tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preventing lower extremity sport injury through a high intensity neuromuscular training program in a junior high school setting
Authors: S Richmond, C A Emery, P K Doyle-Baker, A Nettel-Aguirre
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Neuromuscular training programs have shown to decrease injury rates in sport specific domains; however, there is limited research in non-sport populations. Objective Examine the effectiveness of reducing sport injury through a high intensity, neuromuscular training program aimed at school youth. Design Pilot, randomised controlled trial. Participants were randomised by school, to either intervention or control programs in year one. Year two, the intervention program was implemented in the control school. Setting Physical education (PE) classes. Participants 725 (year one) and 314 (year two) consenting participants aged 11–15. Intervention Intervention group completed a 15 min, high intensity, neuromuscular training warm-up, three times per week for 12 weeks. The control group warm-up was the same duration, with standard of care components. Main outcome measurements Sport injury, defined as any sport injury that required medical attention, and/or cessation of the activity, and/or time loss from sport. Secondary outcomes; aerobic fitness (VO 2 maximum (ml/kg/min), vertical jump (cm) and balance (s). Results Incidence rate ratios (IRR), adjusted for clustering by class, previous injury and exposure hours, estimated the intervention program was protective of all sport injury (IRR=0.29 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.46)), lower extremity injury (IRR=0.30 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.53)), and time loss injury (IRR=0.43 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.94)). The intervention group showed greater improvement in aerobic fitness (2.14 ml/kg/min (95% CI 1.17 to 2.59)) (t=-3.86, p=0.0001) and vertical jump (4.16 cm (95% CI 3.65 to 4.66)) (t=-3.67, p=0.0003) compared to the control group. No statistical differences were detected in balance measures. Conclusions A neuromuscular training program implemented in PE classes was protective of all sport injury, lower extremity injury and time loss injury. Results pertaining to year two will be determined and presented.
Decline in Out-of-Hospital Coronary Heart Disease Deaths Has Contributed the Main Part to the Overall Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Rates Among Persons 35 to 64 Years of Age in Finland
Authors: V. Salomaa, M. Ketonen, H. Koukkunen, P. Immonen-Räihä, T. Jerkkola, P. Kärjä-Koskenkari, M. Mähönen, M. Niemelä, K. Kuulasmaa, P. Palomäki, J. Mustonen, M. Arstila, T. Vuorenmaa, A. Lehtonen, S. Lehto, H. Miettinen, J. Torppa, J. Tuomilehto, Y.A. Kesäniemi, K. Pyörälä
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Out-of-hospital deaths constitute the majority of all coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths and are therefore of considerable public health significance. Methods and Results— We used population-based myocardial infarction register data to examine trends in out-of-hospital CHD deaths in Finland during 1983 to 1997. We included in out-of-hospital deaths also deaths in the emergency room and all deaths within 1 hour after the onset of symptoms. Altogether, 3494 such events were included in the analyses. The proportion of out-of-hospital deaths of all CHD deaths depended on age and gender. In the age group 35 to 64 years, it was 73% among men and 60% among women. These proportions did not change during the study. The annual average decline in the age-standardized out-of-hospital CHD death rate was 6.1% (95% CI, −7.3, −5.0%) among men and 7.0% (−10.0, −4.0%) among women. These declines contributed among men 70% and among women 58% to the overall decline in CHD mortality rate. In all, 58% of the male and 52% of the female victims of out-of-hospital CHD death had a history of symptomatic CHD. Among men with a prior history of myocardial infarction, the annual average decline in out-of-hospital CHD deaths was 5.3% (−7.2, −3.2%), and among men without such history the decline was 2.9% (−4.4, −1.5%). Among women, the corresponding changes were −7.8% (−14.2, −1.5%) and −4.5% (−8.0, −1.0%). Conclusions— The decline in out-of-hospital CHD deaths has contributed the main part to the overall decline in CHD mortality rates among persons 35 to 64 years of age in Finland.
α2-6–Linked Sialic Acids on N-Glycans Modulate Carcinoma Differentiation <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Maria Hedlund, Elisa Ng, Ajit Varki, Nissi M. Varki
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Sialic acids on vertebrate cell surfaces mediate many biological roles. Altered expression of certain sialic acid types or their linkages can have prognostic significance in human cancer. A classic but unexplained example is enhanced α2-6-sialylation on N-glycans resulting from overexpression of the Golgi enzyme β-galactoside:α2-6-sialyltransferase (ST6Gal-I). Previous data supporting a role for the resulting Siaα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc (Sia6LacNAc) structure in tumor biology were based on in vitro studies in transfected carcinoma cells, in which increased Sia6LacNAc on β1-integrins enhanced their binding to ligands, and stimulated cell motility. Here, we examine for the first time the in vivo role of the ST6Gal-I enzyme in the growth and differentiation of spontaneous mammary cancers in mice transgenic for a mouse mammary tumor virus promoter–driven polyomavirus middle T antigen, a tumor in which β1-integrin function is important for tumorigenesis and in maintaining the proliferative state of tumor cells. Tumors induced in St6gal1-null animals were more differentiated compared with those in the wild-type background, both by histologic analysis and by protein expression profiles. Furthermore, we show the St6gal1-null tumors have selectively altered expression of genes associated with focal adhesion signaling and have decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, a downstream target of β1-integrins. This first in vivo evidence for a role of ST6Gal-I in tumor progression was confirmed using a novel approach, which conditionally restored St6gal1 in cell lines derived from the null tumors. These findings indicate a role for ST6Gal-I as a mediator of tumor progression, with its expression causing a less differentiated phenotype, via enhanced β1-integrin function. [Cancer Res 2008;68(2):388–94]
Implementing a Geriatric Assessment in Cooperative Group Clinical Cancer Trials: CALGB 360401
Authors: Arti Hurria, Constance T. Cirrincione, Hyman B. Muss, Alice B. Kornblith, William Barry, Andrew S. Artz, Linda Schmieder, Rafat Ansari, William P. Tew, Douglas Weckstein, Jeffrey Kirshner, Kayo Togawa, Kurt Hansen, Vani Katheria, Richard Stone, Ilene Galinsky, John Postiglione, Harvey Jay Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Purpose Factors captured in a geriatric assessment can predict morbidity and mortality in older adults, but are not routinely measured in cancer clinical trials. This study evaluated the implementation of a geriatric assessment tool in the cooperative group setting. Patients and Methods Patients age ≥ 65 with cancer, who enrolled on cooperative group cancer trials, were eligible to enroll on Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 360401. They completed a geriatric assessment tool before initiation of protocol therapy, consisting of valid and reliable geriatric assessment measures which are primarily self-administered and require minimal resources and time by healthcare providers. The assessment measures functional status, comorbidity, cognitive function, psychological state, social support, and nutritional status. The protocol specified criteria for incorporation of the tool in future cooperative group trials was based on the time to completion and percent of patients who could complete their portion without assistance. Patient satisfaction with the tool was captured. Results Of the 93 patients who enrolled in this study, five (5%) met criteria for cognitive impairment and three did not complete the cognitive screen, leaving 85 assessable patients (median age, 72 years). The median time to complete the geriatric assessment tool was 22 minutes, 87% of patients (n = 74) completed their portion without assistance, 92% (n = 78) were satisfied with the questionnaire length, 95% (n = 81) reported no difficult questions, and 96% (n = 82) reported no upsetting questions. One hundred percent of health care professionals completed their portion. Conclusion This brief, primarily self-administered geriatric assessment tool met the protocol specified criteria for inclusion in future cooperative group clinical trials.
Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: Incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and short-term prognosis
Authors: Andrés Cárdenas, Pere Ginès, Juan Uriz, Xavier Bessa, Joan Manuel Salmerón, Antoni Mas, Rolando Ortega, Blas Calahorra, Dara De Las Heras, Jaime Bosch, Vicente Arroyo, Juan Rodés
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

