tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
WHO “should focus on core activities” in light of problems over Ebola response
Authors: Anne Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The World Health Organization should “scale back its expansive range of activities” and focus on its core functions, concludes a report into last year’s response to the outbreak of Ebola virus disease.1

The report, written by a panel convened by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Harvard Global Health Institute, called for a “new deal for a more focused, appropriately financed WHO.”

At a meeting in London to discuss the report’s findings and 10 key recommendations, Suerie Moon, a panel member and research director at the Harvard Global Health Institute, said that it was beyond the scope of the panel’s remit to determine what WHO’s core functions were. But she added, “We’re not talking about limiting WHO’s role just to outbreaks. WHO has an important role to …
Perspectives on Alternatives to Current Animal Testing Techniques in Preclinical Toxicology
Authors: A N Rowan, A M Goldberg
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1985)

Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic ...Read More
Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes
Authors: Harmon Eyre, Richard Kahn, Rose Marie Robertson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Collectively, cardiovascular disease (including stroke), cancer, and diabetes account for approximately two-thirds of all deaths in the U.S. and about $700 billion in direct and indirect economic costs each year. Current approaches to health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes do not approach the potential of the existing state of knowledge. A concerted effort to increase application of public health and clinical interventions of known efficacy to reduce prevalence of tobacco use, poor diet, and insufficient physical activity—the major risk factors for these diseases—and to increase utilization of screening tests for their early detection could substantially reduce the human and economic cost of these diseases. In this article, the American Cancer Society, American Diabetes Association, and American Heart Association review strategies for the prevention and early detection of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as the beginning of a new collaboration among the three organizations. The goal of this joint venture is to stimulate substantial improvements in primary prevention and early detection through collaboration between key organizations, greater public awareness about healthy lifestyles, legislative action that results in more funding for and access to primary prevention programs and research, and reconsideration of the concept of the periodic medical checkup as an effective platform for prevention, early detection, and treatment.
The Pendulum of Prostate Cancer Screening
Authors: David F. Penson
Journal: JAMA (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Digoxin-Quinidine Interaction
Authors: J E Doherty
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1982)

quinidine (an incidence of 93%). Sixteen patients developed gastrointestinal side effects of nausea, anorexia, or vomiting (an incidence of 59%). The symp­ toms disappeared in 10 patients for whom digoxin dose alone was reduced, which suggests that digoxin excess was responsible for symptoms. The remaining six patients apparently were not helped by a reduction in the digoxin dose and symptoms were probably related to quinidine alone, other drugs, or the patient's illness. Ventricular arrhythmias developed in four patients (one ventricular tachycardia) and one sudden death occurred.
Effect of Allowing Choice of Diet on Weight Loss
Authors: Sherry L. Pagoto, Brad Appelhans
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Letters17 November 2015Effect of Allowing Choice of Diet on Weight LossSherry L. Pagoto, PhD and Brad Appelhans, PhDSherry L. Pagoto, PhDFrom University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.Search for more papers by this author and Brad Appelhans, PhDFrom University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/L15-5158 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We applaud Yancy and colleagues' trial examining the effect of diet choice on weight loss (1). The trial's focus on behavioral determinants is a refreshing contrast to the many prior comparison studies of diets that have failed to support the superiority of any 1 particular diet for weight loss (2).The hypothesis for this trial was that patient choice (low-fat versus low-carbohydrate) may promote diet adherence and therefore improve weight loss compared with random assignment to a diet (3). On the basis of the lack of a difference in weight loss between the choice and assigned diet ...References1. Yancy WS, Mayer SB, Coffman CJ, Smith VA, Kolotkin RL, Geiselman PJ, et al. Effect of allowing choice of diet on weight loss: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:805-14. [PMID: 26075751] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Pagoto SL, Appelhans BM. A call for an end to the diet debates. JAMA. 2013;310:687-8. [PMID: 23989081] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Yancy WS, Coffman CJ, Geiselman PJ, Kolotkin RL, Almirall D, Oddone EZ, et al. Considering patient diet preference to optimize weight loss: design considerations of a randomized trial investigating the impact of choice. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013;35:106-16. [PMID: 23506974] doi:10.1016/j.cct.2013.03.002 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.Disclosures: Disclosures can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=L15-0427. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoEffect of Allowing Choice of Diet on Weight Loss William S. Yancy Jr. , Stephanie B. Mayer , Cynthia J. Coffman , Valerie A. Smith , Ronette L. Kolotkin , Paula J. Geiselman , Megan A. McVay , Eugene Z. Oddone , and Corrine I. Voils Metrics 17 November 2015Volume 163, Issue 10Page: 805KeywordsDecision makingDietDisclosureFoodNutrientsWeight loss ePublished: 17 November 2015 Issue Published: 17 November 2015 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2015 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Mutation in the Monocarboxylate Transporter 12 Gene Affects Guanidinoacetate Excretion but Does Not Cause Glucosuria
Authors: Nasser Dhayat, Alexandre Simonin, Manuel Anderegg, Ganesh Pathare, Benjamin P Lüscher, Christine Deisl, Giuseppe Albano, David Mordasini, Matthias A. Hediger, Daniel V. Surbek, Bruno Vogt, Jörn Oliver Sass, Barbara Kloeckener-Gruissem, Daniel G. Fuster
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2015)

