tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Crabs — The Resurgence of<i>Phthirus pubis</i>
Authors: A. Bernard Ackerman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

CRABS (Phthirus pubis), the pubic or crab lice, have traditionally been a sociologic fingerprint marking society's refuse — the vulgar, promiscuous and unwashed. This concept is no longer valid in permissive America of the 1960's. Today, crabs are harbored not only by streetfighter and streetwalker but by executive and debutante. A unique contemporary source for dissemination of crabs is the "hippie love-in," where more than flowers is exchanged. It is not surprising that the incidence of P. pubis, like that of other venereal diseases, has risen significantly as the boundaries of sexual freedom have blurred. It is incumbent . . .
Response to Ticagrelor in Clopidogrel Nonresponders and Responders and Effect of Switching Therapies
Authors: Paul A. Gurbel, Kevin P. Bliden, Kathleen Butler, Mark J. Antonino, Cheryl Wei, Renli Teng, Lars Rasmussen, Robert F. Storey, Tonny Nielsen, John W. Eikelboom, Georges Sabe-Affaki, Steen Husted, Dean J. Kereiakes, David Henderson, Dharmendra V. Patel, Udaya S. Tantry
Journal: Circulation (2010)

The antiplatelet effects of the Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial dose of ticagrelor in patients nonresponsive to clopidogrel and after they switch agents are unknown.Patients with stable coronary artery disease on aspirin therapy received a 300-mg clopidogrel load; nonresponders were identified by light transmittance aggregometry. In a 2-way crossover design, nonresponders (n=41) and responders (n=57) randomly received clopidogrel (600 mg/75 mg once daily) or ticagrelor (180 mg/90 mg twice daily) for 14 days during period 1. In period 2, all nonresponders switched treatment; half of the responders continued the same treatment, whereas the others switched treatment. Inhibition of platelet aggregation was higher in nonresponders treated with ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel (P<0.05). Treatment with ticagrelor among nonresponders resulted in a >10%, >30%, and >50% decrease in platelet aggregation from baseline in 100%, 75%, and 13% of patients, respectively. Platelet aggregation fell from 59+/-9% to 35+/-11% in patients switched from clopidogrel to ticagrelor and increased from 36+/-14% to 56+/-9% in patients switched from ticagrelor to clopidogrel (P<0.0001 for both). Platelet reactivity was below the cut points previously associated with ischemic risk measured by light transmittance aggregometry, VerifyNow P2Y(12) assay, and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation in 98% to 100% of patients after ticagrelor therapy versus 44% to 76% of patients after clopidogrel therapy.Ticagrelor therapy overcomes nonresponsiveness to clopidogrel, and its antiplatelet effect is the same in responders and nonresponders. Nearly all clopidogrel nonresponders and responders treated with ticagrelor will have platelet reactivity below the cut points associated with ischemic risk. Clinical Trial Registration- http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT00642811.
Challenging Cases in Research Ethics
Authors: Holly A. Taylor, Ellen Kuwana, Benjamin S. Wilfond
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2015)

This is a recurring feature twice a year that highlights challenging cases, along with several commentaries that offer insights and perspectives about how to approach the issues raised by the cases. Each case typically is accompanied by three commentaries of 750 to 1000 words. The cases are based on consults received by members of the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Collaborative. These cases have been presented at the Consultation Collaborative quarterly conference calls for group discussion. Explicit identifiers are removed from the case presentations. The purpose of this feature is to stimulate discussion by offering a range of perspectives on each case; therefore the outcome of the actual case is not included. If you are interested in having a case presented on one of the quarterly calls and communicated via this feature in AJOB, please contact Ellen Kuwana, the managing editor for this series. You do not have to be a member of a CTSA to present a case. This feature is supported by UL1 TR000423 (Institute of Translational Health Sciences).
Fallout from Chernobyl Thyroid cancer in children increased dramatically in Belarus
Authors: E D Williams, T Abelin, M Egger, C Ruchti, E Petridou, B Kampmann, K Sperling, J Pelz, R D Wegner, A Dorries, A Gruters, M Mikkelsen, A Butturini, G Izzi, G Benaglia, D Lloyd, B Pass, R P Gale, J Boice, M Linet, W Ambach, W Rehwald, A Auvinen, H Arvela, T Rahola, M Suomela, T Rytomaa, M Hakama, T Hakulinen, B Soderman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Fallout from ChernobylThyroid cancer in children
Role of induced negative and positive emotions in sensitivity to itch and pain in women
Authors: A.I.M. van Laarhoven, A.L. Walker, O.H. Wilder-Smith, S. Kroeze, P.L.C.M. van Riel, P.C.M. van de Kerkhof, F.W. Kraaimaat, A.W.M. Evers
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2012)

