tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany.
Authors: E von Mutius, F D Martinez, C Fritzsch, T Nicolai, G Roell, H H Thiemann
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

The German reunification offers a unique opportunity to study the impact of environmental factors on the development of childhood respiratory and allergic disorders in ethnically similar populations. We investigated the prevalence of asthma, hay fever, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in 9- to 11-year old children in West Germany (n = 5,030) and East Germany (n = 2,623). A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the parents. Children underwent cold air challenge and allergy skin prick tests. Atopic sensitization was considerably more frequent in West German children than in their peers in East Germany (36.7% versus 18.2%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of current asthma and hay fever was significantly higher in West Germany when compared with that in East Germany (5.9% versus 3.9%; OR = 1.5, p < 0.0001 and 8.6% versus 2.7%; OR = 3.4, p < 0.0001, respectively). Bronchitis, however, was more prevalent in East Germany than in the western part of the country. The prevalence of BHR as assessed by cold air challenge was higher in West Germany compared with that in East Germany (8.3% versus 5.5%, OR = 1.6, p < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the West German study area was no longer a significant independent determinant of asthma once sensitization to mites, cats, and pollen was taken into account. We conclude that sensitization to aeroallergens is strikingly more frequent in West Germany than in East Germany and this may explain the differences in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever between the two parts of the country.
Neutrophil-induced lung protection and injury are dependent on the amount of Pseudomonas aeruginosa administered via airways in guinea pigs.
Authors: T Terashima, M Kanazawa, K Sayama, T Urano, F Sakamaki, H Nakamura, Y Waki, K Soejima, S Tasaka, A Ishizaka
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

We investigated the roles of neutrophils in mediating both the protective effect against bacterial infection and the harmful effect of lung injury induced after the intratracheal instillation of live bacteria. We examined the mortality rate, lung injury, and bacterial clearance following the intratracheal instillation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in low (10(4) colony-forming units [CFU]) and high doses (10(8) CFU) in normal (control) guinea pigs, others made neutropenic with cyclophosphamide (CPA), and guinea pigs made neutrophilic with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF). Lung injury was assessed by the ratio of the concentration of 125I-labeled albumin in lung tissue to that in plasma (T/P) and the animals' lung weight-to-body weight (LW/BW) ratio. With 10(4) CFU, the CPA group showed an increased T/P ratio of 0.22 +/- 0.03 versus 0.14 +/- 0.01 in the control and 0.11 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SEM) in the rG-CSF groups (p < 0.01). Viable bacteria were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the CPA group. Neutrophil recruitment was observed in the lungs of animals in the control and rG-CSF groups. With 10(8) CFU, the mortality rate was increased in the rG-CSF group (7 of 10) as compared with the control (0 of 9) and CPA groups (1 of 9) (p < 0.05), which reflected an increased LW/BW (g/kg) ratio (16 +/- 2 versus 12 +/- 1) in the CPA group (p < 0.05). We conclude that neutrophils protect against lung injury during low-level bacterial challenge, but enhance lung injury and contribute to mortality during high-level bacterial challenge.
Respiratory outcomes in early childhood following antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation
Authors: A. Greenough, S. O. Shaheen, A. Shennan, P. T. Seed, L. Poston
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Prenatal antioxidant supplementation might influence fetal lung growth and development and reduce infant respiratory morbidity. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that infants of mothers at risk of pre-eclampsia who were randomised to receive high-dose vitamins C and E (1000 mg vitamin C and 400 IU RRR α-tocopherol daily) during pregnancy would have better respiratory outcomes than infants whose mothers were randomised to receive placebo. <h3>Methods</h3> Respiratory outcomes to 2 years of age were documented using questionnaires and, in a subset, by recording their healthcare utilisation and calculating the cost of care data. <h3>Results</h3> 330 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 313 who had taken placebo completed the respiratory questionnaire (386 and 366 infants, respectively). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the proportions diagnosed with asthma. 54 women who had taken vitamin supplementation and 45 who had taken placebo took part in the healthcare utilisation study (65 and 53 infants, respectively). On average, infants of mothers receiving vitamin supplementation had 2.6 (99% CI 0.8 to 5.1) times more A&amp;E/outpatient visits and 3.2 (99% CI 0.2 to 6.9) times more GP visits than infants of mothers receiving placebo, and their costs of care were £226 (99% CI £27 to £488) more for outpatient admissions, £57 (99% CI £3 to £123) more for GP visits and £22 (99% CI £3 to £50) more for medications. <h3>Conclusions</h3> High-dose antenatal vitamin C and E supplementation does not improve infant respiratory outcome and is associated with increased healthcare utilisation and cost of care.
