tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis by ultrasound guided percutaneous aspiration.
Authors: L N Lee, P C Yang, S H Kuo, K T Luh, D B Chang, C J Yu
Journal: Thorax (1993)

Ultrasound is useful for locating thoracic lesions and guiding biopsy procedures. The use of sonographic appearances and ultrasound guided needle aspiration has led to the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis at this hospital.Six hundred and eight patients who had ultrasound guided lung aspirations were reviewed retrospectively and nine with documented pulmonary cryptococcosis were collected. All patients had nodules or infiltrates on the chest radiograph. The needle aspirates obtained under ultrasound guidance were stained by Riu's or Papanicolaou's method or with India ink, and six were sent for culture. Five patients also underwent bronchoscopy and biopsy.The nine patients had 18 pulmonary lesions, of which 15 were nodules and three infiltrates. Fifteen lesions were detectable by ultrasound, which showed the nodules to be hypoechoic with eccentrically located air echoes. In eight of the nine cases cryptococci were detected after the lung aspirates had been stained with Riu's or Papanicolaou stain or with India ink. In five of the six aspirates sent for fungal culture Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated. The diagnostic yield was higher than that of bronchoscopy. None developed post-aspiration pneumothorax or any evidence of late dissemination.Because they tend to be subpleural pulmonary cryptococcal lesions seem to be identifiable by ultrasound. Ultrasound guided lung aspiration is an effective, rapid, and safe method for diagnosis.
Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Effectiveness: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Authors: Amy Leval, Eva Herweijer, Alexander Ploner, Sandra Eloranta, Julia Fridman Simard, Joakim Dillner, Cecilia Young, Eva Netterlid, Pär Sparén, Lisen Arnheim-Dahlström
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

Incidence of condyloma, or genital warts (GW), is the earliest possible disease outcome to measure when assessing the effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination strategies. Efficacy trials that follow prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria may not be fully generalizable to real-life HPV vaccination programs, which target a broader segment of the population. We assessed GW incidence after on-demand vaccination with quadrivalent HPV vaccine using individual-level data from the entire Swedish population. An open cohort of girls and women aged 10 to 44 years living in Sweden between 2006 and 2010 (N > 2.2 million) was linked to multiple population registers to identify incident GW in relation to HPV vaccination. For vaccine effectiveness, incidence rate ratios of GW were estimated using time-to-event analyses with adjustment for attained age and parental education level, stratifying on age at first vaccination. A total of 124 000 girls and women were vaccinated between 2006 and 2010. Girls and women with at least one university-educated parent were 15 times more likely to be vaccinated before age 20 years than girls and women whose parents did not complete high school (relative risk ratio = 15.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.65 to 16.30). Among those aged older than 20 years, GW rates declined among the unvaccinated, suggesting that HPV vaccines were preferentially used by women at high risk of GW. Vaccination effectiveness was 76% (95% CI = 73% to 79%) among those who received three doses of the vaccine with their first dose before age 20 years. Vaccine effectiveness was highest in girls vaccinated before age 14 years (effectiveness = 93%, 95% CI = 73% to 98%). Young age at first vaccination is imperative for maximizing quadrivalent HPV vaccine effectiveness.
Pulmonary artery pressure measurement during exercise testing in patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension
Authors: D.A. Raeside, A. Smith, A. Brown, K.R. Patel, R. Madhok, J. Cleland, A.J. Peacock
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

