tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Unusual Cause of Death in Carcinoma of Cervix
Authors: J. S. Elwood
Journal: BMJ (1945)

Exceptionally high blood sugars in coma have been recorded both in this country and in America.The highest figures quoted by Joslin (Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, 7th ed., Henry Kimpton) are 1,850 mg. per 100 c.cm. in a case of Dillon and Dyer's which recovered, and 2,060 mg. in a fatal case reported by Lawrence.The following case in which the blood sugar rose to 1,960 mg., occurring in a young woman with no previous history of diabetes, is of interest.Case History
An immunohistological study of desmosomes in Darier's disease and Hailey-Hailey disease
Authors: SUSAN M. BURGE, D. R. GARROD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article An immunohistological study of desmosomes in Darier's disease and Hailey‐Hailey disease Get access SUSAN M. BURGE, SUSAN M. BURGE Department of Dermatology, Slade Hospital, Oxford Dr S. M. Burge, Department of Dermatology, Slade Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JH, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. R. GARROD D. R. GARROD Cancer Research Campaign Medical Oncology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 124, Issue 3, 1 March 1991, Pages 242–251, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00568.x Published: 01 March 1991
Global regulation of mRNA translation and stability in the early Drosophila embryo by the Smaug RNA-binding protein
Authors: Linan Chen, Jason G Dumelie, Xiao Li, Matthew HK Cheng, Zhiyong Yang, John D Laver, Najeeb U Siddiqui, J Timothy Westwood, Quaid Morris, Howard D Lipshitz, Craig A Smibert
Journal: Genome biology (2014)

Smaug is an RNA-binding protein that induces the degradation and represses the translation of mRNAs in the early Drosophila embryo. Smaug has two identified direct target mRNAs that it differentially regulates: nanos and Hsp83. Smaug represses the translation of nanos mRNA but has only a modest effect on its stability, whereas it destabilizes Hsp83 mRNA but has no detectable effect on Hsp83 translation. Smaug is required to destabilize more than one thousand mRNAs in the early embryo, but whether these transcripts represent direct targets of Smaug is unclear and the extent of Smaug-mediated translational repression is unknown.To gain a panoramic view of Smaug function in the early embryo, we identified mRNAs that are bound to Smaug using RNA co-immunoprecipitation followed by hybridization to DNA microarrays. We also identified mRNAs that are translationally repressed by Smaug using polysome gradients and microarrays. Comparison of the bound mRNAs to those that are translationally repressed by Smaug and those that require Smaug for their degradation suggests that a large fraction of Smaug's target mRNAs are both translationally repressed and degraded by Smaug. Smaug directly regulates components of the TRiC/CCT chaperonin, the proteasome regulatory particle and lipid droplets, as well as many metabolic enzymes, including several glycolytic enzymes.Smaug plays a direct and global role in regulating the translation and stability of a large fraction of the mRNAs in the early Drosophila embryo, and has unanticipated functions in control of protein folding and degradation, lipid droplet function and metabolism.
Unilateral ureteral obstruction increases glomerular soluble guanylyl cyclase activity.
Authors: K A McDowell, R L Chevalier, B A Thornhill, L L Norling
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

