tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Argyrophil cell hyperplasia and a carcinoid tumour in the stomach of a patient with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
Authors: G E Feurle
Journal: Gut (1994)

In the rat, hypergastrinaemia induced by drug treatment with omeprazole or potent H2-receptor antagonists leads to the development of gastric enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids. In man, gastric carcinoids induced by hypergastrinaemia have been described only in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis type A and in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1. This patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome without gastric mucosal atrophy and without evidence of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome developed an argyrophil gastric carcinoid tumour. This observation indicates that hypergastrinaemia in the sporadic Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome may induce gastric carcinoids.
The effect of donor gender on renal allograft survival.
Authors: J Neugarten, T Srinivas, V Tellis, S Silbiger, S Greenstein
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

Donor gender plays a role in the outcome of renal transplantation, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unclear. In this study, actuarial graft survival in 1049 recipients transplanted at Montefiore Medical Center between 1979 and 1994 was examined. It was found that donor gender had no influence on graft survival in recipients treated with precyclosporine immunosuppressive agents. In contrast, graft survival time was greater in cyclosporine-treated recipients of male donor kidneys compared with female kidneys (p < 0.05). This survival time difference was evident in the early post-transplant period and was entirely accounted for by the survival advantage of kidneys from white male donors. There was no gender-related difference in graft survival time among recipients of African-American donor kidneys. Recent attention has focused on the hypothesis that a mismatch between female donor kidney nephron supply and male recipient functional demand results in hyperfiltration-mediated glomerular injury and that this is responsible for reduced survival time of female allografts. Any hypothesis purporting to explain gender-related differences in graft survival time must take into account this study's observations that the donor-gender effect was observed only in cyclosporine-treated recipients, was not seen in African-American donors, appeared soon after renal transplantation, and did not increase progressively with time. These observations are most consistent with the hypothesis that gender-related differences in graft survival time may reflect differences in susceptibility to cyclosporine nephrotoxicity or differences in the therapeutic response to cyclosporine.
Treatment of accidental hypothermia.
Authors: E L Lloyd
Journal: BMJ (1979)

surgeons), who would no doubt be happy to co-operate.In one town the surgeon in charge of the accident unit gave police officers tuition in airway control at the hospital, and this was greatly appreciated.Equipment of most police cars was inadequate and often consisted only of first- aid boxes containing bandages and dressings.Patrol cars attending road accidents should have modern respiratory resuscitation equip- ment, spinal boards, cervical collars, inflatable splints, and waterproof sheets.They should also carry light rescue and cutting equipment for the release of trapped casualties, particu- larly in rural districts.
Response to Cardiac Arrest and Selected Life-Threatening Medical Emergencies
Authors: Mary Fran Hazinski, David Markenson, Steven Neish, Mike Gerardi, Janis Hootman, Graham Nichol, Howard Taras, Robert Hickey, Robert O’Connor, Jerry Potts, Elise van der Jagt, Stuart Berger, Steve Schexnayder, Arthur Garson, Alidene Doherty, Suzanne Smith
Journal: Circulation (2004)

HomeCirculationVol. 109, No. 2Response to Cardiac Arrest and Selected Life-Threatening Medical Emergencies
Cough: what's in a name?
Authors: J Widdicombe, G Fontana
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

The cough reflex (CR) and the expiration reflex (ER) are two defensive reflexes from the respiratory tract, the latter mainly from the larynx. Both are elicited by mechanical and chemical irritation of the airway mucosa, and are a characteristic of airway diseases, but they have different functions. The CR first draws air into the lungs, to accentuate the subsequent expulsive phase; the ER consists of a strong expiration, to prevent aspiration of material into the lungs. They have different sensory pathways, central nervous circuits, and physiological and pharmacological modulations. In practice, coughing often consists of a combination of the two reflexes, a cough bout, epoch or attack. Articles on cough usually do not distinguish between the two reflexes, or whether the coughs are single events or epochs; they usually only measure frequency of expiratory efforts, and neglect other aspects. Current methods for measuring and assessing cough are described, with indications of when the use of these methods may be important.
A Transcription Function for the T Cell–Specific Adapter (Tsad) Protein in T Cells
Authors: Francesc Marti, Nicholas H. Post, Elena Chan, Philip D. King
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

