tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Peter K. Olitsky, Louis Boëz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

Cataphoresis experiments show that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease carries, under ordinary conditions, an electropositive charge. Its isoelectric range is at the high point of pH = about 8. Although cultivable bacteria are, as a rule, electronegative, yet certain protozoa, such as trypanosomes and spirochetes are also electropositive. In respect to charge, then, the virus is different from ordinary bacteria, but there is nothing in this finding to indicate an inanimate character of the incitant. A knowledge of the charge, however, aids in the interpretation of certain filtration phenomena, and indirectly in delimiting the size of the virus. In addition, it serves to explain its remarkable resistance to certain chemicals-a subject to be dealt with in the next paper of this series. Finally, cataphoresis indicates the possible separation of the virus from protein particles. Filtration experiments were made with different types of filters: Seitz, Berkefeld V and N, and Chamberland, of practically all sizes, collodion membranes, and Bechhold's ultrafilter. The results confirm the electropositive charge of the virus, as well as the minuteness of its size. Filtration was effected through the Seitz, Berkefeld, and Chamberland filters. In regard to the latter, the active agent passed through the L 11 only when its charge was shifted to negative: under ordinary conditions, carrying an electropositive charge, it failed to traverse this more dense wall, and was completely adsorbed in the oppositely charged barrier. Filtrations through electronegative collodion membranes, prepared in different ways and of varying thicknesses, resulted, as a rule, in failure, unless the thinnest and most permeable membranes were employed. But in these, the complication of microscopic holes was to be considered. Hence this method was regarded as impracticable. Success, however, was obtained with Bechhold's ultrafilter membranes of the most permeable type, and with these it was possible to measure relatively, by a system of "molecular" filtrations, the size of the incitant. This was found to be, in relation to other particles of like charge, between 20 and 100 mmicro in diameter. The filtration phenomena of the foot-and-mouth disease virus can be accounted for on the basis of the minute size of the particles of the incitant carrying an electropositive charge, and no evidence can be deduced therefrom that the virus is of a fluid character. For the relative size of the particles is constant and the invariability of the limits of measurement contradicts the notion that the incitant may be a "solute" varying in dimensions in different "solvents."
How Many Etiological Subtypes of Breast Cancer: Two, Three, Four, Or More?
Authors: William F Anderson, Philip S Rosenberg, Aleix Prat, Charles M Perou, Mark E Sherman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014)

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, divisible into a variable number of clinical subtypes. A fundamental question is how many etiological classes underlie the clinical spectrum of breast cancer? An etiological subtype reflects a grouping with a common set of causes, whereas a clinical subtype represents a grouping with similar prognosis and/or prediction. Herein, we review the evidence for breast cancer etiological heterogeneity. We then evaluate the etiological evidence with mRNA profiling data. A bimodal age distribution at diagnosis with peak frequencies near ages 50 and 70 years is a fundamental characteristic of breast cancer for important tumor features, clinical characteristics, risk factor profiles, and molecular subtypes. The bimodal peak frequencies at diagnosis divide breast cancer overall into a "mixture" of two main components in varying proportions in different cancer populations. The first breast cancer tends to arise early in life with modal age-at-diagnosis near 50 years and generally behaves aggressively. The second breast cancer occurs later in life with modal age near 70 years and usually portends a more indolent clinical course. These epidemiological and molecular data are consistent with a two-component mixture model and compatible with a hierarchal view of breast cancers arising from two main cell types of origin. Notwithstanding the potential added value of more detailed categorizations for personalized breast cancer treatment, we suggest that the development of better criteria to identify the two proposed etiologic classes would advance breast cancer research and prevention.
Co‐encapsulation of Biodegradable Nanoparticles with Silicon Quantum Dots and Quercetin for Monitored Delivery
Authors: Qi Wang, Yongping Bao, Jayshree Ahire, Yimin Chao
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Polymer nanoparticles have emerged as a promising new strategy for the efficient delivery of drugs. They have several advantages when used as drug carriers, such as high stability, high capacity, improvement of drug bioavailability, as well as allowing for sustained drug release. Quercetin has therapeutic potential as an anticancer drug, but has poor solubility and low bioavailability. In this study it is shown that co-encapsulation of quercetin and fluorescent Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) in poly (ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles can be used for simultaneous in vitro imaging and to improve the biocompatibility of quercetin. Fluorescent imaging with SiQDs can provide a new concept to monitor the delivery of anti-cancer drugs. The nanoparticles are synthesized based on the double emulsion method and are extensively characterized and assayed for cytotoxicity in vitro. HepG2 cells are incubated with quercetin and SiQDs dual-loaded PEG-PLA nanoparticles, resulting in a red fluorescent staining which can be detected with a confocal microscope. PEG-PLA nanoparticle encapsulated quercetin suppresses human hepatoma HepG2 cell proliferation more effectively than the free-standing form. In addition, nanoparticle-encapsulated quercetin significantly inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells. These data show that nanocapsulated quercetin possesses the potential bioactivity to reduce the drug dosage frequency, as well as increase patient compliance. The combination of polymeric nanoparticles and semiconductor quantum dots can allow monitoring of delivery, improve aqueous solubility, and enhance biocompatibility. Such nanoparticulated systems could shape the future of drug delivery.
Biliary Atresia: Will Blocking Inflammation Tame the Disease?
Authors: Kazuhiko Bessho, Jorge A. Bezerra
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2010)

