tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM OF THE RAT AND ITS INFLUENCE TO RETARD GROWTH OF MAMMARY TUMORS HITHERTO REFRACTORY
Authors: Charles Huggins, Lucio Pollice
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

The repeated administration of 3-methylcholanthrene to adolescent rats resulted in (a) a profound, incomplete, and selective depression of certain hypophyseal functions; (b) decreased growth of transplanted mammary tumors; and (c) a retardation of body growth. Only the last mentioned effect was reversed by forced feeding. The retarded rate of body growth induced by 3-methylcholanthrene was prevented by the concurrent administration of dihydrotestosterone or progesterone, or by ovariectomy; rats so treated became overweight despite the injection of 3-methylcholanthrene. Phenolic estrogens intensified the retardation of body growth induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and emaciation resulted. The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in decreased gonadotrophin production by the pituitary and the ovaries were more drastically affected by the depression of pituitary activity than the adrenals were. The compound exerted differential effects on the pituitary glands of males and females respectively. Hormonal functions of both ovary and testis were decreased in rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene but, whilst ovarian weight was much reduced, the size of the testis was not decreased and the germinal epithelium of the male was little affected by the treatment in most instances. There was a considerable reduction of the content of alkaline phosphatase in the breast of intact rats treated with 3-methylcholanthrene but atrophy of the mammary epithelium did not occur and hyperplasia of the mammary tree was often observed. The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene considerably slowed the growth of transplanted mammary tumors characterized by high dependence on hormones and the concurrent administration of gonadotrophin restored the growth rate of the tumors. The administration of 3-methylcholanthrene or androstan-17ß-ol-3-one was only moderately effective in controlling the growth of transplanted mammary tumors characterized by low hormonal dependence; the combined administration of these compounds was highly efficacious in retarding the growth of these refractory tumors. 3-Methylcholanthrene partially retarded the growth of mammary fibroadenomas in hypophysectomized rats.
THE EFFECT OF AMNIOTIC FLUID ON BACTERIAL GROWTH
Authors: I. SARKANY, CHRISTINE C. GAYLARDE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1968)

SUMMARY. Amniotic fluid from 6 subjects failed to inhibit the growth in culture of lactobacilli, coagulase‐negative staphylococci or diphtheroids. Some other explanation must be sought for the scarcity of these organisms in the birth canal after the rupture of the membranes and on the skin of the newborn.
A National Genetic-Disease Program: Some Issues of Implementation
Authors: Robert M. Schmidt, William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

A NATIONAL genetic-disease program was established with the enactment of the Health Research and Health Services Amendments of 1976.1 Title IV of the Amendments, the National Sickle-Cell Anemia, Cooley's Anemia, Tay-Sachs and Genetic Diseases Act, replaces Title XI of the Public Health Service Act, which deals only with sickle-cell and Cooley's anemias. The new act provides for a national program of basic and applied research, research training, testing, counseling and information and education programs for genetic diseases, including sickle-cell and Cooley's anemias, Tay-Sachs diseases, cystic fibrosis, dysautonomia, hemophilia, retinitis pigmentosa, Huntington's chorea and muscular dystrophy.The act authorizes the Department . . .
Improved Carbohydrate Metabolism After Bariatric Surgery Raises Antioxidized LDL Antibody Levels in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez, Jose M. García-Almeida, Sara García-Serrano, Isabel Cardona, Juan García-Arnes, Federico Soriguer, Francisco J. Tinahones, Eduardo García-Fuentes
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Antioxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) antibodies have recently been suggested to be protective against the development of diabetes. We measured the changes in anti-oxLDL antibody levels in the inverse situation of improvement in carbohydrate metabolism.The study was undertaken in 73 morbidly obese individuals, 21 of whom had type 2 diabetes, before and 7 months after they underwent bariatric surgery and in 11 healthy, nonobese individuals. Measurements were made of the area under the curve of glucose (AUC(Glu)) by an intravenous glucose tolerance test and of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies.The morbidly obese patients with diabetes had significantly higher levels of oxLDL compared with the morbidly obese patients with normal fasting glucose and the control subjects and significantly lower levels of IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies. An inverse correlation was found between the levels of oxLDL and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies (r = -0.352, P = 0.012). Although the levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies rose after surgery, this increase was only significant in the diabetic patients, who experienced an improvement in their metabolic profile. Different multiple linear regression models showed that the AUC(Glu) was the main factor explaining the behavior of the levels of oxLDL and anti-oxLDL antibodies.We found a close association between carbohydrate metabolism and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies, which were significantly reduced in the morbidly obese patients with diabetes. The improvement in carbohydrate metabolism after bariatric surgery led to a significant increase in the levels of IgG and IgM anti-oxLDL antibodies.
FORENSIC ISSUES IN THE NEUROSES OF WAR
Authors: A. KARDINER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1943)

