tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of emphysema on skeletal muscle fibre atrophy in hamsters
Authors: J.P. Mattson, M.D. Delp, D.C. Poole
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Patients afflicted with emphysema demonstrate altered peripheral skeletal muscle fibre composition and atrophy. It is unknown whether these alterations are general to all skeletal muscles independent of function, phenotype or oxidative capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine whether emphysema induces alterations in muscle fibre composition or atrophy in respiratory and locomotory muscles with diverse fibre types and metabolic profiles. Fibre composition and cross-sectional area were measured in selected hindlimb muscles and diaphragm of hamsters following saline (control, n=7) or elastase (emphysema, n=15) instillation. Excised lung volume increased 145% with emphysema. Fibre composition was largely unaltered, with the exception of a 13% reduction in IIB fibres in the tibialis anterior muscle of emphysema animals. Type I fibre size was also mainly unaltered, except for a diminished cross-sectional area in plantaris muscle. However, fibre cross-sectional area of fast-twitch types IIA, IIX and/or IIB fibres was reduced in the caudal biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles of emphysema animals. In contrast, there was a trend for emphysema to increase the cross-sectional area of type IIA fibres in the diaphragm. These data demonstrate that emphysema-induced atrophy primarily affects locomotory muscles, independent of phenotype or oxidative capacity.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Neuropathy in a Canadian First Nation Community
Authors: Sharon G. Bruce, T. Kue Young
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy in a Canadian First Nation population.This was a community-based screening study of 483 adults. Measures included glucose, A1C, cholesterol, triglycerides, homocysteine, hypertension, waist circumference, height, weight, and foot examinations. Neuropathy was defined as loss of protective sensation determined through application of a 10-g monofilament.Twenty-two percent of participants had a previous diagnosis of diabetes, and 14% had new diabetes or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). The prevalence of neuropathy increased by glucose level: 5% among those with normal glucose levels, 8% among those with new IFG and diabetes, and 15% among those with established diabetes (P < 0.01). Those with neuropathy were more likely to have foot deformities (P < 0.01) and callus (P < 0.001) than those without neuropathy. Among those with dysglycemia (>or=6.1 mmol/l), the mean number of foot problems for those with insensate feet was 3 compared with 0.3 among those with sensation (P < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression female sex, low education, A1C, smoking, and homocysteine were independently associated with neuropathy, after controls for age.Neuropathy prevalence is high, given the young age of our participants (mean 40 years) and was present among those with undiagnosed diabetes. The high number and type of foot problems places this population at increased risk for ulceration; the low level of foot care in the community increases the risk. Homocysteine is a risk factor that may be related to lifestyle and requires further investigation.
T cells support osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro model derived from human multiple myeloma bone disease: the role of the OPG/TRAIL interaction
Authors: Silvia Colucci, Giacomina Brunetti, Rita Rizzi, Antonia Zonno, Giorgio Mori, Graziana Colaianni, Davide Del Prete, Roberta Faccio, Arcangelo Liso, Silvana Capalbo, Vincenzo Liso, Alberta Zallone, Maria Grano
Journal: Blood (2004)
Type 3-specific synthase of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Cap3B) directs type 3 polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and in pneumococcal strains of different serotypes.
Authors: C Arrecubieta, R López, E García
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

The cap3B gene, which is involved in the formation of the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3, encodes a 49-kD protein that has been identified as a polysaccharide synthase. Escherichia coli cells harboring the recombinant plasmid pTBP3 (cap3B) produced pneumococcal type 3 polysaccharide, as demonstrated by immunological tests. Biochemical and cell fractionation analyses revealed that this polysaccharide had a high molecular mass and was localized in substantial amounts in the periplasmic space of E. coli. Unencapsulated (S-2), laboratory pneumococcal strains synthesized type 3 polysaccharide by transformation with plasmid pLSE3B harboring cap3B. In addition, encapsulated pneumococci of types 1, 2, 5, or 8 transformed with pLSE3B can direct the synthesis of pneumococcal type 3 polysaccharide, leading to the formation of strains that display binary type of capsule.
Reversible deactivation of cerebral network components
Authors: Betram R Payne, Stephen G Lomber, Alessandro E Villa, Jean Bullier
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1996)

