tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Full Accounting of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in the U.S. Population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006
Authors: Catherine C. Cowie, Keith F. Rust, Earl S. Ford, Mark S. Eberhardt, Danita D. Byrd-Holt, Chaoyang Li, Desmond E. Williams, Edward W. Gregg, Kathleen E. Bainbridge, Sharon H. Saydah, Linda S. Geiss
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

We examined the prevalences of diagnosed diabetes, and undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes using fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test values, in the U.S. during 2005-2006. We then compared the prevalences of these conditions with those in 1988-1994.In 2005-2006, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included a probability sample of 7,267 people aged > or =12 years. Participants were classified according to glycemic status by interview for diagnosed diabetes and by fasting and 2-h glucoses measured in subsamples.In 2005-2006, the crude prevalence of total diabetes in people aged > or =20 years was 12.9%, of which approximately 40% was undiagnosed. In people aged > or =20 years, the crude prevalence of impaired fasting glucose was 25.7% and of impaired glucose tolerance was 13.8%, with almost 30% having either. Over 40% of individuals had diabetes or pre-diabetes. Almost one-third of the elderly had diabetes, and three-quarters had diabetes or pre-diabetes. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, age- and sex-standardized prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was approximately twice as high in non-Hispanic blacks (P < 0.0001) and Mexican Americans (P = 0.0001), whereas undiagnosed diabetes was not higher. Crude prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in people aged > or =20 years rose from 5.1% in 1988-1994 to 7.7% in 2005-2006 (P = 0.0001); this was significant after accounting for differences in age and sex, particularly in non-Hispanic blacks. Prevalences of undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes were generally stable, although the proportion of total diabetes that was undiagnosed decreased in Mexican Americans.Over 40% of people aged > or =20 years have hyperglycemic conditions, and prevalence is higher in minorities. Diagnosed diabetes has increased over time, but other conditions have been relatively stable.
Effectiveness of telephone counselling by a pharmacist in reducing mortality in patients receiving polypharmacy: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jennifer Y F Wu, Wilson Y S Leung, Sophie Chang, Benjamin Lee, Benny Zee, Peter C Y Tong, Juliana C N Chan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

To investigate the effects of compliance and periodic telephone counselling by a pharmacist on mortality in patients receiving polypharmacy.Two year randomised controlled trial.Hospital medical clinic.502 of 1011 patients receiving five or more drugs for chronic disease found to be non-compliant at the screening visit were invited for randomisation to either the telephone counselling group (n = 219) or control group (n = 223) at enrollment 12-16 weeks later.Primary outcome was all cause mortality in randomised patients. Associations between compliance and mortality in the entire cohort of 1011 patients were also examined. Patients were defined as compliant with a drug if they took 80-120% of the prescribed daily dose. To calculate a compliance score for the whole treatment regimen, the number of drugs that the patient was fully compliant with was divided by the total number of prescribed drugs and expressed as a percentage. Only patients who complied with all recommended drugs were considered compliant (100% score).60 of the 502 eligible patients defaulted and only 442 patients were randomised. After two years, 31 (52%) of the defaulters had died, 38 (17%) of the control group had died, and 25 (11%) of the intervention group had died. After adjustment for confounders, telephone counselling was associated with a 41% reduction in the risk of death (relative risk 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.35 to 0.97; P = 0.039). The number needed to treat to prevent one death at two years was 16. Other predictors included old age, living alone, rate of admission to hospital, compliance score, number of drugs for chronic disease, and non-treatment with lipid lowering drugs at screening visit. In the cohort of 1011 patients, the adjusted relative risk for death was 1.61 (1.05 to 2.48; P = 0.029) and 2.87 (1.80 to 2.57; P < 0.001) in patients with compliance scores of 34-66% and 0-33%, respectively, compared with those who had a compliance score of 67% or more.In patients receiving polypharmacy, poor compliance was associated with increased mortality. Periodic telephone counselling by a pharmacist improved compliance and reduced mortality.International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register: SRCTN48076318.
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 2007-2012
Authors: Lin Yang, Graham A. Colditz
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2015)

