tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leukotriene B4 and asthma.
Authors: P. E. Christie, N. C. Barnes
Journal: Thorax (1996)

<h3>Objective</h3> South Western Sydney has a large culturally diverse population with many vulnerable subgroups; little is known about the health and social outcomes following acute child maltreatment assessments. We aimed to describe acute presentations of maltreatment in South Western Sydney—including examination findings of the assessment, determine health and social outcomes for children following medical assessment, to inform service development. <h3>Design</h3> We gathered data from the acute child protection database on all children &lt;16 years referred for physical abuse and neglect and/or sexual abuse assessment between 2013 and 2015 to one hospital service. We reviewed clinical records of the children assessed, using the reports to classify findings of the examination. We performed simple descriptive analysis on the data. <h3>Results</h3> There were 304 children referred, 279 seen for acute assessment. Most (72%) were female, 204 (73%) referrals were for sexual abuse, 75 (27%) were for physical abuse and neglect. There were age, gender and ethnicity differentials depending on type of maltreatment presentation. Twelve per cent of sexual and 19% of physical abuse cases were found not to be abuse related. Unmet medical, developmental and behavioural concerns were identified in the majority (54%) assessed. Just under half (48%) of all children went home with families with no statutory agency support; those seen for physical abuse were more likely to be placed in care (p&lt;0.001). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Children assessed for child maltreatment had a range of health and social concerns identified, needing further intervention. Comprehensive medical assessments have a critical role to play in child protection assessments.
Does this patient have sinusitis?
Authors: N. P. van Duijn
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In their extensive article on the clinical diagnosis of sinusitis, Drs Williams and Simel<sup>1</sup>also review the value of maxillary transillumination. Some additional remarks can be made on the history and possible future of the various techniques of transillumination. As mentioned, Voltolini was the first to describe maxillary transillumination in 1889. Vohsen (1890) and Davidsohn (1892) described nontranslucent pupils on the affected side in cases of sinusitis. Garel and Burger (1893) described a method by which the perception of light by the patient was assessed with closed eyes when a light source was placed in the mouth of the patient. These three techniques were compared with a positive or negative antral lavage by Wilkens (1896) in a series of 79 healthy adults and 23 patients with proven purulent sinusitis.<sup>2</sup>He found a sensitivity of 83% to 100% and a specificity of 77% to 100%. The
Identification of Circulating MicroRNA Signatures for Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Maurice Chan, Chiew Suan Liaw, Shen Mo Ji, Hwee Huang Tan, Chow Yin Wong, Aye Aye Thike, Puay Hoon Tan, Gay Hui Ho, Ann Siew-Gek Lee
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

