tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of abdominal binders on breathing in tetraplegic patients.
Authors: J M Goldman, L S Rose, S J Williams, J R Silver, D M Denison
Journal: Thorax (1986)

We studied the effect on breathing of a conventional and a newly designed abdominal binder in seven patients with complete tetraplegia. The indices of respiratory ability used were the transdiaphragmatic pressure on maximal sniff (sniff Pdi), the maximum static inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax), and the vital capacity (VC). These were measured in patients with and without binders, in the supine position, raised up to 70 degrees on a tilt table, and seated upright. When patients were raised from the supine to the 70 degrees tilt and to the seated posture, sniff Pdi and VC decreased. Both binders improved VC in the seated position and at 70 degrees tilt, and sniff Pdi at 70 degrees tilt. The new binder was as effective as but no better than the conventional binder. PImax was too variable to be a valuable index of inspiratory power. These findings support the view that abdominal binders assist breathing in tetraplegic patients who are seated or raised to near vertical positions.
Managed Care Spillover Effects
Authors: Laurence C. Baker
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2003)

▪ Abstract In addition to influencing care for patients enrolled in managed care plans, growth in managed care could lead to broad changes in the structure and functioning of the health care system that could ultimately influence care for all patients, even those not covered by managed care plans. This paper summarizes the mechanisms by which these effects could arise, including shifts in the types of services available in markets and changes in physician practice patterns. The paper summarizes available empirical evidence on broad-level effects of managed care, concluding that the literature supports the view that managed care can have generalized effects on health care spending, utilization patterns, and infrastructure, although existing literature has not clearly identified effects on health outcomes.
Prediction models for risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic literature search and independent external validation study
Authors: A. Abbasi, L. M. Peelen, E. Corpeleijn, Y. T. van der Schouw, R. P. Stolk, A. M. W. Spijkerman, D. L. van der A, K. G. M. Moons, G. Navis, S. J. L. Bakker, J. W. J. Beulens
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objective</b> To identify existing prediction models for the risk of development of type 2 diabetes and to externally validate them in a large independent cohort. <b>Data sources</b> Systematic search of English, German, and Dutch literature in PubMed until February 2011 to identify prediction models for diabetes. <b>Design </b>Performance of the models was assessed in terms of discrimination (C statistic) and calibration (calibration plots and Hosmer-Lemeshow test).The validation study was a prospective cohort study, with a case cohort study in a random subcohort. <b>Setting</b> Models were applied to the Dutch cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort study (EPIC-NL). <b>Participants</b> 38 379 people aged 20-70 with no diabetes at baseline, 2506 of whom made up the random subcohort. <b>Outcome measure</b> Incident type 2 diabetes. <b>Results</b> The review identified 16 studies containing 25 prediction models. We considered 12 models as basic because they were based on variables that can be assessed non-invasively and 13 models as extended because they additionally included conventional biomarkers such as glucose concentration. During a median follow-up of 10.2 years there were 924 cases in the full EPIC-NL cohort and 79 in the random subcohort. The C statistic for the basic models ranged from 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.75) to 0.84 (0.82 to 0.85) for risk at 7.5 years. For prediction models including biomarkers the C statistic ranged from 0.81 (0.80 to 0.83) to 0.93 (0.92 to 0.94). Most prediction models overestimated the observed risk of diabetes, particularly at higher observed risks. After adjustment for differences in incidence of diabetes, calibration improved considerably. <b>Conclusions</b> Most basic prediction models can identify people at high risk of developing diabetes in a time frame of five to 10 years. Models including biomarkers classified cases slightly better than basic ones. Most models overestimated the actual risk of diabetes. Existing prediction models therefore perform well to identify those at high risk, but cannot sufficiently quantify actual risk of future diabetes.
Selective repression of retinoic acid target genes by RIP140 during induced tumor cell differentiation of pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma cells
Authors: Kelly C Heim, Kristina A White, Dexin Deng, Craig R Tomlinson, Jason H Moore, Sarah J Freemantle, Michael J Spinella
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2007)

