tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Could altitude training benefit team-sport athletes?
Authors: Olivier Girard, Hakim Chalabi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Following the dominance of altitude acclimatised athletes during the 1968 Olympic Games held in Mexico City (2400 m), and early anecdotal training experiments in the USA in the 1970s, altitude (hypoxic) training has become very popular among individual endurance athletes including marathon runners, cyclists, swimmers and triathletes. Altitude training is used to further enhance exercise performance at sea level or to acclimatise to competition at altitude. The fundamental theory behind altitude training is simple; that is, by exposing an athlete to an environment that is low in oxygen, the body will eventually adapt to this stress and improve its efficiency at transporting and using oxygen. However, this may not be the only factor involved in the enhancement of performance since other central (eg, ventilation, haemodynamics or neural adaptations) and/or peripheral (eg, muscle-buffering capacity or economy) factors may also play an important role.1

There are many different altitude training strategies.2 ‘Live high-train high’, as do the East African runners who live and train at altitude. ‘Live high-train low’ invokes the beneficial effects of altitude while avoiding, first, the need for a decrease in training intensity and, second, the detrimental effects of chronic hypoxia. Altitude training in the form of ‘live high-train low’ was first demonstrated to improve athletic performance in the late 1990s. Since then, …
Tolerance induction during ontogeny. I. Presence of active suppression in mice rendered tolerant to human gamma-globulin in utero correlates with the breakdown of the tolerant state.
Authors: C A Waters, L M Pilarski, T G Wegmann, E Diener
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

A specific state of T- and B-cell tolerance to human gamma-globulin (HGG) was induced in utero by intravenous administration of the deaggregated antigen to pregnant BALB/cCr mice. Tolerance persisted in the offspring until the 12th-wk of age and then began to gradually disappear. Suppressor cells could only be found when responsiveness to HGG ultimately appeared in the in utero-treated animals but not when they were completely unresponsives. In contrast, HGG-specific suppressors found in animals made unresponsive to HGG as adults appear to be associated with either the establishment and/or maintenance of the unresponsive state. To the extent that these experiments are consistent with natural self-tolerance to a serum protein, we conclude that active suppression is not a prerequisite from maintenance of unresponsiveness to self.
v-ATPase V0 subunit d2–deficient mice exhibit impaired osteoclast fusion and increased bone formation
Authors: Seoung-Hoon Lee, Jaerang Rho, Daewon Jeong, Jai-Yoon Sul, Taesoo Kim, Nacksung Kim, Ju-Seob Kang, Takeshi Miyamoto, Toshio Suda, Sun-Kyeong Lee, Robert J Pignolo, Boguslawa Koczon-Jaremko, Joseph Lorenzo, Yongwon Choi
Journal: Nature Medicine (2006)
Hospital-acquired pneumonia in Europe
Authors: A. Torres, S. Ewig, H. Lode, J. Carlet
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The appropriate management and prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) remain major medical challenges. Much work has been done in this field in the last two decades, which has been constantly summarised in several extensive reviews 1–6. Unsurprisingly, many issues regarding diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HAP continue to be highly controversial. Some issues have recently only begun to attract the attention they deserve, e.g. the impact of distinct surgical settings and the relationship between tracheostomy and pneumonia, as well as bronchitis and pneumonia. Finally, the alarming worldwide increase in microbial resistance forces us to redefine strategies of targeted and effective antimicrobial treatment 7.

A mainstay of progress was the release of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines in 1996 8, which were updated as ATS/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines in 2005 9. These guidelines were the first to cover a wide range of issues related to HAP and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), providing a clinically useful framework for the establishment of local diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive strategies 10. Several European experts were also asked to join the committee, resulting in a balanced statement regarding American and European views. As a result, the guidelines also turned into a major reference and framework for ongoing investigation.

