tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Continuous Glucose Profiles in Obese and Normal-Weight Pregnant Women on a Controlled Diet
Authors: Kristin A. Harmon, Lori Gerard, Dalan R. Jensen, Elizabeth H. Kealey, Teri L. Hernandez, Melanie S. Reece, Linda A. Barbour, Daniel H. Bessesen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

We sought to define 24-h glycemia in normal-weight and obese pregnant women using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) while they consumed a habitual and controlled diet both early and late in pregnancy.Glycemia was prospectively measured in early (15.7 ± 2.0 weeks' gestation) and late (27.7 ± 1.7 weeks' gestation) pregnancy in normal-weight (n = 22) and obese (n = 16) pregnant women on an ad libitum and controlled diet. Fasting glucose, triglycerides (early pregnancy only), nonesterified fatty acids (FFAs), and insulin also were measured.The 24-h glucose area under the curve was higher in obese women than in normal-weight women both early and late in pregnancy despite controlled diets. Nearly all fasting and postprandial glycemic parameters were higher in the obese women later in pregnancy, as were fasting insulin, triglycerides, and FFAs. Infants born to obese mothers had greater adiposity. Maternal BMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.01), late average daytime glucose (r = 0.48, P < 0.05), and late fasting insulin (r = 0.49, P < 0.05) correlated with infant percentage body fat. However, early fasting triglycerides (r = 0.67, P < 0.001) and late fasting FFAs (r = 0.54, P < 0.01) were even stronger correlates.This is the first study to demonstrate that obese women without diabetes have higher daytime and nocturnal glucose profiles than normal-weight women despite a controlled diet both early and late in gestation. Body fat in infants, not birth weight, was related to maternal BMI, glucose, insulin, and FFAs, but triglycerides were the strongest predictor. These metabolic findings may explain higher rates of infant macrosomia in obese women, which might be targeted in trials to prevent excess fetal growth.
Quantitation of Total-Body Tumor Cells (MOPC 104E). 11. Ascites Tumor Model2
Authors: Raymond N. Hiramoto, Vithal K. Ghanta, N. Marlene Hamlin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

Journal Article Quantitation of Total-Body Tumor Cells (MOPC 104E). 11. Ascites Tumor Model Get access Raymond N. Hiramoto, Raymond N. Hiramoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Vithal K. Ghanta, Vithal K. Ghanta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar N. Marlene Hamlin N. Marlene Hamlin 3Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, Ala. 35294. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 53, Issue 3, September 1974, Pages 767–771, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/53.3.767 Published: 01 September 1974 Article history Received: 07 January 1974 Accepted: 10 May 1974 Published: 01 September 1974
Why do frequency formats improve Bayesian reasoning? Cognitive algorithms work on information, which needs representation
Authors: Gerd Gigerenzer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract In contrast to traditional research on base-rate neglect, an ecologically-oriented research program would analyze the correspondence between cognitive algorithms and the nature of information in the environment. Bayesian computations turn out to be simpler when information is represented in frequency formats as opposed to the probability formats used in previous research. Frequency formats often enable even uninstructed subjects to perform Bayesian reasoning.
Mechanical ventilation: invasive versus noninvasive
Authors: L. Brochard
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Mechanical ventilation is the most widely used supportive technique in intensive care units. Several forms of external support for respiration have long been described to assist the failing ventilatory pump, and access to lower airways through tracheostomy or endotracheal tubes had constituted a major advance in the management of patients with respiratory distress. More recently, however, new "noninvasive" ventilation (NIV) techniques, using patient/ventilator interfaces in the form of facial masks, have been designed. The reasons for promoting NIV include a better understanding of the role of ventilatory pump failure in the indications for mechanical ventilation, the development of ventilatory modalities able to work in synchrony with the patient, and the extensive recognition of complications associated with endotracheal intubation and standard mechanical ventilation. NIV has been used primarily for patients with acute hypercapnic ventilatory failure, and especially for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this population, the use of NIV is associated with a marked reduction in the need for endotracheal intubation, a decrease in complication rate, a reduced duration of hospital stay and a substantial reduction in hospital mortality. Similar benefits have also been demonstrated in patients with asphyxic forms of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. In patients with primarily hypoxemic forms of respiratory failure, the level of success of NIV is more variable, but major benefits have also been demonstrated in selected populations with no contraindications such as multiple organ failure, loss of consciousness or haemodynamic instability. One important factor in success seems to be the early delivery of noninvasive ventilation during the course of respiratory failure. Noninvasive ventilation allows many of the complications associated with mechanical ventilation to be avoided, especially the occurrence of nosocomial infections. The current use of noninvasive ventilation is growing up, and is becoming a major therapeutic tool in the intensive care unit.
The Surgical Treatment of Acquired Aneurysm of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: C. N. Barnard, V. Schrire
Journal: Thorax (1963)