There is a quest for novel noninvasive diagnostic markers for the detection of breast cancer. The goal of this study is to identify circulating microRNA (miRNA) signatures using a cohort of Asian Chinese patients with breast cancer, and to compare miRNA profiles between tumor and serum samples.miRNA from paired breast cancer tumors, normal tissue, and serum samples derived from 32 patients were comprehensively profiled using microarrays or locked nucleic acid real-time PCR panels. Serum samples from healthy individuals (n = 22) were also used as normal controls. Significant serum miRNAs, identified by logistic regression, were validated in an independent set of serum samples from patients (n = 132) and healthy controls (n = 101).The 20 most significant miRNAs differentially expressed in breast cancer tumors included miRNA (miR)-21, miR-10b, and miR-145, previously shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer. Only 7 miRNAs were overexpressed in both tumors and serum, suggesting that miRNAs may be released into the serum selectively. Interestingly, 16 of the 20 most significant miRNAs differentially expressed in serum samples were novel. MiR-1, miR-92a, miR-133a, and miR-133b were identified as the most important diagnostic markers, and were successfully validated; receiver operating characteristic curves derived from combinations of these miRNAs exhibited areas under the curves of 0.90 to 0.91.The clinical use of miRNA signatures as a noninvasive diagnostic strategy is promising, but should be further validated for different subtypes of breast cancers.
Monoclonal antibody against human T cell leukemia virus p19 defines a human thymic epithelial antigen acquired during ontogeny.
Authors: B F Haynes, M Robert-Guroff, R S Metzgar, G Franchini, V S Kalyanaraman, T J Palker, R C Gallo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Using monoclonal antibody 12/1-2 against a 19,000-dalton human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) protein (anti-p19), previously demonstrated to be reactive with HTLV-infected human cells, but not in numerous other uninfected cells, we found a reactive antigen to be expressed on the neuroendocrine component of human thymic epithelial cells but not on any other normal epithelial or neuroendocrine human tissues. Moreover, this reactive antigen is acquired on neuroendocrine thymic epithelium during thymic ontogeny--first appearing on fetal thymic epithelial cells between 8 and 15 wk gestation. While only a portion of thymic epithelial cells in the subcapsular cortical region of 15- and 24-wk fetal thymuses contained anti-p19+ epithelial cells, the entire subcapsular cortical region of newborn thymus epithelium was anti-p19+. By age 3 yr, normal subjects' entire subcapsular cortical and medullary thymic epithelium was anti-p19+. Using antibody against HTLV core protein, p24, and c-DNA probes for HTLV DNA, neither HTLV-specific p24 protein nor proviral DNA could be demonstrated in anti-p19+ thymic epithelial tissue. However, thymic epithelial extracts, disrupted HTLV extracts, as well as purified HTLV p19 antigen all inhibited the binding of anti-p19 antibody to thymic epithelium. Thus, anti-p19 may recognize a determinant on an HTLV-encoded 19,000-dalton structural protein that is shared by human thymic epithelium. Alternatively, anti-p19 defines a host encoded protein that is selectively expressed by normal thymic epithelium, and is induced to be expressed in HTLV-infected malignant T cells.
Trends in smoking during pregnancy in England, 1992-7: quota sampling surveys
Authors: L. Owen, A. McNeill, C. Callum
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The dangers of smoking during pregnancy are widely established. 1 The Health of the Nation set the following target: "In addition to the overall reduction in [smoking] prevalence, at least a third of women smokers to stop smoking at the start of their pregnancy by the year 2000." 2 As part of a smoking and pregnancy initiative, the Health Education Authority for England carried out a series of annual surveys of pregnant women starting in 1992 to measure knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour in relation to smoking during pregnancy.
Experimental hepatic cirrhosis in dogs caused by chronic massive iron overload
Authors: P. E. Lisboa
Journal: Gut (1971)

Starting in October 1966, 19 dogs have been subjected to massive parenteral iron loading using intravenous iron-dextran and intramuscular iron-sorbitol. Although 13 animals died, in many cases the deaths were attributable to fighting. The large doses of iron employed (up to 5·8 g/kg) were well tolerated by the surviving animals, and after 35 to 47 months five of the six survivors have developed hepatic cirrhosis with massive siderosis; the dog which has not yet developed cirrhosis received the smallest iron load. The liver pathology in many ways resembles that of human haemochromatosis, and may provide an experimental model for the study of chronic iron-induced liver injury.
Developmental aspects of human hepatic drug glucuronidation in young children and adults
Authors: C P Strassburg
Journal: Gut (2002)

