tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evidence for Diversifying Selection in a Set of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genes in Response to Antibiotic- and Nonantibiotic-Related Pressure
Authors: Nuno S. Osório, Fernando Rodrigues, Sebastien Gagneux, Jorge Pedrosa, Marta Pinto-Carbó, António G. Castro, Douglas Young, Iñaki Comas, Margarida Saraiva
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem estimated to kill 1.4 million people per year. Recent advances in the genomics of the causative agents of TB, bacteria known as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), have allowed a better comprehension of its population structure and provided the foundation for molecular evolution analyses. These studies are crucial for a better understanding of TB, including the variation of vaccine efficacy and disease outcome, together with the emergence of drug resistance. Starting from the analysis of 73 publicly available genomes from all the main MTBC lineages, we have screened for evidences of positive selection, a set of 576 genes previously associated with drug resistance or encoding membrane proteins. As expected, because antibiotics constitute strong selective pressure, some of the codons identified correspond to the position of confirmed drug-resistance-associated substitutions in the genes embB, rpoB, and katG. Furthermore, we identified diversifying selection in specific codons of the genes Rv0176 and Rv1872c coding for MCE1-associated transmembrane protein and a putative l-lactate dehydrogenase, respectively. Amino acid sequence analyses showed that in Rv0176, sites undergoing diversifying selection were in a predicted antigen region that varies between "modern" lineages and "ancient" MTBC/BCG strains. In Rv1872c, some of the sites under selection are predicted to impact protein function and thus might result from metabolic adaptation. These results illustrate that diversifying selection in MTBC is happening as a consequence of both antibiotic treatment and other evolutionary pressures.
Functional Status of Persons With Diabetes-Related Lower-Extremity Amputations
Authors: Edgar J.G. Peters, Michael R. Childs, Robert P. Wunderlich, Lawrence B. Harkless, David G. Armstrong, Lawrence A. Lavery
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—It is reasonable to predict that diabetes-related lower-extremity amputations have a detrimental impact on quality of life. However, we are unaware of any study in the medical literature describing the functional level of diabetic patients with amputations. The objective of this study was to evaluate amputations among diabetic patients and to determine the functional level of these patients with the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We enrolled 124 patients with diabetes. Case subjects (n = 35) were defined as patients who had undergone amputation of the lower-extremity, and control subjects (n = 89) were defined as patients who had not undergone amputation. Study participants received a standard history and physical examination. RESULTS—Both the physical dimension scores (33.5 ± 14.9 vs. 22.3 ± 14.7, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and the total SIP scores (27.6 ± 9.9 vs. 22.5 ± 10.3, P = 0.013) were significantly higher for amputees. However, the psychosocial dimension scores were not significantly different between case and control subjects (14.9 ± 8.9 vs. 15.2 ± 10.0, P &amp;gt; 0.05). Post hoc analysis showed that the group of patients who had undergone transtibial amputation had a significantly higher total impairment score than patients who had not undergone amputation (P = 0.039). This is in contrast to patients with toe or midfoot amputations, for whom total impairment scores were not significantly higher than those for the control subjects. Interestingly, bilateral amputees did not have significantly higher scores on either SIP dimension compared with unilateral amputees. CONCLUSIONS—These findings exemplify the detrimental physical and psychosocial health status of patients with diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation.
Interstate Reciprocity and Frauds in Medical Schools.
Authors: Dudley Tait
Journal: JAMA (1906)

San Francisco, Oct. 1, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The communication of Dr. Ethan H. Smith, professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco, inThe Journal, Sept. 29, 1906, contains so many grave inaccuracies that I beg to be permitted, in reply, to state that: 1. The requirements in California are not determined by the Board of Examiners, but by the Association of American Medical Colleges. 2. H. R. Painton neither claimed nor was he entitled to credit on matriculating at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of San Francisco, the annual announcements of which invariably contained the requirements of the above mentioned association. 3. The records of the California board show Mr. Painton's statement to the credential committee, confirming all the assertions as to his having taught school in South San Francisco during the two years preceding his graduation from the College of Physicians and Surgeons
A New Era of Unapproved Drugs
Authors: Peter D. Jacobson, Wendy E. Parmet
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE FATTY MATTER OF NORMAL AND CRYPTORCHID TESTES
Authors: Frederic M. Hanes, Jacob Rosenbloom
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

