tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 on Dendritic Cells Is Significant for Anticancer Effect of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Combination with an Active Component of OK-432, a Streptococcal Preparation
Authors: Masato Okamoto, Sachiko Furuichi, Yasuhiko Nishioka, Tetsuya Oshikawa, Tomoyuki Tano, Sharif Uddin Ahmed, Kiyoshi Takeda, Shizuo Akira, Yoshiki Ryoma, Yoichiro Moriya, Motoo Saito, Saburo Sone, Mitsunobu Sato
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract A lipoteichoic acid-related molecule OK-PSA is an active component of OK-432, a Streptococcus-derived anticancer immunotherapeutic agent. In the present study, we first examined the effect of OK-PSA on the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro by using the DCs derived from 5 healthy donors and 10 patients with head and neck cancer with or without expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or MD-2 mRNA. OK-PSA treatment effectively increased the surface expression of MHC class II, CD80, CD83, and CD86. OK-PSA-stimulated DCs secreted the cytokines that can induce helper T-cell 1 (Th1)-type T-cell response, and stimulated allogeneic T cells to produce IFN-γ and to elicit an allogeneic antigen-specific cytotoxicity. These activities almost depended on expression of TLR4 and MD-2 genes. We next investigated the in vivo anticancer effect of intratumoral administration of syngeneic DCs followed by OK-PSA against established tumors in mice. C57BL/6 mice, which express wild-type TLR4, and C57BL/6-derived TLR4-knockout (TLR4−/−) mice were used. Although OK-PSA accelerated the antitumor effect of intratumoral DC administration in wild-type mice bearing syngeneic tumors, the antitumor effect of OK-PSA as well as of the combination therapy with DCs and OK-PSA was not significant in TLR4−/− mice. Interestingly, an administration of wild-type-mouse-derived DCs followed by OK-PSA exhibited a marked antitumor effect even in the TLR4−/− mice. These findings suggest that OK-PSA may be a potent adjuvant for local DC therapy, and that DC therapy followed by OK-PSA is able to elicit anticancer activity even in a TLR4-deficient host when TLR4 is expressed only in DCs injected intratumorally.
Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Elisa K. Tong, Stanton A. Glantz
Journal: Circulation (2007)

The scientific consensus that secondhand smoke (SHS) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by 30% is based on epidemiological and biological evidence. The tobacco industry has contested this evidence that SHS causes CVD, but how and why they have done it has not been described.About 50 million pages of tobacco industry documents were searched using general keywords and names of industry consultants and scientists. Tobacco industry-funded epidemiological analyses of large data sets were used to argue against an epidemiological association between SHS and CVD and smoke-free regulations, but these analyses all suffered from exposure misclassification problems that biased the results toward the null. More recent industry-funded publications report an increased risk of CVD associated with SHS but claim a low magnitude of risk. When early tobacco industry-funded work demonstrated that SHS increased atherosclerosis, the industry criticized the findings and withdrew funding. RJ Reynolds focused on attacking the biological plausibility of the association between SHS and CVD by conducting indirect platelet aggregation studies, exposure chamber experiments, and literature reviews. Although these studies also suffered from exposure misclassification problems, several produced results that were consistent with a direct effect of SHS on blood and vascular function. Instead, RJ Reynolds attributed these results to an unproven epinephrine-related stress response from odor or large smoke exposure, which supported their regulatory and "reduced-harm" product development efforts. Philip Morris' recent "reduced-harm" efforts seem supportive of a similar corporate agenda.The tobacco industry attempted to undermine the evidence that SHS causes CVD to fight smoke-free regulations while developing approaches to support new products that claim to reduce harm. The industry interest in preserving corporate viability has affected the design and interpretation of their cardiovascular studies, indicating the need for great caution in current debates about future tobacco industry regulation and development of reduced-harm tobacco products.
P234 Impact Of Inhaled Corticosteroids On Growth In Children With Asthma: Systematic Review And Meta-analysis
Authors: Y. Loke, M. Thavarajah, P. Blanco, A. Wilson
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> There are major concerns and uncertainty regarding a possible reduction in growth velocity and final height of children with asthma who are long-term users of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). We aimed to evaluate the association between ICS use of &gt;12 months and growth. <h3>Methods</h3> We initially searched MEDLINE and EMBASE in July 2013, followed by a PubMed search updated to June 2014. We used a combination of search terms involving drug names and adverse effects of interest (such as growth or height), and we also hand-searched reference lists of existing systematic reviews and trial reports. We selected RCTs and controlled observational studies of any ICS vs non-ICS control treatment in patients with asthma (treatment duration of at least 52 weeks). Meta-analysis of continuous outcomes (growth velocity in cm/year or final height in cm) was conducted using RevMan 5.3. We analysed mean differences using inverse variance method, random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. <h3>Results</h3> We found 21 relevant studies (seventeen RCTs and four observational studies) after screening 1876 hits from the search. Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs showed a significant association between ICS use and reduction in growth velocity compared to controls (pooled Mean Difference -0.35cm/year, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.18). No significant reduction in growth velocity with ICS was reported in two observational studies of lower quality (pooled Mean Difference 0.03cm/year, 95% CI -0.61 to 0.67). Analysis of final adult height showed a mean reduction of -1.20 cm (95% CI -1.90 cm to – 0.50 cm) with budesonide versus placebo in a high quality RCT. Meta-analysis of two lower quality observational studies found a non-statistically significant pooled mean reduction in final adult height of -0.85 cm (95% CI -3.35 to 1.65). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Use of ICS for 12 months or more in children with asthma has a limited impact on annual growth velocity, with a slight reduction in final adult height. When interpreted in the context of the typical final adult height in the UK, ICS users may experience less than 0.7% reduction in height compared to non-ICS users.
Heparin and inflammation: a new use for an old GAG?
Authors: M PERRETTI
Journal: Gut (2000)

