tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prognostic and Diagnostic Significance of β-Catenin Nuclear Immunostaining in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sze Chuen Cesar Wong, Elena Siu Fong Lo, King Chung Lee, John K. C. Chan, W. L. Wendy Hsiao
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

In the present study, we investigated the prognostic and diagnostic significance of beta-catenin nuclear immunostaining in 60 specimens of normal colorectal tissue; 180 specimens of colorectal polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas; and 40 specimens from patients with the simultaneous occurrence of polyps, adenomas, and carcinomas. Additional specimens from 59 patients with colorectal carcinoma and 14 patients with adenoma who subsequently developed carcinoma were examined for possible survival study. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the occurrence of nuclear beta-catenin correlated with the sequential stages in colorectal carcinogenesis, in which positive staining was observed in 0% of normal tissues, 8% of polyps, 92% of adenomas, and 100% of carcinomas. High immunohistochemical scores in colorectal carcinoma were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Adenomas associated with synchronous or metachronous carcinomas showed significantly higher levels of nuclear beta-catenin compared with adenomas without associated carcinomas. Nuclear translocation of beta-catenin was rare or absent in other types of cytokeratin 20 positive adenocarcinomas examined (99 cases). Thus, it was positive in only 7% of colonic mucinous adenocarcinomas, 3% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 8% of ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, and 0% of gastric adenocarcinomas. However, 100% of primary and metastatic colorectal adenocarcinomas were positive for nuclear staining for beta-catenin. Thus, nuclear staining for beta-catenin may serve as an additional parameter to help distinguish colorectal adenocarcinomas from adenocarcinomas of other tissue sites. Collectively, the present large-scale study has clearly addressed the clinical significance of beta-catenin nuclear translocation with respect to tumor progression, survival, and differential diagnosis.
Central Venous Catheters Coated with Minocycline and Rifampin for the Prevention of Catheter-Related Colonization and Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Issam Raad
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Central venous catheters are a principal source of nosocomial bloodstream infections, which are difficult to control. Objective: To determine the efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin in preventing catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. Design: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Setting: Five university-based medical centers. Patients: 281 hospitalized patients who required 298 triple-lumen, polyurethane venous catheters. Intervention: 147 catheters were pretreated with tridodecylmethyl-ammonium chloride and coated with minocycline and rifampin. Untreated, uncoated catheters (n = 151) were used as controls. Measurements: Quantitative catheter cultures, blood cultures, and molecular typing of organisms to determine catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. Results: The group with coated catheters and the group with uncoated catheters were similar with respect to age, sex, underlying diseases, degree of immunosuppression, therapeutic interventions, and risk factors for catheter infections. Colonization occurred in 36 (26%) uncoated catheters and 11 (8%) coated catheters (P < 0.001). Catheter-related bloodstream infection developed in 7 patients (5%) with uncoated catheters and no patients with coated catheters (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that coating catheters with minocycline and rifampin was an independent protective factor against catheter-related colonization (P < 0.05). No adverse effects related to the coated catheters or antimicrobial resistance were seen. An estimate showed that the use of coated catheters could save costs. Conclusions: Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin can significantly reduce the risk for catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. The use of these catheters may save costs.
Antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine: their relevance in relation to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: P.N.R. Dekhuijzen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both reactive oxidant species from inhaled cigarette smoke and those endogenously formed by inflammatory cells constitute an increased intrapulmonary oxidant burden. Structural changes to essential components of the lung are caused by oxidative stress, contributing to irreversible damage of both parenchyma and airway walls. In addition, oxidative stress results in alterations in the local immune response, increasing the risk of infections and exacerbations, which, in turn, may accelerate lung function decline. The antioxidant <i>N</i>‐acetylcysteine, a glutathione precursor, has been applied in these patients in order to reduce symptoms, exacerbations and the accelerated lung function decline. This article reviews the presently available experimental and clinical data on the antioxidative effects of <i>N</i>‐acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Influence of Tlr2 -196 to -174 Del Polymorphism on Mrna and Protein Expression and Risk of Sporadic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: M.A. Proenca, J.G. Oliveira, A.C.T. Cadamuro, J.M. Biselli-Périco, P.M. Biselli-Chicote, G.S. Cunrath, K.R.M. Leite, J.G. Netinho, É.C. Pavarino, E.M. Goloni-Bertollo, A.E. Silva
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Mechanisms of acid, weakly acidic and gas reflux after anti-reflux surgery
Authors: A J Bredenoord, W A Draaisma, B L A M Weusten, H G Gooszen, A J P M Smout
Journal: Gut (2007)