1. About 19 per cent. of the dry weight of the normal pig testicle is fatty matter. Histologically this fat occurs largely in the cells of the seminal tubules, and especially in the Sertoli cells. 2. During spermatogenesis the fat of the Sertoli cell passes inward for the nutrition of the spermatids and spermatozoa. During this passage its character is altered from a neutral fat to a lipoid. 3. About 30 per cent. of the dry weight of the cryptorchid pig testicle is fatty material. Histologically this fat lies within the seminal tubules, partially filling the Sertoli cells. The spermatogenic cells have completely disappeared. 4. We conclude that the presence of such an excessive amount of fat in the cryptorchid testicle is due to the absence of the spermatogenic cells which normally utilize during their development the fat furnished by the Sertoli cells.
Sex ratios of children of Russian pesticide producers exposed to dioxin.
Authors: John Jake Ryan, Zarema Amirova, Gaetan Carrier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

We investigated the sex ratio of children of pesticide workers who produced the biocide trichlorophenol and the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid from 1961 to 1988 in the city of Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia. We measured exposure of the two related cohorts to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other dioxins by analyzing 84 blood samples, which produced median TCDD toxic equivalents blood lipid values of 240 ng/kg, which are more than 30 times higher than background or normal exposure from the region. The sex ratio (fraction male) of the combined cohort of 227 children from 150 male and 48 female workers was 0.40, significantly lower (z-test for proportions = 3.21; p < 0.001) than those for the city of Ufa (0.512) and elsewhere worldwide. When we analyzed the sex ratio of the children according to maternal or paternal exposure, we observed a decrease in the number of boys (ratio 0.38) for fathers and a normal number (ratio 0.51) for the mothers. Human exposure of these pesticide producers to high levels of dioxins is associated with the birth of more girls, but only for paternal exposures.
THE EFFECT OF DEANOL ON THE ACTIVITY OF CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: STANLEY L. PORTNOW, MARK B. ARDIS, JOHN E. LUBACH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

For both the OT and ward evaluations, the scores used were the combination of the ratings by the pairs of raters. In the OT setting both drug and placebo groups showed a consistent trend toward improvement as might be expected from adaptation to the experimental situation. This trend was statistically significant on 3 of the 4 measures used. However, the major hypothesis was not supported in that there were no discernible differences between drug and control groups in amount of change. This suggests that the addition of deanol had no appreciable effect in making the subjects more ready to respond in this treatment situation. The ratings of ward behavior revealed no recognizable changes for either the experimental or control groups. As a further indication that deanol was ineffective in producing the type of improvement anticipated, the occupational therapists, ward physicians, and other ward personnel involved were unable to guess better than chance at the end of the experiment which patients had been receiving the drug and which placebo. Laboratory investigation during the test period included weekly determinations of SGP-transaminase, urine ictotest, hemoglobin, white blood count and differential and gamma globulin turbidity, with a monthly serum alkaline phosphatase determination. The only side effect of the drug noted was a transient leucocytosis in one patient. These results are regarded as casting doubts on the therapeutic value of deanol for chronic schizophrenic patients.
Review of the British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2013, 4–6 December, London, UK
Authors: James D Chalmers, Neil J Greening, Ricardo J José, Samuel M Janes
Journal: Thorax (2014)

The British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2014 is reviewed in this article. This annual scientific meeting attracted its largest number of delegates ever and over 3 days in December up-to-date respiratory research was presented and current thinking in respiratory science and clinical academia was discussed. This article reviews a number of symposia and selected abstract presentations from the meeting.
Temporally distinct roles for tumor suppressor pathways in cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in Cyclin D1-driven tumor
Authors: Hasan Zalzali, Mohamad Harajly, Lina Abdul-Latif, Nader El-Chaar, Ghassan Dbaibo, Stephen X Skapek, Raya Saab
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2012)

Abstract Background Cellular senescence represents a tumor suppressive response to a variety of aberrant and oncogenic insults. We have previously described a transgenic mouse model of Cyclin D1-driven senescence in pineal cells that opposes tumor progression. We now attempted to define the molecular mechanisms leading to p53 activation in this model, and to identify effectors of Cyclin D1-induced senescence. Results Senescence evolved over a period of weeks, with initial hyperproliferation followed by cell cycle arrest due to ROS production leading to activation of a DNA damage response and the p53 pathway. Interestingly, cell cycle exit was associated with repression of the Cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2. This was followed days later by formation of heterochromatin foci correlating with RB protein hypophosphorylation. In the absence of the Cdk4-inhibitor p18Ink4c , cell cycle exit was delayed but most cells eventually showed a senescent phenotype. However, tumors later arose from this premalignant, largely senescent lesion. We found that the p53 pathway was intact in tumors arising in a p18Ink4c-/- background, indicating that the two genes represent distinct tumor suppressor pathways. Upon tumor progression, both p18Ink4c-/- and p53-/- tumors showed increased Cdk2 expression. Inhibition of Cdk2 in cultured pre-tumorigenic and tumor cells of both backgrounds resulted in decreased proliferation and evidence of senescence. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the p53 and the RB pathways play temporally distinct roles in senescence induction in Cyclin D1-expressing cells, and that Cdk2 inhibition plays a role in tumor suppression, and may be a useful therapeutic target.
Muscle-Strengthening and Conditioning Activities and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Study in Two Cohorts of US Women
Authors: Anders Grøntved, An Pan, Rania A. Mekary, Meir Stampfer, Walter C. Willett, JoAnn E. Manson, Frank B. Hu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Anders Grøntved and colleagues examined whether women who perform muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities have an associated reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Imaging Transgene Expression in Live Animals
Authors: Alik Honigman, Evelyn Zeira, Patricia Ohana, Rinat Abramovitz, Einat Tavor, Iris Bar, Yoram Zilberman, Rosalia Rabinovsky, Dan Gazit, Aviva Joseph, Amos Panet, Ela Shai, Aaron Palmon, Morris Laster, Eithan Galun
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

