tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diabetic Muscle Infarction
Authors: A. J. Trujillo-Santos
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—To systematically review all the reported cases of diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) and its pathogenesis, clinical features, prognostic implications, and management. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We searched databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE) from their inception to August 2001 and reviewed bibliographies in reports retrieved. Data were extracted in a standardized form. RESULTS—A total of 47 references were retrieved; 115 patients and 166 episodes were included. DMI was more frequent in women (61.5%, mean age at presentation 42.6 years). Of the cases, 59% had type 1 diabetes; the mean duration of disease was 14.3 years, and multiple diabetic end-organ complications were noted. DMI affects the lower limbs with abrupt onset of pain and local swelling. Diagnosis is made by biopsy, but the characteristic features in magnetic resonance imaging are very typical. Treatment includes bed rest and administration of analgesics, but recurrence is common. CONCLUSIONS—DMI is a very uncommon complication of long-standing diabetes; presentation is well characterized and management is simple.
Utility of serum and sputum calprotectin as a biomarker for CF exacerbation
Authors: I. Shafiq
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Monitoring inflammation and diagnosing pulmonary exacerbation in cystic fibrosis (CF) remains difficult as the usual biomarkers of inflammation are often not very helpful and there is still no accepted definition for a CF exacerbation. This study looked at the possibility of serum and sputum calprotectin as a new biomarker for monitoring pulmonary exacerbations in CF.

It was hypothesised that serum and …
Effects of mechanical ventilation on diaphragm function and biology
Authors: G. Gayan-Ramirez, M. Decramer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The pathophysiological mechanisms of weaning from mechanical ventilation are not fully known, but there is accumulating evidence that mechanical ventilation induces inspiratory muscle dysfunction. Recently, several animal models have provided potential mechanisms for mechanical ventilation-induced effects on muscle function. In patients, weaning difficulties are associated with inspiratory muscle weakness and reduced endurance capacity. Animal studies demonstrated that diaphragm force was already decreased after 12 h of controlled mechanical ventilation and this worsened with time spent on the ventilator. Diaphragmatic myofibril damage observed after 3-days controlled mechanical ventilation was inversely correlated with maximal diaphragmatic force. Downregulation of the diaphragm insulin-like growth factor-I and MyoD/myogenin messenger ribonucleic acid occurred after 24 h and diaphragmatic oxidative stress and increased protease activity after 18 h. In keeping with these findings, diaphragm fibre atrophy was shown after 12 h and reduced diaphragm mass was reported after 48 h of controlled mechanical ventilation. These animal studies show that early alterations in diaphragm function develop after short-term mechanical ventilation. These alterations may contribute to the difficulties in weaning from mechanical ventilation seen in patients. Strategies to preserve respiratory muscle mass and function during mechanical ventilation should be developed. These may include: adaptation of medication, training of the diaphragm, stabilisation of the catabolic state and pharmacotherapy.
Increasing the Clearance of Protein-Bound Solutes by Addition of a Sorbent to the Dialysate
Authors: Timothy W Meyer, John W T Peattie, Jared D Miller, Diana C Dinh, Natalie S Recht, Jason L Walther, Thomas H Hostetter
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The capacity of sorbent systems to increase solute clearances above the levels that are provided by hemodialysis has not been well defined. This study assessed the extent to which solute clearances can be increased by addition of a sorbent to the dialysate. Attention was focused on the clearance of protein-bound solutes, which are cleared poorly by conventional hemodialysis. A reservoir that contained test solutes and artificial plasma was dialyzed first with the plasma flow set at 46 +/- 3 ml/min and the dialysate flow (Q(d)) set at 42 +/- 3 ml/min using a hollow fiber kidney with mass transfer area coefficients greater than Q(d) for each of the solutes. Under these conditions, the clearance of urea (Cl(urea)) was 34 +/- 1 ml/min, whereas the clearances of the protein-bound solutes indican (Cl(ind)), p-cresol sulfate (Cl(pcs)), and p-cresol (Cl(pc)) averaged only 5 +/- 1, 4 +/- 1, and 14 +/- 1 ml/min, respectively The effect of addition of activated charcoal to the dialysate then was compared with the effect of increasing Q(d) without addition of any sorbent. Addition of charcoal increased Cl(ind), Cl(pcs), and Cl(pc) to 12 +/- 1, 9 +/- 2, and 35 +/- 4 ml/min without changing Cl(urea). Increasing Q(d) without the addition of sorbent had a similar effect on the clearance of the protein-bound solutes. Mathematical modeling predicted these changes and showed that the maximal effect of addition of a sorbent to the dialysate is equivalent to that of an unlimited increase in Q(d). These results suggest that as an adjunct to conventional hemodialysis, addition of sorbents to the dialysate could increase the clearance of protein-bound solutes without greatly altering the clearance of unbound solutes.
