tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health
Authors: Adrian G. Barnett, Gail M. Williams, Joel Schwartz, Anne H. Neller, Trudi L. Best, Anna L. Petroeschevsky, Rod W. Simpson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Rationale: The strength of the association between outdoor air pollution and hospital admissions in children has not yet been well defined. Objectives: To estimate the impact of outdoor air pollution on respiratory morbidity in children after controlling for the confounding effects of weather, season, and other pollutants. Methods: The study used data on respiratory hospital admissions in children (three age groups: < 1, 1–4, and 5–14 years) for five cities in Australia and two in New Zealand. Time series of daily numbers of hospital admissions were analyzed using the case-crossover method; the results from cities were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. Measurements and Main Results: Significant increases across the cities were observed for hospital admissions in children for pneumonia and acute bronchitis (0, 1–4 years), respiratory disease (0, 1–4, 5–14 years), and asthma (5–14 years). These increases were found for particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and less than 10 μm (PM10), nephelometry, NO2, and SO2. The largest association found was a 6.0% increase in asthma admissions (5–14 years) in relation to a 5.1-ppb increase in 24-hour NO2. Conclusions: This study found strong and consistent associations between outdoor air pollution and short-term increases in childhood hospital admissions. A number of different pollutants showed significant associations, and these were distinct from any temperature (warm or cool) effects.
Effect of dengue-1 antibodies on American dengue-2 viral infection and dengue haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Tadeusz J Kochel, Douglas M Watts, Scott B Halstead, Curtis G Hayes, Angelica Espinoza, Vidal Felices, Roxana Caceda, Christian T Bautista, Ysabel Montoya, Susan Douglas, Kevin L Russell
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Lymph Nodes, Tumor Deposits, and TNM: Are We Getting Better?
Authors: Iris D. Nagtegaal, Tibor Tot, David G. Jayne, Phil McShane, Anders Nihlberg, Helen C. Marshall, Lars Påhlman, Julia M. Brown, Pierre J. Guillou, Philip Quirke
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

New editions of the TNM staging system for colorectal cancer have been subject to extensive criticism. In the current study, we evaluate each edition of TNM and analyze stage migration caused by the different versions.Two independent test populations were used: participants derived from a randomized surgical trial from the United Kingdom (n = 455) and patients from a population-based series from Sweden (n = 505). All slides from these patient cases were reviewed with special attention for the presence of tumor deposits. Tumor deposits were classified according to the fifth, sixth, and seventh editions of TNM and correlated with prognosis.Every change in edition of TNM led to a stage migration of between 33% and 64% in patients with tumor deposits. Reproducibility was best in the fifth edition of TNM. The prognostic value of the seventh edition was best only when all tumor deposits irrespective of size or contour were included as lymph nodes. The prognostic value of the fifth edition was better than that of the sixth.We demonstrate there is a place for tumor deposits in the staging of patients with colorectal cancer. However, many questions remain about their definition and the reproducibility and use of this category in special situations, such as after neoadjuvant treatment. These should be the subject of additional research before use as a factor in TNM staging. This work demonstrates the necessity of testing modifications before their introduction.
Scanning electron microscopy of tobacco mosaic virus-labeled lymphocyte surface antigens
Authors: U Hammerling, A Polliack, N Lampen, M Sabety, E De Harven
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