It is mainly for these reasons that in contrast to community-acquired pneumonia 11, European guidelines for HAP and …
Identifying the Molecular Phenotype of Renal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Grant A. Challen, Gemma Martinez, Melissa J. Davis, Darrin F. Taylor, Mark Crowe, Rohan D. Teasdale, Sean M. Grimmond, Melissa H. Little
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. Although many of the molecular interactions in kidney development are now well understood, the molecules involved in the specification of the metanephric mesenchyme from surrounding intermediate mesoderm and, hence, the formation of the renal progenitor population are poorly characterized. In this study, cDNA microarrays were used to identify genes enriched in the murine embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) uninduced metanephric mesenchyme, the renal progenitor population, in comparison with more rostral derivatives of the intermediate mesoderm. Microarray data were analyzed using R statistical software to determine accurately genes differentially expressed between these populations. Microarray outliers were biologically verified, and the spatial expression pattern of these genes at E10.5 and subsequent stages of early kidney development was determined by RNA in situ hybridization. This approach identified 21 genes preferentially expressed by the E10.5 metanephric mesenchyme, including Ewing sarcoma homolog, 14-3-3 θ, retinoic acid receptor-α, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2, CD24, and cadherin-11, that may be important in formation of renal progenitor cells. Cell surface proteins such as CD24 and cadherin-11 that were strongly and specifically expressed in the uninduced metanephric mesenchyme and mark the renal progenitor population may prove useful in the purification of renal progenitor cells by FACS. These findings may assist in the isolation and characterization of potential renal stem cells for use in cellular therapies for kidney disease.
Case Analysis in Clinical Ethics
Authors: Donal Manning
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

This book demonstrates clinical ethical deliberation in practice. It takes a complex clinical case and shows how it can be analysed from different theoretical ethical perspectives. The history is presented by a clinical geneticist and includes her own narrative, and those of the two relevant patients, their general practitioners and an oncologist. It relates the story of a young mother, with a strong family history of breast cancer, who is contemplating prophylactic bilateral mastectomy. Unknown to her, but known to the genetics team, her aunt, who has been treated for breast cancer, is a carrier of the relevant gene mutation. This knowledge could allow predictive testing of the young woman—if the result were negative, mastectomy would be unnecessary. The aunt, however, refuses to divulge her clinical and genetic history, despite strenuous attempts at persuasion by the genetics team. The dilemma is whether to breach the aunt's confidentiality in order to provide substantial benefit to her niece, or to respect confidentiality at significant cost to the younger woman.

The case is analysed by experts in several theoretical ethical approaches. These include the mainstream utilitarian and ‘four principle’ perspectives, and approaches which are currently attracting increasing interest, including narrative, virtue and feminist ethics, hermeneutic, post-structural and phenomenological analysis, and deliberative and empirical ethics. Finally, the clinical geneticist and the editors offer clinical and philosophical reflections, respectively, on the exercise.

All chapters are written clearly, even those on hermeneutic and post-structuralist analysis. This should not only enlighten, but also reassure, the clinician reader whose instinctive response to these latter approaches might be one of suspicion.

Though the case history was comprehensive, several ethicists laid emphasis on different aspects of it, requested more information or suggested that some relevant information be teased out in greater detail. This shows how different ethical methodological approaches can lend richness and depth to the analysis of a clinical ethical problem.

Perhaps not surprisingly, the ethicists reached a range of differing conclusions, from justifying breach of the aunt's confidentiality to the opposite conclusion. Several experts acknowledged that neither their own approaches nor the alternatives could solve the dilemma. This is not necessarily a comfort to the scepticist, rather it emphasizes that ethical deliberation serves not necessarily to compute the correct answer, but to ensure that all relevant information and factors have been considered and given due weight.

