tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The physical chemistry of cholesterol solubility in bile. Relationship to gallstone formation and dissolution in man.
Authors: M C Carey, D M Small
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

We determined the maximum solubilities of cholesterol in aqueous conjugated bile salt-egg lecithin-cholesterol systems as a function of several physical-chemical variables including those of physiological importance employing phase equilibria techniques. Equilibration rates are influenced by time and the method of sample preparation in that metastable supersaturation is readily induced at high bile salt: lecithin ratios, and equilibrium saturation by dissolution is achieved sluggisly at low bile salt:lecithin ratios. Equilibrium values for cholesterol saturation vary with the bile salt species, bile salt: lecithin ratio, temperature, ionic strength, and, in particular, with the total concentration of biliary lipids. Within physiological bile salt:lecithin ratios at 37 degreesC the influence of bile salt type and ionic strength is small, whereas the effects of bile salt:lecithin ratio and the total lipid concentration are major factors. We plotted on triangular coordinates a family of cholesterol solubility curves for each total lipid concentration (0.30--30 g/dl) and computed fifth-degree polynomial equations for each curve. With both the curves and the polynomial equations the "per cent cholesterol saturation" of fasting gallbladder and hepatic biles from patients with and without gallstones was calculated and both methods gave similar values. These results deomonstrate that by employing cholesterol saturation values appropriate to the total lipid concentration (range 0.2--24.9 g/dl) of individual biles, all cholesterol stone patients have supersaturated gallbladder biles, (mean, 132% [normal weight individuals], and 199% [morbidly obese individuals]). With controls and pigment stone patients the mean values were 95 and 98%, respectively, and in both approximately 50% of biles were supersaturated. Fasting hepatic biles were significantly more supersaturated than gallbladder biles (means 228--273%). Cholesterol monohydrate crystals were found in the majority of gallbladder (83%) and hepatic (58%) biles of cholesterol gallstone patients but were not observed in pigment stone patients or controls. We conclude that of the several factors in addition to the bile salt:lecithin ratios which can influence the cholesterol saturation of bile the total lipid concentration is the predominant determinant physiologically. Our results demonstrate that (a) metastable supersaturation is frequent in both normal and abnormal biles, (b) cholesterol gallstone patients have supersaturated gallbladder and hepatic biles without exception, and (c) the predominant driving force for cholesterol precipitation appears to be the absolute degree of cholesterol supersaturation.
The alveolar carbon monoxide uptake fraction: a simple, alternative measure of carbon monoxide transfer
Authors: R Ameratunga, EA Harris
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1988)

The measurement and interpretation of "diffusing capacity" by either single-breath or steady-state methods are complicated by both technical and conceptual difficulties. The CO uptake fraction is less complex but, as originally described, it is unacceptably sensitive to dead-space ventilation. A modification (the "alveolar CO uptake fraction", UA) largely removes this factor. We have measured UA in thirteen healthy subjects and 100 patients with a variety of pulmonary disorders. It is reproducible and appears sensitive to clinical abnormality. Its technical and interpretative simplicity suggest its use as an alternative to other measures of CO transfer.
Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Gerhard-Paul Diller, Michael A. Gatzoulis
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension of variable degree is commonly associated with adult congenital heart disease. Depending on size and location of the underlying cardiac defect as well as on repair status, pulmonary arterial hypertension may present with or without reversed shunting and associated cyanosis (ie, Eisenmenger syndrome). We review available data on etiology, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management strategies of pulmonary arterial hypertension in adult patients with congenital heart disease. In addition, we discuss the numerous complications associated with Eisenmenger syndrome, representing a multisystem disorder. Finally, we present general management strategies and emerging disease-targeting therapies.
Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency associated with systemic lupus erythematosus affecting the central nervous system.
Authors: S Nakamura, M Yoshinari, Y Saku, K Hirakawa, C Miishima, K Murai, K Tokiyama, M Fujishima
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1991)