Biliary atresia is the most common cholangiopathy of childhood. With complete obstruction of segments or the entire length of extrahepatic bile ducts, the timely pursuit of hepatoportoenterostomy is the best strategy to restore bile drainage. However, even with prompt surgical intervention, ongoing injury of intrahepatic bile ducts and progressive cholangiopathy lead to end-stage cirrhosis. The pace of disease progression is not uniform; it may relate to clinical forms of disease and/or staging of liver pathology at diagnosis. Although the etiology of disease is not yet defined, several biological processes have been linked to pathogenic mechanisms of bile duct injury. Among them, there is increasing evidence that the immune system targets the duct epithelium and disrupts bile flow. We discuss how careful clinical phenotyping, staging of disease, and basic mechanistic research are providing insights into clinical trial designs and directions for development of new therapies to block progression of disease.
"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease": the diagnostic last refuge of the intellectually challenged?
Authors: P. Barber
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Furthermore, it has been shown that in asthmatics treated with budesonide in a dose-escalation study, AMP was more sensitive than methacholine in detecting differences in AHR by approximately one doubling dilution [5].Despite improvements in airway hyperresponsiveness, clarithromycin conferred no worthwhile improvement upon lung function.Therefore, the study by KOSTADIMA et al.[1] provides a timely reminder that monitoring the effects of asthma pharmacotherapy based solely on lung function can miss potentially beneficial effects upon airway hyperresponsiveness and underlying inflammation [6].Further long-term studies are needed to assess whether effects upon airway hyperresponsiveness with clarithromycin translate into clinically meaningful reductions in exacerbations.Moreover, whether macrolides confer benefit upon inflammatory biomarkers, such as airway hyperresponsiveness to adenosine monophosphate and sputum eosinophilia, requires investigation.
OCCURRENCE OF 19S AND 7S ANTI-I<scp>G</scp>G<scp>S</scp> DURING HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF RABBITS WITH STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Viktor A. Bokisch, David Bernstein, Richard M. Krause
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

All 110 rabbits immunized with Group A, A-variant, and C streptococcal vaccines produced 19S anti-IgG in addition to antibodies to the streptococcal carbohydrates. 19S anti-IgG was detected by hemagglutination of rabbit red blood cells coated with rabbit anti-blood group F antibody. Antisera of 88 of these animals were also tested for 7S anti-IgG with a coprecipitation assay. This assay is based on the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with complexes of streptococcal carbohydrate and anti-carbohydrate antibody. 50 of the 88 anti-Group C streptococcal antisera contained 7S anti-IgGs. In eight antisera the concentration was greater than 5 mg/ml. The data suggest a genetic influence on the occurrence of 7S anti-IgG. The eight rabbits which produced more than 5 mg/ml of 7S anti-IgG belonged to three related families. Moreover, there were families in which almost every member produced 7S anti-IgG and other families in which only 30% of the members manufactured 7S anti-IgG. The streptococcal vaccine was an especially efficient stimulus for the production of 19S anti-IgG, whereas the pneumococcal vaccine was much less effective in this respect. Furthermore, 7S anti-IgGs were not detected in antipneumococcal antisera, although the concentration of anti-capsular antibodies was similar to that of anti-carbohydrate antibodies in antistreptococcal antisera.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil solutions in the treatment of female pattern hair loss
Authors: Anne W Lucky, Daniel J Piacquadio, Cherie M Ditre, Frank Dunlap, Irwin Kantor, Amit G Pandya, Ronald C Savin, Michael D Tharp
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2004)
Diversion colitis with a mucosal tear on endoscopic insufflation
Authors: Y Komuro
Journal: Gut (2003)

