tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children
Authors: K. R Smith
Journal: Thorax (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> A critical review was conducted of the quantitative literature linking indoor air pollution from household use of biomass fuels with acute respiratory infections in young children, which is focused on, but not confined to, acute lower respiratory infection and pneumonia in children under two years in less developed countries. Biomass in the form of wood, crop residues, and animal dung is used in more than two fifths of the world9s households as the principal fuel. <h3>METHODS</h3> Medline and other electronic databases were used, but it was also necessary to secure literature from colleagues in less developed countries where not all publications are yet internationally indexed. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The studies of indoor air pollution from household biomass fuels are reasonably consistent and, as a group, show a strong significant increase in risk for exposed young children compared with those living in households using cleaner fuels or being otherwise less exposed. Not all studies were able to adjust for confounders, but most of those that did so found that strong and significant risks remained. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> It seems that the relative risks are likely to be significant for the exposures considered here. Since acute lower respiratory infection is the chief cause of death in children in less developed countries, and exacts a larger burden of disease than any other disease category for the world population, even small additional risks due to such a ubiquitous exposure as air pollution have important public health implications. In the case of indoor air pollution in households using biomass fuels, the risks also seem to be fairly strong, presumably because of the high daily concentrations of pollutants found in such settings and the large amount of time young children spend with their mothers doing household cooking. Given the large vulnerable populations at risk, there is an urgent need to conduct randomised trials to increase confidence in the cause-effect relationship, to quantify the risk more precisely, to determine the degree of reduction in exposure required to significantly improve health, and to establish the effectiveness of interventions.
Misfolded proteins activate Factor XII in humans, leading to kallikrein formation without initiating coagulation
Authors: Coen Maas, José W.P. Govers-Riemslag, Barend Bouma, Bettina Schiks, Bouke P.C. Hazenberg, Henk M. Lokhorst, Per Hammarström, Hugo ten Cate, Philip G. de Groot, Bonno N. Bouma, Martijn F.B.G. Gebbink
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

When blood is exposed to negatively charged surface materials such as glass, an enzymatic cascade known as the contact system becomes activated. This cascade is initiated by autoactivation of Factor XII and leads to both coagulation (via Factor XI) and an inflammatory response (via the kallikrein-kinin system). However, while Factor XII is important for coagulation in vitro, it is not important for physiological hemostasis, so the physiological role of the contact system remains elusive. Using patient blood samples and isolated proteins, we identified a novel class of Factor XII activators. Factor XII was activated by misfolded protein aggregates that formed by denaturation or by surface adsorption, which specifically led to the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system without inducing coagulation. Consistent with this, we found that Factor XII, but not Factor XI, was activated and kallikrein was formed in blood from patients with systemic amyloidosis, a disease marked by the accumulation and deposition of misfolded plasma proteins. These results show that the kallikrein-kinin system can be activated by Factor XII, in a process separate from the coagulation cascade, and point to a protective role for Factor XII following activation by misfolded protein aggregates.
The effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness
Authors: J E Hilbert, G A Sforzo, T Swensen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).Eighteen volunteers were randomly assigned to either a massage or control group. DOMS was induced with six sets of eight maximal eccentric contractions of the right hamstring, which were followed 2 h later by 20 min of massage or sham massage (control). Peak torque and mood were assessed at 2, 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Range of motion (ROM) and intensity and unpleasantness of soreness were assessed at 6, 24, and 48 h postexercise. Neutrophil count was assessed at 6 and 24 h postexercise.A two factor ANOVA (treatment v time) with repeated measures on the second factor showed no significant treatment differences for peak torque, ROM, neutrophils, unpleasantness of soreness, and mood (p > 0.05). The intensity of soreness, however, was significantly lower in the massage group relative to the control group at 48 h postexercise (p < 0.05).Massage administered 2 h after exercise induced muscle injury did not improve hamstring function but did reduce the intensity of soreness 48 h after muscle insult.
Gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma reveals molecular portraits in relation to the pathogenesis of the disease
Authors: Florence Magrangeas, Valéry Nasser, Hervé Avet-Loiseau, Béatrice Loriod, Olivier Decaux, Samuel Granjeaud, François Bertucci, Daniel Birnbaum, Catherine Nguyen, Jean-Luc Harousseau, Régis Bataille, Rémi Houlgatte, Stéphane Minvielle
Journal: Blood (2003)
Incomplete Resolution of ST-Segment Elevation Is a Marker of Transient Microcirculatory Dysfunction After Stenting for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Laurent J. Feldman, Pierre Coste, Alain Furber, Patrick Dupouy, Michel S. Slama, Jean-Pierre Monassier, Christophe Tron, Antoine Lafont, Marc Faraggi, Dominique Le Guludec, Jean-Luc Dubois-Randé, P. Gabriel Steg
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Incomplete ST-segment resolution (STR) after successful primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a poor prognosis. We used intracoronary Doppler velocimetry to investigate whether incomplete STR after primary angioplasty is a marker of severe microcirculatory dysfunction.Fifty patients with < or =12-hour AMI underwent successful primary angioplasty and systematic stenting with a Doppler guidewire. Patients with incomplete (<50%) STR 60 minutes after TIMI 3 flow was restored had flow velocity features suggestive of severe microcirculatory dysfunction, including a higher incidence of early systolic retrograde flow (41% versus 9%, P=0.007) and lower coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR, 1.3 versus 1.6, P<0.001). CVR improved immediately after stenting in patients with > or =50% STR but not in patients with <50% STR. There was a significant correlation between STR and poststent CVR. At 3 months, CVR was similar in patients with <50% and > or =50% STR. However, left ventriculography indicated lower global (42% versus 55%, P=0.001) and regional (16% versus 20%, P=0.03) left ventricular ejection fractions and 201Tl rest-redistribution scintigraphy indicated a larger infarct size (34% versus 16% 201Tl defect, P=0.007) in patients with <50% STR.After successful primary angioplasty with systematic stenting, <50% STR is a marker of severe albeit transient microcirculatory dysfunction in patients with AMI and is associated with more extensive myocardial damage.
Royal College of Surgeons give cautious approval for face transplants
Authors: Adrian O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Surgeons' leaders have given a cautious go ahead for doctors to carry out face transplants, providing that they follow stringent requirements. 

