tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neuronal and adrenomedullary catecholamine release in response to cardiopulmonary bypass in man.
Authors: J G Reves, R B Karp, E E Buttner, S Tosone, L R Smith, P N Samuelson, G R Kreusch, S Oparil
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) alters systemic hemodynamics and affects several biochemical systems involved in cardiovascular regulation. We investigated the changes in levels of circulating epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and related them to events during CPB. Twenty-eight patients undergoing various surgical procedures were studied. Plasma E and NE were determined by radioenzymatic assay at eight stages of the operation. A ninefold increase in arterial E (from 75 +/- 13 to 708 +/- 117.3 pg/ml) occurred from prebypass (stage 1) measurements to the end of aortic cross-clamping (stage 4). The values at stage 4 were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) than at all other stages. E decreased rapidly, to 360 +/- 84.3 pg/ml, after myocardial and pulmonary reperfusion (stage 5). Arterial NE increased twofold from stage 1 to stage 4 (from 426 +/- 66.9 to 825 +/- 84.2, p less than 0.05). The increase in NE from initial CPB values (stage 2) to 30 minutes of aortic cross-clamping (stage 3) was associated with an increase in mean blood pressure (r = 0.51, p = 0.02). The peak increases in catecholamines occurred when the heart and lungs were excluded from the circulation, which suggests that either or both contributed to the increase. Because the increase in E was markedly greater than that in NE, the predominant humoral response to CPB appears to be adrenomedullary release of E. This significant increase in catecholamines could jeopardize myocardial protective measures during CPB.
Genetic polymorphisms in androgen receptor-binding sites predict survival in prostate cancer patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy
Authors: C.-N. Huang, S.-P. Huang, J.-B. Pao, T.-Y. Chang, Y.-H. Lan, T.-L. Lu, H.-Z. Lee, S.-H. Juang, P.-P. Wu, Y.-S. Pu, C.-J. Hsieh, B.-Y. Bao
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
Neutrophil-mediated dissolution of infected host cells as a defense strategy against a facultative intracellular bacterium.
Authors: J W Conlan, R J North
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

The rate of growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the livers of mice infected intravenously with a lethal or sublethal inoculum of this facultative intracellular bacterium is greatly increased if neutrophils and other host cells are prevented from accumulating at foci of infection during the first 24 h by treatment with a monoclonal antibody (5C6) specific for the type 3 complement receptor of myelomonocytic cells. A histological examination of the livers of control mice showed that the accumulation of neutrophils at infectious foci resulted in the focal destruction of infected hepatocytes. In contrast, failure of neutrophils to accumulate at these sites in 5C6-treated mice allowed Listeria to multiply extensively in hepatocytes without destroying them. The results indicate that neutrophils play an important role in early defense against listeriosis in the liver by destroying infected hepatocytes, thereby reducing the opportunity for Listeria to multiply in permissive cells. In this way, neutrophils serve to break the chain of cell-to-cell spread of infection.
The transcriptional program underlying the physiology of clostridial sporulation
Authors: Shawn W Jones, Carlos J Paredes, Bryan Tracy, Nathan Cheng, Ryan Sillers, Ryan S Senger, Eleftherios T Papoutsakis
Journal: Genome biology (2008)

Clostridia are ancient soil organisms of major importance to human and animal health and physiology, cellulose degradation, and the production of biofuels from renewable resources. Elucidation of their sporulation program is critical for understanding important clostridial programs pertaining to their physiology and their industrial or environmental applications.Using a sensitive DNA-microarray platform and 25 sampling timepoints, we reveal the genome-scale transcriptional basis of the Clostridium acetobutylicum sporulation program carried deep into stationary phase. A significant fraction of the genes displayed temporal expression in six distinct clusters of expression, which were analyzed with assistance from ontological classifications in order to illuminate all known physiological observations and differentiation stages of this industrial organism. The dynamic orchestration of all known sporulation sigma factors was investigated, whereby in addition to their transcriptional profiles, both in terms of intensity and differential expression, their activity was assessed by the average transcriptional patterns of putative canonical genes of their regulon. All sigma factors of unknown function were investigated by combining transcriptional data with predicted promoter binding motifs and antisense-RNA downregulation to provide a preliminary assessment of their roles in sporulation. Downregulation of two of these sigma factors, CAC1766 and CAP0167, affected the developmental process of sporulation and are apparently novel sporulation-related sigma factors.This is the first detailed roadmap of clostridial sporulation, the most detailed transcriptional study ever reported for a strict anaerobe and endospore former, and the first reported holistic effort to illuminate cellular physiology and differentiation of a lesser known organism.
Mitral valve replacement with aortic heterografts in humans
Authors: M. I. Ionescu, G. H. Wooler, D. R. Smith, V. A. Grimshaw
Journal: Thorax (1967)

