tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Authors: Robert H. Eckel, Richard Kahn, Rose Marie Robertson, Robert A. Rizza
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Excess body weight has become a major public health problem in the U.S., with nearly two-thirds of adults either overweight or obese (1). The steady gain in the prevalence of obesity over the last 25 years has affected our entire population—no racial or ethnic group, no region of the country, and no socioeconomic group has been spared (2). Perhaps most worrisome is the observation that the rise in the rate of obesity has been greatest in children and minorities, which suggests that future generations of Americans, and our fastest growing populations, may bear the ultimate burden of this condition (3).

Overweight or obesity results in a wide range of elevated risk factors and many fatal and nonfatal conditions (4). Paradoxically, although we have witnessed decades in which heart disease and stroke have steadily declined and cancer mortality has at worse remained stable (5), the prevalence of diabetes has soared (6). The increase in diabetes can largely be attributed to weight gain (7,8), and it threatens the enormous advances in disease prevention we have seen (3,9,10).

Among individuals with diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (9,11); adults with diabetes have a two- to fourfold higher risk of CVD compared with those without diabetes (12,13). Diabetes is also accompanied by a significantly increased prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia (14).

It …
Are Social Networkers and Genome Testers One in the Same? The Limitations of Public Opinion Research for Guiding Clinical Practice
Authors: Michelle L. McGowan, Marcie A. Lambrix
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgment Support for this commentary was provided by the Center for Genetic Research Ethics and Law (National Human Genome Research Institute-Ethical, Legal and Social Implications Research Program Grant #P50-HG003390). Additional thanks to Aaron Goldenberg and Jennifer Fishman for their thoughtful comments.
The Efficacy of Biofeedback Therapy
Authors: M T Orne
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1979)

The effective functioning of any system--electrical, physiological, even so­ cial-is contingent upon the return of information to the system concerning its performance. The loop that provides the system with information about its output is called feedback. All of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body depend upon complicated interrelated feedback mechanisms that serve to stabilize the internal environment. Similarly, all skill learning depends upon knowledge of results. Practice makes perfect only if the individual is aware of how well he performs. An illustration of the significance of feedback involves the acquisition of speech. The child learns to speak by imitating the sounds he hears, and the adequacy of learning depends upon his ability to compare the sound of the words he generates with that of the words generated by those around him. For this reason, individuals who become deaf later in life continue to speak without much difficulty, but children born deaf were, until relatively re­ cently, unable to speak. Only when special techniques were developed by which the deaf person could learn the consequences of his attempts to speak, using visual and tactile cues to make up for his hearing deficit, did it become possible for totally deaf individuals to learn intelligible speech. In a sense, teaching a deaf person to speak is an example of biofeedback. It involves providing alternative feedback channels to compensate for those not available to the individual so that he may acquire volitional control over a specific bodily function. It is therefore not surprising that the earliest applications of biofeedback were in the context of rehabilitation. These included not only teaching the deaf to speak or the blind to see with their
Management strategies and outcomes of germ cell tumor patients with very high human chorionic gonadotropin levels.
Authors: R T Zon, C Nichols, L H Einhorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1998)

PURPOSE To determine the therapeutic results in advanced germ cell tumor (GCT) patients with initial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) elevation greater than 50,000 mIU/mL and to document the levels of hCG decline and subsequent plateau and outcome of this patient population. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 41 patients who presented to Indiana University (IU) with hCG levels greater than 50,000 mIU/mL between December 1976 and August 1996. All patients had received cisplatin-containing regimens and were monitored with serial hCG levels. RESULTS Twenty-two of 41 (53.7%) patients continuously show no evidence of disease (NED) and eight additional patients (19.5%) are currently NED with salvage therapy. Only two of 41 patients had a normal hCG level at the start of the fourth and final course of cisplatin combination chemotherapy. Eight additional patients showed normalized hCG levels 1 month later. Seven of these 10 are continuously NED and three are currently NED with salvage therapy. Thirty-one patients had an abnormal hCG greater than 1 month after they completed primary chemotherapy; 15 of these patients (48%) are continuously NED despite no further therapy and five additional patients (16%) are currently NED with salvage therapy. Overall, there was an initial rapid decline in hCG followed by a plateau after the first two courses of therapy. CONCLUSION Less than 10% of patients who present with hCG levels greater than 50,000 mIU/mL will have a normal hCG at the institution of the fourth and final course of chemotherapy. However, 22 of 41 (53.7%) are continuously NED despite no further therapy. We feel that the optimal strategy for such patients is monthly observation with initiation of salvage therapy if and when there is serologic progression.
Diagnosis of B cell lymphoma by analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in biopsy specimens obtained by fine needle aspiration.
Authors: E Hu, S Horning, S Flynn, S Brown, R Warnke, J Sklar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1986)