A report published this week by the Royal College of Surgeons of England said that matters had moved on considerably in the three years since the college last spoke on the issue and rejected the idea. 

The college has decided that, despite many reservations, it is permissible to proceed with caution, and spelt out 15 minimum requirements that should be met. 

These cover medical and technical skills, psychological considerations, resources, and social issues. All the requirements should be …
Cell adhesion in Hailey–Hailey disease and Darier's disease: immunocytological and explant-tissue-culture studies
Authors: S.M. BURGE, S.A. CEDERHOLM-WILLIAMS, D.R. GARROD, T.J. RYAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article Cell adhesion in Hailey–Hailey disease and Darier's disease: immunocytological and explant‐tissue‐culture studies Get access S.M. BURGE, S.M. BURGE Department of Dermatology, Slade Hospital Oxfor, U.K. Dr S.M. Burge, Department of Dermatology. Slade Hospital Oxford OX3 7JH U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.A. CEDERHOLM‐WILLIAMS, S.A. CEDERHOLM‐WILLIAMS Fibrinolysis Research Group. John Radcliffe Hospital. Oxford, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.R. GARROD, D.R. GARROD Cancer Research Campaign Medical Oncology Unit. University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.J. RYAN T.J. RYAN Department of Dermatology, Slade Hospital Oxfor, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 125, Issue 5, 1 November 1991, Pages 426–435, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14767.x Published: 01 November 1991
Kinesio taping for sports injuries
Authors: Steven J Kamper, Nicholas Henschke
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Over a period of nine months 203 cases of urethral gonorrhoea were seen in 188 men. In 36 (17%) of the cases there were no symptoms, and in 14 (7%) the symptoms were considered so mild that the patients thought medical care was unnecessary. The symptomless patients and those with mild symptoms were found only as a result of efficient contact tracing. This high incidence illustrates the importance of good contact tracing and careful investigation.
Expression of GP73, a resident Golgi membrane protein, in viral and nonviral liver disease
Authors: Raleigh D. Kladney, Xiaoyen Cui, Gary A. Bulla, Elizabeth M. Brunt, Claus J. Fimmel
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