To assess the incidence, clinical course, predictive factors, and prognosis of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, 175 consecutive episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding in 161 patients were analyzed. Renal failure occurred in 20 (11%) episodes and was transient in 8 episodes and nontransient in 12. Renal failure was more common in patients with cirrhosis than in a control population of bleeding patients without cirrhosis matched by age and severity of the bleeding episode. Among 39 clinical and laboratory variables obtained at admission or during hospitalization related with the bleeding episode or with liver and renal function, the presence of hypovolemic shock, number of packed red blood cells transfused, Child-Pugh class at admission, and baseline platelet count were independent predictors of renal failure. The development of renal failure and hypovolemic shock was the only independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. Mortality rate among the 20 episodes with renal failure was 55% (11 deaths) as compared with only 3% (5 deaths) in the 155 episodes without renal failure ( P &lt; .01). The development of nontransient renal failure entailed a much greater mortality as compared with transient renal failure (10 of 12 [83%] vs. 1 of 8 [12%]; P &lt; .01). In conclusion, renal failure is a common event in patients with cirrhosis and gastrointestinal bleeding, the occurrence of which is mainly related to the severity of bleeding and baseline liver function. Renal failure is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with cirrhosis and gastrointestinal bleeding.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: M. Kenton King, W. Barry Wood
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

