tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement
Authors: C. Begg
Journal: JAMA (1996)

THE RANDOMIZED controlled trial (RCT), more than any other methodology, can have a powerful and immediate impact on patient care. Ideally, the report of such an evaluation needs to convey to the reader relevant information concerning the design, conduct, analysis, and generalizability of the trial. This information should provide the reader with the ability to make informed judgments regarding the internal and external validity of the trial. Accurate and complete reporting also benefits editors and reviewers in their deliberations regarding submitted manuscripts. For RCTs to ultimately benefit patients, the published report should be of the highest possible standard.  For editorial comment see p 649.  Evidence produced repeatedly over the last 30 years indicates a wide chasm between what a trial should report and what is actually published in the literature. In a review of 71 RCTs with negative results published between 1960 and 1975, the authors reported that the vast
DIPLOID HETEROZYGOUS HYBRIDS FROM MATINGS BETWEEN ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA TYPHOSA
Authors: L. S. Baron, Walter M. Spilman, Warren F. Carey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

An Hfr strain of E. coli K-12 has been shown to mate at low frequency with a number of strains of S. typhosa. The hybrids, selected as lactose positives, retained all other antigenic and biochemical manifestations of the S. typhosa parent. A Lac(+) hybrid, S. typhosa strain 643L(+) was remated with the E. coli Hfr and plated on minimal media containing L-arabinose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose, or L-fucose as the sole carbon sources. Hybrids of the remated strain appeared at high frequency on the plates containing L-arabinose, and could be detected at lower frequencies on plates containing D-xylose, L-rhamnose, and L-fucose. Those selected for D-xylose or L-rhamnose utilization possessed the attributes of segregating diploid heterozygotes being highly unstable and continually segregating a cultural form typical of the S. typhosa parent. The unstable type exhibited most of the biochemical characteristics of the E. coli parent including the ability to produce indol, and also reacted with antiserum to both the E. coli and S. typhosa parent strains, owing to the acquisition of a thermolabile antigen from the E. coli parent. The parent and hybrid strains were examined in detail for changes in patterns of phage susceptibility and virulence. Acquisition of susceptibility to a number of the T phages, a characteristic of the E. coli parent, was observed in one of the hybrid types. A decrease in virulence of the diploid hybrid form of S. typhosa in the mouse virulence test was found.
Association analysis identifies TLR7 and TLR8 as novel risk genes in asthma and related disorders
Authors: S Moller-Larsen, M Nyegaard, A Haagerup, J Vestbo, T A Kruse, A D Borglum
Journal: Thorax (2008)

<h3>Background:</h3> Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are structurally and functionally related and play important roles in the innate and adaptive immune system. By genome scanning, evidence of linkage between chromosome Xp22 and asthma and related atopic disorders has previously been obtained. Xp22 harbours the <i>TLR7</i> and <i>TLR8</i> genes. <h3>Methods:</h3> The involvement of <i>TLR7</i> and <i>TLR8</i> in the aetiology of asthma and related disorders was investigated by a family based association analysis of two independently ascertained family samples comprising 540 and 424 individuals from 135 and 100 families, respectively. Ten affected individuals from families showing evidence of linkage to Xp22 were screened for sequence variations in <i>TLR7</i> and <i>8</i>, and nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified were tested for association. <h3>Results:</h3> In both samples, significant associations were observed for single SNPs and haplotypes of both <i>TLR7</i> and <i>8</i> in all four phenotypes investigated: asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and increased specific IgE. The most significant association was seen for rs2407992 (<i>TLR8</i>) in asthma (p = 0.00023, sample A and B combined, recessive model). In <i>TLR7</i>, rs179008 showed the strongest association. Both rs179008 and rs2407992 are of putative functional significance, potentially affecting <i>TLR7</i> processing and <i>TLR8</i> splicing, respectively. Haplotypes comprising the major alleles of these two SNPs were overtransmitted to the affected offspring (eg, p = 0.00012 in asthma, combined sample, additive model). <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The results provide strong evidence that <i>TLR7</i> and <i>8</i> may confer susceptibility to asthma and related atopic disorders and highlight these receptors as interesting targets for individualised, causally directed treatment.