It is recognized that exercise produces abnormally large increases in pulmonary artery pressure in patients with pulmonary vascular disease as a consequence of a variety of disorders, but the relationship between pressure and cardiopulmonary exercise performance is poorly understood. This lack of understanding is due (in part) to difficulty making measurements of pulmonary haemodynamics using conventional fluid filled catheters. This article seeks to improve understanding by comparing variables measured during formal exercise testing with simultaneous measurements of pulmonary artery pressure using a micro-manometer tipped catheter. Ten patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension were studied using a micromanometer tipped pulmonary artery catheter, during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide correlated with the pulmonary artery pressure measured on exercise, but oxygen pulse and oxygen uptake did not. Ventilatory equivalents, noninvasively measured during exercise, may merit further study as potential surrogates of pulmonary artery pressure and hence be useful in identifying individuals at risk of developing pulmonary hypertension.
Cyclohexanehexol inhibitors of Aβ aggregation prevent and reverse Alzheimer phenotype in a mouse model
Authors: JoAnne McLaurin, Meredith E Kierstead, Mary E Brown, Cheryl A Hawkes, Mark H L Lambermon, Amie L Phinney, Audrey A Darabie, Julian E Cousins, Janet E French, Melissa F Lan, Fusheng Chen, Sydney S N Wong, Howard T J Mount, Paul E Fraser, David Westaway, Peter St George-Hyslop
Journal: Nature Medicine (2006)
Do vets and doctors face similar ethical challenges?
Authors: Rebecca Coombes
Journal: BMJ (2005)

What does a vet do when a pet owner wants them to carry out heroic surgery on a dying animal? Rebecca Coombes asks whether doctors and vets can learn from each other's ethical dilemmas 

The ethical problems facing doctors and vets obviously differ in some ways. A veterinary surgeon, for example, can decide when a treatment is no longer valuable and opt for euthanasia. This course is not open to doctors. And a doctor has to seek the consent of a patient for treatment whereas veterinary surgeons need to steer a course between their own professional opinion and the wishes of pet owners. The animal itself has no rights. Moreover, there is no NHS for animals, and decisions about euthanasia often have to be made in the light of an owner's ability to pay for a lengthy course of life extending treatment. But, when considering these ethical issues with members of both the veterinary and medical profession, some interesting parallels emerge.

At a recent discussion at the BMA, organised by the BMJ , Lord Soulsby, chairman of the British Veterinary Association's ethics committee, and Michael Wilks, chairman of the BMA's ethics committee, considered their fundamentally different approaches to various ethical dilemmas. They also discovered a surprising amount of common ground.