Histologic diagnosis of lymphoma is far more difficult in the disaggregated cells obtained by percutaneous aspiration of lymph nodes than in tissue sections prepared from excisional biopsy specimens. However, the simplicity, economy, and safety of aspiration biopsy makes this an attractive diagnostic option in certain situations. In the present study, we demonstrate that lymph node aspirates provide material that is both suitable and sufficient for accurately detecting clonal proliferations of B cells by analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. The rearrangements detected in aspirated tissue serve as clonal markers that can be directly compared with the rearrangements found in histologically confirmed lymphoma removed by open biopsy. The application of gene rearrangements to aspirated material therefore offers a useful method of diagnosing lymphoma, particularly for the purposes of more thorough staging at initial presentation or the evaluation of tissues for possible relapse.
RAN Translation in Huntington Disease
Authors: Monica Bañez-Coronel, Fatma Ayhan, Alex D. Tarabochia, Tao Zu, Barbara A. Perez, Solaleh Khoramian Tusi, Olga Pletnikova, David R. Borchelt, Christopher A. Ross, Russell L. Margolis, Anthony T. Yachnis, Juan C. Troncoso, Laura P.W. Ranum
Journal: Neuron (2015)
Refractory metastatic breast cancer: salvage therapy with fluorouracil and high-dose continuous infusion leucovorin calcium.
Authors: J H Doroshow, L Leong, K Margolin, B Flanagan, D Goldberg, M Bertrand, S Akman, B Carr, O Odujinrin, E Newman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1989)

Sixty women with metastatic breast cancer refractory to at least one chemotherapeutic regimen were treated with fluorouracil (FUra) and high-dose continuous infusion folinic acid (leucovorin calcium). One complete remission lasting 8.7 months and nine partial remissions ranging in duration from 1.3 to 12.8 months were observed, for an objective response rate of 17% (95% confidence interval for response, 8% to 27%). Nine of the ten responding patients had metastatic disease that had objectively progressed on previous chemotherapy with a FUra-containing regimen. This program was well tolerated, with toxicities consisting mainly of stomatitis and granulocytopenia. These results suggest that augmentation of the reduced folate levels of metastatic breast carcinomas may enhance the effectiveness of the fluoropyrimidines in this disease.
The Diagnosis of Hysteria: An Overview
Authors: PAUL CHODOFF
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The author outlines the three predominant conceptualizations of hysteria: that described by Briquet in 1859 and revived by current researchers; hysteria as a conversion symptom; and the idea of the  personality. He also reviews psychoanalytic conceptualizations of hysteria—especially the idea of hysteria as the result of repressed sexuality—and presents explanatory models alternative to them. Although there is great confusion about the diagnosis of hysteria, he concludes that the term itself is valuable for psychiatry. Suggestions for clarifying the concept include separating Briquet's hysteria and what has been termed the hysterical personality from their identification with hysteria and using the term in the diagnosis of  conversion symptoms.
Intensive Glycemic Control and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials
Authors: Jay S. Skyler, Richard Bergenstal, Robert O. Bonow, John Buse, Prakash Deedwania, Edwin A.M. Gale, Barbara V. Howard, M. Sue Kirkman, Mikhail Kosiborod, Peter Reaven, Robert S. Sherwin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Diabetes is defined by its association with hyperglycemia-specific microvascular complications; however, it also imparts a two- to fourfold risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although microvascular complications can lead to significant morbidity and premature mortality, by far the greatest cause of death in people with diabetes is CVD.

Results from randomized controlled trials have demonstrated conclusively that the risk of microvascular complications can be reduced by intensive glycemic control in patients with type 1 (1,2) and type 2 diabetes (3–5). In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), there was an ∼60% reduction in development or progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy between the intensively treated group (goal A1C <6.05%, mean achieved A1C ∼7%) and the standard group (A1C ∼9%) over an average of 6.5 years. The relationship between glucose control (as reflected by the mean on-study A1C value) and risk of complications was log-linear and extended down to the normal A1C range (<6%) with no threshold noted.

In the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), participants newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were followed for 10 years, and intensive control (median A1C 7.0%) was found to reduce the overall microvascular complication rate by 25% compared with conventional treatment (median A1C 7.9%). Here, too, secondary analyses showed a continuous relationship between the risk of microvascular complications and glycemia extending into the normal range of A1C, with no glycemic threshold.

