tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Feature-specific terrain park-injury rates and risk factors in snowboarders: a case–control study
Authors: Kelly Russell, Willem H Meeuwisse, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre, Carolyn A Emery, Jillian Wishart, Nicole T R Romanow, Brian H Rowe, Claude Goulet, Brent E Hagel
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background Snowboarding is a popular albeit risky sport and terrain park (TP) injuries are more severe than regular slope injuries. TPs contain man-made features that facilitate aerial manoeuvres. The objectives of this study were to determine overall and feature-specific injury rates and the potential risk factors for TP injuries. Methods Case–control study with exposure estimation, conducted in an Alberta TP during two ski seasons. Cases were snowboarders injured in the TP who presented to ski patrol and/or local emergency departments. Controls were uninjured snowboarders in the same TP. κ Statistics were used to measure the reliability of reported risk factor information. Injury rates were calculated and adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate the feature-specific odds of injury. Results Overall, 333 cases and 1261 controls were enrolled. Reliability of risk factor information was κ&gt;0.60 for 21/24 variables. The overall injury rate was 0.75/1000 runs. Rates were highest for jumps and half-pipe (both 2.56/1000 runs) and lowest for rails (0.43/1000 runs) and quarter-pipes (0.24/1000 runs). Compared with rails, there were increased odds of injury for half-pipe (OR 9.63; 95% CI 4.80 to 19.32), jumps (OR 4.29; 95% CI 2.72 to 6.76), mushroom (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.20 to 4.41) and kickers (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.27 to 3.12). Conclusions Higher feature-specific injury rates and increased odds of injury were associated with features that promote aerial manoeuvres or a large drop to the ground. Further research is required to determine ways to increase snowboarder safety in the TP.
L-arginine minimizes reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow model of liver perfusion
Authors: S M Jones, R G Thurman
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

A low–flow, reflow model of liver perfusion was used in the rat to investigate the effects of l–arginine on reperfusion injury in the absence of blood elements. In contrast to in vivo studies, l–arginine cannot minimize hypoxia by improving the microcirculation under these special conditions, but rather can only increase oxygen delivery upon reflow. During reflow, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release reached a new steady–state value of 35 ± 3 U/g/h in livers perfused in the absence of l–arginine. L –Arginine (0.1 mmol/L) significantly reduced LDH release during reflow to 14 ± 1 U/g/h; higher concentrations (1.0–3.0 mmol/L) were less effective and the arginine analogue Nomega–nitro l–arginine methyl ester (L–NAME, 0.3 mmol/L) reversed the protective effect completely. Infusion of the biologically inactive isomer D– arginine 0.1 mmol/L had no effect on the observed reperfusion injury. Malondialdehyde (MDA) release during reflow averaged 92 ± 10 nmol/g/h and was decreased significantly to 47 ± 13 nmol/g/h with l–arginine (0.1 mmol/L). Oxygen uptake during reflow was not significantly altered by l–arginine, although the time required to reach steady state values upon reflow was reduced significantly (about twofold), indicating improved microcirculation. Trypan blue distribution time, which is used to index the hepatic microcirculation, was decreased significantly from 330 ± 17 to 227 ± 31 seconds by l–arginine, an effect also blocked by l–NAME. Additionally, l–arginine, significantly increased both the rate of entry and exit of fluorescein–dextran, a dye confined to the vascular space, by approximately 50%, also reflecting improved microcirculation. Collectively, these findings indicate that l–arginine protects against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in a blood–free perfusion model specifically during the reoxygenation period. It is likely that l–arginine rapidly removes substrates for free radical generation by improving the microcirculation.
Epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is the major determinant of nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath
Authors: C Lane
Journal: Thorax (2004)