The major forensic issues are created by the most common emotional casualty of war, the traumatic neuroses. No economical orientation on these issues can be made without a workable conception of the psychopathology. This neurosis hits hard at a certain aspect of the personality, namely the highly coordinated psycho-physical apparatus for action, which becomes contracted in scope of effectiveness or inhibited. The patient does not give up striving, but all his new attempts are based on his now shrunken resources. The issues of public interest are the reduced capacity for work, the issue of compensation, and the prophylaxis and treatment of these conditions. Plans for treatment must be drawn on the known characteristics of the neurosis. It is a benign condition in a large proportion of cases if treated early; if it is permitted to consolidate it becomes intractable. Therefore all effort should be made to prevent the neurosis from hardening in its early stages. Since the results of hasty treatment in the last war led to such poor results, new researches must be conducted. Diagnostic criteria are definite and precise. No malingerer can simulate all of them, especially if checked by Rorschach test. Incapacity for work and quest for compensation are consequences of reduced resources of the subject. Vocational retraining is based on a faulty conception of the disease. Compensation should be reserved only for cases who prove therapeutic failures after two years of constant application. The pathology and treatment of this neurosis is not a settled matter. A concerted effort on the part of all psychiatry is imperative to make the established facts about it generally known and to gather new facts. Research staffs and teaching staffs for those who will encounter early cases are imperative.
Absence of Association of Type 2 Diabetes With <i>CAPN10</i> and <i>PC-1</i> Polymorphisms in Oji-Cree
Authors: Robert A. Hegele, Stewart B. Harris, Bernard Zinman, Anthony J.G. Hanley, Henian Cao
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

In the Oji-Cree of Northern Ontario, we previously demonstrated that the private HNF1A S319 allele was strongly associated with type 2 diabetes (1), and that the PPARG Q12 allele was associated with both the earlier onset and presence of type 2 diabetes (2). However, HNF1A S319 and PPARG Q12 were present in only ∼60% of Oji-Cree subjects with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that other genetic determinants exist in this population. Recent reports have implicated CAPN10 (3), specifically the UCSNP-43 G allele (also called g.4852G) (4), and PC-1 , specifically the Q121 allele (5,6), as possible genetic determinants for type 2 diabetes. We thus evaluated the association of these alleles with type 2 diabetes in the Oji-Cree. …
PATHOGENESIS OF THE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS OF NZB/W MICE
Authors: P. H. Lambert, Frank J. Dixon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

The development of glomerulonephritis in NZB/W mice is closely related to the formation of antinuclear, particularly anti-DNA, antibodies. The developing inflammatory glomerular lesions are characterized by the deposition of γG- and ß1C-globulins plus DNA and possibly other nuclear antigens, presumably as complexes, in a granular to lumpy pattern along the capillary walls and in the mesangia. Elution studies revealed the γG-globulin in the glomeruli to be largely γG2A-type antibody to soluble nuclear antigens. Enhancement of the antinuclear antibody response by active immunization of young NZB/W mice with DNA-methylated BSA hastens the development and increases the severity of the glomerulonephritis. Similarly, injections of soluble DNA into NZB/W mice with circulating anti-DNA antibodies but with as yet little nephritis causes rapid progression of nephritis.
Active inspiratory impedance and neuromuscular respiratory output during halothane anaesthesia in humans
Authors: J Canet, J Sanchis, D Navajas, R Farre, MM Rotger, P Casan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1991)

