tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The impact of screening and genetic registration on mortality and colorectal cancer incidence in familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: E. K. L. Mallinson, K. F. Newton, J. Bowen, F. Lalloo, T. Clancy, J. Hill, D. G. R. Evans
Journal: Gut (2010)

Regular colonic surveillance of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients is necessary to ensure appropriate prophylactic surgery is performed before colorectal cancer (CRC) develops. Polyposis Registries have been established to coordinate screening programmes. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of screening and of the formation of the Registry on survival, incidence of CRC and age at onset of CRC, in FAP patients.Patients on the Manchester Polyposis Registry were categorised according to their mode of presentation; screening or symptomatic, and survival time from birth was calculated for each patient (n=353). The effect of the formation of the Registry was assessed by comparing survival times from birth for patients diagnosed in the 20 years before the establishment of the Registry, to patients diagnosed in the 20 years since the formation of the Registry (n=273).This study demonstrated that survival was increased from 57.8 years to 70.4 years (p<0.001) by screening, and from 58.1 years to 69.6 years (p=0.007) following establishment of the Polyposis Registry. The incidence of CRC was reduced from 43.5% to 3.8% by screening, and from 28.7% to 14.0% following establishment of the Polyposis Registry. Although direct causation between improved survival and reduced CRC incidence, and establishment of the Registry cannot be proven, an association has been demonstrated. Colorectal cancer was found to develop, on average, 16 years later in the screening population.A regular systematic large bowel screening programme, managed by a Polyposis Registry, significantly improves the prognosis of FAP.
No effect of breathing dry gas on exhaled nitric oxide concentration at rest
Authors: Ida-Sofie Grønningsæter, Silje Hoel, Einar Thorsen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background. The prevalence of asthma in elite endurance athletes is high, in particular among skiers. Prolonged high ventilatory demands in a cold and dry environment may contribute to the development of, or worsening of the asthma. Training periods often take place at altitudes of 2-3000 meter where ventilatory demand and respiratory heat and water loss are higher. Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) is useful for monitoring eosinophilic asthma, but not neutrophilic.

Aim. To assess the effect of breathing dry air on FENO.

Methods. Nine healthy subjects aged 21 – 27 yrs (4 men) breathed dry air and humidified air for 90 min at rest in random order on separate days. FENO was measured with a chemiluminescence analyser (Eco Medics AG, Duernten, Switzerland) at an expiratory flow rate of 50 ml•s-1 ∼15 min before and ∼15 min after the exposures.

Results. There was no difference in the baseline FENO between the two days. After exposure to dry air FENO decreased from 23.3 (SD=17.5) to 20.9 (SD=15.2) ppb, and after humid air it increased from 24.9 (SD=14.4) to 22.9 (SD=13.6) ppb.

Discussion. Breathing dry air at rest did not influence FENO. Higher ventilatory demands result in larger respiratory water loss, which may be a trigger of a bronchomotor response. The transient reduction in FENO after exercise must be controlled for when studying the combined effects of exercise and dry air on FENO.
1210 GNS-227: A NEW POTENT AND SELECTIVE HCV NS3 PROTEASE INHIBITOR WITH A HIGH GENETIC BARRIER TO RESISTANCE
Authors: P. Halfen, J. Courcambeck, T. Whitaker, M. Bouzidi, T.R. Mcbrayer, G. Roche, P.M. Tharnish, G. Pèpe, R.F. Schinazi, S.J. Coats
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Adenomyosis and subfertility: a systematic review of prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and fertility outcomes
Authors: Abha Maheshwari, Sumana Gurunath, Farah Fatima, Siladitya Bhattacharya
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2012)