The complications associated with the implantation of prosthetic valves and the experimental attempts to graft the mitral valve are described. Because of the disadvantages connected with the use of artificial valves and as the experimental methods of grafting the mitral valve did not prove satisfactory for clinical use, the authors developed a technique for mitral valve replacement using heterologous aortic valves—reinforced by a semirigid Teflon ring—placed above the mitral annulus inside the atrial cavity. The technique of collecting, preparing, and inserting these grafts is described in detail. Using this method, seven patients with mitral incompetence or mitral disease were operated upon between February and April, 1967. One patient died five weeks after the operation from bacterial endocarditis in a period of severe hospital infection with staphylococcus. The other six patients had a very good clinical result immediately after surgery. At the present time they are symptom-free and have normal heart sounds. Clinical and experimental data are discussed concerning the long-term fate of aortic heterografts in the mitral position.
Gene Patents and Personalized Cancer Care: Impact of the <i>Myriad</i> Case on Clinical Oncology
Authors: Kenneth Offit, Angela Bradbury, Courtney Storm, Jon F. Merz, Kevin E. Noonan, Rebecca Spence
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Genomic discoveries have transformed the practice of oncology and cancer prevention. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances based on cancer genomics developed during a time when it was possible to patent genes. A case before the Supreme Court, Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriad Genetics, Inc seeks to overturn patents on isolated genes. Although the outcomes are uncertain, it is suggested here that the Supreme Court decision will have few immediate effects on oncology practice or research but may have more significant long-term impact. The Federal Circuit court has already rejected Myriad's broad diagnostic methods claims, and this is not affected by the Supreme Court decision. Isolated DNA patents were already becoming obsolete on scientific grounds, in an era when human DNA sequence is public knowledge and because modern methods of next-generation sequencing need not involve isolated DNA. The Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriad Supreme Court decision will have limited impact on new drug development, as new drug patents usually involve cellular methods. A nuanced Supreme Court decision acknowledging the scientific distinction between synthetic cDNA and genomic DNA will further mitigate any adverse impact. A Supreme Court decision to include or exclude all types of DNA from patent eligibility could impact future incentives for genomic discovery as well as the future delivery of medical care. Whatever the outcome of this important case, it is important that judicial and legislative actions in this area maximize genomic discovery while also ensuring patients' access to personalized cancer care.
Injury and injury rates in Muay Thai kick boxing
Authors: S Gartland, M H A Malik, M E Lovell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

To determine the type and number of injuries that occur during the training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing and to compare the data obtained with those from previous studies of karate and taekwondo.One to one interviews using a standard questionnaire on injuries incurred during training and practice of Muay Thai kick boxing were conducted at various gyms and competitions in the United Kingdom and a Muay Thai gala in Holland.A total of 152 people were questioned, 132 men and 20 women. There were 19 beginners, 82 amateurs, and 51 professionals. Injuries to the lower extremities were the most common in all groups. Head injuries were the second most common in professionals and amateurs. Trunk injuries were the next most common in beginners. The difference in injury distribution among the three groups was significant (p< or =0.01). Soft tissue trauma was the most common type of injury in the three groups. Fractures were the second most common in professionals, and in amateurs and beginners it was sprains and strains (p< or =0.05). Annual injury rates were: beginners, 13.5/1000 participants; amateurs, 2.43/1000 participants; professionals, 2.79/1000 participants. For beginners, 7% of injuries resulted in seven or more days off training; for amateurs and professionals, these values were 4% and 5.8% respectively.The results are similar to those found for karate and taekwondo with regard to injury distribution, type, and rate. The percentage of injuries resulting in time off training is less.
Predicting survival in mesothelioma
Authors: Arthur William Musk
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

From the author:

Thank you for the opportunity to respond to the thoughtful letter from J.G. Smith [1].