T cell-specific adapter (TSAd) protein is an Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter molecule implicated in T cell receptor for antigen (TCR)-mediated interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion in T cells. Here, we demonstrate that a substantial fraction of TSAd is found in the T cell nucleus. Nuclear import of TSAd is an active process that depends on TSAd SH2 domain recognition of a phosphotyrosine-containing ligand. Importantly, we show that TSAd can act as a potent transcriptional activator in T cells. Furthermore, the TSAd SH2 domain appears to be essential for this transcription-activating function independent of its role in nuclear import. Biochemical analyses suggest that a single TSAd SH2 domain ligand of 95-100 kD may be involved in these processes. Consistent with a role as a transcription activator, cotransfection of TSAd with an IL-2 promoter-reporter gene construct results in a considerable upregulation of IL-2 promoter activity. Further, we show that this augmentation requires a functional TSAd SH2 domain. However, TSAd does not appear to modulate the activity of the major recognized IL-2 gene transcription factors, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), or activator protein 1 (AP-1). These findings point to the function of TSAd as a novel transcription-regulatory protein in T cells and illustrate the importance of the TSAd SH2 domain in this role.
An Electron Microscope Study of Plant Neoplasia Induced by Wound Tumor Virus&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Eishiro Shikata, Karl Maramorosch
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1966)

Ultrathin sections were prepared from root and stem tumors of Melilotus officinalis and enlarged veins (enations) of Rumex acetosa and Trifolium incarnatum with systemic wound tumor infection, in an aHempt to locate the position of virions in cells. Observations were made with a Siemens Elmiskop I. Clusters of virions and scaHered virions were found in necrotic and non-necrotic portions of tumor cell cytoplasm, but not in epidermal cells of tumors nor in the cortex of roots. Virion clusters enclosed in membranous structures were found in some stem tumor cells. They were abundant in root tumor cells near tracheids. Virions were absent from nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Occasionally tubular structures were observed, open at both ends and containing strings of virions. Their size, approximately 60 mµ in diameter, and hexagonal shape corresponded with those of purified infective virions from diseased plants. No particles of similar size were seen in healthy plants. The finding of wound tumor virus virions in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, but not in their nuclei, may have a bearing on the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
Randomized trial of filgrastim versus chemotherapy and filgrastim mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells for rescue in autologous transplantation
Authors: Uma Narayanasami, Rajani Kanteti, Julie Morelli, Alanna Klekar, Asma Al-Olama, Claire Keating, Colleen O'Connor, Eugene Berkman, John K. Erban, Kellie A. Sprague, Kenneth B. Miller, David P. Schenkein
Journal: Blood (2001)
Integration of gene mutations in risk prognostication for patients receiving first-line immunochemotherapy for follicular lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of a prospective clinical trial and validation in a population-based registry
Authors: Alessandro Pastore, Vindi Jurinovic, Robert Kridel, Eva Hoster, Annette M Staiger, Monika Szczepanowski, Christiane Pott, Nadja Kopp, Mark Murakami, Heike Horn, Ellen Leich, Alden A Moccia, Anja Mottok, Ashwini Sunkavalli, Paul Van Hummelen, Matthew Ducar, Daisuke Ennishi, Hennady P Shulha, Christoffer Hother, Joseph M Connors, Laurie H Sehn, Martin Dreyling, Donna Neuberg, Peter Möller, Alfred C Feller, Martin L Hansmann, Harald Stein, Andreas Rosenwald, German Ott, Wolfram Klapper, Michael Unterhalt, Wolfgang Hiddemann, Randy D Gascoyne, David M Weinstock, Oliver Weigert
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2015)
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 4G Polymorphism Is Associated With Decreased Risk of Cerebrovascular Mortality in Older Women
Authors: Mark Roest, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Jan Dirk Banga, Mariëlle J. Tempelman, Philip G. de Groot, Jan J. Sixma, Diederick E. Grobbee
Journal: Circulation (2000)