Exacerbation frequency and clinical outcomes in adult patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: K. de Boer, K. L. Vandemheen, E. Tullis, S. Doucette, D. Fergusson, A. Freitag, N. Paterson, M. Jackson, M. D. Lougheed, V. Kumar, S. D. Aaron
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> Despite advances in treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), pulmonary exacerbations remain common. The aim of this study was to determine if frequent pulmonary exacerbations are associated with greater declines in lung function, or an accelerated time to death or lung transplantation in adults with CF. <h3>Methods</h3> A 3-year prospective cohort study was conducted on 446 adult patients with CF from Ontario, Canada who could spontaneously produce sputum. Patients enrolled from 2005 to 2008 and were stratified into groups based upon their exacerbation rates over the 3 year study: &lt;1 exacerbation/year (n=140), 1–2 exacerbations/year (n=160) and &gt;2 exacerbations/year (n=146). Exacerbations were defined as acute/subacute worsening of respiratory symptoms severe enough to warrant oral or intravenous antibiotics. Patient-related factors associated with frequent exacerbations were determined, and clinical outcomes were compared among the three exacerbation groups. <h3>Results</h3> Patients with frequent exacerbations were more likely to be female, diabetic and have poorer baseline lung function. Patients with &gt;2 exacerbations/year had an increased risk of experiencing a 5% decline from baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<sub>1</sub>); unadjusted HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.01, p=0.02), adjusted HR 1.55 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.18, p=0.01) compared with patients with &lt;1 exacerbation/year. Patients with &gt;2 exacerbations/year also had an increased risk of lung transplant or death over the 3 year study; unadjusted HR 12.74 (95% CI 3.92 to 41.36, p&lt;0.0001), adjusted HR 4.05 (95% CI 1.15 to 14.28, p=0.03). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Patients with CF with frequent exacerbations appear to experience an accelerated decline in lung function, and they have an increased 3 year risk of death or lung transplant.
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: H. E. Wilson, Samuel Saslaw, Charles A. Doan, O. C. Woolpert, J. L. Schwab
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated. 2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection. 3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential rôle of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven. 4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci. 5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index. 6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane. 7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed. 8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys. 9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established.
Natural History of Experimental Coronary Atherosclerosis and Vascular Remodeling in Relation to Endothelial Shear Stress
Authors: Konstantinos C. Koskinas, Charles L. Feldman, Yiannis S. Chatzizisis, Ahmet U. Coskun, Michael Jonas, Charles Maynard, Aaron B. Baker, Michail I. Papafaklis, Elazer R. Edelman, Peter H. Stone
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— The natural history of heterogeneous atherosclerotic plaques and the role of local hemodynamic factors throughout their development are unknown. We performed a serial study to assess the role of endothelial shear stress (ESS) and vascular remodeling in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Methods and Results— Intravascular ultrasound-based 3-dimensional reconstruction of all major coronary arteries (n=15) was performed serially in vivo in 5 swine 4, 11, 16, 23, and 36 weeks after induction of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The reconstructed arteries were divided into 3-mm-long segments (n=304). ESS was calculated in all segments at all time points through the use of computational fluid dynamics. Vascular remodeling was assessed at each time point in all segments containing significant plaque, defined as maximal intima-media thickness ≥0.5 mm, at week 36 (n=220). Plaque started to develop at week 11 and progressively advanced toward heterogeneous, multifocal lesions at all subsequent time points. Low ESS promoted the initiation and subsequent progression of plaques. The local remodeling response changed substantially over time and determined future plaque evolution. Excessive expansive remodeling developed in regions of very low ESS, further exacerbated the low ESS, and was associated with the most marked plaque progression. The combined assessment of ESS, remodeling, and plaque severity enabled the early identification of plaques that evolved to high-risk lesions at week 36. Conclusions— The synergistic effect of local ESS and the remodeling response to plaque formation determine the natural history of individual lesions. Combined in vivo assessment of ESS and remodeling may predict the focal formation of high-risk coronary plaque.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Does Not Improve Paclitaxel Effect in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Lung Cancer
Authors: Amir Onn, Takeshi Isobe, Wenjuan Wu, Satoshi Itasaka, Tomoaki Shintani, Keiko Shibuya, Yokoi Kenji, Michael S. O’Reilly, Isaiah J. Fidler, Roy S. Herbst