The main issues she raises stem from the original paper having aims other than use for prediction in current individual or legal cases. Our main aim was to describe the epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma in Western Australia …
Autism seems to be increasing worldwide, if not in London
Authors: F E. Yazbak
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Diagnosis of autism Adequate funding is needed for assessment services2][3] One important additional reason for such provision, which their review does not emphasise, is that well coordinated, multiagency assessment teams for autism spectrum disorders have a better chance of accurately not giving a diagnosis of it.Our multiagency assessment service for autism spectrum disorders has seen 57 patients in the past two years.We request baseline speech and language therapy and (where applicable) educational psychology assessments on the likelihood of autism spectrum disorder in all cases before patients are seen by our team, so as to ensure best use of clinical resources.Despite this approach only 26 patients (46%) deemed to be likely cases of autism spectrum disorder received a positive diagnosis.This is not due to overzealous interpretation of ICD-10 diagnostic criteria (which are increasingly recognised as being in urgent need of review), as we tend, if anything, to err in favour of diagnosis, even if ICD-10 (or DSM-IV) criteria, are not strictly fulfilled.Relevant agencies must receive adequate funding for implementing the national autism plan for children. 3This is to benefit not only the children and their families who are struggling with the often devastating impact of this disorder but also the depressingly high number of children whom, we suspect, will be wrongly, or inaccurately, given diagnoses, if assessment services for autism spectrum disorders do not improve.
A pressure independent orifice equation for the estimation of diastolic mitral valve area in mitral insufficiency: correlation with cardiac catheterisation data using a radioactive Krypton indicator method for the determination of regurgitant filling volume
Authors: W S SEITZ, K LYNGBORG
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

We have investigated the application of an hydraulic orifice equation for the computation of diastolic mitral valve area in conditions of regurgitation. The new equation is given by Af = 21 Vf/T2, where Af is the total forward flow mitral valve area in cm2, Vf is the diastolic filling volume in ml, T is the diastolic filling period and 21 is a discharge coefficient derived from clinical haemodynamic data. Areas computed by the new formula correlate with valve areas as computed by the Gorlin formula at a level given by r = 0.93, n = 27. The results suggest that the new formula may be utilised in the context of mitral insufficiency and further, considerating the nature of the haemodynamic variables involved, an echographic quantification of this condition by M-mode or bidimensional echocardiography may be possible.
Impaired renal functional reserve and albuminuria in essential hypertension
Authors: A. Losito, F. Fortunati, I. Zampi, A. Del Favero
Journal: BMJ (1988)