<h3>Background:</h3> Whereas it is well documented that fundoplication reduces acid reflux, the effects of the procedure on non-acid and gas reflux and the mechanisms through which this is achieved have not been fully elucidated. <h3>Methods:</h3> In 14 patients, reflux was measured with impedance–pH monitoring during a postprandial 90 min stationary recording period before and 3 months after fundoplication. Concomitantly, the occurrence of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLOSRs) and morphology of the oesophagogastric junction were studied with high-resolution manometry. This was followed by 24 h ambulatory impedance–pH monitoring. <h3>Results:</h3> Before fundoplication, two separate high-pressure zones (hernia profile) were detected during 24.9% of total time, during which there was a large increase in reflux rate. After fundoplication, the hernia profile did not occur. Fundoplication decreased the number of TLOSRs (from 10.5 (SEM 1.2) to 4.5 (0.7), p&lt;0.01) and also the percentage of TLOSRs associated with acidic or weakly acidic reflux (from 72.7% to 4.1%, p&lt;0.01). Nadir pressure during TLOSRs increased after surgery (from 0 (0–0) to 1.0 (1–2) kPa, p&lt;0.05). In the ambulatory study, there was a large decrease in prevalence of both acid (−96%, from 47.0 (5.9) to 1.8 (0.5), p&lt;0.01) and weakly acidic reflux (−92%, from 25.0 (9.7) to 2.3 (0.9), p&lt;0.01). The decrease in gas reflux was less pronounced (−53%, from 24.2 (4.9) to 11.3 (3.0), p&lt;0.01). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Fundoplication greatly reduces both acid and weakly acidic liquid reflux; gas reflux is reduced to a lesser extent. Three mechanisms play a role: (1) abolition of the double high-pressure zone profile (hiatal hernia); (2) reduced incidence of TLOSRs; and (3) decreased percentage of TLOSRs associated with reflux.
Ileal resection: effect of cimetidine and taurine on intrajejunal bile acid precipitation and lipid solubilisation.
Authors: W J Fitzpatrick, P L Zentler-Munro, T C Northfield
Journal: Gut (1986)

