Human metapneumovirus infection in children hospitalized for wheezing
Authors: John V. Williams, Sharon J. Tollefson, Peter W. Heymann, Holliday T. Carper, James Patrie, James E. Crowe Jr.
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)

To the Editor: Recently, the prevalence of viral respiratory tract pathogens associated with acute wheezing exacerbations was reported in a study of infants and children admitted to the Children's Hospital at the University of Virginia.1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar Subsequently, we analyzed the nasal washes from these children for human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a paramyxovirus closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). hMPV has also been shown to be a significant cause of respiratory tract illnesses in young children.2van Den Hoogen DeJong J.C. Groen J. Kuiken T. DeGroot R. Fouchier R.A.M. et al.A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease.Nat Med. 2001; 7: 719-724Crossref PubMed Scopus (1745) Google Scholar, 3Williams J.V. Harris P.A. Tollefson S.J. Halburnt-Rush L.L. Pingsterhaus J.M. Edwards K.M. et al.Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children.N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 443-450Crossref PubMed Scopus (798) Google Scholar, 4Esper F. Martinello R.A. Boucher D. Weibel C. Ferguson D. Landry M.L. et al.A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged <5 years.J Infect Dis. 2004; 189: 1388-1396Crossref PubMed Scopus (196) Google Scholar The study we previously reported from the University of Virginia was an observational, case-control study of 133 children (age 2 months to 18 years) hospitalized for wheezing between April 1, 2000, and March 31, 2001. This represented 93% of all admissions for acute wheezing during the study period. Children who had evidence of cardiopulmonary disease or immunosuppression were excluded. The control subjects included 133 age-matched and gender-matched hospitalized children without wheezing. They were enrolled during the same season of each matched wheezing subject. Demographic information was obtained from parent-administered questionnaires and hospital charts. The Human Investigation Committee at the University of Virginia approved the study. Informed consent was obtained from parents, and assent was obtained from older children. Nasal washes were obtained from patients to test for viruses by culture and for RSV and influenza by antigen testing. In addition, nucleic acids extracted from the samples had been tested previously by RT-PCR for rhinovirus, enterovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and RSV, and by PCR for adenovirus.1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar Metapneumovirus testing was performed by a real-time RT-PCR assay on a Smart Cycler (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Calif) using primers and probe for the N gene5Maertzdorf J. Wang C.K. Brown J.B. Quinto J.D. Chu M. de Graaf M. et al.Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of human metapneumoviruses from all known genetic lineages.J Clin Microbiol. 2004; 42: 981-986Crossref PubMed Scopus (268) Google Scholar with the Quantitect RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif). The probe was altered slightly, with BHQ-3 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif) substituted for 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine as the 3′ fluorescent quencher. These primers and probe have been shown to detect all 4 genetic lineages of hMPV, and the limit of detection in our assay was 50 copies of viral genome per reaction. Patient demographic data and the frequencies for positive tests for virus among wheezing and control patients were analyzed by nonparametric exact methods. Exact 2-sided 95% CIs for the difference of proportion were constructed as described by Agresti and Min.6Agresti A. Min Y. On small sample confidence intervals for parameters in discrete distributions.Biometrics. 2000; 57: 963-971Crossref Scopus (142) Google Scholar Multivariate analyses related to predicting wheezing as a function of the patient's atopic status and evidence for viral infection were performed by multiple logistic regression. Tests of association were evaluated on the basis of the generalized Wald χ2 statistic, and 95% CI construction for the adjusted odds ratio was based on the Wald approximation. Total serum IgE data were analyzed on the logarithmic scale by way of 1-way ANOVA. Demographic characteristics of the study population were previously described in detail.1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar Thirteen children in this study tested positive for hMPV (10 children hospitalized for wheezing and 3 controls; Table I). Seven of the 10 wheezing children were <3 years old, and half were males. The mean age of the children <3 years old who were infected with hMPV was 7 months (range, 2-13 months). The majority of subjects with positive tests for hMPV (85%; 11/13) were hospitalized from January through April.Table ICharacteristics of subjects infected with hMPVGroupNumberAgeSexSerum IgE level (IU/mL)Month of admissionWheezing subjects∗These subjects also tested positive for other viruses, including parainfluenza virus (subject 1); cytomegalovirus (subject 2); adenovirus, RSV, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza virus (subject 5); and rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus (subject 11).12 moF<2.0Oct∗These subjects also tested positive for other viruses, including