tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMS OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG RETARDED CHILDREN
Authors: THOMAS G. WEBSTER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1963)

Diagnostic studies of a series of 159 pre-school retarded children are reported with a focus on the disturbances in emotional development. It is emphasized that mental retardation is a clinical developmental syndrome which regularly includes an impairment in emotional as well as in intellectual development. Psychological characteristics which are more closely related to the degree of retardation than to any other diagnostic factor are termed the primary psychopathology of the mental retardation syndrome. The primary psychopathology is described and illustrated in terms of the developmental disturbance and special descriptive traits. Points of differential diagnosis are discussed.
Conflicts of interest: how money clouds objectivity
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

Richard Smith was editor of the BMJ and chief executive of the BMJ Publishing Group for 13 years. In his last year at the journal he retreated to a 15th century palazzo in Venice to write a book. This is a much shortened chapter from the author's book provisionally entitled The Trouble With Medical Journals that the RSM Press will publish in the autumn [www.rsmpress.co.uk], and this is the third in a series of extracts that will be published in the JRSM.
Intraductal papillary and mucinous pancreatic tumour: a new extracolonic tumour in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: F Maire
Journal: Gut (2002)

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is characterised by the development of numerous colorectal adenomatous polyps. Other extracolonic benign or malignant lesions have been reported previously in association with FAP but precancerous lesions in the pancreas have never been described. We report the first case of intraductal papillary and mucinous pancreatic tumour (IPMT) in a patient with FAP. A 48 year old man with a well documented past history of FAP was admitted for epigastric pain, weight loss, and new onset diabetes mellitus. Spiral computed tomography scan revealed a large tumour in the pancreatic head with upstream main pancreatic duct dilatation. Endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed these data. Mucous secretion was seen at duodenoscopy and a lesion in the main pancreatic duct was confirmed by retrograde pancreatography. The patient underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy for suspected IPMT. Histological examination of the resected specimen confirmed an IPMT with in situ carcinoma. Twelve months after resection, the patient remained free of tumour relapse. Genetic analysis showed loss of the wild allele of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in IPMT, causing inactivation of both alleles and demonstrating that IPMT was not incidental in this patient. IPMT should be included in the extracolonic localisation of FAP.
Origin of Cardiomyocytes in the Adult Heart
Authors: Annarosa Leri, Marcello Rota, Francesco S. Pasqualini, Polina Goichberg, Piero Anversa
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

This review article discusses the mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis in the adult heart. They include the re-entry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle; dedifferentiation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, which assume an immature replicating cell phenotype; transdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cardiomyocytes; and cardiomyocytes derived from activation and lineage specification of resident cardiac stem cells. The recognition of the origin of cardiomyocytes is of critical importance for the development of strategies capable of enhancing the growth response of the myocardium; in fact, cell therapy for the decompensated heart has to be based on the acquisition of this fundamental biological knowledge.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Ph-Positive Leukemias
Authors: Steven S. Clark, William M. Crist, Owen N. Witte
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1989)

The strong association between the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) suggests that the Ph translocation plays a significant role in CML pathogenesis. For this reason, Ph-positive leukemias have been well studied from the molecular, clinical, and cell biological perspective. We attempt to integrate these data in order to better our understanding of the role of the Ph chromosome in human leukemia.
Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacologic Treatments to Prevent Fractures
Authors: Carolyn J. Crandall, Sydne J. Newberry, Allison Diamant, Yee-Wei Lim, Walid F. Gellad, Marika J. Booth, Aneesa Motala, Paul G. Shekelle
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2020)