Itch and pain are common symptoms in skin disease. It has been suggested that negative emotions may play a role in itch and pain. To date, however, the role of emotions has only been studied for pain in experimental studies, not yet for itch.To investigate the effects of negative and positive emotions on the sensitivity to itch and pain.Film fragments were used to induce a negative or positive emotional state in healthy women. Itch and pain were induced using the following somatosensory stimuli: electrical stimulation, histamine iontophoresis and the cold pressor test.Results showed that the scores for itch and pain evoked by histamine and the cold pressor test, respectively, were significantly higher in the negative than in the positive emotion condition, whereas tolerance thresholds to electrical stimulation and the cold pressor test, and stimulus unpleasantness scores did not differ between the two conditions.These findings for the first time indicate in an experimental design that emotions play a role in sensitivity to somatosensory sensations of both itch and pain.
Dermatologic Findings in 16 Patients With Cockayne Syndrome and Cerebro-Oculo-Facial-Skeletal Syndrome
Authors: Eric Frouin, Vincent Laugel, Myriam Durand, Hélène Dollfus, Dan Lipsker
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

Cockayne syndrome (CS) and cerebro-oculo-facial-skeletal (COFS) syndrome are autosomal recessive diseases that belong to the family of nucleotide excision repair disorders. Our aim was to describe the cutaneous phenotype of patients with these rare diseases.A systematic dermatologic examination of 16 patients included in a European study of CS was performed. The patients were aged 1 to 28 years. Six patients (38%) had mutations in the Cockayne syndrome A (CSA) gene, and the remaining had Cockayne syndrome B (CSB) gene mutations. Fourteen patients were classified clinically as having CS and 2 as having COFS syndrome. Photosensitivity was present in 75% of the patients and was characterized by sunburn after brief sun exposure. Six patients developed symptoms after short sun exposure through a windshield. Six patients had pigmented macules on sun-exposed skin, but none developed a skin neoplasm. Twelve patients (75%) displayed cyanotic acral edema of the extremities. Eight patients had nail dystrophies and 7 had hair anomalies.The dermatologic findings of 16 cases of CS and COFS syndrome highlight the high prevalence of photosensitivity and hair and nail disorders. Cyanotic acral edema was present in 75% of our patients, a finding not previously reported in CS.
Chief medical officer considered resigning over smoking ban
Authors: Adrian O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2005)

yet about the safety of their organisation."Health organisations needed to hold a mirror up to themselves and ask what their record was on patient safety, he said."If something serious happens, would the instinct be to cover up or to learn so that the risks could be reduced?Are patients and their experience truly embedded within the organisation?And can we demonstrate that we're getting safer each year?" asked Professor Donaldson.
Identification of an Oxygenic Reaction Center psbADC Operon in the Cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421
Authors: T. A. Nguyen, J. Brescic, D. J. Vinyard, T. Chandrasekar, G. C. Dismukes
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

Gloeobacter violaceus, the earliest diverging oxyphotobacterium (cyanobacterium) on the 16S ribosomal RNA tree, has five copies of the photosystem II psbA gene encoding the D1 reaction center protein subunit. These copies are widely distributed throughout the 4.6 Mbp genome with only one copy colocalizing with other PSII subunits, in marked contrast to all other psbA genes in all publicly available sequenced genomes. A clustering of two other psb genes around psbA3 (glr2322) is unique to Gloeobacter. We provide experimental proof for the transcription of a psbA3DC operon, encoding three of the five reaction center core subunits (D1, D2, and CP43). This is the first example of a transcribed gene cluster containing the D1/D2 or D1/D2/CP43 subunits of PSII in an oxygenic phototroph (prokaryotic or eukaryotic). Implications for the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis are discussed.
Rethinking cancer immunotherapy: Using advanced cancer genetics in immune‐mediated eradication of gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Alexander G. Miamen, Michael P. Gustafson, Lewis R. Roberts
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Limited evidence exists that humans mount a mutation-specific T cell response to epithelial cancers. We used a whole-exomic-sequencing-based approach to demonstrate that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from a patient with metastatic cholangiocarcinoma contained CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) cells recognizing a mutation in erbb2 interacting protein (ERBB2IP) expressed by the cancer. After adoptive transfer of TIL containing about 25% mutation-specific polyfunctional TH1 cells, the patient achieved a decrease in target lesions with prolonged stabilization of disease. Upon disease progression, the patient was retreated with a >95% pure population of mutation-reactive TH1 cells and again experienced tumor regression. These results provide evidence that a CD4+ T cell response against a mutated antigen can be harnessed to mediate regression of a metastatic epithelial cancer.
Ex vivo carbon monoxide delivery inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts
Authors: A. Nakao, C.-S. Huang, D. B. Stolz, Y. Wang, J. M. Franks, N. Tochigi, T. R. Billiar, Y. Toyoda, E. Tzeng, K. R. McCurry
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