A shared issue was that of consent. …
Changes in Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels After Weight Training
Authors: Linn Goldberg, Diane L. Elliot, Ronald W. Schutz, Frank E. Kloster
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Lipid and lipoprotein levels were prospectively studied in previously sedentary men (mean age, 33 years) and women (mean age, 27 years) undergoing 16 weeks of weight-training exercise. Women demonstrated a 9.5% reduction of cholesterol, 17.9% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and 28.3% lowering of triglycerides. The ratios of total cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and LDL cholesterol-HDL cholesterol were reduced 14.3% and 20.3%, respectively. Among men, LDL cholesterol was reduced 16.2%, while the ratios of total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol-HDL cholesterol were lowered 21.6% and 28.9%, respectively. Weight-training exercise appears to result in favorable changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels in previously sedentary men and women.
The Role of Lysyl Oxidase in SRC-Dependent Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ann-Marie Baker, Thomas R. Cox, Demelza Bird, Georgina Lang, Graeme I. Murray, Xiao-Feng Sun, Stacey M. Southall, Jon R. Wilson, Janine T. Erler
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Emerging evidence implicates lysyl oxidase (LOX), an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme, in promoting metastasis of solid tumors. We investigated whether LOX plays an important role in the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC).We analyzed LOX expression in a patient CRC tissue microarray consisting of normal colon mucosa (n = 49), primary (n = 510), and metastatic (n = 198) tissues. LOX was overexpressed in CRC cell line SW480 (SW480+LOX), and the expression was knocked down in CRC cell line SW620 using LOX-specific short hairpin RNA (SW620+shLOX). Effect of LOX manipulation on three-dimensional cell proliferation and invasion was characterized in vitro. Effect of LOX manipulation on tumor proliferation and metastasis was investigated in a subcutaneous tumor mouse model (n = 3 mice per group) and in an intrasplenic metastatic mouse model (n = 3 mice per group). The mechanism of LOX-mediated effects via v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (avian) (SRC) was investigated using dasatinib, an inhibitor of SRC activation. All statistical tests were two-sided.Compared with normal colon tissue (n = 49), LOX expression was statistically significantly increased in tumor tissues (n = 510) of CRC patients (P < .001), and a greater increase was observed in metastatic tissue (n = 198). SW480+LOX cells showed a statistically significantly increased three-dimensional proliferation (P = .037) and invasion (P = .015), whereas SW620+shLOX cells showed reduced proliferation (P = .011) and invasion (P = .013) compared with controls. Subcutaneous tumor growth in mice was statistically significantly increased in SW480+LOX tumors (P = .036) and decreased in SW620+shLOX tumors (P = .048), and metastasis was statistically significantly increased in SW480+LOX tumors (P = .044) and decreased in SW620+shLOX tumors (SW620 control vs SW620+shLOX, mean = 1.0 luminescent signal, 95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 1.7 luminescent signal, vs mean = 0.3 luminescent signal, 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.5 luminescent signal; P = .035) compared with controls. LOX-mediated effects on tumor progression were associated with SRC activation, and these effects were inhibited by dasatinib.LOX showed an important role in CRC cell proliferation and metastasis and was dependent on the activation of SRC. These results have the potential to identify patients with high SRC activity, who may benefit from dasatinib treatment.
The Transmembrane Adaptor Protein Trim Regulates T Cell Receptor (Tcr) Expression and Tcr-Mediated Signaling via an Association with the Tcr ζ Chain
Authors: Henning Kirchgessner, Jes Dietrich, Jeanette Scherer, Pia Isomäki, Vladimir Korinek, Ivan Hilgert, Eddy Bruyns, Albrecht Leo, Andrew P. Cope, Burkhart Schraven
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

T cell receptor (TCR)-interacting molecule (TRIM) is a recently identified transmembrane adaptor protein, which is exclusively expressed in T cells. Here we demonstrate that in mature T cells, TRIM preferentially interacts with the TCR via the TCR-ζ chains and to a lesser extent via the CD3-ε/γ heterodimer. Transient or stable overexpression of TRIM in Jurkat T cells results in enhancement of TCR expression on the cell surface and elevated induction of Ca2+ mobilization after T cell activation. TRIM-mediated upregulation of TCR expression results from inhibition of spontaneous TCR internalization and stabilization of TCR complexes on the cell surface. Collectively, our data identify TRIM as a novel integral component of the TCR complex and suggest that one function of TRIM might be to modulate the strength of signals transduced through the TCR through regulation of TCR expression on the cell surface.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Regulates Angiotensin II–Induced Inhibition of Apoptosis in Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Governing Survivin Expression and Suppression of Caspase-3 Activity
Authors: Hirokazu Ohashi, Hitoshi Takagi, Hideyasu Oh, Kiyoshi Suzuma, Izumi Suzuma, Noriko Miyamoto, Akiyoshi Uemura, Daisuke Watanabe, Tomoaki Murakami, Takeshi Sugaya, Akiyoshi Fukamizu, Yoshihito Honda
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays essential roles in vascular homeostasis, neointimal formation, and postinfarct remodeling. Although Ang II has been shown to regulate apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, its role in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) remains elusive. To address this issue, we first performed TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assays with porcine microvascular ECs challenged by serum deprivation. Ang II significantly reduced the ratio of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activity. The Ang II type 1 receptor (AT 1 ) was responsible for these effects. Among the signaling molecules downstream of AT 1 , we revealed that PI3-kinase/Akt pathway plays a predominant role in the antiapoptotic effect of Ang II. Interestingly, the expression of survivin, a central molecule of cell survival, increased after Ang II stimulation. Overexpression of a dominant-negative form of Akt abolished both Ang II–induced antiapoptosis and survivin protein expression. In a murine model of hyperoxygen-induced retinal vascular regression, AT 1a knockout mice showed a significant increase in retinal avascular areas. Our data indicate that Ang II plays a critical antiapoptotic role in vascular ECs by a mechanism involving PI3-kinase/Akt activation, subsequent upregulation of survivin, and suppression of caspase-3 activity.
Properdin factor D: effects on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
Authors: A E Davis, D M Kenney
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Factor D, when preincubated with platelet suspensions, at concentrations as low as 1.2 micrograms/ml, inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. No inhibition of collagen or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation was found. Inhibition occurred, but to a lesser extent, when thrombin and factor D were added to platelets at the same time. No inhibition occurred when factor D was added after thrombin. Thrombin was able to overcome inhibition by factor D by increasing its concentration. Diisopropyl-phosphorofluoridate-inactivated factor D also inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation so that enzymatic activity of factor D was not required for inhibition. Factor D absorbed with hirudin coupled to Sepharose 6B showed no decrease in inhibitory capacity. 125I-Factor D bound to platelets in a manner suggesting an equilibrium reaction similar to thrombin. At low factor D input, binding was linear, whereas at higher input, binding began to approach saturation. Binding of 125I-labeled thrombin to platelets was inhibited by factor D. Analysis of these data show that factor D does not alter the total number of thrombin molecules which bind to the platelet surface at saturation. However, the dissociation constant for thrombin is altered from 2.78 to 6.90 nM in the presence of factor D (20 micrograms/ml). Factor D is thus a competitive inhibitor of thrombin binding, although the affinity of factor D for the platelet thrombin receptor is much less than that of thrombin. These phenomena occur at physiologic concentrations of factor D. Therefore, factor D may function in vivo as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
Would You Say You "Had Sex" If . . . ?
Authors: Stephanie A. Sanders
Journal: JAMA (1999)