BACKGROUNDUterine adenomyosis was initially thought to be found only in parous women, and final diagnosis was made at histology after hysterectomy. With better imaging techniques and with women attending clinics at older ages, adenomyosis is diagnosed with increasing frequency in women attending infertility clinics. A dozen conservative interventions have been advocated, with variable reports of their impact on fertility. This presents a dilemma for clinicians managing such patients. Hence, this systematic review of adenomyosis was performed to determine (i) the prevalence in a subfertile population, (ii) the accuracy of diagnostic tests, (iii) the efficacy of fertility sparing treatment options and (iv) the reproductive and obstetric/perinatal outcomes in women with adenomyosis.
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Systemic and Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction in Children Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies”
Authors: Urs Scherrer, Stefano F. Rimoldi, Emrush Rexhaj, Thomas Stuber, Hervé Duplain, Sophie Garcin, Stefano F. de Marchi, Pascal Nicod, Marc Germond, Yves Allemann, Claudio Sartori
Journal: Circulation (2013)
ST2249-MRSA-III: a second major recombinant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone causing healthcare infection in the 1970s
Authors: G.R. Nimmo, J.A. Steen, S. Monecke, R. Ehricht, P. Slickers, J.C. Thomas, S. Appleton, R.V. Goering, D.A. Robinson, G.W. Coombs
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2015)
Inhibition of natural killer cell activity by serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: roles of disease activity and serum interferon.
Authors: S R Ytterberg, T J Schnitzer
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

Among their immunological alterations patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been shown to have diminished natural killer (NK) cell activity. This abnormality is at least in part related to humoral factors, as sera from patients with SLE can inhibit the NK activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal individuals. The present study extends these findings to demonstrate that the inhibitory ability of sera from patients with SLE varies with disease activity. Furthermore, sera from patients with active SLE containing interferon (IFN), a potent stimulator of NK activity, were equally or more inhibitory than sera which did not contain IFN. Thus the factors in SLE sera which can inhibit NK function vary with disease activity and cannot be overcome by IFN present in these sera.
Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programmes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: L Puente-Maestu, M L Sánz, P Sánz, J M Cubillo, J Mayol, R Casaburi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

The effects of two 8 week programmes of reconditioning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients were studied. Forty one subjects (mean+/-SD) 644.5) yrs; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 1.09+/-0.16 L; 40.6+/-6.2% predicted were randomly assigned either to supervised training on a treadmill, 4 days x week(-1) (group S; n=21) or walking 3 or 4 km in 1 h 4 days x week(-1), self-monitored with a pedometer, with weekly visits to encourage adherence (group SM; n=20). Patients were evaluated with the chronic respiratory diseases questionnaire (CRQ) and two exercise tests on a treadmill: incremental (IT) and constant (CT), above lactic threshold or 70% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2, max) with arterial blood lactate determinations. Estimated mean work rate of training was 69+/-27 W and 25+/-5 W respectively for groups S and SM. Both types of training produced similar changes in the four dimensions of the CRQ. In group S reconditioning yielded significant (p<0.05) increases in VO2, max and increases in duration, with decreased lactate accumulation, ventilation, CO2 output (VCO2), heart rate (HR) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of CT. They also adopted a deeper slower pattern of breathing during exercise. The SM group showed significant (p<0.05) increases in duration, lower HR and DBP at the end of CT. Significantly (p<0.05) different effects between S and SM programmes were changes in VO2, max 100+/-101 mL x min(-1) versus 5+/-101 mL x min(-1)), duration of the CT (8.1+/-4.4 min versus 3.9+/-4.7 min), VCO2 (-94+/-153 mL x min(-1) versus 48+/-252 mL x min(-1)), lactate accumulation (-1.3+/-2.2 mmol x L(-1) versus 0+/-1.2 mmol x L(-1) and respiratory rate at the end of CT (4.3+/-3.4 min(-1) versus -1+/-4.2 min(-1)). Supervised, intense training yields physiological improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients not induced by self-monitored training. The self-monitored, less intense training, increases submaximal exercise endurance, although to a lesser degree.
The benefit of taking a control sample when performing bronchoalveolar lavage
Authors: Barry Linnane, Donna Clarke, Paula Murray, Niamh O'Sullivan, Colum Dunne, Paul McNally
Journal: Thorax (2015)