We have investigated whether pH-dependent bile acid precipitation limits lipid solubilisation after ileal resection, and whether treatment with cimetidine, or taurine improves solubilisation. Nine ileal resection patients were treated with placebo, cimetidine and taurine in random order for two weeks each. Upper jejunal content was aspirated and pooled according to pH for three hours after a standard Lundh test meal. On placebo, 50% of the bile acids were precipitated at pH less than 5, compared with only 26% at pH greater than 6, whilst aqueous-phase lipid concentration tended to be lower at pH less than 5 than at pH greater than 6 (5.1 vs 8.2 mmol/l). On cimetidine mean pH rose, particularly during the third hour (6.6 vs 5.8, p less than 0.05), associated with a reduction in bile acid precipitation (13.9 vs 33.1%, p less than 0.05), and an increase in aqueous-phase lipid concentration (10.4 vs 6.6 mmol/l, p less than 0.05). On taurine, the proportion of taurine conjugated bile acids increased (67 vs 22%, p less than 0.01), but there was no significant change in bile acid precipitation or lipid solubilisation. Lower jejunal samples were aspirated similarly from five of these patients on no treatment, and all were at pH greater than 6; apparent 9precipitation9 was reduced (16.4 vs 28.1%), but lipid solubilisation did not improve. These findings suggest that pH dependent bile acid precipitation can limit lipid solubilisation within the jejunum after ileal resection, and that these effects can be reduced by cimetidine but not by taurine. Cimetidine may have a role in ileal resection patients with severe steatorrhoea unresponsive to dietary fat restriction.
Secondary Chemoprevention of Barrett's Esophagus With Celecoxib: Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors: E. I. Heath, M. I. Canto, S. Piantadosi, E. Montgomery, W. M. Weinstein, J. G. Herman, A. J. Dannenberg, V. W. Yang, A. O. Shar, E. Hawk, A. A. Forastiere
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition that is a risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, a disease whose incidence is rapidly increasing. Because aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as celecoxib, may decrease the risk of developing esophageal cancer, we investigated the effect of long-term administration of celecoxib in patients with Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia. Chemoprevention for Barrett's Esophagus Trial (CBET) is a phase IIb multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib in patients with Barrett's esophagus and low- or high-grade dysplasia. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 200 mg of celecoxib or placebo, both administered orally twice daily, and then stratified by grade of dysplasia. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 48 weeks of treatment in the proportion of biopsy samples with dysplasia between the celecoxib and placebo arms. Secondary and tertiary outcomes included evaluation of changes in histology and expression levels of relevant biomarkers. All statistical tests were two-sided. From April 1, 2000, through June 30, 2003, 222 patients were registered into CBET, and 100 of them with low- or high-grade Barrett's dysplasia were randomly assigned to treatment (49 to celecoxib and 51 to placebo). After 48 weeks of treatment, no difference was observed in the median change in the proportion of biopsy samples with dysplasia or cancer between treatment groups in either the low-grade (median change with celecoxib = −0.09, interquartile range [IQR] = −0.32 to 0.14 and with placebo = −0.07, IQR = −0.26 to 0.12; P = .64) or high-grade (median change with celecoxib = 0.12, IQR = −0.31 to 0.55, and with placebo = 0.02, IQR = −0.24 to 0.28; P = .88) stratum. No statistically significant differences in total surface area of the Barrett's esophagus; in prostaglandin levels; in cyclooxygenase-1/2 mRNA levels; or in methylation of tumor suppressor genes p16, adenomatous polyposis coli, and E-cadherin were found with celecoxib compared with placebo. Administration of 200 mg of celecoxib twice daily for 48 weeks of treatment does not appear to prevent progression of Barrett's dysplasia to cancer.
Gut Microbiota Protects against Gastrointestinal Tumorigenesis Caused by Epithelial Injury
Authors: Yu Zhan, Po-Ju Chen, William D. Sadler, Fuyuan Wang, Sara Poe, Gabriel Núñez, Kathryn A. Eaton, Grace Y. Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Inflammation is a critical player in the development of both colitis-associated and sporadic colon cancers. Several studies suggest that the microbiota contribute to inflammation and tumorigenesis; however, studies to understand the role of the microbiota in colon tumor development in germ-free (GF) mice are limited. We therefore studied the effects of the microbiota on the development of inflammation and tumors in GF and conventionally raised specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). We discovered that GF mice developed significantly more and larger tumors compared with that in SPF mice after AOM and DSS treatment despite the lack of early acute inflammation in response to chemically induced injury by DSS. Although the extent of intestinal epithelial damage and apoptosis was not significantly different in GF and SPF mice, there was a delay in intestinal epithelial repair to DSS-induced injury in GF mice resulting in a late onset of proinflammatory and protumorigenic responses and increased epithelial proliferation and microadenoma formation. Recolonization of GF mice with commensal bacteria or administration of lipopolysaccharide reduced tumorigenesis. Thus, although commensal bacteria are capable of driving chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, the gut microbiota also have important roles in limiting chemically induced injury and proliferative responses that lead to tumor development. Cancer Res; 73(24); 7199–210. ©2013 AACR.
Deep brain stimulation therapy
Authors: A. M. Lozano
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Effectively treats movement disorders and could work in neuropsychiatric conditions 

Neurological and psychiatric illnesses continue to cause major disability despite currently available treatment options. With this background of unmet treatment need, important advances in structural and functional brain imaging, the understanding of the circuitry of neurological disease, and neurosurgical techniques and equipment have led to the emergence of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as an effective therapeutic option.

Deep brain stimulation was first tested in animal experiments about 70 years ago and has been used in human subjects, mainly to treat movement disorders—particularly Parkinson’s disease—for the past 20 years. It is now available in most major medical centres. More than 80 000 patients have undergone such stimulation to date,1 and 8000-10 000 new patients are treated each year.

Deep brain stimulation involves implanting indwelling electrodes within specific brain circuits to modulate the activity of those circuits, either to suppress pathological neuronal activity or to drive underactive output; an analogy would be moving the dial to a chosen radio station and adjusting the volume when the sound is too low …
DISTURBANCES OF THE HEART-BEAT IN THE DOG CAUSED BY SERUM ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: G. Canby Robinson, John Auer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

Anaphylactic shock in the dog, caused by the intravenous injection of horse serum into sensitized animals, may produce definite cardiac disturbances which are revealed by the electrocardiogram. These cardiac changes consist of disturbances in conduction of the heart impulses, abnormalities in the ventricular contractions, and other unusual disturbances of the mechanism of the heart-beat. They come on very quickly after the injection of serum and may be of short duration, and are not obtained during anti-anaphylaxis. They are not the result of the marked fall in blood pressure which occurs, nor does the central cardiac inhibitory mechanism play a part in their production. These cardiac disturbances apparently are a definite primary expression of anaphylactic shock in the dog. The right ventricle seems to be more affected than the left.
THE MECHANISM OF AERIAL DISINFECTION BY GLYCOLS AND OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS
Authors: Theodore T. Puck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1947)