A heterozygous mutation (c.643C&gt;A; p.Q215X) in the monocarboxylate transporter 12-encoding gene MCT12 (also known as SLC16A12 ) that mediates creatine transport was recently identified as the cause of a syndrome with juvenile cataracts, microcornea, and glucosuria in a single family. Whereas the MCT12 mutation cosegregated with the eye phenotype, poor correlation with the glucosuria phenotype did not support a pathogenic role of the mutation in the kidney. Here, we examined MCT12 in the kidney and found that it resides on basolateral membranes of proximal tubules. Patients with MCT12 mutation exhibited reduced plasma levels and increased fractional excretion of guanidinoacetate, but normal creatine levels, suggesting that MCT12 may function as a guanidinoacetate transporter in vivo . However, functional studies in Xenopus oocytes revealed that MCT12 transports creatine but not its precursor, guanidinoacetate. Genetic analysis revealed a separate, undescribed heterozygous mutation (c.265G&gt;A; p.A89T) in the sodium/glucose cotransporter 2-encoding gene SGLT2 (also known as SLC5A2 ) in the family that segregated with the renal glucosuria phenotype. When overexpressed in HEK293 cells, the mutant SGLT2 transporter did not efficiently translocate to the plasma membrane, and displayed greatly reduced transport activity. In summary, our data indicate that MCT12 functions as a basolateral exit pathway for creatine in the proximal tubule. Heterozygous mutation of MCT12 affects systemic levels and renal handling of guanidinoacetate, possibly through an indirect mechanism. Furthermore, our data reveal a digenic syndrome in the index family, with simultaneous MCT12 and SGLT2 mutation. Thus, glucosuria is not part of the MCT12 mutation syndrome.
Diabetes Care in the School Setting: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association
Authors: Crystal C. Jackson, Anastasia Albanese-O’Neill, Katherine L. Butler, Jane L. Chiang, Larry C. Deeb, Katie Hathaway, Ed Kraus, Jill Weissberg-Benchell, Alan L. Yatvin, Linda M. Siminerio
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood (1). There are approximately 200,000 individuals <20 years of age with diabetes in the U.S. (2). The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study recently reported that 1.93 per 1,000 (aged <20 years) were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, an increase of 21% from 2001 to 2009. Increases in the prevalence of type 1 diabetes were seen in all ethnic groups, but non-Hispanic whites were disproportionately affected. Because type 2 diabetes rarely occurs in younger children, its prevalence in the population aged <20 years is not readily available. For type 2 diabetes in youth between 10 and 20 years of age, the SEARCH study reported a prevalence of 0.46 per 1,000 youth of all ethnicities, an increase of 31% from 2001 to 2009 (3). These statistics demonstrate the rising prevalence of diabetes in children and the increased need for diabetes management.

