tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
NITRIC OXIDE AND MACROPHAGE FUNCTION
Authors: John MacMicking, Qiao-wen Xie, Carl Nathan
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1997)

At the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems lies the high-output isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 or iNOS). This remarkable molecular machine requires at least 17 binding reactions to assemble a functional dimer. Sustained catalysis results from the ability of NOS2 to attach calmodulin without dependence on elevated Ca2+. Expression of NOS2 in macrophages is controlled by cytokines and microbial products, primarily by transcriptional induction. NOS2 has been documented in macrophages from human, horse, cow, goat, sheep, rat, mouse, and chicken. Human NOS2 is most readily observed in monocytes or macrophages from patients with infectious or inflammatory diseases. Sustained production of NO endows macrophages with cytostatic or cytotoxic activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic actions of NO are enhanced by other macrophage products such as acid, glutathione, cysteine, hydrogen peroxide, or superoxide. Although the high-output NO pathway probably evolved to protect the host from infection, suppressive effects on lymphocyte proliferation and damage to other normal host cells confer upon NOS2 the same protective/destructive duality inherent in every other major component of the immune response.
Immunoregulatory circuits among T-cell sets. Identification of a subpopulation of T-helper cells that induces feedback inhibition.
Authors: H Cantor, J Hugenberger, L McVay-Boudreau, D D Eardley, J Kemp, F W Shen, R K Gershon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Purified Ly1 cells induce other T-cell sets to exert potent feedback inhibitory activity and this T-T interaction has been shown to play an important role in regulating in vivo immune responses. Approximately 2/3 of Ly1 cells also express the Qa1 surface phenotype (Ly1:Qa1+ cells). The experiments reported here indicate that Ly1:Qal+ cells are responsible for induction of feedback inhibition and that signals from both Ly1:Qal+ cells and Ly1:Qal- cells are required for optimal formation of antibody by B cells.
Some special skin tumours in the elderly
Authors: E. WILSON JONES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

A review of uncommon skin tumours, all of which characteristically arise in elderly patients, is presented. Angiosarcoma of the face and scalp is a highly progressive tumour with a poor prognosis, but initially it may be misdiagnosed as a simple bruise or cellulitis. In well‐differentiated tumours a characteristic feature is interlacing endothelial cell‐lined channels showing considerable nuclear atypia. Merkel cell tumours, which develop as deep‐seated nodules in the skin, occur most frequently in photodamaged areas, especially on the head and neck. The prognosis of Merkel cell tumours is generally poor; histological evidence suggests that some of these tumours may be a special type of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Atypical fibroxanthoma, which is normally benign, occurs most frequently in elderly, fair‐skirmed males, especially around the face. It is typically a polypoid lesion with a vascular appearance. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinomas, also known as adenoid squamous cell carcinomas, are most common in fair‐skinned men with a history of keratoses. They also occur in the female genital region and the oral mucosa. Histologically, these tumours differ from squamous cell carcinomas because of their tendency to form duct‐like areas in tumour lobules.
Comparison of interdevice measurement difference of pedometers in younger and older adults
Authors: M Ayabe, K Ishii, K Takayama, J Aoki, H Tanaka
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

In this study, the relationship between inter-instrument differences in regard to the daily number of steps with the intensity distribution of daily physical activity in younger and older adults was examined.17 younger individuals and 28 older individuals wore two pedometers (Lifecorder (LC) and EC-200 (YM)) simultaneously for 7 days, in order to determine the number of steps each took. Furthermore, LC determined the time spent in light, moderate and vigorous physical activity, corresponding to <3 metabolic equivalent (METs), 3 to 6 METs and >6 METs, respectively.The LC detected a significantly larger number of steps than YM (p<0.001), yet there was a strong relationship between the two measurements (r = 0.962, p<0.001). The interdevice difference with the number of steps significantly decreased in inactive older individuals compared with the active older and younger individuals, and it was also significantly negatively correlated with the time spent in light-intensity physical activity (LPA) (r = 0.523, p<0.01).This study showed that the interdevice difference with the number of steps significantly increased in older participants due to the greater length of time spent in LPAs.
Track and field athletics injuries--a one-year survey.
Authors: D D'Souza
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1994)