On the basis of these two large controlled trials, along with smaller studies and numerous epidemiologic reports, the consistent findings related to microvascular risk reduction with intensive glycemic control have led the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to recommend an A1C goal of <7% for most adults with diabetes (6), recognizing that more or less stringent goals may be appropriate for certain patients. Whereas many epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses …
Peptide Mediators of Hypercalcemia in Malignancy
Authors: G. J. Strewler, R. A. Nissenson
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1990)

A parathyroid hormone-like peptide that probably causes hypercalcemia associated with solid tumors was recently characterized. It is a potent hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic factor whose production is strongly associated with hypercalcemia and whose properties account for most aspects of the clinical syndrome. Diagnostic tests for this peptide have been developed. The parathyroid hormone-like peptide as well as other cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, likely play a role in causing hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma and lymphomas.
Palliative sedation in terminal cancer patients with refractory uncontrolled symptoms.
Authors: Joana Lacerda Correia, Silvia Patrícia Coelho, Manuel Luis Capelas, Paulo Alves, Luis Sá, Ramon Andrade De Mello
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

e20551 Background: The decision to use Palliative Sedation (PS) in terminal cancer patients involves difficult ethical decisions to the health professional alongside the involvement of the patient, family and multidisciplinary team.The purpose of the study wastoidentify the symptoms that often justify the use of PS; and to analyze the pharmacological strategies used in PS. Methods: Integrative review in the follow databases: Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Academic Search Complete. The keywords used were
Recurrent inactivating RASA2 mutations in melanoma
Authors: Rand Arafeh, Nouar Qutob, Rafi Emmanuel, Alona Keren-Paz, Jason Madore, Abdel Elkahloun, James S Wilmott, Jared J Gartner, Antonella Di Pizio, Sabina Winograd-Katz, Sivasish Sindiri, Ron Rotkopf, Ken Dutton-Regester, Peter Johansson, Antonia L Pritchard, Nicola Waddell, Victoria K Hill, Jimmy C Lin, Yael Hevroni, Steven A Rosenberg, Javed Khan, Shifra Ben-Dor, Masha Y Niv, Igor Ulitsky, Graham J Mann, Richard A Scolyer, Nicholas K Hayward, Yardena Samuels
Journal: Nature Genetics (2015)
Rho Kinases in Health and Disease: From Basic Science to Translational Research
Authors: Gervaise Loirand
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2015)

Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are key regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics downstream of Rho GTPases that participate in the control of important physiologic functions, S including cell contraction, migration, proliferation, adhesion, and inflammation. Several excellent review articles dealing with ROCK function and regulation have been published over the past few years. Although a brief overview of general molecular, biochemical, and functional properties of ROCKs is included, an effort has been made to produce an original work by collecting and synthesizing recent studies aimed at translating basic discoveries from cell and experimental models into knowledge of human physiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and medical therapeutics. This review points out the specificity and distinct roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms highlighted in the last few years. Results obtained from genetically modified mice and genetic analysis in humans are discussed. This review also addresses the involvement of ROCKs in human diseases and the potential use of ROCK activity as a biomarker or a pharmacological target for specific inhibitors.
Efforts to limit antimicrobial resistance are threatened by lack of evidenced control policies, review warns
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A lack of evidence for policies designed to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance is threatening efforts to solve the growing problem, a review published in the Lancet has found.1

The review’s authors, led by David Heymann, chair of the UK Health Protection Agency and head of the Centre on Global Health Security at Chatham House in London, analysed the evidence base for policy interventions designed to combat antimicrobial resistance in high and low income countries and across the human and animal health sectors.

They focused on three strategies: approaches designed to increase responsible use of antimicrobial agents by reducing public demand and supply by prescribers and dispensers; efforts to …
Global Health Equity: Cancer Care Outcome Disparities in High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries
Authors: Jonas A. de Souza, Bijou Hunt, Fredrick Chite Asirwa, Clement Adebamowo, Gilberto Lopes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

Breakthroughs in our global fight against cancer have been achieved. However, this progress has been unequal. In low- and middle-income countries and for specific populations in high-income settings, many of these advancements are but an aspiration and hope for the future. This review will focus on health disparities in cancer within and across countries, drawing from examples in Kenya, Brazil, and the United States. Placed in context with these examples, the authors also draw basic recommendations from several initiatives and groups that are working on the issue of global cancer disparities, including the US Institute of Medicine, the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries, and the Union for International Cancer Control. From increasing initiatives in basic resources in low-income countries to rapid learning systems in high-income countries, the authors argue that beyond ethics and equity issues, it makes economic sense to invest in global cancer control, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Eltrombopag Benefits Children With Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Anita Slomski
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Treatment of Acid-Peptic Diseases by Inhibition of Gastric H+,K+_Atpase
Authors: K E McArthur, R T Jensen, J D Gardner
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1986)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
CD45: An Emerging Role as a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Required for Lymphocyte Activation and Development
Authors: I S Trowbridge, M L Thomas
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1994)

