tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HLA antigens in Japanese patients with high titre anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies.
Authors: T Kawai, K Tani, T Okubo, H Suzuki, A Okamura, M Minami, K Katoh
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis or Reiter's syndrome) were studied. [Mean (SD) age at onset: 23-3 years (7 46) and mean (SD) disease duration: 23-0 years (12-78)].Five (4 female, 1 male) had peripheral joint disease.Interleukin-6 concentrations were com- pared with a modified Disease Activity Index (DAI),1 early morning stiffness (EMS), current age, age at onset, disease duration and the APFs.
Prognostic Significance of a Short Sequence Insertion in the MCL-1 Promoter in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: O. Moshynska, K. Sankaran, P. Pahwa, A. Saxena
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Background: Mcl-1 protein contributes to the longevity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, and its higher expression has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy. We sought structural changes in the MCL-1 gene in CLL patients and associated these with clinical parameters of the disease. Methods: The MCL-1 gene from peripheral blood lymphocytes from 58 CLL patients and 18 control subjects and from the RL and BC-3 lymphoma cell lines was sequenced. Mcl-1 mRNA expression (in 20 consecutive patients and four control subjects) was analyzed by RNase protection assay, and Mcl-1 protein expression (in 18 consecutive patients and four controls) was analyzed by western blotting. Genetic changes in MCL-1 were associated with biochemical and clinical characteristics, including expression of CD38, a negative prognostic factor. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to determine the prognostic importance of changes in the MCL-1 gene, and the Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze patient survival. All statistical tests were two sided. Results: A 6- or 18-nucleotide sequence insertion was found in the same site in the MCL-1 promoter in 17 of 58 patients and in BC-3 cells; it was absent in all control subjects and in RL cells. Of 21 CD38-negative patients, 10 had a promoter insertion; of 17 CD38-positive patients, one had a promoter insertion (P = .0099). Patients with a promoter insertion had higher mRNA (median = 26.8 relative units, interquartile range [IQR] = 14.9 to 35.2, versus median = 8.8 relative units, IQR = 3.9 to 15.7, P = .030, U-test) and protein (median = 0.84 relative units, IQR = 0.81 to 1.0 versus median = 0.47, IQR = 0.32 to 0.70, P = .021, U-test) expression, more rapid disease progression (P = .012), poorer response to chemotherapy (P = .001), and shorter overall (P = .0088) and disease-specific (P < .001) survival than patients with a normal promoter. The presence of an MCL-1 promoter insertion had prognostic significance in a Cox model (P = .001). Conclusions: The MCL-1 promoter insertion may identify a high-risk group of CD38-negative CLL patients.
Adequacy of Glycemic Control in Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Daniel J. Tascona, A. Ross Morton, Edwin B. Toffelmire, David C. Holland, Eduard A. Iliescu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