The training programmes and competitive performances of 147 track and field athletes, from many different clubs within the UK, were analysed retrospectively in order to study the incidence, severity and types of injuries which they had suffered during the year September 1989-September 1990. This information was then related to the particular event in which they specialized as well as a number of hypothetical risk factors proposed for making them more prone to injury. Of the athletes 96 (65.3%) were male and 51 (34.7%) were female, and their ages ranged from 14 to 32 years, with their levels of competition ranging from 'competitive spectators' to UK internationals. A marked correlation was noted between their age, level of competition, number of supervised training sessions which they attended, and their incidence of injuries. However, certain other factors which were studied, such as their sex, the hours they trained, and the particular event in which they specialized appeared to provide no obvious relationship.
Thin-Slice Judgments in the Clinical Context
Authors: Michael L. Slepian, Kathleen R. Bogart, Nalini Ambady
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2014)

Clinicians make a variety of assessments about their clients, from judging personality traits to making diagnoses, and a variety of methods are available to do so, ranging from observations to structured interviews. A large body of work demonstrates that from a brief glimpse of another's nonverbal behavior, a variety of traits and inner states can be accurately perceived. Additionally, from these "thin slices" of behavior, even future outcomes can be predicted with some accuracy. Certain clinical disorders such as Parkinson's disease and facial paralysis disrupt nonverbal behavior and may impair clinicians' ability to make accurate judgments. In certain contexts, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, and suicide attempts and outcomes can be detected from others' nonverbal behavior. Additionally, thin slices can predict psychological adjustment to divorce, bereavement, sexual abuse, and well-being throughout life. Thus, for certain traits and disorders, judgments from a thin slice could provide a complementary tool for the clinician's toolbox.
Direct Measurement of Coronary Collateral Blood Flow in Conscious Dogs by an Electromagnetic Flowmeter
Authors: ERIC C. ELLIOT, EDWARD M. KHOURI, JERRY A. SNOW, DONALD E. GREGG
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

The development of collateral circulation has been indirectly monitored by determining peripheral coronary pressure and 133 Xe clearance. In the present experiments, the development of collateral blood flow following gradual (three dogs) and rapid (three dogs) complete occlusion of the central circumflex branch, during partial central occlusion, and in parallel with a rise in peripheral coronary pressure was directly demonstrated by finding phasic coronary flow patterns in distal branches of the circumflex coronary artery. Collateral blood flow patterns were not consistently observed until a flow of 4-6 ml/ min developed. In five dogs branch flow before central occlusion averaged 20 ml/min, but peak collateral blood flow after occlusion averaged 11.6 ml/min (range 7 to 17 ml/min). To circumvent central occlusion collateral blood flow must enter the circumflex bed retrograde; we proved this fact by finding collateral blood flow patterns that were mirror images of normal antegrade patterns and flow values that were negative with respect to mechanical reference zeros. Unexpectedly, collateral blood flow was antegrade in some branches indicating a redistribution of retrograde collateral blood flow within the circumflex bed. In a terminal open-chest experiment, there was indirect evidence of alternate collateral blood flow opposing measured collateral blood flow; this finding could explain some of the small reactive hyperemias observed after the release of a temporary occlusion of a distal branch. In summary, phasic collateral blood flow patterns in distal epicardial branches that developed rapidly in response to occlusion of the central circumflex branch and in conjunction with a rise in peripheral coronary pressure were demonstrated, and reversal from antegrade to retrograde collateral blood flow was documented.
Endocytotic segregation of gliadin peptide 31-49 in enterocytes
Authors: K.-P. Zimmer, I. Fischer, T. Mothes, G. Weissen-Plenz, M. Schmitz, H. Wieser, J. Buning, M. M. Lerch, P. C. Ciclitira, P. Weber, H. Y. Naim
Journal: Gut (2009)

<h3>Objective</h3> Coeliac disease (CD) is a multisystemic autoimmune inflammation of the intestinal tract induced by wheat gluten and related cereals in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/8-positive individuals. The molecular mechanisms relevant to oral tolerance induction towards toxic cereals such as gliadin remain poorly understood. Enterocytes, which express predominantly HLA-DR proteins, are capable of processing, transcytosing and presenting food antigens from the intestinal lumen to T lymphocytes of the lamina propria. <h3>Methods</h3> Epitope-specific monoclonal antigliadin antibodies are utilised to unravel the intraepithelial transport processes of gliadin peptides in human duodenal biopsy specimens from patients with CD and reconstitute the transepithelial and endocytic pathways of gliadin in intestinal epithelial HT29 cells. <h3>Results</h3> The gliadin peptide AA 31–49 is segregated from the peptides AA 56–68 and AA 229–246 along the endosomal pathway. Thus, AA 31–49 bypasses HLA-DR-positive late endosomes in intestinal cells and in biopsy specimens of patients with untreated CD. Further, it is localised in early endosomes and consequently escapes antigen presentation at the basolateral membrane, unlike peptides AA 56–68 and AA 229–246 that reach HLA-DR-positive late endosomes. Strikingly, forms of gliadin peptide AA 31–49 conjugated to cholera toxin B are sorted into late endosomes of HT29 cells. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Endocytic segregation of gliadin peptide AA 31–49 seems to be a constitutive process. It explains why this peptide cannot stimulate gluten-sensitive T cells. Presentation of gliadin peptides by HLA-DR proteins via late endosomes within enterocytes might induce a tolerogenic effect and constitutes a potentially promising therapeutic approach for induction of tolerance towards gliadin.
Chronic Advanced Liver Disease and Impotence: Cause and Effect?
Authors: Christine M. Cornely, Robert R. Schade, David H. Van Thiel, Judith S. Gavaler
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

The prevalence of impotence is increased in males who chronically abuse alcohol. Further, impotence may occur in the absence of liver disease in such men. In contrast, no data is available concerning the prevalence of impotence in nonalcoholic men with advanced liver disease. To investigate the relationship between alcohol and impotence in cirrhotic men, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by male alcoholic cirrhotics admitted to the medical service as well as by nonalcoholic cirrhotic liver transplant candidates admitted to the medical and surgical services of Presbyterian-University Hospital. Each participant was asked whether or not he had experienced impotence and if so, to report the frequency and duration of his impotence. The frequency of impotence was recorded on a weighted scale with four gradations: 4 = always; 3 = usually; 2 = sometimes; 1 = seldom. In addition, measures of hepatic injury and function as well as measures of the functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis for each subject evaluated were obtained. Fourteen of the 20 alcoholics with cirrhosis and 10 of the 40 nonalcoholic liver transplant candidates with cirrhosis reported a history of impotence. The association between impotence and alcohol abuse was significant. The impotence index developed by multiplying the frequency by the duration of impotency for each individual demonstrated a more severe degree of impotence in the alcoholics as compared to the nonalcoholics (p less than 0.01). The alcoholics also had lower plasma levels of testosterone and greater plasma levels of gonadotropins as compared to the nonalcoholics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The spectrum of structural abnormalities on CT scans from patients with CF with severe advanced lung disease
Authors: M Loeve, P T. W van Hal, P Robinson, P A de Jong, M H Lequin, W C Hop, T J Williams, G D Nossent, H A Tiddens
Journal: Thorax (2009)

In cystic fibrosis (CF), lung disease is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the spectrum of structural abnormalities on CT scans from patients with CF with severe advanced lung disease (SALD). No specific CT scoring system for SALD is available.To design a quantitative CT scoring system for SALD, to determine the spectrum of structural abnormalities in patients with SALD and to correlate the SALD system with an existing scoring system for mild CF lung disease and pulmonary function tests (PFTs).57 patients with CF contributed one CT made during screening for lung transplantation. For the SALD system, lung tissue was divided into four components: infection/inflammation (including bronchiectasis, airway wall thickening, mucus and consolidations), air trapping/hypoperfusion, bulla/cysts and normal/hyperperfused tissue. The volume proportion of the components was estimated on a 0-100% scale; mean volumes for the whole lung were computed. Scores were correlated with Brody-II scores and PFTs.The SALD system identified a wide spectrum of structural abnormalities ranging from predominantly infection/inflammation to predominantly air trapping/hypoperfusion. SALD infection/inflammation scores correlated with Brody-II scores (r(s) = 0.36-0.64) and SALD normal/hyperperfusion scores correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1); r(s) = 0.37). Reproducibility for both systems was good.A CT scoring system was developed to characterise the structural abnormalities in patients with SALD. A wide spectrum was observed in SALD, ranging from predominantly air trapping to predominantly infection/inflammation-related changes. This spectrum may have clinical implications for patients with SALD.
Early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: rationale, evidence, and implications
Authors: L B A VAN DE PUTTE, A M VAN GESTEL, P L C M VAN RIEL
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1998)

