tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Teenagers can be helped to behave responsibly
Authors: P. Graham
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Sue Stuart-Smith's editorial on teenage sex contains several confusing statements.1 Most of the editorial deals with underage sex, but conclusions are generalised to all teenagers. A prepubescent 13 year old is not the same as a physically mature 19 year old, yet they are both teenagers.

To explain the fact that young people fail to take preventive measures when they have intercourse Stuart-Smith suggests that they are cognitively immature, lacking in the capacity …
Association Between Glutamate Blockade and Fatigue in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bardia Nourbakhsh, Nisha Revirajan, Emmanuelle Waubant
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

This analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial reports the effects of riluzole, a medication with glutamate-blocking properties, on fatigue in patients with early multiple sclerosis.
Incorporating Serum Level of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen or Omitting Level of Hepatitis B Virus DNA Does not Affect Calculation of Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients Without Cirrhosis
Authors: Hwai-I Yang, Tai-Chung Tseng, Jessica Liu, Mei-Hsuan Lee, Chun-Jen Liu, Tung-Hung Su, Richard Batrla-Utermann, Henry Lik-Yuen Chan, Jia-Horng Kao, Chien-Jen Chen
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
Neural Actions of Digitalis
Authors: R A Gillis, J A Quest
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1978)

Neural actions of digitalis drugs have been well documented but their role in the cardiovascular effects of this group of agents is a subject of considerable con­ troversy. Information concerning neural actions of these drugs, as related to their cardiovascular effects, can be grouped into the following three categories: conduction, automaticity, and refractory period; ventricular arrhythmias; and inotropic and hemodynamic effects. The first are examples where firm evidence from both animal and human studies indicates a major role for the nervous system in determining the response produced by digitalis drugs. The second is an example where impressive evidence has been obtained from some but not all animal studies indicating an important role for the nervous system in the toxic response of these agents. The third are examples where present data suggest a role for the nervous system in the well-known actions of digitalis drugs on the heart and vasculature, but more experimentation is needed to confirm present findings and to further elucidate the extent to which the nervous system partici­ pates in these responses.
The response of Ewing's sarcoma to sequential cyclophosphamide and adriamycin induction therapy.
Authors: F A Hayes, E I Thompson, H O Hustu, M Kumar, T Coburn, B Webber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1983)

Twenty-four consecutive patients with Ewing's sarcoma were treated in a protocol designed to deliver induction chemotherapy with postinduction surgical-pathologic evaluation of the primary tumor site. This was followed by delayed radiotherapy, the dose and port of which was dependent on the response to induction chemotherapy. All patients received 5 courses of sequential cyclophosphamide and adriamycin during the 3-mo induction period. Nineteen of 23 evaluable patients had no gross residual tumor following this therapy. Of the remaining 4, 2 had complete surgical excision of residual gross disease. Of the 22 patients who were free of gross tumor following induction chemotherapy and surgery, 5 received no radiotherapy, 16 received moderate-dose limited port radiotherapy (3000-3500 R), and 1 received high-dose limited port radiotherapy (5000 R). All 14 patients with localized disease attained remission and are surviving 9-41+ mo (median 21+) with 2 local recurrences occurring after 10 and 33 mo of remission. Of the 10 patients presenting with metastatic disease, 8 attained complete remission with 4 of the 8 remaining disease-free 12-34+ mo from diagnosis. This study indicates that Ewing's sarcoma is very sensitive to moderate-dose 2 drug chemotherapy of low toxicity and that it is possible to delay radiotherapy and any extensive surgical procedure until remission is induced.
Antiemetic efficacy of high-dose dexamethasone versus placebo in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial.
Authors: J T D'Olimpio, F Camacho, P Chandra, M Lesser, M Maldonado, D Wollner, P H Wiernik
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1985)

The antiemetic effect of short courses of high-dose dexamethasone was compared with that of placebo in 64 patients receiving cisplatin-based cancer chemotherapy, in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. All patients were receiving cisplatin for the first time. Dexamethasone was given intravenously (IV) at a dose of 20 mg, two hours before and 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours after chemotherapy. Patients were crossed over to dexamethasone on the second cycle of chemotherapy if they experienced unacceptable gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity after initial treatment with placebo. Nine of 32 patients receiving dexamethasone and seven of 32 patients receiving placebo did not vomit. The median duration of nausea was significantly shorter (one-half hour) for the dexamethasone-treated group compared with that of placebo (31/2 hours). The number of patients who experienced unacceptable GI toxicity was significantly greater (53%) for the placebo patients than for those treated with dexamethasone (25%). Patients crossing over to dexamethasone after initially receiving placebo had a median duration of nausea of 11/2 hours and 24% did not vomit, results comparable to the first treatment group. We conclude that high-dose dexamethasone is only minimally effective as an antiemetic agent in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
Behavioral Aspects of Chromosomal Disorders
Authors: S Kessler, R H Moos
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1973)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Sesquiterpene glycosides from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula
Authors: Yueping Jiang, Yufeng Liu, Qinglan Guo, Chengbo Xu, Chenggen Zhu, Jiangong Shi
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