We sought to measure the prevalence of inadequate glycemic control in prevalent hemodialysis patients with diabetes and to examine independent predictors of inadequate glycemic control in these patients.This is a cross-sectional study of prevalent hemodialysis patients with diabetes in southeastern Ontario (n = 100). Data were collected by chart review and interview. The outcome variable was inadequate glycemic control defined as HbA1c (A1C) >0.07. Other measured variables were diabetes type, diabetes duration, diabetes physician, blood glucose monitoring, diabetes medications, BMI, time on dialysis, and other demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables.Fifty-four patients had A1C >0.07. In bivariate analysis, these patients had a longer diabetes duration (23.6 vs. 14.7 years, P < 0.001), higher proportion with insulin use (81.5 vs. 58.7%, P = 0.012), higher proportion with microvascular complications (66.7 vs. 43.5%, P = 0.017), and lower erythropoietin (EPO) dose (7.0 vs. 11.9 x 10(3) units/week, P < 0.01) than patients with adequate glycemic control. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of macrovascular complications (59.3 vs. 65.2%, P = 0.54). In multiple logistic regression controlling for age and diabetes type, the diabetes duration (odds ratio 1.09 [95% CI 1.04-1.15], P < 0.001), EPO dose (0.90 [0.85-0.97], P < 0.01), and blood glucose monitoring (10.06 [1.03-98.74], P = 0.05) were the only significant independent predictors of A1C >0.07.A high proportion of hemodialysis patients with diabetes had inadequate glycemic control, particularly those with longstanding disease. Patients with inadequate glycemic control had a significantly higher burden of microvascular complications.
What Are We Teaching About Indigent Patients?
Authors: S. Breanndan Moore
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Miles<sup>1</sup>struck a chord with me. The public's perception of physicians as money-grubbing elitists more concerned with personal wealth than in caring for the health of the populace is, unfortunately, often fueled by the outrageous examples such as the case described by Miles. Unfortunately, the entire profession is tarred by the same brush by these perceptions. However, we shouldn't feel so self-righteous that we merely shrug off the suggestion that there might actually be some truth in the generalization. While we can correctly blame unreasonable patient expectations, greedy lawyers, or burgeoning bureaucracy for many of the failings of our unwieldy and inefficient health care systems, we surely must take responsibility for our failure as a profession to reassert its central role in compassionately delivered care where it is needed irrespective of class, color, religion, or bank balance! Have we forgotten that we are
New Grading System for the Evaluation of Chronic Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Stevens–Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Chie Sotozono, Leonard P.K. Ang, Noriko Koizumi, Hisayo Higashihara, Mayumi Ueta, Tsutomu Inatomi, Norihiko Yokoi, Minako Kaido, Murat Dogru, Jun Shimazaki, Kazuo Tsubota, Masakazu Yamada, Shigeru Kinoshita
Journal: Ophthalmology (2007)
5-HT1A Autoreceptor Levels Determine Vulnerability to Stress and Response to Antidepressants
Authors: Jesse W. Richardson-Jones, Caryne P. Craige, Bruno P. Guiard, Alisson Stephen, Kayla L. Metzger, Hank F. Kung, Alain M. Gardier, Alex Dranovsky, Denis J. David, Sheryl G. Beck, René Hen, E. David Leonardo
Journal: Neuron (2010)
Mechanism of Action of Epinephrine and Glucagon on the Canine Heart: EVIDENCE FOR INCREASE IN SARCOTUBULAR CALCIUM STORES MEDIATED BY CYCLIC 3',5'-AMP
Authors: Mark L. Entman, Gerald S. Levey, Stephen E. Epstein
Journal: Circulation Research (1969)

The mechanisms by which the catecholamines and glucagon increase myocardial contractility were investigated by studying the effects of cyclic 3', 5'-AMP, epinephrine, and glucagon on calcium accumulation by a microsomal fraction of canine myocardium thought to represent sarcoplasmic reticulum, and by assaying the microsomal fraction for adenyl cyclase activity. Each agent produced a concentration-dependent increase in calcium accumulation. Moreover, adenyl cyclase, an enzyme activated by epinephrine and glucagon and responsible for the production of cyclic 3', 5'-AMP, was present in the microsomal fraction. Its specific activity and responsiveness to epinephrine and glucagon were similar to that previously found in sarcolemmic fractions. The beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol abolished the activation of adenyl cyclase and increase in microsomal calcium accumulation produced by epinephrine, but was without effect when these same changes were produced by glucagon. These findings are consistent with the hypotheses that: (1) the positive inotropic effects of epinephrine and glucagon may occur as a result of an augmentation of the sarcotubular calcium pool(s); and (2) this effect is mediated, at least in part, by an elevation of cyclic 3', 5'-AMP levels produced by activation of an adenyl cyclase localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Close Encounters of the Small Kind: Adverse Effects of Man-Made Materials Interfacing with the Nano-Cosmos of Biological Systems
Authors: Anna A. Shvedova, Valerian E. Kagan, Bengt Fadeel
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2010)