The study of surface antigen by immunoelectron microscopy has been hampered by the fact that thin sections of cells provide only a view of the cell perimeter in an essentially two- dimensional fashion. Although the reconstruction of the entire cell from serial sections has been accomplished (1), it remains too exacting a technique and will find only exceptional application. Carbon-platinum replicas (2) allow the inspection of larger surface areas and therefore are better suited for studying the distribution of antigens (3). But since only relatively smooth surfaces will yield stable replicas, cells with large numbers of microvilli are not amenable to this technique. Despire its limited resolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) seems to be the method of choice because it can provide a view of almost half of the surface of a cell close to its natural configuration, particularly after critical point or freeze drying (4, 5). Immunological-labeling methods have not yet been routinely applied to SEM although both latex spheres (6) and hemocyanin (7) have been used with some success. The optimal visual marker should possess the following properties: be of a distinctive shape, chemically stable, and have per se a low binding affinity for cell surfaces. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a marker with which we are familiar in transmission electron microscopy (8), seems to meet these demands; it has rod-like shape and defined dimensions (15 x 300 nm) and in addition it can easily be distinguished from surface microvilli. As the hybrid antibody technique (9) is also applicable to TMV, we have attempted to combine such immunological labeling with SEM. We present evidence that surface antigens can indeed be visualized by SEM, using the TMV marker in conjunction with the hybrid antibody technique.
Central Nervous System Manifestation of IgG4-Related Disease
Authors: Keren Regev, Tami Nussbaum, Emanuela Cagnano, Nir Giladi, Arnon Karni
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is characterized by an inflammatory reaction rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells. Head and brain involvement is rare in IgG4-RD, and brain parenchyma involvement has never been reported. <h3>Observation</h3> A man in his mid-50s with multiorgan IgG4-RD developed progressive spastic hemiparesis and dementia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed several cortical and subcortical lesions. Pathologic findings in the brain were consistent with IgG4-related central nervous system involvement. The patient was treated with high-dose corticosteroids followed by rituximab, and his cognitive and motor functions improved significantly. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> IgG4-RD should be considered in patients with unusual neurologic manifestations suggestive of autoimmune disease.
Endothelial Dysfunction Late After Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Rami Dhillon, Peter Clarkson, Ann E. Donald, Amanda J. Powe, Margot Nash, Vas Novelli, Michael J. Dillon, John E. Deanfield
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of childhood with widespread vascular endothelial damage in the acute stage. Long-term complications, such as myocardial infarction and death, are recognized, but the extent and nature of late vascular abnormalities that might predispose to these events have not been studied.We used high-resolution ultrasound to study endothelial function in the brachial artery of 20 patients 5 to 17 years after acute KD (median, 11 years) and compared findings with those in 20 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Vascular responses to reactive hyperemia (with flow increase leading to endothelium-dependent dilation) and to sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; endothelium-independent dilation) were recorded. The relationship between endothelium-dependent vascular responses and features of the endothelium acute illness was examined. There was no difference in baseline vessel diameter, degree of reactive hyperemia, or response to GTN between patients and control subjects. In contrast, flow-mediated dilation was markedly reduced in KD patients compared with control subjects (3.1% versus 9.4%; P < .001). Late endothelium-dependent responses were not related to features of the acute illness.Abnormalities of systemic endothelial function are present many years after resolution of acute KD, even in patients without detectable early coronary artery involvement. Because this may be an important factor in the genesis of late vascular complications, long-term follow-up of all patients with KD is indicated.
Curcumin promotes cholesterol efflux from brain through LXR/RXR-ABCA1-apoA1 pathway in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion aging-rats
Authors: Mingyuan Tian, Linhui Wang, Gang Yu, Bin Liu, Yu Li
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2012)

Background Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been well depicted as a common pathological status contributing to neurodegenerative disease such as vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Cholesterol is critical to brain growth, but high levels of cholesterol have been associated with neurogenerative disease. The liver X receptor-b/retinoid X receptor –a (LXR/RXR)-regulated gene ABCA1 effluxes cellular cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), which play important role in reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies have found that Curcumin decrease brain inflammation and exert neuroprotective effect. We hypothesized that Curcumin may alleviate hypoperfusion through affecting cholesterol homeostasis by LXR/RXR-ABCA1-apoA1 pathway.
Incidence of bacteraemia following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: D.P. Steinfort, D.F. Johnson, L.B. Irving
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

Few data exist concerning possible infectious complications associated with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). The present prospective evaluation was undertaken in order to determine the incidence of bacteraemia and infectious complications associated with EBUS-TBNA. Consecutive patients undergoing EBUS-TBNA for evaluation of mediastinal or hilar lymph node lesions were studied. Venesection was performed within 60 s of TBNA for aerobic and anaerobic blood culture. Sterile saline washing of TBNA needles was also performed. Patients with positive blood cultures were reviewed immediately, and all patients underwent clinical review within 1 week of EBUS-TBNA. A total of 43 patients underwent EBUS-TBNA, with bacteraemia demonstrated in three (7%). All bacterial isolates were typical oropharyngeal commensal organisms. The TBNA needle washing culture was positive in 15 (35%) patients. None of the three bacteraemic patients had clinical features suggestive of infection, and no complications were seen among the cohort. The incidence of bacteraemia following EBUS-TBNA is comparable to that following routine flexible bronchoscopy. Performance of TBNA does not appear to measurably increase the risk of bacteraemia over that associated with insertion of the bronchoscope into the airway. Contamination of the TBNA needle with oropharyngeal commensal bacteria is common; however, clinically significant infection following EBUS-TBNA appears rare.
A Study of the Central and Peripheral Arterial Pressure Pulse in Man
Authors: A. H. SALANS, L. N. KATZ, G. R. GRAHAM, A. GORDON, E. I. ELISBERG, A. GERBER
Journal: Circulation (1951)