By means of a method designed to compare the febrile responses produced by intracarotid and intravenous injections, the endogenous pyrogen, which is contained in leucocytic exudates and is present in the serum of rabbits 2 hours after intravenous injections of typhoid vaccine, has been shown to act directly upon the thermoregulatory centers of the brain. In contrast, the exogenous bacterial pyrogen present in serum obtained 5 minutes after vaccine injections was found to act by a different and less direct mechanism. These observations add strong support to the original hypothesis that endogenous pyrogen, presumably derived from polymorphonuclear leucocytes, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of endotoxin fever.
Post-mortem studies of the semistatic volume-pressure characteristics of infants' lungs.
Authors: D G Fagan
Journal: Thorax (1976)

Semistatic air volume-pressure (V-P) loops were recorded from 172 isolated lungs obtained from infants and children at necropsy. Technically unsatisfactory V-P loop behaviour and the presence of pathological changes led to the exclusion of 98 lungs. A further 10 lungs were excluded as it was decided to study the period of growth up to 90 cm crown-heel length. A total of 64 left lungs remained which were designated "normal". Control data were collected in an attempt to quantify the effects of storage and variations in inflation technique. A maximum inflation pressure of +30 cmH2O was used as a standard Pmax. The resulting maximum inflation volume (Vmax) data showed a cubic relation to the crown-heel length which deviated from the values obtained by the use of in-vivo regression equations. The extent and pattern of the deviation suggest that the technical factors are not a major contributory cause, and other explanations are discussed. The low-pressure proportional data from the deflation limb of the V-P curve are plotted against the crown-hell length, and the resulting curve is analysed. There is a sharp fall in the proportion of Vmax retained in the lung at +5 cmH2O and +2-5 cmH2O with increasing body length, but proportional volume at zero transpulmonary pressure follows the same growth-related pattern as Vmax.
Targeting PCSK9 for Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Giuseppe Danilo Norata, Gianpaolo Tibolla, Alberico Luigi Catapano
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2013)

Dyslipidemias are a predominant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Biological and genetic research has led to the identification of several genes and proteins that may be pharmacologically targeted to improve lipoprotein profiles and possibly cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dyslipidemia. The observation that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C) by enhancing the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) prompted the search for drugs that inhibit PCSK9 activity. Several approaches to inhibiting PCSK9 activity have been proposed; these involve inhibitory antibodies, small molecules, and gene silencing. To date, the most promising and advanced approach relates to monoclonal antibodies, which can decrease LDL cholesterol by 65–70%, even as an add-on therapy to a maximal dose of a statin. Phase III studies and large, event-driven clinical trials are ongoing and will fully address the viability and role of these drugs in clinical practice.
Psoriasis and folic acid antagonists
Authors: T. J. Ryan, H. R. Vickers
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1966)