Abstract Background The use of retinoids as anti-cancer agents has been limited due to resistance and low efficacy. The dynamics of nuclear receptor coregulation are incompletely understood. Cell-and context-specific activities of nuclear receptors may be in part due to distinct coregulator complexes recruited to distinct subsets of target genes. RIP140 (also called NRIP1) is a ligand-dependent corepressor that is inducible with retinoic acid (RA). We had previously shown that RIP140 limits RA induced tumor cell differentiation of embryonal carcinoma; the pluriopotent stem cells of testicular germ cell tumors. This implies that RIP140 represses key genes required for RA-mediated tumor cell differentiation. Identification of these genes would be of considerable interest. Results To begin to address this issue, microarray technology was employed to elucidate in a de novo fashion the global role of RIP140 in RA target gene regulation of embryonal carcinoma. Subclasses of genes were affected by RIP140 in distinct manners. Interestingly, approximately half of the RA-dependent genes were unaffected by RIP140. Hence, RIP140 appears to discriminate between different classes of RA target genes. In general, RIP140-dependent gene expression was consistent with RIP140 functioning to limit RA signaling and tumor cell differentiation. Few if any genes were regulated in a manner to support a role for RIP140 in "active repression". We also demonstrated that RIP140 silencing sensitizes embryonal carcinoma cells to low doses of RA. Conclusion Together the data demonstrates that RIP140 has profound effects on RA-mediated gene expression in this cancer stem cell model. The RIP140-dependent RA target genes identified here may be particularly important in mediating RA-induced tumor cell differentiation and the findings suggest that RIP140 may be an attractive target to sensitize tumor cells to retinoid-based differentiation therapy. We discuss these data in the context of proposed models of RIP140-mediated repression.
C-reactive protein and procalcitonin as predictors of survival and septic shock in ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: G. Hillas, T. Vassilakopoulos, P. Plantza, A. Rasidakis, P. Bakakos
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

We evaluated the performance of procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) threshold values and kinetics as predictors of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) survival and septic shock development. 45 adult patients with VAP were studied. Serum CRP and PCT levels and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were measured on days 1, 4 and 7 (D1, D4, D7) of VAP and their variations between different days (kinetics) were calculated (ΔPCT, ΔCRP). A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed with either VAP 28-day survival or septic shock development as dependent variables, and PCT values, CRP values, kinetics, age, sex, SOFA and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score as independent variables. No difference was found in CRP levels between survivors and nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors had significantly higher PCT levels on D1 and D7. In the multivariate analysis, the only factors predicting VAP survival were ΔPCT 7-1 (OR 7.23, 95% CI 0.008–0.468) and ΔCRP 7-4 (OR 4.59, 95% CI 0.013–0.824). VAP patients who developed septic shock had significantly higher CRP levels on D1 and D7 and higher PCT levels on D1 and D4. The only factor predicting the development of septic shock was SOFA on D1 (OR 7.44, 95% CI 1.330–5.715). Neither PCT and CRP threshold values nor their kinetics can predict VAP survival or septic shock development.
Criminality and mental illness: a study of arrest rates in a rural state
Authors: J R Durbin, R A Pasewark, D Albers
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1977)