Engineered nanomaterials have unique physico-chemical properties that make them promising for many technological and biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration, drug and gene delivery, and in vivo monitoring of disease processes. However, with the burgeoning capabilities to manipulate structures at the nano-scale, intentional as well as unintentional human exposures to engineered nanomaterials are set to increase. Nanotoxicology is an emerging discipline focused on understanding the properties of engineered nanomaterials and their interactions with biological systems, and may be viewed as the study of the undesirable interference between man-made nanomaterials and cellular nanostructures or nanomachines. In this review, we discuss recognition of engineered nanomaterials by the immune system, our primary defense system against foreign invasion. Moreover, as oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major deleterious consequences of exposure to nanomaterials, we explore triggering of pro- and antioxidant pathways as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Finally, we highlight in vivo studies of the toxicological outcomes of engineered nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, with an emphasis on inflammation and genotoxic responses.
NATURE OF FLUIDS WHICH FUNCTIONALLY DISTEND THE KIDNEY
Authors: H. G. Swann, Luis Valdivia, A. A. Ormsby, W. T. Witt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

The nature of the fluid draining from the kidney, after its artery was occluded, was investigated. Samples of systemic arterial blood, renal venous blood and urine were also analyzed. It was found that the fluid draining from the kidney after occlusion is a mixture of vascular blood and another fluid designated as "diluting fluid," each contributing half to the composite mixture. In volume the mixture is 26 per cent of the functionally distended kidney. With the assumption that the renal extracellular fluid can be considered a simple mixture of blood plasma and a cell-free fluid, the composition of the "diluting fluid" was deduced from the known compositions of vascular blood and total fluid draining. The ratios of its content in a given substance to that in systemic (or renal venous) plasma are: for Na and Ca, 1.0; K, 1.5; Cl, 1.2; PO(4), 2.0; urea, 1.8; plasma protein, 0.3; albumin, 0.4; glucose, 0.4, and osmolarity, 1.2. The fluid bears little or no relation to urine, especially since the urine varied considerably between individual dogs whereas the "diluting fluid" was relatively constant in composition. It was also found that the hematocrit of the fluid draining after arterial occlusion progressively decreased as it flowed out, until the last portion contained only 5 per cent red cells. It is concluded that since renal lymph has approximately the same composition in protein, urea, glucose, and inulin as does "diluting fluid," the latter is, in all probability, renal interstitial fluid. Under the conditions of the experiment, it drains out of the kidney slowly relative to blood drainage. It is large in volume, particularly when compared with the capillaries that nourish it. Its high protein content explains the observation that the kidney is apparently naturally distended with a fluid disproportionately rich in plasma protein.
World population and health in transition
Authors: V. S. Raleigh
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The past 200 years have witnessed a revolution in global fertility, mortality, and population growth rates, in which the demography and health of human populations have been transformed. Vast gender and geographical inequalities in income and health persist, and new threats such as HIV/AIDS, environmental degradation, and population ageing have emerged. In July a special session of the United Nations General Assembly met to consider global progress in implementing the programme of action agreed at the 1994 international conference on population and development in Cairo.1 It approved far reaching recommendations for dealing with global trends in reproductive health and population.



Fig 1. 
World population size (line) and annual increments (bars), 8000 BC to 2050 AD



This article reviews the transition in world health and population, and considers the changes that lie ahead. The economic and environmental implications of changes in the size, structure, and consumption patterns of world population are discussed in the other papers in this issue.

#### Summary points

More people were added to the world's population in the past 50 years than in the preceding million, and world population is expected to reach about 9 billion by 2050

Substantial growth in world population during the next century is inevitable because, although world fertility is lower than ever before, the high fertility of previous generations means that growing cohorts of future parents are already born

The largest increases in world population will occur in countries where poverty and unemployment are endemic, with Africa's share rising from 13% to 22% by 2050

All regions will experience population ageing: the number of people aged 60 and over will increase fourfold by 2050, their proportion rising from 9% of the total to 21%

