tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adverse Consequences of Glucocorticoid Medication: Psychological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Effects
Authors: Lewis L. Judd, Pamela J. Schettler, E. Sherwood Brown, Owen M. Wolkowitz, Esther M. Sternberg, Bruce G. Bender, Karen Bulloch, John A. Cidlowski, E. Ronald de Kloet, Laurence Fardet, Marian Joëls, Donald Y.M. Leung, Bruce S. McEwen, Benno Roozendaal, Elisabeth F.C. Van Rossum, Junyoung Ahn, David W. Brown, Aaron Plitt, Gagandeep Singh
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

Glucocorticoids are the most commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressant medications worldwide. This article highlights the risk of clinically significant and sometimes severe psychological, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances that may be associated with glucocorticoid use, as well as ways to prevent and treat these disturbances. An illustrative case vignette is presented describing a patient’s experience of cycles of manic-like behavior and depression while on high-dosage prednisone, with long-term cognitive disorganization, vulnerability to stress, and personality changes. Severe neuropsychiatric consequences (including suicide, suicide attempt, psychosis, mania, depression, panic disorder, and delirium, confusion, or disorientation) have been reported to occur in 15.7 per 100 person-years at risk for all glucocorticoid courses, and 22.2 per 100 person-years at risk for first courses. The majority of patients experience less severe but distressing and possibly persistent changes in mood, cognition, memory, or behavior during glucocorticoid treatment or withdrawal. Although prediction of such effects is difficult, risks vary with age, gender, dosage, prior psychiatric history, and several biological markers. Key mechanisms thought to underlie these risk factors are briefly described. Recommendations are given for identifying individual risk factors and for monitoring and managing adverse neuropsychiatric effects of glucocorticoids.
The antithrombotic potential of selective blockade of talin-dependent integrin αIIbβ3 (platelet GPIIb–IIIa) activation
Authors: Brian G. Petrich, Per Fogelstrand, Anthony W. Partridge, Nima Yousefi, Ararat J. Ablooglu, Sanford J. Shattil, Mark H. Ginsberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

In vitro studies indicate that binding of talin to the beta(3) integrin cytoplasmic domain (tail) results in integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) (GPIIb-IIIa) activation. Here we tested the importance of talin binding for integrin activation in vivo and its biological significance by generating mice harboring point mutations in the beta(3) tail. We introduced a beta(3)(Y747A) substitution that disrupts the binding of talin, filamin, and other cytoplasmic proteins and a beta(3)(L746A) substitution that selectively disrupts interactions only with talin. Platelets from animals homozygous for each mutation showed impaired agonist-induced fibrinogen binding and platelet aggregation, providing proof that inside-out signals that activate alpha(IIb)beta(3) require binding of talin to the beta(3) tail. beta(3)(L746A) mice were resistant to both pulmonary thromboembolism and to ferric chloride-induced thrombosis of the carotid artery. Pathological bleeding, measured by the presence of fecal blood and development of anemia, occurred in 53% of beta(3)(Y747A) and virtually all beta(3)-null animals examined. Remarkably, less than 5% of beta(3)(L746A) animals exhibited this form of bleeding. These results establish that alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation in vivo is dependent on the interaction of talin with the beta(3) integrin cytoplasmic domain. Furthermore, they suggest that modulation of beta(3) integrin-talin interactions may provide an attractive target for antithrombotics and result in a reduced risk of pathological bleeding.
Chenotherapy for Gallstone Dissolution
Authors: Alan F. Hofmann
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Changes in bile saturation and biliary bile acid composition in patients with gallstones who received chenodeoxycholic ("chenic") acid, cholic acid, or placebo were measured. Chenodeoxycholic induced bile desaturation; this effect was attributable solely to a decrease in the proportion of cholesterol. By gas chromatography, chenodeoxycholic acid increased substantially in the biliary bile acids of patients receiving it, and by mass spectrometry, no unusual bile acids were detected in appreciable amounts. Changes in bile saturation and biliary bile acid composition were then related to chenodeoxycholic acid dosage, and all of these variables were, in turn, related to gallstone response. In general, patients whose gallstones dissolved ingested a higher dose of chenodeoxycholic acid or had bile that contained a higher proportion of this acid and it was more unsaturated, but there were many exceptions, casting doubt on the value of a single analysis of fasting-state bile for predicting gallstone dissolutions. The major factor influencing response, provided dosage is adequate, appears to be gallstone type. Nonetheless, the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in biliary bile acids can probably be used to infer patient compliance.
Visceral fat and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: A. M. Jubb
Journal: Gut (2010)