The effectiveness of any compound as an aerial germicide depends upon the extent of condensation of its vapor on air-suspended bacteria, and on the rate at which the resulting concentration of germicide can produce death of the microorganisms. The properties of any compound conducive to production of the highest rate of kill of air-borne microorganisms by means of the smallest possible concentration of germicide vapor, are as folows: (a) a low vapor pressure, but not lower than 0.001 mm. Hg at 25 degrees C.; (b) high hygroscopicity; (c) toxicity for bacterial metabolism-a high degree of potency is not necessary although the killing action will be more efficient the higher the antibacterial activity of the compound employed. For any compound the killing action is always a direct function of the concentration of its vapor in the air. The maximum amount of a hygroscopic substance which can exist in the vapor state decreases as the relative humidity increases. Hence, at high relative humidities the bactericidal efficiency is lowest. At lower relative humidities the air can contain more vapor, and hence a greater effect is possible. At any relative humidity, the killing action is greater, the more closely the germicide vapor concentration approaches the saturation point. The presence of soluble compounds in droplets containing bacteria promotes more extensive condensation of the germicide than would otherwise occur, and so enhances its effectiveness. In the absence of such soluble substances, low atmospheric humidities may cause complete desiccation of a bacterial particle. Under these conditions its surface may become resistant to the condensation of the vapor, and thus prevent effective germicidal action. The influence of temperature changes on the killing efficiency maybe correctly deduced from a consideration of the effect of a rise in temperature on the vapor pressure of the germicide and on the rate of its bactericidal action in vitro. Equations are presented for estimating quantitatively the magnitude of some of the effects discussed.
Plain radiography is effective for the detection of calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease
Authors: V. Shahi, D.A. Wetter, B.M. Howe, M.D. Ringler, M.D.P. Davis
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Journal Article Plain radiography is effective for the detection of calcinosis cutis occurring in association with autoimmune connective tissue disease Get access V. Shahi, V. Shahi Mayo Medical School College of Medicine Rochester MN U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.A. Wetter, D.A. Wetter Department of Dermatology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN U.S.A Correspondence David A. Wetter. E‐mail: wetter.david@mayo.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.M. Howe, B.M. Howe Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.D. Ringler, M.D. Ringler Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.D.P. Davis M.D.P. Davis Department of Dermatology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 170, Issue 5, 1 May 2014, Pages 1073–1079, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12785 Published: 01 May 2014
Role of Adenosine in Postischemic Dysfunction of Coronary Innervation
Authors: Michael D. Pettersen, Toyohiko Abe, Donald A. Morgan, David D. Gutterman
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract We sought to determine the role of adenosine in the sustained but reversible decrease in cardiac neurotransmission that occurs after brief ischemia. Adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized and instrumented for measurements of heart rate, arterial pressure, and left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) flow velocities. Changes in coronary vascular resistance were measured during bilateral stimulation of the stellate ganglia. After β-adrenergic blockade and bilateral vagotomy, stellate stimulation increased coronary vascular resistance in the LAD and LCX beds 28±2% and 30±3%, respectively. After a 15-minute infusion of adenosine into the LAD, the peak increase in LAD resistance was significantly reduced (18±2%) compared with LCX (34±5%) and control ( P &lt;.05, n=6) resistance. The LAD response after infusion of the vasodilator papaverine was unchanged (n=6). Intracoronary infusion of adenosine deaminase (n=10) but not vehicle (n=5) into the LAD during a 15-minute LAD occlusion prevented the attenuation in constriction to stellate stimulation. We conclude that adenosine, exogenously infused or endogenously produced, is capable of reducing cardiac neurotransmission.
Comparison of Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics Between Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Authors: Pedro Weslley Souza Rosário, Janice Sepulveda Reis, Ricardo Amim, Tiago Alvarenga Fagundes, Maria Regina Calsolari, Saulo Cavalcanti Silva, Saulo Purisch
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Although they do not initially require insulin, diabetic adults presenting autoantibodies against β-cells (anti-GAD antibody [GADA] and anti–islet cell antibody [ICA]) more rapidly develop the need for insulinization, a fact characterizing latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) (1,2). Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes (3–6) and between children and adults with type 1 diabetes (7) have been reported. In contrast, few studies are available comparing type 1 diabetes diagnosed during adulthood with LADA, with the results not being consistent (4,5,8). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with LADA compared with patients with adult-onset type 1 diabetes.

Among the diabetic adults (age at diagnosis >35 years) seen at our service and investigated with GADA upon diagnosis (no routine ICA analysis was performed) (2), 54 patients with LADA (individuals not requiring insulin for at least 1 year after diagnosis and positive for GADA) (1,2,4,5) and …