The surgical treatment of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta is a well-established procedure with fairly clear-cut indications and limitations.Treatment of an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, on the other hand, is a more hazardous procedure that requires partial or total cardiac bypass with hypothermia, either moderate or profound, with or without local cooling of the heart.The reason for this is that the aortic valves, the coronary arteries, and the three major vessels supplying the head, neck, and upper limbs are frequently involved by the disease.In consequence, special perfusion techniques are required to maintain adequate cardiac, brain, and spinal cord function during a prolonged procedure lasting several hours.In this paper we describe the surgical results in eight consecutive patients with aortic aneurysm.In four of these the ascending aorta was involved with varying degrees of associated aortic incompetence in two, erosion of the sternum and ribs in two, involvement of the innominate artery in one, perforation into the superior vena cava in one, and obstruction of the pulmonary artery and right ven- tricle in one.In four, varying lengths of the descend- ing aorta were involved, the proximal aorta being affected in three of the four patients, with involve- ment of the lung and/or thoracic vertebrae in all.Two of these patients had no associated aortic incompetence.CASE REPORTS CASE 1 V.M., a coloured man of 44 years, was admitted on 2 May 1961 in severe distress.Mild inconstant central chest pain, radiating to the shoulders, and dysphagia had commenced fairly acutely one month before.On the day his symptoms began his wife noticed swelling of his face and the right side of his neck, followed by bilateral jugular venous distension.Severe effort dyspnoea and orthopnoea developed rapidly and persisted after the pain and dysphagia had disappeared.Severe bilateral shoulder pain then recurred, requiring admission else- where and pethidine administration.At this stage the clinical picture of superior mediastinal obstruction was present, and a continuous murmur was audible in the right parastemal and aortic areas.Treatment with iodide, mercury, penicillin, and mercurial diuretics was begun.When he continued to deteriorate he was referred to the cardiac clinic.On examination he was almost moribund.The face, neck, upper trunk, and upper limbs were very oedematous.The veins draining into the superior vena cava were dilated and non-pulsatile.The blood pressure in both arms was equal, 165/80 mm.Hg.There was no cardio- megaly and no valve murmurs.In the right lower neck and intraclavicular area a continuous thrill and murmur indicative of an arterio-venous fistula was present.
Novel genes exhibit distinct patterns of function acquisition and network integration
Authors: John A Capra, Katherine S Pollard, Mona Singh
Journal: Genome biology (2010)