The fractional concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled breath (FeNO) is increased in asthma. There is a general assumption that NO synthase (NOS) 2 in epithelium is the main source of NO in exhaled breath. However, there is no direct evidence to support the assumption and data from animal models suggest that non-inducible NOS systems have important roles in determining airway reactivity, regulating inflammation, and might contribute significantly to NO measured in exhaled breath.Bronchial epithelial cells were obtained from healthy, atopic, and asthmatic children by non-bronchoscopic brushing. Exhaled NO (FeNO) was measured directly using a fast response chemiluminescence NO analyser. RNA was extracted from the epithelial cells and real time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of NOS isoenzymes. NOS2 was examined in macrophages and epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry.NOS1 mRNA was not detectable. NOS3 mRNA was detected in 36 of 43 samples at lower levels than NOS2 mRNA which was detectable in all samples. The median FeNO was 15.5 ppb (95% CI 10 to 18.1). There was a significant correlation between FeNO and NOS2 expression (R = 0.672, p<0.001). All epithelial cells exhibited NOS2 staining, whereas staining in the macrophages was variable and not related to phenotype.Only NOS2 expression was associated with FeNO in respiratory epithelial cells obtained from children (R = 0.672; p<0.001). This suggests that FeNO variability is largely determined by epithelial NOS2 expression with little contribution from other isoforms.
Chemotherapy of Burkitt's Tumor at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: V. Anomah Ngu
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Our work on the chemotherapy of Burkitt's tumor started in 1961 shortly after its recognition as a clinical entity. The management of Burkitt's tumor patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, has always been a team effort, with many colleagues in surgery, pediatrics, pathology and hematology participating, and this short report is submitted on their behalf as well. <h3>Cases Treated and Drugs Used</h3> In the past 11 years of the chemotherapy program over 500 patients with Burkitt's tumor have been seen. About 400 patients received some treatment. Various clinical trials were initiated on these cases. Alkylating agents, antibiotics, alkaloids, antimetabolites, and indeed any cytotoxic drug that could be obtained were included in the trial. Of these, the most effective drugs were cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), mechlorethamine hydrochloride (nitrogen mustard), and methotrexate. <i>Cyclophosphamide</i>was given intravenously at a dose of 10-15 mg/kg of body weight daily for 7-10 days. When the tumor was
Human Papillomavirus Infection and Time to Progression and Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Nicolas F Schlecht, Robert W Platt, Eliane Duarte-Franco, Maria C Costa, João P Sobrinho, José C M Prado, Alex Ferenczy, Thomas E Rohan, Luisa L Villa, Eduardo L Franco
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Little is known about the duration of precancerous cervical lesions in relation to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We estimated rates of progression and regression and sojourn times of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) according to HPV status.We used data from a longitudinal study of HPV infection and cervical neoplasia in São Paulo, Brazil. Cervical specimens were taken from 2404 women for Pap cytology and polymerase chain reaction-based HPV testing every 4-6 months over a period of 8 years. We used actuarial and non-actuarial analyses to measure time to and rates of lesion progression and regression according to status and type of HPV infection.During follow-up, 118 low-grade SIL (LSIL), 24 high-grade SIL (HSIL), and 173 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) events were detected. Mean time to progression from ASCUS to LSIL or worse and from LSIL to HSIL or worse was shorter in women with oncogenic HPV types than in women with no HPV infection (mean times for ASCUS progression were 67.0 and 88.0 months, respectively, in women with oncogenic HPV and no HPV, difference = 21.0 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.3 to 30.7 months; mean times for LSIL progression were 73.3 and 83.5 months, respectively, difference = 10.2 months, 95% CI = -0.15 to 20.6 months). Half of the LSILs regressed to normal or ASCUS within 6 months. Mean times for regression from ASCUS to normal, from LSIL to ASCUS or normal, and from HSIL/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 to ASCUS or normal were longer for women with oncogenic HPV types (16.8 months, 95% CI = 7.5 to 26.2 months; 13.8 months, 95% CI = 8.8 to 18.7 months; and 17.1 months, 95% CI = 4.1 to 30.1 months, respectively) than for women with non-oncogenic HPV types (7.7 months, 95% CI = 5.2 to 10.2 months; 7.8 months, 95% CI = 5.3 to 10.2 months; 8.9 months, 95% CI = 3.3 to 14.6 months) or for women with no HPV infection (7.6 months, 95% CI = 6.9 to 8.4 months; 7.6 months, 95% CI = 6.4 to 8.7 months; and 7.0 months, 95% CI = 5.0 to 8.9 months, respectively).Precursor lesions of the cervix persist longer and progress more quickly in women with oncogenic HPV infections than in women with non-oncogenic infections or without HPV. Testing cervical lesions for oncogenic HPVs may help identify those that are likely to progress rapidly.
Sedentary behaviour and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis
Authors: Long Zhai, Yi Zhang, Dongfeng Zhang
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Sedentary behaviour is associated with risk of depression. We review and quantitatively summarise the evidence from observational studies in a meta-analysis. Methods We searched the PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang databases for observational studies related to the association of sedentary behaviour and depression risk up to 15 January 2014. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated by the use of a random effects model. Results Thirteen cross-sectional studies with 110 152 participants and 11 longitudinal studies with 83 014 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The summary RR of depression for the highest versus non-occasional/occasional sedentary behaviour was 1.25 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.35, I 2 =50.7%) for all included studies. The pooled RRs of depression for sedentary behaviour were 1.31 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.48) in cross-sectional studies and 1.14 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.21) in longitudinal studies. In subgroup analysis by different types of sedentary behaviour, the pooled RRs of depression were 1.13 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.21) for long-time TV viewing and 1.22 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.34) for prolonged computer or internet use. Conclusions This meta-analysis of observational studies indicates that sedentary behaviour is associated with increased risk of depression.
Dopamine’s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Challenges for Treating Cognitive Disorders
Authors: Amy F. T. Arnsten, Min Wang, Constantinos D. Paspalas
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2015)