GP73 is a novel type II Golgi membrane protein of unknown function that is expressed in the hepatocytes of patients with adult giant-cell hepatitis (Gene 2000;249:53-65). Its expression pattern in human liver disease and the regulation of its expression in hepatocytes have not been systematically studied. The aims of the present study were to compare GP73 protein levels in viral and nonviral human liver disease and in normal livers, to identify its cellular sources, and to study the regulation of its expression in hepatoma cells in vitro . GP73 protein levels were quantitated in explant livers of patients with well-defined disease etiologies and compared with the levels in normal donor livers. GP73-expressing cells were identified immunohistochemically. GP73 expression in vitro was studied by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy in HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 cells and in the HepG2-derived, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-transfected HepG2215 and HepG2T14.1 cell lines. Whole organ levels of GP73 were low in normal livers. Significant increases were found in liver disease due to viral causes (HBV, HCV) or nonviral causes (alcohol-induced liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis). In normal livers, GP73 was constitutively expressed by biliary epithelial cells but not by hepatocytes. Hepatocyte expression of GP73 was dramatically up-regulated in diseased livers, regardless of the etiology, whereas biliary epithelial cell expression did not change appreciably. GP73 was present at high levels in HepG2215 cells (a cell line that supports active HBV replication), but was absent in HepG2T14.1 cells (an HBV-transfected cell line that does not support HBV replication) and in HBV-free HepG2 cells. In SK-Hep-1 cells, GP73 expression was increased in response to interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). In conclusion, increased expression of GP73 in hepatocytes appears to be a general feature of advanced liver disease, and may be regulated via distinct pathways that involve hepatotropic viruses or cytokines.
Thrombin functions as an inflammatory mediator through activation of its receptor.
Authors: G Cirino, C Cicala, M R Bucci, L Sorrentino, J M Maraganore, S R Stone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

A rat model of inflammation was used to investigate the biological effects of thrombin. The thrombin-specific inhibitor Hirulog markedly attentuated the carrageenin-induced edema of the paw of the rat. Injection of thrombin into the paw also produced edema. The effect of thrombin was due to activation of its receptor; a thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) reproduced the effects of thrombin in causing edema. TRAP also increased vascular permeability as demonstrated by extravasation of Evans blue and 125I-labeled serum albumin. The release of bioactive amines played an important role in mediating the TRAP-induced edema; the serotonin/histamine antagonist cryproheptadine and the histamine H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine reduced significantly the edema caused by TRAP. Treatment of rats with the mast cell degranulator 48/80 to deplete these cells of their stores of histamine and serotonin abolished completely the ability of TRAP to produce edema. Histochemical examination confirmed that TRAP treatment led to mast cell degranulation. Thus, it has been possible to demonstrate that thrombin acts as an inflammatory mediator in vivo by activating its receptor, which in turn leads to release of vasoactive amines from mast cells.
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case report and a review of therapeutic possibilities
Authors: TW De Vries, JJ Weening, RJ Roorda
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1991)

We describe the observation of a 12 yr old girl who died of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Diagnosis was based on histological examination of an open lung biopsy. The differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and possible therapies are discussed. Although medical therapy can sometimes give some temporary relief, lung transplantation might offer these patients a better chance of survival and a better quality of life.
Adherence Is the Critical Factor for Achieving Molecular Responses in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Who Achieve Complete Cytogenetic Responses on Imatinib
Authors: David Marin, Alexandra Bazeos, Francois-Xavier Mahon, Lina Eliasson, Dragana Milojkovic, Marco Bua, Jane F. Apperley, Richard Szydlo, Ritti Desai, Kasia Kozlowski, Christos Paliompeis, Victoria Latham, Letizia Foroni, Mathieu Molimard, Alistair Reid, Katy Rezvani, Hugues de Lavallade, Cristina Guallar, John Goldman, Jamshid S. Khorashad
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

There is a considerable variability in the level of molecular responses achieved with imatinib therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). These differences could result from variable therapy adherence.Eighty-seven patients with chronic-phase CML treated with imatinib 400 mg/d for a median of 59.7 months (range, 25 to 104 months) who had achieved complete cytogenetic response had adherence monitored during a 3-month period by using a microelectronic monitoring device. Adherence was correlated with levels of molecular response. Other factors that could influence outcome were also analyzed.Median adherence rate was 98% (range, 24% to 104%). Twenty-three patients (26.4%) had adherence <or= 90%; in 12 of these patients (14%), adherence was <or= 80%. There was a strong correlation between adherence rate (<or= 90% or > 90%) and the 6-year probability of a 3-log reduction (also known as major molecular response [MMR]) in BCR-ABL1 transcripts (28.4% v 94.5%; P < .001) and also complete molecular response (CMR; 0% v 43.8%; P = .002). Multivariate analysis identified adherence (relative risk [RR], 11.7; P = .001) and expression of the molecular human organic cation transporter-1 (RR, 1.79; P = .038) as the only independent predictors for MMR. Adherence was the only independent predictor for CMR. No molecular responses were observed when adherence was <or= 80% (P < .001). Patients whose imatinib doses were increased had poor adherence (86.4%). In this latter population, adherence was the only independent predictor for inability to achieve an MMR (RR, 17.66; P = .006).In patients with CML treated with imatinib for some years, poor adherence may be the predominant reason for inability to obtain adequate molecular responses.
Common misconceptions about back pain in sport: Tiger Woods’ case brings five fundamental questions into sharp focus
Authors: Peter O'Sullivan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

