tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Atopy, asthma, and the mycobacteria
Authors: J M HOPKIN
Journal: Thorax (2000)

In this issue of Thorax there are two articles which add to the observations on an inverse link between mycobacterial exposure and atopic disorder, and to the larger story that certain microbial exposures in early childhood may play a key part in limiting immune dysregulation. Von Mutius and colleagues report increasing tuberculosis notification rates associated with a stepwise decrease in symptoms of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in an international ecological study,1 while Omenaas et al found no relationship between IgE levels and tuberculin responses in Norwegian adults vaccinated with BCG at 14 years of age.2 

One potential explanation for the promotion of clinical tolerance to allergens by certain microbial exposures may be framed within two related immunological concepts. Firstly, adaptive immune responses may be broadly categorised into two antagonistic subtypes (Th1 and Th2), each with its own set of molecular mediators or cytokines.3-5 Secondly, the type of T helper (Th) adaptive response to one antigen may influence the type of Th response to a quite independent antigen through modification of the cytokine profile of the immune milieu.6-8 

In atopy there is over-reactivity of Th2 immune mechanisms involving the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-3, which leads to IgE production and eosinophilic mucosal inflammation in response to many antigens. Atopic or allergic responses to inhaled antigen or allergen such as those from house dust particles are a potent factor in the causation of asthma.6 9 10 Such vigorous Th2 immune responses are naturally seen in certain helminthic infections when they provide an important element of protective immunity.11-13What then is their origin, in dysregulated form, in atopy?

Heterogeneous genetic factors are important because genetic variants at a number of chromosomal locations are linked to high IgE levels or asthma.14 Variants in the Th2 cytokine signalling …
Physician Emigration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States: Analysis of the 2011 AMA Physician Masterfile
Authors: Akhenaten Benjamin Siankam Tankwanchi, Çağlar Özden, Sten H. Vermund
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Siankam Tankwanchi and colleagues used the AMA Physician Masterfile and the WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics on physicians in sub-Saharan Africa to determine trends in physician emigration to the United States. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
DNA Repair: A Reinvigorated Therapeutic Target
Authors: Susan E. Bates
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 4491][1]

With at least 165 genes involved[1][2], the human genome is conserved and repaired in sequential, carefully timed processes matched to the specific type of damage that has been wrought, whether from an endogenous or exogenous insult
Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Which Staging Systems Best Predict Prognosis?
Authors: Fidel-David Huitzil-Melendez, Marinela Capanu, Eileen M. O'Reilly, Austin Duffy, Bolorsukh Gansukh, Leonard L. Saltz, Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

The purpose of cancer staging systems is to accurately predict patient prognosis. The outcome of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) depends on both the cancer stage and the extent of liver dysfunction. Many staging systems that include both aspects have been developed. It remains unknown, however, which of these systems is optimal for predicting patient survival.Patients with advanced HCC treated over a 5-year period at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were identified from an electronic medical record database. Patients with sufficient data for utilization in all staging systems were included. TNM sixth edition, Okuda, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP), Chinese University Prognostic Index (CUPI), Japan Integrated Staging (JIS), and Groupe d'Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hepatocellulaire (GETCH) systems were ranked on the basis of their accuracy at predicting survival by using concordance index (c-index). Other independent prognostic variables were also identified.Overall, 187 eligible patients were identified and were staged by using the seven staging systems. CLIP, CUPI, and GETCH were the three top-ranking staging systems. BCLC and TNM sixth edition lacked any meaningful prognostic discrimination. Performance status, AST, abdominal pain, and esophageal varices improved the discriminatory ability of CLIP.In our selected patient population, CLIP, CUPI, and GETCH were the most informative staging systems in predicting survival in patients with advanced HCC. Prospective validation is required to determine if they can be accurately used to stratify patients in clinical trials and to direct the appropriate need for systemic therapy versus best supportive care. BCLC and TNM sixth edition were not helpful in predicting survival outcome, and their use is not supported by our data.
Cytological alterations of bronchial mucosa in 194 smoking patients, suffering from COPD: The importance of endobronchial brushing
Authors: Antonino Scaramozzino
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

INTRODUCTION 

Cigarette smoke, in its volatile and corpuscular components contains over 4000 injurious substances to the health, 88 of which are surely cancerous for the people.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 

We compared different cytological alterations of bronchial mucosa in 194 subjects with chronic bronchopathy, smoking at least 20 cigarettes per day for 20 years.