Prognostication of survival using cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with primary systemic amyloidosis undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Angela Dispenzieri, Morie A. Gertz, Robert A. Kyle, Martha Q. Lacy, Mary F. Burritt, Terry M. Therneau, Joseph P. McConnell, Mark R. Litzow, Dennis A. Gastineau, Ayalew Tefferi, David J. Inwards, Ivana N. Micallef, Stephen M. Ansell, Luis F. Porrata, Michelle A. Elliott, William J. Hogan, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Rafael Fonseca, Philip R. Greipp, Thomas E. Witzig, John A. Lust, Steven R. Zeldenrust, Denise S. Snow, Susan R. Hayman, Christopher G. A. McGregor, Allan S. Jaffe
Journal: Blood (2004)
Basilar Artery Response to Hyperventilation in Panic Disorder
Authors: Susan Ball, Anantha Shekhar
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1997)

The purpose of this study was to measure the response of basilar artery blood flow to hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder.Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure basilar artery flow during rest and after hyperventilation in 16 patients with panic disorder and eight normal comparison subjects. The subjects rated their dizziness at each phase.The patients with panic disorder demonstrated greater reduction in flow rates and greater increases in dizziness than the normal comparison subjects.The greater basilar artery sensitivity to hyperventilation shown by panic disorder patients suggests a possible mechanism for the development of neurological symptoms during panic attacks.
Fatigue management in patients with IBD: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lauran Vogelaar, Adriaan van't Spijker, Reinier Timman, Antonie J P van Tilburg, DirkJan Bac, Ton Vogelaar, Ernst J Kuipers, Jan J V van Busschbach, Christien J van der Woude
Journal: Gut (2013)

To assess the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy (SFT) on fatigue and quality of life (QoL) in patients with fatigued inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Randomised controlled trial in two Dutch hospitals. Patients with IBD with quiescent IBD and with a Checklist Individual Strength--Fatigue (CIS--fatigue) score of ≥ 35 were enrolled. Patients were 1:1 randomised to receive SFT or care as usual (CAU) for 3 months. Patients were followed for a further 6 months after the SFT. Primary endpoint was defined as changes in fatigue and QoL during follow-up. Secondary endpoints included change in anxiety and depression, medication use, side effects to medication, disease activity, laboratory parameters (C-reactive protein, leucocytes and haemoglobin) and sleep quality.Ninety-eight patients were included, of whom 63% were women, mean age was 40.1 years. After the SFT course, 17 (39%) patients in the SFT group had a CIS-fatigue score below 35 compared with eight (18%) of patients in the CAU group (p=0.03). The SFT group also showed a greater reduction in fatigue across the first 6 months compared with the CAU group (CIS-fatigue: p=<0.001 and CIS-total: p=0.001). SFT was associated with a significant higher mean IBD questionnaire change at 3 months (p=0.020). At 9 months, no significant differences between the two groups were observed.SFT has a significant beneficial effect on the severity of fatigue and QoL in patients with quiescent IBD. However, this effect diminished during follow-up.