The addition of bevacizumab (a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) to 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy has a proven overall survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, the cost of antibody therapies and increasing evidence that the efficacy of targeted agents may be predicted by patient and tumour characteristics have prompted the investigation of biomarkers that may predict benefit from bevacizumab. Guiu et al examined the impact of body mass index, visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area on the clinical outcome of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus bevacizumab. …
Cell-Associated Mammary Tumor Virus in Blood of BALB/cfC3H Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;1&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: S. Nandi, Sandra Haslam, Cheryl Helmich
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

The nodule assay of mammary tumor virus (MTV or Bittner virus) was used to detect viral activity in intact cells and/or in cell-free preparations of tissues of hematopoietic and mammary gland origin. MTV activity was easily found in intact mammary tumor cells and cell-free preparations of tumor cells and lactating mammary tissues from C3H and BALB/cfC3H (C+) mice. In contrast, MTV activity in C+ blood cells and C+ hematopoietic colony cells in spleens of irradiated BALB/c mice was always cell-associated. All preparations of cells of hematopoietic origin completely lost their MTV activity when they were freed of intact cells by centrifugation or filtration. The results suggest that, in our C+ mice, Bittner virus may pass through a cell-associated form in the cells of hematopoietic origin and through a cell-free form in the cells of mammary origin.
Testing in the Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory
Authors: Sandra L. Yesenko, Susan M. Whitelaw, Heather L. Gornik
Journal: Circulation (2007)

he circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels.The heart is the pumping organ that circulates blood through the vessels.There are 3 major types of blood vessels: arteries, which carry oxygen-rich blood to the organs and limbs; veins, which return blood from the organs and the limbs to the heart to be resupplied with oxygen by the lungs; and the lymphatics, which return fluid from the skin and tissues to the veins.
Metallic stent and flexible bronchoscopy without fluoroscopy for acute respiratory failure
Authors: S-M. Lin, T-Y. Lin, C-L. Chou, H-C. Chen, C-Y. Liu, C-H. Wang, H-C. Lin, C-T. Yu, K-Y. Lee, H-P. Kuo
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Stent implantation has been reported to facilitate liberation from mechanical ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to central airway disease. The present retrospective cohort study sought to evaluate the risk and benefit of stent implantation via bronchoscopy without fluoroscopic guidance in mechanically ventilated patients. From July 2001 to September 2006, 26 patients with acute respiratory failure were recruited. A bronchoscope was inserted through a mouth guard into the space between the tracheal wall and the endotracheal tube. A guide wire was inserted via the flexible bronchoscope to the lesion site. The bronchoscope was reintroduced through the endotracheal tube. Under bronchoscopic visualisation, the delivery catheter was advanced over the guide wire to deploy the stent. These procedures were successfully performed in 26 patients, with 22 stents placed in the trachea and seven in the main bronchus. Of the 26 patients, 14 (53.8%) became ventilator independent during their stay in the intensive care unit. Severe pneumonia was the most common cause, in seven (58.3%) out of 12 patients, for continued ventilator dependence after stenting. Granulation tissue formation was found in seven patients during the follow-up period. It is concluded that metallic stents can be safely implanted without fluoroscopic guidance in patients with respiratory failure, to facilitate ventilator independence.
Association between modelled traffic-related air pollution and asthma score in the ECRHS
Authors: B. Jacquemin, J. Sunyer, B. Forsberg, I. Aguilera, L. Bouso, D. Briggs, R. de Marco, R. García-Esteban, J. Heinrich, D. Jarvis, J. A. Maldonado, F. Payo, E. Rage, D. Vienneau, N. Künzli
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The aim of our analysis was to study the association between air pollution and asthma among adults. For this goal, a previously developed “asthma score” was used. Persons aged 25–44 yrs were randomly selected (1991–1993) and followed up (2000–2002) within the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS I and II, respectively). The asthma score was defined from 0 to 5, based on the positive answers to the following symptoms reported for the last 12 months: wheeze/breathlessness, chest tightness, dyspnoea at rest, dyspnoea after exercise and woken by dyspnoea. Participants' home addresses were linked to outdoor modelled NO 2 estimates for 2001. Negative binomial regression was used to model the asthma score. The score from ECRHS II was positively associated with NO 2 (ratio of the mean asthma score (RMS) 1.23, 95% CI 1.09–1.38, for an increase of 10 μg·m −3 ). After excluding participants with asthma and symptoms at baseline, the association remained (RMS 1.25, 95% CI 1.05–1.51), and was particularly high among those reporting a high score in ECRHS II. The latter probably reflects incident cases of asthma. Our results suggest that traffic-related pollution causes asthma symptoms and possibly asthma incidence in adults. The asthma score offers an alternative with which to investigate the course and aetiology of asthma in adults.
Some genetic predisposing factors of chronic postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis formation
Authors: Ludmila Fiodorovna Kovaleva, Tatjana Evgenievna Guembitskaja, Natalia Anatolievna Kelembet
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Aim: to analyze polymorphism of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in patients with chronic postinfectious obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). Null genotype GSTM1 0/0 is responsible for the development of various clinical and functional forms of OB. Gene GSTT1 is expressed in the lung and its protein is included in antioxidant defense of the respiratory tract.  Methods. 15 patients with OB (mean age 19,2±3,1 years) were examined. The control group included 69 healthy volunteers, residents of St. Petersburg and the North-West region of Russia at the age from 17 to 35 years. The study was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The frequency of  alleles genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 in patients with OB and control group was determined.  Results. The frequency of homozygotes for the GSTM1 null allele was 1,7 times higher in OB patients as compared with the control group. Analysis of the homozygotes frequency for the null allele GSTT1 gene showed its 2-fold exceeding as compared with the control group.  According to the odds ratio the relative risk of developing the disease (OR) in homozygous carriers of null allele GSTT1 is increased 2-fold (OR = 2,0), and gene GSTM1 – 1,7-fold (OR = 1,7).  Conclusion. These data reveal some aspects of the OB genetics and necessity further study of polymorphism of the genes involved in pathogenesis of the disease.
RAT-BITE FEVER
Authors: E. G. Elwell
Journal: BMJ (1935)

PERIVENTRICULAR EPILEPSY toHBEyBRTTTS* 297 stand out in their true significance.The diencephalon is an ancient part of the brain which remains essentially unaltered in all creatures that have a brain at all."My second quotation is from Brain and Strauss5:" Medical history can show few revolutions of thought more startling than the development of our knowledge of the functions of two small structures at the base of the brain, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.Hardly had physiologists become accustomed to regarding the pituitary as possessing a profound influence upon growth and metabolism than research began to attribifte very similar activities to the neural centres in the floor of the third ventricle, and to cast doubt upon their attribution to the pituitary"
Neurophysiology of compensation for time delays: Visual prediction is off track
Authors: Gopathy Purushothaman, Harold E. Bedell, Haluk Öğmen, Saumil S. Patel
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Speculation by Nijhawan that visual perceptual mechanisms compensate for neural delays has no basis in the physiological properties of neurons known to be involved in motion perception and visuomotor control. Behavioral and physiological evidence is consistent with delay compensation mediated primarily by motor systems.
Interrelationships between diagnosed asthma, asthma-like symptoms, and abnormal airway behaviour in adolescence: the Odense Schoolchild Study.
Authors: H. C. Siersted, G. Mostgaard, N. Hyldebrandt, H. S. Hansen, J. Boldsen, H. Oxhoj
Journal: Thorax (1996)

