tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vicky Tai, William Leung, Andrew Grey, Ian R Reid, Mark J Bolland
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether increasing calcium intake from dietary sources affects bone mineral density (BMD) and, if so, whether the effects are similar to those of calcium supplements. <b>Design</b> Random effects meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. <b>Data sources</b> Ovid Medline, Embase, Pubmed, and references from relevant systematic reviews. Initial searches were undertaken in July 2013 and updated in September 2014. <b>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies</b> Randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium or calcium supplements (with or without vitamin D) in participants aged over 50 with BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, total body, or forearm as an outcome. <b>Results</b> We identified 59 eligible randomised controlled trials: 15 studied dietary sources of calcium (n=1533) and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=12 257). Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources increased BMD by 0.6-1.0% at the total hip and total body at one year and by 0.7-1.8% at these sites and the lumbar spine and femoral neck at two years. There was no effect on BMD in the forearm. Calcium supplements increased BMD by 0.7-1.8% at all five skeletal sites at one, two, and over two and a half years, but the size of the increase in BMD at later time points was similar to the increase at one year. Increases in BMD were similar in trials of dietary sources of calcium and calcium supplements (except at the forearm), in trials of calcium monotherapy versus co-administered calcium and vitamin D, in trials with calcium doses of ≥1000 versus &lt;1000 mg/day and ≤500 versus &gt;500 mg/day, and in trials where the baseline dietary calcium intake was &lt;800 versus ≥800 mg/day. <b>Conclusions</b> Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources or by taking calcium supplements produces small non-progressive increases in BMD, which are unlikely to lead to a clinically significant reduction in risk of fracture.
Treating Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Structured Writing Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Arnold A.P. van Emmerik, Jan H. Kamphuis, Paul M.G. Emmelkamp
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2008)

Writing assignments have shown promising results in treating traumatic symptomatology. Yet no studies have compared their efficacy to the current treatment of choice, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). The present study evaluated the efficacy of structured writing therapy (SWT) and CBT as compared to a waitlist control condition in treating acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).A randomized controlled trial was conducted at an outpatient clinic. Participants (n = 125) (a) satisfied DSM-IV criteria for ASD or PTSD, (b) were 16 years or older, (c) were sufficiently fluent in Dutch or English, (d) had no psychiatric problems except ASD or PTSD that would hinder participation or required alternative clinical care, and (e) received no concurrent psychotherapy. Treatment consisted of five 1.5-hour sessions of CBT or SWT for participants with ASD or acute PTSD and ten 1.5-hour sessions for participants with chronic PTSD. Outcome measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Impact of Event Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale.At posttest and follow-up, treatment was associated with improved diagnostic status and lower levels of intrusive symptoms, depression and state anxiety, while a trend was noted for the reduction of avoidance symptoms. Treatment did not result in lower levels of trait anxiety or dissociation. No differences in efficacy were detected between CBT and SWT.The present study confirmed the efficacy of CBT for ASD and PTSD and identified SWT as a promising alternative treatment.
ON THE RELATION OF CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PANCREATITIS TO THE ISLANDS OF LANGERHANS AND TO DIABETES MELUTUS
Authors: Eugene L. Opie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1901)