A case–control study of seated immobility at work as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism
Authors: Jill West, Kyle Perrin, Sarah Aldington, Mark Weatherall, Richard Beasley
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2008)

To determine the relative risk of prolonged seated immobility at work in patients with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).A case-control study: cases and controls completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire to obtain information on risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE), including prolonged seated immobility at work. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between predicted variables and the probability of being a case or control.Cases were patients<65 years old attending the Wellington Hospital Outpatient VTE Clinic following hospital discharge for DVT and/or PE. Controls were patients<65 years old admitted to the Coronary Care Unit at Wellington Hospital.The Wellington Hospital Outpatient VTE Clinic and Coronary Care Unit.Odds ratio of VTE for prolonged seated immobility.There were 97 cases (53 DVT, 29 PE, 15 DVT and PE), and 106 controls. In the multivariate analysis the odds ratio of VTE for prolonged seated immobility at work was 1.8 (95% CI 0.71-4.8). The maximum number of hours seated at work was associated with VTE, with the risk increasing by 10% per hour longer seated (odds ratio 1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2). The maximum number of hours seated at work without getting up was associated with VTE, with the risk increasing by 20% per hour longer seated (odds ratio 1.2, 95% CI 0.96-1.6).This study provides preliminary evidence that prolonged seated immobility at work may represent a risk factor for VTE.
Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Urban Asian Indians
Authors: A Ramachandran, C Snehalatha, E Latha, K Satyavani, V Vijay
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

To study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in native urban Asian Indians and to look for the occurrence of clustering of these factors.The study included 953 subjects (532 men and 421 women), aged > or = 40 years, selected from a population survey for diabetes, which was conducted in 1994 in Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. Measurements of anthropometry, blood pressure, plasma lipid profile, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin response, and electrocardiogram were made. Based on the normal ranges derived from the population study, abnormalities in anthropometric values, plasma lipids, and insulin values were determined. Age-adjusted prevalences of the abnormalities were calculated using data from a 1991 urban census in Madras. The expected prevalences of the abnormalities in isolation and in combinations were calculated and compared with the corresponding observed figures.The prevalences of risk factors were in the order of central adiposity > dyslipidemia > hyperinsulinemia (2-h) > glucose intolerance > obesity > hypertension. The age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was 3.9% (3.5% in men and 4.5% in women, NS), and T wave inversion was seen in an additional 10.3%. Isolated prevalences of all factors, except hypertension, were in lower frequency than expected. Combinations of each risk factor with one or two more risk factors occurred more frequently (1.3-4 times) than expected by chance. Impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia showed association with hyperinsulinemia, whereas hypertension did not show such an association.Clustering of the cardiovascular risk factors or the components of insulin resistance syndrome occurs in the native Asian Indian population. This finding under-scores the need for preventive aspects of metabolic disorders and CHD.
Medical schools should prohibit financial ties between individual academics and industry
Authors: Paolo Vercellini
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The web of financial interests involving industry, advocacy, and academia in the management of osteoporosis described by Grey and Bolland is typical in many medical specialties.1 2 However, the ethical implications for each component of the web are different. Industry is a private enterprise, its goal is profit, and its managers are accountable to shareholders. Advocacy organisations are morally …
Partial transfer, not partial access
Authors: Anne Vainikka, Martha Young-Scholten
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Our results support the idea that adults have access to the principles and parameters of Universal Grammar (UG), contrary to Epstein et al.'s misrepresentation of our work as involving partial access to UG. For both LI and L2 acquisition, functional projections appear to develop in a gradual fashion, but in L2 acquisition there is partial transfer in that the lowest projection (VP) is transferred from the speaker's LI.
