tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease after chemotherapy.
Authors: D A Ellis, S J Capewell
Journal: Thorax (1986)

Absence of refractoriness in asthmatic subjects after exercise with warm, humid inspirate SiR,-That Dr AG Hahn and his colleagues demonstrated, as implied in the title of their article (June 1985;40:418-21), absence of refractoriness to exercise induced asthma after exercise with warm humid inspirate I would not dispute.Indeed, they did it most beautifully.In their other experiment, however, they did not demonstrate refractoriness in cold, dry air.They justified the conclusion of no refractoriness by the difference in response in percentage terms from two different baselines.This difference has no meaning in absolute terms, as the position of the second baseline is quite arbitrary.If one refers to the true baseline, FEV1 at complete relaxation, one can see that there is an additional response to the second exercise test, though less than to the original one.This only represents refractoriness if an increased stimulus produces the same response-that is, if the relationship between the stimulus and its ultimate effect is linear throughout.If the four points in figure 2, where the two tests are shown in sequence, were regarded as a continuous plot, then they might well fit on the same exponential curve.As the study is attempting to look at bronchoconstriction, the results should be thought of in terms of effect of con- traction of bronchial musculature.This influences FEV1 through reduction in the radius of the bronchial lumen.Al- though the relationship is not simple, as we are not dealing with a long, uniform pipe, the fourth power of the radius is important in determining the relationship between the two.The force of bronchial muscle contraction required to re- duce bronchial lumen is related inversely to the fourth power of the radius, which itself is related to flow directly.In other words, there is an exponential relationship between bron- chial muscle contraction and its effect on FEV1, particularly in the middle part of the curve.This is probably modified close to the two reference points (complete relaxation and maximal contraction).At the beginning of contraction "ta- king up of slack" would reduce the initial effect.At the end physical limitations of deformation, intrinsically in bron- chial muscle, and extrinsically in constriction of the bron- chial wall, would further diminish the effect of contraction as the limit is reached.The results presented in figure 2 are perfectly compatible with continued stimulation of bron- chial muscle contraction in this model.
Review: Dutasteride, fesoterodine, and finasteride are beneficial for lower urinary tract symptoms in older patients
Authors: Thomas Fekete
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Source Citation Oelke M, Becher K, Castro-Diaz D, et al.Appropriateness of oral drugs for long-term treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in older persons: results of a systematic literature review and international consensus validation process (LUTS-FORTA 2014). Age Ageing. 2015 Jun 23. pii: afv077. [Epub ahead of print]26104505
Peptides bound to proteosomes via hydrophobic feet become highly immunogenic without adjuvants.
Authors: G H Lowell, L F Smith, R C Seid, W D Zollinger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Addition of either a lauroyl or a pentapeptide (FLLAV) hydrophobic foot to the NH2 terminus of a small, synthetic peptide allowed the peptide to hydrophobically complex to meningococcal outer membrane protein proteosomes by simple dialysis. Both conventional and LPS-hyporesponsive mice immunized with these complexes without any adjuvants developed high-titered and persistent anti-peptide IgG. Since proteosomes have been safely given to many people and since important antigenic determinants are generally hydrophilic, this system should be widely applicable to the development of peptide vaccines for human use.
A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition
Authors: John M. Findlay, Robin Walker
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