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of asthma is based on several characteristics including symptoms and suitable tests of airway lability. However, it is neither clear to what degree various tests and symptoms identify the same subjects, nor how these characteristics are best combined to diagnose asthma. The interrelationships between physician-diagnosed asthma, asthma-like symptoms, and abnormal airway function, as defined by four commonly used tests, have therefore been assessed. METHODS: A population based sample of 495 Danish schoolchildren aged 12-15 years, comprising 292 randomly selected subjects and 203 subjects considered at risk of having or developing asthma, was examined. Symptoms and background information were recorded by questionnaire. The test panel consisted of baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%), provocation with treadmill exercise (EXE) and with inhaled methacholine (PD15), and monitoring of peak expiratory flow (PEF) twice daily for two weeks. RESULTS: The sensitivity for diagnosed asthma was highest for PD15 followed by PEF monitoring, whereas specificity for asthma or asthma-like symptoms was marginally higher with the other two tests. Most symptomatic subjects with any positive test were identified by PD15 alone (75%) or in combination with PEF monitoring (89%). PEF variability was more susceptible to treatment with inhaled steroids than the PD15 index. Although inter-test agreement was weak (kappa &lt; 0.40 for all pairs), significant associations were found between PD15 and EXE, PEF and EXE, and FEV1% and PD15. CONCLUSIONS: The agreement between the four tests was weak. In particular, PEF variability and methacholine responsiveness seem to identify different varieties of airway pathophysiology. The combined use of methacholine provocation testing and PEF monitoring may be helpful as an epidemiological screening tool for asthma.
Patient adherence in COPD
Authors: J Bourbeau, S J Bartlett
Journal: Thorax (2008)

Patient adherence to treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is essential to optimise disease management. As with other chronic diseases, poor adherence is common and results in increased rates of morbidity, healthcare expenditures, hospitalisations and possibly mortality, as well as unnecessary escalation of therapy and reduced quality of life. Examples include overuse, underuse, and alteration of schedule and doses of medication, continued smoking and lack of exercise. Adherence is affected by patients' perception of their disease, type of treatment or medication, the quality of patient provider communication and the social environment. Patients are more likely to adhere to treatment when they believe it will improve disease management or control, or anticipate serious consequences related to non-adherence. Providers play a critical role in helping patients understand the nature of the disease, potential benefits of treatment, addressing concerns regarding potential adverse effects and events, and encouraging patients to develop self-management skills. For clinicians, it is important to explore patients' beliefs and concerns about the safety and benefits of the treatment, as many patients harbour unspoken fears. Complex regimens and polytherapy also contribute to suboptimal adherence. This review addresses adherence related issues in COPD, assesses current efforts to improve adherence and highlights opportunities to improve adherence for both providers and patients.
Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection in close contacts of active tuberculosis patients in South Korea
Authors: Seung Lee, Ho Kim, Young Hwang
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background : The diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) have become mandatory to reduce the burden of tuberculosis worldwide. Then close contacts of active TB patients are at high risk of both active and LTBI.

The aims of this study are to identify the predominant risk factors of LTBI in close contacts with active TB patients and to compare the efficacy of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON®-TB GOLD (QFT-G) to diagnose LTBI.

Mehtods : Close contacts of active pulmonary TB patients visiting a hospital in South Korea were diagnosed for LTBI using TST and/or QFT-G. The association of positive TST and/or QFT-G with the following factors was estimated: age, gender, history of Bacillius Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, history of pulmonary TB, cohabitation status, the acid-fast bacilli smear status, and presence of cough in source cases.