Early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: rationale, evidence, and implicationsIn recent years the therapeutic attitude towards rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed considerably.Now, the disease is treated in an increasingly earlier phase and also more aggressively. 1As is often the case in medicine, the process leading to this change in therapeutic attitude is not easy to unravel, as it might consist of a mixture of (seemingly) rational arguments and instinctive feelings, including dissatisfaction with current therapeutic modalities, new therapeutic options, changed insights into the pathogenesis, new hypotheses, etc.In this article we will focus on the early treatment principle, being related to, but definitely distinct from the topic of more aggressive treatment of the disease, which will not primarily be dealt with here.We will briefly mention the rationale for treating patients with RA as early as possible, and thereafter review the current evidence available for this change in therapeutic attitude.Finally, we mention possible consequences of early treatment of RA, both for teaching and training as well as for the health care system.
Evaluating Structured Care for Diabetes: Can Calibration on Margins Help to Avoid Overestimation of the Benefits? An Illustration From French Diabetes Provider Networks Using Data From the ENTRED Survey
Authors: Karine Chevreul, Matthias Brunn, Benjamin Cadier, Ellen Nolte, Isabelle Durand-Zaleski
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

OBJECTIVE While there is growing evidence on the effectiveness of structured care for diabetic patients in trial settings, standard population level evaluations may misestimate intervention benefits due to patient selection. In order to account for potential biases in measuring intervention benefits, we tested the impact of calibration on margins as a novel adjustment method in an evaluation context compared with simple poststratification. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We compared the results of a before–after evaluation on HbA1c levels after 1 year of enrollment in a French diabetes provider network (DPN) using an unadjusted sample and samples adjusted by simple poststratification to results obtained after adjustment via calibration on margins to the general diabetic population’s characteristics using a national cross-sectional sample of diabetic patients. RESULTS Both with and without adjustment, patients in the DPN had significantly lower HbA1c levels after 1 year of enrollment. However, the reductions in HbA1c levels among the adjusted samples were 22–183% lower than those measured in the unadjusted sample, regardless of the poststratification method and characteristics used. Compared with simple poststratification, estimations using calibration on margins exhibited higher performance. CONCLUSIONS Evaluations of diabetes management interventions based on uncontrolled before–after experiments may overestimate the actual benefit for patients. This can be corrected by using poststratification approaches when data on the ultimate target population for the intervention are available. In order to more accurately estimate the effect an intervention would have if extended to the target population, calibration on margins seems to be preferable over simple poststratification in terms of performance and usability.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis guided by single-cell genomics
Authors: Niels Van der Aa, Masoud Zamani Esteki, Joris R Vermeesch, Thierry Voet
Journal: Genome Medicine (2013)

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) aims to help couples with heritable genetic disorders to avoid the birth of diseased offspring or the recurrence of loss of conception. Following in vitro fertilization, one or a few cells are biopsied from each human preimplantation embryo for genetic testing, allowing diagnosis and selection of healthy embryos for uterine transfer. Although classical methods, including single-cell PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization, enable PGD for many genetic disorders, they have limitations. They often require family-specific designs and can be labor intensive, resulting in long waiting lists. Furthermore, certain types of genetic anomalies are not easy to diagnose using these classical approaches, and healthy offspring carrying the parental mutant allele(s) can result. Recently, state-of-the-art methods for single-cell genomics have flourished, which may overcome the limitations associated with classical PGD, and these underpin the development of generic assays for PGD that enable selection of embryos not only for the familial genetic disorder in question, but also for various other genetic aberrations and traits at once. Here, we discuss the latest single-cell genomics methodologies based on DNA microarrays, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays or next-generation sequence analysis. We focus on their strengths, their validation status, their weaknesses and the challenges for implementing them in PGD.
Metabolic Syndrome Among Children and Adolescents Aged 10–18 Years
Authors: Martha Rodríguez-Morán, Beatriz Salazar-Vázquez, Rafael Violante, Fernando Guerrero-Romero
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Current definitions for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome are focused on adult populations (1–4), whereas specific criteria for its early diagnosis have never been formally defined for children and adolescents. Because the best approach for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome is early recognition, defining it in children and adolescents is necessary for estimating the magnitude of this health problem in the young population. In this study, we determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents aged 10–18 years from northern Mexico and evaluate a definition for its early diagnosis in the young population.

After receiving approval from the Mexican Social Security Institute Research Committee and obtaining written informed consent, a cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents from northern Mexico was carried out.

The sample to be studied was determined by two-stage random-cluster sampling. A detailed medical and family history was obtained and physical examination performed for all participants, who were required to be in good health.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was estimated according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (1), World Health Organization (2), American Association …