This communication describes and discusses the results obtained in studying central and peripheral arterial pressure pulses in man by means of retrograde aortic catheterization. The pressure pulse transformation and pulse transmission in the aorticobrachial system are presented and compared with comparable tracings reported in the dog. Several normal subjects and patients with hypertension, aortic regurgitation and coarctation of the aorta were studied. The genesis of the central pulse contour in aortic regurgitation is reconsidered. The changes in central pulse pressure, produced by the Valsalva-like maneuver, and ventricular premature systoles have been investigated, especially in their relationship to cycle length, end-diastolic volume and peripheral resistance. The technic of obtaining pulse pressure recordings by retrograde aortic catheterization is recommended for determining the location, size and dynamic significance of coarctation of the aorta. As an additional study, aortic densograms and border electrokymograms from the aortic arch and left ventricular border were correlated with simultaneously recorded central aortic pressure tracings.
Race-Based Therapeutics
Authors: M Gregg Bloche
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Are we moving into a new era of race-based therapeutics? The publication, in this issue of the Journal, of the African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT) (pages 2049–2057), a clinical trial of a medication intended for a single racial group, poses this awkward question. The study's most striking finding — that the addition of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine to conventional therapy for heart failure reduced relative one-year mortality by 43 percent among blacks — will provoke wide discussion. The trial's sponsor, NitroMed, which holds a patent on the fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine that was used, posits that heart . . .
Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites
Authors: Paolo Angeli, Pere Gines, Florence Wong, Mauro Bernardi, Thomas D Boyer, Alexander Gerbes, Richard Moreau, Rajiv Jalan, Shiv K Sarin, Salvatore Piano, Kevin Moore, Samuel S Lee, Francois Durand, Francesco Salerno, Paolo Caraceni, W Ray Kim, Vicente Arroyo, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
Journal: Gut (2015)

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The traditional diagnostic criteria of renal failure in these patients were proposed in 19961 and have been refined in subsequent years.2 According to these criteria, ARF is defined as an increase in serum creatinine (sCr) of ≥50% from baseline to a final value >1.5 mg/dL (133 µmol/L). However, the threshold value of 1.5 mg/dL (133 µmol/L) sCr to define renal failure in patients with decompensated cirrhosis has been challenged.3 ,4 In addition, the timeframe to distinguish acute from chronic renal failure has not been clearly identified, the only exception being type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Meanwhile, new definitions for ARF, now termed acute kidney injury (AKI), have been proposed and validated in patients without cirrhosis.5–7 Recently these new criteria were also proposed and applied in the diagnosis of AKI in patients with cirrhosis.3 ,8–15 Thus, in December 2012, the International Club of Ascites (ICA) organised a consensus development meeting in Venice, Italy, in order to reach a new definition of AKI in patients with cirrhosis. The discussion among the experts continued thereafter for 2 years, both online and through several meetings, between those experts who had different positions on crucial points on the subject. This paper reports the scientific evidence supporting the final proposal of a new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, on which the experts agreed.

AKI is defined as an acute significant reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). sCr remains the most practical biomarker of renal function in patients with ARF (with or without cirrhosis). However, sCr as a biomarker of renal function has many limitations in clinical practice since it is influenced by bodyweight, race, age, and gender. The use of sCr in patients with cirrhosis is …
LKB1 Inactivation Dictates Therapeutic Response of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to the Metabolism Drug Phenformin
Authors: David B. Shackelford, Evan Abt, Laurie Gerken, Debbie S. Vasquez, Atsuko Seki, Mathias Leblanc, Liu Wei, Michael C. Fishbein, Johannes Czernin, Paul S. Mischel, Reuben J. Shaw
Journal: Cancer Cell (2013)
The effects of Tenidap on cytokine induced proliferation of human synovial fibroblasts in vitro.
Authors: D L Mattey, E Evans, P T Dawes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