A 22 year old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus affecting the central nervous system had acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency. She was admitted for treatment of psychotic behaviour, but showed no signs of angioedema. The serum complement profile of the patient showed normal C3 concentration and a depletion of C4, C2, C1 inhibitor, and C1q. Her parents had normal complement profiles. An extremely reduced C4 concentration may lead to involvement of the central nervous system in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Severe disability: 1--Tasks of rehabilitation.
Authors: D Gloag
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Restoration from  to person is how a relative of a severely disabled patient defined rehabilitation; and an important element is choice.1 Many people we see in the  role do not believe enough in themselves to act, says Cochrane, and he mentions two essential qualities for those working in rehabilitation ?the ability to restore confidence when it has been weakened by reproach and disadvantage and the diligence to uncover talents that are obscure and to burnish them.2 As someone said to me, Maximise every conceivable ability?rehabilitation is thinking wide and thinking sensitively. Beyond this, autonomy?the kind of choice and control over one's life that adults normally have?and oppor? tunity describe what many severely disabled people are striving for. Of course, many people severely disabled with neurological conditions are in no position to exercise autonomy; some others do not really want to, and many feel threatened by all the talk about independent living. Staff used to traditional concepts of care may also have a sense of confusion and conflict about their roles, A further conflict may arise as workers in rehabilitation become more aware of how much improvement is possible even in apparently irrecoverable conditions, while social workers and sociologists on the other hand eschew the  model and any paternalistic approach. At the same time many people live in residential homes, and for that matter in their own homes, quite untouched by ideas of either rehabilitation or autonomy. My impression from the visits I have made, the people I have met, and the conferences I have attended is that with this kind of vision the different philosophies and approaches all have their place in catering for the multitude of different needs and personalities; the problem is that so often the right resources do not get to the right people or that efforts go off at half cock for want of adequate resources or adequate thought. In this article and the next I discuss rehabilitation in the context of care of younger disabled people (defined as those aged 16-64 years), looking at the extent of the medical role and at ways of helping people to achieve the best possible quality of life.
(57) Bullous pemphigoid and response to cyclosporin
Authors: W.J. Cunliff
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Journal Article (57) Bullous pemphigoid and response to cyclosporin Get access W.J. Cunliff W.J. Cunliff The General Infirmary at Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 117, Issue s32, 1 June 1987, Pages 113–114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb12097.x Published: 01 June 1987
Prevalence of surreptitious laxative abuse in patients with diarrhoea of uncertain origin: a cost benefit analysis of a screening procedure.
Authors: P Bytzer, M Stokholm, I Andersen, N A Klitgaard, O B Schaffalitzky de Muckadell
Journal: Gut (1989)

The costs and medical benefits of an early, routine laxative screening test in patients with diarrhoea of uncertain origin was evaluated. During a two year period 200 consecutive, unselected patients complaining of diarrhoea were considered for the study in whom a three day faecal collection was undertaken. Fifty four patients denying laxative consumption had diarrhoea (mean daily stool weight greater than 200 g) of uncertain origin at their initial visit of whom 47 were screened to detect ingestion of anthraquinones, bisacodyl, phenolphthalein, and magnesium salts. Seven patients had positive tests. No single clinical feature could have predicted the outcome of the test. The possible cost savings of the programme were estimated by not releasing the results of the test to the clinicians until the patient's investigations were complete. The seven patients with laxative abuse spent a total of 35 days in hospital and were seen on 29 occasions in the outpatient clinic after the laxative screening test was positive. The cost of the screening programme was cheaper than the costs of the diagnostic procedures in patients with laxative abuse. We recommend the use of a comprehensive, early laxative screening programme in all patients with diarrhoea of uncertain origin as a cost effective procedure.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Involvement in Iranian Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Authors: N. Shahnavaz, A. Aghamohammadi, A. Babaei Jandaghi, K. Abolmaali, N. Rezaei, M. Ezzati, A. Aghaei Lasboo, M. Movahedi, M. Moin
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Prevention of Wasting in Mice Thymectomized at Birth and Their Subsequent Rejection of Allogeneic Leukemic Cells
Authors: East, June, Delphine, M. V. Parrott
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1964)