(1) Congenital syphilitic pancreatitis retards the development of the glandular acini but does not affect the islands of Langerhans. Embedded in the stroma, but not invaded by it, the latter maintain their continuity with the small ducts and acini with which they have a common origin. (2) Two types of chronic interstitial inflammation affecting the developed pancreas are distinguishable: (a) Interlobular Pancreatitis.—In the interlobular variety the inflammatory process is localized chiefly at the periphery of the lobule and implicates the islands of Langerhans only when the sclerotic process has reached a very advanced grade. When pancreatitis has followed obstruction of the ducts, the islands long remain unaltered though embedded in dense scar-like tissue. (b) Interacinar Pancreatitis.—In the interacinar type the process is diffuse, invading the lobules and separating individual acini. The inflammatory change invades the islands of Langerhans. (3) A relationship has been observed between lesions of the islands of Langerhans and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. (a) In one of eleven cases of interlobular panereatitis diabetes of mild intensity occurred. The sclerosis, which in this case followed obstruction of the ducts by calculi, was far advanced and affected the islands of Langerhans. (b) In two of three cases of interacinar pancreatitis, diabetes was present. The third case was associated with a condition, hæmochromatosis, which at a later stage is associated with diabetes, the result of pancreatic lesion. (c) In a fourth case of diabetes, hyaline deposit between the capillaries and the parenchymatous cells had so completely altered the islands of Langerhans that they were no longer recognizable.
Investigation of<i>IL1</i>,<i>VEGF</i>,<i>PPARG</i>and<i>MEFV</i>genes in psoriatic arthritis susceptibility: Table 1
Authors: John Bowes, Pauline Ho, Edward Flynn, Salma Salah, Neil McHugh, Oliver FitzGerald, Jonathan Packham, Ann W Morgan, Philip S Helliwell, Ian N Bruce, Anne Barton
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Macrophages regulate protective immune responses to infectious microbes, but aberrant macrophage activation frequently drives pathological inflammation. To identify regulators of vigorous macrophage activation, we analyzed RNA-seq data from synovial macrophages and identified SLAMF7 as a receptor associated with a super-activated macrophage state in rheumatoid arthritis. We implicated IFN-γ as a key regulator of SLAMF7 expression. Engaging this receptor drove an exuberant wave of inflammatory cytokine expression, and induction of TNF-α following SLAMF7 engagement amplified inflammation through an autocrine signaling loop. We observed SLAMF7-induced gene programs not only in macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients, but in gut macrophages from active Crohn’s disease patients and lung macrophages from severe COVID-19 patients. This suggests a central role for SLAMF7 in macrophage super-activation with broad implications in pathology.
Reconstruction of a Probable Ancestral Form of Conger Eel Galectins Revealed Their Rapid Adaptive Evolution Process for Specific Carbohydrate Recognition
Authors: Ayumu Konno, Tomohisa Ogawa, Tsuyoshi Shirai, Koji Muramoto
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Recently, many cases of rapid adaptive evolution, which is characterized by the higher substitution rates of nonsynonymous substitutions to synonymous ones, have been identified in the various genes of venomous and biodefense proteins, including the conger eel galectins, congerins I and II (ConI and ConII). To understand the evolutionary process of congerins, we prepared a probable ancestral form, Con-anc, corresponding to the putative amino acid sequence at the divergence of ConI and ConII in phylogenetic tree with 76% and 61% sequence identities to the current proteins, respectively. Con-anc and ConII had comparable thermostability and similar carbohydrate specificities in general, whereas ConI was more thermostable and showed different carbohydrate specificities. Con-anc showed decreased specificity to oligosaccharides with alpha 2,3-sialyl galactose moieties. These suggest that ConI and ConII have evolved via accelerated evolution under significant selective pressure to increase the thermostability and to acquire the activity to bind to alpha2,3-sialyl galactose present in pathogenic bacteria, respectively. Furthermore, comparative mutagenesis analyses of Con-anc and congerins revealed the structural basis for specific recognition of ConII to alpha2,3-sialyl galactose moiety, and strong binding ability of ConI to oligosaccharides including lacto-N-biosyl (Galbeta1-3GlcNAc) or lacto-N-neobiosyl (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) residues, respectively. Thus, protein engineering using a probable ancestral form presented here is a powerful approach not only to determine the evolutionary process but also to investigate the structure-activity relationships of proteins.
Hydration strategies for exercise performance in hot environment
Authors: Rabindarjeet Singh
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Maintaining fluid balance, or hydration, is an important factor in preserving various body functions and supporting exercise performance in hot environment. During exercise, fluids are lost, mainly through sweating (some water will also be attributable to respiratory water loss, which can be substantial during hard work in hot environments). Prolonged bout of exercise in hot environment, can lead to excess of 1 litre of body fluid per hour to be lost. Dehydration and hyperthermia can adversely affect mental and physical performance. Unless the athlete consumes fluid to replace these losses, a fluid deficit will occur. Meeting water requirements under hot environmental conditions that promote large losses is not easy. Furthermore, water intake during exercise is usually inadequate and ‘voluntary dehydration’ occurs. A competing athlete may be near exhaustion despite absence of thirst. Specific precautions must be taken to prevent chronic dehydration. Prior dehydration has a negative effect even on exercise of short duration where sweat losses are small. The athlete must begin exercise fully hydrated and regular ingestion of fluids is beneficial where the exercise duration exceeds 40 min in the hot environment. It is therefore pertinent to drink enough fluids before the game and at rest breaks to avoid dehydration and fatigue. Dilute carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks are best for fluid replacement, which also supply some substrate for the exercising muscles. Even after exercise, thirst may not be sufficient stimulus to ensure full rehydration. What is ingested during recovery, especially in the first 2 h, could also markedly influence the rate of recovery and performance in a subsequent athletic event. Athletes, especially in the tropics are advised to drink to replace their sweat losses rather than simply to satisfy their thirst. The rehydration fluid must contain sufficient sodium to maintain the thirst stimulus and to promote the retention of the ingested fluid.
