tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic ablation of early cancers of the stomach by means of mTHPC and laser irradiation: preliminary clinical experience
Authors: C Ell, L Gossner, A May, H T Schneider, E G Hahn, M Stolte, R Sroka
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background —Radical surgical treatment has been the first choice for early gastric cancer, but high resolution endosonography allows in situ diagnosis with a high sensitivity and specifity and in consequence the option of local endoscopic treatment. Aims —To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) using meso -tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) as the photosensitiser in superficial gastric cancer. Methods —Twenty two patients with superficial early gastric cancer received mTHPC (0.075 mg/kg intravenously) and were treated 96 hours later with red light at 652 nm (20 J/cm 2 ). Tumour response was assessed by endoscopy and extensive biopsy. Results —Endoscopies performed two to three days after PDT showed a haemorrhagic fibrinoid necrosis of the mucosal layer. Complete remission was achieved in 16/22 (73%) patients: 13/16 (80%) with intestinal type cancer and 3/6 (50%) with a diffuse Lauren’s carcinoma. The mean follow up period was 12 months and 20 months, respectively. An average of 1.8 treatment sessions was required. Severe side effects were not observed. Seven patients had mild to moderate skin photosensivity reactions; 12 had local pain after PDT for 1–10 days. Conclusion —PDT using mTHPC as the photosensitiser represents a safe and efficient method for topical treatment of early gastric cancer, especially of Lauren’s intestinal carcinoma. If the preliminary results can be verified in larger patient series and during long term follow up, local treatment of early cancers of the stomach by PDT could be considered as a therapeutic option for selected patients.
Localization of the Adhesion Receptor Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex to Lipid Rafts Is Required for Platelet Adhesion and Activation
Authors: Corie N. Shrimpton, Gautam Borthakur, Susana Larrucea, Miguel A. Cruz, Jing-Fei Dong, José A. López
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

The platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex mediates the attachment of platelets to the blood vessel wall by binding von Willebrand factor (VWF), an interaction that also transmits signals for platelet activation and aggregation. Because the complex is extensively palmitoylated, a modification known to target proteins to lipid rafts, we investigated the role of raft localization in GP Ib-IX-V functions. In unstimulated platelets, a minor portion of the complex localized to Triton-insoluble raft fractions; this portion increased three to sixfold with platelet activation by VWF. Raft-associated GP Ib-IX-V was selectively palmitoylated, with GP Ib-IX-V–associated palmitate increasing in the raft fraction on VWF-mediated activation. The raft fraction was also the site of association between GP Ib-IX-V and the Fc receptor FcγRIIA. The importance of this association was demonstrated by the ability of the FcγRIIA antibody IV.3 to inhibit shear-induced platelet aggregation. Disruption of rafts by depleting membrane cholesterol impaired several GP Ib-IX-V–dependent platelet fractions: aggregation to VWF under static conditions and under shear stress, tyrosine phosphorylation, and adhesion to a VWF surface. Partial restoration of membrane cholesterol content partially restored shear-induced platelet aggregation and tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, localization of the GP Ib-IX-V complex within rafts is crucial for both platelet adhesion and postadhesion signaling.
The distal airways: are they important in asthma?
Authors: M Kraft
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Although the airways of &lt;2 mm in diameter have been dubbed the "quiet zone", they do not appear to be so in asthma. Physiological and pathological evidence suggests that the small airways and lung parenchyma participate in asthma pathogenesis, and may explain many of the clinical observations noted. This review presents this evidence, beginning with physiological evidence, followed by pathology and last by imaging studies that evaluate the distal lung. Seminal physiological studies date back to the 1960s, with significant progress in the area of airway smooth muscle and its contribution to airways responsiveness noted over the last several years. The use of bronchoscopy in clinical studies has complemented the autopsy studies in advancing knowledge about airway structural changes appreciated in asthma in the small airways and lung parenchyma. These pathological studies have allowed validation of the physiological, and more recently the imaging studies performed to evaluate this compartment of the lung in asthma. Thus, the evidence suggests that the small airways and parenchyma contribute significantly to asthma pathogenesis. The challenge now lies in evaluating this compartment in the context of its value as a therapeutic target in asthma.
Human path navigation in a three-dimensional world
Authors: Michael Barnett-Cowan, Heinrich H. Bülthoff
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Jeffery et al. propose a non-uniform representation of three-dimensional space during navigation. Fittingly, we recently revealed asymmetries between horizontal and vertical path integration in humans. We agree that representing navigation in more than two dimensions increases computational load and suggest that tendencies to maintain upright head posture may help constrain computational processing, while distorting neural representation of three-dimensional navigation.
Coevolution of Telomeric Repeats and Telomeric Repeat–Specific Non-LTR Retrotransposons in Insects
Authors: Mizuko Osanai-Futahashi, Haruhiko Fujiwara
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