Journal Article Prevention of Wasting in Mice Thymectomized at Birth and Their Subsequent Rejection of Allogeneic Leukemic Cells Get access June East, June East Division of Experimental Biology and Virology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. V. Parrott Delphine M. V. Parrott Delphine Division of Experimental Biology and Virology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Burtonhole Lane, Mill Hill, London, N.W. 7, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 33, Issue 4, October 1964, Pages 673–690, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/33.4.673 Published: 01 October 1964 Article history Received: 16 April 1964 Published: 01 October 1964
Evidence for an Independent and Cumulative Effect of Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia and Hyperglycemia on Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Generation
Authors: Antonio Ceriello, Claudio Taboga, Laura Tonutti, Lisa Quagliaro, Ludovica Piconi, Bruno Bais, Roberto Da Ros, Enrico Motz
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress; however, the distinct role of these two factors is a matter of debate. Methods and Results— Thirty type 2 diabetic patients and 20 normal subjects ate 3 different meals: a high-fat meal; 75 g glucose alone; and high-fat meal plus glucose. Glycemia, triglyceridemia, nitrotyrosine, and endothelial function were assayed during the tests. Subsequently, diabetics took 40 mg/d simvastatin or placebo for 12 weeks. The 3 tests were performed again at baseline, between 3 to 6 days after the start, and at the end of each study. High-fat load and glucose alone produced a decrease of endothelial function and an increase of nitrotyrosine in normal and diabetic subjects. These effects were more pronounced when high fat and glucose were combined. Short-term simvastatin treatment had no effect on lipid parameters but reduced the effect on endothelial function and nitrotyrosine observed during each different test. Long-term simvastatin treatment was accompanied by a lower increase in postprandial triglycerides, which was followed by smaller variations of endothelial function and nitrotyrosine during the tests. Conclusions— This study shows an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function, suggesting oxidative stress as common mediator of such effect. Simvastatin shows a beneficial effect on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which may be ascribed to a direct effect as well as the lipid-lowering action of the drug.
Mitochondrial defects in cancer.
Authors: Jennifer S Carew, Peng Huang
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2002)

Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, free radical generation, and apoptosis. Defects in mitochondrial function have long been suspected to contribute to the development and progression of cancer. In this review article, we aim to provide a brief summary of our current understanding of mitochondrial genetics and biology, review the mtDNA alterations reported in various types of cancer, and offer some perspective as to the emergence of mtDNA mutations, their functional consequences in cancer development, and therapeutic implications.
C2 Deficiency DEVELOPMENT OF LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: Noorbibi K. Day, H. Geiger, R. McLean, A. Michael, R. A. Good
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

The study of serum from a patient with C2 deficiency is described. The patient had an episode of pneumococcal meningitis at 5 mo of age with seizures and transient hemiparesis and apparent purpuric skin lesions. He was first admitted to the University of Minnesota Hospitals at 10 yr of age following the discovery of proteinuria accidentally by his mother. Since then he has been admitted repeatedly to this hospital with numerous clinical findings including arthralgia, recurrent abdominal pain, proteinuria, membranous nephropathy, malar butterfly rash, seizures, personality aberrations, and recurrent fever. In June 1971, the patient developed positive DNA and DNP antibodies and positive LE cells. When the C profile was studied before and after recognition of lupus, C1q, C1s, and C4 dropped. C3 levels were elevated as were C5, C6, and C7, C3 proactivator had been reduced in the patient even before he developed lupus. Also because of a traumatic renal biopsy leading to a perirenal hematoma, he required surgery and a blood transfusion. 1 h after blood transfusion, a C2 titer of 23 hemolytic units was detected. Almost immediately levels of C3, C5, C6, and C7 dropped, C8 and C9 remained elevated. The addition of C2 from normal blood permitted dramatic activation of C3. These findings support the view that the rare deficiency in production of C2 predisposes to serious susceptibility to infection, vascular and mesenchymal disease as well as to renal disease and a lupus syndrome.
P142 Src kinase inhibition attenuates neutrophil degranulation without impairing bacterial killing: a possible therapeutic strategy for acute lung injury?
Authors: JG Macfarlane, MH Ruchaud-Sparagano, JA Scott, DA Bulmer, CMA Khan, AJ Simpson
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> A key mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) is excessive neutrophil degranulation in response to an overwhelming inflammatory or infective insult. To date, no pharmacological therapy for ALI has proven beneficial. <h3>Aim</h3> To investigate our hypothesis that extracellular neutrophil degranulation can be inhibited without necessarily impairing phagocytosis or live bacterial killing. <h3>Methods</h3> Whole blood or purified neutrophils from healthy volunteers were pre-treated with a <i>src </i>kinase inhibitor (PP1) or vehicle control, before stimulation with either Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), cytochalasin B + N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), live serum-opsonized <i>Staphylococcus aureus </i>(SA) or <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </i>(PA), to induce degranulation. Degranulation was measured in whole blood using CD63/CD66b expression and in purified neutrophils by extracellular release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoferrin (LTF). Neutrophil phagocytosis of fluorescent killed bacteria, cell viability, apoptosis and bacterial killing (by serial dilution and colony counting) were also measured. All experiments carried out using n = 4–6 healthy volunteers. <h3>Results</h3> PP1 pre-treatment using concentrations above 10 μM significantly attenuated primary and secondary granule exocytosis from healthy neutrophils in response to LPS, cytochalasin B/fMLP, SA and PA but not to PMA. The same effect was observed in whole blood assays and in purified neutrophils, both in free suspension and when adhered to tissue culture plastic. PP1 treatment did not increase neutrophil death in response to the stimuli, nor did it significantly alter baseline apoptosis rates. Importantly, PP1 did not impair neutrophil phagocytosis or live bacterial killing of SA and PA. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our study supports our hypothesis and proposes <i>src </i>kinases as an attractive target for anti-inflammatory therapy in conditions such as ALI.
STUDIES OF THIAMINE METABOLISM IN MAN. I. THIAMINE BALANCE. THE NORMAL REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN B1 AND THE RÔLE OF FECAL THIAMINE IN HUMAN NUTRITION 1
Authors: Benjamin Alexander, Greta Landwehr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1946)

