tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis
Authors: Rupert R A Bourne, Gretchen A Stevens, Richard A White, Jennifer L Smith, Seth R Flaxman, Holly Price, Jost B Jonas, Jill Keeffe, Janet Leasher, Kovin Naidoo, Konrad Pesudovs, Serge Resnikoff, Hugh R Taylor
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2013)

BackgroundData on causes of vision impairment and blindness are important for development of public health policies, but comprehensive analysis of change in prevalence over time is lacking.MethodsWe did a systematic analysis of published and unpublished data on the causes of blindness (visual acuity in the better eye less than 3/60) and moderate and severe vision impairment ([MSVI] visual acuity in the better eye less than 6/18 but at least 3/60) from 1980 to 2012. We estimated the proportions of overall vision impairment attributable to cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, trachoma, and uncorrected refractive error in 1990–2010 by age, geographical region, and year.FindingsIn 2010, 65% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 61–68) of 32·4 million blind people and 76% (73–79) of 191 million people with MSVI worldwide had a preventable or treatable cause, compared with 68% (95% UI 65–70) of 31·8 million and 80% (78–83) of 172 million in 1990. Leading causes worldwide in 1990 and 2010 for blindness were cataract (39% and 33%, respectively), uncorrected refractive error (20% and 21%), and macular degeneration (5% and 7%), and for MSVI were uncorrected refractive error (51% and 53%), cataract (26% and 18%), and macular degeneration (2% and 3%). Causes of blindness varied substantially by region. Worldwide and in all regions more women than men were blind or had MSVI due to cataract and macular degeneration.InterpretationThe differences and temporal changes we found in causes of blindness and MSVI have implications for planning and resource allocation in eye care.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Fight for Sight, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Brien Holden Vision Institute.
Cancer statistics, 2014
Authors: Rebecca Siegel, Jiemin Ma, Zhaohui Zou, Ahmedin Jemal
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2014)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2006-2010), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate (deaths per 100,000 population) has been continuously declining for 2 decades, from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.
Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness: A Multicenter Study
Authors: P J Guillausseau, P Massin, D Dubois-LaForgue, J Timsit, M Virally, H Gin, E Bertin, J F Blickle, B Bouhanick, J Cahen, S Caillat-Zucman, G Charpentier, P Chedin, C Derrien, P H Ducluzeau, A Grimaldi, B Guerci, E Kaloustian, A Murat, F Olivier, M Paques, V Paquis-Flucklinger, B Porokhov, J Samuel-Lajeunesse, B Vialettes
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), which is seen in 0.5% to 2.8% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is related to a point mutation at position 3243 of mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Its clinical description is incomplete. Objective: To study the clinical presentation and complications of diabetes in patients with MIDD and to identify clinical characteristics that may help select diabetic patients for mtDNA mutation screening. Design: Multicenter prospective descriptive study. Setting: 16 French departments of internal medicine, diabetes and metabolic diseases, or both. Patients: 54 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the mtDNA 3243 mutation. Measurements: Characteristics of diabetes, metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin level), complications of diabetes, and involvement of other organs. Results: On average, patients with MIDD were young at diabetes onset and presented with a normal or low body mass index. None were obese. Seventy-three percent of probands had a maternal family history of diabetes. Diabetes was non–insulin-dependent at onset in 87% of patients; however, 46% of patients had non–insulin-dependent disease at onset but progressed to insulin therapy after a mean duration of approximately 10 years. Neurosensory hearing loss was present in almost all patients. Eighty-six percent of patients who received an ophthalmologic examination had macular pattern dystrophy (a specific retinal lesion). Forty-three percent of patients had myopathy, 15% had cardiomyopathy, and 18% (9 of 51) had neuropsychiatric symptoms. Although the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 8% among patients who received an ophthalmologic examination, lower than expected after a mean 12-year duration of diabetes, prevalence of kidney disease was 28%. This suggests that a specific renal involvement was the result of mitochondrial disease. Conclusions: Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness has a specific clinical profile that may help identify diabetic patients for mtDNA testing.