parainfluenza virus (subject 1); cytomegalovirus (subject 2); adenovirus, RSV, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza virus (subject 5); and rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus (subject 11).22 moM<2.0Jan34 moM<3.0Jan48 moF<2.0Mar∗These subjects also tested positive for other viruses, including parainfluenza virus (subject 1); cytomegalovirus (subject 2); adenovirus, RSV, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza virus (subject 5); and rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus (subject 11).59 moF2.45Feb612 moF14.4Mar713 moM33.7Jan85 yF27.6Apr98 yM145Apr109 yM548JanMean, 128Control subjects∗These subjects also tested positive for other viruses, including parainfluenza virus (subject 1); cytomegalovirus (subject 2); adenovirus, RSV, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza virus (subject 5); and rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus (subject 11).116 moF<2.0Mar125 yM66.4Feb139 yF1053OctMean, 560∗ These subjects also tested positive for other viruses, including parainfluenza virus (subject 1); cytomegalovirus (subject 2); adenovirus, RSV, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenza virus (subject 5); and rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus (subject 11). Open table in a new tab The prevalence of positive tests for hMPV among children <3 years old was 8.9% (7/79) in wheezing children compared with 1.3% (1/77) of controls (P = .035). Overall, the children in this age group who tested positive for any virus (including hMPV) were more likely to be hospitalized for wheezing than the children who tested negative for virus (odds ratio, 6.48; 95% CI, 2.83-14.81; P < .001). More wheezing children than controls who were younger than 3 years had positive tests for 1 or more viruses (32% compared with 16%; P = .02). Among those who tested positive for hMPV, 3 of the wheezing subjects as well as the control tested positive for other viral pathogens (Table I). Only 1 of these 4 children (all admitted during the midwinter) tested positive for RSV, and none tested positive for influenza. Mean serum total IgE levels were not different between hMPV-infected children with wheezing and hMPV-infected controls. Among the children 3 to 18 years old, the children who tested positive for any virus were more likely to be hospitalized for wheezing than the children who tested negative for virus (odds ratio, 6.00; 95% CI, 2.62-13.73; P < .001). As previously reported,1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar rhinovirus was the dominant pathogen, whereas hMPV was not significantly associated with wheezing in this age group. Among children who were 3 through 9 years of age, hMPV was detected in 8.8% (3/34) of the wheezing subjects compared with 5.7% (2/35) of the controls (P = .71). None of the children who tested positive for hMPV in this age group were coinfected with another virus. No subject older than 9 years of age had a positive test for hMPV. In this analysis, we found a significant association between hMPV infection and wheezing among children younger than 3 years, especially during the midwinter months. This is consistent with a highly significant association between hMPV and wheezing exacerbations observed in a 25-year prospective study of lower respiratory tract illness in otherwise healthy outpatient children (in Tennessee) who were younger than 5 years.3Williams J.V. Harris P.A. Tollefson S.J. Halburnt-Rush L.L. Pingsterhaus J.M. Edwards K.M. et al.Human metapneumovirus and lower respiratory tract disease in otherwise healthy infants and children.N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 443-450Crossref PubMed Scopus (798) Google Scholar In contrast, hMPV was not significantly associated with wheezing requiring hospitalization among children 3 years of age and older in our study. Instead, rhinovirus was the dominant pathogen associated with severe exacerbations, which has also been observed in other studies of children hospitalized for wheezing.7Rawlinson W.D. Waliuzzaman Z. Carter I.W. Belessis Y.C. Gilbert K.M. Morton J.R. Asthma exacerbations in children associated with rhinovirus but not human metapneumovirus infection.J Infect Dis. 2003; 187: 1314-1318Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar In addition, the large majority (at least 80%) of the wheezing children age 3 years and older who were hospitalized in Virginia had striking atopic characteristics.1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar Combined with test results for other viral pathogens reported previously in the same patients,1Heymann P.W. Carper H.T. Murphy D.D. Platts-Mills T.A. Patrie J. McLaughlin A.P. et al.Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (341) Google Scholar the detection of hMPV in our current analysis increased the overall prevalence of viral infections among the wheezing subjects younger than 3 years to almost 90%. These results confirm and strengthen the observation that viral respiratory tract pathogens are the dominant risk factor for wheezing exacerbations in early childhood. Similar to other viruses that are significantly associated with wheezing during early childhood, more information is needed about the infants who are infected with hMPV and their long-term prognosis with respect to persistent wheezing and their risk for developing asthma.8Gern J.E. The spectrum of severe wheezing in childhood.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 114: 236-238Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar