tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
GMC should not consider doctor's record when ruling on misconduct
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Testimonials from patients and colleagues, and a doctor's previously unblemished career, should not play a part when the General Medical Council decides whether the doctor is guilty of serious professional misconduct. This was a landmark ruling from the Court of Appeal last week.

In the first acquittal of a doctor by the GMC to go to the appeal court, three judges ruled that evidence of a doctor's previous good record should be taken into account in mitigation when …
A METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATION OF SWEAT GLAND ACTIVITY
Authors: I. SARKANY, P. GAYLARDE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1968)

SUMMARY. A method is described which combines the use of a replica of the skin surface and the chemical demonstration of sweat adhering to it. The illustration of the precise position of the sweat gland openings and the ease with which these are counted are the main advantages. Applications of this method in health and disease are reported. It is suggested that sweat collection from selected glands might be studied over a period of time using quantitative methods outlined in this paper.
Shared Nucleotide Composition Biases Among Species and Their Impact on Phylogenetic Reconstructions of the Drosophilidae
Authors: R Tarrío, F Rodríguez-Trelles, F J Ayala
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Compositional changes are a major feature of genome evolution. Overlooking nucleotide composition differences among sequences can seriously mislead phylogenetic reconstructions. Large compositional variation exists among the members of the family Drosophilidae. Until now, however, base composition differences have been largely neglected in the formulations of the nucleotide substitution process used to reconstruct the phylogeny of this important group of species. The present study adopts a maximum-likelihood framework of phylogenetic inference in order to analyze five nuclear gene regions and shows that (1) the pattern of compositional variation in the Drosophilidae does not match the phylogeny of the species; (2) accounting for the heterogeneous GC content with Galtier and Gouy's nucleotide substitution model leads to a tree that differs in significant aspects from the tree inferred when the nucleotide composition differences are ignored, even though both phylogenetic hypotheses attain strong nodal support in the bootstrap analyses; and (3) the LogDet distance correction cannot completely overcome the distorting effects of the compositional variation that exists among the species of the Drosophilidae. Our analyses confidently place the Chymomyza genus as an outgroup closer than the genus Scaptodrosophila to the Drosophila genus and conclusively support the monophyly of the Sophophora subgenus.
Response to Comment on: Wehr et al. Low Free Testosterone Levels Are Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1771–1777
Authors: Elisabeth Lerchbaum, Stefan Pilz, Winfried März, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

We appreciate the thoughtful comment by Kuhadiya et al. (1). The remark that total androgen concentrations are important for practitioners is well taken. The overall median total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) concentrations were 2.43 nmol/L (0.7 μg/L) and 0.0093 ng/mL, respectively. Because the FT and TT concentrations for all quartiles are given in Tables 1 and 2 (2), median levels can also be seen in Tables 1 and 2. Concentrations for TT levels are correct. However, there was a typing error (decimal places) regarding …
Loss of the DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE Chaperone System among the Aquificales
Authors: Tobias Warnecke
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

The DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE (KJE) chaperone system functions at the fulcrum of protein homeostasis in bacteria. It interacts both with nascent polypeptides and with proteins that have become unfolded, either funneling its clients toward the native state or ushering misfolded proteins into degradation. In line with its key role in protein folding, KJE has been considered an essential building block for a minimal bacterial genome and common to all bacteria. In this study, I present a rigorous survey of 1,233 bacterial genomes, which reveals that the entire KJE system is uniquely absent from two members of the order Aquificales, Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum, and Thermovibrio ammonificans. The absence of KJE from these free-living bacteria is surprising, particularly in light of the finding that individual losses of grpE and dnaJ are restricted to obligate endosymbionts with highly reduced genomes, whereas dnaK has never been lost in isolation. Examining protein features diagnostic of DnaK substrates in Escherichia coli, radical changes in protein solubility emerge as a likely precondition for the loss of KJE. Both D. thermolithotrophum and T. ammonificans grow under strictly anaerobic conditions at temperatures in excess of 70°C, reminiscent of hyperthermophilic archaea, which--unlike their mesophilic cousins--also lack KJE. I suggest that high temperature promotes the evolution of high intrinsic protein solubility on a proteome-wide scale and thereby creates conditions under which KJE can be lost. However, the shift in solubility is common to all Aquificales and hence not sufficient to explain the restricted incidence of KJE loss.
Transmural myocardial deformation in the canine left ventricle. Normal in vivo three-dimensional finite strains.
Authors: L K Waldman, Y C Fung, J W Covell
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

To examine transmural finite deformation in the wall of the canine left ventricle, closely spaced columns of lead beads were implanted at a single site on the left ventricular free wall. The three-dimensional coordinates of these myocardial markers were obtained with high-speed biplane cineradiography. Any four noncoplanar markers forming small tetrahedral volumes (less than or equal to 0.1 cc) were used to calculate finite normal and shear strains with respect to a cardiac coordinate system at end diastole. Due to the symmetry of the finite strain tensor, the algebraic eigenvalue problem could be solved to compute principal strains and the directions of the principal axes of deformation with respect to the reference coordinates. An examination of the principal strains in a number of tetrahedra in five animals indicates that deformation increases with depth beneath the epicardium. For example, the transmural variation of principal shortening strain averages -0.014 +/- 0.009 per 10% increment in thickness from epicardium to endocardium. Furthermore, shortening and thickening strains at midwall and deeper are too large (0.10 to 0.40) to be described accurately by infinitesimal theory. These strains are often accompanied by substantial in-plane and transverse shears which are not predicted by typical membrane or shell theories, indicating that these theories must be applied with caution when computing indices of regional ventricular performance. The directions of the principal axes of shortening vary substantially less than the fiber direction varies across the wall (20 degrees - 40 degrees compared with 100 degrees - 140 degrees for fiber direction), supporting the concept that there are substantial interactions between neighboring fibers in the left ventricular wall.
Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect With a Program of Nurse Home Visitation
Authors: John Eckenrode, Barbara Ganzel, Charles R. Henderson, Jr, Elliott Smith, David L. Olds, Jane Powers, Robert Cole, Harriett Kitzman, Kimberly Sidora
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextHome visitation to families with young children has been promoted as an effective way to prevent child maltreatment, but few studies have examined the conditions under which such programs meet this goal.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the presence of domestic violence limits the effects of nurse home visitation interventions in reducing substantiated reports of child abuse and neglect.DesignFifteen-year follow-up study of a randomized trial.SettingSemirural community in upstate New York.ParticipantsOf 400 socially disadvantaged pregnant women with no previous live births enrolled consecutively between April 1978 and September 1980, 324 mothers and their children participated in the follow-up study.InterventionsFamilies were randomly assigned to receive routine perinatal care (control group; n = 184 participated in follow-up), routine care plus nurse home visits during pregnancy only (n = 100), or routine care plus nurse home visits during pregnancy and through the child's second birthday (n = 116).Main Outcome MeasuresNumber of substantiated reports over the entire 15-year period involving the study child as subject regardless of the identity of the perpetrator or involving the mother as perpetrator regardless of the identity of the child abstracted from state records and analyzed by treatment group and level of domestic violence in the home as measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale.ResultsFamilies receiving home visitation during pregnancy and infancy had significantly fewer child maltreatment reports involving the mother as perpetrator (P = .01) or the study child as subject (P = .04) than families not receiving home visitation. The number of maltreatment reports for mothers who received home visitation during pregnancy only was not different from the control group. For mothers who received visits through the child's second birthday, the treatment effect decreased as the level of domestic violence increased. Of women who reported 28 or fewer incidents of domestic violence (79% of sample), home-visited mothers had significantly fewer child maltreatment reports during the 15-year period than mothers not receiving the longer-term intervention (P = .01). However, this intervention did not significantly reduce child maltreatment among mothers reporting more than 28 incidents of domestic violence (21% of sample).ConclusionsThe presence of domestic violence may limit the effectiveness of interventions to reduce incidence of child abuse and neglect.
Improving the Utility of Quality-of-Life Data From Men With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Mark S. Litwin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Dostoevsky's central conceit in his 19th-century existentialist writings on human suffering is that man can ultimately accommodate to almost any tribulation.Contemporary psychosocial research in health-related quality-of-life outcomes in men with prostate cancer bears out this truth. 1-3This thesis notwithstanding, the medical literature is replete with studies documenting the poignant impact of quality-of-life impairments on men treated for early-stage prostate cancer.Radiation or surgery can lead to significant dysfunction or distress in the urinary, sexual, or bowel domains.Hence, the simultaneous consideration of both quality and quantity of life improves medical decision making for these men.Against this backdrop, Chen et al 4 set out improve the clinical utility of quality-of-life assessments for men with prostate cancer.They begin with the premise that numerical-summary valuations of these inherently qualitative phenomena mask patients' actual experience.This motivates them to enhance and customize the tracking of quality-of-life outcomes.They further posit that a man's sexual, urinary, and bowel outcomes after prostate cancer treatment hew closely to his premorbid quality of life.This is reminiscent of the carpaltunnel patient's preoperative entreaty, "Doctor, will I be able to play Rachmaninov after my surgery?" to which the hand surgeon unctuously replies, "It depends on how well can you play Rachmaninov before your surgery."But the truism applies to the penis as well as the pianist-the turgor of youth wanes with advancing age.Building on their prior elegant work, 5 the authors dis-sever quality-of-life results from the commonly used (but user unfriendly) continuous scales into three discrete categories: normal, intermediate, and poor.This trichotomization of scores provides a clearer illustration of changes in dysfunction over time.Indeed, their online figures that track scores longitudinally belie the more useful picture presented in their stacked-bar charts and, to a less visually engaging degree, in their summary tables.This pragmatic device (of recasting the scores as normal, intermediate, or poor) allows quality of life to be shown as proportions, which are intrinsically easier than domain scores to understand.Of course, the critical methodological ingredient, largely undefended by the authors, lies in where the lines are drawn to separate normal, intermediate, and poor, and in whether they are drawn arbitrarily, empirically, or meaningfully.But the work offers several notable findings.Severe obstructive and irritative voiding symptoms improve most dramatically and durably after radical prostatectomy and worsen most markedly after
The Anthrax Attacks 10 Years Later
Authors: Larry M. Bush, Maria T. Perez
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Ten years ago, just weeks after the September 11 attacks, the United States experienced a deliberate act of bioterrorism. Through use of the postal service, anthrax spores were widely disseminated, including to homes, the Senate, and major newsrooms, resulting in morbidity and mortality and effectively disrupting our way of life and revealing our vulnerability. Even though such attacks had been the subject of much writing and had been planned for, detection of and the appropriate response to an attack with an agent from the so-called "Category 'A' List" had only been considered in theoretical terms. What transpired during the following difficult weeks, including how public health and federal government agencies performed, has been both praised and criticized. An intertwined epidemiologic and criminal investigation of such magnitude was unprecedented in U.S. history. To address the question of whether we as a nation are now better prepared for future threats involving biologic agents, it is important to learn from the lessons of the 2001 anthrax attacks, including the critical role of clinicians in surveillance. As physicians involved in diagnosing anthrax in the index case and alerting authorities, we offer our perspective on these events a decade after their occurrence.
HLA-Cw⊛0602 and HIV-associated psoriasis
Authors: E. Mallon, D. Young, M. Bunce, F.M. Gotch, P.J Easterbrook, R. Newson, C.B. Bunker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

The aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors may be involved. Psoriasis may not be one disease but a cutaneous inflammatory reaction pattern consequent upon several different independent or related stimuli in susceptible individuals. There are controversial issues regarding the immunological basis of psoriasis and the role of CD4 vs. CD8 T lymphocytes. Psoriasis has been associated with HLA-Cw6 and Cw7 by serology and specifically with HLA-Cw*0602 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing. Psoriasis is probably no more common in HIV infection than in the general population; however, it may appear for the first time or pre-existing psoriasis may worsen and be difficult to treat in HIV disease. We have investigated the prevalence of HLA-C alleles, in the specific clinical context of HIV infection complicated by type 1 psoriasis, in a case control study of 14 men with HIV disease and type 1 psoriasis and 147 HIV-infected patients without psoriasis. Typing was performed using PCR with sequence-specific amplification primers. Eleven of 14 patients (79%) with psoriasis carried the HLA-Cw*0602 allele compared with 24.5% of those without psoriasis (odds ratio = 11.31; 95% confidence limits 2. 73 to 65.36; P = 0.0001). Two patients without the HLA-Cw*0602 allele carried instead the closely related Cw*0401/3 allele. The results confirm the previously reported association between the HLA-Cw*0602 allele and type 1 psoriasis, and suggest that the association with HLA-Cw*0602 is stronger in HIV-associated psoriasis although this trend needs to be supported by a larger sample. The immunodysregulation resulting from HIV infection may trigger psoriasis in those genetically predisposed by the Cw*0602 allele. As CD8 T cells recognize antigens in the context of class I major histocompatibility complex, the identification of an HLA class I association in HIV-associated psoriasis strengthens the argument for an important role for CD8 + T lymphocytes in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Investigations of the pathogenesis of psoriasis should take account of clinical and other subtypes already identified.
Biology of Cancer and Aging: A Complex Association With Cellular Senescence
Authors: Claire Falandry, Marc Bonnefoy, Gilles Freyer, Eric Gilson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Over the last 50 years, major improvements have been made in our understanding of the driving forces, both parallel and opposing, that lead to aging and cancer. Many theories on aging first proposed in the 1950s, including those associated with telomere biology, senescence, and adult stem-cell regulation, have since gained support from cumulative experimental evidence. These views suggest that the accumulation of mutations might be a common driver of both aging and cancer. Moreover, some tumor suppressor pathways lead to aging in line with the theory of antagonist pleiotropy. According to the evolutionary-selected disposable soma theory, aging should affect primarily somatic cells. At the cellular level, both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways regulate aging and senescence. However, increasing lines of evidence support the hypothesis that these driving forces might be regulated by evolutionary-conserved pathways that modulate energy balance. According to the hyperfunction theory, aging is a quasi-program favoring both age-related diseases and cancer that could be inhibited by the regulation of longevity pathways. This review summarizes these hypotheses, as well as the experimental data that have accumulated over the last 60 years linking aging and cancer.
216 BLEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME (BCS)
Authors: P.E. Rautou, L. Douarin, M.H. Denninger, S. Escolano, D. Lebrec, R. Moreau, M. Vidaud, R. Itzykson, R. Moucari, A. Bezeaud, D. Valla, A. Plessier
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Role of CYP1B1 in Glaucoma
Authors: Vasilis Vasiliou, Frank J. Gonzalez
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2007)

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, estimated to affect 60 million people by 2010, and represents a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disease. The two major types of glaucoma include primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). A genetically heterogeneous group of developmental disorders known as anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) have been reported to be associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. These include Peters' anomaly, Rieger's anomaly, aniridia, iris hypoplasia, and iridogoniodysgenesis. Genetic linkage analysis and mutation studies have identified CYP1B1 as a causative gene in PCG, as a modifier gene in POAG, and, on rare occasions, as causative gene in POAG as well as in several ASD disorders. CYP1B1-deficient mice exhibit abnormalities in their ocular drainage structure and trabecular meshwork that are similar to those reported in human PCG patients. Accordingly, it is speculated that diminished or absent metabolism of key endogenous CYP1B1 substrates adversely affects the development of the trabecular meshwork. CYP1B1 protein is involved in the metabolism of steroids, retinol and retinal, arachidonate, and melatonin. The conserved expression of CYP1B1 in both murine and human eyes, its higher expression in fetal than adult eyes, and its biochemical properties are consistent with this hypothesis. The exact role of CYP1B1 in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other ASD disorders remains to be elucidated.
Low molecular weight iron-binding factor from mammalian tissue that potentiates bacterial growth.
Authors: R L Jones, C M Peterson, R W Grady, A Cerami
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

A low molecular weight, iron-binding factor was isolated from horse liver. This host-associated iron transfer factor (HAITF) is capable of binding iron and stimulating bacterial growth by promoting iron uptake into bacteria. Also, when injected into infected animals, HAITF increases the virulence of bacterial infections. HAITF bioactivity is ubiquitous in animal tissues and present in serum. It is proposed that HAITF is a factor that inadvertently plays a role in the host-parasite competition for iron.
Podoplanin expression in the development and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Juan P Rodrigo, Dario Garc�a-Carracedo, Mar�a V Gonz�lez, Gonzalo Mancebo, Manuel F Fresno, Juana Garc�a-Pedrero
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Podoplanin expression is attracting interest as a marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We therefore investigated the expression pattern and clinical significance of podoplanin during the development and progression of laryngeal carcinomas. Podoplanin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 84 patients with laryngeal premalignancies and 53 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. We found podoplanin expression extending from the basal to the suprabasal layer of the epithelium in 37 (44%) of 84 dysplastic lesions, whereas normal epithelium showed negligible expression. Patients carrying podoplanin-positive lesions had a higher laryngeal cancer incidence than those with negative expression reaching borderline statistical significance (51% versus 30%, P = 0.071). Podoplanin expression in laryngeal carcinomas exhibited two distinct patterns. 20 (38%) cases showed diffuse expression in most tumour cells and 33 (62%) focal expression at the proliferating periphery of tumour nests. High podoplanin expression was inversely correlated with T classification (P = 0.033), disease stage (P = 0.006), and pathological grade (P = 0.04). There was a trend, although not significant, towards reduced disease-specific survival for patients with low podoplanin levels (P = 0.31) and diffuse expression pattern (P = 0.08). Podoplanin expression increases in the early stages of laryngeal tumourigenesis and it seems to be associated with a higher laryngeal cancer risk. Podoplanin expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, however, diminishes during tumour progression. Taken together, these data support a role for podoplanin expression in the initiation but not in the progression of laryngeal cancers.
Modern tennis rackets, balls, and surfaces
Authors: S Miller
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Modern rackets have facilitated a change in playing style from one of technique to one characterised by power and spin. The combination of the increased stiffness of modern rackets and the tendency for tennis balls to have become harder has led to an increased shock transmission from the racket to the player, which is probably a major contributor to tennis elbow. The paucity of tennis specific research on shoes and surfaces makes it difficult to link their characteristics with lower limb injury, although, as their interaction directly affects the magnitude of the forces to which the player is exposed, such a link seems reasonable.