tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Association of air pollution with daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory conditions in London
Authors: S Hajat, A Haines, S A Goubet, R W Atkinson, H R Anderson
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Very few published studies have looked at the effects of air pollution on health in the primary care setting. As part of a large study to examine the association between air pollution and a number of health outcomes, the relationship between daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory diseases (LRD) and air pollution in London was investigated. <h3>METHODS</h3> Time-series analysis of daily numbers of GP consultations controlling for time trends, seasonal factors, day of week cycles, influenza, weather, pollen levels, and serial correlation was performed. Consultation data were available from between 268 718 and 295 740 registered patients from 45–47 London practices contributing to the General Practice Research Database during 1992–4. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Positive associations, weakly significant and consistent across lags, were observed between asthma consultations and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) and carbon monoxide (CO) in children and particulate matter of less than 10 μm in diameter (PM<sub>10</sub>) in adults, and between other LRD consultations and sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) in children. A consistently negative association with ozone in children was observed in both disease categories. The effect estimates of most pollutants were much larger when analysed separately by season, particularly in the children: percentage change in asthma consultations during the warm season (April-September) for a 10–90th percentile increase in 24 hour NO<sub>2</sub> lagged by one day = 13.2% (95% CI 5.6 to 21.3), with CO = 11.4% (95% CI 3.3 to 20.0), and with SO<sub>2</sub> = 9.0% (95% CI 2.2 to 16.2). In adults the only association consistent over different lag periods was with PM<sub>10</sub> = 9.2% (3.7 to 15.1). The associations of pollution and consultations for LRD were increased mainly in the winter months: percentage change in consultations by children in winter with NO<sub>2</sub> = 7.2% (95% CI 2.8 to 11.6), CO = 6.2% (95% CI 2.3 to 10.2), and SO<sub>2</sub> = 5.8% (95% CI 1.6 to 10.2). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> There are associations between air pollution and daily consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory disease in London. The most significant associations were observed in children and the most important pollutants were NO<sub>2</sub>, CO, and SO<sub>2</sub>. In adults the only consistent association was with PM<sub>10</sub>.
How Much Oversight Is Necessary to Protect Human Subjects?—Reply
Authors: George J. Annas
Journal: JAMA (2002)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Allergic Diseases: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: M. L. PODOLSKY
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Differentiating allergy from immunology can be as difficult as separating grey from black, yet the editor of this book has done this, succinctly and effectively. In the first two chapters, the reader is introduced to the immunoglobulins and given a good overview of the basics of immunology. Later, whenever the mechanics of immunology are needed to explain certain allergic phenomena, new pertinent immunologic material is inserted or references are made to the introductory chapters. The aim of the editor, "to provide a small book for trainees," has certainly been attained. For instance, the chapter on immunization therapy is comprehensive enough to allow a new resident to enter a clinic and administer desensitizing materials wisely and safely. Similarly, the book's allergy survey sheet would prove helpful in covering all the essential points while taking a history. In seeing how our current concepts of immediate hypersensitivity emerged and developed within their historical
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Louise Pearce, Wade H. Brown
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