Enhanced reactivity to bradykinin, angiotensin I and the effect of captopril in the pulmonary vasculature of chronically hypoxic rats
Authors: PC Russell, CJ Emery, YN Cai, GR Barer, P Howard
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

We compared the reactivity of pulmonary vessels to bradykinin (BK) and angiotensin I (AI) in normal and chronically hypoxic rats; the latter have pulmonary hypertension and muscularized pulmonary arterioles. These peptides are respectively inactivated and activated by the angiotensin converting-enzyme (ACE) on pulmonary endothelium. Isolated lungs were perfused at a constant flow rate when changes in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) reflect changes in vascular resistance. Dose-response curves to BK (1 ng-10 micrograms) were derived during normoxia and pre-constriction by hypoxia; BK both decreased and increased vascular resistance, i.e. vasodilation and vasoconstriction. In normal rats only constriction was seen in normoxia, which reflected low basal vascular tone, whereas in chronically hypoxic rats there was only dilatation which reflected high basal vascular tone. In hypoxia in normal rats, low doses caused dilatation, high doses constriction; in chronically hypoxic rats there was again only dilatation which was larger than in controls. After the ACE-inhibitor captopril, constriction was exaggerated in control rats in both normoxia and hypoxia and took place in chronically hypoxic rats after high doses in both normoxia and hypoxia; oedema often followed. Dose-response curves to AI (1 ng-micrograms) in normoxia showed greatly enhanced pressor responses in chronically hypoxic compared with normal rats, probably attributable to increased sensitivity to angiotensin II (AII) rather than enhanced conversion of AI to AII. Captopril caused a proportionate reduction in responses in both groups of rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The interruption of collateral blood flow to the ischemic canine myocardium by embolization of a coronary artery with latex: effects on conduction delay and ventricular arrhythmias.
Authors: D E Euler, C E Prood, J F Spear, E N Moore
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

We studied the importance of collateral blood flow in the genesis of epicardial conduction delay and ventricular arrhythmias by creating a model of myocardial ischemia in which coronary collateral channels were embolized with a rapidly hardening vinyl latex.In 33 open-chest anesthetized dogs, heart rate was held constant (18O-200/min) and the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for 10 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion.The LAD then was ligated and latex was injected just below the ligature.The latex filled coronary vessels branching from the LAD down to a diameter of 20-30 jun and produced transmural infarcts averaging 42% of the left ventricular mass (range 35-58%).The amount of epicardial conduction delay was measured during atrial rhythm at multiple electrode sites within the ischemic zone.The maximal delay following coronary occlusion was 97 ± 48 msec (mean ± SD), whereas latex embolization increased the delay to 203 ± 51 msec (P < 0.001).In response to coronary occlusion, 8% of the electrograme demonstrated Wenckebach-like alternation, whereas 58% showed alternation following latex embolization (P < 0.001).Compared to coronary occlusion, coronary embolization with latex significantly increased the number of dogs that developed ectopic beats during the first 10 minutes of ischemia (66% vs. 94%; P = 0.02).However, coronary occlusion evoked ventricular fibrillation in 21% of the dogs, whereas no animal developed fibrillation at any time following coronary embolization (P = 0.002).Ventricular fibrillation also was absent in an additional 18 animals in which the LAD was embolized without an earlier period of occlusion.The results indicate that embolization of the LAD with vinyl latex increases the severity of local conduction abnormalities while reducing the incidence of lethal arrhythmias.The interruption of collateral blood flow to the ischemic myocardium may depress conduction in a homogeneous manner such that the ischemic zone may be unable to support a sufficient number of reentrant circuits to initiate fibrillation.