ContextThe current public debate regarding whether oral sex constitutes having "had sex" or sexual relations has reflected a lack of empirical data on how Americans as a population define these terms.ObjectiveTo determine which interactions individuals would consider as having "had sex."MethodsA question was included in a survey conducted in 1991 that explored sexual behaviors and attitudes among a random stratified sample of 599 students representative of the undergraduate population of a state university in the Midwest.ParticipantsThe participants originated from 29 states, including all 4 US Census Bureau geographic regions. Approximately 79% classified themselves as politically moderate to conservative.Main Outcome MeasurePercentage of respondents who believed the interaction described constituted having "had sex."ResultsIndividual attitudes varied regarding behaviors defined as having "had sex": 59% (95% confidence interval, 54%-63%) of respondents indicated that oral-genital contact did not constitute having "had sex" with a partner. Nineteen percent responded similarly regarding penile-anal intercourse.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that Americans hold widely divergent opinions about what behaviors do and do not constitute having "had sex."
Evidence for size and charge permselectivity of rat ascending colon. Effects of ricinoleate and bile salts on oxalic acid and neutral sugar transport.
Authors: S C Kathpalia, M J Favus, F L Coe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We have measured unidirectional transmural fluxes of oxalate and neutral sugars across rat ascending colon in vitro, under short-circuit conditions, to characterize permeability barriers selective for size and charge. Ionic oxalate appears to be transported preferentially to sodium oxalate. Mucosal addition of taurocholate (1 mM), deoxycholate (1 mM), or ricinoleate (1 mM) increased bidirectional oxalate fluxes, and the ricinoleate effects were independent of medium calcium. Bidirectional fluxes of uncharged sugar molecules fell sharply at molecular weights above 76 (molecular radius above 3 A), and oxalate transport was retarded relative to that of uncharged molecules of similar size, suggesting that there is both size and charge permselectivity. Ricinoleate increased fluxes of all neutral molecules tested but changed neither the exclusion limits nor the cation selectivity of the epithelium. Bile salts and ricinoleate increase oxalate transport, probably by making more channels available, but do not alter size and charge selectivity.
Acute autonomic neuropathy in association with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: C Hoyle, D J Ewing, A C Parker
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