Reversible deactivation techniques have shown that the cerebral network: (1) is dynamic, its functions depending on contemporaneous processing elsewhere in the network; (2) is composed of single nodes that contribute to several behaviors; (3) possesses an inherent plasticity that tends to minimize lesion-induced deficits; and (4) comprises feedforward and lateral connections that contribute in different ways to network operations. The next major advances in understanding network operations will probably be made by applying a combination of behavioral, neuron-recording and deactivation techniques. The greatest near-term gains are likely to be made in understanding the contributions that feedback projections make to cerebral network function. Trends Neurosci. (1996) 19, 535–542
Treatment of post-shunt portal-systemic encephalopathy by embolization of the shunt
Authors: Michael J. Henderson
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Operative ligation of portosystemic shunts is effective in controlling chronic portosystemic encephalopathy (CPSE) but is associated with significant mortality. Review of the records of five patients with CPSE treated with radiologic occlusion procedures showed that these are suitable alternatives to surgery. Three patients had alcoholic cirrhosis, one had hepatic fibrosis from schistosomiasis, and one had post-necrotic cirrhosis. All had CPSE with progressive, severe cerebral impairment refractory to clinical treatment. Four patients had a spontaneous splenorenal shunt, and one had a surgically created mesocaval shunt (MCS). Partial splenic embolization was performed in two patients, direct shunt embolization was performed via percutaneous transhepatic portography in two other patients, and an MCS embolization was performed in one patient through the inferior vena cava. In four patients embolization controlled the CPSE. In the remaining patient it could not be evaluated because of his premature death from intraabdominal bleeding, a late complication of the procedure. Interventional radiologic procedures are effective in the control of CPSE in selected patients.
Ventricular Arrhythmias Associated With the Use of Diazepam for Cardioversion
Authors: John S. Barrett
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Two patients undergoing elective cardioversion for atrial fibrillation received diazepam anesthesia intravenously. One patient developed ventricular fibrillation prior to countershock while receiving diazepam and the other developed a short run of ventricular tachycardia following a 100 watt-second shock under diazepam anesthesia. It is thus unlikely that the use of diazepam will allow one to undertake cardioversion without being prepared to cope with all aspects of the occasional catastrophic arrhythmia.
Ventilation with end-expiratory pressure in acute lung disease
Authors: Konrad J. Falke, Henning Pontoppidan, Anil Kumar, David E. Leith, Bennie Geffin, Myron B. Laver
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

In 10 patients with severe, acute respiratory failure we studied the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure when intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) with inspired oxygen (FIO2) up to 0.5 failed to maintain arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) above 70 torr.
Proteasomal degradation restricts the nuclear lifespan of AID
Authors: Said Aoufouchi, Ahmad Faili, Carole Zober, Orietta D'Orlando, Sandra Weller, Jean-Claude Weill, Claude-Agnès Reynaud
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates all postrearrangement processes that diversify the immunoglobulin repertoire by specific deamination of cytidines at the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus. As uncontrolled expression of AID is potentially mutagenic, different types of regulation, particularly nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, restrict the likelihood of AID-deoxyribonucleic acid encounters. We studied additional mechanisms of regulation affecting the stability of the AID protein. No modulation of protein accumulation according to the cell cycle was observed in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. In contrast, the half-life of AID was markedly reduced in the nucleus, and this destabilization was accompanied by a polyubiquitination that was revealed in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. The same compartment-specific degradation was observed in activated mouse B cells, and also in a non-B cell line. No specific lysine residues could be linked to this degradation, so it remains unclear whether polyubiquitination proceeds through several alternatives sites or through the protein N terminus. The nuclear-restricted form of AID displayed enhanced mutagenicity at both Ig and non-Ig loci, most notably at TP53, suggesting that modulation of nuclear AID content through proteasomal degradation may represent another level of control of AID activity.
Healthcare-associated pneumonia: meeting the yeti
Authors: S. Ewig, A. Torres
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The concept of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is based on three crucial notions: 1) a subgroup of patients with on-going contact with healthcare presents with community-acquired infections but nosocomial microbial patterns; 2) failure to cover multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens leads to inadequate initial antimicrobial coverage and, subsequently, accounts for excess mortality; and 3) HCAP patients must, therefore, be identified and treated with initial broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment covering MDR pathogens 1.