Background and aims: The liver represents one of the major sites of human glucuronidation. Many therapeutic drugs are substrates for UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) leading to the formation of usually inactive glucuronides. Hepatic glucuronidation undergoes significant changes during fetal and neonatal development requiring age adapted drug therapy. Regulation of individual UGT genes during hepatic development has not been defined. Subjects and methods: Expression of 13 UGT genes and glucuronidation activities were analysed in 16 paediatric liver samples (aged 7–24 months), two fetal samples, and 12 adult liver samples (aged 25–75 years) using duplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and specific catalytic UGT activity assays. Results: No UGT transcripts were detected in fetal liver at 20 weeks' gestation. In contrast, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, and UGT2B15 transcripts were present without variation in all 28 hepatic samples after six months of age. Significantly lower expression of UGT1A9 and UGT2B4 mRNA was identified in paediatric liver. Hepatic glucuronidation activity in children aged 13–24 months was found to be lower than in adults for ibuprofen (24-fold), amitriptyline (16-fold), 4- tert -butylphenol (40-fold), estrone (15-fold), and buprenorphine (12-fold). Conclusions: An early phase characterised by the appearance of UGT gene transcripts and a later phase characterised by upregulation of UGT expression is demonstrated during human hepatic development. The differential regulation of UGT1A9 and UGT2B4 expression extends beyond two years of age and is capable of influencing hepatic glucuronidation of common therapeutic drugs in children. The development of hepatic UGT activities is significant for paediatric drug therapy and the prevention of adverse drug effects.
Vitamin D and mortality: meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States
Authors: B. Schottker, R. Jorde, A. Peasey, B. Thorand, E. H. J. M. Jansen, L. d. Groot, M. Streppel, J. Gardiner, J. M. Ordonez-Mena, L. Perna, T. Wilsgaard, W. Rathmann, E. Feskens, E. Kampman, G. Siganos, I. Njolstad, E. B. Mathiesen, R. Kubinova, A. Paj k, R. Topor-Madry, A. Tamosiunas, M. Hughes, F. Kee, M. Bobak, A. Trichopoulou, P. Boffetta, H. Brenner
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) and mortality in a large consortium of cohort studies paying particular attention to potential age, sex, season, and country differences. <b>Design</b> Meta-analysis of individual participant data of eight prospective cohort studies from Europe and the US. <b>Setting</b> General population. <b>Participants</b> 26&nbsp;018 men and women aged 50-79 years <b>Main outcome measures</b> All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. <b>Results</b> 25(OH)D concentrations varied strongly by season (higher in summer), country (higher in US and northern Europe) and sex (higher in men), but no consistent trend with age was observed. During follow-up, 6695 study participants died, among whom 2624 died of cardiovascular diseases and 2227 died of cancer. For each cohort and analysis, 25(OH)D quintiles were defined with cohort and subgroup specific cut-off values. Comparing bottom versus top quintiles resulted in a pooled risk ratio of 1.57 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.81) for all-cause mortality. Risk ratios for cardiovascular mortality were similar in magnitude to that for all-cause mortality in subjects both with and without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. With respect to cancer mortality, an association was only observed among subjects with a history of cancer (risk ratio, 1.70 (1.00 to 2.88)). Analyses using all quintiles suggest curvilinear, inverse, dose-response curves for the aforementioned relationships. No strong age, sex, season, or country specific differences were detected. Heterogeneity was low in most meta-analyses. <b>Conclusions</b> Despite levels of 25(OH)D strongly varying with country, sex, and season, the association between 25(OH)D level and all-cause and cause-specific mortality was remarkably consistent. Results from a long term randomised controlled trial addressing longevity are being awaited before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended in most individuals with low 25(OH)D levels.
Prediction of MRI erosive progression: a comparison of modern imaging modalities in early rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: P. Boyesen, E. A. Haavardsholm, D. van der Heijde, M. Ostergaard, H. B. Hammer, S. Sesseng, T. K. Kvien
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

To examine the associations between modern imaging modalities and joint damage measured as 1-year MRI erosive progression, in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.84 RA patients with disease duration of less than 1 year were included in this inception cohort. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months by core measures of disease activity, MRI and ultrasound grey-scale (USGS) of inflammation, conventional radiography and digital x-ray radiogrammetry (DXR) bone mineral density (BMD) of cortical hand bone.53 of the 79 patients (67%) who completed the follow-up had MRI erosive progression (dependent variable). USGS and MRI bone marrow oedema (BME) were in multivariate analyses independent predictors of 1-year MRI erosive progression. There was a trend towards higher MRI synovitis score and 3-month DXR BMD loss in patients developing MRI erosions. On an individual level, USGS inflammation, MRI synovitis and MRI BME also somewhat better predicted outcome than rheumatoid factor, anticitrullinated protein antibodies and disease activity score 28.USGS inflammation and MRI BME were independent predictors of MRI erosive progression in early RA patients on a group level. The exact prognosis of the individual patients could not be determined by imaging alone.
High morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients compound heterozygous for 3905insT and ΔF508
Authors: A. Schibler, I. Bolt, S. Gallati, M.H. Schöni, R. Kraemer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Genotype-phenotype association in cystic fibrosis (CF) is difficult because of heterogeneous disease expression. The genotype-phenotype correlation for the 3905insT mutation in comparison to ΔF508 was studied here. Thirty CF patients compound heterozygous for 3905insT were compared to clinical presentation of matched patients homozygous for ΔF508 (1960–1997). Sweat tests, age at diagnosis, at death and at onset of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization were analysed. Chrispin-Norman scores and pulmonary function forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) determined severity of lung disease. Twenty-five of the patients with 3905insT had ΔF508 as a second mutation and five had another rare mutation. At the age of 15 yrs, 60% of patients with 3905insT had an FEV 1 &lt;60% predicted in comparison to 25% of patients with ΔF508 (p&lt;0.05). Age at death and cumulative survival rate was significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in the 3905insT than in the ΔF508 group (20.3 and 24.0 yrs, respectively). Age at onset of P. aeruginosa colonization was not different in the study groups. Sweat chloride concentrations were lower in patients homozygous for ΔF508 (105.63±15.3 mmol·L −1 ) than in patients with 3905insT (119.9±22.1 mmol·L −1 ) (p&lt;0.05). Patients compound heterozygous for 3905insT have similar high morbidity and mortality to patients homozygous for ΔF508.
HELLER'S DISEASE AND CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: NATHAN MALAMUD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1959)