Results : Of 308 subjects, 38.0% (164/305) were TST positive and 28.6% (59/206) were QFT-G positive. TST positivity was significantly associated with male gender (OR: 1.734; 95% CI: 1.001-3.003, p = 0.049), history of pulmonary TB (OR: 4.130; 95% CI: 1.441-11.835, p = 0.008) and household contact (OR: 2.130; 95% CI: 1.198-3.786, p = 0.01) after adjustment for confounding variables. The degree of concordance between TST and QFT-G was fair (70.4%, κ = 0.392).

Conclusion : A prevalence of LTBI among close contacts of active pulmonary TB patients was high, and prior TB history and being a household contact were risk factors of LTBI in the study population.
<i>HOXA5</i> Acts Directly Downstream of Retinoic Acid Receptor β and Contributes to Retinoic Acid–Induced Apoptosis and Growth Inhibition
Authors: Hexin Chen, Huiping Zhang, Jishin Lee, Xiaohui Liang, Xinyan Wu, Tao Zhu, Pang-kuo Lo, Xiaokun Zhang, Saraswati Sukumar
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The promise of retinoids as chemopreventive agents in breast cancer is based on the differentiation and apoptosis induced upon their binding to the retinoic acid (RA) receptor β (RARβ). We have previously shown that HOXA5 induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In this study, we investigated whether RA/RARβ and HOXA5 actions intersect to induce apoptosis and differentiation in breast cancer cells. We found that HOXA5 expression can be induced by RA only in RARβ-positive breast cancer cells. We have, for the first time, identified the RA response element in HOXA5, which was found to be located in the 3′ end of the gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that RARβ binds directly to this region in vivo. Overexpression of RARβ strongly enhances RA responsiveness, and knocking down RARβ expression abolishes RA-mediated induction of HOXA5 expression in breast cancer cells. In addition, there is coordinated loss of both HOXA5 and RARβ expression during neoplastic transformation and progression in the breast epithelial cell model, MCF10A. Knockdown of HOXA5 expression partially abrogates retinoid-induced apoptosis and promotes cell survival upon RA treatment. These results strongly suggest that HOXA5 acts directly downstream of RARβ and may contribute to retinoid-induced anticancer and chemopreventive effects. [Cancer Res 2007;67(17):8007–13]
Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study
Authors: Martin Hägglund, Markus Waldén, Henrik Magnusson, Karolina Kristenson, Håkan Bengtsson, Jan Ekstrand
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

The influence of injuries on team performance in football has only been scarcely investigated.To study the association between injury rates and team performance in the domestic league play, and in European cups, in male professional football.24 football teams from nine European countries were followed prospectively for 11 seasons (2001-2012), including 155 team-seasons. Individual training and match exposure and time-loss injuries were registered. To analyse the effect of injury rates on performance, a Generalised Estimating Equation was used to fit a linear regression on team-level data. Each team's season injury rate and performance were evaluated using its own preceding season data for comparison in the analyses.7792 injuries were reported during 1 026 104 exposure hours. The total injury incidence was 7.7 injuries/1000 h, injury burden 130 injury days lost/1000 h and player match availability 86%. Lower injury burden (p=0.011) and higher match availability (p=0.031) were associated with higher final league ranking. Similarly, lower injury incidence (p=0.035), lower injury burden (p<0.001) and higher match availability (p<0.001) were associated with increased points per league match. Finally, lower injury burden (p=0.043) and higher match availability (p=0.048) were associated with an increase in the Union of European Football Association (UEFA) Season Club Coefficient, reflecting success in the UEFA Champions League or Europa League.Injuries had a significant influence on performance in the league play and in European cups in male professional football. The findings stress the importance of injury prevention to increase a team's chances of success.
Multiplanar reconstruction: a new method for the diagnosis of tracheobronchial rupture?
Authors: Alexandre Faure, Bernard Floccard, Frank Pilleul, Frédéric Faure, Bruno Badinand, Nicolas Mennesson, Thierry Ould, Christian Guillaume, Albrice Levrat, Farida Benatir, Bernard Allaouchiche
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2007)