Three new sesquiterpene glycosides, named codonopsesquilosides A−C (1−3), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. These glycosides are categorized as C15 carotenoid (1), gymnomitrane (2), and eudesmane (3) types of sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Compound 1 is the first diglycoside of C15 carotenoids to be reported. Compound 2 represents the second reported example of gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids from higher plants. The absolute configurations were supported by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the calculated electronic CD (ECD) spectra of 1−3, their aglycones, and model compounds based on quantum-mechanical time-dependent density functional theory. The influences of the glycosyls on the calculated ECD spectra of the glycosidic sesquiterpenoids, as well as some nomenclature and descriptive problems with gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids are discussed.
The Opioid System and Temperature Regulation
Authors: M W Adler, E B Geller, C E Rosow, J Cochin
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1988)

Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic ...Read More
Part 8: Post–Cardiac Arrest Care
Authors: Clifton W. Callaway, Michael W. Donnino, Ericka L. Fink, Romergryko G. Geocadin, Eyal Golan, Karl B. Kern, Marion Leary, William J. Meurer, Mary Ann Peberdy, Trevonne M. Thompson, Janice L. Zimmerman
Journal: Circulation (2015)
Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease
Authors: Barry Halliwell
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1996)

Free radicals and antioxidants are widely discussed in the clinical and nutritional literature. Antioxidants are needed to prevent the formation and oppose the actions of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are generated in vivo and cause damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules. Endogenous antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutases, H 2 O 2 -removing enzymes, metal binding proteins) are inadequate to prevent damage completely, so dietderived antioxidants are important in maintaining health. Many dietary compounds have been suggested to be important antioxidants: The evidence for a key role of vitamins E and C is strong, but that for carotenoids and related plant pigments is weaker. Interest is also growing in the role of plant phenolics, especially flavonoids. Some antioxidants can exert prooxidant effects in vitro, but their physiological relevance is uncertain. Experimental approaches to the optimization of antioxidant nutrient intake are proposed.
Antenatal HIV testing
Authors: D. Mercey
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> We evaluate the performance of three metagenome assemblers, IDBA, MetaSPAdes, and MEGAHIT, on short-read sequencing of a defined “mock” community containing 64 genomes (Shakya et al. (2013)). We update the reference metagenome for this mock community and detect several additional genomes in the read data set. We show that strain confusion results in significant loss in assembly of reference genomes that are otherwise completely present in the read data set. In agreement with previous studies, we find that MEGAHIT performs best computationally; we also show that MEGAHIT tends to recover larger portions of the strain variants than the other assemblers.
Guido Tarone (1951–2015)
Authors: Emilio Hirsch
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

![Graphic][1] 

Guido left us on 17 May 2015 at age 63. A trivial bike accident took him away too soon from his beloved family, his students, and his colleagues. When a feeling of premature loss overwhelms, keeping his memory alive, catching his torch, and continuing his marathon are a binding duty.

Guido started his career as a cell biologist and was among the first to grasp the concept that cells do not simply adhere to surfaces in a passive way, but that they use specific intermolecular bridges to connect to the extracellular environment. One of his major achievements was the identification of specific subcellular structures on the membrane of adhering cells that mediate the association with extracellular proteins, secreted by cells to form the extracellular matrix. Together with one of his mentors, Pier Carlo Marchisio, he named these structures ‘podosomes’, a term that entered the cell biology slang and a concept that still describes how most cells contact extracellular matrix. Later on, he started to conceive that molecules inside podosomes must be regulating cell adhesion. He was particularly excited about the idea that regulated cell adhesion could …

 [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Combined inhalation of beta2-agonists improves supramaximal exercise performance and muscle strength in elite swimmers
Authors: Anders Kalsen, Morten Hostrup, Jens Bangsbo, Vibeke Backer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) among elite athletes have lead to a high use of inhaled beta2-agonists. However, the potential ergogenic effects of beta2-agonists may lead to misuse by non-asthmatics to improve performance. The scope of this study was to investigate if combined inhalation of beta2-agonists within the current anti-doping regulations increase performance in elite swimmers.