Pathological observations on hereditary achondroplasia in the rabbit have been described. At autopsy, the chief features of interest are: reduced size with disproportionately shortened extremities and large head, cutaneous and subcutaneous edema of variable degree and distribution, small shortened bones with a cartilaginous appearance and texture, immature teeth, and cleft palate in one-fourth the cases; blood-stained fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; a comparatively small heart pointing to the right of the midline, a very large firm thymus, a large pale soft spleen, a large swollen liver with red mottling, and a stomach distended with thin greenish mucus but no milk. The mean relative weights of all organs in terms of the net body weight were larger than those of normal new-born litter mates. The mean actual weights of the kidneys, the brain, and especially the spleen and the thymus were also larger than their respective normal values, those of the heart, liver, and adrenals were slightly smaller, while that of the pituitary was the same. Histologically, all endochondral cartilages show marked abnormalities of differentiation with pronounced deficiency of ossification. Calcification of membranous bones is likewise deficient. The histological abnormalities of the long bones are very similar to, if not identical with, those characteristic of human fetal chondrodystrophy, the creeper fowl condition, the "bull-dog" calf, and achondroplasia of the dog. No histological evidence was found in any organ which would suggest a basis for a responsible causal agent of the abnormality. Minor to marked vascular dilatation and congestion and edema is a variable feature but is fairly widely distributed. The changes in the thyroid indicate an active gland. The cellular pattern of the pituitary is characterized by some increase in basophilic cells. The lymphoid elements of the spleen are more or less depleted. The hemopoietic tissue in the spleen and liver is reduced in amount. In blood obtained from the heart, there is a reduction in the numbers of red and white cells and platelets and in the hemoglobin content as well; immature cells and particularly normoblasts are comparatively numerous.
Prognostic indicators of hepatic injury following jejunoileal bypass performed for refractory obesity: A prospective study
Authors: Norman W. Haines, Alfred L. Baker, James L. Boyer, Seymour Glagov, Harvey Schneir, Jonathan Jaspan, Donald J. Ferguson
Journal: Hepatology (1981)

To evaluate factors predisposing to liver injury following jejunoileal bypass, 27 patients underwent clinical evaluation and liver biopsy prior to bypass and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and yearly thereafter. Nineteen patients developed increased fatty infiltration of the liver, 1 developed cryptogenic cirrhosis, and 7 developed steatonecrosis, central hyaline sclerosis, or cirrhosis indistinguishable from alcoholic liver disease during the period of rapid weight loss. Two of these 7 patients developed clinical liver failure; inactive cirrhosis evolved after parenteral alimentation and reanastomosis in one, and after oral nutritional supplementation in the other. Four of 5 asymptomatic patients resolved to inactive cirrhosis as weight loss diminished. Each of the 7 patients had pericentral fibrosis on pre-bypass liver biopsies, suggesting a previous hepatic injury. These patients were older (p &lt; 0.02) and, 3 months following bypass, had greater cumulative per cent weight loss (p &lt; 0.05), higher levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (p &lt; 0.005), and greater 45-min bromosulfophthalein retention (p &lt; 0.02). Histologic evidence of pericentral fibrosis identified patients at risk to develop steatonecrosis and cirrhosis; these lesions occurred in older patients who had greater weight loss following jejunoileal bypass.
Targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor in Thyroid Cancer: The Intracellular and Extracellular Implications
Authors: Stephen M. Keefe, Marc A. Cohen, Marcia S. Brose
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has developed considerably over the last 10 years. Aberrant signaling through B-Raf and Akt has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of DTC. Moreover, these highly vascular tumors have proven to be sensitive to the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2). It is likely that the multikinase inhibitors, sorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib, and motesanib, whose targets include VEGFR-2, exert their effects primarily through inhibition of endothelial cells. However, as VEGFR-2 is expressed on DTC cells, these compounds may have direct antitumor action. This review will discuss the key signaling pathways involved in thyroid cancer and their implications for targeted therapy.
Lung function measured by the oscillometric method in prematurely born children with chronic lung disease
Authors: L.P. Malmberg, S. Mieskonen, A. Pelkonen, A Kari, A.R.A Sovijärvi, M. Turpeinen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