During active vision, the eyes continually scan the visual environment using saccadic scanning movements. This target article presents an information processing model for the control of these movements, with some close parallels to established physiological processes in the oculomotor system. Two separate pathways are concerned with the spatial and the temporal programming of the movement. In the temporal pathway there is spatially distributed coding and the saccade target is selected from a “salience map.” Both pathways descend through a hierarchy of levels, the lower ones operating automatically. Visual onsets have automatic access to the eye control system via the lower levels. Various centres in each pathway are interconnected via reciprocal inhibition. The model accounts for a number of well-established phenomena in target-elicited saccades: the gap effect, express saccades, the remote distractor effect, and the global effect. High-level control of the pathways in tasks such as visual search and reading is discussed; it operates through spatial selection and search selection, which generally combine in an automated way. The model is examined in relation to data from patients with unilateral neglect.
A comparison of carboplatin and paclitaxel with cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil in definitive chemoradiation in esophageal cancer patients
Authors: J. Honing, J.K. Smit, C.T. Muijs, J.G.M. Burgerhof, J.W. de Groot, G. Paardekooper, K. Muller, D. Woutersen, M.J.C. Legdeur, W.E. Fiets, A. Slot, J.C. Beukema, J.Th.M. Plukker, G.A.P. Hospers
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Thoracoabdominal Compression and Respiratory System Compliance in HIV-infected Infants
Authors: ARNOLD C. G. PLATZKER, ANDREW A. COLIN, XIN C. CHEN, PETER HIATT, JANICE HUNTER, ANATASSIOS C. KOUMBOURLIS, MARK D. SCHLUCHTER, ANDREW TING, MARY ELLEN WOHL
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The thoracoabdominal compression technique (TAC) is used to measure expiratory flow in infants. We investigated whether TAC caused a change in total thoracic compliance (Crs), resistance (Rrs), and respiratory system time constant (Trs). We studied 41 infants (mean age, 12.4 mo; SD, 7.5) from five centers studying longitudinal lung and cardiovascular function of infants from HIV-infected mothers. We measured Crs, Rrs, and Trs before and after TAC. Changes in Crs, Rrs, and Trs after TAC were not dependent on the length of time since TAC. Crs and Trs were reduced after TAC, p = 0.013 and p = 0.003, respectively, whereas Rrs did not change. When compared with uninfected infants, HIV-infected infants had a larger post-pre TAC percent decline in Crs (p = 0.003) and a post-pre TAC rise in mean Rrs (p = 0.03). These differences remained significant after adjusting for sex and age. When performing infant pulmonary function testing, TAC itself produces a temporary decrease in Crs and Trs that is more significant in infants at risk for abnormal lung volume or compliance. Therefore, the sequence of performing the infant lung function parameters should be the same each time the testing is repeated with TAC as the last parameter tested at each testing session.
STUDIES ON IMMUNE CELLULAR INJURY
Authors: Irwin H. Lepow, Ann Ross
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

An initial separation of reaction stages in immune cytoxicity is described. Primary isolates of normal human amnion cells were reacted first with specific rabbit gamma(2)-globulin antibody, then with human C'1 esterase in the presence of Ca(++), and finally with human C'2, C'3, and C'4 in the presence of Mg(++). Cytotoxicity, as measured by uptake of trypan blue, occurred only when these reactions were performed in the order given and did not occur when any of the constituents was omitted. Inhibition of immune cytotoxicity was achieved with partially purified preparations of human serum inhibitor of C'1 esterase under certain experimental conditions. The data are discussed in relation to the role of C'1 esterase in initiating complement action and the partial biochemical definition of an early event in immune cytotoxicity.
A Novel Polyubiquitin Structure in Cercozoa and Foraminifera: Evidence for a New Eukaryotic Supergroup
Authors: John M. Archibald, David Longet, Jan Pawlowski, Patrick J. Keeling
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid protein with a remarkable degree of evolutionary conservation. Ubiquitin plays an essential role in a large number of eukaryotic cellular processes by targeting proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. Most ubiquitin genes are found as head-to-tail polymers whose products are posttranslationally processed to ubiquitin monomers. We have characterized polyubuiquitin genes from the photosynthetic amoeboflagellate Chlorarachnion sp. CCMP 621 (also known as Bigelowiella natans) and found that they deviate from the canonical polyubiquitin structure in having an amino acid insertion at the junction between each monomer, suggesting that polyubiquitin processing in this organism is unique among eukaryotes. The gene structure indicates that processing likely cleaves monomers at the amino terminus of the insertion. We examined the phylogenetic distribution of the insertion by sequencing polyubiquitin genes from several other eukaryotic groups and found it to be confined to Cercozoa (including Chlorarachnion, Lotharella, Cercomonas, and Euglypha) and Foraminifera (including Reticulomyxa and Haynesina). This character strongly suggests that Cercozoa and Foraminifera are close relatives and form a new “supergroup” of eukaryotes.
Maintenance of hemopoietic stem cells and production of differentiated progeny in allogeneic and semiallogeneic bone marrow chimeras in vitro.
Authors: T M Dexter, M A Moore, A P Sheridan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

