tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prejunctional inhibition of norepinephrine release caused by acetylcholine in the human saphenous vein.
Authors: D K Rorie, N J Rusch, J T Shepherd, P M Vanhoutte, G M Tyce
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

We performed experiments to determine whether or not acetylcholine exerts a prejunctional inhibitory effect on adrenergic neurotransmission in the human blood vessel wall. Rings of human greater saphenous veins were prepared 2 to 15 hours after death and mounted for isometric tension recording in organ chambers filled with Krebs-Ringer solution. Acetylcholine depressed contractile responses to electric activation of the sympathetic nerve endings significantly more than those to exogenous norepinephrine; the relaxations caused by the cholinergic transmitter were antagonized by atropine. Helical strips were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine and mounted for superfusion. Electric stimulation augmented the fractional release of labeled norepinephrine. Acetylcholine caused a depression of the evoked 3H release which was antagonized by atropine but not by hexamethonium. These experiments demonstrate that, as in animal cutaneous veins, there are prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors on the adrenergic nerve endings in the human saphenous vein. By contrast, the human vein also contains postjunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors.
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency after Adrenalectomy
Authors: B. V. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>BACKGROUND:</h3> There have been few reports of factors affecting aerosol delivery during noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Nebulization is a standard practice, and our objective was to determine the effect of spontaneous breathing (SB) and NIV mode on lung technetium-99m (<sup>99m</sup>Tc) deposition in subjects with normal lungs. <h3>METHODS:</h3> Thirteen health care volunteers were submitted to a randomized radioaerosol nebulization with <sup>99m</sup>Tc during SB, CPAP (10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O), and bi-level positive-pressure ventilation (bi-level; inspiratory-expiratory pressures of 15/5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O). NIV was performed via a ventilator (VPAP II ST-A, ResMed, Sydney, Australia). The radioaerosol deposition was evaluated by pulmonary scintigraphy after 10 min of inhalation. Regions of interest (ROIs) were outlined on the left lung (LL), right lung (RL), and trachea (TRQ). The average number of counts/pixel in each ROI was determined, and the ratio of lung and trachea was calculated. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> The three techniques showed comparable lung deposition. Analysis of radioaerosol deposition in the lungs showed a mean count at RL of 108.7 ± 40 with CPAP, 111.5 ± 15 with bi-level, and 196.6 ± 167 with SB. At LL, the values were 92.7 ± 15 with CPAP, 98.4 ± 14 with bi-level, and 225.0 ± 293 with SB. There was no difference between the means of radioaerosol deposition in RL, LL, or TRQ, as well as the lung calculated ratio (LCR = [RL + LL]/TRQ), which was similar in comparing ventilatory strategies. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Based on our data, there is an equivalent deposition of inhaled substances in individuals with healthy lungs when SB, CPAP, and bi-level are compared.
<i>ATG16L1</i>contributes to Crohn's disease susceptibility in Koreans: overmuch concern for ethnic difference?: Table 1
Authors: Suk-Kyun Yang, Byong Duk Ye, Kyuyoung Song
Journal: Gut (2014)

The incidence of Crohn’s disease (CD) increases steadily in Asia, but is still quite low compared with Western countries.1 So far, over 140 susceptibility loci to CD have been identified in Caucasians through genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and meta-analyses.2 Recent GWASs in Korean and Japanese populations identified a few more susceptibility loci, but could not replicate many established CD loci.3 ,4 A Japanese large scale replication study consisting of 1311 cases and 6585 controls could replicate less than half of 71 CD susceptibility loci identified in Caucasians.5 Particularly, it aroused concern that such well-established loci as ATG16L1 and NOD2 have not been replicated. It was unclear whether the lack of association was due to limited statistical power, different linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, …
Detection of Macular Ganglion Cell Loss in Glaucoma by Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ou Tan, Vikas Chopra, Ake Tzu-Hui Lu, Joel S. Schuman, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Gadi Wollstein, Rohit Varma, David Huang
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
An inexact study design produced misleading conclusions: To perform operative procedures in an optimized local atmosphere: Can it reduce post-operative adhesion formation? de Vries A, Mårvik R, Kuhry E. [Int J Surg 11 (2013) 1118–1122]
Authors: O.A. Mynbaev, M.Yu. Eliseeva, A. Tinelli, A. Malvasi, I.P. Kosmas, M.V. Medvediev, Zh.R. Kalzhanov, M. Stark
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2013)
Thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.
Authors: A Canto, R Guijarro, A Arnau, A Fernandez-Centeno, M A Ciscar, J Galbis, A Garcia-Vilanova
Journal: Thorax (1993)