This comprehensive update addresses the benefits and harms of pharmacologic treatments used to prevent fractures in adults at increased risk. The authors found good-quality evidence that several me...
Platinum-Based Versus Non-Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of the Published Literature
Authors: Giannicola D'Addario, Melania Pintilie, Natasha B. Leighl, Ronald Feld, Thomas Cerny, Frances A. Shepherd
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose This meta-analysis was performed to compare the activity, efficacy and toxicity of platinum-based versus non-platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods Randomized phase II and III clinical trials comparing first-line palliative platinum-based chemotherapy with the same regimen without platinum or with platinum replaced by a nonplatinum agent were identified by electronic searches of Medline, Embase, and Cancerlit, and hand searches of relevant abstract books and reference lists. Response rates, 1-year survival, and toxicity were analyzed. Subgroups of trials using third-generation agents were compared. Results Thirty-seven assessable trials were identified including 7,633 patients. A 62% increase in the odds ratio (OR) for response was attributable to platinum-based therapy (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.46 to 1.8; P &lt; .0001). The 1-year survival rate was increased by 5% with platinum-based regimens (34% v 29%; OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.35; P = .0003). No statistically significant increase in 1-year survival was found when platinum therapies were compared to third-generation-based combination regimens (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.28; P = .17). The toxicity of platinum-based regimens was significantly higher for hematologic toxicity, nephrotoxicity, and nausea and vomiting, but not for neurotoxicity, febrile neutropenia rate, or toxic death rate. Conclusion Response is significantly higher with platinum-containing regimens. One-year survival was not significantly prolonged when platinum-based therapies were compared with third-generation-based combination regimens. Toxicity is generally higher for platinum-based regimens.
The Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Authors: Gary M. Van Deventer
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THE LeVeen peritoneojugular shunt has been proposed for the therapy of ascitic, cirrhotic patients intractable to medical management or with renal insufficiency. Initial reports emphasize its success and its safety,<sup>1,2</sup>but with wider usage more complications arise.<sup>3-6</sup> <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 52-year-old truck driver with an eight-year history of alcoholism had abdominal swelling, jaundice, and oliguria of six weeks' duration. A liver biopsy specimen showed alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. After treatment with a sodiumrestricted diet, diuretics, and two large paracenteses, he was transferred to our care with intractable ascites, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies on admission showed the following values: total bilirubin, 2.6 mg/dL; SGOT, 96 units; SGPT, 32 units; serum albumin, 2.5 g/dL; γ-globulin, 1.6 g/dL; prothrombin time, two seconds; BUN, 69 mg/dL; and creatinine, 2.7 mg/dL. We interpreted the renal failure as hepatorenal syndrome. Urinalysis showed specific gravity of 1.021, pH 5.5, no glucose, ketone,
Behavioral Counseling to Promote a Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors: Michael L. LeFevre
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Description: Update and refinement of the 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on dietary counseling for adults with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on whether primary care–relevant counseling interventions for a healthful diet and physical activity modify self-reported behaviors, intermediate physiologic outcomes, diabetes incidence, and cardiovascular morbidity or mortality in adults with CVD risk factors, as well as the adverse effects of counseling interventions. Population: This recommendation applies to adults aged 18 years or older in primary care settings who are overweight or obese and have known CVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, or the metabolic syndrome). Recommendation: The USPSTF recommends offering or referring adults who are overweight or obese and have additional CVD risk factors to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for CVD prevention. (B recommendation)
Proangiogenic properties of human myeloma cells: production of angiopoietin-1 and its potential relationship to myeloma-induced angiogenesis
Authors: Nicola Giuliani, Simona Colla, Mirca Lazzaretti, Roberto Sala, Giovanni Roti, Cristina Mancini, Sabrina Bonomini, Paolo Lunghi, Magda Hojden, Giovenzio Genestreti, Mirija Svaldi, Paolo Coser, Pier Paolo Fattori, Gabriella Sammarelli, Gian Carlo Gazzola, Regis Bataille, Camillo Almici, Cecilia Caramatti, Lina Mangoni, Vittorio Rizzoli
Journal: Blood (2003)
Systemic Factors Are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Proteinuria-Induced Glomerulosclerosis in Adriamycin Nephrotic Rats
Authors: ERIC DE BOER, GERJAN NAVIS, ANTON T. M. TIEBOSCH, PAUL E. DE JONG, DICK DE ZEEUW
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1999)

This study aims to dissociate the respective roles of systemic nephrosis and of the intrarenal effects of proteinuria in the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FGS) in adriamycin nephrosis. To this purpose, this study examined proteinuria and FGS in bilateral (BAP) and unilateral proteinuria (UAP) in two different rat strains. UAP was obtained by protecting one kidney from exposure to adriamycin by temporary clipping of one renal artery during adriamycin injection. At sacrifice (week 12), FGS was present in BAP and in exposed kidneys in UAP, but not in unexposed kidneys. FGS correlated significantly with proteinuria per kidney in BAP and UAP. Remarkably, for a given proteinuria per kidney, the sclerosis score was higher in BAP than in UAP, reflected by a higher ratio of FGS score per mg proteinuria per kidney (Wistar: 0.09 +/- 0.01 in BAP versus 0.05 +/- 0.01%/mg protein per d in UAP, P < 0.05; Lewis: 0.12 +/- 0.01 in BAP versus 0.07 +/- 0.01%/mg protein per d in UAP, P < 0.05), indicating that the local damaging effects of proteinuria are modified by other factors. Cholesterol correlated with total proteinuria in BAP and UAP. FGS score was positively correlated with cholesterol. The latter correlation was similar in BAP and UAP, indicating that cholesterol was a more uniform predictor for FGS than proteinuria per kidney. This was independent of strain-specific factors. On multilinear regression analysis, cholesterol turned out to be the most consistent predictor of FGS in proteinuric kidneys, with a stronger predictive value than proteinuria per kidney. It is concluded that although systemic sequelae of nephrosis do not induce renal damage in nonproteinuric kidneys, they modify the severity of proteinuria-induced FGS in proteinuric kidneys.
Progress in the design of low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors
Authors: Stuti Srivastava, Lalit N. Goswami, Dinesh K. Dikshit
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2004)