Mental Disorders Among U.S. Military Personnel in the 1990s: Association With High Levels of Health Care Utilization and Early Military Attrition
Authors: Charles W Hoge, Sandra E Lesikar, Ramon Guevara, Jeff Lange, John F Brundage, Charles C Engel, Stephen C Messer, David T Orman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological studies have shown that mental disorders are associated with reduced health-related quality of life, high levels of health care utilization, and work absenteeism. However, measurement of the burden of mental disorders by using population-based methods in large working populations, such as the U.S. military, has been limited. METHOD: Analysis of hospitalizations among all active-duty military personnel (16.4 million person-years) from 1990 to 1999 and ambulatory visits from 1996 to 1999 was conducted by using the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Rates of hospitalization, ambulatory visits, and attrition from military service were compared for persons with mental disorder diagnoses and those with diagnoses in 15 other ICD-9 disease categories. RESULTS: Mental disorders was the leading category of discharge diagnoses among men and the second leading category among women; 13% of all hospitalizations and 23% of all inpatient bed days were attributed to mental disorders. Six percent of the military population received ambulatory services for mental disorders annually in 1998 and 1999. Among a 1-year cohort of personnel, 47% of those hospitalized for the first time for a mental disorder left military service within 6 months. This attrition rate was significantly different from the rate of only 12% after hospitalization for any of the 15 other disease categories (range=11%–18%) (relative risk=4.04, 95% confidence interval=3.91–4.17). The difference remained significant after controlling for effects of age, gender, and duration of service. CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders appear to represent the most important source of medical and occupational morbidity among active-duty U.S. military personnel. These findings provide new population-based evidence that mental disorders are common, disabling, and costly to society.
Lung biopsy with the high speed drill in a developing country.
Authors: B Teklu
Journal: Thorax (1986)

The results of high speed air drill lung biopsy during 38 months in Addis Ababa is reported. Even though the diagnostic yield was only 49%, trephine lung biopsy has a place in the investigation of diffuse and accessible localised lesions of the lung. It has proved to be a relatively safe and simple procedure. Nineteen male and 20 female patients were studied and in addition eight postmortem specimens of lung tissue were included. The chest radiograph showed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in 42 and localised in six, with diagnostic biopsy specimens in 20 and five respectively. Biopsy of the inferior lung in the lateral decubitus position in patients with diffuse lung lesions has yielded larger specimens than has routine biopsy performed in the sitting position. Since the only patient who developed appreciable haemoptysis was the single patient with chronic cor pulmonale, caution should be exercised in such cases. A chest radiograph is indicated after biopsy only when the clinical condition of the patient warrants it.
THE INFLUENCE OF AVAILABLE FLUID ON THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL HEMOGLOBINURIC NEPHROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Joseph J. Lalich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

The importance of previous dehydration on the production of hemoglobinuric nephrosis is substantiated. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis regularly occurred in rabbits 3 to 16 days following the injections of hemoglobin. Five of 15 animals died of fatal hemoglobinuric nephrosis; the combined kidney weight in these exceeded the weight of the kidneys of control rabbits and of those which survived. Additional observations, not previously made, are focal necrosis of the liver and pulmonary edema in some of the rabbits which died. A relationship was evident between the quantity of available fluid and the severity of the hemoglobinuric nephrosis which developed after injections of hemoglobin.
Molecular Mechanisms of Amyloidosis
Authors: Giampaolo Merlini, Vittorio Bellotti
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Amyloidosis affects millions of people, as a cause of Alzheimer's disease or a complication of dialysis, and also causes rare conditions. The many forms of the disorder have one underlying principle: misfolded proteins. Prompt, correct diagnosis is essential, especially in the inherited forms of amyloidosis. This article reviews the molecular basis of various types of amyloidosis and proposes new ways of treating these disorders.