The cause of cardiac tamponade is only established in 50% of cases. This problem is most commonly treated by pericardiocentesis alone, pericardiotomy being reserved for cases of recurrence and pericardiectomy for those patients presenting with constrictive pericarditis. A series of 16 patients treated with pericardial fenestration via a thoracoscope is presented. Pericardial and pleural biopsies were performed, together with cytological and biochemical analysis of the pericardial and pleural fluid where present. This procedure established the aetiology of effusion in all cases. In malignant pericardial effusion bleomycin was used for pericardial sclerosis. This resulted in fewer recurrences than in those patients where sclerosis was not attempted (12.5% v 60%).
The von Hippel–Lindau Chuvash mutation promotes pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis in mice
Authors: Michele M. Hickey, Theresa Richardson, Tao Wang, Matias Mosqueira, Evguenia Arguiri, Hongwei Yu, Qian-Chun Yu, Charalambos C. Solomides, Edward E. Morrisey, Tejvir S. Khurana, Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou, M. Celeste Simon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Mutation of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein at codon 200 (R200W) is associated with a disease known as Chuvash polycythemia. In addition to polycythemia, Chuvash patients have pulmonary hypertension and increased respiratory rates, although the pathophysiological basis of these symptoms is unclear. Here we sought to address this issue by studying mice homozygous for the R200W Vhl mutation (VhlR/R mice) as a model for Chuvash disease. These mice developed pulmonary hypertension independently of polycythemia and enhanced normoxic respiration similar to Chuvash patients, further validating VhlR/R mice as a model for Chuvash disease. Lungs from VhlR/R mice exhibited pulmonary vascular remodeling, hemorrhage, edema, and macrophage infiltration, and lungs from older mice also exhibited fibrosis. HIF-2α activity was increased in lungs from VhlR/R mice, and heterozygosity for Hif2a, but not Hif1a, genetically suppressed both the polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension in the VhlR/R mice. Furthermore, Hif2a heterozygosity resulted in partial protection against vascular remodeling, hemorrhage, and edema, but not inflammation, in VhlR/R lungs, suggesting a selective role for HIF-2α in the pulmonary pathology and thereby providing insight into the mechanisms underlying pulmonary hypertension. These findings strongly support a dependency of the Chuvash phenotype on HIF-2α and suggest potential treatments for Chuvash patients.
The vitamin D axis in the lung: a key role for vitamin D-binding protein
Authors: L. Chishimba, D. R. Thickett, R. A. Stockley, A. M. Wood
Journal: Thorax (2010)

There has been much recent interest in the role of the vitamin D axis in lung disease, which includes vitamin D, vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP; also known as Gc-globulin). VDBP is a serum protein which has immunomodulatory functions relevant in the lung, predominantly relating to macrophage activation and neutrophil chemotaxis. Variations within its gene are also associated with airways disease, implying a role for the protein product in pathogenesis. Thus far the majority of evidence relates to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but is scant in other airways diseases, such as asthma and bronchiectasis. VDBP also acts as a scavenger protein to clear extracellular G-actin released from necrotic cells, which may be of relevance in severe lung infections and acute lung injury. Vitamin D protects against the development of cancer and tuberculosis, although optimal levels are unknown. The majority of circulating vitamin D is bound to VDBP, and its uptake into cells occurs in both bound and unbound forms, which suggests the role of VDBP warrants further study in these conditions as well. This article reviews the evidence of the role VDBP and its gene (<i>GC</i>) in a range of lung diseases, including asthma, COPD and tuberculosis.
A mutation within exon 14 of the TGFBI (BIGH3) gene on chromosome 5q31 causes an asymmetric, late-onset form of lattice corneal dystrophy
Authors: Helen Stewart, Graeme C.M Black, Dian Donnai, Richard E Bonshek, John McCarthy, Steven Morgan, Michael J Dixon, Alan A.E Ridgway
Journal: Ophthalmology (1999)
Unrestricted Utilization of Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Compared With Conventional Bare Stent Implantation in the “Real World”
Authors: Pedro A. Lemos, Patrick W. Serruys, Ron T. van Domburg, Francesco Saia, Chourmouzios A. Arampatzis, Angela Hoye, Muzaffer Degertekin, Kengo Tanabe, Joost Daemen, Tommy K.K. Liu, Eugene McFadden, Georgios Sianos, Sjoerd H. Hofma, Pieter C. Smits, Willem J. van der Giessen, Pim J. de Feyter
Journal: Circulation (2003)

The effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents in unselected patients treated in the daily practice is currently unknown.Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation has been used as the default strategy for all percutaneous procedures in our hospital as part of the Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital (RESEARCH) registry. Consecutive patients with de novo lesions (n=508) treated exclusively with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES group) were compared with 450 patients who received bare stents in the period just before (pre-SES group). Patients in the SES group more frequently had multivessel disease, more type C lesions, received more stents, and had more bifurcation stenting. At 1 year, the cumulative rate of major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) was 9.7% in the SES group and 14.8% in the pre-SES group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62 [95% CI, 0.44 to 0.89]; P=0.008). The 1-year risk of clinically driven target vessel revascularization in the SES group and in the pre-SES group was 3.7% versus 10.9%, respectively (HR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.21 to 0.57]; P<0.001).Unrestricted utilization of sirolimus-eluting stents in the "real world" is safe and effective in reducing both repeat revascularization and major adverse cardiac events at 1 year compared with bare stent implantation.
Character congruence and phylogenetic signal in molecular and morphological data sets: a case study in the living Iguanas (Squamata, Iguanidae)
Authors: J. W. Sites, S. K. Davis, T. Guerra, J. B. Iverson, H. L. Snell
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

The lizard family Iguanidae comprises eight living genera distributed throughout the New and Old World, and includes several island endemics. We reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these genera using 90 previously published morphological characters, to which we add a molecular (mtDNA sequence) data set that includes 742 nucleotides of the ND4 gene and the complete sequences of the histidine, serine, and leucine tRNAs (217 nucleotides). Trees were initially constructed separately from these three data sets, and then tested for significant conflict in topologies that would suggest the influence of different evolutionary processes. The three data sets were then combined, and a single tree was obtained from the total evidence that permitted identification of potential sources of character incongruence. Several additional analyses of the combined data sets were repeated with sequential deletion of successive classes of homoplastic characters, and we show that the same single tree topology is recovered in most cases. However, part of the tree structure collapses when the matrix of combined characters is completely purged of all homoplastic characters. We argue that this extreme results in an unacceptable loss of phylogenetic information, and we present a single phylogenetic hypothesis for all living genera of iguanas. We show that this hypothesis is significantly more parsimonious than either of two previously published trees, and we discuss the evolution and biogeography of the Iguanidae based on the preferred hypothesis.
Fatal Intravascular Sickling in a Patient with Sickle-Cell Trait
Authors: William B. Ober, Michael S. Bruno, Sidney B. Weinberg, Furman M. Jones, Leo Weiner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