A culture system is described in which bone marrow-derived adherent cells can support prolonged proliferation and differentiation of genetically incompatible stem cells and precursor cells. The results suggest that the reactive cells responsible in vivo for host transplantation resistance and for graft-versus-host disease are selectively lost or inhibited in such cultures, which may provide a vehicle for studying some of the cellular mechanisms involved in transplantation resistance.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Flip Side of the Coin
Authors: Pravin J. Mishra, Prasun J. Mishra, John W. Glod, Debabrata Banerjee
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Tumor-associated fibroblasts or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) play an important role in the growth of epithelial solid tumors. Although the cell type of origin of CAFs has not been conclusively established, it has been shown that they may be bone marrow derived. One side of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coin is the well-accepted therapeutic potential of these cells for regenerative and immunomodulatory purposes. The ominous dark side is revealed by the recent work demonstrating that hMSCs may be a source of CAFs. In this review, we discuss the role of stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment and suggest that by exploring the in vitro/in vivo interplay between different cell types within the tumor milieu, strategies for improved tumor therapy can be developed.
Determination of Distribution of Diffusing Capacity in Relation to Blood Flow in the Human Lung*
Authors: Richard W. Hyde, Richard Rynes, Gordon G. Power, Jean Nairn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

A method for appraising the distribution of diffusing capacity of the lungs (D(L)) in relationship to pulmonary capillary blood flow ([unk]Q(C)) in normal human subjects was derived from measurements of oxygen diffusing capacity (D(LO2)) and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D(LCO)) performed during breath holding. This method utilizes the fact that the observed D(LO2) is considerably reduced in value if uneven distribution of D(L) with respect to [unk]Q(C) (uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C)) is present. In contrast, D(LCO) is barely affected by uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C), and from its measured value one can calculate the value D(LO2) would have if no uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C) were present (true D(LO2)). Once observed D(LO2) and true D(LO2) are known, the degree of uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C) in the lung can be calculated. In five normal, resting, sitting subjects average values for true D(LO2) were 57 ml per (minute x mm Hg), and the directly measured D(LO2) was 33 ml per (minute x mm Hg). These values could be explained if one-half of total [unk]Q(C) were distributed to approximately 15% of total D(L). These measurements did not permit the determination of the alveolar to end capillary O(2) gradient, but calculations demonstrate that an important factor in determining its size may be the pattern of uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C) present in the lungs. Estimations of the alveolar-end capillary O(2) gradient from measurements of D(LCO) or D(LO2) that do not take into account uneven D(L)/[unk]Q(C) may underestimate its size.
Sputum VEGF level increases with treatment of COPD acute exacerbation
Authors: Zsófia Lázár, András Bikov, Gabriella Gálffy, György Losonczy, Ildikó Horváth
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in COPD pathogenesis has been studied widely; however the change in blood and airway VEGF levels during the treatment of an acute exacerbation has not been investigated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the changes in plasma and sputum VEGF levels during COPD exacerbation.  Methods: 14 subjects (64±10 years) with established COPD participated in the study. Spontaneous sputa and EDTA-plasma samples were collected for VEGF measurement at admission to hospital due to an acute exacerbation of COPD (Anthonisen type I-II) and also at discharge from hospital. During hospitalization (8±1 days) patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids (n=12) and/or with antibiotics (n=7). VEGF concentration was measured by ELISA. Data are shown as mean±SD and analyzed with parametric tests.  