Regional variation in histopathologic features of tumor specimens from treatment-naive glioblastoma correlates with anatomic and physiologic MR Imaging
Authors: R. F. Barajas, J. J. Phillips, R. Parvataneni, A. Molinaro, E. Essock-Burns, G. Bourne, A. T. Parsa, M. K. Aghi, M. W. McDermott, M. S. Berger, S. Cha, S. M. Chang, S. J. Nelson
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2012)

Histopathologic evaluation of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at initial diagnosis is typically performed on tissue obtained from regions of contrast enhancement (CE) as depicted on gadolinium-enhanced, T1-weighted images. The non-enhancing (NE) portion of the lesion, which contains both reactive edema and infiltrative tumor, is only partially removed due to concerns about damaging functioning brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histopathologic and physiologic MRI features of image-guided tissue specimens from CE and NE regions to investigate correlations between imaging and histopathologic parameters. One hundred nineteen tissue specimens (93 CE and 26 NE regions) were acquired from 51 patients with newly diagnosed GBM by utilizing stereotactic image-guided sampling. Variables of anatomic, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic susceptibility–weighted, contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging (DSC) from each tissue sample location were obtained and compared with histopathologic features such as tumor score, cell density, proliferation, architectural disruption, hypoxia, and microvascular hyperplasia. Tissue samples from CE regions had increased tumor score, cellular density, proliferation, and architectural disruption compared with NE regions. DSC variables such as relative cerebral blood volume, peak height, and recovery factor were significantly higher, and the percentage of signal intensity recovery was significantly lower in the CE compared with the NE regions. DWI variables were correlated with histopathologic features of GBM within NE regions. Image-guided tissue acquisition and assessment of residual tumor from treatment-naive GBM should be guided by DSC in CE regions and by DWI in NE regions.
Survival and human papillomavirus in oropharynx cancer in TAX 324: a subset analysis from an international phase III trial
Authors: M.R. Posner, J.H. Lorch, O. Goloubeva, M. Tan, L.M. Schumaker, N.J. Sarlis, R.I. Haddad, K.J. Cullen
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
Effect of crizotinib on overall survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring ALK gene rearrangement: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Alice T Shaw, Beow Y Yeap, Benjamin J Solomon, Gregory J Riely, Justin Gainor, Jeffrey A Engelman, Geoffrey I Shapiro, Daniel B Costa, Sai-Hong I Ou, Mohit Butaney, Ravi Salgia, Robert G Maki, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Robert C Doebele, Yung-Jue Bang, Kimary Kulig, Paulina Selaru, Yiyun Tang, Keith D Wilner, Eunice L Kwak, Jeffrey W Clark, A John Iafrate, D Ross Camidge
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2011)
Gene Expression in Relation to Exhaled Nitric Oxide Identifies Novel Asthma Phenotypes with Unique Biomolecular Pathways
Authors: Brian D. Modena, John R. Tedrow, Jadranka Milosevic, Eugene R. Bleecker, Deborah A. Meyers, Wei Wu, Ziv Bar-Joseph, Serpil C. Erzurum, Benjamin M. Gaston, William W. Busse, Nizar N. Jarjour, Naftali Kaminski, Sally E. Wenzel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Although asthma is recognized as a heterogeneous disease associated with clinical phenotypes, the molecular basis of these phenotypes remains poorly understood. Although genomic studies have successfully broadened our understanding in diseases such as cancer, they have not been widely used in asthma studies.To link gene expression patterns to clinical asthma phenotypes.We used a microarray platform to analyze bronchial airway epithelial cell gene expression in relation to the asthma biomarker fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in 155 subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects from the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP).We first identified a diverse set of 549 genes whose expression correlated with FeNO. We used k-means to cluster the patient samples according to the expression of these genes, identifying five asthma clusters/phenotypes with distinct clinical, physiological, cellular, and gene transcription characteristics-termed "subject clusters" (SCs). To then investigate differences in gene expression between SCs, a total of 1,384 genes were identified that highly differentiated the SCs at an unadjusted P value < 10(-6). Hierarchical clustering of these 1,384 genes identified nine gene clusters or "biclusters," whose coexpression suggested biological characteristics unique to each SC. Although genes related to type 2 inflammation were present, novel pathways, including those related to neuronal function, WNT pathways, and actin cytoskeleton, were noted.These findings show that bronchial epithelial cell gene expression, as related to the asthma biomarker FeNO, can identify distinct asthma phenotypes, while also suggesting the presence of underlying novel gene pathways relevant to these phenotypes.