A prognostic nomogram to predict overall survival in patients with platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: C.K. Lee, R.J. Simes, C. Brown, V. Gebski, J. Pfisterer, A.-M. Swart, D. Berton-Rigaud, M. Plante, T. Skeie-Jensen, I. Vergote, C. Schauer, C. Pisano, G. Parma, K. Baumann, J.A. Ledermann, E. Pujade-Lauraine, J. Bentley, G. Kristensen, A. Belau, M. Nankivell, U. Canzler, S.J. Lord, C. Kurzeder, M. Friedlander
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Training in Dermatology in the United Kingdom
Authors: M. A. Waugh
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Journal Article Training in Dermatology in the United Kingdom Get access M. A. Waugh M. A. Waugh Department of Genito‐Urinary Medicine, The General Infirmary, Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 109, Issue 5, 1 November 1983, Page 619, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1983.tb07690.x Published: 01 November 1983
Health inequalities under New Labour
Authors: Anne Low, Allan Low
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Health inequalities under New Labour Relative rather than absolute gaps are important over time and placeEditor-We agree with Shaw et al that the method of measuring inequality in health outcomes used in setting the government targets is problematic (A Low, UKPHA (UK Public Health Association), 13th annual public health forum, Gateshead, April 2005). 1 However, the government's targets are based on reducing relative gaps in life expectancy and infant mortality. 2 The slope index of inequality (SII) used by Shaw et al measures absolute gaps.
A novel murine infection model for Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Emily M. Mallick, Megan E. McBee, Vijay K. Vanguri, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Katherine Schlieper, Brad J. Karalius, Alison D. O’Brien, Joan R. Butterton, John M. Leong, David B. Schauer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is an important subset of Shiga toxin–producing (Stx-producing) E. coli (STEC), pathogens that have been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness and can cause intestinal and systemic disease, including severe renal damage. Upon attachment to intestinal epithelium, EHEC generates "attaching and effacing" (AE) lesions characterized by intimate attachment and actin rearrangement upon host cell binding. Stx produced in the gut transverses the intestinal epithelium, causing vascular damage that leads to systemic disease. Models of EHEC infection in conventional mice do not manifest key features of disease, such as AE lesions, intestinal damage, and systemic illness. In order to develop an infection model that better reflects the pathogenesis of this subset of STEC, we constructed an Stx-producing strain of Citrobacter rodentium, a murine AE pathogen that otherwise lacks Stx. Mice infected with Stx-producing C. rodentium developed AE lesions on the intestinal epithelium and Stx-dependent intestinal inflammatory damage. Further, the mice experienced lethal infection characterized by histopathological and functional kidney damage. The development of a murine model that encompasses AE lesion formation and Stx-mediated tissue damage will provide a new platform upon which to identify EHEC alterations of host epithelium that contribute to systemic disease.
Comparative population genomics reveals the domestication history of the peach, Prunus persica, and human influences on perennial fruit crops
Authors: Ke Cao, Zhijun Zheng, Lirong Wang, Xin Liu, Gengrui Zhu, Weichao Fang, Shifeng Cheng, Peng Zeng, Changwen Chen, Xinwei Wang, Min Xie, Xiao Zhong, Xiaoli Wang, Pei Zhao, Chao Bian, Yinling Zhu, Jiahui Zhang, Guosheng Ma, Chengxuan Chen, Yanjun Li, Fengge Hao, Yong Li, Guodong Huang, Yuxiang Li, Haiyan Li, Jian Guo, Xun Xu, Jun Wang
Journal: Genome biology (2014)

Abstract Background Recently, many studies utilizing next generation sequencing have investigated plant evolution and domestication in annual crops. Peach, Prunus persica , is a typical perennial fruit crop that has ornamental and edible varieties. Unlike other fruit crops, cultivated peach includes a large number of phenotypes but few polymorphisms. In this study, we explore the genetic basis of domestication in peach and the influence of humans on its evolution. Results We perform large-scale resequencing of 10 wild and 74 cultivated peach varieties, including 9 ornamental, 23 breeding, and 42 landrace lines. We identify 4.6 million SNPs, a large number of which could explain the phenotypic variation in cultivated peach. Population analysis shows a single domestication event, the speciation of P. persica from wild peach. Ornamental and edible peach both belong to P. persica , along with another geographically separated subgroup, Prunus ferganensis . We identify 147 and 262 genes under edible and ornamental selection, respectively. Some of these genes are associated with important biological features. We perform a population heterozygosity analysis in different plants that indicates that free recombination effects could affect domestication history. By applying artificial selection during the domestication of the peach and facilitating its asexual propagation, humans have caused a sharp decline of the heterozygote ratio of SNPs. Conclusions Our analyses enhance our knowledge of the domestication history of perennial fruit crops, and the dataset we generated could be useful for future research on comparative population genomics.