Overweight and obesity are associated with various chronic conditions.1 These conditions are considerable health care and societal burdens, yet could potentially be averted by preventing weight gain and obesity. In a prior analysis, now almost 20 years old, Must et al2 used a nationally representative data set from 1988 through 1994 and reported the US chronic disease burden associated with body mass index (BMI), thus informing clinical practice and the priorities for cost-effective prevention strategies. Using the most recent data in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007–2012), we updated the prevalence of overweight and obesity by sex, age, and race/ethnicity and compared the values with those of the earlier study.2
Cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Soon Ha Kwon, Soung Won Jeong, Jae Young Jang, Ji Eun Lee, Sae Hwan Lee, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim, Young Deok Cho, Hong Soo Kim, Boo Sung Kim, So-Young Jin
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2012)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To investigate the levels of COX-2 and VEGF expression in chronic hepatitis (CH), cirrhosis, and HCC.The immunohistochemical expressions of COX-2 and VEGF were evaluated in tissues from patients with CH (n=95), cirrhosis (n=38), low-grade HCC (LG-HCC; n=6), and high-grade HCC (HG-HCC; n=29).The COX-2 expression scores in CH, cirrhosis, LG-HCC, and HG-HCC were 3.3±1.9 (mean±SD), 4.2±1.7, 5.5±1.0, and 3.4±2.4, respectively (CH vs. cirrhosis, P=0.016; CH vs. LG-HCC, P=0.008; LG-HCC vs. HG-HCC, P=0.004), and the corresponding VEGF expression scores were 0.9±0.8, 1.5±0.7, 1.8±0.9, and 1.6±1.1 (CH vs. cirrhosis, P<0.001; CH vs. LG-HCC, P=0.011; LG-HCC vs. HG-HCC, P=0.075). Both factors were correlated with the fibrosis stage in CH and cirrhosis (COX-2: r=0.427, P<0.001; VEGF: r=0.491, P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between COX-2 and VEGF in all of the tissue samples (r=0.648, P<0.001), and between high COX-2 and VEGF expression scores and survival (COX-2: P=0.001; VEGF: P<0.001).The expressions of both COX-2 and VEGF are significantly higher in cirrhosis and LG-HCC than in CH. High COX-2 and high VEGF expressions are associated with a high survival rate.
LAP (NF-IL6) transactivates the collagen alpha 1(I) gene from a 5' regulatory region.
Authors: K Houglum, M Buck, V Adir, M Chojkier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Although collagen is known to enhance hepatocyte differentiation and hepatocytes produce collagen in vivo, the transcriptional factors responsible for collagen type I gene expression in hepatic cells are not known. LAP (Liver Activator Protein) is a member of the C/EBP family, which in differentiated hepatocytes contributes to the high levels of liver-specific gene expression. In this study we show that LAP binds to the collagen alpha 1(I) promoter at both reverse CCAAT motifs and activates transcription. Furthermore, an upstream element, collagen element I (-370/-344), which shares homology with the LAP binding cis-element of the albumin promoter (9 of 13 bp) is described. This collagen element I stimulates transcription in both orientations and when placed in front of either a homologous or a heterologous chimeric report construct. These experiments suggest that LAP may be important in the expression of collagen in differentiated hepatocytes through both the promoter and a newly described upstream element.
Systems Biology: Confronting the Complexity of Cancer
Authors: Andrew J. Gentles, Daniel Gallahan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

The AACR-NCI Conference "Systems Biology: Confronting the Complexity of Cancer" took place from February 27 to March 2, 2011, in San Diego, CA. Several themes resonated during the meeting, notably (i) the need for better methods to distill insights from large-scale networks, (ii) the importance of integrating multiple data types in constructing more realistic models, (iii) challenges in translating insights about tumorigenic mechanisms into therapeutic interventions, and (iv) the role of the tumor microenvironment, at the physical, cellular, and molecular levels. The meeting highlighted concrete applications of systems biology to cancer, and the value of collaboration between interdisciplinary researchers in attacking formidable problems.
The UK‐PBC risk scores: Derivation and validation of a scoring system for long‐term prediction of end‐stage liver disease in primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Marco Carbone, Stephen J. Sharp, Steve Flack, Dimitrios Paximadas, Kelly Spiess, Carolyn Adgey, Laura Griffiths, Reyna Lim, Paul Trembling, Kate Williamson, Nick J. Wareham, Mark Aldersley, Andrew Bathgate, Andrew K. Burroughs, Michael A. Heneghan, James M. Neuberger, Douglas Thorburn, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Heather J. Cordell, Graeme J. Alexander, David E.J. Jones, Richard N. Sandford, George F. Mells
Journal: Hepatology (2015)

The biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)--so-called "treatment response"--strongly predicts long-term outcome in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Several long-term prognostic models based solely on the treatment response have been developed that are widely used to risk stratify PBC patients and guide their management. However, they do not take other prognostic variables into account, such as the stage of the liver disease. We sought to improve existing long-term prognostic models of PBC using data from the UK-PBC Research Cohort. We performed Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis of diverse explanatory variables in a derivation cohort of 1,916 UDCA-treated participants. We used nonautomatic backward selection to derive the best-fitting Cox model, from which we derived a multivariable fractional polynomial model. We combined linear predictors and baseline survivor functions in equations to score the risk of a liver transplant or liver-related death occurring within 5, 10, or 15 years. We validated these risk scores in an independent cohort of 1,249 UDCA-treated participants. The best-fitting model consisted of the baseline albumin and platelet count, as well as the bilirubin, transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase, after 12 months of UDCA. In the validation cohort, the 5-, 10-, and 15-year risk scores were highly accurate (areas under the curve: >0.90).The prognosis of PBC patients can be accurately evaluated using the UK-PBC risk scores. They may be used to identify high-risk patients for closer monitoring and second-line therapies, as well as low-risk patients who could potentially be followed up in primary care.
A statistical analysis of nucleotide sequences of introns and exons in human genes.
Authors: M Bulmer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1987)

DNA sequences of 56 human genes for which information on both exons and introns was available were examined. The variance in G+C content among genes is estimated and shown to be substantial. There is a high correlation in G+C content between exons and introns within the same gene. The dinucleotide frequencies of introns are similar to those of intergenic spacer regions and are in reasonable agreement with predictions from substitution rates estimated from pseudogenes, except that the observed deficiency of TA doublets is not predicted. Duplicated bases also show a frequency greater than the expectation under independence. There is marked variability among genes in the frequency of the doublet CG relative to its expectation under independence. This variation is evolutionarily conserved and is correlated with the G+C content. Pseudogenes behave as if they are in a low -G+C, CG-deficient part of the genome, although the genes from which they arose are variable in these respects.
Longitudinal Change in Thigh Muscle Strength Prior to and Concurrent With Minimum Clinically Important Worsening or Improvement in Knee Function: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Anja Ruhdorfer, Wolfgang Wirth, Felix Eckstein
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2015)

Objective To investigate whether a clinically relevant change in knee function in patients with or at risk for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is associated with concurrent or prior change in thigh muscle strength. Methods Participants in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (n = 2,675 [1,485 women and 1,190 men]) with available measurements of isometric muscle strength at baseline, 2‐year follow‐up, and 4‐year follow‐up were grouped into those with greater than minimum clinically important worsening (score of ≥6 [of a possible 68] on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function subscale) between 2‐year follow‐up and 4‐year follow‐up, those with greater than minimum clinically important improvement, and those without relevant change. Changes in isometric muscle strength concurrent with function change (between 2‐year follow‐up and 4‐year follow‐up) and preceding function change (between baseline and 2‐year follow‐up), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), were determined, and differences between groups were assessed by analysis of covariance. Results Concurrent loss in extensor muscle strength in participants with worsening knee function during the 2‐year follow‐up−4‐year follow‐up period differed significantly from that in participants without change in knee function (−4.6% [95% CI −6.8, −2.4] and −2.2% [95% CI −3.0, −1.4], respectively; P = 0.03), as did the concurrent increase in strength among those with functional improvement (2.2% [95% CI −0.3, 4.7]; P &lt; 0.0001). This increase in strength among subjects with improved function remained significantly different from the change in subjects with no change in function after adjustment for covariates, but was preceded by a greater loss in strength (−7.7% [95% CI −10.3, −5.0], P = 0.02) during the baseline−year 2 period compared to those without change in function during the year 2−year 4 period (−4.3% [95% CI −5.2, −3.4]). The decrease in strength during the baseline−year 2 period in those with worsening knee function during the year 2−year 4 period (−4.5% [95% CI −6.9, −2.2]) did not differ significantly from that in patients without a change in function ( P = 0.87). No differences in changes in flexor muscle strength were observed between groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that there is a positive concurrent longitudinal association between change in extensor muscle strength and worsening/improvement in knee function in patients with knee OA. However, a corresponding change in thigh muscle strength preceding the change in function was not observed.
Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders
Authors: Andrew Mathews, Colin MacLeod
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2004)