Hypoperfusion of Peritubular Capillaries Induces Chronic Hypoxia before Progression of Tubulointerstitial Injury in a Progressive Model of Rat Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Makiko Matsumoto, Tetsuhiro Tanaka, Tokunori Yamamoto, Eisei Noiri, Toshio Miyata, Reiko Inagi, Toshiro Fujita, Masaomi Nangaku
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. Chronic hypoxia likely plays a pivotal role in chronic renal disease, but the specifics of its involvement remain unclear. To elucidate how chronic hypoxia occurs and whether hypoxia participates in the progression of renal disease, the authors established an irreversible glomerulonephritis model induced by uninephrectomy and repeated anti-Thy-1 antibody injections. Glomerulosclerosis with microvascular obliteration was complete at 2 wk after antibody injection and was not restored until 11 wk. Tubulointerstitial injury was mild at 2 wk and was gradually exacerbated until 11 wk, a pattern that was in accordance with the loss of peritubular capillaries. Immunohistochemical analysis using pimonidazole revealed the augmentation of hypoxia in the cortex before the aggravation of tubulointerstitial injury and subsequent peritubular capillary loss. The preexistence of hypoxia implies that it had substantial participation in the progression of tubulointerstitial injury. To test whether blood flow was inhibited in diseased kidneys, capillaries with intact blood flow were identified by tail vein injection of biotinylated lectin specific to endothelial cells. The renal microvasculature was well recognized by lectin in the controls, whereas lectin binding to peritubular capillaries was strikingly decreased in diseased kidneys, suggesting a disturbance of blood flow. Intravital microscopy analysis confirmed that blood flow in peritubular capillaries was decreased by approximately 40% in the disease group compared with the controls. In conclusion, stagnation of blood flow in peritubular capillaries induced chronic hypoxia at an early stage in this model, which was followed by progressive tubulointerstitial injury and a loss of peritubular capillaries.
Home Care and Physician Assistants
Authors: Jack Pike
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Regarding the Council on Scientific Affairs report on home care in the 1990s,<sup>1</sup>it is unconscionable that the physician assistant profession was omitted. In describing the "myriad services" that can be provided in the home, no fewer than 26 different types of individuals are listed as being important in providing home services. The physician assistant is totally omitted. Today, there are more than 20 000 certified physician assistants functioning in the United States in every type of medical discipline. We have been in this country for 25 years and are still consigned to second-class status by those who should know better. Our profession is no longer an experiment; we are triedand-true and vital health care providers. It is time that we be recognized for our growing presence and our quality contribution to the health care in this country.
Unusual presentation of adult metastatic peritoneal medulloblastoma associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A case study and review of the literature
Authors: Paul M. Magtibay, Jonathan A. Friedman, Ravi D. Rao, Jan C. Buckner, William A. Cliby
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2003)

Patients with medulloblastoma uncommonly develop extracerebral metastases. We describe an adult patient with the unusual occurrence of intraperitoneal metastases associated with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, as well as her subsequent treatment with high-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. We review the literature regarding this rare presentation and association of metastatic spread via VP shunt devices. A 37-year-old woman presented with a rapidly enlarging pelvic mass. She had a history of medulloblastoma and had been treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation 5 years previously, at which time a VP shunt had been placed for cerebrospinal fluid leakage. At laparotomy, she had unresectable intraperitoneal metastatic medulloblastoma. After an excellent response to cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin, she underwent a resection of residual disease, followed by high-dose chemotherapy and a bone marrow transplant. We conclude that adult onset medulloblastoma with metastasis to the peritoneal cavity is rare and may be associated with a VP shunt.
Factors Contributing to the Reversible Pulmonary Hypertension of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Studied by Serial Observations during Recovery
Authors: A. S. ABRAHAM, R. B. COLE, I. D. GREEN, R. B. HEDWORTH-WHITTY, S. W. CLARKE, J. M. BISHOP
Journal: Circulation Research (1969)

Eight patients with acute respiratory failure secondary to chronic bronchitis were studied for up to 5 consecutive days following admission; cardiac output and intravascular pressures, blood volume, arterial blood gas tensions, and body weight were measured. These observations were also compared with further measurements made some weeks later just before the patient was discharged. The effects of oxygen and acetylcholine on the pulmonary circulation were also studied. Pulmonary arterial pressure was raised in all patients during their acute illness and had fallen substantially after recovery. The pulmonary arterial pressure throughout the study correlated directly with the arterial carbon dioxide and inversely with the arterial oxygen tensions. The inhalation of 24% and 28% oxygen and the infusion of acetylcholine into the pulmonary artery resulted in a fall in pulmonary arterial pressure, often to levels close to those subsequently seen after recovery from the acute illness. No significant change in cardiac output was observed. It is suggested that the acute pulmonary hypertension seen in these patients is due primarily to pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting from hypoxia.
