when the case of maculopathy was diagnosed. 5 During 26 781 person years of follow up, 457 patients used cholesterol lowering drugs for one or more days, and 419 cases of incident age related maculopathy were observed.Use of cholesterol lowering drugs at any time, defined as a binary variable, was not associated with the incidence of age related maculopathy (hazard ratio 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.5)).Compared with patients who had never used cholesterol lowering drugs, cumulative exposure for less than one month, for one month to a year, or for more than a year did not have a protective effect on the risk of maculopathy (see table ).Additional adjustment for body mass index, hypertension, smoking, and peripheral arterial disease (ankle:arm index < 0.9) did not change the association.When we performed the same analysis with progression of age related maculopathy as the outcome variable, we obtained the same results.
Twenty-Five–Year Experience With the Medtronic-Hall Valve Prosthesis in the Aortic Position
Authors: Jan L. Svennevig, Michel Abdelnoor, Sigurd Nitter-Hauge
Journal: Circulation (2007)

The Medtronic-Hall valve was developed and for the first time implanted in Oslo, Norway, in 1977. A total of 1104 patients received this valve at Rikshospitalet from 1977 to 1987. In the present study, we followed up on all 816 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement over a 25-year period.This is a retrospective cohort analysis of 816 consecutive patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with the Medtronic-Hall valve at Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway, from 1977 to 1987. All patients were contacted by means of questionnaires or telephone. Data were checked against hospital databases and medical records. Date of death was verified by the Norwegian civil registry. Follow-up was 99.6% complete. Survival analysis included operative deaths as well as late deaths. Survival at 25 years was 24.9%. No mechanical failures were found. Valve thrombosis was seen in 4 patients, in 1 case combined with pannus formation. Small valves (20 mm to 21 mm) were associated with reduced survival; however, when controlled for the confounding effects of age and gender, valve size did not remain a significant risk factor. Patient-related factors were important: Older age, female gender, and the need for concomitant coronary artery bypass surgery significantly reduced survival, whereas surgery of the ascending aorta did not. Linearized rates of thromboembolic complications, warfarin-related bleeding, and endocarditis were 1.5%, 0.7%, and 0.16%/patient-year, respectively. At follow-up, 79% of the patients were in New York Heart Association classes I to II.This study confirms the excellent long-term outcome for patients with Medtronic-Hall valves in the aortic position.
Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors: Virginia A. Moyer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Chinese translation Description: Update of the 2004 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in asymptomatic adults. Methods: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality commissioned 2 systematic reviews on screening for and treatment of HCV infection in asymptomatic adults, focusing on evidence gaps identified in the previous USPSTF recommendation and new studies published since 2004. The evidence on screening for HCV in pregnant women was also considered. Population: This recommendation applies to all asymptomatic adults without known liver disease or functional abnormalities. Recommendation: The USPSTF recommends screening for HCV infection in persons at high risk for infection. The USPSTF also recommends offering 1-time screening for HCV infection to adults born between 1945 and 1965. (B recommendation)
Expression of human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) in Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis: antibacterial effect of hBD-2 against Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Y Hamanaka
Journal: Gut (2001)

Human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) plays a role in the innate defence system at mucosal surfaces. Colonisation of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is an important pathological factor in gastrointestinal illnesses, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric adenocarcinoma.To evaluate the antibacterial role of hBD-2 against H pylori infection in the gastric mucosa.Biopsied gastric mucosa specimens from H pylori positive (n=6) and H pylori negative (n=6) individuals were used. H pylori was determined by the presence of urease activity and microscopic examination.The specimens were examined for hBD-2 expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridisation. The antibacterial effect of hBD-2 against H pylori was evaluated by the number of colony forming units of H pylori after incubation with 0, 10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6), or 10(-5) M of hBD-2 peptide.All six H pylori positive specimens expressed a high level of hBD-2 mRNA while hBD-2 mRNA was not detected in the H pylori negative specimens by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry using anti-hBD-2 antiserum revealed that hBD-2 was expressed in the surface epithelium of H pylori infected specimens. In gastric specimens obtained after H pylori eradication, hBD-2 immunoreactivity had dramatically decreased. In situ hybridisation confirmed that hBD-2 transcripts were localised in the epithelium of H pylori infected gastric specimens. Incubation with hBD-2 reduced the growth rate of cultured H pylori in a dose dependent manner, and incubation with 10(-5) M hBD-2 completely inhibited the proliferation of H pylori.H pylori infection induces hBD-2 expression in the human gastric epithelium. hBD-2 inhibited the growth of H pylori in vitro, suggesting that hBD-2 plays an antibacterial role in H pylori induced gastritis.