In the telomeres of the silkworm Bombyx mori, telomeric repeat–specific non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon SARTBm1 is accumulated in the TTAGG telomeric repeats. Here, we identify novel telomeric repeat–specific non-LTR retrotransposons, SARTTc family, from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in the unconventional TCAGG telomeric repeats. To compare the sequence specificity of SARTBm1 and SARTTc1, we developed a comparable ex vivo retrotransposition assay. Both SARTBm1 and SARTTc1 preferred the telomeric sequence of their hosts, suggesting that the target specificity of these retrotransposons coevolved with their host's telomeric repeats. Swapping experiment indicated that the endonuclease domain is involved in recognizing the target sequence. Moreover, SARTBm1 proteins could retrotranspose 3′untranslated region (UTR) sequence of SARTTc1 as well as their own 3′UTR, whereas SARTTc1 proteins could only retrotranspose their own 3′UTRs. These results provide insights to the mechanism and divergence of sequence specificity and 3′UTR recognition in non-LTR retrotransposons.
Nomenclature for antiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in the polymerase region
Authors: Lieven J. Stuyver, Stephen A. Locarnini, Anna Lok, Douglas D. Richman, William F. Carman, Jules L. Dienstag, Raymond F. Schinazi
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

There is currently no universally accepted numbering convention for the antiviral drug-related resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase (rt) domain of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase. The published inconsistencies have resulted from different HBV genotypes. A standardized numbering system for HBV polymerase is proposed. The new system is based on functional observations of HBV surface gene proteins (preS1, preS2, and HBsAg) and on the current convention used for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) polymerase proteins (protease, rt, and integrase), in which the amino acid numbering restarts at the first codon position of each domain. The HBV polymerase protein can be divided into 4 domains (terminal protein, spacer, rt, ribonuclease H) and each of these can be numbered separately. In this proposal, the HBV rt domain starts with the highly conserved EDWGPCDEHG motif, contains 344 amino acids, and the lamivudine-related resistance mutations are found at amino acid rtL180M (previously amino acid 528, 526, 515, or 525) and rtM204V/I (previously 552, 550, 539, or 549). The new consensus rt domain numbering system is genotype independent and allows investigators to number any previously and newly discovered antiviral-related amino acid change in a standardized manner.
MRI-detected subclinical joint inflammation is associated with radiographic progression
Authors: A Krabben, W Stomp, J A B van Nies, T W J Huizinga, D van der Heijde, J L Bloem, M Reijnierse, A H M van der Helm-van Mil
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

We recently demonstrated that MRI inflammation is prevalent in clinically non-swollen joints of early arthritis patients. In this study, we assessed the relevance of this subclinical inflammation with regard to radiographic progression.1130 joints (unilateral metacarpophalangeal 2-5, wrist and metatarsophalangeal 1-5) of 113 early arthritis patients underwent clinical examination and 1.5 T MRI at baseline, and radiographs at baseline and 1 year. Two readers scored the MRIs for synovitis, bone marrow oedema (BME) and tenosynovitis according to Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scoring System (RAMRIS). Radiographic progression over 1 year was determined using the Sharp-van der Heijde scoring method.On patient level, BME, synovitis and tenosynovitis were associated with radiographic progression, independent of known risk factors (p=0.003, 0.001 and 0.011, respectively). Of all non-swollen joints (n=932), 232 joints (26%) had subclinical inflammation (≥1 MRI-inflammation feature present). These joints were distributed among 91% of patients. Radiographic progression was present in 4% of non-swollen joints with subclinical inflammation compared to 1% of non-swollen joints without subclinical inflammation (relative risks (RR) 3.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 9.6). Similar observations were done for BME (RR5.3, 95% CI 2.0 to 14.0), synovitis (RR3.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 9.3) and tenosynovitis (RR3.0, 95% CI 0.7 to 12.7) separately.Radiographic progression was infrequent, but joints with subclinical inflammation had an increased risk of radiographic progression within year 1. This demonstrates the relevance of MRI-detected subclinical inflammation.
Malignancy in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Christian Morath, Martina Mueller, Hartmut Goldschmidt, Vedat Schwenger, Gerhard Opelz, Martin Zeier
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