See article on page 88 

Since its discovery in 1917, heparin has been a fascinating, and in a way elusive, molecule. Heparin is a glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) formed by repeated sulphated oligosaccharide units. Natural preparations of heparin (usually obtained from bovine lung or porcine intestinal mucosa) can vary in the length of the polymeric unit and therefore have different molecular weights. As such, the biological actions of this GAG can vary quantitatively between different batches of the molecule. The initial activity ascribed to heparin was its capacity to prolong the process of blood clotting, an effect due to its potentiating interaction with the natural inhibitor of thrombin, antithrombin III. These properties have led to widespread use of heparin as an anticoagulant although scant attention has been paid to other biological activities of this GAG.

This situation has changed in recent years. In fact is has long been recognised that heparin has a wide range of biological effects in addition to its well characterised anticoagulant property, including the ability to display anti-inflammatory efficacy (reviewed by Jacques1 and Tyrrel and colleagues2). The anti-inflammatory activity of heparin has been reinforced by positive, although small, clinical trials in patients suffering from a range of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis3 and bronchial asthma.4 In addition, a number of clinical studies have recently …
Respiratory aspects of Shwachman's syndrome in adults
Authors: J Wiggins, DM Geddes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

Shwachman's Syndrome is a rare disorder which causes considerable morbidity in childhood and can be confused with cystic fibrosis. Six patients (4 males; mean age 27 yrs) are described in order to illustrate the clinical picture of the syndrome in adults. Recognized features persisting in later life include pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow dysfunction (all patients), short stature (5/6), advanced dental caries (4/6), and impaired glucose tolerance (2/6). Chest radiograph was normal in all patients whilst lung function tests showed mild restriction in three and obstruction in two. All patients were cyclically neutropenic (nadir count 2.1 x 10(9).l-1). Four of the six patients were thrombocytopenic and three had persistent immunoglobulin deficiencies. Neutrophil chemotaxis was abnormal in four patients and the nitro blue tetrazolium test was abnormal in a fifth. Two patients suffered from recurrent respiratory infections, one of whom died from bone marrow aplasia. Although Shwachman's Syndrome may be less troublesome in adults than in children, many of the abnormalities persist into adult life and may continue to cause diagnostic difficulty.
It’s What’s Inside That Counts
Authors: Donna S. Shewach, Theodore S. Lawrence
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Article Tools EDITORIALS Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2003.05.081 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 21, 2016 PMID: 12885832 It’s What’s Inside That Counts Donna S. ShewachxDonna S. ShewachSearch for articles by this author , Theodore S. LawrencexTheodore S. LawrenceSearch for articles by this author Show More University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.05.081 Full Text PDF Figures and Tables "It’s What’s Inside That Counts." Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(18), pp. 3383–3384© 2003 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
523 PROTRACTED ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT BEYOND CONVENTIONAL TIME LIMITS IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN NON-RESPONDERS TO INTERFERON+RIBAVIRIN ADMINISTERED FOR HCV RECURRENCE AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: V. Bertuzzo, R. Viganò, M.F. Donato, M. Marino, M. Rendina, E. Fornasiere, L. Pasulo, P. Burra, L. Miglioresi, V. Giannelli, D. Di Paolo, M. Pompili, F.R. Ponziani, S. Fagiuoli, M. Cescon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Activin A is an autocrine activator of rat pancreatic stellate cells: potential therapeutic role of follistatin for pancreatic fibrosis
Authors: N Ohnishi
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background and aim:</b> The present study was conducted to examine the effect of activin A on activation of rat pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). <b>Methods:</b> PSCs were prepared from rat pancreas using collagenase digestion and centrifugation with Nycodenz gradient. Activation of PSCs was examined by determining smooth muscle actin expression with western blotting. The presence of activin A receptors in PSCs was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Expression of activin A and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. Activin A and TGF-β peptide concentrations were examined with ELISA. Existence of activin A peptide in PSCs was investigated by immunocytochemistry. Collagen secretion was determined by Sirius red dye binding. <b>Results:</b> Activin A receptors I and IIa were present in PSCs. PSCs expressed activin A mRNA and secreted activin A. Activin A enhanced PSC activation and collagen secretion in a dose dependent manner. TGF-β and activin A increased each other's secretion and mRNA expression of PSCs. Follistatin decreased TGF-β mRNA expression and TGF-β secretion of PSCs, and inhibited both PSC activation and collagen secretion. <b>Conclusion:</b> Activin A is an autocrine activator of PSCs. Follistatin can inhibit PSC activation and collagen secretion by blocking autocrined activin A and decreasing TGF-β expression and secretion of PSCs.
The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: results from noninvasive testing in a defined population.
Authors: M H Criqui, A Fronek, M R Klauber, E Barrett-Connor, S Gabriel
Journal: Circulation (1985)