The benefit of taking a control sample when performing bronchoalveolar lavage Contamination of bronchoscopes is well described. 1-3However, while cleaning and disinfecting bronchoscopes are clearly described in standardisation documents, 1-3 the performance of a control sample prior to bronchoscopy is not suggested. 4 5Here, we offer an argument for such a procedure, supported by our experience with a 2-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis who underwent flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).The bronchoscope in question had been used on a previous case on the same list, then supposedly cleaned and decontaminated, prior to reuse.We performed a 'control lavage', by suctioning sterile 0.9% NaCl through the instrument channel, before the boy's procedure.However, it was only afterwards that the bronchoscopist noted the cloudy appearance of the control sample, suggestive of contamination.Subsequent investigation determined that the scope had not been adequately cleaned, due to human error, despite availability of appropriate equipment and standards.BAL samples from the first case on the list, the control sample, and the index case were positive for Haemophilus influenzae.
Screening older patients for obstructive airways disease
Authors: A. CROCKETT
Journal: Thorax (1999)

During the past few years findings from two studies-the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) 1 and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) 2 -seem to have dominated much of the thinking about the geographical variations in the prevalence of asthma.These studies suggest important variations by geographical site in diVerent countries and, to a lesser extent, in study centres within countries.However, these studies only raise new questions as to how geographical factors contribute to the aetiology of asthma.For example, are the geographical variations in the prevalence of asthma caused by unique exposures to disease causing agents found only in local environments?Do diVerences in geographical location in some way alter host susceptibility?Do local environmental conditions, either physical or sociocultural, alter the host/agent interactions in ways that are critical to the expression of this condition?In this issue of Thorax Duran-Tauleria and Rona 3 further elucidate how social and physical environmental factors may explain some of the geographical expression of asthma prevalence.Their study focuses on the diVerences in asthma and respiratory symptoms among three populations-two nationally representative samples of English and Scottish children and a third sample of children living within the inner cities of England.The authors found a higher prevalence of children with persistent (as opposed to occasional) wheeze within the inner city population than in the other two sampled populations.They also found that the prevalence of asthma attacks was higher in the non-inner city sample of English children than in the other two groups.Social and physical environmental factors-mainly social deprivation (as measured by the Townsend score)-seemed to explain much of the geographical variation in children with persistent wheezing.This finding held even after adjusting the analysis for many of the well known risk factors that might otherwise have explained these diVerences such as age, sex, parental atopy, and maternal smoking.The importance of social and physical environmental factors in disease expression is well known and has been studied extensively for many health conditions, including asthma.A number of studies suggest an association between higher asthma morbidity/mortality rates and geographical areas of lower socioeconomic standing.The literature on the eVects of social environmental factors on the prevalence of asthma is less definitive, but there have been several studies that suggest findings similar to those of Duran-Tauleria and Rona.Yet this current study also provides new insights into the possible mechanisms by which poverty may influence the development of asthma based on its impact on communities independent of its eVect on individuals.
Sustained Weight Loss After Treatment With a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist in an Obese Patient With Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pelle L. Ishøy, Filip K. Knop, Tina Vilsbøll, Birte Y. Glenthøj, Bjørn H. Ebdrup
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2013)
Pain relief after intratendinous injections in patients with tennis elbow: results of a randomised study
Authors: E Zeisig, M Fahlström, L Öhberg, H Alfredson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