The stimulatory effects of an infusion of amino acids on glomerular filtration rate has previously been used to measure renal functional reserve and detect glomerular hyperfiltration. Thirty four patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension and seemingly normal renal function and 22 healthy controls were given infusions of amino acids to investigate whether renal functional reserve is reduced in essential hypertension and to detect patients at risk of renal damage. Although basal creatinine clearance increased after the infusion of amino acids in the controls (mean 27.9 ml/min; 95% confidence interval 18.2 to 37.6), the overall change was lower in the patients (mean 13.4 ml/min; 8.3 to 18.5), 11 of the 34 showing no increase at all. In these 11 non-responders the mean systolic blood pressure was higher than that in the 23 others (178.5 mmHg v 157 mmHg, respectively). Mean urinary albumin excretion was abnormal in the patients (93.3 mg/24 h; 44.2 to 142.4); eight of the 11 non-responders had an albumin excretion above the normal range (greater than 20 mg/24 h). In the 11 patients without renal functional reserve a positive correlation was found between basal creatinine clearance and albumin excretion (r = 0.695). As consumed renal reserve and albuminuria are markers of glomerular hyperfiltration studying renal function before and after infusion of amino acids can detect hypertensive patients at risk of progressive renal damage.
Chronic bronchitis among French adults: high prevalence and underdiagnosis
Authors: G.J. Huchon, A. Vergnenègre, F. Neukirch, G. Brami, N. Roche, P-M. Preux
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The aims of this survey were to determine the prevalence of symptoms indicative of chronic bronchitis (CB) in the French adult population, to identify the role of risk factors for CB, and to assess rates of CB diagnosis and pulmonary function testing (PFT) in the presence of CB. A representative sample of 14,076 individuals aged ≥25 yrs completed a self-administered questionnaire on symptoms, comorbidities, smoking history, sociodemographical data, and diagnosis and care by physicians. The prevalence of CB was 4.1% and the prevalence of chronic cough and/or expectoration was 11.7%. In individuals with comorbidity, these figures were 10.4% and 24.4%, respectively. Smoking was associated with an increased frequency of CB. In subjects with CB, 44.6% had PFT (spirometry or peak expiratory flow measurement), 24% were diagnosed as having CB, and 7.2% received care. Rates of diagnosis, PFT, and follow-up were lower in young individuals and in those without comorbidity. PFT and follow-up were less common in current smokers. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in French adults is high and similar in magnitude to that of other industrialised countries. Comorbidities and tobacco smoking increase the frequency of chronic bronchitis symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is too infrequently diagnosed, investigated and cared for.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy: a large single centre experience
Authors: D B Williams, A V Sahai, L Aabakken, I D Penman, A van Velse, J Webb, M Wilson, B J Hoffman, R H Hawes
Journal: Gut (1999)

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) is a recent innovation in the evaluation of gastrointestinal and pulmonary malignancies.To review the experience with EUS-FNA of a large single centre.333 consecutive patients underwent EUS-FNA. Follow up data were available on 327 lesions in 317 patients, including 160 lymph nodes, 144 pancreatic lesions, 15 extraintestinal masses, and eight intramural tumours.A primary diagnosis of malignancy was obtained by EUS-FNA in 62% of patients with clinically suspicious lesions. The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of malignancy was 86%, with sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 96%. With respect to lesion types, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85%, 100%, and 89% for lymph nodes; 82%, 100%, and 85% for pancreatic lesions; 88%, 100%, and 90% for perirectal masses; and 50%, 25%, and 38% for intramural lesions, respectively. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, EUS-FNA in the evaluation of lymph nodes provided superior accuracy and specificity, without compromising sensitivity. Inadequate specimens were obtained from only six patients, including 3/5 with stromal tumors. Only one complication occurred.EUS-FNA is safe and can readily obtain tissue specimens adequate for cytopathological diagnoses. Compared with size and sonographic criteria, it is a superior modality for the detection of nodal metastases. While providing accurate diagnosis of pancreatic and perirectal malignancies, results suggest the technique is less useful for intramural lesions.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroup/serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Estonian children in 1999–2003
Authors: E. Tamm, P. Naaber, M. Maimets, M. Oona, S. Kõljalg, I. Lutsar
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2007)
The IL-23/Th17 Axis Contributes to Renal Injury in Experimental Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Hans-Joachim Paust, Jan-Eric Turner, Oliver M. Steinmetz, Anett Peters, Felix Heymann, Christoph Ho[Combining Diaeresis]lscher, Gunter Wolf, Christian Kurts, Hans-Willi Mittru[Combining Diaeresis]cker, Rolf A.K. Stahl, Ulf Panzer
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