To date, eight studies specifically addressing HCAP have been published, including six retrospective [2–7] and two prospective studies [8, 9], overall summing up to 2,056 patients. One study 8 has recently been extended to 557 patients 10. Only two studies originated from Europe [8, 9]. All studies reported excess mortality of HCAP compared to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients and five studies addressed the relationship of receiving inadequate initial antimicrobial treatment due to the presence of MDR pathogens [2, 4, 7–9]. However, none convincingly established a relationship between inadequate treatment and excess mortality.

In fact, the data reported to date suffer from severe methodological flaws, which we recently presented in detail 11. In short, there are three main issues to consider. 1) The definitions of HCAP were highly heterogeneous with some including immunosuppressed patients. 2) Referring to microbiological data from hospital databases carries a high risk of misinterpretation, e.g. the original data supporting HCAP are simply invalid since they show that the rate of MDR is exceedingly high not only in HCAP but also in CAP patients 2. There is no substitute for a microbiological investigation ensuring high standards of sampling, processing and reporting. 3) The HCAP definition encompasses an elderly …
Nadir CA-125 concentration in the normal range as an independent prognostic factor for optimally treated advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: A. Prat, M. Parera, S. Peralta, M.A. Perez-Benavente, A. Garcia, A. Gil-Moreno, J.M. Martinez-Palones, I. Roxana, J. Baselga, J.M. Del Campo
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2007)
Consensual Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Does not Lead to Adequate Quinine Blood Concentrations
Authors: P.-M. Roger, P. Marty, L. Prestifilippo, R. Garaffo, H. Hyvernat, B. Dunais, S. Chaillou, P. Delaunay, G. Bernardin, M. Mattéi, Y. Le Fichoux, P. Dellamonica
Journal: Journal of Infection (2002)
The Role of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Constantinos Glynos, Lisa L. Dupont, Theodoros Vassilakopoulos, Andreas Papapetropoulos, Peter Brouckaert, Athanassios Giannis, Guy F. Joos, Ken R. Bracke, Guy G. Brusselle
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), a cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate–generating enzyme, regulates smooth muscle tone and exerts antiinflammatory effects in animal models of asthma and acute lung injury. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), primarily caused by cigarette smoke (CS), lung inflammation persists and smooth muscle tone remains elevated, despite ample amounts of nitric oxide that could activate sGC.Objectives: To determine the expression and function of sGC in patients with COPD and in a murine model of COPD.Methods: Expression of sGCα1, α2, and β1 subunits was examined in lungs of never-smokers, smokers without airflow limitation, and patients with COPD; and in C57BL/6 mice after 3 days, 4 weeks, and 24 weeks of CS exposure. The functional role of sGC was investigated in vivo by measuring bronchial responsiveness to serotonin in mice using genetic and pharmacologic approaches.Measurements and Main Results: Pulmonary expression of sGC, both at mRNA and protein level, was decreased in smokers without airflow limitation and in patients with COPD, and correlated with disease severity (FEV1%). In mice, exposure to CS reduced sGC, cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate levels, and protein kinase G activity. sGCα1−/− mice exposed to CS exhibited bronchial hyperresponsiveness to serotonin. Activation of sGC by BAY 58-2667 restored the sGC signaling and attenuated bronchial hyperresponsiveness in CS-exposed mice.Conclusions: Down-regulation of sGC because of CS exposure might contribute to airflow limitation in COPD.
Stemming vision loss with stem cells
Authors: Valentina Marchetti, Tim U. Krohne, David F. Friedlander, Martin Friedlander
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Dramatic advances in the field of stem cell research have raised the possibility of using these cells to treat a variety of diseases. The eye is an excellent target organ for such cell-based therapeutics due to its ready accessibility, the prevalence of vasculo- and neurodegenerative diseases affecting vision, and the availability of animal models to demonstrate proof of concept. In fact, stem cell therapies have already been applied to the treatment of disease affecting the ocular surface, leading to preservation of vision. Diseases in the back of the eye, such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited retinal degenerations, present greater challenges, but rapidly emerging stem cell technologies hold the promise of autologous grafts to stabilize vision loss through cellular replacement or paracrine rescue effects.
Capacity building for oncology programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: the Rwanda experience
Authors: Sara Stulac, Agnes Binagwaho, Neo M Tapela, Claire M Wagner, Marie Aimee Muhimpundu, Fidele Ngabo, Sabin Nsanzimana, Leonard Kayonde, Jean Bosco Bigirimana, Adam J Lessard, Leslie Lehmann, Lawrence N Shulman, Cameron T Nutt, Peter Drobac, Tharcisse Mpunga, Paul E Farmer
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2015)
<i>Helicobacter pylori </i>
Authors: Antonello Covacci, Rino Rappuoli
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