SICKLE-cell trait is a heterozygous state characterized by the presence of hemoglobin A plus hemoglobin S, the latter usually in a concentration of less than 40 per cent. It is present in 8 to 10 per cent of American Negroes. In contrast to sickle-cell anemia, which is about a fortieth as common and in which there is a concentration of 60 to 90 per cent of hemoglobin S, osteoarticular crises and episodes of abdominal pain are far less frequent and much less severe. Persons with sickle-cell trait are not usually anemic or jaundiced, nor do they have evidence of hemolytic . . .
P101 The long-term experience of COPD patients taught PLB: a mixed methodological study
Authors: SE Roberts, FM Schreuder, T Watson, M Stern
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Pursed lips breathing (PLB) is a breathing technique advocated for the treatment of exertional dyspnoea in COPD. Published studies to date have only reported on immediate or short-term effects. <h3>Aim</h3> To investigate the long-term use of PLB in people with COPD trained to use this technique for dyspnoea management. <h3>Method</h3> A purposive sample of 13 patients taught PLB 6–24 months previously were studied using semi-structured telephone interviews and a focus group. Where possible the technique of those reporting current PLB use was also observed. <h3>Results</h3> 11 participants took part in the telephone interviews, mean age 64.6 yrs (SD11.81), mean FEV1 44.3% predicted (SD 0.19). 5/11 participated in the focus group and 6/11 were observed performing PLB. Nine reported on-going use of PLB with 8 reporting definite benefit. Four distinct themes emerged from the analysis of the data: use of PLB when short of breath due to physical activity (8/9), increased confidence and reduced panic (4/9), use as an exercise (3/9), use at night (3/9). Observed technique showed ongoing ability for PLB to reduce respiratory rate and increase oxygen saturation. Those that had discontinued PLB had done so because it didn’t help (2) and they had forgotten or were too busy to continue. No substantial adverse effects were reported. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This study investigated, for the first time, the long-term use of PLB by patients with COPD. 62% of patients studied reported benefit from PLB up to 24 months after learning the technique. The role of PLB in increasing patients’ confidence in their ability to manage breathlessness and, use at night, are also novel findings.
Defective Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages in Atherosclerotic Lesions of ob/ob Mice and Reversal by a Fish Oil Diet
Authors: Suzhao Li, Yu Sun, Chien-Ping Liang, Edward B. Thorp, Seongah Han, Andreas W. Jehle, Viswanathan Saraswathi, Brian Pridgen, Jenny E. Kanter, Rong Li, Carrie L. Welch, Alyssa H. Hasty, Karin E. Bornfeldt, Jan L. Breslow, Ira Tabas, Alan R. Tall
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