In a companion article we have reported the prevalence, in an older, defined population, of traditional assessments (intermittent claudication and abnormal pulse examination) of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) as compared with the results of highly accurate noninvasive testing. In this article we report the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for claudication and abnormal pulses for the diagnosis of large-vessel and small-vessel PAD as determined by noninvasive testing. Claudication and abnormal pulses were completely unrelated to isolated small-vessel PAD. In contrast, both claudication and abnormal pulses were significantly correlated with large-vessel PAD. Claudication and an abnormal femoral pulse showed a high specificity and positive predictive value but a low sensitivity for large-vessel PAD. Conversely, an abnormal dorsalis pedis pulse showed a good sensitivity but low specificity and positive predictive value. The best single discriminator was an abnormal posterior tibial pulse, which had high sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value. Various combinations of claudication and pulse abnormalities revealed a good sensitivity for broader criteria but at the expense of specificity, whereas stricter criteria had a good specificity and positive predictive value but a poor sensitivity. No combination was superior to an abnormal posterior tibial pulse alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Health Care Use and Costs in the Decade After Identification of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jeffrey A. Johnson, Sheri L. Pohar, Sumit R. Majumdar
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

To analyze trends in health care costs in the decade after identification of diabetes, contrasting type 1 and 2 diabetes.The Canadian National Diabetes Surveillance System criteria were applied to administrative databases to identify incident diabetes cases in 1992. Cases were categorized as type 1 or type 2 diabetes based on patterns of drug use. Per capita health care costs (in 2001 Canadian dollars) for five resource categories were estimated according to the type of diabetes, for the year before identification (1991) and 10 years after (1992-2001) identification of the cases.We identified 156 type 1 and 3,469 type 2 incident cases of diabetes, from a population base of approximately 950,000. The mean (+/-SD) age of case subjects at index was 61.2 +/- 16.7 years, and 54% of subjects were male. Overall annual per capita health expenditures rose considerably in the year after identification of diabetes but then stabilized at a lower level for the next 9 years, ranging from $3,800 to $4,400. From 1992 to 2001, diabetic individuals used $137.1 million in health care resources, most of which (96%) was attributable to type 2 diabetes. The average 10-year cost per individual with diabetes was $37,820 ($33,684 per type 1 and $38,006 per type 2 diabetes case; adjusted P = 0.45).Total health expenditures for diabetes are driven by the much larger prevalence of type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes. Policymakers need to acknowledge and allocate resources for diabetes prevention and management accordingly.
Oxygen affinity and stability of hemoglobin dunn (α6(A4)Asp→Asn): Use of isoelectric focusing in recognition of a new abnormal hemoglobin
Authors: S. Charache, B. Brimhall, G. Zaatari, P. J. Hathaway, I. Steiman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1980)

Abstract A new slow‐moving hemoglobin was found in low proportion in an asymptomatic black woman. Isoelectric focusing helped to distinguish it from other hemoglobins with similar electrophoretic mobility, and amino acid analysis showed that aspartic acid α6 (A4) had been replaced by asparagine. Oxygen affinity was increased, but the Bohr and DPG effects were normal. Stability of the purified hemoglobin was decreased, but that of hemolysates was normal. Abnormal oxygen affinity of this variant, and that of hemoglobin Sawara (α6(A4)Asp→Ala), may reflect loss of a salt bridge between Asp α6 and Lys‐α127(H10) which would tend to favor the high‐affinity R conformation of the molecule.
Current Status of Co-Occurring Mood and Substance Use Disorders: A New Therapeutic Target
Authors: Helen M. Pettinati, Charles P. O’Brien, William D. Dundon
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