Exacerbation of sleep-apnoea related nocturnal blood-pressure fluctuations in hypertensive subjects
Authors: C. Planes, M. Leroy, G. Fayet, P. Aegerter, A. Foucher, B. Raffestin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) induces marked haemodynamic fluctuations during sleep that might be deleterious to the cardiovascular system. The influence of daytime blood pressure (BP) levels and aging on short-term BP variability during sleep in OSAS patients was investigated. Twenty-nine subjects with newly-diagnosed untreated OSAS were categorised into three groups: normotensive subjects aged <50 yrs (n=10); subjects aged <50 yrs with untreated hypertension (n=8); and normotensive subjects aged >50 yrs (n=11). Beat-by-beat BP was recorded with a Finapres device during polysomnography. The average values+/-SD of apnoea-related BP elevations and the values of the frequency distribution of all BP variations during sleep were assessed to estimate short-term BP variability. Apnoea-related systolic (or diastolic) BP elevations were significantly greater in hypertensives than in normotensives aged <50 yrs (50.3+/-4.88 versus 30.7+/-2.14 mmHg, p<0.001), as was the SD of systolic (or diastolic) BP variations during sleep (19.6+/-2.22 versus 11.1+/-0.73, p<0.001). Short-term BP variability was not significantly increased in normotensive elderly patients. To conclude, the results suggested that systemic hypertension is associated with a greater exacerbation of short-term variability during sleep in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients.
A role for dual viral hits in causation of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Michael B.A. Oldstone, Samuel Dales, Antoinette Tishon, Hanna Lewicki, Lee Martin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with persistent infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by measles virus (MV), biased hypermutations of the viral genome affecting primarily the matrix (M) gene with the conversion of U to C and A to G bases, high titers of antibodies to MV, and infiltration of B cells and T cells into the CNS. Neither the precipitating event nor biology underlying the MV infection is understood, nor is their any satisfactory treatment. We report the creation of a transgenic mouse model that mimics the cardinal features of SSPE. This was achieved by initially infecting mice expressing the MV receptor with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Cl 13, a virus that transiently suppressed their immune system. Infection by MV 10 days later resulted in persistent MV infection of neurons. Analysis of brains from infected mice showed the biased U to C hypermutations in the MV M gene and T and B lymphocyte infiltration. These sera contained high titers of antibodies to MV. Thus, a small animal model is now available to both molecularly probe the pathogenesis of SSPE and to test a variety of therapies to treat the disease.
Comparative Studies on Intermediary Metabolism and Hormonal Counterregulation Following Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) and Purified Pork Insulin in Man
Authors: C Rosak, P-H Althoff, F Enzmann, K Schöffling
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

Human insulin (recombinant DNA) and purified pork insulin (PPI) were administered intravenously at a dosage of 0.075 U/kg in eight healthy men. Both insulins exerted the same hypoglycemic effect with the same restoration pattern to normal glucose levels at the end of the test. Differences were found with respect to a stronger antilipolytic and antiketogenic effect of human insulin; also the reactive rise of both compounds at the end of the test is less under human insulin in comparison with PPI. In spite of the same glucose nadir, the pattern of hormonal counterregulation is different under human insulin in comparison with PPI. There was less epinephrine and glucagon and practically no prolactin secretion following human insulin. Growth hormone secretion is augmented under human insulin. The clinical significance of these results under long-term treatment with human insulin has to be assessed.
Nasal nitric oxide is low early in life: case study of two infants with primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: E. Baraldi, M.F. Pasquale, A.M. Cangiotti, S. Zanconato, F. Zacchello
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Nasal nitric oxide levels are low in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia, but it is not known whether this defect is already present in the first months of life. The current authors measured nasal nitric oxide in two infants with situs inversus and primary ciliary dyskinesia, diagnosed by electron microscopy at 4 and 6 months of age, and in five healthy control infants. Nasal nitric oxide values in the primary ciliary dyskinesia infants (85 and 115 parts per billion (ppb)) were markedly lower than in the healthy controls (mean: 295 ppb, range: 225–379 ppb). This is the first report to show that nasal nitric oxide values are already low in early life in primary ciliary dyskinesia children, supporting the hypothesis that a reduced production of nasal nitric oxide is an intrinsic feature of this disease. The current authors suggest that the nasal nitric oxide test may be a useful, noninvasive method for screening young children for primary ciliary dyskinesia in clinical practice.