Abstract Background Genes are created by a variety of evolutionary processes, some of which generate duplicate copies of an entire gene, while others rearrange pre-existing genetic elements or co-opt previously non-coding sequence to create genes with 'novel' sequences. These novel genes are thought to contribute to distinct phenotypes that distinguish organisms. The creation, evolution, and function of duplicated genes are well-studied; however, the genesis and early evolution of novel genes are not well-characterized. We developed a computational approach to investigate these issues by integrating genome-wide comparative phylogenetic analysis with functional and interaction data derived from small-scale and high-throughput experiments. Results We examine the function and evolution of new genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . We observed significant differences in the functional attributes and interactions of genes created at different times and by different mechanisms. Novel genes are initially less integrated into cellular networks than duplicate genes, but they appear to gain functions and interactions more quickly than duplicates. Recently created duplicated genes show evidence of adapting existing functions to environmental changes, while young novel genes do not exhibit enrichment for any particular functions. Finally, we found a significant preference for genes to interact with other genes of similar age and origin. Conclusions Our results suggest a strong relationship between how and when genes are created and the roles they play in the cell. Overall, genes tend to become more integrated into the functional networks of the cell with time, but the dynamics of this process differ significantly between duplicate and novel genes.
Perinatal mortality rates by birth weight.
Authors: F N Garratt, E A Jones
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Our recent experience in San Francisco has been that intensive management of these small infants (500-1000 g birth weight) results in survival of more than 60 0 (see table ).Infants born outside the regional perinatal centre Neontatal mortality of infatnts of 500-1000 g birth zveio,ht admitted to intcnsivce care unit, San Francisco Children's Hovpital Inborni Outborn 'I'otal Year _ _
Study of Four New Kindreds with Inherited Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Abnormalities POSSIBLE MUTATIONS OF A SINGLE GENE LOCUS
Authors: Samuel Refetoff, Noel I. Robin, Chester A. Alper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Five families with inherited thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) abnormalities were studied. On the basis of serum thyroxine (T(4))- binding capacity of TBG in affected males, three family types were identified: TBG deficiency, low TBG, and high TBG capacity. In all families evidence for X-linked inheritance was obtained and in one family all criteria establishing this mode of inheritance were met. Only females were heterozygous, exhibiting values intermediate between affected males and normals. Overlap in heterozygotes was most commonly encountered in families with low TBG. QUANTITATIVE VARIATION IN THE SERUM CONCENTRATION OF FUNCTIONALLY NORMAL TBG WAS DEMONSTRATED BY: (a) failure of serum from TBG-deficient subjects to react with anti-TBG antibodies; (b) normal kinetics of T(4) and triiodothyronine-binding to TBG in sera from subjects with low TBG and high TBG capacity; (c) concordance of estimates of TBG concentration by T(4) saturation and by immunological methods; and (d) normal rate of heat inactivation of TBG. No abnormalities in serum transport of cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, or thyroxine bound to prealbumin could be detected. These observations suggest that all the TBG abnormalities thus far observed reflect mutations at a single X-linked locus involved in the control of TBG synthesis.
Inhaled heparin in cystic fibrosis
Authors: D. J. Serisier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by inspissated airway secretions and chronic endobronchial infection associated with exuberant neutrophilic inflammation. Unfractionated heparin may be mucolytic and has demonstrated a number of anti-inflammatory properties; however, further safety data are needed in these subjects who are at risk of airway bleeding. The current study aimed to assess the medium-term safety and tolerability of moderately high-dose inhaled heparin in CF adults and to explore possible in vivo mucolytic and anti-inflammatory outcomes. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of twice daily inhalation of 50,000 IU of heparin for 2 weeks was undertaken in CF adults, with a 1-week washout period. Eighteen subjects were randomised and 14 (mean+/-sd age 23+/-7.8 yrs and percentage-predicted forced expiratory volume in one second 52.1+/-15.56%) completed the study protocol. Heparin neither affected blood coagulation parameters nor resulted in any increase in adverse events. Heparin inhalation had no significant effect upon forced expiratory volume in one second, symptoms of sputum clearance or sputum inflammatory markers. The current pilot study demonstrated no evidence of improved sputum clearance with 50,000 IU of inhaled heparin given twice daily to adult cystic fibrosis subjects. However, inhaled heparin was safe and the future evaluation of larger doses over a longer period may be warranted.
CD56 Expression Is an Indicator of Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treated With Simultaneous All-Trans-Retinoic Acid and Chemotherapy
Authors: Felicetto Ferrara, Fortunato Morabito, Bruno Martino, Giorgina Specchia, Vincenzo Liso, Francesco Nobile, Piernicola Boccuni, Rosa Di Noto, Fabrizio Pane, Mario Annunziata, Ettore Mariano Schiavone, Mariacarla De Simone, Cesare Guglielmi, Luigi Del Vecchio, Francesco Lo Coco
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

Preliminary reports suggest that leukemic cell expression of CD56, a neural cell adhesion molecule, is associated with adverse clinical outcome in either acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) or acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We investigated the prognostic relevance of CD56 in a series of patients with APL who were treated homogeneously with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy.Clinicobiologic presenting features and therapeutic results were analyzed in a series of 100 patients with genetically proven APL who were treated, according to the example of the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto multicenter trial, with ATRA plus idarubicin (AIDA) and for whom data on CD56 expression were available at diagnosis.Fifteen patients (15%) showed expression of CD56 in greater than or equal to 20% blasts at diagnosis and were considered as CD56(+). No differences were found regarding age, sex, WBC and platelet counts, incidence of coagulopathy, hemoglobin and fibrinogen levels, promyelocytic leukemia/retinoic acid receptor (PML/RAR) alpha fusion type, or complete remission (CR) rate in the comparison of the CD56(+) and CD56(-) populations. Conversely, compared with patients who were CD56(-), patients with CD56(+) APL had shorter CR duration (P =.04) and overall survival (P =.002). In the multivariate analysis, CD56 positivity and initial WBC count greater than 10 x 10(9) cells/L retained statistical significance in overall survival (P =.04 and P =.02, respectively).The expression of CD56 is significantly associated with inferior CR duration and survival in patients with APL who were treated with modern frontline treatment that included ATRA and simultaneous chemotherapy. Combined with other well-established prognostic factors such as WBC count, CD56 expression at diagnosis might be used to build prognostic scores for risk-adapted therapy in APL.
Correlation of Systemic Superoxide Dismutase Deficiency to Airflow Obstruction in Asthma
Authors: Suzy A. A. Comhair, Kristin S. Ricci, Mercedes Arroliga, Abigail R. Lara, Raed A. Dweik, Wei Song, Stanley L. Hazen, Eugene R. Bleecker, William W. Busse, Kian Fan Chung, Benjamin Gaston, Annette Hastie, Mark Hew, Nizar Jarjour, Wendy Moore, Stephen Peters, W. Gerald Teague, Sally E. Wenzel, Serpil C. Erzurum
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Increased oxidative stress and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the asthmatic airway are correlated to airflow limitation and hyperreactivity. We hypothesized that asthmatic individuals with higher levels of oxidative stress may have greater loss of SOD activity, which would be reflected systemically in loss of circulating SOD activity and clinically by development of severe asthma and/or worsening airflow limitation.To investigate this, serum SOD activity and proteins, the glutathione peroxidase/glutathione antioxidant system, and oxidatively modified amino acids were measured in subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects.SOD activity, but not Mn-SOD or Cu,Zn-SOD protein, was lower in asthmatic serum as compared with control, and activity loss was significantly related to airflow limitation. Further, serum SOD activity demonstrated an inverse correlation with circulating levels of 3-bromotyrosine, a posttranslational modification of proteins produced by the eosinophil peroxidase system of eosinophils. Exposure of purified Cu,Zn-SOD to physiologically relevant levels of eosinophil peroxidase-generated reactive brominating species, reactive nitrogen species, or tyrosyl radicals in vitro confirmed that eosinophil-derived oxidative pathways promote enzyme inactivation.These findings are consistent with greater oxidant stress in asthma leading to greater inactivation of SOD, which likely amplifies inflammation and progressive airflow obstruction.
COMPLETE INVERSION OF THE URINARY BLADDER
Authors: C. B. Pasley
Journal: BMJ (1929)