Journal Article Psoriasis and folic acid antagonists Get access T. J. Ryan, T. J. Ryan The Radcliffe Infirmary Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. R. Vickers H. R. Vickers The Radcliffe Infirmary Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 78, Issue 11, 1 November 1966, Pages 612–613, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12157.x Published: 01 November 1966
Contact sensitization pretransplantation predicts acute hepatic allograft rejection
Authors: Andrew Bathgate, Matthias Dollinger, John Plevris, Christopher Bellamy, Peter Hayes
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The loss of hepatic allografts to the rejection processes is now relatively rare, and the reduction of adverse effects related to immunosuppressive therapy is becoming more important as patients survive longer after transplantation. We therefore investigated the response to a contact neoantigen before liver transplantation as a predictor of acute rejection after transplantation. Forty–one patients with chronic liver disease were sensitized with 0.1% diphenylcyclopropenone while on the waiting list for orthotopic liver transplantation. Fourteen days later an elicitation reaction was performed with 5 different concentrations of diphenylcyclopropenone. Nineteen responded to diphenylcyclopropenone (score range, 1–9). Twenty–two patients had no response. Three patients died before transplantation (all nonresponders). Twelve (63%) of 19 responders had treatment for acute rejection compared with 1 of 19 nonresponders ( P &lt; .0001). In addition univariate analysis revealed recipient age, donor age, Child–Pugh class, and immunosuppressive agent to be associated with acute rejection. On multivariate analysis only skin test response was a significant predictor of acute rejection ( P = .02). All nonresponders had no or only mild rejection on biopsy, but 12 of 19 responders had moderate or severe acute rejection on biopsy. All patients requiring additional therapy to a single course of corticosteroids for acute rejection had skin test scores greater than 1. We concluded that patients who do not respond to diphenylcyclopropenone sensitization before transplantation develop at most mild acute rejection and that skin test scores identify patients with troublesome rejection. Evaluation of skin test responses to a contact neoantigen may facilitate tailoring of immunosuppressive therapy.
The Adrenal Gland and the Cardiovascular Changes in Acute Anoxic Anoxia in Dogs
Authors: C. W. BAUGH, R. W. CORNETT, J. D. HATCHER
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

The hyperkinetic circulatory state observed in intact anesthetized dogs at the end of a 15 minute period of breathing 6 per cent oxygen in nitrogen was absent in a similar series of dogs acutely adrenalectomized by the ligation technie. Blood removed from intact animals at the end of the anoxic period and infused into normal assay dogs produced a rise in cardiac output in the latter which was not observed with comparable infusions of normal blood or blood removed from adrenalectomized anoxic dogs. The transferable agent demonstrated by this study is considered responsible for the rise in cardiac output in the anoxic donor. It is suggested that this agent arises from the adrenal medulla.
Injections and physiotherapy for the painful stiff shoulder.
Authors: J E Dacre, N Beeney, D L Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

Cost effective treatment is needed for common self limiting rheumatological conditions. Periarthritis of the shoulder is an example. There is no consensus for one type of treatment, though local steroids or physiotherapy are conventionally used. Their cost and efficacy were compared in a prospective randomised observer-blind trial--in essence a medical audit of the treatment of a common rheumatological problem. Sixty two consecutive patients presenting with a painful stiff shoulder were studied. Patients with coexistent diseases like cervical spondylosis or a stroke were excluded. They were randomly allocated to receive local steroids, six weeks9 physiotherapy, or both. The three groups were of similar age, sex, and disease severity. Assessments of pain and shoulder movement were made initially, at six weeks, and at six months by a 9blinded9 observer. Physiotherapy was given by one therapist and injections by one physician. All three groups showed significant improvements by six weeks, with further improvement at six months. Improvements were identical in all three groups. No treatment gave complications. The costs of treatment varied: an injection of triamcinolone cost 2.10 pounds; a six week course of physiotherapy cost 48.50 pounds; combination treatment cost 50.60 pounds. Patients expect treatment for a painful stiff shoulder. The results show that local steroid injections are as effective as physiotherapy alone or a combination. They provide rapid treatment and are less expensive. In the uncomplicated case a local steroid injection is the most cost effective treatment.
Effects of glucocorticoids in ventilated piglets with severe pneumonia
Authors: O. Sibila, C. M. Luna, C. Agustí, S. Baquero, S. Gando, J. R. Patrón, J. G. Morato, R. Absi, N. Bassi, A. Torres
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