Eberhard Ritz : Feature Editor An increased incidence of malignant tumors in transplant recipients was recognized as early as in the 1970s, and this effect was ascribed to the administration of immunosuppressive medication ([1,2][1][⇓][2]). In the early days of transplantation medicine, however
Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Associated With Decreased Survival in Women With Lung Cancer
Authors: Apar Kishor Ganti, Abe E. Sahmoun, Amit W. Panwalkar, Ketki K. Tendulkar, Anil Potti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is frequently prescribed to postmenopausal women, but there is little data on its effect on lung cancer. Hence, we conducted a retrospective study to examine the impact of HRT on the natural history of lung cancer.We conducted a retrospective chart review of women diagnosed with lung cancer between January 1994 and December 1999. Data collected included age, stage, past history of cancer, smoking history, family history of cancer, HRT use, treatment, and overall survival. The effects of various clinical features on survival were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Four hundred ninety-eight women (median age, 67 years; range, 31 to 93 years) with lung cancer were included. A history of smoking was present in 429 women (86%), whereas 86 women (17%) had taken HRT. Women with lung cancer who received HRT were younger than women with lung cancer who never received HRT (63 v 68 years old, respectively; P < .0001). Overall survival was significantly higher in patients with no HRT compared with patients who received HRT (79 v 39 months, respectively; hazard ratio = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.39). This effect seemed to be more pronounced in women with a smoking history.HRT may affect outcomes from lung cancer adversely. Further studies examining the role of HRT use on outcomes from lung cancer, especially in women with a history of smoking, are urgently needed to clarify this important problem.
CpG treatment during the sensitization and elicitation critically regulates Th1/Th2 balance in a murine model of latex induced airway inflammation
Authors: R. Haapakoski, N. Fyhrquist-Vanni, H. Wolff, A. Lauerma, K. Turjanmaa, T. Reunala, T. Palosuo, H. Alenius
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
Combinations of prognostic tools for identification of high-risk normotensive patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism
Authors: D. Jimenez, D. Aujesky, L. Moores, V. Gomez, D. Marti, S. Briongos, M. Monreal, V. Barrios, S. Konstantinides, R. D. Yusen
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> In haemodynamically stable patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), studies have not evaluated the usefulness of combining the measurement of cardiac troponin, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), and lower extremity complete compression ultrasound (CCUS) testing for predicting the risk of PE-related death. <h3>Methods</h3> The study assessed the ability of three diagnostic tests (cardiac troponin I (cTnI), echocardiogram, and CCUS) to prognosticate the primary outcome of PE-related mortality during 30 days of follow-up after a diagnosis of PE by objective testing. <h3>Results</h3> Of 591 normotensive patients diagnosed with PE, the primary outcome occurred in 37 patients (6.3%; 95% CI 4.3% to 8.2%). Patients with right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) by TTE and concomitant deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by CCUS had a PE-related mortality of 19.6%, compared with 17.1% of patients with elevated cTnI and concomitant DVT and 15.2% of patients with elevated cTnI and RVD. The use of any two-test strategy had a higher specificity and positive predictive value compared with the use of any test by itself. A combined three-test strategy did not further improve prognostication. For a subgroup analysis of high-risk patients, according to the pulmonary embolism severity index (classes IV and V), positive predictive values of the two-test strategies for PE-related mortality were 25.0%, 24.4% and 20.7%, respectively. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In haemodynamically stable patients with acute symptomatic PE, a combination of echocardiography (or troponin testing) and CCUS improved prognostication compared with the use of any test by itself for the identification of those at high risk of PE-related death.
Characterization of DNA-binding-dependent and -independent functions of SCL/TAL1 during human erythropoiesis
Authors: Emmanuel Ravet, Damien Reynaud, Monique Titeux, Brigitte Izac, Serge Fichelson, Paul-Henri Roméo, Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt, Françoise Pflumio
Journal: Blood (2004)
Inert Gas Diffusion Method for Measurement of Blood Flow
Authors: KNUD H. TØNNESEN, PER SEJRSEN
Journal: Circulation Research (1967)

The isolated cat gastrocnemius preparation was used to study the relation between the washout of 133 Xenon measured by external monitoring and blood flow measured directly by a dropcounter. The experimental possibility was thereby tested of recording the total tracer bolus and its subsequent washout by external monitoring, using the height H and the corresponding area A of the washout curve. The partition coefficient λ, and the amount of recirculation were evaluated in separate experiments. According to Zierler, the blood flow per gram of tissue should equal λ • H/A . This relation was verified experimentally. Exponential analysis was carried out but the results of it were not considered to support the hypothesis of a two compartment inparallel model in skeletal muscle. The shape of the washout curve did not suggest the existence of A-V shunts.
Surgeons were "fall guys" for a wider problem, inquiry told
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Phil Hammond, author of the column in the satirical magazine Private Eye that first revealed problems in paediatric cardiac surgery in Bristol, told the inquiry into children's heart surgery services in the city that he was surprised that no official action had followed his revelations.