Although the Committee on Food and Nutrition of the National Research Council (1) has stated that 1.8 mgm. is the optimal daily intake of thiamine for a moderately active man whose caloric in- take is 3000 calories, there is actually little agreement on the human requirements for the vitamin (Table I), as is clearly shown by Melnick (2) in his review.One reason for the disagreement is the fact that various observers have used differ- ent criteria in arriving at their figures.Several investigators (2 to 6) rely upon evaluation of the feeling of well being of the subjects or of their ability to perform work.This approach is clini- cal.In addition, it is questionable whether the minimal requirement should be considered as merely that amount which will prevent clinical evidence of deficiency.Amounts larger than those needed to maintain a state of well being may be necessary to prevent physiological and biochemical derangements which cannot be detected clinically in studies of short duration.Many studies (2 to 7) were made on subjects whose thiamine intake was restricted.Objections may be raised to this approach because such con- ditions are abnormal.Reducing the thiamine in- take may affect body metabolism and, secondarily, its thiamine requirements.Similar criticism may be directed against those experiments (7) in which the diet was essentially synthetic.
Use of β-Blockers and Risk of Fractures
Authors: Raymond G. Schlienger
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Animal studies suggest that the beta-blocker propranolol increases bone formation, but data on whether use of beta-blockers (with or without concomitant use of thiazide diuretics) is associated with reduced fracture risk in humans are limited.To determine whether use of beta-blockers alone or in combination with thiazides is associated with a decreased risk of fracture in adults.Case-control analysis using the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD). The study included 30,601 case patients aged 30 to 79 years with an incident fracture diagnosis between 1993 and 1999 and 120,819 controls, matched to cases on age, sex, calendar time, and general practice attended.Odds ratios (ORs) of having a fracture in association with use of beta-blockers or a combination of beta-blockers with thiazides.The most frequent fractures were of the hand/lower arm (n = 12,837 [42.0%]) and of the foot (n = 4627 [15.1%]). Compared with patients who did not use either beta-blockers or thiazide diuretics, the OR for current use of beta-blockers only (> or =3 prescriptions) was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.83); for current use of thiazides only (> or =3 prescriptions), 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74-0.86); and for combined current use of beta-blockers and thiazides, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.64-0.79). Data were adjusted for smoking; body mass index; number of practice visits; and use of calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, statins, antiepileptics, benzodiazepines, corticosteroids, and estrogens.Our data suggest that current use of beta-blockers is associated with a reduced risk of fractures, taken alone as well as in combination with thiazide diuretics. Many elderly patients with hypertension who are at risk of developing osteoporosis may potentially benefit from combined therapy with beta-blockers and thiazides.
Electrocardiographic monitoring of cardiac transplants in mice
Authors: P. L MOTTRAM, J. A SMITH, A. MASON, A. MIRISKLAVOS, L. J DUMBLE, G. J CLUNIE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Journal Article Electrocardiographic monitoring of cardiac transplants in mice Get access PATRICIA L MOTTRAM, PATRICIA L MOTTRAM From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JULIAN A SMITH, JULIAN A SMITH From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ANDREA MASON, ANDREA MASON From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar ANGELA MIRISKLAVOS, ANGELA MIRISKLAVOS From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar LYNETTE J DUMBLE, LYNETTE J DUMBLE From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar GORDON J CLUNIE GORDON J CLUNIE From the Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 22, Issue 5, May 1988, Pages 315–321, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/22.5.315 Published: 01 May 1988 Article history Received: 24 June 1987 Accepted: 09 January 1988 Published: 01 May 1988