The majority of young people with diabetes spend many hours at school and/or in some type of child care program. Trained and knowledgeable staff are essential to provide a safe school and child care environment for children with diabetes. This includes the provision of care during the school day, field trips, and all school-sponsored activities in the school setting and in preschool, day care, and camp programs in the child care setting. Staff play a critical role in helping to reduce the risk of short- and long-term complications of diabetes and ensuring that children are well-positioned for academic success and normal growth and development. The child’s parents/guardians and health care provider(s) should work together to provide school systems and child care providers with the information necessary to enable children with diabetes to participate fully and safely in the school and child care setting experiences (4–6). …
Central Catecholamine Neuron Systems: Anatomy and Physiology of the Dopamine Systems
Authors: R. Y. Moore, F. E. Bloom
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1978)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Vertebrate Neuroethology: Definitions and Paradigms
Authors: David Ingle, David Crews
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1985)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials
Authors: Ole Jakob Storebø, Helle B Krogh, Erica Ramstad, Carlos R Moreira-Maia, Mathilde Holmskov, Maria Skoog, Trine Danvad Nilausen, Frederik L Magnusson, Morris Zwi, Donna Gillies, Susanne Rosendal, Camilla Groth, Kirsten Buch Rasmussen, Dorothy Gauci, Richard Kirubakaran, Bente Forsbøl, Erik Simonsen, Christian Gluud
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Is methylphenidate beneficial or harmful for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents?
The Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome and Tryptophan
Authors: E A Belongia, A N Mayeno, M T Osterholm
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1992)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Recommendation and Rationale
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

This statement summarizes the current U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for colorectal cancer and the supporting scientific evidence and updates the 1995 recommendations contained in the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd edition. At that time, the USPSTF recommended screening for colorectal cancer with annual fecal occult blood testing, periodic sigmoidoscopy, or the combination of fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy but concluded that the evidence was insufficient to recommend for or against colonoscopy or barium enema. The complete USPSTF recommendation and rationale statement on this topic, which includes a brief review of the supporting evidence, is available through the USPSTF Web site (www.preventiveservices.ahrq.gov), the National Guideline Clearinghouse (www.guideline.gov), and in print through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Publications Clearinghouse (telephone, 800-358-9295; e-mail, ahrqpubs@ahrq.gov). The complete information on which this statement is based, including tables and references, is available in the accompanying article in this issue and in the summary of the evidence and systematic evidence review on the Web sites already mentioned. *For a list of the members of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, see the Appendix.
Neurotransmitter Receptor Mapping by Autoradiography and Other Methods
Authors: Michael J. Kuhar, Errol B. De Souza, James R. Unnerstall
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1986)

* Laboratory of Neuroscience, Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 t Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 t Experimental Therapy Branch, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Ability of Short-Term Tests to Predict Carcinogenesis in Rodents
Authors: J M Mason, R Langenbach, M D Shelby, E Zeiger, R W Tennant
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1990)

Heme oxygenases (HO) catabolize free heme, that is, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin (IX), into equimolar amounts of Fe2+, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The stress-responsive HO-1 isoenzyme affords protection against programmed cell death. The mechanism ...Read More
Combined modality therapy for adults with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types).
Authors: J I Bernstein, C N Coleman, J G Strickler, R F Dorfman, S A Rosenberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1986)