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) elaborates and differentiates in primates, and there is a corresponding elaboration in cortical dopamine (DA). DA cells that fire to both aversive and rewarding stimuli likely project to the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), signaling a salient event. Since 1979, we have known that DA has an essential influence on dlPFC working memory functions. DA has differing effects via D1 (D1R) versus D2 receptor (D2R) families. D1R are concentrated on dendritic spines, and D1/5R stimulation produces an inverted U-shaped dose response on visuospatial working memory performance and Delay cell firing, the neurons that generate representations of visual space. Optimal levels of D1R stimulation gate out "noise," whereas higher levels, e.g., during stress, suppress Delay cell firing. These effects likely involve hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel opening, activation of GABA interneurons, and reduced glutamate release. Dysregulation of D1R has been related to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and there is a need for new, lower-affinity D1R agonists that may better mimic endogenous DA to enhance mental representations and improve cognition. In contrast to D1R, D2R are primarily localized on layer V pyramidal cell dendrites, and D2/3R stimulation speeds and magnifies the firing of Response cells, including Response Feedback cells. Altered firing of Feedback neurons may relate to positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Emerging research suggests that DA may have similar effects in the ventrolateral PFC and frontal eye fields. Research on the orbital PFC in monkeys is just beginning and could be a key area for future discoveries.
Role of the Tripartite Motif Protein 27 in Cancer Development
Authors: Georgia Zoumpoulidou, Cristina Broceño, He Li, Demelza Bird, George Thomas, Sibylle Mittnacht
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2012)

BackgroundThe tripartite motif family protein 27 (TRIM27) is a transcriptional repressor that interacts with, and attenuates senescence induction by, the retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB1). High expression of TRIM27 was noted in several human cancer types including breast and endometrial cancer, where elevated TRIM27 expression predicts poor prognosis. Here, we investigated the role of TRIM27 expression in cancer development.
Cultural evolution is not equivalent to Darwinian evolution
Authors: Dwight W. Read
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Darwinian evolution, defined as evolution arising from selection based directly on the properties of individuals, does not account for cultural constructs providing the organizational basis of human societies. The difficulty with linking Darwinian evolution to structural properties of cultural constructs is exemplified with kinship terminologies, a cultural construct that structures and delineates the domain of kin in human societies.
Transcriptomic analysis of pluripotent stem cells: insights into health and disease
Authors: Jia-Chi Yeo, Huck-Hui Ng
Journal: Genome Medicine (2011)

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold tremendous clinical potential because of their ability to self-renew, and to differentiate into all cell types of the body. This unique capacity of ESCs and iPSCs to form all cell lineages is termed pluripotency. While ESCs and iPSCs are pluripotent and remarkably similar in appearance, whether iPSCs truly resemble ESCs at the molecular level is still being debated. Further research is therefore needed to resolve this issue before iPSCs may be safely applied in humans for cell therapy or regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, the use of iPSCs as an in vitro human genetic disease model has been useful in studying the molecular pathology of complex genetic diseases, as well as facilitating genetic or drug screens. Here, we review recent progress in transcriptomic approaches in the study of ESCs and iPSCs, and discuss how deregulation of these pathways may be involved in the development of disease. Finally, we address the importance of these advances for developing new therapeutics, and the future challenges facing the clinical application of ESCs and iPSCs.
Modulation of Plasma Aldosterone Concentration by Plasma Potassium in Anephric Man in the Absence of a Change in Potassium Balance
Authors: C. Robert Cooke, John S. Horvath, Michael A. Moore, Turner Bledsoe, W. Gordon Walker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

In studies on seven anephric patients, glucose and insulin administration before hemodialysis produced a significant reduction in plasma potassium concentration (mean reduction = 1.3, 1.7, and 1.4 meq/liter at 60, 120, and 180 min, respectively) which was accompanied by a significant and sustained reduction in plasma aldosterone concentration. There was a significant correlation between plasma aldosterone and plasma potassium concentration (r = +0.74, P < 0.001) and between changes in the concentration of plasma aldosterone occurring in individual patients and the corresponding changes in plasma potassium concentration (r = +0.52, P < 0.01). There was no significant change in plasma sodium concentration, and plasma corticoid concentration, which was monitored as an index of ACTH elaboration, was reduced at 60 min but increased subsequently as symptoms attributable to hypoglycemia were observed. These studies demonstrate that plasma aldosterone concentration can be modulated acutely by transitory changes in plasma potassium concentration without a change in potassium balance. The effect of glucose and insulin administration on intracellular potassium in the adrenal cortex is uncertain, and although increased net movement of potassium into cells is the presumptive mechanism of the reduction in plasma potassium concentration, whether the potassium content of the adrenal cortex may have increased or decreased or remained essentially unchanged, cannot be inferred from our data.
PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM—NORMAL AND ASSOCIATED WITH SHOCK
Authors: R. M. Fink, T. Enns, C. P. Kimball, H. E. Silberstein, W. F. Bale, S. C. Madden, G. H. Whipple
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