The authors examined cumulative arrests for the period of 1964-1973 for psychiatric patients admitted to a state hospital in 1969 (286 men and 175 women) and for the general population in Wyoming. Male patients were arrested as often as or more often than individuals in the general population. No men diagnosed as schizophrenic were arrested for crimes against persons; one-fourth of arrests among individuals diagnosed as alcoholics were for such crimes. Arrest rates among women patients seemed to parallel those of women in the general population, although the sample was too small for definite conclusions. Male patients were arrested significantly less often following dischanrge than before hospitalization.
Comorbidities in 1779 sarcoidosis patients - 4 years experience in National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute in Warsaw, Poland
Authors: Magdalena Martusewicz-Boros, Piotr Boros, Elzbieta Wiatr, Kazimierz Roszkowski-Sliz
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease. However the changes in the respiratory tract are most common, granulomas can involve any other organs. Other comorbidities may affect the course of disease and additionally impair quality of life. The aim of study was to evaluate the incidence of comorbidities and its relationship with extent of disease in a large group of sarcoidosis patients diagnosed or followed up in National TB & Lung Diseases Research Institute in Warsaw. Method: retrospective analysis of database patients discharged with the final diagnosis “sarcoidosis” (ICD-10: D86) and assessment of additional diagnoses reported at the time of discharge. The analysis covered the period from 0192008 to 1092011. Results: 1779 sarcoidosis patients were hospitalized during almost four years. Majority (79.2%) were diagnosed as pulmonary and/or lymph node sarcoidosis (D86.0, D86.1, D86.2). Sarcoidosis of other and combined sites (D86.8) were diagnosed in 15.8% and unspecified sarcoidosis (D86.9) in 5.0% of patients. At least one comorbidity was noted in 54% of patients. The most frequent reported comorbidities are presented in figure below.  Using linear regression models the association between the number of comorbidities and age and extent of the disease were found (p
Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver retransplantation
Authors: I. J Klompmaker, K. M de Bruijn, A. S H Gouw, J. L Bams, M. J H Slooff
Journal: BMJ (1988)

CommentWe found that the incidence of the disease in 1966-73 was less than that in 1974-81; methods of identifying patients and retrieving information from their records and the strict criteria for confirming the diagnosis were identical during both periods, so the two periods were strictly comparable.The disease tended to be overdiagnosed clinically: 377 patients originally thought to have Crohn's disease were rejected for this study when the strict criteria were applied to clinical and diagnostic information.Incomplete identification of patients and application of these strict diagnostic criteria may, however, lead to an underestimate of the true incidence of the disease.Crohn's disease is not rare in Northern Ireland and has a pattern and distribution similar to those in other areas of the United Kingdom.The incidence of the disease almost doubled in Northern Ireland during this study.We thank our clinical colleagues and the pathologists who made their records available.
Selective Cytotoxicity to HER2-Positive Tumor Cells by a Recombinant e23sFv-TD-tBID Protein Containing a Furin Cleavage Sequence
Authors: Fang Wang, Jing Ren, Xiu-Chun Qiu, Li-Feng Wang, Qing Zhu, Ying-Qi Zhang, Yi Huan, Yan-Ling Meng, Li-Bo Yao, Si-Yi Chen, Yan-Ming Xu, An-Gang Yang
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