Premature birth is related to a chronic respiratory morbidity, which may persist until school-age. In these children, the forced oscillation technique would be suitable for evaluation of lung function even at preschool age, since it requires only minimal patient cooperation. In order to investigate the oscillometric findings related to premature birth, using the oscillation technique and conventional lung function methods 49 school-aged children born prematurely with (n=15) or without (n=34) chronic lung disease (CLD), and 18 healthy children born at full term were studied. Children with CLD had higher respiratory resistance (Rrs,5) and lower reactance (Xrs,5) than prematurely born children without CLD or healthy controls. Both Rrs,5 (r=-0.55, p&lt;0.0001) and Xrs,5 (r=0.76, p&lt;0.0001) were significantly associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), the agreement with spirometry being better in Xrs,5 than in Rrs,5 (p=0.02). Rrs,5 was significantly related to airway resistance (Raw) measured by body plethysmography (r=0.63, p&lt;0.0001), but underestimated resistance at high values of Raw. There was no significant relationship between the pulmonary diffusing capacity and the oscillometric findings. Compared to conventional methods, the oscillometric method yields concordant information on the severity of lung function deficit in children born prematurely, with or without chronic lung disease. In these children, the oscillometric findings are probably due to peripheral or more widespread airway obstruction. As conventional methods are not usually suitable for preschool children, oscillometry may serve as an alternative for early evaluation of chronic lung disease among children with premature birth in clinical or research settings.
The complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update
Authors: Jonatan Leffler, Anders A Bengtsson, Anna M Blom
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

The complement system plays a major role in the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role of complement in SLE is complex since it may both prevent and exacerbate the disease. In this review, we explore the latest findings in complement-focused research in SLE. C1q deficiency is the strongest genetic risk factor for SLE, although such deficiency is very rare. Various recently discovered genetic associations include mutations in the complement receptors 2 and 3 as well as complement inhibitors, the latter related to earlier onset of nephritis. Further, autoantibodies are a distinct feature of SLE that are produced as the result of an adaptive immune response and how complement can affect that response is also being reviewed. SLE generates numerous disease manifestations involving contributions from complement such as glomerulonephritis and the increased risk of thrombosis. Furthermore, since most of the complement system is present in plasma, complement is very accessible and may be suitable as biomarker for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity. This review highlights the many roles of complement for SLE pathogenesis and how research has progressed during recent years.
Distribution anomalies hinder access to flu vaccine in the US
Authors: Norra MacReady
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has announced that everyone in the United States, except for babies under six months old, should be vaccinated against influenza.

In September, the CDC had advised that the vaccine be reserved until 24 October for people who were particularly vulnerable to complications from the flu, including people 65 years old or more, children aged six to 23 months, people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, asthma, and heart disease, and anyone caring for sick people or children younger than six months of age. All in all, this group comprises some 88 million people, according to 2003-2004 population estimates. …
The unbearable lightness of “Thinking”: Moving beyond simple concepts of thinking, rationality, and hypothesis testing
Authors: Gary L. Brase, James Shanteau
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract Three correctives can get researchers out of the trap of constructing unitary theories of “thinking”: (1) Strong inference methods largely avoid problems associated with universal prescriptive normativism; (2) theories must recognize that significant modularity of cognitive processes is antithetical to general accounts of thinking; and (3) consideration of the domain-specificity of rationality render many of the present article's issues moot.
Predictors of Outcome in Refractory Status Epilepticus
Authors: Sara E Hocker, Jeffrey W Britton, Jayawant N Mandrekar, E F M Wijdicks, Alejandro A Rabinstein
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