Intravascular thrombosis and its complication, embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Past few decades have seen a great deal of progress in the development of antithrombotic agents, though the current treatment options are limited to heparin, LMW heparins, and warfarin. Detailed understanding of the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of activation and regulation of blood coagulation have helped in developing specific inhibitors of enzymes, especially thrombin, within the coagulation cascade. Thrombin plays a central role in the coagulation cascade and so has become the primary target for the development of antithrombotic drugs. The review covers the main pharmacological aspects of haemostasis and thrombosis and provides an update on low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors along with the limitations of the prevalent antithrombotic agents. Recent developments in small molecule inhibitors of Protease Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) which can be helpful for the treatment of thrombotic and vascular proliferative disorders, have also been discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Paralympic Committee position statement: urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured athletes
Authors: Stacey Compton, Larissa Trease, Corey Cunningham, David Hughes
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

Patients with spinal cord injuries are at increased risk of developing symptomatic urinary tract infections. Current evidence-based knowledge regarding prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection in the spinal cord injured population is limited. There are currently no urinary tract infection prevention and management guidelines specifically targeted towards elite spinal cord injured athletes. This position statement represents a set of recommendations intended to provide clinical guidelines for sport and exercise medicine physicians and other healthcare providers for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured athletes. It has been endorsed by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) and the Australian Paralympic Committee (APC).
Viral and Bacterial Infections Interfere with Peripheral Tolerance Induction and Activate CD8+ T Cells to Cause Immunopathology
Authors: Stephan Ehl, Joachim Hombach, Peter Aichele, Thomas Rülicke, Bernhard Odermatt, Hans Hengartner, Rolf Zinkernagel, Hanspeter Pircher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

We studied the impact of various infectious and proinflammatory agents on the induction of peripheral T cell tolerance. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) T cell receptor transgenic mice into LCMV antigen transgenic mice expressing the LCMV glycoprotein epitope (gp) 33–41 under control of a major histocompatibility complex class I promoter led to efficient induction of peripheral tolerance after a period of transient activation. If, however, the recipient mice were challenged with viral or bacterial infections or proinflammatory agents (lipopolysaccharide or Poly:IC) early after cell transfer, tolerance induction was prevented and instead, CD8+ T cell activation leading to vigorous expansion and generation of cytolytic activity ensued. This became manifest in significant immunopathology mainly involving destruction of the splenic architecture and lysis of antigen-expressing lymphocyte and macrophage populations. Important parameters involved in the activation of host-reactive T cells by nonspecific infectious agents included the presence, localization, and quantity of the specific transgene-encoded self-antigen; in contrast, CD4+ T cells were not required. In mice surviving the acute phase, the transferred CD8+ T cells persisted at high levels in an anergic state; they were unable to generate cytolytic activity in vitro or to control LCMV infection in vivo. These results impinge on our understanding of the role of infectious agents in graft verus host reactions towards minor histocompatibility antigens.
Simulated Physician Learning Intervention to Improve Safety and Quality of Diabetes Care: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Patrick J. O'Connor, JoAnn M. Sperl-Hillen, Paul E. Johnson, William A. Rush, Stephen E. Asche, Pradyumina Dutta, George R. Biltz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To assess two physician learning interventions designed to improve safety and quality of diabetes care delivered by primary care physicians (PCPs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This group randomized clinical trial included 57 consenting PCPs and their 2,020 eligible adult patients with diabetes. Physicians were randomized to no intervention (group A), a simulated case-based physician learning intervention (group B), or the same simulated case-based learning intervention with physician opinion leader feedback (group C). Dependent variables included A1C values, LDL cholesterol values, pharmacotherapy intensification rates in patients not at clinical goals, and risky prescribing events. RESULTS Groups B and C had substantial reductions in risky prescribing of metformin in patients with renal impairment (P = 0.03). Compared with groups A and C, physicians in group B achieved slightly better glycemic control (P = 0.04), but physician intensification of oral glucose-lowering medications was not affected by interventions (P = 0.41). Lipid management improved over time (P &amp;lt; 0.001) but did not differ across study groups (P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS A simulated, case-based learning intervention for physicians significantly reduced risky prescribing events and marginally improved glycemic control in actual patients. The addition of opinion leader feedback did not improve the learning intervention. Refinement and further development of this approach is warranted.
Lipid profile in COPD patients with coronary artery disease comorbidity
Authors: Olena Krakhmalova, Olena Hetman
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are global epidemics that incur significant morbidity and mortality. Both conditions are systemic disorders with overlapping pathophysiologic mechanisms and risk factors.  Aim: To investigate the levels of total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL) in COPD patients with and without CAD as a risk factors of cardiovascular death.  Method: 88 COPD patients ((mean±SD) - 59 males (60,5%) mean age 62,3±14,5 years, FEV1: 52±15 % pred., BMI: 28,2±5,4 kg/m2 with stable COPD participated in the study. We compared lipid profile in 48 patients with COPD and verified stable angina II-III WHO’s functional class and control group - 40 COPD patients without CAD.  Results: Mean LDL concentration among cases was 114.89 ± 19.61(mg/dl) as against control group who had mean LDL concentration of 96.22 ± 19.96(mg/dl), which was statistically significant (p-value   Conclusion: Increased LDL cholesterol in patients with a higher degree of bronchial obstruction indicates a more aggressive course of atherosclerosis in chronic hypoxia. Thus, in patients concomitant cardiopulmonary disorders increases the risk of cardiovascular complications.
Tumor Cell Lines Established in Vitro: An Independent Prognostic Factor for Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: H Stevenson, A F Gazdar, R Phelps, R I Linnoila, D C Ihde, B Ghosh, T Walsh, E L Woods, H Oie, T O'Connor
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