Mood and substance use disorders commonly co-occur, yet there is little evidence-based research to guide the pharmacologic management of these comorbid disorders. The authors review the existing empirical findings, some of which may call into question current clinical pharmacotherapy practices for treating co-occurring mood and substance use disorders. The authors also highlight knowledge gaps that can serve as a basis for future research. The specific mood disorders reviewed are bipolar and major depressive disorders (either one co-occurring with a substance use disorder). Overall, findings from the relatively small amount of available data indicate that pharmacotherapy for managing mood symptoms can be effective in patients with substance dependence, although results have not been consistent across all studies. Also, in most studies, medications for managing mood symptoms did not appear to have an impact on the substance use disorder. In a recent trial for comorbid major depression and alcohol dependence, combination treatment with a medication for depression and another for alcohol dependence was found to reduce depressive symptoms and excessive drinking simultaneously. However, research has only begun to address optimal pharmacologic management of co-occurring disorders. In addition, current clinical treatment for alcohol and drug dependence often excludes new pharmacotherapies approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating certain types of addiction. With new data becoming available, it appears that we need to revisit current practice in the pharmacological management of co-occurring mood and substance use disorders.
Clinical spectrum of cryptogenic organising pneumonitis.
Authors: R Bellomo, M Finlay, P McLaughlin, E Tai
Journal: Thorax (1991)

Cryptogenic organising pneumonitis (bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia) is an uncommon condition that often responds to steroids. It is characterised clinically by constitutional symptoms, pathologically by intra-alveolar organising fibrosis, and radiologically by patchy pulmonary infiltrates. Its full clinical spectrum and course are only partially described and understood. Six patients are described, seen over three years, with considerably diverse clinical and radiological presentations (two had diffuse lung infiltrates, two had peripheral lung infiltrates, and two had localised lobar involvement) and with very varying severity of disease (two with a life threatening illness, three with appreciable subacute constitutional symptoms, and one with mild symptoms). It is concluded that cryptogenic organising pneumonitis can present in various ways. A set of diagnostic criteria are proposed which will help in the recognition of this syndrome, which is probably underdiagnosed.
EGILS consensus report. Gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT
Authors: A. Ruskone-Fourmestraux, W. Fischbach, B. M. P. Aleman, H. Boot, M. Q. Du, F. Megraud, C. Montalban, M. Raderer, A. Savio, A. Wotherspoon
Journal: Gut (2011)

This consensus report of the EGILS (European Gastro-Intestinal Lymphoma Study) group includes recommendations on the management of gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT. They are based on data from the literature and on intensive discussions and votings of the experts during their annual meetings.
A mathematical model of preventing plaque rupture with drug-eluting stents based upon distance from the ostium to the culprit lesion in ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Ajay J. Kirtane, Sabina A. Murphy, Juhana Karha, Graham C. Wong, Robert P. Giugliano, Elliott M. Antman, C.Michael Gibson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin
Authors: C. G. Clark, M. R. Lewin, B. H. Stagg, J. H. Wyllie
Journal: Gut (1973)

Sixteen patients underwent proximal gastric vagotomy (highly selective vagotomy) for chronic duodenal ulceration. All were subjected to preoperative and postoperative acid secretion studies. A reduction in the secretory response to pentagastrin and abolition of the response to meat extract occurred postoperatively. Plasma gastrin levels in response to meat extract were studied by radioimmunoassay. Basal plasma gastrin levels were unaffected by vagotomy and it was found that the plasma gastrin response to meat extract was not impaired after operation if the postoperative insulin test was positive. Only if the insulin test was negative was the amount of gastrin released by meat extract reduced.
Fundamental Components of Attention
Authors: Eric I. Knudsen
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2007)

A mechanistic understanding of attention is necessary for the elucidation of the neurobiological basis of conscious experience. This chapter presents a framework for thinking about attention that facilitates the analysis of this cognitive process in terms of underlying neural mechanisms. Four processes are fundamental to attention: working memory, top-down sensitivity control, competitive selection, and automatic bottom-up filtering for salient stimuli. Each process makes a distinct and essential contribution to attention. Voluntary control of attention involves the first three processes (working memory, top-down sensitivity control, and competitive selection) operating in a recurrent loop. Recent results from neurobiological research on attention are discussed within this framework.
Misuse of drugs in sport.
Authors: A. H. Beckett, D. A. Cowan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1978)

The misuse of drugs in sport is not a new pheno- menon.It has occurred for centuries but adequate docu- mentation is only available for the last 50 years.It was the deaths in sport because of misuse of drugs and also the increasing problem of drug misuse in society which called into play national and international reactions to deal with the problem.It has been stated that in the few years before 1970 there were 30 deaths in sport through drug misuse.An anti-doping law was passed by the French Senate and became effective in 1965 and in the same year Belgium introduced an anti-doping act to deal with the problem of drug misuse in sport.