The race to sequence the human genome generated a global emotional wave which escaped the scientific community and involved the media, the politicians, the economic world, and the general public. The sequencing of several bacterial genomes also generated a high interest. A few years after publication of the genomes we are back at the bench, performing ad hoc experiments and asking ourselves what the genomic wave meant and how it changed our lives. The genome of Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium which causes peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, was published back in 1997 (1), and it is very old in genomic terms (H. pylori was the fourth bacterial genome to be published after the one of Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Methanococcus jannaschii). H. pylori was also the first bacterium for which the genomes of two different strains were determined (2), and the first one for which maps of protein–protein interactions were published (3). In spite of this, our knowledge is still limited and pregenomic experiments are still needed to unravel the secrets of how this bacterium causes disease. A paper describing the first application of signature tagged mutagenesis (STM) to identify virulence factors of H. pylori, published in this issue (4), provides us with an opportunity to think about the biology in the postgenomic era, the role of the pregenomic techniques in general, and also what the new findings mean for H. pylori.
Acarbose improves fibrinolytic activity in patients with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Yuichi Shinoda, Ikuo Inoue, Takanari Nakano, Makoto Seo, Masatoshi Sassa, Sei-ichi Goto, Takuya Awata, Tsugikazu Komoda, Shigehiro Katayama
Journal: Metabolism (2006)
A New Risk Classification System for Therapeutic Decision Making with Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Dose-escalated External-beam Radiation Therapy
Authors: Zachary S. Zumsteg, Daniel E. Spratt, Isaac Pei, Zhigang Zhang, Yoshiya Yamada, Marisa Kollmeier, Michael J. Zelefsky
Journal: European Urology (2013)
Angiographic Findings and Outcome in Diabetic Patients Treated With Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The GUSTO-I Experience
Authors: Scott L. Woodfield, Conor F. Lundergan, Jonathan S. Reiner, Samuel W. Greenhouse, Mark A. Thompson, Steven C. Rohrbeck, Yuri Deychak, Maarten L. Simoons, Robert M. Califf, Eric J. Topol, Allan M. Ross
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running
Authors: D J M Macdonald, E C A McKillop
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