METHODS 

We selected 194 smoking patients, suffering from COPD of different stages, of both sexes and aged between 20 and 75. After carrying out first checks, (chest X-ray, EGA, EGK, spirometry, blood tests) all patients were undergone to bronchial mucosa brushing, by BFS in those areas with evident macroscopic abnormalities l.

OUTCOMES 

From endobronchial brushing of checked patients, we obtained the following cytological outcomes:194 smokers with COPD): 0 normal, 6 hyperplasia, 78 metaplasia, 120 dysplasia, 10 positive for cancerous cytological alterations (CTM positive).

CONCUSIONS 

This work documents how cigarette smoke causes more severe deteriorations of bronchial cytology in smokers with COPD In the former, damages are worse and often irreversible with positive feed-back of 10 cases for CTM (4.5%). We also confirm the importance in smokers of BFS as a means of monitoring possible cytological turns of bronchial mucosa into malignant atypical.
Clarification of Contaminants in L-Tryptophan
Authors: James W. Mayer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Letters1 November 1990Clarification of Contaminants in L-TryptophanJames W. Mayer, MDJames W. Mayer, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-9-721 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editors: Most physicians should and do believe the articles published in this journal rather than patient anecdotes, lay press stories on science, and hearsay within the medical community.I attended a conference on the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in Los Alamos, New Mexico on 12 and 13 June 1990. At that conference, the Mayo Clinic was well represented, and clearly proposed that there was an abnormal "peak" in commercially produced L-tryptophan taken by patients. I was surprised to read a report by investigators from the Mayo Clinic (1) in the 15 July issue that "no organic contaminants were identified in...References1. MartinDuffyEngel RJA. The clinical spectrum of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan ingestion. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:124-34. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BelongiaHedbergGleich ECG. An investigation of the cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:357-65. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. BeranekMasseyeffDesmet JRV. Hyperplastic capillaries and their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Histopathology. 1986;10:543-51. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. MartinDuffyEngel RJA. The clinical spectrum of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan ingestion. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:124-34. LinkGoogle Scholar3. Beranek J. Osler's disease is not a telangiectasia but a tumour. Gut. 1990;131:242. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. ThompsonHaudenschildAndersonDiPietroAndersonMaciag JCKJWT. Heparin-binding growth factor 1 induces the formation of organoid neovascular structures in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:7928-32. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BeranekCavarocchi JN. Smooth muscle cells and macrophages in rabbit cardiac allograft atherosclerosis. J Heart Transplant. [In press]. Google Scholar1. MartinDuffyEngel RJA. The clinical spectrum of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan ingestion. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:124-34. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BelongiaHedbergGleich ECG. An investigation of the cause of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:357-65. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: 134 East De Vargas Santa Fe, NM 87501 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1990Volume 113, Issue 9Page: 721-722KeywordsTryptophan Issue Published: 1 November 1990 PDF DownloadLoading ...
THE HYPOPHYSIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN
Authors: B. A. Houssay, V. G. Foglia, F. S. Smyth, C. T. Rietti, A. B. Houssay
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1942)

The ability of the pancreas, from various types of dogs, to correct diabetic hyperglycemia has been studied (Table XI). The pancreas from one animal was united by a vascular union with the neck blood vessels of another dog which had been pancreatectomized for 20 hours. The time necessary to reduce the blood sugar level to 120 mg. per cent was determined. 1. Pancreas from 6 hypophysectomized dogs produced a normal insulin secretion, showing that an anterior pituitary hormone is not necessary for its production or maintenance. 2. In 14 of 17 normal dogs given anterior pituitary extract for 3 or more consecutive days and presenting diabetes (fasting blood sugar 150 mg. per cent or more) the pancreas showed diminished insulin production. 3. In animals which remained diabetic after discontinuing the injections of hypophyseal extract, the pancreas islands were markedly pathologic and the insulin secretion was practically nil. 4. When hyperglycemia existed on the 2nd to 5th day but fell later, the insulin secretion of 5 dogs was normal in 2, supernormal in 1, and less than normal in 2. Histologic examination showed a restoration of beta cells. 5. In 14 dogs resistant to the diabetogenic action of anterior pituitary extract, as shown by little or no change in blood sugar, the pancreatic secretion of insulin was normal in 6 cases, supernormal in 3, and subnormal in 5 cases. Clear signs of hyperfunction of B cells were observed. In 6 resistant animals a high blood sugar (150 mg. per cent) appeared shortly before transplanting, but insulin secretion was normal in 4, supernormal in 1, and subnormal in 1 case. 6. With one injection of extract and 1 day of hyperglycemia the capacity of the pancreas to secrete insulin was not altered. 7. A high blood sugar level lasting 4 days does not alter the islets. The hypophyseal extract acts, therefore, by some other mechanism. In normal dogs, the continuous intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 days maintained the blood sugar at levels as high as those after pituitary extract. In these animals the B cells were hyperplastic and insulin secretion normal. 8. Anterior hypophyseal hyperglycemia is due at first to extrapancreatic factors which are the most important, and last only during the injections of extracts. Pancreatic factors appear afterwards and are responsible for permanent diabetes. Hypophyseal extract produces histological changes in many tissues and damages the Langerhans islands. The coexistent high blood sugar probably exhausts the B cells and exaggerates their injury. 9. In all cases there is a relation between the cytology of the islet B cells and the insulin secreting capacity.
Flavopiridol Induces Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells Via Activation of Caspase-3 Without Evidence of bcl-2 Modulation or Dependence on Functional p53
Authors: John C. Byrd, Charlotte Shinn, Jamie K. Waselenko, Ephraim J. Fuchs, Teresa A. Lehman, Phuong L. Nguyen, Ian W. Flinn, Louis F. Diehl, Edward Sausville, Michael R. Grever
Journal: Blood (1998)
A unified coding strategy for processing faces and voices
Authors: Galit Yovel, Pascal Belin
Journal: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (2013)