A patient is described with acute autonomic neuropathy, developing post partum in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, and showing a rapid clinical response to steroids. The pattern of tissue damage is suggestive of an immunologically mediated mechanism.
Assessing the intra- and inter-reader reliability of dynamic ultrasound images in power Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: J M Koski, S Saarakkala, M Helle, U Hakulinen, J O Heikkinen, H Hermunen, P Balint, G A Bruyn, E Filippucci, W Grassi, A Iagnocco, R Luosujarvi, B Manger, E De Miguel, E Naredo, A K Scheel, W A Schmidt, I Soini, M Szkudlarek, L Terslev, J Uson, S Vuoristo, H R Ziswiler
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

<b>Objective:</b> To assess the intra-reader and inter-reader reliabilities of interpreting ultrasonography by several experts using video clips. <b>Method:</b> 99 video clips of healthy and rheumatic joints were recorded and delivered to 17 physician sonographers in two rounds. The intra-reader and inter-reader reliabilities of interpreting the ultrasound results were calculated using a dichotomous system (normal/abnormal) and a graded semiquantitative scoring system. <b>Results:</b> The video reading method worked well. 70% of the readers could classify at least 70% of the cases correctly as normal or abnormal. The distribution of readers answering correctly was wide. The most difficult joints to assess were the elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and knee joints. The intra-reader and inter-reader agreements on interpreting dynamic ultrasound images as normal or abnormal, as well as detecting and scoring a Doppler signal were moderate to good (κ = 0.52–0.82). <b>Conclusions:</b> Dynamic image assessment (video clips) can be used as an alternative method in ultrasonography reliability studies. The intra-reader and inter-reader reliabilities of ultrasonography in dynamic image reading are acceptable, but more definitions and training are needed to improve sonographic reproducibility.
Vitamin D Deficiency Predicts Prostate Biopsy Outcomes
Authors: Adam B. Murphy, Yaw Nyame, Iman K. Martin, William J. Catalona, Courtney M.P. Hollowell, Robert B. Nadler, James M. Kozlowski, Kent T. Perry, Andre Kajdacsy-Balla, Rick Kittles
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: The association between vitamin D and prostate biopsy outcomes has not been evaluated. We examine serum vitamin D levels with prostate biopsy results in men with an abnormal prostate-specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination. Experimental Design: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) was obtained from 667 men, ages 40 to 79 years, prospectively enrolled from Chicago urology clinics undergoing first prostate biopsy. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between 25-OH D status and incident prostate cancer, Gleason score, and tumor stage. Results: Among European American (EA) men, there was an association of 25-OH D &amp;lt;12 ng/mL with higher Gleason score ≥ 4+4 [OR, 3.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.41–9.50; P = 0.008] and tumor stage [stage ≥ cT2b vs. ≤ cT2a, OR, 2.42 (1.14–5.10); P = 0.008]. In African American (AA) men, we find increased odds of prostate cancer diagnosis on biopsy with 25-OH D &amp;lt; 20 ng/mL [OR, 2.43 (1.20–4.94); P = 0.01]. AA men demonstrated an association between 25-OH D &amp;lt; 12 ng/mL and Gleason ≥ 4+4 [OR, 4.89 (1.59–15.07); P = 0.006]. There was an association with tumor stage ≥ cT2b vs. ≤ cT2a [OR, 4.22 (1.52–11.74); P = 0.003]. Conclusions: In AA men, vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased odds of prostate cancer diagnosis on biopsy. In both EA and AA men, severe deficiency was positively associated with higher Gleason grade and tumor stage. Clin Cancer Res; 20(9); 2289–99. ©2014 AACR.