METHODS: Thirty elite swimmers (9 females), took part in the study. The subjects were assigned to either an airway hyperresponsive group (AG) (n=13) or a healthy group (HG) (n=17) based on AHR to mannitol. In a randomized double-blinded crossover study the subjects inhaled placebo or a combination of salbutamol (1600µg), formoterol (36µg) and salmeterol (200µg). The subjects were tested for endurance in a swim flume test to exhaustion at 110% of VO2max, followed by a 200 m arm ergometer sprint and a test of isometric muscle strength of m. quadriceps (MVC). Moreover, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP/MEP) were measured.

RESULTS: Inhaled beta2-agonists increased (p<0.05) MVC in both groups from 567±56 to 594±61 in AG and 542±21 to 573±24N in HG. Furthermore, beta2-agonists improved (p<0.05) arm sprint in both groups from 57.01±1.66 to 56.02±1.75s in AG and 58.3±0.95 to 57.43 ±1.1s in HG. MIP and MEP increased (p<0.05) with beta2-agonists in both groups. No differences were observed in endurance during the exhaustive swim flume test with beta2-agonists.

CONCLUSION: Inhalation of beta2-agonists within the anti-doping regulations increase muscle strength, sprint performance and respiratory muscle strength in elite swimmers.
OP0245-PARE Helping Patients to Make Informed Decisions. The Pare Guide to Disseminate Eular Recommendations Among Patients
Authors: M. De Wit, M. Bakker, L. van Bodegom-Vos, M. Buch, N. Caeyers, A. Carluccio, R. Geenen, R. Greiff, B. Glüsing, L. Gossec, A. Kent, I. Poldema, T. Vliet Vlieland, D. Wiek, K. Schipper
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> Accurate patient information is necessary to make informed health decisions. However, the traditional, scientific wording of professional recommendations is often difficult to understand for lay people. <h3>Objectives</h3> To develop a practical guide for patient organizations and health professionals to promote the dissemination of EULAR recommendations among patients. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of effective and feasible dissemination strategies to inform and educate patients about recommendations or guidelines. Two task force meetings took place to discuss the outcomes of the SLR and to develop a set of "points to consider" (i.e., advice based on literature and expert opinion) when developing and disseminating recommendations among patients. The task force comprised 7 patient representatives, 3 rheumatologists, 3 health professionals and 1 implementation specialist from 8 European countries. <h3>Results</h3> The SLR showed that high quality studies on the effectiveness of dissemination strategies as well as the barriers for implementing a strategic dissemination approach are scarce. Out of 3143 unique publications only 12 studies could be included for review. These showed that a dissemination plan, written at the start of the recommendation development process, involvement of patients in this development process and the use of a combination of traditional and innovative dissemination tools, are key facilitators for success. These SLR findings have been used to write a practical guide for the development, translation, adaptation and dissemination of EULAR recommendations among patients and patient organisations. The booklet can be used by patient organisations and health professionals and contains suggestions, best practices and checklists to start the dissemination process. <h3>Conclusions</h3> PARE produced a practical guide for disseminating recommendations among patients. In the coming year the guide will be used in a EULAR project about the dissemination of EULAR recommendations for glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatic diseases and a workshop at the PARE conference. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
Maternal vaccination against H1N1 influenza and offspring mortality: population based cohort study and sibling design
Authors: J. F. Ludvigsson, P. Strom, C. Lundholm, S. Cnattingius, A. Ekbom, A. Ortqvist, N. Feltelius, F. Granath, O. Stephansson
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<b>Study question</b> What is the mortality in offspring of mothers who had influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination during pregnancy? <b>Methods</b> This was a prospective population based cohort study in seven healthcare regions in Sweden based on vaccinations taking place between 2 October 2009 and 26 November 2010. H1N1 vaccination data were linked with pregnancy and birth characteristics and offspring mortality data in 275 500 births (of which 1203 were stillbirths) from 137 886 mothers. Of these offspring, 41 183 had been exposed to vaccination with Pandemrix, a monovalent AS03 adjuvanted H1N1 influenza vaccine, during fetal life. A primary comparison group consisted of pregnancies of women who were not vaccinated during the same calendar period. In a second comparison, non-exposed siblings of infants prenatally exposed to vaccination were used as controls. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for stillbirth, early neonatal mortality (days 0-6 after birth), and subsequent mortality (beginning on day 7) in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated women, adjusting for mother's age at delivery, body mass index, parity, smoking, country of birth, and disposable income and for sex of offspring. <b>Study answer and limitations</b> The results of this study suggest that AS03 adjuvanted H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy does not affect the risk of stillbirth, early neonatal death, or later mortality in the offspring. During follow-up, 1172 stillbirths, 380 early neonatal deaths, and 706 deaths thereafter occurred. Compared with general population controls, this corresponded to adjusted hazard ratios of 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.65 to 1.04) for stillbirth, 0.71 (0.44 to 1.14) for early neonatal death, and 0.97 (0.69 to 1.36) for later death. When siblings were used as controls, adjusted hazard ratios were 0.88 (0.59 to 1.30) for stillbirth, 0.82 (0.46 to 1.49) for early neonatal death, and 0.78 (0.52 to 1.19) for later death. Limitations of the study include lack of data on miscarriage before gestational week 22, inability to ascertain which mothers had pandemic flu during pregnancy, and lack of data on factors influencing the decision to vaccinate during pregnancy. <b>What this study adds</b> H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy is not associated with adverse fetal outcome or offspring mortality, including when familial factors are taken into account. <b>Funding, competing interests, data sharing</b> This project was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. NF was employed at the Swedish Medical Product Agency at the time of the study.
Effect of follicularity on autologous transplantation for large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Authors: J M Vose, P J Bierman, J C Lynch, D D Weisenburger, A Kessinger, W C Chan, T C Greiner, J O Armitage
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1998)