Results: Sputum VEGF levels positively correlated with FEV1 percent predicted (r=0.61, p=0.02) and FEV1/FVC (r=0.55, p=0.04) at baseline, while no relationship was observed between plasma VEGF level and clinical parameters. There was no correlation between sputum and plasma VEGF concentrations (p=0.65). Sputum level of VEGF increased significantly (6670±6252 pg/ml vs. 9735±6909 pg/ml, before vs. after treatment, p=0.04) following treatment, while there was no change in plasma VEGF levels (179±98 pg/ml vs. 173±93 pg/ml, before vs. after treatment p=0.73).  Conclusion: Recovery from COPD exacerbation might be associated with increased airway VEGF level. Analysis of sputum but not plasma may reflect the changes in VEGF levels in COPD patients during exacerbation.  The study was supported by National Scientific Research Fund (OTKA 68808) and Hungarian Respiratory Society grants.
Clusterin Is a Gene-Specific Target of microRNA-21 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wojciech Mydlarz, Mamoru Uemura, Sun Ahn, Patrick Hennessey, Steven Chang, Semra Demokan, Wenyue Sun, Chunbo Shao, Justin Bishop, Julie Krosting, Elizabeth Mambo, William Westra, Patrick Ha, David Sidransky, Joseph Califano
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) has proto-oncogenic properties, although no miRNA-21-specific targets have been found in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Further study of miRNA-21 and its specific targets is essential to understanding HNSCC biology.miRNA expression profiles of 10 HNSCCs and 10 normal mucosa samples were investigated using a custom miRNA microarray. Thirteen HNSCCs and five normal mucosa primary tissue specimens underwent mRNA expression microarray analysis. To identify miRNA-21 downstream targets, oral keratinocyte cells were subjected to microarray analysis after miRNA-21 transient transfection. miRNA and mRNA expression were validated by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a separate cohort of 16 HNSCCs and 15 normal mucosal samples. Microarray and bioinformatics analyses were integrated to identify potential gene targets. In vitro assays looked at the function and interaction of miRNA-21 and its specific gene targets.miRNA-21 was upregulated in HNSCCs and stimulated cell growth. Integrated analyses identified Clusterin (CLU) as a potential miRNA-21 gene target. CLU was downregulated after forced expression of miRNA-21 in normal and HNSCC cell lines. The activity of a luciferase construct containing the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of CLU was repressed by the ectopic expression of miRNA-21. CLU was also downregulated in primary HNSCCs and correlated with miRNA-21 overexpression. CLU variant 1 (CLU-1) was the predominant splice variant in HNSCCs and showed growth suppression function that was reversed by miRNA-21 overexpression.CLU is a specific, functional target of oncogenic miRNA-21 in HNSCCs. CLU-1 isoform is the predominant growth-suppressive variant targeted by miRNA-21.
Development and Validation of a Screening Instrument for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire
Authors: Robert M.A. Hirschfeld, Janet B.W. Williams, Robert L. Spitzer, Joseph R. Calabrese, Laurie Flynn, Paul E. Keck, Lydia Lewis, Susan L. McElroy, Robert M. Post, Daniel J. Rapport, James M. Russell, Gary S. Sachs, John Zajecka
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

Bipolar spectrum disorders, which include bipolar I, bipolar II, and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified, frequently go unrecognized, undiagnosed, and untreated. This report describes the validation of a new brief self-report screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorders called the Mood Disorder Questionnaire.A total of 198 patients attending five outpatient clinics that primarily treat patients with mood disorders completed the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. A research professional, blind to the Mood Disorder Questionnaire results, conducted a telephone research diagnostic interview by means of the bipolar module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.A Mood Disorder Questionnaire screening score of 7 or more items yielded good sensitivity (0.73) and very good specificity (0.90).The Mood Disorder Questionnaire is a useful screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder in a psychiatric outpatient population.
Breast Cancer Mortality Among Female Radiologic Technologists in the United States
Authors: A. K. Mohan
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2002)