The complications of atherosclerosis are a major cause of death and disability in type 2 diabetes. Defective clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages (efferocytosis) is thought to lead to increased necrotic core formation and inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions.To determine whether there is defective efferocytosis in a mouse model of obesity and atherosclerosis.We quantified efferocytosis in peritoneal macrophages and in atherosclerotic lesions of obese ob/ob or ob/ob;Ldlr(-/-) mice and littermate controls. Peritoneal macrophages from ob/ob and ob/ob;Ldlr(-/-) mice showed impaired efferocytosis, reflecting defective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation during uptake of apoptotic cells. Membrane lipid composition of ob/ob and ob/ob;Ldlr(-/-) macrophages showed an increased content of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and decreased omega-3 FAs (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) compared to controls. A similar defect in efferocytosis was induced by treating control macrophages with saturated free FA/BSA complexes, whereas the defect in ob/ob macrophages was reversed by treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid/BSA or by feeding ob/ob mice a fish oil diet rich in omega-3 FAs. There was also defective macrophage efferocytosis in atherosclerotic lesions of ob/ob;Ldlr(-/-) mice and this was reversed by a fish oil-rich diet.The findings suggest that in obesity and type 2 diabetes elevated levels of saturated FAs and/or decreased levels of omega-3 FAs contribute to decreased macrophage efferocytosis. Beneficial effects of fish oil diets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease may involve improvements in macrophage function related to reversal of defective efferocytosis and could be particularly important in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5–Mediated Hyperphosphorylation of Sirtuin-1 Contributes to the Development of Endothelial Senescence and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Bo Bai, Yan Liang, Cheng Xu, Mary Y.K. Lee, Aimin Xu, Donghai Wu, Paul M. Vanhoutte, Yu Wang
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Endothelial senescence represents one of the major characteristics of vascular aging and promotes the development of atherosclerosis. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is an NAD-dependent deacetylase possessing antiaging activities. During the occurrence of endothelial senescence, both the expression and activity of SIRT1 are downregulated. The present study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanisms contributing to the loss-of-SIRT1 function in senescent endothelial cells.After repetitive passages, primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells exhibited a severe senescence phenotype. Western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of SIRT1 at serine 47 (S47) was significantly enhanced in senescent endothelial cells. S47 phosphorylation was stimulated by agents promoting senescence and attenuated by drugs with antisenescence properties. Mutation of S47 to nonphosphorable alanine (S47A) enhanced whereas replacing S47 with phospho-mimicking aspartic acid (S47D) abolished the antisenescent, growth-promoting, and LKB1-downregulating actions of SIRT1. Phosphorylation at S47 was critically involved in the nuclear retention of SIRT1 but abolished its association with the telomeric repeat-binding factor 2-interacting protein 1. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was identified as an SIRT1 kinase modulating S47 phosphorylation. Knockdown or inhibition of CDK5 reduced the number of senescent endothelial cells, promoted nuclear exportation of SIRT1, and attenuated the expression of inflammatory genes in porcine aortic endothelial cells. The truncated regulatory subunit of CDK5, P25, accumulated in senescent porcine aortic endothelial cells and atherosclerotic aortas. Long-term treatment with roscovitine, a CDK5 inhibitor, blocked the development of cellular senescence and atherosclerosis in aortas of hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.CDK5-mediated hyperphosphorylation of SIRT1 facilitates the development of endothelial senescence and atherosclerosis.
Effects of anesthetic agents and abdominal surgery on liver blood flow
Authors: Russell E. Cowan, Barry T. Jackson, Stephen L. Grainger, Richard P. H. Thompson
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The cause of postoperative liver dysfunction is often unclear, but a decrease in liver blood flow during anesthesia and/or major surgery may be important. Plasma half-life and clearance of indocyanine green were therefore measured in 42 patients before, during and after anesthesia and abdominal surgery. In 13 patients, liver blood flow was also estimated from indocyanine green extraction using hepatic vein catheterization. The major finding was an early decrease in estimated liver blood flow after induction of anesthesia, but not later during or after surgery. Mean indocyanine green half-life increased by 26% (p less than 0.005), mean indocyanine green plasma clearance decreased by 19% (p less than 0.01) and mean estimated hepatic blood flow decreased by 36% (p less than 0.005) during the first 30 min of anesthesia. These changes were greater in males and in patients older than 55 yr, but changes were similar with each of three anesthetic groups. Half-life, but not indocyanine green clearance, was also significantly prolonged by mid-operation in the older (greater than 55 yr) patients and in those undergoing lower abdominal surgery. We suggest that this period of reduced liver blood flow during anesthesia is caused by the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and may contribute to postoperative liver damage.
Daily respiratory mortality and PM<sub>10</sub>pollution in Mexico city
Authors: L. Filleul, S. Vandentorren, I. Baldi, J.F. Tessier
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

To the Editor: 

We read with great interest the recent paper by Tellez-Rojo et al. 1 concerning the importance of considering place of death in daily respiratory mortality related to particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm (PM10) pollution in Mexico City. Other studies have reported associations between daily concentrations of PM10 and daily deaths 2. These results may promote understanding of which persons are most sensitive to air pollution. Nevertheless, we have questions concerning the authors' conclusion on rate differences between deaths occurring inside medical units as opposed to those occurring elsewhere. The authors report a significant difference in relative risk (RR) between deaths in medical units and deaths out of medical units for an increase of 10 µg·m-3 in the daily PM10. Tellez-Rojo et al. 1 hypothesized that those who died in medical units had received treatment and been isolated from outdoor pollution. But what was the nature of the association between air pollution and place of death? Was it a cause and effect statistical association?

Several factors need …
The “locality assumption”: Lessons from history and neuroscience?
Authors: Jonathan K. Foster
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

This commentary seeks to place Farah's (1994) arguments in the historical context of ideas about mind-brain relationships. It further seeks to draw a conceptual parallel between the issues considered by Farah in her target article and questions which have concerned neuroscientists since the nineteenth century regarding the functional organization of the brain. Specific reference is made to the relationship between use of the concept of “locality” in cognitive neuropsychology and use of the concept of “localization” in neuroscience.
Reply to Kevin Lu's Letter to the Editor re: Orazio Caffo, Ugo De Giorgi, Lucia Fratino, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Treatments Administered as Third or Fourth Line Following Failure of Docetaxel and Other Second-line Treatment: Results of an Italian Multicentre Study. Eur Urol 2015;68:147–53
Authors: Orazio Caffo, Francesca Maines, Antonello Veccia
Journal: European Urology (2015)