AimsVeins are still the best conduits available for arterial bypass surgery. When these arterialized vein grafts fail, it is often due to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of the ex vivo pre-treatment of vein grafts with soluble carbon monoxide (CO) in the inhibition of IH.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 has dual effects on gastrointestinal stromal tumor cell viability and sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of imatinib mesylate in vitro
Authors: Jheri J Dupart, Jonathan C Trent, Ho-Young Lee, Kenneth R Hess, Andrew K Godwin, Takahiro Taguchi, Wei Zhang
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2009)

Abstract Background Imatinib mesylate has significantly improved survival and quality of life of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, the molecular mechanism through which imatinib exerts its anti-tumor effects is not clear. Previously, we found up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) expression in imatinib-responsive GIST cells and tumor samples. Because IGFBP3 regulates cell proliferation and survival and mediates the anti-tumor effects of a number of anti-cancer agents through both IGF-dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms, we hypothesized that IGFBP3 mediates GIST cell response to imatinib. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated IGFBP3 levels in two imatinib-responsive GIST cell lines and observed cell viability after drug treatment. Results In the GIST882 cell line, imatinib treatment induced endogenous IGFBP3 expression, and IGFBP3 down-modulation by neutralization or RNA interference resulted in partial resistance to imatinib. In contrast, IGFBP3 overexpression in GIST-T1, which had no detectable endogenous IGFBP3 expression after imatinib, had no effect on imatinib-induced loss of viability. Furthermore, both the loss of IGFBP3 in GIST882 cells and the overexpression of IGFBP3 in GIST-T1 cells was cytotoxic, demonstrating that IGFBP3 has opposing effects on GIST cell viability. Conclusion This data demonstrates that IGFBP3 has dual, opposing roles in modulating GIST cell viability and response to imatinib in vitro . These preliminary findings suggest that there may be some clinical benefits to IGFBP3 therapy in GIST patients, but further studies are needed to better characterize the functions of IGFBP3 in GIST.
Ethical Considerations in Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: E J Freireich
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1979)

Cancer treatment has improved dramatically in the recent past. As a consequence, the range of choices has been greatly broadened. With a much larger range of choices and a larger range of treatment disciplines available, decisions regarding treatment create major ethical burdens for the physician and for the patient. The participation of the patient in such choices improves the ethical posture of the therapist, whenever that is possible, and also improves the probability that the best treatment will be administered. Clinical research plays an important role in cancer treatment, not only in the the discovery of new treatment, but in the provision of the best possible care for patients participating in such research. At all levels of clinical research, such treatment has the potential for being the best available treatment when conducted in the most professional manner. While poor clinical research, like poor conventional treatment, certainly exists, it is nonetheless true that clinical research has a permanent place in cancer treatment and provides an important alternate to cancer quackery. Virtually every patient with a malignant disease has some effective treatment available to him, even in the most hopeless circumstance, where the Phase I type of clinical investigation still offers significant opportunity and hope.
Biology of CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells
Authors: Mariolina Salio, Jonathan D. Silk, E. Yvonne Jones, Vincenzo Cerundolo
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2014)

Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
Two new variants of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase associated with hereditary non‐spherocytic hemolytic anemia: G6PD wayne and G6PD huron
Authors: Y. Ravindranath, Ernest Beutler
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract Two new deficient variants of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) causing hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA) are described. Both of these are unique and they have been named G6PD Wayne and G6PD Huron. Patients with G6PD Wayne underwent splenectomy and no objective improvement was noted. The patients with G6PD Huron were under medical observation for a considerable period of time without the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency being entertained because the family was of Northern European origin. Since sporadic variants of G6PD causing HNSHA show no special racial predilection, the diagnosis of G6PD deficiency should always be considered in patients with this syndrome.
Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Subha Sen, Robert C. Tarazi, Philip A. Khairallah, F. Merlin Bumpus
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