1. Six cases of children with organic brain disease, which were clinically diagnosed as childhood schizophrenia, are analyzed clinicopathologically. 2. The diagnosis of Heller's disease or of childhood schizophrenia, often made under such circumstances, is considered respectively inadequate and misleading.
Lung hyperinflation and flow limitation in chronic airway obstruction
Authors: R Pellegrino, V Brusasco
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

We reasoned that if flow limitation plays an important role in lung hyperinflation, then bronchodilatation should be associated with a decrease of functional residual capacity (FRC) only in subjects breathing under conditions of flow limitation. This hypothesis was tested in 33 subjects with chronic airway narrowing due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Flow limitation during tidal breathing was inferred from the impingement of the tidal flow-volume loop on the flow recorded during submaximally forced expiratory manoeuvres initiated from end-tidal inspiration. At baseline, flow limitation during tidal breathing was present in seven asthmatic (Group 1) and eight COPD subjects (Group 2), but absent in 11 asthmatic (Group 3) and seven COPD subjects (Group 4). FRC (mean+/-SEM) was similar in the four groups (range 117+/-7 to 134+/-6% of predicted). Inhalation of salbutamol (200 microg) caused significant increments of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVI) (range 6+/-1 to 21+/-8% of baseline) and forced expiratory flows at 30% of baseline forced vital capacity (V'30) (range 58+/-13 to 235+/-93% of baseline) in all groups. In groups with flow limitation during tidal breathing at baseline the FRC measured by plethysmography decreased significantly (12+/-2% in Group 1, and 9+/-2% in Group 2), and the inspiratory capacity (IC) measured by spirometry increased significantly (17+/-3% in Group 1 and 7+/-3% in Group 2). This was associated with flow limitation disappearing at the volume of baseline end-tidal expiration. In Groups 3 and 4 neither FRC nor IC changed significantly. The breathing pattern was not modified in any group after salbutamol. These findings suggest that flow limitation may contribute to generation of lung hyperinflation both in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We speculate that the increment of functional residual capacity could be triggered by dynamic airway compression downstream from the flow-limiting segment.
Viral Persistence: HIV's Strategies of Immune System Evasion
Authors: Welkin E. Johnson, Ronald C. Desrosiers
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2002)