Labeled plasma proteins are produced by administering to dogs the amino acid lysine synthesized with heavy nitrogen. Such labeled proteins are apparently indistinguishable biologically from proteins of normal isotope concentration. Labeled plasma proteins, as plasma, injected into normal dogs pass out of the blood stream at an initially rapid but constantly decreasing non-logarithmic rate. This outflow is balanced by a simultaneous inflow of plasma proteins from the tissues. Fifty per cent of the labeled protein is out of the blood stream in about 24 hours; 75 per cent in about 6 days. Shock due to trauma of intestine or leg shows a dilution curve of labeled plasma protein not unlike that of the normal dog. If anything, dilution appears a little less rapid in shock. Since the usual shrinkage of plasma volume and plasma protein mass is present in these shocked dogs, these data are compatible with a decreased inflow of protein into the plasma during shock. Methods are described which are suitable for the use of heavy nitrogen incorporated in the epsilon group of lysine and its subsequent analysis in body fluids. These data may indicate that the plasma proteins are normally in constant and rapid exchange with a mobile pool of body protein.
Improved quantification with validation of multiple mRNA species by polymerase chain reaction: application to human myocardial creatine kinase M and B
Authors: T S Ma, P A Brink, B Perryman, R Roberts
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Quantitation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has not been validated by an independent assay and is not easily applicable to multiple samples. The aim of this study was therefore to attempt to quantify human heart creatine kinase M (CKM) and B (CKB) mRNA simultaneously and to validate the method with a quantitative S1 nuclease protection assay.Conditions were optimised to achieve high efficiency of reverse transcription and PCR amplification of a short target sequence using total human heart RNA and an in vitro transcribed RNA standard as a substrate. A nested radiolabelled primer was used for specific detection and quantification of the amplified DNA sequence.The amplification efficiency for CKM and CKB mRNA were 0.98 (SD 0.07) and 1.11 (0.04) respectively. CKM and CKB mRNA levels were determined in 42 samples from 24 human hearts and found to be 156.7(36.2) and 19.9(5.2) amol.microgram-1 RNA, respectively. Parallel quantitative S1 nuclease protection assay yielded results of 131.2(64.2) and 9.4(5.2) amol.microgram-1 RNA. The cardiac CKB, but not CKM mRNA level, was twofold higher using the quantitative PCR method. However this discrepancy was abolished when compared to a higher stringency S1 nuclease protection assay. The cardiac CKB mRNA was 12.7% of the CKM level. This proportion remained the same from hearts with end stage cardiomyopathies of various aetiologies.This validated quantitative PCR method offers advantages over the S1 nuclease protection assay in that less RNA is required, the procedure is less dependent on RNA integrity and secondary structure, and multiple RNA species can be quantified simultaneously. The results also suggest that the abundance of the CKM and CKB mRNA level are coordinately regulated in the human heart.
Protective Study with a Group A Streptococcal M Protein Vaccine. INFECTIVITY CHALLENGE OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS
Authors: Eugene N. Fox, Robert H. Waldman, Masako K. Wittner, Arthur A. Mauceri, Albert Dorfman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Healthy adult male volunteers were immunized with purified M protein from Group A streptococci. Type 1. The vaccine was administered subcutaneously as an aluminum hydroxide-precipitated antigen in three montly doses. Control subjects received a placebo of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. To test the efficacy of the immunization, vaccinees and controls were challenged with a virulent strain of Type 1 streptococci applied to the pharynx. The immunization and challenge of the vaccinated and control subjects (19 men in each group) were carried out as a double blind experiment. All subjects were carefully screened by physical and laboratory examinations before and after the immunization and infectivity schedules. 30-50 days after the last injection, the vaccinees and control subjects were infected with the streptococci. Careful surveillance was maintained to evaluate the extent of acquired streptococcal infection. Throat cultures, leukocytes counts, temperatures, and physical signs and symptoms were monitored daily. All subjects received 1.2 million U of penicillin intramuscularly no later than 6 days after inoculation with the culture. Illness was judged by the appearance of exudative pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy accompanied by a positive throat culture. By these criteria, 9 of the 19 placebo controls, and 1 of 19 vaccinees were ill. No residual illness or clinical complications was observed after the penicillin treatment. It is concluded that the alum-precipitated M protein vaccine afforded protection against an upper respiratory Type 1 streptococcal infection.