To determine the relation between in-vitro establishment of tumor cell lines and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.Cohort study.Single-institution tertiary care center.One hundred twenty-three consecutive patients with non-small-cell lung cancer from whom a viable tumor specimen could be obtained.Tumor tissue was removed at the time of entry into a therapeutic protocol. The tumor tissue was processed in the laboratory for attempted cell-line establishment. Patients classified as potentially curable (stages I, II, and IIIA) were treated with surgical resection, radiation therapy, or a combination. Patients suitable for palliative therapy only (stages IIIB and IV) were treated with radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was based on in-vitro drug sensitivity when available. Cell-line establishment was correlated to clinical outcome.Univariate analysis of survival was done using the log-rank test; multivariate analysis was done by Cox modeling step-up and step-down techniques. Cell lines were established from the tumor specimens of 25 patients (20%). Those patients experienced a median survival of 7 months compared with 18 months in patients from whom cell lines could not be established (P less than 0.001). In the 61 patients with potentially curable disease, 8 patients (13%) with cell lines established had a median survival of 8 months compared with 32 months for those without cell lines established (P = 0.001). In the 62 palliative group patients, the median survival of the 17 patients (27%) from whom tumor cell lines were established was 5 months compared with 7 months for those without cell lines (P = 0.15). Multivariate analysis in both groups showed cell-line establishment to be a significant indicator of prognosis (P less than 0.0001 for curable group; P less than 0.01 for palliative group).In-vitro tumor growth is related to decreased patient survival, which in turn reflects the biologic aggressiveness of cancers giving rise to these tumor cell lines.
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 and the aging cardiovascular system
Authors: A Khan
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

There is a large body of evidence that biological aging is related to a series of long-term catabolic processes resulting in decreased function and structural integrity of several physiological systems, among which is the cardiovascular system. These changes in the aging phenotype are correlated with a decline in the amplitude of pulsatile growth hormone secretion and the resulting decrease in plasma levels of its anabolic mediator, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The relationship between growth hormone and biological aging is supported by studies demonstrating that growth hormone administration to old animals and humans raises plasma IGF-1 and results in increases in skeletal muscle and lean body mass, a decrease in adiposity, increased immune function, improvements in learning and memory, and increases in cardiovascular function. Since growth hormone and IGF-1 exert potent effects on the heart and vasculature, the relationship between age-related changes in cardiovascular function and the decline in growth hormone levels with age have become of interest. Among the age-related changes in the cardiovascular system are decreases in myocyte number, accumulation of fibrosis and collagen, decreases in stress-induced cardiac function through deterioration of the myocardial conduction system and β-adrenergic receptor function, decreases in exercise capacity, vessel rarefaction, decreased arterial compliance and endothelial dysfunction leading to alterations in blood flow. Growth hormone has been found to exert potent effects on cardiovascular function in young animals and reverses many of the deficits in cardiovascular function in aged animals and humans. Nevertheless, it has been difficult to separate the effects of growth hormone deficiency from age-related diseases and associated pathologies. The development of novel animal models and additional research are required in order to elucidate the specific effects of growth hormone deficiency and assess its contribution to cardiovascular impairments and biological aging.