A review of recent research on cognitive processing indicates that biases in attention, memory, and interpretation, as well as repetitive negative thoughts, are common across emotional disorders, although they vary in form according to type of disorder. Current cognitive models emphasize specific forms of biased processing, such as variations in the focus of attention or habitual interpretative styles that contribute to the risk of developing particular disorders. As well as predicting risk of emotional disorders, new studies have provided evidence of a causal relationship between processing bias and vulnerability. Beyond merely demonstrating the existence of biased processing, research is thus beginning to explore the cognitive causes of emotional vulnerability, and their modification.
The value of electron microscope studies in diagnosing malignant change in ulcerative colitis
Authors: J. A. Jenkinson, I. M. P. Dawson
Journal: Gut (1971)

Ultrastructural and histological appearances were studied in normal rectal and colonic mucosa, in the mucosa immediately adjacent to neoplasms (transitional mucosa), in neoplasms themselves, and in ulcerative colitis to try to determine whether any changes found in colitis might be recognized as premalignant. Two of the ulcerative colitis specimens showed histological evidence of premalignant change and these changes were reflected at the ultrastructural level. No electron microscopical premalignant changes were found which could not more easily be detected by simple histology, and it is concluded that attempts to detect premalignant changes in ulcerative colitis using electron microscopical techniques are likely to be unrewarding.
Sex-Specific Association of the Putative Fructose Transporter <i>SLC2A9</i> Variants With Uric Acid Levels Is Modified by BMI
Authors: Anita Brandstätter, Stefan Kiechl, Barbara Kollerits, Steven C. Hunt, Iris M. Heid, Stefan Coassin, Johann Willeit, Ted D. Adams, Thomas Illig, Paul N. Hopkins, Florian Kronenberg
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

High serum uric acid levels lead to gout and have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Recently, the putative fructose transporter SLC2A9 was reported to influence uric acid levels. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms within this gene with uric acid levels and to determine whether this association is modified by obesity.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Anemia
Authors: Julia Bohlius, Andreas Engert, Guido Schwarzer
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving concurrent glucocorticoids or bisphosphonates
Authors: R. K. Dore, S. B. Cohen, N. E. Lane, W. Palmer, W. Shergy, L. Zhou, H. Wang, W. Tsuji, R. Newmark
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

Objectives To report results of subgroup analyses of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study of denosumab, an investigational RANKL inhibitor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) concurrently receiving treatment with bisphosphonates or glucocorticoids. Methods Patients received subcutaneous placebo (n=75), denosumab 60 mg (n=71) or denosumab 180 mg (n=72) at baseline and 6 months. Assessments included dual x-ray absorptiometry scans of the lumbar spine and hip, and determination of levels of serum type I C-telopeptide (sCTx-I) and serum procollagen 1N-terminal peptide (P1NP). Results Denosumab treatment increased mean lumbar spine and hip BMD and reduced sCTx-I and P1NP compared with placebo through 12 months, regardless of baseline BMD or marker levels or concomitant bisphosphonate or glucocorticoid use. Conclusions This study extends evidence that denosumab increases BMD and reduces bone turnover in patients with RA and may provide a new therapeutic option for reducing systemic bone loss in patients with RA.
Cholesterol and Arterial Distensibility in the First Decade of Life
Authors: C. P. M. Leeson, P. H. Whincup, D. G. Cook, M. J. Mullen, A. E. Donald, C. A. Seymour, J. E. Deanfield
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Blood cholesterol levels are a key determinant of coronary heart disease risk in adults, but the importance of lipid levels in the general population during childhood is less clear. We related arterial distensibility, a marker of vascular function known to be altered early in atherosclerosis, to the lipid profile of a population-based sample of children aged 9 to 11 years. Methods and Results —A noninvasive ultrasound technique was used to measure arterial distension during the cardiac cycle in the brachial arteries of 361 children from 4 towns in the United Kingdom. This measure was related to their pulse pressure to assess arterial distensibility. All the children had previously had a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular risk including a full lipid profile, cotinine-assessed smoke exposure, serum glucose, and questionnaire data on socioeconomic and dietary factors. Mean total cholesterol in the population was 4.72 [SD 0.75] mmol/L. There was a significant, inverse relation between cholesterol and distension of the artery across this range (linear regression coefficient −11.8 μm · mmol −1 · L −1 , P =0.003). Similar relationships were demonstrated with LDL and apolipoprotein B (−12.9 μm · mmol −1 · L −1 , P =0.005 and −36.9 μm/mmol/L, P =0.01). HDL and triglyceride levels showed no consistent association with distensibility. Conclusions —LDL cholesterol levels had an impact on arterial distensibility in the first decade of life. Furthermore, the functional differences in the arterial wall were demonstrated within the lipid range found in normal children, a finding that raises the possibility that cholesterol levels in the general population during childhood may already be relevant to the development of vascular disease.