CD45 is one of the most abundant leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins and is expressed exclusively upon cells of the hematopoietic system. Different isoforms of CD45 are generated by alternative splicing and are expressed in cell type-specific patterns on functional subpopulations of lymphocytes. In a major advance, CD45 was identified as one of the first members of a novel class of enzymes, the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). This serendipitous discovery linked CD45 to the process of reversible protein tyrosine phosphorylation, a key regulatory mechanism for controlling the growth and division of eukaryotic cells, and provided the impetus for most of the studies described in this review. CD45 is now established as a critical component of the signal transduction machinery of lymphocytes. In particular, evidence from genetic experiments indicates that CD45 plays a pivotal role in antigen-stimulated proliferation of T lymphocytes and in thymic development. Two members of the Src-family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the p56 lck and p59 fyn proteins, have been implicated as physiological substrates of CD45, providing an important clue to how the action of this leukocyte-specific PTP might influence signaling by the T cell antigen receptor. Structure-function analysis of CD45 and other PTPs has identified structural features of PTP catalytic domains required for enzymatic activity. However, despite intensive efforts, little is known about how the activity of CD45 is regulated. The external domain of CD45 does not appear to be absolutely required for signal transduction by the T cell receptor, and there is currently no evidence that ligand binding modulates CD45 activity. Analysis of CD45 isoform expression has revealed a hitherto unrecognized plasticity in isoform usage by T cells and other leukocytes, adding to the regulatory complexity of isoform expression.
Globular Glial Tauopathy Presenting as Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Jonathan Graff-Radford, Keith A. Josephs, Joseph E. Parisi, Dennis W. Dickson, Caterina Giannini, Bradley F. Boeve
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

Semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) most often is due to TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology1. Herein, we report a novel case of svPPA due to a globular glial tauopathy.
Intestinal Current Measurements Detect Activation of Mutant CFTR in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis with the G551D Mutation Treated with Ivacaftor
Authors: Simon Y. Graeber, Martin J. Hug, Olaf Sommerburg, Stephanie Hirtz, Julia Hentschel, Andrea Heinzmann, Christian Dopfer, Angela Schulz, Jochen G. Mainz, Burkhard Tümmler, Marcus A. Mall
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)
An Effective Immuno-PET Imaging Method to Monitor CD8-Dependent Responses to Immunotherapy
Authors: Richard Tavaré, Helena Escuin-Ordinas, Stephen Mok, Melissa N. McCracken, Kirstin A. Zettlitz, Felix B. Salazar, Owen N. Witte, Antoni Ribas, Anna M. Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract The rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy is currently limited by the scarcity of noninvasive and quantitative technologies capable of monitoring the presence and abundance of CD8+ T cells and other immune cell subsets. In this study, we describe the generation of 89Zr-desferrioxamine–labeled anti-CD8 cys-diabody (89Zr-malDFO-169 cDb) for noninvasive immuno-PET tracking of endogenous CD8+ T cells. We demonstrate that anti-CD8 immuno-PET is a sensitive tool for detecting changes in systemic and tumor-infiltrating CD8 expression in preclinical syngeneic tumor immunotherapy models including antigen-specific adoptive T-cell transfer, agonistic antibody therapy (anti-CD137/4-1BB), and checkpoint blockade antibody therapy (anti–PD-L1). The ability of anti-CD8 immuno-PET to provide whole body information regarding therapy-induced alterations of this dynamic T-cell population provides new opportunities to evaluate antitumor immune responses of immunotherapies currently being evaluated in the clinic. Cancer Res; 76(1); 73–82. ©2015 AACR.
NHS staff invited to comment on new policy to encourage whistleblowing
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The first national whistleblowing policy for the NHS aims to encourage doctors and other NHS employees in England to report bullying, threats to the safety of patients, and other harmful practices in their organisation, without blighting their careers in the process.1

The draft policy, drawn up by Monitor, the NHS Development Authority, and NHS England, will be open to consultation for eight weeks from 16 November. NHS organisations, patients, and staff are invited to comment, in confidence if they wish.

The move follows the UK government’s acceptance of a recommendation for systemwide action to support whistleblowers in the NHS, from an independent review that highlighted “alarming” treatment of whistleblowers, including wrecked careers. …