RBF and GFR are decreased in kidneys after ipsilateral unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for 24 h. Despite net vasoconstriction, vasodilatory mechanisms respond to counterbalance the vasoconstriction: the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity is associated with a greater reduction in RBF with ipsilateral UUO. To determine whether the stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase differs between glomeruli from obstructed kidneys and normal kidneys, cGMP was measured after stimulation by 10(-3) M sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in glomeruli isolated from the kidneys of Sprague-Dawley rats after 24 h of UUO or sham operation. The generation of intracellular and extracellular (EC) cGMP (femtomoles of cGMP/100 glomeruli/per hour) was measured by RIA. After incubation with SNP, the EC accumulation of cGMP by UUO glomeruli was significantly greater than that by glomeruli from sham-operated rats (P < 0.05). When glomerular studies were repeated in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl methylxanthine, there was no difference in the EC accumulation of cGMP. The direct measurement of cGMP hydrolysis by phosphodiesterase was significantly less in glomerular homogenate from UUO rats compared with sham-operated rats (P < 0.05). When 10(-5) M losartan, an angiotensin II receptor inhibitor, was included in glomerular incubations, there was a significant decrease in the EC glomerular cGMP response to SNP in UUO glomeruli (P < 0.05). This attenuated response was abolished by the addition of isobutyl methylxanthine. The addition of angiotensin II did not alter the accumulation of cGMP by UUO or sham glomeruli. These studies indicate that decreased phosphodiesterase activity in UUO glomeruli contributes to the enhanced accumulation of EC glomerular cGMP after the stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by SNP. In addition, angiotensin II receptors modulate this response, suggesting a role for soluble guanylyl cyclase in countering angiotensin-mediated vasoconstriction due to UUO.
Adiposity and Diabetes
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

At a symposium titled “Adipose Tissue as a Secretory Organ” at the American Diabetes Association (ADA), San Francisco, June 2002, Jeffrey Flier (Boston, MA) discussed the effects of visceral obesity. While reviewing the differing components of the metabolic syndrome, which to large extent are driven by insulin resistance, he asked, “Where does the insulin resistance come from?” The existence of a common underlying factor related to visceral obesity, which is more strongly associated with the syndrome than total obesity, might be important. A role for abnormal glucocorticoid metabolism in adipose tissue as the mechanism of the syndrome would explain many of its features. Glucocorticoids regulate adipose tissue function and distribution and in excess produce Cushing’s syndrome, which is characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The prevalent forms of obesity, however, are not associated with increased circulating glucocorticoid levels. Flier pointed out that the adipocyte is an active endocrine cell that produces hormones, in particular leptin, cytokines, complement factors, and important enzymes, such as angiotensinogen. Cortisol, produced in the adrenal gland, acts on cellular glucocorticoid receptors but importantly shows metabolism within cells, with 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)-2 degrading cortisol into the inactive cortisone, while HSD-1 is a reductase that produces cortisol from cortisone.

The standard understanding of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis is of negative feedback between cortisol and pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, an incomplete model that does not take into account the pathways for activation and for inactivation of cortisol in a variety of cells. In the kidney, HSD-2 is critical to protect mineralocorticoid receptors from activation by circulating glucocorticoids, while HSD-1 in liver, adipose tissue, and brain leads to increased glucocorticoid action. HSD-1 is expressed to a greater extent in visceral adipose tissue, which also express greater levels of cortisol receptors. HSD-1 in adipose tissue may in …
Multiple segmental lavage in the treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Authors: Yulia Ilkovich, Lubov Novikova, Andrey Bazhanov
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease characterized by excessive surfactant accumulation in the lung. Whole-lung lavage (WLL) has been the most common therapeutic intervention for PAP. In severe cases WLL may be difficult to perform due to hypoxemia. Multiple segmental lavage (MSL) may be advocated then as a first-choice therapy. We performed MSL in 5 cases of severe PAP (7.5% of our PAP patients cohort). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy with local anaesthesia was performed. 0.5 - 1 liter of warm saline solution with N-acetylcysteine was given and taken back in 50-mL injectors.Each procedure was applied to lobe\segments with the most serious changes in HRCT. The procedure was repeated 2 to 5 times once in 2-3 days. All patients demonstrated marked clinical and physiologic improvement. Mean FVC changed from 58.3±7.8% pred. to 77.5±16.2%pred., DLCO - from 53.1±8.5 to 64.2±7.4%pred. In 2 cases after repeated MSL procedure WLL was performed, so MSL was estimated as “prewash” to improve physical conditions and decrease hypoxemia before long lasting general anaesthesia during WLL.  On the contrary, in cases with minimal material accumulation in several segments, WLL may be too invasive procedure. We recommend MSL in these cases also. 4 these cases (6% of our PAP cohort) demonstrated positive changes on HRCT after MSL; mean FVC changed from 75.7±15.3% pred. to 91.0±2.0%pred., DLCO - from 71.1±9.5 to 84.2±8.9%pred.  Conclusion: MSL is an alternative technique to WLL in PAP cases with minimal local surfactant accumulation and also in severe cases with hypoxemia. It is effective and well-tolerated. This method should be taken into consideration in the treatment of PAP.
Alcoholics' Patterns of Controlled Drinking
Authors: EDWARD GOTTHEIL, ARTHUR I. ALTERMAN, THOMAS E. SKOLODA, BRENDAN F. MURPHY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

