tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Rugby Players
Authors: William B. White
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Skin infections, both bacterial and viral, are endemic in contact sports such as wrestling and rugby football. In this report, we describe four cases of extensive cutaneous herpes simplex virus in players on a rugby team. All players had a prodrome of fever, malaise, and anorexia with a weight loss of 3.6 to 9.0 kg. Two players experienced ocular lesions associated with cutaneous vesicular lesions of the face. A third player, who had herpetic lesions on his lower extremity, experienced paresthesias, weakness, and intermittent urinary retention and constipation. All infected players on the team were forwards or members of the "scrum," which suggests a field-acquired infection analogous to the herpetic infections seen in wrestlers (herpes gladiatorum). Considering the serious sequelae of recurrent herpes simplex keratitis, the traumatic skin lesions in rugby football players should be cultured for herpes virus, and infected individuals should be restricted from playing until crusted lesions have disappeared. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;252:533-535)
Assessing Optimal Target Populations for Influenza Vaccination Programmes: An Evidence Synthesis and Modelling Study
Authors: Marc Baguelin, Stefan Flasche, Anton Camacho, Nikolaos Demiris, Elizabeth Miller, W. John Edmunds
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Marc Baguelin and colleagues use virological, clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral data to estimate how policies for influenza vaccination programs may be optimized in England and Wales. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Can Enhanced Acute-Phase Treatment of Depression Improve Long-Term Outcomes? A Report of Randomized Trials in Primary Care
Authors: Elizabeth H.B. Lin, Gregory E. Simon, Wayne J. Katon, Joan E. Russo, Michael Von Korff, Terry M. Bush, Evette J. Ludman, Edward A. Walker
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

The authors' goal was to determine whether improved outcomes from enhanced acute-phase (3-month) treatment for depression in primary care persisted.They conducted a 19-month follow-up assessment of 156 patients with major depression in the Collaborative Care intervention trials, which had found greater improvements in treatment adherence and depressive symptoms at 4 and 7 months for patients given enhanced acute-phase treatment than for patients given routine treatment in a primary care setting. Sixty-three of the 116 patients who completed the follow-up assessment had received enhanced treatment, and 53 had received routine treatment in primary care. The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist were used to measure depressive symptoms. Automated pharmacy data and self-reports were used to assess adherence to and adequacy of pharmacotherapy.At 19 months, the patients who had received enhanced acute-phase treatment did not differ from those who had received routine primary care treatment in clinical outcomes or quality of pharmacotherapy.Even though enhanced acute-phase treatment of depression in primary care resulted in better treatment adherence and better clinical outcomes at 4 and 7 months, these improvements failed to persist over the following year. Continued enhancement of depression treatment may be needed to ensure better long-term results.
Role of bradykinin B2 receptors in neonatal kidney growth.
Authors: I V Yosipiv, S Dipp, S S el-Dahr
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1997)

The kallikrein-kinin system is developmentally expressed in newborn kidneys. In addition, bradykinin (BK) is mitogenic in cultured glomerular mesangial cells. However, the role of endogenous BK in postnatal renal development has not been defined. In this study, the role of the BK-B2 receptor in neonatal kidney growth in the rat was examined. RNA blot analysis and semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that BK-B2 mRNA levels were approximately 30- to 40-fold higher in newborn than adult kidneys. Treatment of newborn rats with the selective BK-B2 antagonist, Hoe 140 (600 micrograms/kg per day, sc), from days 1 through 14 of life significantly reduced body weight, kidney-to-body weight ratios, and kidney DNA content, compared with saline-treated controls. Hoe 140 treatment had no effect on kidney protein or RNA content or the expression of transforming growth factor-beta mRNA. The growth retardation induced by BK-B2 blockade was observed only in the kidney and, to a lesser extent, in the heart. BK-B2 blockade had no effect on renal growth in adult rats, suggesting that these effects are developmentally regulated. In contrast to Hoe 140 treatment, neonatal protein undernutrition resulted in a generalized reduction in kidney DNA, RNA, and protein contents; increased renal transforming growth factor-beta gene expression; and decreased renal kallikrein expression and enzymatic activity. The results suggest that activation of BK-B2 receptor expression in the neonatal kidney plays an important role in the regulation of DNA synthesis during the latter stages of nephrogenesis.
A hereditary model of slowly progressive polycystic kidney disease in the mouse.
Authors: H Takahashi, J P Calvet, D Dittemore-Hoover, K Yoshida, J J Grantham, V H Gattone
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1991)