Mammography Affected by Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: E. Blume
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996)

reasonable interpretation of the studies suggests that after several years of replacement therapy, breast cancer risk gradually begins to increase, and that the increase continues for the duration of HRT. This added risk appears to occur regardless of whether estrogen is given alone or with a progestin. In some studies, the increased risk did not occur in women who had stopped taking the hormones; in others the risk appeared to be sustained. Practicing physicians are aware of the evidence that HRT may protect against heart disease and osteoporosis, as well as the studies suggesting that it may increase the risk of breast cancer. Conscious of the fact that heart disease is the number one killer of older women, and that hundreds of thousands sustain hip and other fractures because of osteoporosis, many doctors have weighed the presumptive risks and benefits and concluded that long-term HRT is often appropriate. William C. Andrews, M.D., professor emeritus of obstetrics and gynecology at Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Va., and immediate past president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, is representative of these physicians. He counts lowering the risk of heart disease as the most important reason for a woman to consider lifelong HRT. Almost half the women in the world die of heart disease, so I think this is an enormous reason to give
THE ETIOLOGY OF AMYLOIDOSIS INFLUENCES THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND OUTCOME OF HEART FAILURE IN AMYLOIDOTIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Candida Cristina Quarta, Simone Longhi, Christian Gagliardi, Agnese Milandri, Mario Cinelli, Nelson Gentile, Francesco Grigioni, Luciano Potena, Ornella Leone, Claudio Rapezzi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring: Unifying clinical features
Authors: Brook E. Tlougan, Amy S. Paller, Julie V. Schaffer, Joshua O. Podjasek, Jenny A. Mandell, Xuan H. Nguyen, Mary K. Spraker, Ronald C. Hansen
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2013)
In Situ Tolerance within the Central Nervous System as a Mechanism for Preventing Autoimmunity
Authors: Thea Brabb, Peter von Dassow, Nadia Ordonez, Bryan Schnabel, Blythe Duke, Joan Goverman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is believed to be an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of MS have shown that CNS-specific T cells are present in the peripheral T cell repertoire of healthy mice and cause autoimmune disease only when they are activated by immunization. T cell entry into the CNS is thought to require some form of peripheral activation because the blood–brain barrier prohibits trafficking of this tissue by naive cells. We report here that naive T cells can traffic to the CNS without prior activation. Comparable numbers of T cells are found in the CNS of both healthy recombinase activating gene (Rag)−/− T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice and nontransgenic mice even when the transgenic TCR is specific for a CNS antigen. Transgenic T cells isolated from the CNS that are specific for non-CNS antigens are phenotypically naive and proliferate robustly to antigenic stimulation in vitro. Strikingly, transgenic T cells isolated from the CNS that are specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) are also primarily phenotypically naive but are unresponsive to antigenic stimulation in vitro. Mononuclear cells from the CNS of MBP TCR transgenic but not nontransgenic mice can suppress the response of peripheral MBP-specific T cells in vitro. These results indicate that naive MBP-specific T cells can traffic to the CNS but do not trigger autoimmunity because they undergo tolerance induction in situ.
Distribution of gold among plasma fractions in rheumatoid patients undergoing chrysotherapy compared with its distribution in plasma incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro.
Authors: C.J Danpure, D.A Fyfe, J.M Gumpel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

The distribution of gold among the globulin, albumin, and unbound fractions of plasma, obtained either from rheumatoid patients receiving long-term aurothiomalate therapy or from samples incubated with aurothiomalate in vitro, has been investigated. In the rheumatoid patients it has been found that, although the majority of the plasma gold is always bound to albumin, the distribution varies cyclically in phase with the dose schedule. An explanation of these phenomena is provided, based on data obtained from the reaction between aurothiomalate and plasma constituents in vitro.
Effects of Telmisartan Added to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Mortality and Morbidity in Hemodialysis Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Gennaro Cice, Attilio Di Benedetto, Salvatore D'Isa, Antonello D'Andrea, Daniele Marcelli, Emanuele Gatti, Raffaele Calabrò
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)