▪ Abstract In contrast to most animal viruses, infection with the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses results in prolonged, continuous viral replication in the infected host. Remarkably, viral persistence is not thwarted by the presence of apparently vigorous, virus-specific immune responses. Several factors are thought to contribute to persistent viral replication, most notably the destruction of virus-specific T helper cells, the emergence of antigenic escape variants, and the expression of an envelope complex that structurally minimizes antibody access to conserved epitopes. Not as well understood, though potentially important, is the ability of at least one viral encoded protein (Nef) to prevent presentation of viral antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex. The future success of antiviral therapies and vaccination strategies may depend largely on understanding how and to what degree each of these factors (and presumably others) contributes to immune evasion.
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and HPV-17 Associated With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in a Patient With Melanoma Treated With the BRAF Inhibitor Dabrafenib
Authors: Gerald S. Falchook, Peter Rady, Sharon Hymes, Harrison P. Nguyen, Stephen K. Tyring, Victor G. Prieto, David S. Hong, Razelle Kurzrock
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3>Approximately 10% to 25% of patients treated with BRAF inhibitors develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but the mechanism responsible has not yet been determined. We report what we believe to be the first case in which Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and human papillomavirus subtype 17 (HPV-17) were associated with cutaneous SCC that developed during treatment with the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib.<h3>Observations</h3>A 62-year-old woman with V600E BRAF -mutant metastatic melanoma enrolled in a phase 1 trial of dabrafenib, a selective inhibitor of V600-mutant BRAF kinase. During the first 6 weeks of treatment, the patient developed multiple skin lesions, including a 6-mm crusted papule on the left eyebrow, which was resected and, on pathology examination, revealed SCC. The DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue was amplified by polymerase chain reaction for detection of MCPyV and epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV (EV-HPV) types. Analysis of the cloned and sequenced polymerase chain reaction products revealed the presence of MCPyV and HPV-17 DNA. Other EV-HPV subtypes were not detected.<h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3>To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the coexistence of MCPyV and HPV-17 in cutaneous SCC. Because both viruses have oncogenic potential, their role in the development of BRAF inhibitor–related SCC merits further investigation.
Capecitabine as Adjuvant Treatment for Stage III Colon Cancer
Authors: Chris Twelves, Alfred Wong, Marek P. Nowacki, Markus Abt, Howard Burris, Alfredo Carrato, Jim Cassidy, Andrés Cervantes, Jan Fagerberg, Vassilis Georgoulias, Fares Husseini, Duncan Jodrell, Piotr Koralewski, Hendrik Kröning, Jean Maroun, Norbert Marschner, Joseph McKendrick, Marek Pawlicki, Riccardo Rosso, Johannes Schüller, Jean-François Seitz, Borut Stabuc, Jerzy Tujakowski, Guy Van Hazel, Jerzy Zaluski, Werner Scheithauer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Intravenous bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin is the standard adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. The oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine is an established alternative to bolus fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. We evaluated capecitabine in the adjuvant setting.
Intraduodenal conjugated bile salts exert negative feedback control on gall bladder emptying in the fasting state without affecting cholecystokinin release or antroduodenal motility
Authors: N A M van Ooteghem
Journal: Gut (2002)

Background: Intraduodenal bile salts exert negative feedback control on postprandial gall bladder emptying. Aims: We wished to examine whether a similar control mechanism occurs in the fasting state. Methods: Intraduodenal bile salt depletion was achieved by 12 g of cholestyramine. Thereafter, in study A (seven subjects), the effects on gall bladder volume (by ultrasound) and antroduodenal motility of intraduodenal infusions of taurocholate egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine micelles were assessed. In study B (nine subjects), the effects on gall bladder volume of infusing mixed micelles composed of taurocholate (100 mM) and low (26 mM) or high (68 mM) amounts of egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine, or low amounts of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine were determined. Results: Cholestyramine induced strong and prolonged gall bladder contraction without cholecystokinin release. In study A, micellar infusions increased gall bladder volume without affecting migrating motor complex cycle length. In study B, intraduodenal infusion induced strong increases in gall bladder volume in the case of taurocholate micelles containing low amounts of egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine, moderate increases in micelles containing low amounts of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine but no change in micelles containing high amounts of egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine, in all cases without altered plasma cholecystokinin levels. Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis was significantly higher after infusion of egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine compared with infusion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine containing micelles. Intermixed micellar-vesicular bile salt concentrations (responsible for detergent effects) were higher in egg yolk-phosphatidylcholine than in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine containing model biles and if lyso-phosphatidylcholine was included. Conclusions: Intraduodenal bile salts exert negative feedback on fasting gall bladder volume. The modulating effects of various phospholipids may relate to their effects on intermixed micellar-vesicular bile salt concentrations.