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: The purpose is to evaluate whether inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by PKI166, an EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, affects growth of human lung cancer implanted orthotopically into the lungs of nude mice. Experimental Design: Lungs of mice were injected with NCI-H358 human bronchioloalveolar cancer cells. In three experiments, groups of mice (n = 10 per group) were randomized 7 days after tumor implantation to receive one of the following treatments: i.p. paclitaxel 100 or 200 μg (4 or 8 mg/kg) once per week, oral PKI166 100 or 200 mg/kg three times per week, paclitaxel plus PKI166, or i.p. saline and oral PKI166-vehicle (control) for 5 weeks. Mice were killed 6.5 to 8 weeks after tumor implantation. The experiments were repeated with PC14PE6 human lung adenocarcinoma cells to assess effect on survival. Results: Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the expression and phosphorylation of EGFR in the growing tumors. Treatment with PKI166 alone or in combination with paclitaxel diminished activation of EGFR on tumor cells, yet maximal therapeutic effect was observed in mice treated with paclitaxel alone. Activated mitogen-activated protein kinase and basic fibroblast growth factor expression were similar in all treatment groups. Survival in mice treated with the combination of paclitaxel and PKI166 was shorter than in those treated with paclitaxel alone. Conclusions: Our results suggest that concurrent administration of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy is equivalent and may indeed be inferior to chemotherapy alone, even if EGFR is functional and its phosphorylation effectively inhibited. Our data show that the interaction of EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy is complex and suggest that other growth factors may activate the downstream signaling events.
Best choice of central venous insertion site for the prevention of catheter-related complications in adult patients who need cancer therapy: a randomized trial
Authors: R. Biffi, F. Orsi, S. Pozzi, U. Pace, G. Bonomo, L. Monfardini, P. Della Vigna, N. Rotmensz, D. Radice, M.G. Zampino, N. Fazio, F. de Braud, B. Andreoni, A. Goldhirsch
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Selenium and Colorectal Adenoma: Results of a Pooled Analysis
Authors: E. T. Jacobs, R. Jiang, D. S. Alberts, E. R. Greenberg, E. W. Gunter, M. R. Karagas, E. Lanza, L. Ratnasinghe, M. E. Reid, A. Schatzkin, S. A. Smith-Warner, K. Wallace, M. E. Martinez
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Secondary analyses of data from a large randomized clinical trial have suggested that intake of the trace element selenium reduces risk of colorectal neoplasia, but epidemiologic studies have not shown a consistent protective association.
Care delivery and outcomes among US veterans with hepatitis B: A national cohort study
Authors: Marina Serper, Gina Choi, Kimberly A. Forde, David E. Kaplan
Journal: Hepatology (2015)

Previous studies have identified gaps in hepatitis B care. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the delivery of care among a national cohort of US veterans with chronic hepatitis B infection and examine risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Veterans Health Administration Corporate Data Warehouse from 1999 to 2013 to evaluate (1) care delivery and (2) clinical outcomes such as hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic decompensation, and mortality among US veterans with hepatitis B. Incidence rates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and Cox regression models were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. We identified 21,419 veterans with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and 97% of patients had alanine aminotransferase and 44% had hepatitis B virus DNA testing; hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B e antibody were tested &lt;50% of the time. Patients receiving specialty care had a higher prevalence of recommended laboratory testing. Patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase in specialty care were more likely to receive antiviral therapy (50% versus 24% for specialty care versus no specialty care, P &lt; 0.001). Among patients with cirrhosis, 69% received one‐time liver imaging. The proportion of follow‐up time adherent to annual imaging was 0.39 (standard deviation = 0.42), and the proportion was 0.28 (standard deviation = 0.33) for biannual imaging; both proportions were higher in the specialty care group (all P &lt; 0.05). Antiviral therapy (hazard ratio = 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.76‐0.95, P = 0.005) and liver imaging (hazard ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.76‐0.91, P &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with decreased mortality in adjusted analyses. Conclusion: We observed a low prevalence of recommended laboratory testing, antiviral therapy initiation, and liver imaging among a national cohort of veterans with hepatitis B infection; antiviral therapy and liver imaging were independently associated with decreased mortality. (H epatology 2016;63:1774‐1782)
Short-term effects of dietary fat on intramyocellular lipid in sprinters and endurance runners
Authors: Yoshifumi Tamura, Hirotaka Watada, Yasuhiro Igarashi, Takashi Nomiyama, Tomo Onishi, Kouhei Takahashi, Susumu Doi, Shizuo Katamoto, Takahisa Hirose, Yasushi Tanaka, Ryuzo Kawamori