Ventricular weight in spontaneously hypertensive rats (F26 generation, Okamoto-Aoki strain) was significantly higher ( P &lt; 0.001) than that in body weight-matched American Wistar and Kyoto-Wistar normotensive rats, not only among older groups of rats but also among younger groups that had not developed significant hypertension. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentration in ventricular muscle was not different from normal in the youngest group ( P &lt; 0.4) but was significantly reduced in the older spontaneously hypertensive rats ( P &lt; 0.01). Plasma renin activity was significantly increased in younger spontaneously hypertensive rats before the development of established hypertension; moreover, ventricular weight and plasma renin activity were significantly correlated in younger rats ( r = 0.788, P &lt; 0.005 for all rats, r = 0.644, P &lt; 0.01 for spontaneously hypertensive rats). Antihypertensive therapy with either α-methyldopa or hydralazine reduced blood pressure, especially in hypertensive rats; however, ventricular weight was reduced by methyldopa ( P &lt; 0.01) but not by hydralazine. Plasma renin activity was reduced by methyldopa but increased by hydralazine ( P &lt; 0.01). DNA concentration was reversed toward normal by methyldopa but not by hydralazine. Similar results were obtained when methyldopa and hydralazine were given to younger rats to prevent hypertension. The changes in ventricular weight with the onset of hypertension and with its reversal or its prevention suggest that blood pressure might not be the sole factor contributing to cardiac hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and that the renin-angiotensin system might play a permissive role enhancing myocardial hypertrophy.
Cyclosporin A treatment for diamond‐blackfan anemia
Authors: James Splain, Brian W. Berman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is characterized by a variable response to corticosteroid therapy. Patients poorly responsive to acceptable doses of steroid treatment require long-term transfusion therapy. We have treated three patients with DBA with the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A with limited success. Patients 1 (DS) and 2 (LS), half-siblings, were 13 and 9 years old, respectively, and remained transfusion independent for many years on steroid therapy. Both patients manifest steroid-associated growth failure and osteopenia, with resultant orthopedic complications. Oral cyclosporin therapy sufficient to achieve trough serum levels of 100-200 ng/ml was associated with a brisk 50-100% increase in hematocrit within 1 month of initiation of treatment and allowed for a gradual tapering of prednisone dose to approximately 20% of prior established maintenance dose. After 7-8 months, both patients developed progressive decline in hematocrit level requiring increased prednisone dose and, ultimately, transfusion support. Patient 3 (RD), a 5-year-old child with steroid refractory, transfusion-dependent DBA, was entirely unresponsive to cyclosporin therapy. No cyclosporin-associated toxicity occurred. Our observations indicated that cyclosporin A can transiently ameliorate the hematologic course of some patients with DBA. Further studies are in order to determine its mechanism of action and potential clinical utility in patients unresponsive to acceptable doses of steroid.
Predictors of fetal hemoglobin response in children with sickle cell anemia receiving hydroxyurea therapy
Authors: Russell E. Ware, Barry Eggleston, Rupa Redding-Lallinger, Winfred C. Wang, Kim Smith-Whitley, Charles Daeschner, Beatrice Gee, Lori A. Styles, Ronald W. Helms, Thomas R. Kinney, Kwaku Ohene-Frempong
Journal: Blood (2002)
Infection: friend or foe in the development of atopy and asthma?
Authors: E. von Mutius
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies to support the "hygiene hypothesis" with regard to the development of allergic diseases. This review will discuss the epidemiological findings relating to atopy and asthma, separately. The strongest arguments in favour of the "hygiene hypothesis" are the findings relating early life day care attendance to a significantly reduced risk of atopy and asthma, and the strong link between sibship size and the occurrence of atopy as confirmed by numerous studies. Furthermore, data relating serological immune responses to certain infections such as hepatitis A and Toxoplasma gondii suggest a role for such infections, or alternatively the lack of hygiene, to be operative in the inhibition of the development of allergic immune responses. The effects described seem to be stronger for atopy than for asthma. Furthermore, biological plausibility for such a hypothesis can be found from findings of recent in vitro studies and from animal experiments. Epidemiological studies attempting to identify single infections as being harmful or beneficial could fail, because it may be the total burden of microbial stimuli rather than a certain infection that directs the maturing immune system into a Th1-type T-helper cell polarized response. The timing of the exposure seems to be essential for promoting beneficial or harmful effects, and may provide a "window of opportunity".
The Underuse of Screening Services Among Elderly Women With Diabetes
Authors: A. Marshall McBean, Xinhua Yu
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

To determine whether the use of nondiabetes-related preventive services (mammography, colorectal cancer screening, and bone density testing) among elderly diabetic women is different from the use among nondiabetic women.Using a representative sample of the U.S. elderly female population and the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare files, we identified women with or without diabetes who were > or =67 years of age on 1 January 1999. All women with a prior history of cancer were excluded. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the rates of preventive service use and to understand the factors influencing their use in the next 2-4 years.Women with diabetes were less likely to have a mammogram (odds ratio [OR] 0.83 [95% CI 0.78-0.88]), colorectal cancer screening (0.79 [0.70-0.88]), and bone density testing (0.63 [0.58-0.69]). Women with diabetes seen by endocrinologists had significantly higher rates of bone density testing than women seen by primary care physicians. Women seen by obstetrician/gynecologists had the highest rates of use of all three services.Elderly women with diabetes are less likely to receive cancer and osteoporosis screening than women without diabetes. Physicians treating these patients need to assure that they receive all recommended preventive services appropriate for their age. Additional national guidelines, practice-based improvements, and patient education targeting those at greatest risk of not receiving these services may be needed to achieve parity.