COM31PLETE iniversion of the uriniairy bladder is a conditionof suclh e-xtreme rarity that the publicationi of the clinical det,ails in suchl a case would seem to b)e wairranite(l.An uindersized, rather poorly nourished Chiniese girl, aged 15, wvith a facies suagestive of lieieditaiy; syphilis, anid mnentally very stupid, was adnmitted to hospital on August 10th, 1927.History.-Abouttwo months pr-eviously the patienit lhad nioticed 3 small and tender swellingbetween the vulvae; thlis she hadl " pushed back."There was apparently a recurrence, some five
Sexuality after surgery for diffuse low-grade glioma
Authors: W. Surbeck, G. Herbet, H. Duffau
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

Although neurological and neurocognitive outcomes have previously been studied after resection of diffuse low-grade glioma (DLGG), the impact of surgery on sexual life has not been investigated. Our aim was to assess whether DLGG surgery could have consequences on sexual experience.Anonymous standardized questionnaires concerning sexual functioning, including the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and a subjective statement, were completed by 32 patients who underwent surgery for DLGG. All patients returned to a normal social and professional life following resection, with neither neurological deficits nor depression. No radiotherapy was administered, and patients who received chemotherapy were without treatment for at least 1 year.Seventeen patients (53%) reported a postoperative sexual change, with subjective deterioration in 15 (88%) and improvement in 2 (12%). Sexual dysfunction according to ASEX affected 9 of 15 women (60%) and 5 of 17 men (29%). Right-sided resections were associated with more difficulties in reaching orgasm than left-sided resections (P < .02). Men with temporal lobe resection displayed more reduction in sexual drive (P < .003) and sexual arousal (P < .004) than women, resulting in significant higher overall ASEX scores for temporal lobe resections in men (P = .01). Men remaining on antiepileptic drugs who underwent right-sided resection displayed higher overall ASEX scores than women (P = .031).This first evaluation of sexual life after surgery for DLGG suggests that sexual dysfunction is common in this population. Therefore, we suggest that sexual health should consistently be addressed during routine pre- and postoperative examination of patients with DLGG.
Intensive Insulin Therapy With Insulin Lispro
Authors: Elaine Tsui, Annette Barnie, Sue Ross, Robert Parkes, Bernard Zinman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate glycemic control, hypoglycemic events, and quality of life in patients treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and multiple daily insulin injection (MDI), with insulin lispro as the principal insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This clinical trial enrolled 27 patients with type 1 diabetes. They were randomly assigned to CSII (n = 13) or MDI (n = 14) treatment regimens. Glycemic control (HbA1c level) was the primary outcome and was measured monthly for 9 months. Secondary outcomes were patient reports of hypoglycemic events (recorded monthly for 9 months) and quality of life assessed at 9 months using the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) questionnaire. RESULTS—A significant decrease in HbA1c from baseline was shown for both groups. However, the overall treatment effect (CSII − MDI) for HbA1c was +0.08% (95% CI −0.23 to +0.39, P &amp;gt; 0.10). This was significantly less than the a priori limit of ±0.5% (P = 0.004). The relative treatment effect ([CSII − MDI]/MDI) for the overall number of hypoglycemic events was +9% (95% CI −37 to +87, P &amp;gt; 0.10). There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups for any of the DQOL subscales. CONCLUSIONS—No statistically significant differences in glycemic control, reported hypoglycemic events, or quality of life were found in this study. Furthermore, a clinically significant difference of more than ±0.5% HbA1c between the two regimens can be confidently ruled out. We conclude that the choice of intensive insulin therapy should be a matter of patient preference, consistent with lifestyle.