Monitoring the expression of therapeutic genes in targeted tissues in disease models is important to assessing the effectiveness of systems of gene therapy delivery. We applied a new light-detection cooled charged-coupled device (CCCD) camera for continuous in vivo assessment of commonly used gene therapy delivery systems (such as ex vivo manipulated cells, viral vectors, and naked DNA), without the need to kill animals. We examined a variety of criteria related to real-time monitoring of luciferase (luc) gene expression in tissues including bone, muscle, salivary glands, dermis, liver, peritoneum, testis, teeth, prostate, and bladder in living mice and rats. These criteria included determination of the efficiency of infection/transfection of various viral and nonviral delivery systems, promoter specificity, and visualization of luciferase activity, and of the ability of luciferin to reach various organs. The exposure time for detection of luc activity by the CCCD camera is relatively short (approximately 2 minutes) compared with the intensified CCD camera photon-counting method (approximately 15 minutes). Here we transduce a variety of vectors (such as viruses, transfected cells, and naked DNA) by various delivery methods, including electroporation, systemic injection of viruses, and tail-vein, high-velocity-high-volume administration of DNA plasmids. The location, intensity, and duration of luc expression in different organs were determined. The distribution of luciferin is most probably not a barrier for the detection of in vivo luciferase activity. We showed that the CCCD photon detection system is a simple, reproducible, and applicable method that enables the continuous monitoring of a gene delivery system in living animals.
Blastomycosis in Africa: a new case from Tunisia
Authors: M Jerray, A Hayouni, M Benzarti, N Klabi, A Garrouche
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1992)

Although blastomycosis is prevalent in the North American continent, it occurs only sporadically in Africa. We describe a 42 yr old patient who complained of intermittent cough and haemoptysis. Clinical findings were strongly suggestive of lung cancer. The diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis was made at thoracotomy. This rather unusual disease in our areas caused a considerable delay in securing the diagnosis and we suggest that this infection may be found elsewhere in Africa and the distribution may be wider than has previously been suspected.
Environmental factors in aetiology of chronic gastric ulcer: a case control study of exposure variables before the first symptoms.
Authors: J H McIntosh, K Byth, D W Piper
Journal: Gut (1985)

The aim of the present study was to determine whether there is indication that either smoking, alcohol ingestion, or ingestion of analgesic or non-salicylate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs plays any role in the development of chronic gastric ulcer disease. A group of 104 patients with gastric ulcer was compared with an age, sex and social grade matched community control population as regards exposure to the above factors during three time periods--the lifetime, five year and one year periods before the initial onset of the patients9 ulcer symptoms. In all three study periods a statistically significant risk of gastric ulcer was found to be associated with smoking, and the daily use of aspirin, indomethacin and of other non-salicylate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a group, but not with alcohol or daily use of paracetamol. As exposure to the environmental factors preceded the initial onset of ulcer symptoms, causal relationships are suggested. Assuming the association are causal, it can be calculated that possibly up to 80% of gastric ulcer disease is attributable to smoking and the daily ingestion of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Transplants of Umbilical-Cord Blood or Bone Marrow from Unrelated Donors in Adults with Acute Leukemia
Authors: Vanderson Rocha, Myriam Labopin, Guillermo Sanz, William Arcese, Rainer Schwerdtfeger, Alberto Bosi, Niels Jacobsen, Tapani Ruutu, Marcos de Lima, Jürgen Finke, Francesco Frassoni, Eliane Gluckman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Promising results of cord-blood transplants from unrelated donors have been reported in adults.We compared outcomes in 682 adults with acute leukemia who received a hematopoietic stem-cell transplant from an unrelated donor: 98 received cord blood and 584 received bone marrow. The transplantations were performed from 1998 through 2002 and reported to Eurocord and the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group.Recipients of cord blood were younger than recipients of bone marrow (median, 24.5 vs. 32 years of age; P<0.001), weighed less (median, 58 vs. 68 kg; P<0.001), and had more advanced disease at the time of transplantation (52 percent vs. 33 percent, P<0.001). All marrow transplants were HLA matched, whereas 94 percent of cord-blood grafts were HLA mismatched (P<0.001). The median number of nucleated cells that were infused was 0.23x10(8) per kilogram of the recipient's body weight for cord blood and 2.9x10(8) per kilogram for bone marrow (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed lower risks of grade II, III, or IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after cord-blood transplantation (relative risk, 0.57; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.87; P=0.01), but neutrophil recovery was significantly delayed (relative risk, 0.49; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.58; P<0.001). The incidence of chronic GVHD, transplantation-related mortality, relapse rate, and leukemia-free survival were not significantly different in the two groups.Cord blood from an unrelated donor is an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for adults with acute leukemia who lack an HLA-matched bone marrow donor.
Lifelong angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, pressure natriuresis, and renin-angiotensin system gene expression in transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats.
Authors: A Lippoldt, V Gross, J Bohlender, U Ganten, F C Luft
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1996)