Groups of seven to ten volunteer alcoholic patients were studied and treated on a closed ward where alcohol was available. Of 66 patients who completed the program, 44 percent did not drink at any time, 33 percent drank throughout the drinking phase of the program, and 23 percent began drinking and then stopped. The results of this study question the assumption that drinking by alcoholics necessarily results in irresistible craving, more drinking, and loss of control. The authors point out the need for research into the circumstances and maneuvers that influence resistance to drinking.
Anti-interleukin 5 strategies as a potential treatment for asthma
Authors: A. D. Singh, C. J. Sanderson
Journal: Thorax (1997)

A paradigm shift, championed largely by cellular immunologists, has redefined asthma as an immune mediated phenomenon characterised by an interleukin 5 (IL-5) driven eosinophilic bronchitis. This change in emphasis has provoked intense interest in the possibility that inhibitors of IL-5 production, or antagonists of its activity, will provide a new generation of anti-asthma drugs.
Cancer of the Endolarynx
Authors: A. Robert Kagan
Journal: JAMA (1981)

CANCER of the endolarynx is not common, but neither is it rare. Of the tobacco-induced malignant neoplasms, 12 pulmonary carcinomas to one cancer of the endolarynx are encountered. However, unlike cancer of the lung, laryngeal carcinoma is not only treatable but highly curable. The common sites of origin of carcinoma of the endolarynx include the supraglottic region (above the vocal cords), the glottic region (at the vocal cords), and the subglottic region (below the vocal cords). The endolarynx is divided into the following anatomic sites: laryngeal surface of the epiglottis, laryngeal surface of the arytenoid region, false cord, ventricle, true cord, and subglottis. Early lesions involve one or two sites and are designated T1 or T2, respectively. An example is a carcinoma confined to one vocal cord for Tl, or vocal cord carcinoma with either false cord or subglottic involvement for T2; T3 or T4 lesions are advanced tumors and
Late-breaking abstract: Hypertonic saline (HS) for acute bronchiolitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mark Everard, Chin Maguire, Hannah Cantrill, Daniel Hind
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

OBJECTIVES: Systematic review of controlled trials of nebulised HS for infants hospitalised with primary acute bronchiolitis.  METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, Medline, Embase, Google Scholar and Web of Knowledge, trial registries and journal indices for published and unpublished literature to March 2014, combining thesaurus and free-text synonyms of saline and bronchiolitis. We included randomised or quasi-randomised trials which compared HS versus either normal saline (+/- adjunct treatment) or no treatment. Two reviewers extracted data to calculate mean differences (MD) length of hospital stay (LoS – primary outcome) clinical severity score (CSS); adverse events with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). We investigated statistical heterogeneity using I2.  RESULTS: 15 trials (n=1722), HS reduced mean LoS by 0.41 (95% CI -0.56, -0.27) days (Figure). Risk of bias and high levels of heterogeneity (I2=90%) in the main analysis and one out of four intervention subgroups suggest the result should be treated cautiously. A reduction in CSS (4 trials, n=352, MD -1.37, CI -1.53, -1.21) should also be treated cautiously. None of the trials reported intervention-related serious adverse events. A further RCT, published in June 2014, will be included in the final presentation.  CONCLUSION: Claims that HS achieves small reductions in LoS must be treated with scepticism.  PROSPERO REG: CRD42014007569  FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research
Measles virus blind to its epithelial cell receptor remains virulent in rhesus monkeys but cannot cross the airway epithelium and is not shed
Authors: Vincent H.J. Leonard, Patrick L. Sinn, Gregory Hodge, Tanner Miest, Patricia Devaux, Numan Oezguen, Werner Braun, Paul B. McCray, Michael B. McChesney, Roberto Cattaneo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