Distinct Role of Macrophages in Different Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Claire E. Lewis, Jeffrey W. Pollard
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Macrophages are prominent in the stromal compartment of virtually all types of malignancy. These highly versatile cells respond to the presence of stimuli in different parts of tumors with the release of a distinct repertoire of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes that regulate tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and/or metastasis. The distinct microenvironments where tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) act include areas of invasion where TAMs promote cancer cell motility, stromal and perivascular areas where TAMs promote metastasis, and avascular and perinecrotic areas where hypoxic TAMs stimulate angiogenesis. This review will discuss the evidence for differential regulation of TAMs in these microenvironments and provide an overview of current attempts to target or use TAMs for therapeutic purposes. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 605-12)
Self-rated health status and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictors of mortality in men
Authors: Jennifer Gander, Duck-chul Lee, Xuemei Sui, James R Hébert, Steven P Hooker, Steven N Blair
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Self-rated health (SRH) and cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) are independent risk factors for all-cause mortality. The purpose of this report is to examine the single and joint effects of these exposures on mortality risk. The study included 18 488 men who completed a health survey, clinical examination and a maximal exercise treadmill test during 1987–2003. Cox regression analysis was used to quantify the associations of SRH and fitness with all-cause mortality. There were 262 deaths during 17 years of follow-up. There was a significant inverse trend (p trend &lt;0.05) for mortality across SRH categories after adjustment for age, examination year, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, abnormal ECG, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. Adjustment for fitness attenuated the association (p value =0.09). The authors also observed an inverse association between fitness and mortality after controlling for the same covariates and SRH (p trend = 0.006). The combined analysis of SRH and fitness showed that fit men with good or excellent SRH had a 58% lower risk of mortality than their counterparts. SRH and fitness were both associated with all-cause mortality in men. Fit men with good or excellent SRH live longer than unfit men with poor or fair SRH.
Focusing and sustaining the antitumor CTL effector killer response by agonist anti-CD137 mAb
Authors: Elixabet Bolaños-Mateo, Bettina Weigelin, Alvaro Teijeira, Ivan Martinez-Forero, Sara Labiano, Arantza Azpilicueta, Aizea Morales-Kastresana, Jose I Quetglas, Esther Wagena, Alfonso Rodriguez, Lieping Chen, Peter Friedl, Ignacio Melero
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts B16-derived OVA-expressing melanomas resist curative immunotherapy with either adoptive transfer of activated anti-OVA OT1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or agonist anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAb. However when acting in synergistic combination, these treatments consistently achieve tumor
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase blockade prevents age-induced skin structure and function defects
Authors: Ana Tiganescu, Abd A. Tahrani, Stuart A. Morgan, Marcela Otranto, Alexis Desmoulière, Lianne Abrahams, Zaki Hassan-Smith, Elizabeth A. Walker, Elizabeth H. Rabbitt, Mark S. Cooper, Kurt Amrein, Gareth G. Lavery, Paul M. Stewart
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Glucocorticoid (GC) excess adversely affects skin integrity, inducing thinning and impaired wound healing. Aged skin, particularly that which has been photo-exposed, shares a similar phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated age-induced expression of the GC-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in cultured human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Here, we determined 11β-HSD1 levels in human skin biopsies from young and older volunteers and examined the aged 11β-HSD1 KO mouse skin phenotype. 11β-HSD1 activity was elevated in aged human and mouse skin and in PE compared with donor-matched photo-protected human biopsies. Age-induced dermal atrophy with deranged collagen structural organization was prevented in 11β-HSD1 KO mice, which also exhibited increased collagen density. We found that treatment of HDFs with physiological concentrations of cortisol inhibited rate-limiting steps in collagen biosynthesis and processing. Furthermore, topical 11β-HSD1 inhibitor treatment accelerated healing of full-thickness mouse dorsal wounds, with improved healing also observed in aged 11β-HSD1 KO mice. These findings suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity in aging skin leads to increased local GC generation, which may account for adverse changes occurring in the elderly, and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of age-associated impairments in dermal integrity and wound healing.
Coeliac disease, gluten-free diet, and malignancy.
Authors: G K Holmes, P L Stokes, T M Sorahan, P Prior, J A Waterhouse, W T Cooke
Journal: Gut (1976)