Role of the atypical chemoattractant receptor CRAM in regulating CCL19 induced CCR7 responses in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Julie Catusse, Marion Leick, Mareike Groch, David J Clark, Maike V Buchner, Katja Zirlik, Meike Burger
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Abstract Background The non-signalling chemokine receptors, including receptors DARC, D6 and CCX-CKR, have recently been shown to be involved in chemokine clearance and activity regulation. The human chemokine receptor CRAM (also known as HCR or CCRL2) is the most recently identified member of this atypical group. CRAM is expressed on B cells in a maturation-stage dependent manner and absent on T cells. We have recently shown that it competitively binds CCL19. CCL19 and its signalling receptor CCR7 are critical components involved in cell recruitment to secondary lymphoid organs and in maturation. B cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) is a low-grade lymphoma characterized by proliferative centres (or pseudofollicles). Proliferative centres develop due to abnormal cellular localisation and they are involved in the development of malignant cells. CCR7 is highly expressed on B cells from CLL patients and mediates migration towards its ligands CCL19 and CCL21, while CRAM expression and potential interferences with CCR7 are yet to be characterized. Results In this study, we show that B cells from patients with B-CLL present highly variable degrees of CRAM expression in contrast to more consistently high levels of CCR7. We investigated the hypothesis that, similar to the atypical receptor DARC, CRAM can modulate chemokine availability and/or efficacy, resulting in the regulation of cellular activation. We found that a high level of CRAM expression was detrimental to efficient chemotaxis with CCL19. MAP-kinase phosphorylation and intracellular calcium release induced by CCL19 were also altered by CRAM expression. In addition, we demonstrate that CRAM-induced regulation of CCL19 signalling is maintained over time. Conclusions We postulate that CRAM is a factor involved in the fine tuning/control of CCR7/CCL19 mediated responses. This regulation could be critical to the pivotal role of CCL19 induced formation of proliferation centres supporting the T/B cells encounter as well as disease progression in B-CLL.
When Doctors Marry Doctors: A Survey Exploring the Professional and Family Lives of Young Physicians
Authors: Nancy W. Sobecks
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Soon, half of all physicians may be married to other physicians (that is, in dual-doctor families). Little is known about how marriage to another physician affects physicians themselves. Objective: To learn how physicians in dual-doctor families differ from other physicians in their professional and family lives and in their perceptions of career and family. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Two medical schools in Ohio. Participants: A random sample of physicians from the classes of 1980 to 1990. Measurements: Responses to a questionnaire on hours worked, income, number of children, child-rearing arrangements, and perceptions about work and family. Results: Of 2000 eligible physicians, 1208 responded (752 men and 456 women). Twenty-two percent of male physicians and 44% of female physicians were married to physicians (P < 0.001). Men and women in dual-doctor families differed (P < 0.001) from other married physicians in key aspects of their professional and family lives: They earned less money, less often felt that their career took precedence over their spouse's career, and more often played a major role in child-rearing. These differences were greater for female physicians than for male physicians. Men and women in dual-doctor families were similar to other physicians in the frequency with which they achieved career goals and goals for their children and with which they felt conflict between professional and family roles. Marriage to another physician had distinct benefits (P < 0.001) for both men and women, including more frequent enjoyment from shared work interests and higher family incomes. Conclusions: Men and women in dual-doctor families differed from other physicians in many aspects of their professional and family lives, but they achieved their career and family goals as frequently. These differences reflect personal choices that will increasingly affect the profession as more physicians marry physicians.