We evaluated breast cancer mortality through 1997 among 69 525 female radiologic technologists who were certified in the United States from 1926 through 1982 and who responded to our questionnaire. Risk of breast cancer mortality was examined according to work history and practices and was adjusted for known risk factors. Breast cancer mortality risk was highest among women who were first employed as radiologic technologists prior to 1940 (relative risk [RR] = 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22 to 7.00) compared with risk of those first employed in 1960 or later and declined with more recent calendar year of first employment (P for trend = .002). Breast cancer mortality risk increased with increasing number of years of employment as a technologist prior to 1950 (P for trend = .018). However, risk was not associated with the total number of years a woman worked as a technologist. Technologists who first performed fluoroscopy (RR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.02 to 3.11) and multifilm procedures (RR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.04 to 3.34) before 1950 had statistically significantly elevated risks compared with technologists who first performed these procedures in 1960 or later. The high risks of breast cancer mortality for women exposed to occupational radiation prior to 1950 and the subsequent decline in risk are consistent with the dramatic reduction in recommended radiation exposure limits over time.
Ibandronate and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: M Maravic, P Landais
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

Stakkestad et al reported a clinical trial where intravenous (IV) ibandronate injections, given every 3 months during 1 year, produced a dose dependent gain in mean (SD) lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) compared with placebo in prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women.1 The treatment was then proposed as an alternative to oral bisphosphonates and hormonal therapy in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The primary outcome was the relative change from baseline in lumbar BMD after 2 years of treatment tested by analysis of variance, with treatment group and stratum as independent variables. We found several limitations.

Firstly, the initial study was planned for 2 years, but was stopped at 12 months because of the interesting results of the IV ibandronate pivotal phase III fracture study.2 Was it possible to infer that results obtained from a trial on fracture occurrence would apply to the study of BMD?

Secondly, given the limited changes in BMD, it could be suggested that they might be due to random variability in the procedure. The least significant change (LSC) in BMD is the percentage of change that is unlikely to be due to the precision error of the procedure. The LSC is 2.8-fold the precision error of the procedure on a specific device, site of measurement, and number of measurements.3 Precision error was not evaluated in the study. The sample size was calculated with an expectation of a significant change in lumbar spine BMD of 3% compared with placebo after 2 years of treatment. Would …
Sex Hormones Prolong the QT Interval and Downregulate Potassium Channel Expression in the Rabbit Heart
Authors: Milou D. Drici, Thomas R. Burklow, Vedanandam Haridasse, Robert I. Glazer, Raymond L. Woosley
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Sex hormones are known to exert direct and indirect effects on cardiovascular function, but their effects on cardiac repolarization have not been elucidated. The repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential or QT interval of the ECG is regulated largely by potassium channels such as the delayed rectifier currents HK2 and IsK.The effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and estradiol (E2) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment were evaluated on HK2, HERG, and IsK mRNA levels, QT duration, and quinidine-induced changes in QT interval in isolated rabbit hearts. HK2 and 0.7-kilobase IsK mRNA were downregulated in cardiac ventricular tissue from OVX rabbits treated with either E2 or DHT. The QT interval was prolonged in E2- and DHT-treated animals (OVX + vehicle, 223 +/- 6 ms; OVX + DHT, 236 +/- 10 ms; and OVX + DHT, 245 +/- 6 ms; P < .05).The association between hormone-induced changes in baseline QT interval and the mRNA level for these channels suggests that sex hormones may play a critical role in regulating cardiac repolarization. However, the changes in baseline QT and potassium channel mRNA after hormone treatment were not concordant with the changes in QT interval after the infusion of quinidine, after which E2-treated animals responded similarly to controls (18.4 +/- 4.6% and 19.3 +/- 4.6% increase in QT interval, respectively) and DHT-treated animals exhibited less QT prolongation (11.4 +/- 3.8% increase; P < .03).