Both faces and voices are rich in socially-relevant information, which humans are remarkably adept at extracting, including a person's identity, age, gender, affective state, personality, etc. Here, we review accumulating evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies which suggest that the cognitive and neural processing mechanisms engaged by perceiving faces or voices are highly similar, despite the very different nature of their sensory input. The similarity between the two mechanisms likely facilitates the multi-modal integration of facial and vocal information during everyday social interactions. These findings emphasize a parsimonious principle of cerebral organization, where similar computational problems in different modalities are solved using similar solutions.
Hepatic gene expression profile associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis protection by S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine in ob/ob mice
Authors: Claudia Pinto Marques Souza de Oliveira, José Tadeu Stefano, Vicência Mara Rodrigues de Lima, Sandra Valéria de Sá, Fernanda Ibanez Simplicio, Evandro Sobrosa de Mello, Maria Lúcia Corrêa-Giannella, Venâncio Avancini Ferreira Alves, Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo, Marcelo Ganzarolli de Oliveira, Daniel Giannella-Neto, Flair José Carrilho
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Psychiatric disorders and risky sexual behaviour in young adulthood: cross sectional study in birth cohort
Authors: S. Ramrakha
Journal: BMJ (2000)

To determine if risky sexual intercourse, sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual intercourse at an early age are associated with psychiatric disorder.Cross sectional study of a birth cohort at age 21 years with assessments presented by computer (for sexual behaviour) and by trained interviewers (for psychiatric disorder).New Zealand in 1993-4.992 study members (487 women) from the Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study. Complete data were available on both measures for 930 study members.Psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, eating disorder, substance dependence, antisocial disorder, mania, schizophrenia spectrum) and measures of sexual behaviour.Young people diagnosed with substance dependence, schizophrenia spectrum, and antisocial disorders were more likely to engage in risky sexual intercourse, contract sexually transmitted diseases, and have sexual intercourse at an early age (before 16 years). Unexpectedly, so were young people with depressive disorders. Young people with mania were more likely to report risky sexual intercourse and have sexually transmitted diseases. The likelihood of risky behaviour was increased by psychiatric comorbidity.There is a clear association between risky sexual behaviour and common psychiatric disorders. Although the temporal relation is uncertain, the results indicate the need to coordinate sexual medicine with mental health services in the treatment of young people.
Response to Comment on: Chen et al. Utilizing the Second-Meal Effect in Type 2 Diabetes: Practical Use of a Soya-Yogurt Snack. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2552–2554
Authors: Roy Taylor, Mei Jun Chen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

We originally observed that blood glucose rise was 70% lower after the second of two identical meals 4 h apart (1). The time course of the effect is important, and it is unlikely that any incretin effect could persist for so long. Our subsequent study of muscle glycogen storage after a second meal used the same timing (2). We observed a strong relationship ( R = 0.69; P < 0.0005) between suppression of plasma free fatty acid and the …
Future of Clinical Genomics in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Katherine A. Janeway, Andrew E. Place, Mark W. Kieran, Marian H. Harris
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