T cells infiltrate the kidney in both human and experimental glomerulonephritis, and several lines of evidence indicate that T cell-mediated tissue damage plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of renal inflammatory diseases. However, the functions of the different T cell subsets, particularly the recently identified interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T cells (Th17 cells), are incompletely understood in glomerulonephritis. Here, we identified renal IL-17-producing T cells in the T cell-mediated model of nephrotoxic nephritis in mice. In vitro, IL-17 enhanced the production of the proinflammatory chemokines CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1alpha, and CCL20/LARC, which are implicated in the recruitment of T cells and monocytes, in mouse mesangial cells. To determine the function of Th17 cells in renal inflammation, we induced nephrotoxic nephritis in IL-23 p19(-/-) mice, which have reduced numbers of Th17 cells, and in IL-17(-/-) mice, which are deficient in the effector cytokine IL-17 itself. In comparison with nephritic wild-type mice, IL-23 p19(-/-) mice demonstrated less infiltration of Th17 cells, and both IL-23 p19(-/-) and IL-17(-/-) mice developed less severe nephritis as measured by renal function, albuminuria, and frequency of glomerular crescent formation. These results demonstrate that the IL-23/IL-17 pathway significantly contributes to renal tissue injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. Targeting the IL-23/Th17 axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of proliferative and crescentic glomerulonephritis.
Effects of dominant somatotype on aerobic capacity trainability
Authors: M Chaouachi, A Chaouachi, K Chamari, M Chtara, Y Feki, M Amri, F Trudeau
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Purpose: This study examined the association between dominant somatotype and the effect on aerobic capacity variables of individualised aerobic interval training. Methods: Forty one white North African subjects (age 21.4±1.3 years; V˙o 2max = 52.8±5.7 ml kg −1 min −1 ) performed three exercise tests 1 week apart (i) an incremental test on a cycle ergometer to determine V˙o 2max and V˙o 2 at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2); (ii) a VAM-EVAL track test to determine maximal aerobic speed ( v V˙o 2max ); and (iii) an exhaustive constant velocity test to determine time limit performed at 100% v V˙o 2max (tlim100). Subjects were divided into four somatometric groups: endomorphs-mesomorphs (Endo-meso; n = 9), mesomorphs (Meso; n = 11), mesomorphs-ectomorphs (Meso-ecto; n = 12), and ectomorphs (Ecto; n = 9). Subjects followed a 12 week training program (two sessions/week). Each endurance training session consisted of the maximal number of successive fractions for each subject. Each fraction consisted of one period of exercise at 100% of v V˙o 2max and one of active recovery at 60% of v V˙o 2max . The duration of each period was equal to half the individual tlim100 duration (153.6±39.7 s). After the training program, all subjects were re-evaluated for comparison with pre-test results. Results: Pre- and post-training data were grouped by dominant somatotype. Two way ANOVA revealed significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction effects (p&lt;0.001) for improvements in v V˙o 2max , V˙o 2max expressed classically and according to allometric scaling, and V˙o 2 at VT2. There were significant differences among groups post-training: the Meso-ecto and the Meso groups showed the greatest improvements in aerobic capacity. Conclusion: The significant somatotype-aerobic training interaction suggests different trainability with intermittent and individualised aerobic training according to somatotype.
Fluid homeostasis in chronic obstructive lung disease
Authors: P.W. de Leeuw, A. Dees
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often leads to massive oedema and the development of what is usually called cor pulmonale. The mechanisms by which patients with COPD retain salt and water are not completely understood. Several abnormalities have been found including reduced renal blood flow with relatively preserved glomerular filtration rate and elevated levels of renin, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide. Generally, these abnormalities worsen with the severity of COPD and are most marked during the oedematous phases. Cardiac output is remarkably normal, suggesting that “cor pulmonale” is not primarily a cardiac disorder but rather a condition of volume overload due to activation of sodium­retaining mechanisms. The stimulus for this activation could be underfilling of the arterial system (reduced effective circulating volume) secondary to a fall in total peripheral vascular resistance. The latter is caused by hypercapnia­induced dilation of the precapillary sphincters. Apparently, the massive sodium retention by the kidney is not able to restore the circulating volume and a vicious cycle ensues ultimately leading to a clinical picture which resembles right­sided heart failure. Predictably, only blockade of the effects of carbon dioxide at the level of the precapillary sphincters would be able to halt this process.