The aim of this study was to measure, in 11 patients with healthy lungs, active inspiratory impedance during anaesthesia. In addition, we recorded changes in inspiratory occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1) and ventilatory pattern while awake and during anaesthesia with a mean inspiratory fraction (FI) of 0.017 halothane in O2. The total active inspiratory resistance and elastance values were 5.4 +/- 3.3 hPa.l.1.s and 29.9 +/- 6.2 hPa.l.1, respectively. P0.1 and the ratio between P0.1 and mean inspiratory flow (P0.1/(VT/TI)) increased 124% (p less than 0.001) and 68% (p less than 0.001), respectively, during anaesthesia. Respiratory frequency rose significantly from 12.2 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SD) to 24.6 +/- 4.6 cycles.min-1, while tidal volume and inspiratory duty cycle lowered significantly from 0.599 +/- 0.195 l and 0.44 +/- 0.04 to 0.372 +/- 0.088 l (p less than 0.001) and 0.40 +/- 0.04 (p less than 0.05), respectively. Minute ventilation (VE) and VT/TI did not change significantly. During halothane anaesthesia with an FI:0.017, the increase in neuromuscular respiratory output appears to compensate for the increased mechanical load, thus resulting in maintenance of VE at levels similar to those of an awake state.
Counting coughs: Visual information influences auditory analysis
Authors: Richard Turner, Zoe Melrose, James Maurice, Sonia Parmar, Alasdair Wood, Rekha Bhalla, James Brown, Brintha Selvarajah, Angshu Bhowmik, Graham Bothamley
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Introduction Coughs are defined by their characteristic sound and the gold standard for determining cough frequency is by ear (Smith, J. et al. Cough 2006; 2:6). Audio editing software can be used to display graphs of sound amplitude. We measured the effect of visual information on cough counting.

Methods 24h recordings were made from 3 patients with cough with the PulmoTrackTM cough monitor (KarmelSonix, Haifa, Israel). A 20-minute audio sequence from each patient was played to 10 respiratory physicians on 3 occasions with intervals of >4 weeks. No visual information was displayed on the first two occasions but on the third occasion Audacity® open source audio editing software provided simultaneous visualisation of sound amplitude. Participants counted cough sounds and cough epochs (clusters containing cough sounds separated by <2s).

Results Intraclass correlation coefficients for agreement between individuals on the first, second and third counts of coughs sounds were 0.90 (95% confidence interval 0.67-1.00), 0.86 (CI 0.53-1.00) and 0.92 (CI 0.71-1.00) respectively. For cough epochs these values were 0.84 (0.53-1.00), 0.78 (0.36-0.99) and 0.94 (0.78-1.00) (Figure). Mean counts of both cough sounds and epochs were lower when using the software display.

Conclusion Visual representations of audio sequences increase the consistency of cough counting. There is a tendency to discount potential coughs when using visual information.