I read with interest the report of Cruz-Correa and colleagues ( Gut2002;51:600 [OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] ). They described three cases of collagenous colitis with mucosal tears on endoscopic insufflation and stated that as far as they were aware there were no reports in other gastrointestinal diseases. We would like to present the case of a similar mucosal tear on endoscopic insufflation in a patient with diversion colitis. A 46 year old Japanese man presented with an acute abdomen caused by ascending colon diverticular perforation. He underwent drainage … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.issn%253D0017-5749%26rft.aulast%253DCruz-Correa%26rft.auinit1%253DM%26rft.volume%253D51%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D600%26rft.epage%253D600%26rft.atitle%253DCollagenous%2Bcolitis%2Bwith%2Bmucosal%2Btears%2Bon%2Bendoscopic%2Binsufflation%253A%2Ba%2Bunique%2Bpresentation%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12235088%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=gutjnl&resid=51/4/600&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F52%2F9%2F1388.atom
Significant Effect of Homologous Recombination DNA Repair Gene Polymorphisms on Pancreatic Cancer Survival
Authors: Donghui Li, Hui Liu, Li Jiao, David Z. Chang, Garth Beinart, Robert A. Wolff, Douglas B. Evans, Manal M. Hassan, James L. Abbruzzese
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Genetic variation in DNA repair may affect the clinical response to cytotoxic therapies. We investigated the effect of six single nucleotide polymorphisms of the RecQ1, RAD54L, XRCC2, and XRCC3 genes on overall survival of 378 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who were treated at University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center during February 1999 to October 2004 and were followed up to October 2005. Genotypes were determined using the MassCode method. Survival was determined from pathologic diagnosis to death. Patients who were alive at the last follow-up evaluation were censored at that time. Kaplan-Meier plot, log-rank test, and Cox regression were used to compare overall survival by genotypes. A significant effect on survival of all patients was observed for RecQ1 and RAD54L genes. The median survival time was 19.2, 14.7, and 13.2 months for the RecQ1 159 AA, AC, and CC genotypes, and 16.4, 13.3, and 10.3 months for RAD54L 157 CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively. A significantly reduced survival was associated with the variant alleles of XRCC2 R188H and XRCC3 A17893G in subgroup analysis. When the four genes were analyzed in combination, an increasing number of adverse alleles were associated with a significantly decreased survival. Subgroup analyses have shown that the genotype effect on survival was present among patients without metastatic disease or among patients who receive radiotherapy. These observations suggest that polymorphisms of genes involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks significantly affect the clinical outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(6): 3323-30)
A new approach to iliac bone histomorphometry: implications for biomechanics and cell biology
Authors: A. Michael Parfitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

I devised a method for obtaining information on cancellous bone structure from iliac bone histomorphometry that led to the demonstration that architecture is an important component of bone strength and bone fragility. Furthermore, this method contributed to the recognition of the importance of changes in osteoclast and osteocyte apoptosis in response to estrogen deficiency and replacement.
Iatrogenic renal hypertension: two unusual complications of surgery for familial pheochromocytoma
Authors: C. H. Castle
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Two young men with familial extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma (paraganglioma) had almost identical tumors removed with similar postoperative courses, complicated by development of other causes of hypertension. Renal ischemia and persistent blood pressure elevation occurred in both patients but were caused by different anatomic defects. One developed retroperitoneal fibrosis that gradually obstructed renal blood flow to the right kidney; the second patient had a small aberrant artery to the inferior pole of the kidney ligated with prompt development of hypertension. Nephrectomy was necessary in the first patient; segmental resection of the ischemic portion of the kidney was sufficient to interrupt the renin-angiotensin system and allow the blood pressure to return to normal in the second patient.
Mechanosensitive nonselective cation channel facilitation by endothelin-1 is regulated by protein kinase C in arterial myocytes
Authors: H LEE, E BAEK, K PARK, H JUNG, J KIM, S KIM, Y EARM
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