The book succeeds in its aim of illuminating the wide array of methods and theoretical approaches currently in use in clinical ethics. It would be of interest and value to trainees and career doctors in general and specialist practice.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: Joseph E. Johnson, Leighton E. Cluff, Keiichi Goshi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

The influence of repeated staphylococcal infection of rabbit skin upon the characteristics of the experimentally induced lesion was studied. It was found that the repeated infection was associated with the development of delayed hypersensitivity unaccompanied by the appearance of demonstrable serum antibody. The delayed hypersensitivity to the staphylococcus resulted in an increased infectivity of the organism in skin of the sensitized animal, characterized by intensification of the lesions seen with large bacterial inocula and the induction of abscesses with inocula incapable of producing any lesion in normal rabbit skin. Similarly, the severity of experimentally induced pyoarthrosis was greater in sensitized than in normal rabbits. Induction of delayed hypersensitivity by vaccination of rabbits with washed heat-killed staphylococci resulted in the same increased severity of the infection and an increase in infectivity of the microorganism. In contrast to the observations of cutaneous and joint infection, the sensitized animals appeared to be less susceptible to severe infection of the anterior chamber of the eye. The role of immunity and hypersensitivity in staphylococcal infection is discussed and the possibility that non-specific inflammation may influence staphylococcal infection in the same way as specific hypersensitivity is indicated. Studies to further elucidate this are presented in the following pages.
Curcumin: A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Reason Wilken, Mysore S Veena, Marilene B Wang, Eri S Srivatsan
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2011)

Abstract Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a polyphenol derived from the Curcuma longa plant, commonly known as turmeric. Curcumin has been used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, as it is nontoxic and has a variety of therapeutic properties including anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic activity. More recently curcumin has been found to possess anti-cancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved in mutagenesis, oncogene expression, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Curcumin has shown anti-proliferative effect in multiple cancers, and is an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB and downstream gene products (including c-myc, Bcl-2, COX-2, NOS, Cyclin D1, TNF-α, interleukins and MMP-9). In addition, curcumin affects a variety of growth factor receptors and cell adhesion molecules involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and treatment protocols include disfiguring surgery, platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation, all of which may result in tremendous patient morbidity. As a result, there is significant interest in developing adjuvant chemotherapies to augment currently available treatment protocols, which may allow decreased side effects and toxicity without compromising therapeutic efficacy. Curcumin is one such potential candidate, and this review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting its therapeutic activity in head and neck cancer as well as some of the challenges concerning its development as an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent.
Antibodies against transforming growth factor-beta 1 suppress intimal hyperplasia in a rat model.
Authors: Y G Wolf, L M Rasmussen, E Ruoslahti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Intimal hyperplasia is induced by therapeutic vascular interventions and often results in clinically important narrowing of the vascular lumen. Examination of the role of TGF-beta 1 in a rat carotid artery injury model confirmed the presence of a previously reported increase in TGF-beta 1 mRNA in the media of injured arteries. Administration of neutralizing anti- TGF-beta 1 antibodies significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the size of the intimal lesions that developed after carotid balloon injury. A control antibody had no effect. The intimal/medial area ratio was also reduced in the anti-TGF-beta 1 group relative to controls (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining showed that two TGF-beta 1-induced extracellular matrix components, EDA + fibronectin and versican, were greatly increased in the untreated neointimal lesions, but were almost completely absent from the lesions of the anti-TGF-beta 1-treated animals. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 is causally involved in the development of intimal hyperplasia, and that anti-TGF-beta 1 agents may be useful in achieving at least partial control of this condition.
Randomized Intubation with Polyurethane or Conical Cuffs to Prevent Pneumonia in Ventilated Patients
Authors: François Philippart, Stéphane Gaudry, Laurent Quinquis, Nicolas Lau, Islem Ouanes, Samia Touati, Jean Claude Nguyen, Catherine Branger, Frédéric Faibis, Maha Mastouri, Xavier Forceville, Fekri Abroug, Jean Damien Ricard, Sophie Grabar, Benoît Misset
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is linked to the aspiration of contaminated pharyngeal secretions around the endotracheal tube. Tubes with cuffs made of polyurethane rather than polyvinyl chloride or with a conical rather than a cylindrical shape increase tracheal sealing.To test whether using polyurethane and/or conical cuffs reduces tracheal colonization and VAP in patients with acute respiratory failure.We conducted a multicenter, prospective, open-label, randomized study in four parallel groups in four intensive care units between 2010 and 2012. A cohort of 621 patients with expected ventilation longer than 2 days was included at intubation with a cuff composed of cylindrical polyvinyl chloride (n = 148), cylindrical polyurethane (n = 143), conical polyvinyl chloride (n = 150), or conical polyurethane (n = 162). We used Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests to compare times to events.After excluding 17 patients who secondarily refused participation or had met an exclusion criterion, 604 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Cumulative tracheal colonization greater than 10(3) cfu/ml at Day 2 was as follows (median [interquartile range]): cylindrical polyvinyl chloride, 0.66 (0.58-0.74); cylindrical polyurethane, 0.61 (0.53-0.70); conical polyvinyl chloride, 0.67 (0.60-0.76); and conical polyurethane, 0.62 (0.55-0.70) (P = 0.55). VAP developed in 77 patients (14.4%), and postextubational stridor developed in 28 patients (6.4%) (P = 0.20 and 0.28 between groups, respectively).Among patients requiring mechanical ventilation, polyurethane and/or conically shaped cuffs were not superior to conventional cuffs in preventing tracheal colonization and VAP. Clinical trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01114022).
Gorham's syndrome: a usually fatal cause of pleural effusion treated successfully with radiotherapy.
Authors: K. D. McNeil, K. M. Fong, Q. J. Walker, P. Jessup, P. V. Zimmerman
Journal: Thorax (1996)