The case is presented of carotid artery dissection causing Horner’s syndrome in a 25 year old woman after treadmill running. She presented with characteristic eye signs and mild pain. Early diagnosis and treatment was associated with no long term, serious complications. It is now recognised that carotid artery dissection is more common than previously thought. Better imaging of the carotid artery has facilitated the diagnosis, and it is now essential to rule out this potentially fatal condition in patients presenting with postganglionic Horner’s syndrome. It is accepted that relatively trivial trauma can cause a carotid artery dissection, and many sporting activities may place young, fit, healthy people at risk.
Simultaneous complementary idiotypic responses: absence of reciprocal regulation
Authors: DA Rowley, GW Miller, I Lorbach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Complementary antibodies, i.e. antibodies having combining site structures which are at least partially directed against each other, were induced in A/He mice by immunization with phosphorylcholine (Pc) coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or with the Pc-binding IgA myeloma protein, HOPC-8 (H8). Both responses were monitored by enumerating plaque-forming cells and assaying serum antibody levels to Pc and H8. Prior immunization with H8 markedly suppressed subsequent immunization with Pc and vice versa; neither plaque-forming cell response was diminished, however, when mice were immunized simultaneously with Pc and H8. Experiments were designed to determine if the absence of reciprocal regulation was due to change in idiotypes. This was determined by measuring inhibition of plaque formation using complementary antibody. Plaque formation by cells was equally inhibited by high dilutions of the appropriate complementary antibody whether cells were from mice immunized with one, the other, or both antigens. Thus, the absence of regulation could not be accounted for by emergence of different idiotypes. Interestingly, sera from mice immunized to have high responses to both antigens were relatively ineffective in inhibiting plaque formation or suppressing immunization to Pc. However, such sera contained complexes of the complementary antibodies; apparently antibody to Pc in such sera quenches or neutralizes the activity of anti-H8 antibody. But the formation of complexes, at least measurable levels of circulating complexes, must be a result rather than the cause for the absence of reciprocal regulation, since regulation was also absent when immunization to Pc was manipulated so that responses were too low to result in detectable levels of circulating antibody to Pc. It is proposed that simultaneous complementary responses may occur in nature to other antigens and antibodies, and that such simultaneous responses may cause pathologic changes.
DNA recombination and natural selection pressure sustain genetic sequence diversity of the feline MHC class I genes.
Authors: N Yuhki, S J O'Brien
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Sequence comparisons of seven distinct MHC class I cDNA clones revealed that feline class I molecules have a remarkable similarity to human HLA genes in their organization of functional domains as well as in the nonrandom partitioning of genetic variability according to the functional constraints ascribed to different regions of the MHC molecule. The distribution of the pattern of sequence polymorphism in the cat as compared with genetic diversity of human and mouse class I genes provides evidence for four coordinate factors that contribute to the origin and sustenance of abundant allele diversity that characterizes the MHC in the species. These include: (a) a gradual accumulation of spontaneous mutational substitution over evolutionary time; (b) selection against mutational divergence in regions of the class I molecule involved in T cell receptor interaction and also in certain regions that interact with common features of antigens; (c) positive selection pressure in favor of persistence of polymorphism and heterozygosity at 57 nucleotide residues that comprise the antigen recognition site; and (d) periodic intragenic (interallelic) and intergenic recombination within the class I genes. We describe a highly conserved 23-bp nucleotide sequence within the coding region of the first alpha-helix that separates two relatively polymorphic segments located in the alpha 1 domain that may act as a template or "hot spot" for homologous recombination between class I alleles.
On the Causation and Significance of the Choked Disc in Intracranial Diseases
Authors: T. C. Allbutt
Journal: BMJ (1872)

Axel Key's observations are taken by MIanz from a quotation of them in the Centralblatt, 187I, No. 33.They originally appeared in the Nord.Medl.Archiyv.f In cases of the choked disc, the optic nerve, if hardened, wvill generally show that the inner sheath is more or less detached from the nerve itself.
Rhodococcus equi endobronchial mass with lung abscess in a patient with AIDS.
Authors: J M Shapiro, B M Romney, M D Weiden, C S White, K M O'Toole
Journal: Thorax (1992)

Abstract An endobronchial lesion with lung abscess in a patient with AIDS was due to Rhodococcus equi. The patient responded to triple chemotherapy.