The current model of measles virus (MV) pathogenesis implies that apical infection of airway epithelial cells precedes systemic spread. An alternative model suggests that primarily infected lymphatic cells carry MV to the basolateral surface of epithelial cells, supporting MV shedding into the airway lumen and contagion. This model predicts that a mutant MV, unable to enter cells through the unidentified epithelial cell receptor (EpR), would remain virulent but not be shed. To test this model, we identified residues of the MV attachment protein sustaining EpR-mediated cell fusion. These nonpolar or uncharged polar residues defined an area located near the binding site of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), the receptor for MV on lymphatic cells. We then generated an EpR-blind virus maintaining SLAM-dependent cell entry and inoculated rhesus monkeys intranasally. Hosts infected with the selectively EpR-blind MV developed rash and anorexia while averaging slightly lower viremia than hosts infected with wild-type MV but did not shed virus in the airways. The mechanism restricting shedding was characterized using primary well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells. Wild-type MV infected columnar epithelial cells bearing tight junctions only when applied basolaterally, while the EpR-blind virus did not infect these cells. Thus, EpR is probably a basolateral protein, and infection of the airway epithelium is not essential for systemic spread and virulence of MV.
Identification of Leukocyte E-Selectin Ligands, P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 and E-Selectin Ligand-1, on Human Metastatic Prostate Tumor Cells
Authors: Charles J. Dimitroff, Leyla Descheny, Natalia Trujillo, Robert Kim, Vuong Nguyen, Wei Huang, Kenneth J. Pienta, Jeffery L. Kutok, Mark A. Rubin
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Prostate tumor cells, which characteristically metastasize to bone, initiate binding interactions with bone marrow endothelium under blood flow conditions through binding interactions with E-selectin. We hypothesized that E-selectin ligands on prostate tumor cells are directly associated with bone-metastatic potential. In this report, we elucidate the identity of E-selectin ligands on human metastatic prostate tumor cells and examine their association with prostate tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. To our surprise, we found that the E-selectin-binding form of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is expressed on the human bone-metastatic prostate tumor MDA PCa 2b cell line. Interestingly, we also found that human prostate tumor cells derived from bone, lymph node, and brain metastases expressed another leukocyte E-selectin ligand, E-selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1). Immunohistochemical analysis of PSGL-1 and ESL-1 in normal prostate tissue and in localized and metastatic prostate tumors revealed that ESL-1 was principally localized to intracellular cell membrane and expressed on all normal and malignant prostate tissue, whereas PSGL-1 was notably detected on the surfaces of bone-metastatic prostate tumor cells. These findings implicate a functional role of PSGL-1 in the bone tropism of prostate tumor cells and establish a new perspective into the molecular mechanism of human prostate tumor metastasis.
Phase II Study of Erlotinib in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Papillary Histology Renal Cell Cancer: SWOG S0317
Authors: Michael S. Gordon, Michael Hussey, Raymond B. Nagle, Primo N. Lara, Philip C. Mack, Janice Dutcher, Wolfram Samlowski, Joseph I. Clark, David I. Quinn, Chong-Xian Pan, David Crawford
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Patients with advanced papillary renal cell cancer (pRCC) have poor survival after systemic therapy; the reported median survival time is 7 to 17 months. In this trial, we evaluated the efficacy of erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced pRCC, a tumor type associated with wild-type von Hippel Lindau gene.Patients with histologically confirmed, advanced, or metastatic pRCC were treated with erlotinib 150 mg orally once daily. A RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) response rate (RR) of > or = 20% was considered a promising outcome. Secondary end points included overall survival and 6-month probability of treatment failure.Of 52 patients registered, 45 were evaluable. The overall RR was 11% (five of 45 patients; 95% CI, 3% to 24%), and the disease control rate was 64% (ie five partial response and 24 stable disease). The median overall survival time was 27 months (95% CI, 13 to 36 months). Probability of freedom from treatment failure at 6 months was 29% (95% CI, 17% to 42%). There was one grade 5 adverse event (AE) of pneumonitis, one grade 4 thrombosis, and nine other grade 3 AEs.Although the RECIST RR of 11% did not exceed prespecified estimates for additional study, single-agent erlotinib yielded disease control and survival outcomes of interest with an expected toxicity profile. The design of future trials of the EGFR axis in pRCC should be based on preclinical or molecular data that define appropriate patient subgroups, new drug combinations, or potentially more active alternative schedules.
A STUDY OF ACCIDENTS IN A MENTAL HOSPITAL
Authors: C. A. BONNER, LOIS E. TAYLOR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1939)