Population policies will need to address the socioeconomic and environmental implications of changes in the size, structure, and consumption patterns of world …
Thymic progenitor homing and lymphocyte homeostasis are linked via S1P-controlled expression of thymic P-selectin/CCL25
Authors: Klaus Gossens, Silvia Naus, Stephane Y. Corbel, Shujun Lin, Fabio M.V. Rossi, Jürgen Kast, Hermann J. Ziltener
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Thymic T cell progenitor (TCP) importation is a periodic, gated event that is dependent on the expression of functional P-selectin ligands on TCPs. Occupancy of intrathymic TCP niches is believed to negatively regulate TCP importation, but the nature of this feedback mechanism is not yet resolved. We show that P-selectin and CCL25 are periodically expressed in the thymus and are essential parts of the thymic gate-keeping mechanism. Periodicity of thymic TCP receptivity and the size of the earliest intrathymic TCP pool were dependent on the presence of functional P-selectin ligand on TCPs. Furthermore, we show that the numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes directly affected thymic P-selectin expression and TCP receptivity. We identified sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as one feedback signal that could mediate influence of the peripheral lymphocyte pool on thymic TCP receptivity. Our findings suggest a model whereby thymic TCP importation is controlled by both early thymic niche occupancy and the peripheral lymphocyte pool via S1P.
The menopause transition: an update
Authors: Nanette Santoro
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2002)

The menopausal transition is an area of active clinical investigation and epidemiological research. Recent results from several worldwide cohorts of women are beginning to provide a paradigm by which to explain the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of the ovarian process of follicle attrition. Genetic research has also provided some insight into differential ovarian ageing and disease/risk susceptibility in populations of women. Atresia of follicles occurs throughout reproductive life in women. The ever-shrinking follicle pool does not appear to result in any overt disruption of cycles for most women until they are in their forties. Subtle hormonal changes precede overt cycle disruption in mid-life. Obvious failures of ovulation or folliculogenesis lead to menstrual disturbances, and these provide the first clinical indication that the menopause transition is underway. A variety of hormonal patterns have been identified and an overall physiological progression appears to exist. The likelihood that reproductive hormone patterns influence symptomatology is high, although the analysis of the nature of such relationships is under way. For most women, effective lifestyle changes or hormonal therapy is available for symptoms associated with the menopause transition. This review will cover the existing body of knowledge, particularly regarding the clinical management of women who present with symptomatology during their menopausal transitions.
End-stage cardiac failure in humans is coupled with the induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nuclear mitotic division in ventricular myocytes.
Authors: F Quaini, E Cigola, C Lagrasta, G Saccani, E Quaini, C Rossi, G Olivetti, P Anversa
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a late growth-regulated gene that is expressed at the G1-S boundary of the cell cycle and is required for DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Since quantitative results suggest that myocyte hyperplasia occurs in the decompensated human heart, we postulated that induction of the PCNA gene may be present in the failing heart in humans. PCNA protein was detected in myocardial samples obtained from the left and right ventricles of patients with congestive heart failure. Endomyocardial biopsies collected from donor subjects were used as control tissue. The percentage of positively stained myocyte nuclei in the ventricles was established by using PCNA monoclonal antibody and the immunoperoxidase technique. The localization of PCNA in myocytes was confirmed by alpha-sarcomeric actin antibody staining. PCNA labeling was present in left ventricular myocytes of 29 of the 32 hearts examined. In the right ventricle, 24 of the 29 samples showed positive staining. In a subset of 25 patients, the percentage of PCNA-labeled myocyte nuclei was measured and found to constitute 49 +/- 22% of left ventricular myocytes. A similar analysis for the right ventricle, conducted in 21 patients, showed that 49 +/- 19% of the myocyte nuclei exhibited PCNA protein. In addition, mitotic figures in myocytes were documented. A quantitative analysis of this cellular process revealed that 11 myocyte nuclei per 1 million cells exhibited mitotic images in chronic heart failure. Immediately after myocardial infarction, two cells per million showed mitotic division, and this phenomenon was restricted to the region adjacent to the necrotic tissue. No PCNA labeling or nuclear mitotic images were detected in the ventricular myocardium of control subjects. Thus, the observation that diffuse PCNA labeling and myocyte mitotic division are present in hearts with end-stage failure strongly suggests that adult ventricular myocytes are not terminally differentiated cells and that myocyte cellular hyperplasia may constitute a growth reserve mechanism of the diseased heart.
Autoantibodies to Folate Receptors in the Cerebral Folate Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Vincent T. Ramaekers, Sheldon P. Rothenberg, Jeffrey M. Sequeira, Thomas Opladen, Nenad Blau, Edward V. Quadros, Jacob Selhub
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