The HER2 antigen is a recognized target on breast cancer cells for immunotherapy. To overcome the immunogenicity and systemic toxicity of traditional immunotoxins, a novel human immunoproapoptotic molecule was developed and its antitumor activity was investigated.Recombinant e23sFv-TD-tBID, consisting of a single-chain anti-HER2 antibody fragment linked to a human active truncated Bid by a 10-amino acid residue furin cleavage sequence, was bacterially expressed. Purified e23sFv-TD-tBID was tested for binding, internalization, and cytotoxic activity in cell and for tumor localization and antitumor activity in athymic nude mice bearing established human tumor xenografts.e23sFv-TD-tBID selectively binds to HER2-positive cells and induces apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. An investigation of its mechanism of action has revealed that e23sFv-TD-tBID was internalized on binding to the surface of HER2-positive tumor cells, proteolytically cleaved and transported directly to cytosol. The antitumor activity of e23sFv-TD-tBID was shown in a dose-dependent manner when injected i.p. into immunodeficient mice bearing human breast carcinomas. Moreover, this immunoproapoptotic protein, either given as a single dose or in combination with chemotherapy agents, significantly inhibited tumor growth without any observed toxic side effects on mice. Magnetic resonance imaging further showed the specific targeting and good penetration of tumors by e23sFv-TD-tBID in vivo. The therapeutic value of e23sFv-TD-tBID to human was shown by its cytotoxic effects on primary patient-derived breast tumor cells but not on endothelial cells.These data suggest that recombinant e23sFv-TD-tBID has therapeutic potential for HER2-positive tumors and warrant further testing for clinical applications.
Increased Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Action Preclude Choroidal Vasoconstriction to Hyperoxia in Newborn Pigs
Authors: Pierre Hardy, Krishna G. Peri, Isabelle Lahaie, Daya R. Varma, Sylvain Chemtob
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that hyperoxia does not cause adequate constriction of choroidal vessels of the newborn (1 to 5 days old) pig, resulting in increased O 2 delivery to the retina, possibly due to excess production and/or effects of vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO). Hyperoxia (100% O 2 , 45 minutes) led to a decrease in retinal blood flow (RBF) of both newborn and juvenile (5 to 6 weeks old) pigs and also reduced choroidal blood flow (ChBF) in juvenile but not in newborn pigs; the absence of hyperoxia-induced ChBF response in the newborn was associated with a rise in choroidal O 2 delivery. Ibuprofen (prostaglandin G/H synthase inhibitor) and 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea (a free radical scavenger) did not modify the choroidal hemodynamic responses to hyperoxia in newborn pigs. However, in newborn animals treated with the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), hyperoxia caused a decrease in blood flow and O 2 delivery to the choroid. Consistent with these effects of L-NAME, hyperoxia induced an increase in choroidal cGMP in newborn pigs ventilated with 100% O 2 and stimulated nitrite production in isolated choroids exposed to hyperoxia from newborn but not juvenile pigs; these effects were inhibited by NOS blockers. Also, both constitutive and inducible NOS activities were higher in choroidal tissues from newborn than from juvenile animals. In addition, the vasorelaxant effect of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside in vitro was also greater on choroids from newborn than from juvenile pigs. Finally, L-NAME prevented the hyperoxia-induced increase in peroxidation products in the choroid of newborns. It is concluded that hyperoxia does not lead to a decrease in blood flow and O 2 delivery to the choroid of the newborn because of increased NO synthesis and effects; since the choroid is the main source of O 2 supply to the retina, the present data contribute in providing an explanation for the increased susceptibility of the immature neonate to hyperoxia-induced retinopathy.
The Obligation to Participate in Biomedical Research
Authors: G. Owen Schaefer
Journal: JAMA (2009)

The current prevailing view is that participation in biomedical research is above and beyond the call of duty. While some commentators have offered reasons against this, we propose a novel public goods argument for an obligation to participate in biomedical research. Biomedical knowledge is a public good, available to any individual even if that individual does not contribute to it. Participation in research is a critical way to support an important public good. Consequently, all have a duty to participate. The current social norm is that individuals participate only if they have a good reason to do so. The public goods argument implies that individuals should participate unless they have a good reason not to. Such a shift would be of great aid to the progress of biomedical research, eventually making society significantly healthier and longer lived.
Principles of a Low Fat Diet
Authors: E. A. HILDRETH, D. M. HILDRETH, S. M. MELLINKOFF
Journal: Circulation (1951)