The mechanosensitive nonselective cation channel (NSC(MS)) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) play critical roles in the regulation of vascular tone. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ET-1 on NSC(MS) and on the myogenic response of arteries.Cell-attached patch-clamp techniques were applied to rabbit pulmonary and cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells using a 140 mM CsCl pipette and bath solutions (Ca(2+)-free, 1 mM EGTA). Myogenic responses were determined by video analysis of pressurized arteries.The application of negative pressures through the pipette activated NSC(MS), and this was augmented by bath application of ET-1 (1 pM-30 nM). ET-1 lowered the lowest pressure required for NSC(MS) activation. NSC(MS) facilitation by ET-1 was prevented by BQ-123 (1 microM, an ET(A) antagonist) but not by BQ-788 (1 microM, an ET(B) antagonist). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 100 nM), a protein kinase C activator, also increased the activity of NSC(MS). ET-1- or PMA-induced facilitation of NSC(MS) was abolished by GF109203X (10 microM), a protein kinase C inhibitor. Video analysis of pressurized cerebral artery showed inhibition of the myogenic response by the NSC(MS) channel blockers GsMTx-4 (5 microM) and DIDS (3-100 microM). Treatment with ET-1 (10 pM) augmented the myogenic response and this was inhibited by DIDS (30 microM).Stimulation of ET-1 receptor (ET(A)) facilitates NSC(MS) via a protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathway in rabbit arterial myocytes. Our findings suggest that NSC(MS) play a role in the myogenic response and its augmentation by ET-1.
Fatal haematemesis arising from benign oesophagoatrial fistula.
Authors: M R Zeiderman, J T O'Grady
Journal: Thorax (1988)

An 86 year old woman with a Barrett9s oesophagus, a benign oesophageal stricture, and a benign ulcer developed an oesophagoatrial fistula. As in previously reported cases, she died after a massive haematemesis.
NF1 Inactivation in Adult Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Brian Parkin, Peter Ouillette, Yin Wang, Yan Liu, Whitney Wright, Diane Roulston, Anjali Purkayastha, Amanda Dressel, Judith Karp, Paula Bockenstedt, Ammar Al-Zoubi, Moshe Talpaz, Lisa Kujawski, Yang Liu, Kerby Shedden, Sajid Shakhan, Cheng Li, Harry Erba, Sami N. Malek
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

This study was conducted to identify novel genes with importance to the biology of adult acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).We analyzed DNA from highly purified AML blasts and paired buccal cells from 95 patients for recurrent genomic microdeletions using ultra-high density Affymetrix single nucleotide polymorphism 6.0 array-based genomic profiling.Through fine mapping of microdeletions on 17q, we derived a minimal deleted region of approximately 0.9-Mb length that harbors 11 known genes; this region includes Neurofibromin 1 (NF1). Sequence analysis of all NF1 coding exons in the 11 AML cases with NF1 copy number changes identified acquired truncating frameshift mutations in two patients. These NF1 mutations were already present in the hematopoetic stem cell compartment. Subsequent expression analysis of NF1 mRNA in the entire AML cohort using fluorescence-activated cell sorting sorted blasts as a source of RNA identified six patients (one with a NF1 mutation) with absent NF1 expression. The NF1 null states were associated with increased Ras-bound GTP, and short hairpin RNA-mediated NF1 suppression in primary AML blasts with wild-type NF1 facilitated colony formation in methylcellulose. Primary AML blasts without functional NF1, unlike blasts with functional NF1, displayed sensitivity to rapamycin-induced apoptosis, thus identifying a dependence on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling for survival. Finally, colony formation in methylcellulose ex vivo of NF1 null CD34+/CD38- cells sorted from AML bone marrow samples was inhibited by low-dose rapamycin.NF1 null states are present in 7 of 95 (7%) of adult AML and delineate a disease subset that could be preferentially targeted by Ras or mammalian target of rapamycin-directed therapeutics.
The Attention System of the Human Brain
Authors: Michael I. Posner, Steven E. Petersen
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (1990)