Routine reports of all accidental injuries to patients of Danvers State Hospital were collected for a two-year period, including even those accidents which were so trifling as to result in no visible injury. These reports were analysed statistically with reference to such factors as age of patient, time and place of occurrence, causative factors, nature of injury, treatment required, and personal responsibility for the accident. The number of accidents reported for the two-year period was 4755, an average of slightly over one accident per year for each patient of the resident population. The accident rate for female patients was appreciably higher than for male patients. The very young patients and the very aged ones suffered more accidents, in proportion to their numbers, than those of any intermediate age group. More accidents occurred in the latter part of the forenoon than at any other time of day. The accident rate per hour was lower at meal times than at any other time of the waking day. The most common cause of accidents was personal violence on the part of some other patient. The most common weapon used by patients, especially female patients, was a shoe held in the hand. With or without a weapon, there were many more assaults reported among the women than among the men. The accidents include 56 suicidal attempts, three of which resulted in death. The accidents counted as serious number 413, or 8.7 per cent of the total number. These included 106 fractures and 251 lacerations which required closure by sutures. A detailed analysis was made of these serious accidents, especially with reference to their causes. This study offers definite indication that many accidents are directly traceable to over-crowding of wards, insufficiency of personnel, and other environmental factors which are beyond the immediate control of any individual state hospital. However, without waiting for desirable changes which should be brought about gradually, we can offer recommendations concerning a few practical measures which may be expected to lower the accident rate. For example, so simple an expedient as the use of rubber-soled shoes in the female wards might render some of the unavoidable accidents less serious. We believe that similar studies conducted in other institutions, based essentially upon reports of routine investigations, might contribute importantly to our resources for prevention of accidental injuries in state hospitals. Note:—The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance, in farming this report, of Neil A. Dayton, M. D., Leo Maletz, M.D., and Grace H. Kent, Ph. D.
Association of Interleukin-8 Polymorphism and Immunoglobulin G Anti–Toxin A in Patients With Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea
Authors: Zhi–Dong Jiang, Kevin W. Garey, Margaret Price, Gail Graham, Pablo Okhuysen, Thanh Dao–Tran, Mark LaRocco, Herbert L. DuPont
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007)
ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL MATURATION
Authors: Bertie F. Argyris
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

1. Transplantation of peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated adult C3H donor mice, into 3-day-old C3H mice results in an enhanced antibody response to simultaneously injected SRBC. The increase in immuno-competence is even more pronounced when 1-day-old C3H mice are pretreated with adult macrophages and sensitized 3 days later with SRBC. Nonviable macrophages or nonviable spleen cells are ineffective. 2. There is a critical period in the development of the neonatal mouse during which the spleen cells benefit from the addition of adult macrophages. Treatment before or beyond this stage is ineffective. 3. Very high doses (20 million) of macrophages are less effective in stimulating antibody synthesis to SRBC than doses of 5 or 10 million, suggesting that a critical ratio of macrophages to immunocompetent cells may be required for enhancing antibody synthesis in young mice. 4. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that newborn mice are immunologically deficient not because they lack immunocompetent cells but because they lack an antigen recognition or antigen-processing system in the form of functional macrophages.