A 21 year old man presented with a right sided pleural effusion. Destruction of the 11th and 12th right ribs and adjacent vertebral bodies was noted on computed tomographic scanning. An open rib biopsy revealed the histopathological changes of Gorham9s syndrome. In view of the progressive vertebral destruction and inevitable spinal cord compromise, he was treated with high dose radiotherapy. The process was arrested and he remains well with no signs of recurrence after four years. Pleural effusion and vertebral destruction complicating Gorham9s syndrome carry a poor prognosis but, in this case, high dose radiotherapy has been effective in controlling both the effusion and the progressive bony destruction.
Overview of the American Heart Association National Meeting in Orlando
Authors: Ruth SoRelle
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Overview of the American Heart Association National Meeting in OrlandoORLANDO -The problems associated with cardiovascular disease can only be solved by partnership-with patients, federal, state and local governments, and other health care organizations, according to the American Heart Association's leadership meeting here at the organization's 70th scientific session."Advances in the understanding of genetics, physiology, pathophysiology, and disease have created new opportunities for clinical research," said Martha Hill, RN, PhD, president of the American Heart Association.But this new knowledge will only have an effect if scientists and physicians can integrate behavioral and social sciences with the biomedical sciences."This research transitions from the laboratory to new applications for diagnosis, therapy, and prevention in humans," she said in her presentation during the opening session.She called on the 37,000 meeting participants to lead the way in solving the problems of cardiovascular disease by: * Embracing the scientific findings that are relevant to the AHA mission of reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease.* Translating research not only from the bench to the bedside but also into the clinics, homes, and communities.* Improving health behavior with the same zeal given to support for biomedical research.* Protecting basic research funding and encouraging further work in the areas of behavioral science, epidemiology, and prevention.* Communicating the possibilities for preventing and treating heart disease and stroke to members of Congress, state legislatures, and local governmental officials.
Expression and function of KIR and natural cytotoxicity receptors in NK-type lymphoproliferative diseases of granular lymphocytes
Authors: Renato Zambello, Michela Falco, Mariella Della Chiesa, Livio Trentin, Davide Carollo, Roberta Castriconi, Giovanna Cannas, Simona Carlomagno, Anna Cabrelle, Thierry Lamy, Carlo Agostini, Alessandro Moretta, Gianpietro Semenzato, Massimo Vitale
Journal: Blood (2003)
Chromosomal rearrangement involving 11q23 locus in chronic myelogenous leukemia: a rare phenomenon frequently associated with disease progression and poor prognosis
Authors: Wei Wang, Guilin Tang, Jorge E Cortes, Hui Liu, Di Ai, C Cameron Yin, Shaoying Li, Joseph D Khoury, Carlos Bueso-Ramos, L Jeffrey Medeiros, Shimin Hu
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2015)