There is clinical evidence suggesting that glucocorticoids may be useful in severe pneumonia, but the pathogenic mechanisms explaining these beneficial effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of adding glucocorticoids to antibiotic treatment in an experimental model of severe pneumonia. In total, 15 Lagerwhite-Landrace piglets were ventilated for 96 h. After intubation, a 75 mL solution containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 6 cfu·mL −1 ) was bronchoscopically inoculated. The animals were randomised into three groups 12 h after inoculation: 1) untreated; 2) treated with ciprofloxacin; and 3) treated with ciprofloxacin plus methylprednisolone. Physiological and laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the study. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Histopathology of the lungs and cultures from blood, BAL and lungs were performed. At the end of the study, piglets receiving the antibiotic plus glucocorticoids showed: 1) a decrease in the concentration of interleukin-6 in BAL; and 2) a decrease in the global bacterial burden both in BAL and lung tissue. In conclusion, in this experimental model of pneumonia, the association of glucocorticoids with antibiotics attenuates local inflammatory response and decreases bacterial burden in the lung.
Modulation of human upper gastrointestinal motility by rectal distension.
Authors: J E Kellow, R C Gill, D L Wingate
Journal: Gut (1987)

The effects of rectal distension on upper gastrointestinal motility were investigated in six healthy subjects. On a control day, gastric and duodenal motor activity was recorded for nine hours of fasting and for four hours after a meal, duodeno-caecal transit being assessed in both interdigestive and digestive states. Motor activity and transit were also measured on a test day during which the rectum was distended for one hour during fasting and for one hour postprandially. Control and test days were randomised. During fasting, rectal distension increased the incidence of migrating motor complexes (0.8 +/- 0.3 v 0.5 +/- 0.2 h; p less than 0.01) and reduced the duodenal phase 2 motility index to 66 +/- 45% of that observed on the control day (p less than 0.01). Further, duodeno-caecal transit time was increased by rectal distension (99 +/- 30 v 71 +/- 35 min; p less than 0.05). Postprandially, the period of rectal distension was marked by a reduction in the duodenal motility index to 24 +/- 13% of that observed during the comparable period on the control day (p less than 0.001) and a concomitant increase in duodeno-caecal transit time (113 +/- 22 v 80 +/- 17 min; p less than 0.01). We conclude that upper gastrointestinal motor activity, the effector of luminal transit, may be profoundly influenced by stimulation of distal afferents.
Maintenance Therapy to Suppress Micrometastasis: The New Challenge for Adjuvant Cancer Treatment
Authors: Richard J. Epstein
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

The palliative efficacy of cytotoxic drugs is routinely assessed using tumor shrinkage (response) rates shown in clinical trials. Although adjuvant drug therapy has a goal distinct from that of palliative therapy (i.e., to prolong survival by inhibiting progression of micrometastatic disease), it is widely assumed that the adjuvant efficacy of a drug will parallel its response rate ("activity") in advanced stages of the disease. Reconsideration of this assumption seems timely in view of recent developments: the realization that many predictors of short-term tumor response correlate inversely with long-term survival outcomes; the characterization of tumor progression as a discontinuous process that may include dormant phases; the understanding that micrometastasis is therapeutically suppressible by a variety of mechanisms including direct tumor cell kill, cytotoxic disruption of paracrine growth signals from normal tissues, and targeted inhibition of prometastatic pathways; the recognition that tumor dormancy not only blocks the antimetastatic efficacy of cytotoxic drugs but also represents a therapeutic end point for metastasis-suppressive noncytotoxic drugs such as hormone inhibitors; and the insight that optimal adjuvant drug therapy is likely to include both induction and maintenance components. The traditional view of cytoreductive response as a prerequisite for adjuvant drug efficacy thus merits reappraisal, with a view to accelerating incorporation of novel noncytotoxic maintenance therapies into controlled studies.