At the time he was a very junior doctor and did not believe that he had enough clout to raise such concerns personally. “I did not have the strength and courage to phone up Mr Wisheart or Dr Roylance or Mr Doyle at the Department of Health, or whoever, and say: ‘I'm a senior house officer in casualty-will you please …
Gestational Diabetes After Delivery
Authors: John L. Kitzmiller, Leona Dang-Kilduff, M. Mark Taslimi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

After the intensified treatment often required for treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), clinicians may be tempted to relax after delivery of the baby. If it is assumed that no further management is needed, an excellent opportunity to improve the future health status of these high-risk women may be lost. There are special concerns for the early postpartum care of women with GDM. Encouragement and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding is very important because of the profound short-term as well as long-term health benefits to the infant and the reduced risks for subsequent obesity and glucose intolerance demonstrated in many breastfeeding women. A method of contraception should be chosen that does not increase the risk of glucose intolerance in the mother. Some women with GDM will have persisting hyperglycemia in the days after delivery that will justify medical management for diabetes and perhaps for hypertension, microalbuminuria, and dyslipidemia. Treatment should be maintained according to the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association and other relevant organizations and adjusted for the needs of lactation. Treatment should be continued in adequate fashion to minimize risks to the early conceptus if there is a subsequent planned or unplanned pregnancy.

Most women with GDM will not have severe hyperglycemia after delivery. This group should be followed for at least 6–12 weeks to determine their glucose status. Many studies over 3 decades on all continents of the globe demonstrate the high risk of subsequent diabetes in this female population. The degree of this risk is best assessed by glucose tolerance testing. Randomized controlled trials have proven that several interventions (diet and planned exercise 30–60 min daily at least 5 days per week and antidiabetic medications) can significantly delay or prevent the appearance of type 2 diabetes in the women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The high-risk women can …
Factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Nienke E Lankhorst, Sita M A Bierma-Zeinstra, Marienke van Middelkoop
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

This review systematically summarises factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). A systematic literature search was conducted. Studies including ≥20 patients with PFPS that examined ≥1 possible factor associated with PFPS were included. A meta-analysis was performed, clinical heterogeneous data were analysed descriptively. The 47 included studies examined 523 variables, eight were pooled. Pooled data showed a larger Q-angle, sulcus angle and patellar tilt angle (weighted mean differences (WMD) 2.08; 95% CI 0.64, 3.63 and 1.66; 95% CI 0.44, 2.77 and 4.34; 95% CI 1.16 to 7.52, respectively), less hip abduction strength, lower knee extension peak torque and less hip external rotation strength (WMD –3.30; 95% CI –5.60, –1.00 and –37.47; 95% CI –71.75, –3.20 and –1.43; 95% CI –2.71 to –0.16, respectively) in PFPS patients compared to controls. Foot arch height index and congruence angle were not associated with PFPS. Six out of eight pooled variables are associated with PFPS, other factors associated with PFPS were based on single studies. Further research is required.
Maturing of Renal Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Walter M. Stadler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Until recently, options for treatment of metastatic renal cancer were limited. High-dose interleukin-2 leads to sustained nearcompleteresponsesinaminorityofpatients,butistootoxicformost. Interferon leads to occasional responses and was the historical treatment reference, 1 but the benefit is modest, and the quality of life impact significant. It is in this context that the current vascular endothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)pathwayandmammaliantargetofrapamycin (mTOR) ‐directed agents were developed. The phase II studies of the VEGF pathway inhibitors bevacizumab, sorafenib, and sunitinib and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus for treatment of renal cancer were all conducted within the same time frame; however, their sponsors elected different pathways for regulatory approval. Temsirolimus was compared with interferon in the front-line setting, with inclusion of a third combination arm, and with a survival end point in patients with poor prognostic features. 2 By limiting the study to poor-risk patients, the sponsors had hoped that the end point would be reached more rapidly in the competitive marketplace of multiple agentsundergoingphaseIIIevaluation.Unfortunately,thisrestric
Polycythemia Vera — Chance, Death, and Mutability
Authors: Robert S. Schwartz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

In the course of a day, the bone marrow of an adult produces over 1011 cells — mainly erythrocytes, but also granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets. This enormous output originates from progenitors with the potential to become any kind of blood cell. To begin its passage to a particular lineage, the multipotent precursor must enter a forked pathway and take the branch that leads to committed stem cells. These bipotent or unipotent cells will develop into lineage-specific colony-forming units, the immediate precursors of mature blood cells. It is unclear how a particular multipotent progenitor becomes a red cell rather than . . .
Regulatory T Cells in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Yuan Zhai, Jerzy W. Kupiec-Weglinski
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

CD4+CD25+ T cells are now well established as naturally occurring immune regulatory T cells. Resurrected from the suppressor T cell adversity, Sakaguchi et al. ([1][1]) showed in mid-1990 that a subset of CD4+ T cells expressing IL-2 receptor α chain in naïve animals had the ability to control