The somatic genomic alterations in pediatric cancers to some extent overlap with those seen in adult cancers, but the exact distribution throughout the genome and the types and frequency of alterations differ. The ultimate goal of genomic research in children, as with adults, is translation to the clinic to achieve more accurate diagnosis, more precise risk stratification, and more effective, less toxic therapy. The genomic features of pediatric malignancies and pediatric-specific issues in clinical investigation may make translating genomic discoveries to the clinic more difficult. However, through large-scale molecular profiling of pediatric tumors, continued coordinated efforts to evaluate novel therapies in the pediatric population, thoughtful phase II and III trial design, and continued drug development, genomically based therapies will become more common in the pediatric oncology clinic in the future.
Enzastaurin before and concomitant with radiation therapy, followed by enzastaurin maintenance therapy, in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation
Authors: W. Wick, J. P. Steinbach, M. Platten, C. Hartmann, F. Wenz, A. von Deimling, P. Shei, V. Moreau-Donnet, C. Stoffregen, S. E. Combs
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2013)

This study's primary objective was evaluation of the progression-free survival rate at 6 months (PFS-6) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter hypermethylation postsurgically treated with enzastaurin before and concomitantly with radiation therapy, followed by enzastaurin maintenance therapy. PFS-6 of at least 55% was set to be relevant compared with the data of the EORTC 26981/22981 NCIC CE.3 trial. Adult patients with a life expectancy of at least 12 weeks who were newly diagnosed with a histologically proven supratentorial glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation were eligible. Patients were treated with enzastaurin prior to, concomitantly with, and after standard partial brain radiotherapy. Here we report on a multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled phase II study of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation treated with enzastaurin and radiation therapy within 4 study periods. PFS-6 was 53.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 39.8–65.6). The median overall survival was 15.0 months (95% CI: 11.9–17.9) for all patients, 3.9 months (95% CI: 0.8–9.0) for patients with biopsy, 15.4 months (95% CI: 10.1–17.9) for patients with partial resection, and 18.9 months (95% CI: 13.9–28.5) for patients with complete resection. The safety profile in this study was as expected from previous trials, and the therapy was well tolerated. PFS-6 missed the primary planned outcome of 55%. The secondary exploratory analysis according to resection status of the different subgroups of patients with biopsies, partial resection, and complete resection demonstrates the strong prognostic influence of resection on overall survival.
Current findings for recurring mutations in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Shinichiro Takahashi
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2011)

The development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a multistep process that requires at least two genetic abnormalities for the development of the disease. The identification of genetic mutations in AML has greatly advanced our understanding of leukemogenesis. Recently, the use of novel technologies, such as massively parallel DNA sequencing or high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, has allowed the identification of several novel recurrent gene mutations in AML. The aim of this review is to summarize the current findings for the identification of these gene mutations (Dnmt, TET2, IDH1/2, NPM1, ASXL1, etc.), most of which are frequently found in cytogenetically normal AML. The cooperative interactions of these molecular aberrations and their interactions with class I/II mutations are presented. The prognostic and predictive significances of these aberrations are also reviewed.
Mixed skin cell-lymphocyte culture reaction (MSLR) in man as an in vitro model of lympho-epidermal interactions: FACS analysis of epidermal cell and T-cell involved subpopulations
Authors: J. M. CZERNIELEWSKI, P. VAIGOT, D. SCHMITT, M. PRUNIERAS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Mixed skin cell‐lymphocyte culture reaction (MSLR) in man as an in vitro model of lympho‐epidermal interactions: FACS analysis of epidermal cell and T‐cell involved subpopulations Get access J. M. CZERNIELEWSKI, J. M. CZERNIELEWSKI Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques, Sophia Antipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. VAIGOT, P. VAIGOT Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques, Sophia Antipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. SCHMITT, D. SCHMITT INSERM, U.209, Lyon, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. PRUNIERAS M. PRUNIERAS Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques, Sophia Antipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue s27, 1 July 1984, Pages 228–231, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb15611.x Published: 01 July 1984
Senior NHS leader urges caution on predicting big savings from Better Care Fund
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The NHS in England and local councils have committed an additional £1.5bn (€1.9bn; $2.4bn) funding in pooled budgets to the government’s Better Care Fund to boost efforts to provide integrated health and social care in the community. The fund, due to launch in April 2015, will be increased from £3.8bn to £5.3 billion as a result of the increased investment.

The health secretary, Jeremy Hunt, said that the move would improve care and potentially save more than £500m through reductions in emergency admissions and other measures. But a senior NHS leader warned that the evidence that the plan could deliver financial savings at such a scale was inconclusive.

In a …