"Tennis elbow" is a difficult condition to treat. Ultrasonography (US) and colour Doppler (CD) guided injections with polidocanol targeting the area with increased blood flow in the extensor origin have shown promising clinical results.To evaluate and compare effects of US and CD guided intratendinous injections with sclerosing polidocanol and a local anaesthetic (lidocaine + epinephrine), in patients with tennis elbow.Prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover study.Sports Medicine Unit, Umeå University.32 patients (36 elbows), age range 27 to 66 years, with a long duration of elbow pain diagnosed as tennis elbow, were included in the study. All patients were followed up 3 and 12 months after treatment. Two patients were excluded due to other interventions during the study.One US and CD guided injection with the sclerosing agent polidocanol (group 1) or the local anaesthetic lidocaine plus epinephrine (group 2). At the 3 month follow-up, additional injections with polidocanol were offered to both groups (crossover for group 2).Satisfaction with treatment (Yes/No), elbow pain during activity (visual analogue scale), and maximum voluntary grip strength.There were no significant (p<0.05) differences in the outcome between group 1 and group 2. In both groups, there was a significantly lower VAS at the 3-month and 12-month follow-ups, and grip strength was significantly higher at the 12-month follow-up.US and CD guided intratendinous injections gave pain relief in patients with tennis elbow. Polidocanol and lidocaine plus epinephrine injections gave similar results.
The current and future role of the medical oncologist in the professional care for cancer patients: a position paper by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)
Authors: R.A. Popescu, R. Schäfer, R. Califano, R. Eckert, R. Coleman, J.-Y. Douillard, A. Cervantes, P.G. Casali, C. Sessa, E. Van Cutsem, E. de Vries, N. Pavlidis, K. Fumasoli, B. Wörmann, H. Samonigg, S. Cascinu, J.J. Cruz Hernández, A.J. Howard, F. Ciardiello, R.A. Stahel, M. Piccart
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Cell surface expression and function of an HLA class II molecule with class I domain configuration.
Authors: R R Olson, J J Reuter, K Scalf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Recombinant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules were expressed with extracellular polypeptide domains reorganized to form heavy (H) and light (L) chains (alpha 1-beta 1-beta 2 and alpha 2) analogous to class I. Accurate protein folding and dimerization is demonstrated by the ability of this 3+1-DR1 construct to bind class II-restricted peptides and stimulate CD4+ T cells. Cell surface expression of a functional class II molecule consisting of H and L chains supports the validity of current class II models and affirms the evolutionary relatedness of class I/II. MHC functions that differ between class I/II may be influenced by domain configuration, and the use of domain-shifted constructs will allow examination of this possibility.
Reduced Neuroanatomic Volumes in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Bernward Zeller, Christian K. Tamnes, Adriani Kanellopoulos, Inge K. Amlien, Stein Andersson, Paulina Due-Tønnessen, Anders M. Fjell, Kristine B. Walhovd, Lars T. Westlye, Ellen Ruud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

To compare regional brain volumes in adult long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and healthy controls.We investigated 130 survivors of childhood ALL diagnosed between 1970 and 2002 with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological testing at a median of 22.5 years after diagnosis. Morphometric analyses including whole-brain segmentation were performed using a validated automated procedure; 130 healthy adults served as controls.Compared with healthy controls, ALL survivors showed significantly smaller volumes of cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, thalamus, and estimated intracranial volume. Effect sizes ranged from small to medium. The strongest effect was found for the caudate, which on average was 5.2% smaller in ALL survivors. Caudate volumes were also smaller when controlling for intracranial volume, suggesting a specific effect. Neither age at diagnosis nor treatment variables such as radiation therapy or drug dose had a major impact on neuroanatomic volumes. Neuropsychological assessment revealed reduced processing speed, executive function, and verbal learning/memory in survivors compared with controls but no difference in estimated general intellectual ability. In ALL survivors, but not in controls, neuropsychological test results correlated with volumes of cortical gray matter, caudate, and thalamus as well as intracranial volume.Structural MRI of long-term survivors of childhood ALL demonstrated smaller volumes of multiple brain structures compared with healthy controls. Because of possible selection biases, these results must be interpreted with caution. Future studies are required to clarify the significance of these findings and the neurobiologic mechanisms involved.
Antibody-mediated Modulation of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Infection Is Dependent on Distinct Fc Receptor Functions and IgG Subclasses
Authors: RuiRong Yuan, Raphael Clynes, Jin Oh, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, Matthew D. Scharff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Coupling of an antibody response to effector cells through the Fc region of antibodies is a fundamental objective of effective vaccination. We have explored the role of the Fc receptor system in a murine model of Cryptococcus neoformans protection by infecting mice deleted for the common γ chain of FcRs. Passive administration of an IgG1 mAb protects FcRγ+/− mice infected with C. neoformans, but fails to protect FcRγ−/− mice, indicating that the γ chain acting through FcγRI and/or III is essential for IgG1-mediated protection. In contrast, passive administration of an IgG3 mAb with identical specificity resulted in enhanced pathogenicity in γ chain–deficient and wild-type mice. In vitro studies with isolated macrophages demonstrate that IgG1-, IgG2a-, and IgG2b-opsonized C. neoformans are not phagocytosed or arrested in their growth in the absence of the FcRγ chain. In contrast, opsonization of C. neoformans by IgG3 does not require the presence of the γ chain or of FcRII, and the internalization of IgG3-treated organisms does not arrest fungal growth.
Patients non-responding to etanercept obtain lower etanercept concentrations compared with responding patients
Authors: A Jamnitski, C L Krieckaert, M T Nurmohamed, M H Hart, B A Dijkmans, L Aarden, A E Voskuyl, G J Wolbink
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