From personal experience on low fat diets and through experience gained treating patients with low fat diets, the authors suggest that when such a diet is prescribed carefully it may be quite palatable and also reduce serum cholesterol concentration. The principles of a low fat diet and methods for making the diet appetizing are presented. Sample diet instruction sheets which can be individualized for different patients are also illustrated.
Normal Lactational Environment Restores Nephron Endowment and Prevents Hypertension after Placental Restriction in the Rat
Authors: Mary E. Wlodek, Amy Mibus, Adeline Tan, Andrew L. Siebel, Julie A. Owens, Karen M. Moritz
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Uteroplacental insufficiency in the rat restricts fetal growth, impairs mammary development, compromising postnatal growth; and increases adult BP. The roles of prenatal and postnatal nutritional restraint on later BP and nephron endowment in offspring from mothers that underwent bilateral uterine vessel ligation (restricted) on day 18 of pregnancy were examined. Sham surgery (control) and a group of rats with reduced litter size (reduced; litter size reduced at birth to five, equivalent to restricted group) were used as controls. Offspring (control, reduced, and restricted) were cross-fostered on postnatal day 1 onto a control (normal lactation) or restricted (impaired lactation) mother. BP in male offspring was determined by tail cuff at 8, 12, and 20 wk of age, with glomerular number and volume (Cavalieri/Physical Dissector method) and renal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA expression (real-time PCR) determined at 6 mo. Restricted-on-restricted male offspring developed hypertension (+16 mmHg) by 20 wk together with a nephron deficit (−26%) and glomerular hypertrophy (P < 0.05). In contrast, providing a normal lactational environment to restricted offspring improved postnatal growth and prevented the nephron deficit and hypertension. Reduced-on-restricted pups that were born of normal weight but with impaired growth during lactation subsequently grew faster, developed hypertension (+16 mmHg), had increased AT1AR and AT1BR mRNA expression (P < 0.05), but had no nephron deficit. Our study identifies the prenatal and postnatal nutritional environments in the programming of adult hypertension, associated with distinct renal changes. It is shown for the first time that a prenatally induced nephron deficit can be restored by correcting growth restriction during lactation.
The Advantages of the Psychiatric Triage Unit
Authors: DAVID J. MULLER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

A psychiatric triage unit is economical and efficient in treating large numbers of patients with a small number of staff members. While such programs usually have a high turnover in personnel, they allow for the rapid treatment of many patients and, when necessary, good use of other community mental health facilities. The author describes a small psychiatric triage unit in Texas where out of about 2,000 admissions a year, only 13 percent required referral to longer-term hospitals.
Prolonged Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Risk of Colorectal Adenomas in a Randomized Trial
Authors: Maria V. Grau, John A. Baron, Robert S. Sandler, Kristin Wallace, Robert W. Haile, Timothy R. Church, Gerald J. Beck, Robert W. Summers, Elizabeth L. Barry, Bernard F. Cole, Dale C. Snover, Richard Rothstein, Jack S. Mandel
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

Calcium supplementation has been shown to decrease the risk of recurrence of colorectal adenomas in randomized trials. However, the duration of this protective effect after cessation of active supplementation is not known. In the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study, 930 subjects with a previous colorectal adenoma were randomly assigned from November 1988 through April 1992 to receive placebo or 1200 mg of elemental calcium daily for 4 years. The Calcium Follow-up Study was an observational phase of the trial that tracked adenoma occurrence for an average of 7 years after the end of randomized treatment and gathered information regarding the use of medications, vitamins, and supplements during that time. We obtained follow-up information for 822 subjects, 597 of whom underwent at least one colonoscopy after the end of study treatment and are included in this analysis. Generalized linear models were used to compute relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the effect of randomized calcium treatment on risk of adenoma recurrence during the first 5 years after study treatment ended and during the subsequent 5 years. Statistical tests were two-sided. During the first 5 years after randomized treatment ended, subjects in the calcium group still had a substantially and statistically significantly lower risk of any adenoma than those in the placebo group (31.5% versus 43.2%; adjusted RR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.87, P = .005) and a smaller and not statistically significant reduction in risk of advanced adenomas (adjusted RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.43 to 1.69, P = .65). However, the randomized treatment was not associated with the risk of any type of polyp during the next 5 years. The findings were broadly similar when the analysis was restricted to subjects who did not report use of any calcium supplements after the treatment phase of the trial ended. The protective effect of calcium supplementation on risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence extends up to 5 years after cessation of active treatment, even in the absence of continued supplementation.
Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits
Authors: Guomei Tang, Kathryn Gudsnuk, Sheng-Han Kuo, Marisa L. Cotrina, Gorazd Rosoklija, Alexander Sosunov, Mark S. Sonders, Ellen Kanter, Candace Castagna, Ai Yamamoto, Zhenyu Yue, Ottavio Arancio, Bradley S. Peterson, Frances Champagne, Andrew J. Dwork, James Goldman, David Sulzer
Journal: Neuron (2014)