In infantile-onset cerebral folate deficiency, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are low, but folate levels in the serum and erythrocytes are normal. We examined serum specimens from 28 children with cerebral folate deficiency, 5 of their mothers, 28 age-matched control subjects, and 41 patients with an unrelated neurologic disorder. Serum from 25 of the 28 patients and 0 of 28 control subjects contained high-affinity blocking autoantibodies against membrane-bound folate receptors that are present on the choroid plexus. Oral folinic acid normalized 5MTHF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and led to clinical improvement. Cerebral folate deficiency is a disorder in which autoantibodies can prevent the transfer of folate from the plasma to the cerebrospinal fluid.
Effects of occlusion upon population dynamics of skin bacteria
Authors: DAVID J. BIBEL, DAVID J. LOVELL, ROKO J. SMILJANIC
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1976)

Quantitative and qualitative changes of the cutaneous aerobic bacterial flora upon 20 sites on the backs of each of three healthy subjects were examined before and after one site was occluded, using skin flora maps as a tool. Major local alterations were found to affect the carriage of micro-organisms in distant surrounding areas. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most successful competitor. Furthermore, some sites appeared to act as restricted reservoirs for specific types of micro-organisms whereas other areas were less limited in their support of flora.
Evolutionary psychology and functionally empty metaphors
Authors: Don Ross, David Spurrett
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Lea &amp; Webley's (L&amp;W's) non-exclusive distinction between tool-like and drug-like motivators is insufficiently discriminating to say much about money that is useful, as the distinction's equivocal application to sex, food, and drugs shows. Further, it appears as though the motivations of problem gamblers are non-metaphorically like those of drug addicts.
Direct Estimation of Mutation Rate for 10 Microsatellite Loci in Durum Wheat, Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp durum desf
Authors: Anne-Céline Thuillet, David Bru, Jacques David, Pierre Roumet, Sylvain Santoni, Pierre Sourdille, Thomas Bataillon
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

Microsatellites are defined as tandemly repeated DNA sequences of 1-6 base pairs (bp).They are characterized by their repeated motif and their number of repeats.Because of their high level of variability in comparison with other neutral markers and because of their codominance, they have become widely used for mapping (Dib et al. 1996;Ro ¨der et al. 1998) and for studies of population genetics (Jarne and Lagoda 1996).Microsatellites represent a particular kind of mutation process by which the ancestral and the mutant alleles differ by a few repeats.Two mutation mechanisms are considered for repeated sequences: slippage of the DNA polymerase or unequal crossing-over (Sia et al. 1997).The first one generates additions or losses of one or a few repeat unit(s), whereas unequal crossing-over could lead to changes of several repeat units.Slippage of the DNA polymerase seems to play a major role in the generation of mutations in microsatellites (Eisen 1999).A better knowledge of the mutation rate of microsatellites and of the factors that may influence the mutation rate would permit to improve their use in studies of population genetics (Di Rienzo et al. 1998;Donnelly 1999).Several attempts to estimate the mutation rate underlying the variability at microsatellite loci have been based on observed distributions of allelic frequencies in populations (Shriver et al. 1993;Valdes et al. 1993).However, many other evolutionary forces may influence the variability at microsatellite loci, and differences in diversity between loci may not directly reflect differences in mutation rates.Especially, indirect selective events and variations in the recombination rate may lead to local variations in the effective population size (Maynard Smith and Haigh 1974;Charlesworth et al. 1993).Thus, some cases have been reported where the authors could not conclude whether the variability at microsatellite loci was caused by differences in mutation rate or by variations in the effective population size (Schug et al. 1998; Payseur and Nachman 2000).So when possible, methods based on the direct observation of mutation events using experimental designs seem to be more relevant for the estimation of mutation