OBJECTIVES--Tenidap, a new anti-rheumatic agent, is a lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and is reported to inhibit the production and action of interleukin 1 (IL-1). Since eicosanoids, IL-1, and other cytokines may influence the growth of fibroblasts in the joint synovium the study was carried out to determine the effects of Tenidap on cytokine induced proliferation of these cells in vitro. METHODS--Cell cultures derived from patients with a variety of rheumatic diseases were cultured in different concentrations of Tenidap sodium, with or without IL-1, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF), IL-6, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta). Cell proliferation was measured using a crystal violet colourimetric assay. Prostaglandin E2 levels in culture supernatants were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS--Tenidap at concentrations above 10 micrograms/ml inhibited cell growth, while at 1.25-5 micrograms/ml there was a small but significant increase in proliferation compared with controls. A further increase in growth was obtained when cells were incubated with Tenidap+IL-1, TNF or bFGF, and this was significantly higher than in the presence of any cytokine alone. Stimulation of IL-1 induced growth by Tenidap was reduced by addition of high levels of exogenous PGE2 (100 ng/ml) although growth was still higher than in IL-1 alone. CONCLUSIONS--Depending on concentration, Tenidap may inhibit or stimulate synovial fibroblast growth. Our results suggest that augmentation of growth by low concentrations cannot be explained by inhibition of PGE2 production alone. Tenidap may directly stimulate cell growth or may block other fibroblast factors which are involved in control of cytokine induced proliferation.
Analysis of higher-primate phylogeny from transversion differences in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by Lake's methods of evolutionary parsimony and operator metrics.
Authors: R Holmquist, M M Miyamoto, M Goodman
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1988)

In the companion paper (Holmquist et al. 1988), we concluded that there is no agreement on either the correct branching order or differential rates of evolution among the higher primates, and we examined in depth why this uncertainty in the evolutionary understanding of our closest living relatives persists. Recently, Lake developed two novel methods, based on group properties of transition and transversion operators, that (a) permit, in principle, objective resolution of problems of the above type and (b) attach a statistical significance level to the conclusions drawn. In the present paper, we develop formulas for using these two methods in tandem and apply them to study transversion differences in (1) nuclear DNA for a 7-kb segment of the psi eta-globin locus and a 3-kb intergenic region between the psi beta- and delta-globin loci and (2) mitochondrial DNA for the 896-bp fragment of Brown et al. Although each of these nucleotide sequence regions has its characteristic tempo and mode of evolution, the nuclear and mitochondrial data together, comprising a total of 10,939 base positions, support a Homo/Pan clade at the 97% confidence level. If we calibrate the divergence point for humans and chimpanzees at 5 Myr, consideration of the transversion branch lengths for the combined nuclear data indicates that the gorilla lineage branched off 600,000-900,000 years prior to that, although the 2 sigma sampling errors do not preclude either a temporal trifurcation for the three species or a considerably more ancient branch point for the gorilla. To resolve the length of this central branch to a relative accuracy of 25% and 30% will require a factor of 16 and nine times more data, respectively--i.e., in excess of 100,000 homologous nucleotides for each of the four primates. For the nuclear genes, heterogeneity in evolutionary rates between different parts of the genome is mostly restricted to the human lineage for these two segments. The lineage leading to chimpanzees has evolved 0.4 (3-kb fragment) to 3.5 (7-kb segment) times as rapidly as the lineage leading to humans, and that leading to the gorilla has evolved approximately one-fifth to one-half as rapidly as that leading to chimpanzees. Thus, even local molecular clocks can "tick" badly. As significant is the fact that virtually contiguous parts of the genome tick at markedly different rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dynamics of Copy Number Variation in Host Races of the Pea Aphid
Authors: Ludovic Duvaux, Quentin Geissmann, Karim Gharbi, Jing-Jiang Zhou, Julia Ferrari, Carole M. Smadja, Roger K. Butlin
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Copy number variation (CNV) makes a major contribution to overall genetic variation and is suspected to play an important role in adaptation. However, aside from a few model species, the extent of CNV in natural populations has seldom been investigated. Here, we report on CNV in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a powerful system for studying the genetic architecture of host-plant adaptation and speciation thanks to multiple host races forming a continuum of genetic divergence. Recent studies have highlighted the potential importance of chemosensory genes, including the gustatory and olfactory receptor gene families (Gr and Or, respectively), in the process of host race formation. We used targeted resequencing to achieve a very high depth of coverage, and thereby revealed the extent of CNV of 434 genes, including 150 chemosensory genes, in 104 individuals distributed across eight host races of the pea aphid. We found that CNV was widespread in our global sample, with a significantly higher occurrence in multigene families, especially in Ors. We also observed a decrease in the gene probability of being completely duplicated or deleted (CDD) with increase in coding sequence length. Genes with CDD variants were usually more polymorphic for copy number, especially in the P450 gene family where toxin resistance may be related to gene dosage. We found that Gr were overrepresented among genes discriminating host races, as were CDD genes and pseudogenes. Our observations shed new light on CNV dynamics and are consistent with CNV playing a role in both local adaptation and speciation.