There are two known forms of hereditary polycystic kidney disease (PKD) in humans. Although both forms initiate early in life, autosomal recessive PKD is rapidly progressive to kidney failure shortly after birth whereas autosomal dominant PKD is slowly progressive, taking many years to end stage. Research in this field has been limited by the availability of suitable animal models of PKD. Recently the C57BL/6J-cpk mouse has been used to study the pathogenesis of rapidly progressive hereditary PKD. The study presented here describes a slowly progressive PKD in the DBA/2-pcy mouse. The disease trait is transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern and was localized to chromosome 9 through linkage to the dilute coat color and transferrin genes. Whereas some cystic changes were seen in fetal and newborn affected mice, renal enlargement did not develop until after 8 weeks of age and azotemia did not develop until after 18 weeks of age. Renal cysts were identified in all segments of the nephron and collecting duct and progressively enlarged with age. Individual cysts were found to be lined by a single layer of epithelial cells in most areas, with focal polyps and mounds of cells principally in collecting duct cysts. Early stages of cyst formation were associated with some abnormalities of tubular and glomerular basement membranes and accelerated eruption of incisors. Late stages of the disease were characterized by azotemia and chronic renal interstitial inflammatory infiltrates in all affected animals and cerebral vascular aneurysms in a few. We conclude that the DBA/2-pcy mouse has a form of renal cystic disease that appears similar in many respects to that seen in the dominant form of human PKD.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome: a review on the associated neuromuscular deficits and current treatment options
Authors: V Fagan, E Delahunt
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common clinical presentation. Various neuromuscular factors have been reported to contribute to its aetiology.Systematic reviewA literature search was carried out from 1998 up to December 2007. Eligible studies were those that: (1) examined the effects of hip strengthening in subjects with PFPS; (2) examined the effects of physiotherapy treatment aimed at restoring muscle balance between the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) in subjects with PFPS; (3) examined the effect of taping on electromyogram (EMG) muscle amplitude in subjects with PFPS; and (4) compared the effects of open versus closed kinetic chain exercises in the treatment of subjects with PFPS.No randomised controlled trials exist to support the use of hip joint strengthening in subjects with PFPS. Physiotherapy treatment programmes appear to be an efficacious method of improving quadriceps muscle imbalances. Further studies are required to determine the true efficacy of therapeutic patellar taping. Both open and closed kinetic chain exercises are appropriate forms of treatment for subjects with PFPS.
Maximizing Therapeutic Benefit of Rituximab: Maintenance Therapy Versus Re-Treatment at Progression in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma—A Randomized Phase II Trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network
Authors: John D. Hainsworth, Sharlene Litchy, Don W. Shaffer, Van L. Lackey, Manuel Grimaldi, F. Anthony Greco
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose To compare the benefit of maintenance rituximab therapy versus rituximab re-treatment at progression in patients with previously treated indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Patients and Methods Between June 1998 and August 2002, 114 patients who had received previous chemotherapy for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were treated with a standard 4-week course of rituximab. Patients with objective response or stable disease were randomly assigned to receive either maintenance rituximab therapy (standard 4-week courses administered at 6-month intervals) or rituximab re-treatment at the time of lymphoma progression. The duration of rituximab benefit was measured from the date of first rituximab treatment until the date other treatment was required. Results Ninety (79%) of 114 patients had objective response or stable disease after initial rituximab treatment, and were randomly assigned to treatment. Progression-free survival was prolonged in the maintenance group (31.3 v 7.4 months; P = .007). Final overall and complete response rates were higher in the maintenance group. Duration of rituximab benefit was similar in the maintenance and re-treatment groups (31.3 v 27.4 months, respectively). More maintenance patients remain in continuous remission, and more are currently in complete remission. Both treatment approaches were well tolerated. Conclusion In patients who have objective response or stable disease with single-agent rituximab therapy, duration of rituximab benefit is substantially prolonged with either scheduled maintenance treatment or rituximab re-treatment at the time of progression. At present, the magnitude of benefit with either approach appears similar. However, additional follow-up of this trial is required, and completion of phase III randomized trials is necessary to definitively answer this question.
Heart Transplantation: A Thirty-Year Perspective
Authors: Douglas N. Miniati, Robert C. Robbins
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2002)

▪ Abstract Heart transplantation has evolved over the past 30 years into a mainstay of therapy for heart failure patients. As the surgical technique and basic immunology were defined, heart transplantation became a real therapeutic option. Over the next few decades, thoracic transplant teams at Stanford University and other institutions refined this mode of therapy. This review addresses the history, current surgical technique, recipient and donor selection, postoperative care, immunosuppression, short- and long-term complications, and clinical outcomes associated with this procedure.
Isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: B. C. WEXLER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

Spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to massive myocardial infarction. The pathophysiological changes were similar to those of normotensive rats but the spontaneously hypertensive rats developed congestive heart failure during myocardial repair rather than during the necrosis phase and survived in superior numbers. Blood pressure fell despite maximally increased corticosterone levels. Atrial and ventricular thromboses and left ventricular aneurysm formation were frequent.
The distinct pathogenesis of IgG4 Mickulicz's disease and Sjogren's syndrome in Japan; the role of IL-21 and IL-6
Authors: Robert Irving Fox
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

Maehara et al present an interesting study on ‘Interleukin-21 contributes to germinal centre formation and immunoglobulin G4 production in IgG4-related dacroadenitis and sialoadenitis, so-called Mickulicz's disease (MD)’.1 They have studied 12 Japanese patients with MD (IgG4-DS), 15 with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and 15 healthy controls. The labial salivary biopsies (LSB) of 15 SS patients were chosen from a larger group of SS patients (n=66) based on the presence of ectopic germinal centres (GC) in 15 SS LSBs studied. All the MD patients were chosen on the basis of their elevated IgG4. The SS patients were chosen on the basis of ectopic GC in their biopsies. The mRNA expression of IL-21 and BCL-6 was significantly higher in MD than in SS labial salivary gland biopsies. The IL-21 was detected by immunohistochemistry in and around GC only in the MD patients. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that follicular T-helper cells (Tfh) play a key role in the formation of GC in MD. By contrast, IL-17 was not found in either SS or MD. This article extends a recent study by the same group2 in Kyushu that distinguished MD and SS by showing elevation of Th2 and Tregs (ie, IL4, IL10 and FoxP3 expression by immunohistochemistry); and IgG4 plasma cells in the MD labial biopsies. Over the past decade, this group has published a number of excellent papers on IgG4-related diseases, including sclerosing cholangitis, multicentric Castleman's disease and other lymphoproliferative disorders.3–5

The article is carefully presented by experts in the field, but …
Genetic mapping of the ecotropic virus-inducing locus Akv-2 of the AKR mouse.
Authors: C A Kozak, W P Rowe
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

A combination of somatic cell hybridization and standard mendelian breeding techniques was used to map the AKR ecotropic virus inducibility locus Akv-2 to the centromeric end of chromosome 16. This assignment of Akv-2 further emphasizes the endogenous ecotropic retroviruses are inserted at multiple sites in mouse chromosomes.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Child and Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Kathy N. Speechley, Maru Barrera, Amanda K. Shaw, Howard I. Morrison, Elizabeth Maunsell
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

The main objective was to compare parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQL) of child and adolescent survivors of childhood cancer to that of controls who had no history of cancer.We assessed HRQL of 800 child and adolescent survivors younger than 16 years and 923 randomly selected, age- and sex-matched controls from the general population in a national multicenter retrospective cohort study using the Child Health Questionnaire parent report. Participation was 69% among survivors and 57% among controls.Survivors had means that were consistently lower than controls on the HRQL physical summary (PH; 49.9 v 55.3; P <.005), psychosocial summary (PS; 49.4 v 52.6; P < .005), and all but one of the eight subscale scores. Clinically important survivor-control differences in means on PH were found for survivors of CNS tumors, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, soft tissue sarcoma and Wilms' tumor (differences: -8.7, -7.0, -6.3, -5.4, -4.4, -3.8/100, respectively); on PS, survivors of CNS tumors were most compromised (-6.1/100). Survivor-control differences in both PH and PS were also large for survivors treated with radiation only (-5.8 and -11.9/100, respectively), or radiation combined with surgery (-6.6 and -5.9/100, respectively), or radiation combined with both surgery and chemotherapy (-7.8 and -5.1/100, respectively). Cranial radiation was associated with the most compromised HRQL.According to parents, HRQL for survivors was somewhat poorer, overall, than for controls. Survivors of CNS tumors, lymphoma, and leukemia and those patients treated with cranial radiation were reported to have poorest HRQL. These findings support development of guidelines for levels of follow-up care for particular groups of survivors.
Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas
Authors: Claire Palles, Jean-Baptiste Cazier, Kimberley M Howarth, Enric Domingo, Angela M Jones, Peter Broderick, Zoe Kemp, Sarah L Spain, Estrella Guarino, Israel Salguero, Amy Sherborne, Daniel Chubb, Luis G Carvajal-Carmona, Yusanne Ma, Kulvinder Kaur, Sara Dobbins, Ella Barclay, Maggie Gorman, Lynn Martin, Michal B Kovac, Sean Humphray, Anneke Lucassen, Christopher C Holmes, David Bentley, Peter Donnelly, Jenny Taylor, Christos Petridis, Rebecca Roylance, Elinor J Sawyer, David J Kerr, Susan Clark, Jonathan Grimes, Stephen E Kearsey, Huw J W Thomas, Gilean McVean, Richard S Houlston, Ian Tomlinson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Tumors Established with Cell Lines Selected for Oxaliplatin Resistance Respond to Oxaliplatin if Combined with Cetuximab
Authors: Marie Prewett, Dhanvanthri S. Deevi, Rajiv Bassi, Fan Fan, Lee M. Ellis, Daniel J. Hicklin, James R. Tonra
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