Two hundred and two patients with coeliac disease or idiopathic steatorrhoea previously reported from this unit have been reviewed after a further 10 years of follow-up. Of 20 more deaths, 10 were due to malignancy. A separate study was made of all patients with histologically confirmed coeliac disease seen to the end of 1972 and followed up to the end of 1974. Twenty-one of the 43 deaths in this series were due to malignant tumours, of which 13 were reticulum cell sarcomas. There was no evidence that patients showing sub-optimal clinical response to gluten withdrawal or persisting falt jejunal biopsies were more prone to die of cancer. A gluten-free diet did not appear to be effective in preventing malignant complications, but a longer follow-up of patients will be necessary to provide a final answer to this question.
NUMTs in the Sponge Genome Reveal Conserved Transposition Mechanisms in Metazoans
Authors: D. Erpenbeck, O. Voigt, M. Adamski, B. J. Woodcroft, J. N. A. Hooper, G. Worheide, B. M. Degnan
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

The transposition of parts of the mitochondrial (mt) genetic material into the nuclear genome (NUMTs) occurs in a wide range of eukaryotes. Here, we show that NUMTs exist for nearly all regions of the mt genome in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica, a representative of the oldest phyletic lineage of animals. Because the sponge NUMTs are small and noncoding, and transposed via a DNA intermediate, as in eumetazoans, we infer that the transpositonal processes underlying NUMT formation in contemporary animals existed in their most recent common ancestor. In contrast to most bilaterians, Amphimedon NUMTs are inserted into regions of high gene density. Given the common features of metazoan NUMTs, the reduction in animal mt genome sizes relative to other eukaryotes may be the product of the mt DNA transposition mechanisms that evolved along the metazoan stem.
Should Binge Eating Disorder Be Included in the DSM-V? A Critical Review of the State of the Evidence
Authors: Ruth H. Striegel-Moore, Debra L. Franko
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2008)

Binge eating disorder (BED) was introduced in 1994 as a provisional eating disorder diagnosis. The core symptom is recurrent binge eating in the absence of inappropriate compensatory behaviors and/or extreme dietary restraint. This review examines the status of the literature on BED according to five criteria that have been proposed to determine whether BED warrants inclusion in the psychiatric nosology as a distinct eating disorder. We conclude that each of these criteria was met. There is a commonly accepted definition of and assessment approach to BED. The clinical utility and validity of BED have been established, and BED is distinguishable from both bulimia nervosa and obesity. BED should be included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Virus and trinitrophenol hapten-specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against H-2 incompatible target cells.
Authors: K Pfizenmaier, A Strazinski-Powitz, H Rodt, M Röllinghoff, H Wagner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

Immune spleen cells from LCM virus-infected (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 radiation chimeras entirely repopulated with CBA-T6 lymphocytes were cytotoxic for allogeneic, LCM virus infected C57BL/6 mouse-derived target cells. Normal C57BL/6 targets were not lysed. CBA-T6 lymphocytes derived from (CBA X C57BL/6) radiation chimeras sensitized in vitro against TNP-conjugated C57BL/6 spleen cells lysed TNP-conjugated C57BL/6 targets. However normal C57BL/6 mouse-derived targets were not destroyed. The magnitude of virus-specific (or TNP-specific) cytotoxic responses against H-2 incompatible targets was lower compared to that against H-2 compatible targets. These data are considered to support and to extend the altered self concept, but are not consistent with the dual recognition concept.
Illustrated synopsis of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Robert A. Schwartz
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2006)

This beautifully prepared work by Professor Neena Khanna is a superb introductory text that merits worldwide use. Under its rubric is everything from important diseases to relatively uncommon clinical entities and anomalies. She has drawn upon her extensive experience as a senior professor at one of the finest medical schools in the world, the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi. Employing nineteen chapters with superb color photographs, graphs, and tables, Khanna has distilled the essence of dermatology and venereology with almost palpable enthusiasm into a first-rate, easy-to-read compendium.
Trade-off preferences regarding adjuvant endocrine therapy among women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer
Authors: H. Wouters, G.A. Maatman, L. Van Dijk, M.L. Bouvy, R. Vree, E.C.G. Van Geffen, J.W. Nortier, A.M. Stiggelbout
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Costs of a Self-Selected, Health-Promoting Diet Among the Participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Anne-Mari Ottelin, Jaana Lindström, Markku Peltonen, Janne Martikainen, Matti Uusitupa, Helena Gylling, Kaisa Poutanen, Anne Louheranta, Marjo Mannelin, Merja Paturi, Virpi Salminen, Jaakko Tuomilehto
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Several studies have shown that lifestyle changes including weight reduction, increased physical activity, and dietary modification are effective in preventing the development of type 2 diabetes (1–4). However, various barriers are known to interfere with the adoption of a healthier lifestyle. One such barrier is diet costs (5). A few studies have explored the relationship between the quality and costs of diets (6–13), and the results are conflicting. Observational studies (6–10) suggest that a healthy diet costs more, whereas intervention studies (11–13) suggest that a healthy diet is not more expensive than a less healthy diet. The aim of this study was to discover whether adopting a diet composed in line with the current nutrition recommendations (14) affects diet costs. The changes in the costs of a self-selected diet among participants in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) were studied. The diet costs were compared between the control group and intervention group receiving intensive dietary and exercise counseling. Furthermore, the associations between background variables, diet quality determinants, and diet cost were analyzed.

The DPS was a randomized, controlled trial showing that an intensive lifestyle modification program including dietary and physical exercise counseling is highly effective in decreasing the risk of diabetes in high-risk subjects. The study design, subjects, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and intervention program have been previously …