This study evaluated the outcomes of patients who received high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for large-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and the effect of a follicular versus a diffuse histology.The prognostic factors in 289 patients who underwent HDC and ASCT for large-cell NHL between May 1983 and December 1996 were analyzed.With a median follow-up duration of 24 months for surviving patients (range, 3 to 131 months), 112 of 289 (39%) were alive and 82 of 289 (28%) were failure-free. In a multivariate analysis, the factors associated with a poorer failure-free survival (FFS) included a lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level greater than normal (P < .0001), three or more prior chemotherapy regimens received (P < .01), a mass > or = 10 cm at transplant (P < .01), and diffuse histology at the time of transplant (P = .026). Patients who received HDC and ASCT for large-cell NHL in the good-prognosis category (normal LDH, < three prior chemotherapy regimens, no large mass, and not chemotherapy-resistant) had a 5-year survival rate of 45%. Within the good-prognosis group, patients with diffuse large-cell NHL had a 5-year survival rate of 42% compared with 58% for patients with follicular large-cell (FLC) lymphoma (P = .05).Good-prognosis patients with FLC histology who receive HDC and ASCT have an improved survival compared with good-prognosis patients with a diffuse large-cell histology.
Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice
Authors: Manfred Schedlowski, Paul Enck, Winfried Rief, Ulrike Bingel
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2015)

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the neuro-bio-behavioral mechanisms steering both the placebo and nocebo responses, the evil twin of placebo. For the neuroscientist, placebo and nocebo responses have evolved as indispensable tools to understand brain mechanisms that link cognitive and emotional factors with symptom perception as well as peripheral physiologic systems and end organ functioning. For the clinical investigator, better understanding of the mechanisms driving placebo and nocebo responses allow the control of these responses and thereby help to more precisely define the efficacy of a specific pharmacological intervention. Finally, in the clinical context, the systematic exploitation of these mechanisms will help to maximize placebo responses and minimize nocebo responses for the patient9s benefit. In this review, we summarize and critically examine the neuro-bio-behavioral mechanisms underlying placebo and nocebo responses that are currently known in terms of different diseases and physiologic systems. We subsequently elaborate on the consequences of this knowledge for pharmacological treatments of patients and the implications for pharmacological research, the training of healthcare professionals, and for the health care system and future research strategies on placebo and nocebo responses.
Multicenter phase II efficacy trial of toremifene in tamoxifen-refractory patients with advanced breast cancer.
Authors: C L Vogel, I Shemano, J Schoenfelder, R A Gams, M R Green
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1993)

PURPOSE To explore further the efficacy of high-dose toremifene in patients with advanced breast cancer who had failed to respond to tamoxifen or whose disease had progressed on tamoxifen. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred two perimenopausal or postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer refractory to tamoxifen were entered onto a phase II clinical trial of toremifene at a dose of 200 mg/d. The study patients consisted of 28 primarily refractory patients; 43 patients who had relapsed after a prior tamoxifen response; and 31 patients who had relapsed while receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. This was a heavily pretreated group of patients, with 65% having failed chemotherapeutic attempts and 72% having failed two or more hormonal therapies. Forty-nine percent of patients had visceral dominant disease. RESULTS The objective response rate was 5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3% to 7%). The median time to treatment failure (TTF) was 10.9 months for the five responders. An additional 23% of patients had stable disease for a median TTF of 7.8 months, whereas the patients who experienced treatment failure had a median TTF of 2.1 months. Whether those patients with stable disease derived clinical benefit or simply had slow progression in an intrinsically indolent disease presentation is uncertain. Common toxicities were generally mild and similar to those encountered with tamoxifen. CONCLUSION We conclude that there is major cross-resistance between tamoxifen and toremifene and that only occasional tamoxifen-refractory patients will have objective responses to toremifene.