To investigate the relationship between serum etanercept levels and clinical response.In 292 etanercept-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis clinical and pharmacological data were determined at baseline and after 1, 4 and 6 months of etanercept treatment. Differences in etanercept levels between good, moderate and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) non-responders were assessed after 6 months of therapy.After 6 months of therapy etanercept levels were significantly higher in good responders (median (IQR) 3.78 (2.53-5.17)) compared with both moderate 3.10 (2.12-4.47) and EULAR non-responders 2.80 (1.27-3.93) (all p<0.05). There was a significant association between clinical response and serum etanercept levels (regression coefficient 0.54, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.86, p=0.001). When patients were categorised into quartiles according to the height of etanercept levels, the lowest quartile (etanercept level <2.1 mg/l) comprised 40% of all non-responders. The highest quartile (etanercept level >4.7 mg/l) comprised 35% of all good EULAR responders. Anti-etanercept antibodies were detected in none of the sera.The authors demonstrated that lower etanercept levels were associated with non-response. Therapeutic drug monitoring and the possibility of the adjusted dosing regimes in the selected groups of patients should be investigated further as a possible tool to optimise treatment with etanercept.
HTLV-III ANTIBODY SCREENING OF BLOOD BANK DONORS
Authors: J. Carlson, S. Hinrichs, M. Levy, J. Yee, M. Bryant, J. Yamamoto, M. Gardner, J. Higgins, N. Peterson, P. Holland, F.A. Ala, A.K. Collins, M. Contreras, C.C. Entwistle, I.D. Fraser, J.F. Harrison, D. Lee, J.A.F. Napier, D.S. Smith, L.A.D. Tovey, W. Wagstaff, E. Brookes, D.B.L. Mcclelland, R. Mitchell, S.J. Urbaniak, W. Whitrow, R.J. Perry, J.D. Cash
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
Secondary Leukemias in Refractory Germ Cell Tumor Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation Using High-Dose Etoposide
Authors: William Houck, Rafat Abonour, Gail Vance, Lawrence H. Einhorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

To quantify the risk of secondary leukemias in relapsed testicular cancer patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation with high-dose etoposide.Single institution, retrospective study of germ cell tumor patients who underwent autologous transplantation using high-dose etoposide from 1987 to 2001.One hundred thirteen patients received high-dose etoposide and carboplatin followed by autologous stem-cell transplantations for germ cell tumors. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 166 months (median, 51 months). Three patients (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.55% to 7.50%) subsequently developed leukemia at an average of 16 months post-autologous transplantation (range, 11 to 21 months). All three had received tandem transplantations and had been heavily pretreated, including at least one prior cycle of etoposide. Following autologous transplantation, all three patients exhibited refractory cytopenias before developing overt leukemia. All leukemias were of myeloid lineage. One patient developed an M2 with a t(8,21) chromosomal translocation; another, an M5 with a t(11,19); and one patient exhibited an unclassified leukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities resulting in monosomy for 7p and partial monosomy of 7q. Treatment of the leukemias involved allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.High-dose chemotherapy using high-dose etoposide as therapy for relapsed germ cell tumors was associated with a 2.6% risk of developing a secondary myeloid leukemia. This figure was not significantly different from the expected rate of secondary leukemias when patients receive additional cycles of standard-dose etoposide as salvage chemotherapy for germ cell tumors. Other factors, including the use of platinum agents, may also have a role in leukemogenesis in this patient population.