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Transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy and the risk of stroke: a nested case-control study
Authors: C. Renoux, S. Dell'Aniello, E. Garbe, S. Suissa
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Objectives To determine the risk of stroke associated with oral and transdermal routes of administration of hormone replacement therapy. Design Population based nested case-control study. Setting About 400 general practices in the United Kingdom contributing to the General Practice Research Database. Participants Cohort of all women in the database aged 50-79 years between 1 January 1987 and 31 October 2006 who were members of a practice that fulfilled predefined quality criteria and without a diagnosis of stroke before cohort entry. For each case of stroke occurring during follow-up, up to four controls were selected from among the cohort members in the risk sets defined by the case. Exposure to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was categorised into oestrogens only, oestrogens plus progestogen, progestogen only, and tibolone. Oestrogens were further subdivided according to the route of administration (oral v transdermal) and dose (high v low). Main outcome measures Rate ratio of stroke associated with current use of oral and transdermal HRT compared with no use. Current use was considered as a prescription whose duration included the index date. Results There were 15 710 cases of stroke matched to 59 958 controls. The rate of stroke in the cohort was 2.85 per 1000 per year. The adjusted rate ratio of stroke associated with current use of transdermal HRT was 0.95 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.20) relative to no use. The risk of stroke was not increased with use of low oestrogen dose patches (rate ratio 0.81(0.62 to 1.05)) compared with no use, whereas the risk was increased with high dose patches (rate ratio 1.89 (1.15 to 3.11)). Current users of oral HRT had a higher rate of stroke than non-users (rate ratio 1.28 (1.15 to 1.42)) with both low dose and high dose. Conclusions The use of transdermal HRT containing low doses of oestrogen does not seem to increase the risk of stroke. The presence of residual confounding, however, cannot be entirely excluded in the interpretation of this finding.
Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate (Glivec™) in combination with interferon-α (IFN-α) in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL)
Authors: B Wassmann, U Scheuring, H Pfeifer, A Binckebanck, A Käbisch, M Lübbert, L Leimer, H Gschaidmeier, D Hoelzer, O G Ottmann
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
Factors Associated With Maternal-Reported Actions to Prevent Type 1 Diabetes in the First Year of the TEDDY Study
Authors: Laura B. Smith, Kristian F. Lynch, Judith Baxter, Barbro Lernmark, Roswith Roth, Tuula Simell, Suzanne Bennett Johnson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

Mothers of children at risk for type 1 diabetes report engaging in preventive behaviors. The purpose of this study is to further document these actions in an international, longitudinal sample and examine variables that predict whether mothers engage in these behaviors.
Genetic Ablation of SOX18 Function Suppresses Tumor Lymphangiogenesis and Metastasis of Melanoma in Mice
Authors: Tam Duong, Steven T. Proulx, Paola Luciani, Jean-Christophe Leroux, Michael Detmar, Peter Koopman, Mathias Francois
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The lymphatic vasculature provides a major route for tumor metastasis and inhibiting neolymphangiogenesis induced by tumors can reduce metastasis in animal models. Developmental biology studies have identified the transcription factor SOX18 as a critical switch for lymphangiogenesis in the mouse embryo. Here, we show that SOX18 is also critical for tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, and we show that suppressing SOX18 function is sufficient to impede tumor metastasis. Immunofluorescence analysis of murine tumor xenografts showed that SOX18 is reexpressed during tumor-induced neolymphangiogenesis. Tumors generated by implantation of firefly luciferase-expressing B16-F10 melanoma cells exhibited a reduced rate of metastasis to the regional draining lymph node in Sox18-deficient mice, as assessed by live bioluminescence imaging. Lower metastatic rates correlated with reduced tumoral lymphatic vessel density and diameter and with impaired drainage of peritumoral injected liposomes specific for lymph vessels from the sentinel lymph nodes. Overall, our findings suggested that SOX18 induction is a key step in mediating tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis, and they identify SOX18 as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic blockade. Cancer Res; 72(12); 3105–14. ©2012 AACR.
Bacteriophage Flux in Endosymbionts (Wolbachia): Infection Frequency, Lateral Transfer, and Recombination Rates
Authors: S. R. Bordenstein
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