Journal: Metabolism (2008)
Efficacy and Safety of Statin Therapy in Children With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Albert Wiegman, Barbara A Hutten, Eric de Groot, Jessica Rodenburg, Henk D Bakker, Harry R Büller, Eric J G Sijbrands, John J P Kastelein
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Children with familial hypercholesterolemia have endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), which herald the premature atherosclerotic disease they develop later in life. Although intervention therapy in the causal pathway of this disorder has been available for more than a decade, the long-term efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering medication have not been evaluated in children.To determine the 2-year efficacy and safety of pravastatin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that recruited children between December 7, 1997, and October 4, 1999, and followed them up for 2 years.Two hundred fourteen children with familial hypercholesterolemia, aged 8 to 18 years and recruited from an academic medical referral center in the Netherlands.After initiation of a fat-restricted diet and encouragement of regular physical activity, children were randomly assigned to receive treatment with pravastatin, 20 to 40 mg/d (n = 106), or a placebo tablet (n = 108).The primary efficacy outcome was the change from baseline in mean carotid IMT compared between the 2 groups over 2 years; the principal safety outcomes were growth, maturation, and hormone level measurements over 2 years as well as changes in muscle and liver enzyme levels.Compared with baseline, carotid IMT showed a trend toward regression with pravastatin (mean [SD], -0.010 [0.048] mm; P =.049), whereas a trend toward progression was observed in the placebo group (mean [SD], +0.005 [0.044] mm; P =.28). The mean (SD) change in IMT compared between the 2 groups (0.014 [0.046] mm) was significant (P =.02). Also, pravastatin significantly reduced mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared with placebo (-24.1% vs +0.3%, respectively; P<.001). No differences were observed for growth, muscle or liver enzymes, endocrine function parameters, Tanner staging scores, onset of menses, or testicular volume between the 2 groups.Two years of pravastatin therapy induced a significant regression of carotid atherosclerosis in children with familial hypercholesterolemia, with no adverse effects on growth, sexual maturation, hormone levels, or liver or muscle tissue.
Outcomes of Patients With Hepatitis B Who Developed Antiviral Resistance While on the Liver Transplant Waiting List
Authors: Melissa K. Osborn, Steven H. Han, Arie Regev, Natalie H. Bzowej, Michael B. Ishitani, Tram T. Tran, Anna S.F. Lok
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2007)
Effect of Inhaled Glucocorticoids in Childhood on Adult Height
Authors: H. William Kelly, Alice L. Sternberg, Rachel Lescher, Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, Paul Williams, Robert S. Zeiger, Hengameh H. Raissy, Mark L. Van Natta, James Tonascia, Robert C. Strunk
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

The use of inhaled glucocorticoids for persistent asthma causes a temporary reduction in growth velocity in prepubertal children. The resulting decrease in attained height 1 to 4 years after the initiation of inhaled glucocorticoids is thought not to decrease attained adult height.
Bone resorbing activity in synovial fluids in destructive osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: W H Alwan, P A Dieppe, C J Elson, J W Bradfield
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

The synovial fluids of patients with a destructive form of osteoarthritis (DOA) were shown to contain high levels of bone resorbing activity as judged by the ability of the fluid to stimulate the release of 45Ca from labelled cultured mouse calvariae. The activity was lost on extended storage of the synovial fluids and was dependent for its effect on cellular activity in bone. Bone resorbing activity was present in most synovial fluids from patients with DOA and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but occurred at higher levels in the former. In contrast, interleukin 1 (IL1) activity, measured by the mouse thymocytes costimulation assay, was higher in RA than DOA synovial fluids. Little or no bone resorbing or IL1 activity was detected in synovial fluids from patients with pseudogout or non-destructive osteoarthritis. These results suggest that most DOA synovial fluids contain a bone resorbing factor other than IL1. It is considered that the factor may be produced by synovial cells stimulated by hydroxyapatite crystals.
Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease associated with patent ductus arteriosus. Primary or secondary?
Authors: F B Bessinger, L C Blieden, J E Edwards
Journal: Circulation (1975)

In an infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance persisted following ligation of the ductus. Histologic examination of a pulmonary biopsy at two years of age and tissue obtained at autopsy at three years of age showed obstructive pulmonary vascular disease. The question as to whether the organic vascular lesions are secondary to the effects of the patent ductus or part of pulmonary hypertension cannot be resolved. The age of the patient favors a primary etiology.