Between June 1979 and June 1984 18 adult patients with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (SNCL) (diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma, Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types of the Rappaport classification) were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone, midcycle high-dose methotrexate, and intrathecal methotrexate. Early in the course of treatment, hyperfractionated radiotherapy (125 cGy, every two days, for 1,500 to 2,250 centigray [cGy]) was administered to unresected masses greater than 10 cm in their greatest dimension. Chemotherapy was administered every 21 days for six to ten cycles. Treatment was generally well tolerated; however, one patient died of probable tumor lysis syndrome. With a median follow-up of 1.2 years, actuarial survival was 66.8% and relapse-free survival (RFS) was 71.3% for the entire group. All treatment failures and deaths occurred in patients with stage D disease. RFS projected at 2 years was 100% for stages A and AR and 60.6% for stage B, C, and D (P = .13 Gehan). Two-year RFS for patients with stage A, AR, B, or C disease was 100 v 41% for those with stage D disease. Patients with adverse prognostic features (n = 7)--unresected bulk measuring greater than 10 cm, pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 500 IU/L (normal, 200) or involvement of CNS or bone marrow--had a projected RFS of 28.6% compared with 100% for those patients without these features (P = .002 Gehan). Too few patients received induction radiotherapy to assert its role in therapy. By using aggressive multiagent therapy, cure can be expected in a high percentage of adults with SNCL. In the subset with adverse prognostic features, more effective therapy is necessary.
Serotonin-Specific Drugs for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders
Authors: D S Charney, J H Krystal, P L Delgado, G R Heninger
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1990)

CD40 is a cell-surface member of the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor superfamily. Upon activation, CD40 can license dendritic cells to promote antitumor T cell activation and re-educate macrophages to destroy tumor stroma. Numerous agonist CD40 ...Read More
The Epidemiology of St. Louis Encephalitis: A Review
Authors: J P Luby, S E Sulkin, J P Sanford
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1969)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common, disabling, and treatable. The strongest risk factor is a history of mood or anxiety disorder, especially having active symptoms during pregnancy. As PPD is one of the most common complications of childbirth, it is ...Read More
The National Lung Matrix Trial: translating the biology of stratification in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: G. Middleton, L.R. Crack, S. Popat, C. Swanton, S.J. Hollingsworth, R. Buller, I. Walker, T.H. Carr, D. Wherton, L.J. Billingham
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)

BackgroundThe management of NSCLC has been transformed by stratified medicine. The National Lung Matrix Trial (NLMT) is a UK-wide study exploring the activity of rationally selected biomarker/targeted therapy combinations.Patients and methodsThe Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Stratified Medicine Programme 2 is undertaking the large volume national molecular pre-screening which integrates with the NLMT. At study initiation, there are eight drugs being used to target 18 molecular cohorts. The aim is to determine whether there is sufficient signal of activity in any drug–biomarker combination to warrant further investigation. A Bayesian adaptive design that gives a more realistic approach to decision making and flexibility to make conclusions without fixing the sample size was chosen. The screening platform is an adaptable 28-gene Nextera next-generation sequencing platform designed by Illumina, covering the range of molecular abnormalities being targeted. The adaptive design allows new biomarker–drug combination cohorts to be incorporated by substantial amendment. The pre-clinical justification for each biomarker–drug combination has been rigorously assessed creating molecular exclusion rules and a trumping strategy in patients harbouring concomitant actionable genetic abnormalities. Discrete routes of pathway activation or inactivation determined by cancer genome aberrations are treated as separate cohorts. Key translational analyses include the deep genomic analysis of pre- and post-treatment biopsies, the establishment of patient-derived xenograft models and longitudinal ctDNA collection, in order to define predictive biomarkers, mechanisms of resistance and early markers of response and relapse.ConclusionThe SMP2 platform will provide large scale genetic screening to inform entry into the NLMT, a trial explicitly aimed at discovering novel actionable cohorts in NSCLC.Clinical Trial ISRCTN38344105.
Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in oncology patients receiving chemotherapy.
Authors: A B Weitberg, S A Weitzman, E Watkins, C Hinkle, S O'Rourke, J L Dienstag
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1985)

We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of three 40 micrograms doses of hepatitis B vaccine in oncology patients receiving chemotherapy. Of 76 patients screened for entry into the study, 13 (17%) already had been exposed to hepatitis B and were ineligible; 26 chose to join the study. The cumulative life-table response rate during the 12-month observation period was 70.8%; adequate immune response was linked to survival, 73% in survivors completing the study and 9% in nonsurvivors. Adverse effects were minor. We conclude that hepatitis B vaccine is safe and usually effective in inducing immunity in oncology patients younger than 60 years of age who are receiving chemotherapy.