To establish whether cetuximab, a chimeric IgG1 antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, has the potential to restore responsiveness to oxaliplatin in preclinical cancer models, as has been shown with irinotecan in irinotecan refractory metastatic colorectal cancer patients.The effects of cetuximab and oxaliplatin, alone or in combination, were tested in vitro and in vivo using human colorectal cancer cell lines selected for oxaliplatin resistance, as well as parental control cell lines. Evaluations were made of subcutaneous xenograft tumor growth in nu/nu athymic mice, as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and AKT, expression of DNA repair genes, density of apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA damage, and accumulation of platinum-DNA adducts in vitro.Oxaliplatin + cetuximab efficacy in murine subcutaneous xenograft models was greater than that of monotherapies and independent of the responsiveness to oxaliplatin monotherapy. In vitro, cetuximab reduced expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 and XPF, which are key components of the nucleotide excision repair pathway involved in the excision of platinum-DNA adducts. In addition, cetuximab reduced expression of XRCC1, a component of the base excision repair pathway responsible for the repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Effects of cetuximab on DNA repair protein levels were downstream to effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase and AKT pathway activation. In line with effects on DNA repair protein expression, cetuximab increased the accumulation of platinum and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites on DNA during oxaliplatin treatment.Cetuximab has the potential to salvage the benefits of oxaliplatin in oxaliplatin-resistant colorectal cancer patients by reducing DNA repair capacity.
The Cdx2 homeobox gene has a tumour suppressor function in the distal colon in addition to a homeotic role during gut development
Authors: C Bonhomme
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background:</b> During development, the homeobox gene <i>Cdx2</i> exerts a homeotic function, providing the positional information necessary for correct specification of the midgut endoderm. This is illustrated by the non-neoplastic gastric-type heteroplasias present at birth in the pericaecal region of <i>Cdx2<sup>+/−</sup></i> mice. Furthermore, intestinal expression of <i>Cdx2</i> continues throughout life but diminishes in colorectal cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a role in tumorigenesis. <b>Aim:</b> To investigate the consequence of altered <i>Cdx2</i> expression on colon tumour initiation and/or progression. <b>Methods:</b> Heterozygous <i>Cdx2<sup>+/−</sup></i> mice were analysed for spontaneous malignant tumours and for tumour development after treatment with a DNA mutagen, azoxymethane. <b>Results:</b><i>Cdx2<sup>+/−</sup></i> mice did not spontaneously develop malignant tumours. After azoxymethane treatment, the gastric-like heteroplasias in the pericaecal region did not evolve into cancer indicating that they are not precancerous lesions. However, azoxymethane treated <i>Cdx2<sup>+/−</sup></i> mice developed tumours specifically in the distal colon 12 weeks after azoxymethane treatment whereas no tumours were found in wild-type littermates at this stage. Histopathological and molecular analyses indicated that these tumours were invasive adenocarcinomas that recapitulated the malignant sequence observed in the majority of sporadic colorectal cancers in human. In addition, we found that the colonic epithelium was less sensitive to radiation induced apoptosis in <i>Cdx2<sup>+/−</sup></i> than in wild-type mice. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides the first experimental evidence that <i>Cdx2</i> is a tumour suppressor gene involved in cancer progression in the distal colon. This action in adults is functionally and geographically distinct from its homeotic role during gut development.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry into host cells: Opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Kap‐Sun Yeung, Gregory A. Yamanaka, Nicholas A. Meanwell
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2006)

Abstract A novel human coronavirus (CoV) has been identified as the etiological agent that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003. The spike (S) protein of this virus is a type I surface glycoprotein that mediates binding of the virus to the host receptor and the subsequent fusion between the viral and host membranes. Because of its critical role in viral entry, the S protein is an important target for the development of anti‐SARS CoV therapeutics and prophylactics. This article reviews the structure and function of the SARS CoV S protein in the context of its role in virus entry. Topics that are discussed include: the interaction between the S1 domain of the SARS spike protein and the cellular receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and the structural features of the ectodomain of ACE2; the antigenic determinants presented by the S protein and the nature of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that are elicited in vivo ; the structure of the 4,3‐hydrophobic heptad repeats HR1 and HR2 of the S2 domain and their interaction to form a six‐helical bundle during the final stages of fusion. Opportunities for the design and development of anti‐SARS agents based on the inhibition of receptor binding, the therapeutic uses of S‐directed monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors of HR1–HR2 complex formation are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 26, No. 4, 414–433, 2006
Hypnotizability in Acute Stress Disorder
Authors: Richard A. Bryant,, Rachel M. Guthrie, Michelle L. Moulds
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the relationship between acute dissociative reactions to trauma and hypnotizability. METHOD: Acutely traumatized patients (N=61) with acute stress disorder, subclinical acute stress disorder (no dissociative symptoms), and no acute stress disorder were administered the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale within 4 weeks of their trauma. RESULTS: Although patients with acute stress disorder and patients with subclinical acute stress disorder displayed comparable levels of nondissociative psychopathology, acute stress disorder patients had higher levels of hypnotizability and were more likely to display reversible posthypnotic amnesia than both patients with subclinical acute stress disorder and patients with no acute stress disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The findings may be interpreted in light of a diathesis-stress process mediating trauma-related dissociation. People who develop acute stress disorder in response to traumatic experience may have a stronger ability to experience dissociative phenomena than people who develop subclinical acute stress disorder or no acute stress disorder.