Efficient gene transfer by pullulan–spermine occurs through both clathrin- and raft/caveolae-dependent mechanisms
Authors: Isao Kanatani, Tomonori Ikai, Arimichi Okazaki, Jun-ichiro Jo, Masaya Yamamoto, Masaaki Imamura, Akihiro Kanematsu, Shingo Yamamoto, Noriyuki Ito, Osamu Ogawa, Yasuhiko Tabata
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2006)
The Considerable Genome Size Variation of Hordeum Species (Poaceae) Is Linked to Phylogeny, Life Form, Ecology, and Speciation Rates
Authors: Sabine S. Jakob, Armin Meister, Frank R. Blattner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Genome size variation in plants is thought to be correlated with cytological, physiological, or ecological characters. However, conclusions drawn in several studies were often contradictory. To analyze nuclear genome size evolution in a phylogenetic framework, DNA contents of 134 accessions, representing all but one species of the barley genus Hordeum L., were measured by flow cytometry. The 2C DNA contents were in a range from 6.85 to 10.67 pg in diploids (2n = 14) and reached up to 29.85 pg in hexaploid species (2n = 42). The smallest genomes were found in taxa from the New World, which became secondarily annual, whereas the largest diploid genomes occur in Eurasian annuals. Genome sizes of polyploid taxa equaled mostly the added sizes of their proposed progenitors or were slightly (1% to 5%) smaller. The analysis of ancestral genome sizes on the base of the phylogeny of the genus revealed lineages with decreasing and with increasing genome sizes. Correlations of intraspecific genome size variation with the length of vegetation period were found in H. marinum populations from Western Europe but were not significant within two species from South America. On a higher taxonomical level (i.e., for species groups or the entire genus), environmental correlations were absent. This could mostly be attributed to the superimposition of life-form changes and phylogenetic constraints, which conceal ecogeographical correlations.
Electron microscopy in Crohn's disease
Authors: A. P. R. Aluwihare
Journal: Gut (1971)

An electron microscopic study of Crohn's disease of the colon is presented. The positive findings that supplement those obtained by light microscopy are: a prominent nucleolus is more common in the lymphocytes of Crohn's disease than in normal lymphocytes or those found in cases of ulcerative colitis; lymphocytes are often observed close to macrophages and epithelioid cells; the epithelioid cells are metabolically active, and have vesicles which contain acid phosphatase but little visible debris; intramural bacteria were identified in six of the 11 specimens of colon with intact epithelia and minimal inflammatory changes. The possible significance of these findings for the pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.
Genomic Strategy for Targeting Therapy in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Prateek Mendiratta, Elahe Mostaghel, Justin Guinney, Alok K. Tewari, Alessandro Porrello, William T. Barry, Peter S. Nelson, Phillip G. Febbo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Despite treatments which lower circulating androgens, advanced prostate cancers often maintain androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The variable response to secondary hormonal manipulations in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) creates a compelling need for strategies to individualize therapy based on the molecular features of each patient's tumor.A transcription-based AR activity signature was developed from an androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell (LNCaP) and tested on independent data sets of prostate cancer cell lines and human tumors to assess its precision and accuracy in detecting AR activity. The AR signature was applied to multiple sets of prostate specimens to determine how AR activity changes with hormone therapy and progression and oncogenic pathway analysis was used to identify biologic pathways correlating with AR activity.A robust AR signature accurately predicts AR activity in multiple prostate cancer cell lines, has minimal variation between replicate samples, and accurately reflects an individual's hormone status and intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone levels. The AR signature finds AR activity to be high in local, untreated prostate tumors and decreased in prostate tissue after neoadjuvant hormone therapy and in CRPC. Heterogeneity of AR activity exists along the spectrum of prostate cancer progression and decreasing predicted AR activity correlates with increasing predicted Src activity and sensitivity to dasatinib (Src-targeting kinase inhibitor).A transcription-based AR signature can detect AR activity within individual prostate cancer specimens and has the potential to help individualize and improve care for patients with CRPC.