The highly specialized genomes of bacterial endosymbionts typically lack one of the major contributors of genomic flux in the free-living microbial world—bacteriophages. This study yields three results that show bacteriophages have, to the contrary, been influential in the genome evolution of the most prevalent bacterial endosymbiont of invertebrates, Wolbachia. First, we show that bacteriophage WO is more widespread in Wolbachia than previously recognized, occurring in at least 89% (35/39) of the sampled genomes. Second, we show through several phylogenetic approaches that bacteriophage WO underwent recent lateral transfers between Wolbachia bacteria that coinfect host cells in the dipteran Drosophila simulans and the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis. These two cases, along with a previous report in the lepidopteran Ephestia cautella, support a general mechanism for genetic exchange in endosymbionts—the “intracellular arena” hypothesis—in which genetic material moves horizontally between bacteria that coinfect the same intracellular environment. Third, we show recombination in this bacteriophage; in the region encoding a putative capsid protein, the recombination rate is faster than that of any known recombining genes in the endosymbiont genome. The combination of these three lines of genetic evidence indicates that this bacteriophage is a widespread source of genomic instability in the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia and potentially the invertebrate host. More generally, it is the first bacteriophage implicated in frequent lateral transfer between the genomes of bacterial endosymbionts. Gene transfer by bacteriophages could drive significant evolutionary change in the genomes of intracellular bacteria that are typically considered highly stable and prone to genomic degradation.
Effect of Intraperitoneal Pristane on Established Immunity to the Adj-PC-5 Plasmacytoma2
Authors: Michael Potter, Jamie L. Walters
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

A sinsle injection (35 mg/kg/body wt) of N,N-di-2-chloroethylaniline [aniline mustard (AM)] into BALB/cAnN female mice caused complete regression of large intradermal (id) or subcutaneous (sc) transplants of BALB/c Adj-PC-5 plasmacytoma. After the AM induced regression of the id tumors, 88% of these mice were immune to sc challenges of 105 viable Adj-PC-5 cells and 73% were immune to intraperitoneal (ip) challenges of ≤104 viable cells. Also studied was the effect of 1 or 2 ip 0.5-ml injections of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) on the ability of Adj-PC-5-immune mice to resist challenges of Adj-PC-5 cells by various routes. When 103-104 of these cells were injected ip into pristane-treated, immunized mice, the tumors grew in 83–100% of the mice, in contrast to only 30% of non-pristane-treated, immunized mice. When 5×102 of these cells were injected ip, the tumors grew in 1 of 10 immune mice and 9 of 13 (68%) pristane-treated, immune mice. Challenges of 20 or 100 cells were eliminated in both pristane-conditioned and normal mice. By contrast, 105 Adj-PC-5 cells given sc to ip pristane-treated, immunized mice were rejected. Apparently pristane directly or indirectly blocked the effectivity of established immunity in the peritoneum but not in the sc site and also caused Adj-PC-5 cells to grow more efficiently.
Sulphation and secretion of the predominant secretory human colonic mucin MUC2 in ulcerative colitis
Authors: B J-W Van Klinken, J-W G Van der Wal, A W C Einerhand, H A Büller, J Dekker
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND Decreased synthesis of the predominant secretory human colonic mucin (MUC2) occurs during active ulcerative colitis. AIMS To study possible alterations in mucin sulphation and mucin secretion, which could be the cause of decreased mucosal protection in ulcerative colitis. METHODS Colonic biopsy specimens from patients with active ulcerative colitis, ulcerative colitis in remission, and controls were metabolically labelled with [ 35 S]-amino acids or [ 35 S]-sulphate, chase incubated and analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by quantitation of mature [ 35 S]-labelled MUC2. For quantitation of total MUC2, which includes non-radiolabelled and radiolabelled MUC2, dot blotting was performed, using a MUC2 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Between patient groups, no significant differences were found in [ 35 S]-sulphate content of secreted MUC2 or in the secreted percentage of either [ 35 S]-amino acid labelled MUC2 or total MUC2. During active ulcerative colitis, secretion of [ 35 S]-sulphate labelled MUC2 was significantly increased twofold, whereas [ 35 S]-sulphate incorporation into MUC2 was significantly reduced to half. CONCLUSIONS During active ulcerative colitis, less MUC2 is secreted, because MUC2 synthesis is decreased while the secreted percentage of MUC2 is unaltered. Furthermore, sulphate content of secreted MUC2 is unaltered by a specific compensatory mechanism, because sulphated MUC2 is preferentially secreted while sulphate incorporation into MUC2 is reduced.