The brain's default mode network consists of discrete, bilateral and symmetrical cortical areas, in the medial and lateral parietal, medial prefrontal, and medial and lateral temporal cortices of the human, nonhuman primate, cat, and rodent brains. Its ...Read More
Multicenter experience using simeprevir and sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin to treat hepatitis C genotype 1 after liver transplant
Authors: Surakit Pungpapong, Bashar Aqel, Michael Leise, K. Tuesday Werner, Jennifer L. Murphy, Tanisha M. Henry, Kristen Ryland, Amy E. Chervenak, Kymberly D. Watt, Hugo E. Vargas, Andrew P. Keaveny
Journal: Hepatology (2015)

Treatment with an all‐oral interferon‐free antiviral regimen using simeprevir and sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin (RBV) for 12 weeks resulted in high sustained virologic response (SVR) rates along with minimal adverse events in non–liver transplant (LT) patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. This is the first multicenter report on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of this regimen in LT recipients. A total of 123 patients (76% male, 74% white, 60% genotype 1a, 30% METAVIR F3‐F4, 4% decompensation, 11% cholestatic recurrence, 7% had kidney transplant, and 82% previously failed pegylated interferon/RBV‐based regimens) received treatment and were followed for a median of 30 weeks (range 12‐53 weeks). The median time from LT to treatment was 32 months (range 2‐317 months). Tacrolimus was the primary immunosuppression in 91% of patients. Minimal immunosuppression dose adjustments were required. An SVR 12 weeks after treatment completion (SVR12) was achieved in 90% of patients (95% confidence interval 84%‐96%). In patients with genotype 1a infection, the SVR12 rate was significantly lower in those with METAVIR F3‐F4 (71%) compared to those with F0‐F2 (91%). Half of the patients achieved undetected HCV RNA at treatment week 4, and their SVR12 rate was significantly higher (96%) compared to those with detectable HCV RNA (83%). Treatment was very well tolerated with mild degrees of adverse events, except for one death possibly due to drug‐induced lung injury. In the 25 patients who received RBV, 72% developed anemia requiring intervention. Conclusion : An all‐oral interferon‐free antiviral regimen using simeprevir and sofosbuvir with or without RBV for 12 weeks was very well tolerated and resulted in excellent SVR12 rates in LT recipients with HCV genotype 1 infection. (H epatology 2015;61:1880–1886)
Oxidative Stress in Airways
Authors: Russell P. Bowler, James D. Crapo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AIRWA...EXTRACELLULAR-SOD IN LUNG...EC-SOD IN PULMONARY DISEA...PROTEOLYTIC PROCESSING OF...ReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Increased Expression of Activity-Dependent Genes in Cerebellar Glutamatergic Neurons of Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Rodrigo D Paz, Nancy C Andreasen, Sami Z Daoud, Robert Conley, Rosalinda Roberts, Juan Bustillo, Nora I Perrone-Bizzozero
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional state of glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar cortex of patients with schizophrenia.The authors measured messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of three activity-dependent genes expressed by glutamatergic neurons in the cerebellar cortex (GAP-43, BDNF, and GABA OLE_LINK2>(A)-delta subunit) in the tissues of 14 patients with schizophrenia and 14 matched nonpsychiatric comparison subjects. Since its level of expression does not change in response to neuronal activity, gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-alpha6 subunit mRNA was used as a control.The levels of GAP-43 and BDNF mRNAs were significantly elevated in patients with schizophrenia, and a similar finding was observed for GABA(A)-delta mRNA. In contrast, the levels of the GABA(A)-alpha6 subunit mRNA, which is expressed in cerebellar granule cells in an activity-independent manner, did not differ from comparison subjects.These results suggest that glutamatergic neurons may be hyperactive in the cerebellar cortices of patients with schizophrenia.