A common 4G allele of a 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter region of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is associated with increased transcription of the PAI-1 protein, which may lead to decreased fibrinolysis. It has therefore been proposed as a candidate risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke.We studied the relationship between PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and the risk of cardiovascular mortality in a prospective cohort study among 12 239 women initially aged between 52 and 67 years, with a maximum follow-up time of 18 years (153 732 follow-up years). PAI-1 4G/5G genotype was measured in DNA obtained from urine samples, which were collected at baseline, of 498 women who died of a cardiovascular disease and a random sample of 512 women from the same cohort who did not die of cardiovascular disease. The PAI-1 4G/5G genotype was not associated with risk of myocardial infarction or other cardiovascular mortality. However, PAI-1 4G4G homozygotes had a markedly reduced risk of cerebrovascular mortality compared with PAI-1 5G5G homozygotes: the relative risk was 0.4, with a 95% CI of 0.2 to 0.7, whereas the relative risk of cerebrovascular mortality in PAI-1 4G5G heterozygotes compared with PAI-1 5G5G homozygotes was 0.7, with a 95% CI of 0.4 to 1.1.These findings are suggestive of an important contribution of PAI-1 in cerebrovascular pathology, probably via pathways other than fibrinolysis. PAI-1 may protect against destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, or it may inhibit neurotoxicity of tissue plasminogen activator in the brain.
Contribution of <i>I</i> <sub>Kr</sub> to Rate-Dependent Action Potential Dynamics in Canine Endocardium
Authors: Fei Hua, Robert F. Gilmour
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Previous modeling studies have suggested that the rapid component of the delayed rectifier ( I Kr ) may contribute importantly to action potential dynamics during tachycardia. To test this idea experimentally, I Kr was measured as the E-4031–sensitive current in isolated canine endocardial myocytes at 37°C using the perforated patch-clamp technique. Command potentials were trains of action potential waveforms recorded at cycle lengths (CLs) of 1000, 500, 320, 170, and 120 ms. Action potential duration (APD) alternans occurred at CLs of 170 and 120 ms. During an action potential, I Kr increased gradually to a maximum at −55 to −60 mV. Peak I Kr increased initially as CL was shortened from 1000 to 500 ms (from 0.55±0.03 to 0.57±0.03 pA/pF), but decreased progressively as CL was shortened further (to 0.45±0.03 pA/pF at CL=120 ms). Baseline I Kr was negligible at CLs of 1000 to 320 ms, but increased to 0.12±0.01 pA/pF at a CL of 120 ms. During APD alternans, peak I Kr was larger for the short than for the long action potential (0.48±0.03 versus 0.46±0.03 pA/pF). A computer model of I Kr based on these data indicated that increasing I Kr suppressed alternans and decreasing I Kr increased alternans. In support of the latter result, inhibition of I Kr by E-4031 increased the maximal amplitude of alternans. These results indicate that I Kr contributes importantly to rate-related alterations of repolarization, including APD alternans. Modifying I Kr may be a promising approach to suppressing alternans and thereby preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Risks of Colorectal and Other Cancers After Endometrial Cancer for Women With Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Aung Ko Win, Noralane M Lindor, Ingrid Winship, Katherine M Tucker, Daniel D Buchanan, Joanne P Young, Christophe Rosty, Barbara Leggett, Graham G Giles, Jack Goldblatt, Finlay A Macrae, Susan Parry, Matthew F Kalady, John A Baron, Dennis J Ahnen, Loic Le Marchand, Steven Gallinger, Robert W Haile, Polly A Newcomb, John L Hopper, Mark A Jenkins
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

BackgroundLynch syndrome is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Previous studies have shown that MMR gene mutation carriers are at increased risk of colorectal, endometrial, and several other cancers following an initial diagnosis of colorectal cancer. We estimated cancer risks following an endometrial cancer diagnosis for women carrying MMR gene mutations.
Characteristics of very early onset autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Authors: G M Fick, A M Johnson, J D Strain, W J Kimberling, S Kumar, M L Manco-Johnson, I T Duley, P A Gabow
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1993)

Eleven children from eight families with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who were diagnosed in utero (6 children) or in the first year of life (5 children) are reported here. Four children were evaluated for symptoms and three because of a sibling with very early onset disease. In three children, abnormal kidneys were found incidentally on a pregnancy screening ultrasound, and in only one child, the diagnosis was made by an ultrasound specifically directed at detecting polycystic kidney disease. Females were disproportionately represented among both the affected parents and offspring. Eight of the children were girls, and all affected parents were mothers. In three families, the parent's diagnosis was established only after the birth of the affected child. In two of these and in one other family, the mother's disease appeared to be the result of a new mutation. The most consistent renal ultrasonographic findings in the children were enlargement and increased echogenicity. On follow-up over 3 to 15 yr (mean, 6.8 yr) two children had ESRD and eight children had normal or nearly normal renal function as assessed by creatinine clearance. Renal concentrating ability was reduced in four children in whom it was measured. All children had bilateral renal cysts on follow-up, and nine children were hypertensive. Possible risk factors for early-onset disease identified in this study were an affected mother, an affected sibling, and an apparent parental new mutation. Symptoms and complications occurred frequently, but outcome was better than reported previously.
Obesity and Diabetes in Blacks
Authors: F Xavier Pi-Sunyer
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

Diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in the American Black population than in the White population. The prevalence is increasing in Blacks, and there is evidence that it is accompanied by a greater severity of diabetic complications. In addition, mortality figures are higher in Blacks, and Black women are more seriously affected than Black men. Although the reasons for this are unclear, some factors stand out as important. These include obesity, socioeconomic status, and genetics. Obesity is a severe problem in Blacks, particularly in women. Both the degree and the distribution of fat may contribute greatly to the prevalence of diabetes in Blacks. Although the prevalence of obesity is higher in the poor economic groups, multivariate analysis suggests that poverty cannot explain all of the excess obesity that occurs in the Black population. More research is needed into a possible genetic predisposition of Blacks to obesity and diabetes and into the interrelationship between the two conditions in this racial group.
HER3 Overexpression and Survival in Solid Tumors: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Alberto Ocana, Francisco Vera-Badillo, Bostjan Seruga, Arnoud Templeton, Atanasio Pandiella, Eitan Amir
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2012)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is an ErbB/HER family member that dimerizes with other ErbB receptors such as HER2. Numerous agents against HER3 are in clinical development despite variable data for the prognostic impact of HER3 expression. Here we report a meta-analysis of the association of HER3 expression and survival in solid tumors.PubMed was searched for studies evaluating expression of HER3 (as measured by immunohistochemistry) and overall survival (OS) in solid tumors. Published data were extracted and computed into odds ratios (ORs) for death at 3 and 5 years. Data were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effect model. All statistical tests were two-sided.Analysis included 12 studies: three that evaluated colorectal cancer, two that evaluated gastric cancer, two that evaluated breast cancer, and one each that evaluated melanoma, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and cervical cancer. The median percentage of cancers with HER3 overexpression was 42.2%. HER3 was associated with worse OS at both 3 years (OR = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.77 to 2.83, P < .001) and 5 years (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.75 to 2.76, P < .001). Among studies with common HER2 overexpression (breast, gastric, and ovarian cancers), the magnitude of effect of HER3 on OS was statistically significantly greater for both 3-year OS (OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 2.24 to 4.37) and 5-year OS (OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 2.09 to 3.88).Expression of HER3 is associated with worse survival in solid tumors. The influence of HER3 may be greater in those tumors where HER2 is commonly overexpressed.
Dietary cholesterol does not normalize low plasma cholesterol levels but induces hyperbilirubinemia and hypercholanemia in Mdr2 P-glycoprotein-deficient mice
Authors: Peter J Voshol, Nynke R Koopen, J.Marleen L de Vree, Rick Havinga, Hans M.G Princen, Ronald P.J Oude Elferink, Albert K Groen, Folkert Kuipers
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Healer shopping in Africa: new evidence from rural-urban qualitative study of Ghanaian diabetes experiences
Authors: Ama de-Graft Aikins
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To provide counterevidence to existing literature on healer shopping in Africa through a systematic analysis of illness practices by Ghanaians with diabetes; to outline approaches towards improving patient centred health care and policy development regarding diabetes in Ghana. <b>Design</b> Longitudinal qualitative study with individual interviews, group interviews, and ethnographies. <b>Settings</b> Two urban towns (Accra, Tema) and two rural towns (Nkoranza and Kintampo) in Ghana. <b>Participants</b> 26 urban people and 41 rural people with diabetes with diverse profiles (sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, diabetes status). <b>Results</b> Six focus groups, 20 interviews, and three ethnographical studies were conducted to explore experiences and illness practices. Analysis identified four kinds of illness practice: biomedical management, spiritual action, cure seeking (passive and active), and medical inaction. Most participants privileged biomedicine over other health systems and emphasised biomedical management as ideal self care practice. However, the psychosocial impact of diabetes and the high cost of biomedical care drove cure seeking and medical inaction. Cure seeking constituted healer shopping between biomedicine, ethnomedicine, and faith healing; medical inaction constituted passive disengagement from medical management and active engagement with faith healing. Crucially, although spiritual causal theories of diabetes existed, they were secondary to dietary, lifestyle, and physiological theories and did not constitute the primary motivation for cure seeking. Cure seeking within unregulated ethnomedical systems and non-pharmacological faith healing systems exacerbated the complications of diabetes. <b>Conclusions</b> To minimise inappropriate healer shopping and maximise committed biomedical and regulated ethnomedical management for Ghanaians with diabetes, the greatest challenges lie in providing affordable pharmaceutical drugs, standardised ethnomedical drugs, recommended foods, and psychosocial support. For health systems, the greatest challenges lie in correcting structural deficiencies that impinge on biomedical practices, regulating ethnomedical diabetes treatment, and foregrounding faith healer practices within diabetes policy discussions.
Enhancing care for people with asthma: the role of communication, education, training and self-management. 1998 World Asthma Meeting Education and Delivery of Care Working Group
Authors: MR Partridge, SR Hill
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Reduction in the morbidity associated with asthma requires attention to several aspects of the behaviour of health professionals and patients, and to the interactions between these two groups. In this review, what has been learnt about health professional/patient communication and patient education (skills, settings and materials), lay and health professional liaison (including telephone helplines), patient education in low-income countries, the integration of patient education into clinical practice, health professional training and the implementation of guidelines, and the role of national asthma campaigns is drawn together. What changes in public policy would enhance asthma care, and whether the promotion of asthma self-management skills is cost effective are also considered. It is concluded that, although further research is necessary in many areas, well-educated health professionals who recognize the person with asthma as an individual, and who give advice about self-management, can significantly reduce the suffering and costs associated with asthma.