Back pain is the leading cause of disability in the western world and a major reason for activity avoidance and athlete retirement. In spite of enormous and increasing costs, current approaches to management are fuelling rather than reducing the burden of the problem.1 This was highlighted by the huge media interest generated recently over the demise of Tiger Woods and his golf game relating to his back pain disorder. Tiger's story has demonstrated common underlying beliefs about back pain often reinforced by well-meaning health professionals, which in turn leads to the quest for ‘magic bullet’ treatments to ‘fix’ the disorder. Tiger's situation highlights the diagnostic and management dilemma faced by many health professionals regarding the mechanisms for, and the management of, recurrent and disabling back pain disorders.



1.  “Tiger has a pinched nerve in his back causing his pain” What is the role of imaging for the diagnosis of back pain?

Commonly in clinical practice back pain is considered from a purely biomedical perspective, where radiological imaging is the basis for diagnosis. The dilemma of imaging is that while it has an important role in the triage of people with back pain in order to identify fractures, malignancies and nerve root compression in 1–2% of people, it also identifies many pathoanatomical findings which are poorly related to back pain.2 Imaging findings such as disc degeneration, disc bulges, annular tears and prolapses are highly prevalent in pain-free populations, are not strongly predictive of future low back pain (LBP) and correlate poorly with levels of pain and disability.3 ,4

The documented adverse effects of early MRI for LBP include increased disability levels, increased medical costs and surgery, highlighting the risk of iatrogenic disability if spinal imaging is not communicated carefully and matched to the presenting disorder.5 ,6 …
Multiparametric Spectroscopic Photoacoustic Imaging of Breast Cancer Development in a Transgenic Mouse Model
Authors: Katheryne E. Wilson, Sunitha V. Bachawal, Lu Tian, Jürgen K. Willmann
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

Objective: To evaluate the potential of multiparametric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging using oxygen saturation, total hemoglobin, and lipid content to differentiate among four different breast histologies (normal, hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive breast carcinoma) in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer development.Materials and Methods: Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care.Mammary glands (n=251) of a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer development (FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyMT)634Mul) were imaged using B-mode ultrasound and spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging, analyzed for oxygen saturation, total hemoglobin, and lipid content, and processed for histological analysis.Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA, two-sample t-tests, logistic regression, and ROC analysis.Results: Eighty-two normal, 12 hyperplastic, 96 DCIS, and 61 invasive breast carcinoma mammary glands were analyzed.Based on spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging, the oxygen saturation of hyperplasia (50.6%),DCIS (43.0%), and invasive carcinoma (46.2%) significantly increased compared to normal glands (35.5%, P <0.0001), while both total hemoglobin (P<0.01), and lipid content (P<0.0008)significantly decreased with advancing histology.In differentiating normal and hyperplasia from DCIS and invasive breast carcinoma, multiparametric imaging of oxygen saturation, lipid content, and raw photoacoustic signal at 750 nm provided an AUC value of 0.770.Conclusion: Multiparametric spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging is feasible and allows detection of differences in concentration of tissue chromophores among different histologies in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer development.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Dual Action Raf Kinase and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor, BAY 43-9006, in Patients with Advanced, Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Jeffrey W. Clark, Joseph P. Eder, David Ryan, Chetan Lathia, Heinz-Josef Lenz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: BAY 43-9006, a novel multikinase inhibitor, prevents tumor growth by combining two antitumor activities: inhibition of both tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. This phase I, open-label, nonrandomized, noncontrolled, single-arm, dose escalation study was done to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety profile, pharmacokinetic variables, effect on biomarkers, and tumor response with BAY 43-9006 in 19 patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Experimental Design: BAY 43-9006 was given orally in repeated cycles of 1-week on/1-week off. The study comprised five dose levels, ranging from 100 mg twice daily (bid) to 800 mg bid. Treatment of each patient continued until unacceptable toxicity, tumor progression, or death. Results: Rash and hypertension were the dose-limiting toxicities at the 800 mg bid dose requiring study drug discontinuation; therefore, the MTD of BAY 43-9006 in this study was determined to be 600 mg bid. BAY 43-9006 was generally well tolerated, with mild to moderate toxicities. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed early absorption followed by delayed secondary peaks and slow terminal elimination. Stable disease was achieved in five patients: one patient showed reduced tumor activity (positron emission tomography scan) and reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (lower phospho-ERK); one patient remained on treatment until study end point. Conclusions: The results confirm the favorable safety profile of BAY 43-9006 and support the development of this compound for the treatment of solid tumors.