Progression of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is frequently accompanied by cytogenetic evolution, commonly unbalanced chromosomal changes, such as an extra copy of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), +8, and i(17)(q10). Balanced chromosomal translocations typically found in de novo acute myeloid leukemia occur occasionally in CML, such as inv(3)/t(3;3), t(8;21), t(15;17), and inv(16). Translocations involving the 11q23, a relatively common genetic abnormality in acute leukemia, have been seldom reported in CML. In this study, we explored the prevalence and prognostic role of 11q23 in CML.We searched our pathology archives for CML cases diagnosed in our institution from 1998 to present. Cases with 11q23 rearrangements were retrieved. The corresponding clinicopathological data were reviewed.A total of 2,012 cases of CML with available karyotypes were identified. Ten (0.5%) CML cases had 11q23 rearrangement in Ph-positive cells, including 4 cases of t(9;11), 2 cases of t(11;19), and 1 case each of t(2;11), t(4;11), t(6;11), and t(4;9;11). Eight cases (80%) had other concurrent chromosomal abnormalities. There were 6 men and 4 women with a median age of 50 years (range, 21-70 years) at time of initial diagnosis of CML. 11q23 rearrangement occurred after a median period of 12.5 months (range, 0-172 months): 1 patient in chronic phase, 2 in accelerated phase, and 7 in blast phase. Eight of ten patients died after a median follow-up of 16.5 months (range, 8-186 months) following the initial diagnosis of CML, and a median of 6.7 months (range, 0.8-16.6 months) after the emergence of 11q23 rearrangement. The remaining two patients had complete remission at the last follow-up, 50.2 and 6.9 months, respectively. In addition, we also identified a case with 11q23/t(11;17) in Ph-negative cells in a patient with a history of CML. MLL involvement was tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 10 cases, and 7 cases (70%) were positive.In summary, chromosomal rearrangements involving 11q23 are rare in CML, frequently occurring in blast phase, and are often associated with other cytogenetic abnormalities. These patients had a low response rate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and a poor prognosis.
Antiviral treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation: association of a strong, multispecific, and long-lasting CD4+ T cell response with HCV-elimination
Authors: Carl Albrecht Schirren, Reinhart Zachoval, Joern Tilman Gerlach, Axel Ulsenheimer, Norbert Hubert Gruener, Helmut Michael Diepolder, Gustavo Baretton, Winfried Schraut, Horst-Guenter Rau, Hans Nitschko, Gerd Rudolf Pape, Maria-Christina Jung
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Evidence for secular trends in children’s physical activity behaviour
Authors: J Dollman, K Norton, L Norton
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

It is not clear whether the global increase in weight problems in children is the result of excessive energy intake or decreasing energy expenditure. Methodological limitations have made it difficult to analyse. There is evidence that at least part of the problem may lie with increasing energy consumption, but it is important to examine the other side of the energy equation also. However, it is not possible to conclusively describe physical activity trends because of the absence of suitable baseline data. One solution is to summate all available evidence in as many areas of daily activities as possible and then draw tentative conclusions. This review summarises available trend data on direct representations of physical activity in a range of contexts, together with indirect measures such as sedentariness, fitness, and attitudes. The conclusions drawn are: physical activity in clearly defined contexts such as active transport, school physical education, and organised sports is declining in many countries; young people would like to be active but are often constrained by external factors such as school policy or curricula, parental rules in relation to safety and convenience, and physical environmental factors.