The transgenic rat (TGR) (mRen-2)27 is said to have low circulating active renin values in plasma and little or no renin gene expression in the kidney. Nevertheless, intrarenal angiotensin II-related effects appear to be responsible for the rightward shift in pressure-natriuresis curves of TGR. To clarify the role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in modulating TGR pressure-natriuresis, TGR were given lifelong lisinopril by treating TGR and their mothers before conception. Rat and mouse renin, AT1 receptor, and angiotensinogen gene expression in the kidneys were studied with in situ hybridization. Neural and endocrine regulatory differences between TGR and Sprague-Dawley Hannover (SDH) rats were eliminated by renal denervation and infusion of vasopressin, aldosterone, 17-OH corticosterone, and norepinephrine. TGR with lisinopril had blood pressures similar to SDH. In TGR with lisinopril, the pressure-natriuresis curve was shifted leftward but not quite to the values observed in SDH given lisinopril. The histology of lisinopril-treated TGR was indistinguishable from normal SDH. Lisinopril increased rat renin and angiotensinogen gene expression both in SDH and TGR, but it did not influence mouse renin gene expression in TGR. Discontinuing lisinopril increased blood pressure in TGR and shifted the pressure-natriuresis relationship rightward. Thus, the components of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system and the mouse renin transgene were present and expressed in kidneys of TGR. The rat gene components responded to lisinopril as expected, but the mouse renin transgene expression was not influenced. Lisinopril normalized TGR blood pressure; however, a detectable leftward shift in pressure-natriuresis remained. These studies underscore the role of angiotensin-mediated effects of the mouse renin transgene in terms of shifting pressure-natriuresis in TGR.
Relation of perceived nasal and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to FEV1, basophil counts, and methacholine response.
Authors: F Kauffmann, F Neukirch, I Annesi, M Korobaeff, M F Dore, J Lellouch
Journal: Thorax (1988)

Perceived nasal and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to tobacco smoke and cold air were assessed in 912 working men in the Paris area. Baseline lung function measurements and peripheral leucocyte counts with standard differential counts were performed. At least one perceived nasal or bronchial hyperresponsiveness symptom was reported by 15.7%. Current smoking was significantly less frequent among those with cough induced by tobacco smoke. Rhinitis induced by cold air was associated with lower FEV1 (p less than 0.01) and the association remained after adjustment for smoking, asthma, and wheezing (p = 0.06). Symptoms induced by cold air were related to circulating basophils. Neither perceived nasal nor perceived bronchial hyperresponsiveness was significantly related to the airway response to methacholine in a sample of the group (n = 324) surveyed again five years later. The result suggest that the symptom of rhinitis provoked by cold air is a possible "new" risk factor or marker for chronic airflow limitation.
Maladies et syndromes systemiques.
Authors: C GABAY
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

Maladies et syndromes systemiques. Eds M-F Kahn, A-P Peltier, O Meyer, J-C Piette. (Pp 1500; Ff 1295.) Paris: Medecine-Sciences Flammarion, 2000. ISBN 9-782257-142993.

The first edition of Les Maladies Systemiques was edited by M-F Kahn and A-P Peltier in 1982. The objective of the authors was to publish a textbook in French describing in a comprehensive manner the different aspects of diffuse inflammatory diseases. For this important task, the editors were helped by several experts in rheumatology and immunology. This first edition and the subsequent editions (1985 and 1991) were an important success among physicians having an interest in …