<h3>Objective</h3>To further characterize the demographics, outcomes, and prognostic factors for refractory status epilepticus (RSE).<h3>Design</h3>Retrospective analysis of all the episodes of RSE treated between January 1, 1999, and August 30, 2011.<h3>Setting</h3>Neurointensive care unit within a tertiary referral center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.<h3>Patients</h3>Refractory status epilepticus was defined as generalized convulsive or nonconvulsive status epilepticus (SE) that continued despite initial first- and second-line therapies. Exclusion criteria were aged younger than 18 years, anoxic/myoclonic SE, psychogenic SE, simple partial SE, and absence SE.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>Functional outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) dichotomized into good (mRS, 0-3) and poor (mRS, 4-6). Functional decline was defined as a change in mRS greater than 1 from hospital admission to discharge.<h3>Results</h3>We identified 63 consecutive episodes of non–anoxic RSE in 54 patients. Anesthetic agents were used in 55 episodes (87.30%), and duration of drug-induced coma was (mean [SD]) 11.0 (17.9) days. In-hospital mortality was 31.75% (20 of 63 episodes). Poor functional outcome at discharge occurred in 48 of 63 episodes (76.19%). Hospital length of stay was (mean [SD]) 27.7 (37.3) days. Duration of drug-induced coma (P = .03), arrhythmias requiring intervention (P = .01), and pneumonia (P = .01) were associated with poor functional outcome. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was associated with mortality (P = .04). Seizure control without suppression-burst or isoelectric electroencephalogram predicted good functional recovery (P = .01). Age, history of epilepsy, previous SE, type of SE, and anesthetic drug used were not associated with functional outcome.<h3>Conclusions</h3>Three-quarters of patients with RSE have a poor outcome. Achieving control of the SE without requiring prolonged drug-induced coma or severe electroencephalographic suppression portends better prognosis.
Patient-Controlled Transdermal Fentanyl Hydrochloride vs Intravenous Morphine Pump for Postoperative Pain
Authors: Eugene R Viscusi, Lowell Reynolds, Frances Chung, Linda E Atkinson, Sarita Khanna
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine is commonly used to provide acute postoperative pain control after major surgery. The fentanyl hydrochloride patient-controlled transdermal system eliminates the need for venous access and complicated programming of pumps.To assess the efficacy and safety of an investigational patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system using fentanyl hydrochloride compared with a standard intravenous morphine patient-controlled pump.Prospective randomized controlled parallel-group trial conducted between September 2000 and March 2001 at 33 North American hospitals, enrolling 636 adult patients who had just undergone major surgery.In surgical recovery rooms, patients were randomly assigned to intravenous morphine (1-mg bolus every 5 minutes; maximum of 10 mg/h) by a patient-controlled analgesia pump (n = 320) or iontophoretic fentanyl hydrochloride (40- microg infusion over 10 minutes) by a patient-controlled transdermal system (n = 316). Supplemental analgesia (morphine or fentanyl intravenous boluses) was administered as needed before and for the first 3 hours after activation of the PCA treatments. Patients then used the PCA treatments without additional analgesics for up to 72 hours.The primary efficacy variable was patient global assessment of the method of pain control during the first 24 hours. Additional efficacy measures were the proportion of patients discontinuing the study because of inadequate analgesia for any reason, patient-reported pain intensity scores on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS), and patient global assessments at 48 and 72 hours. Adverse effects were also recorded.Ratings of good or excellent after 24 hours of treatment for the method of pain control were given by 73.7% of patients (233/316) who used transdermal fentanyl PCA and 76.9% of patients (246/320) who used intravenous morphine PCA; treatment difference was -3.2% (95% confidence interval, -9.9% to 3.5%; P =.36). Early patient discontinuations (25.9% fentanyl vs 25.0% morphine; P =.78) and last pain intensity scores (32.7 fentanyl vs 31.1 morphine on the VAS; P =.45) were not different between the 2 treatments. With continued treatment for up to 48 or 72 hours, more than 80% of patient assessments in each treatment group were good or excellent. The incidence of opioid-related adverse events was similar between the groups.An investigational PCA transdermal system using iontophoresis to deliver fentanyl provided postsurgical pain control equivalent to that of a standard intravenous morphine regimen delivered by a PCA pump.
Enrichment of reticulocytes from whole blood using aqueous multiphase systems of polymers
Authors: Ashok A. Kumar, Caeul Lim, Yovany Moreno, Charles R. Mace, Abeer Syed, Daria Van Tyne, Dyann F. Wirth, Manoj T. Duraisingh, George M. Whitesides
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2014)

This paper demonstrates the enrichment of reticulocytes by centrifuging whole blood through aqueous multiphase systems (AMPSs)-immiscible phases of solutions of polymers that form step-gradients in density. The interfaces of an AMPS concentrate cells; this concentration facilitates the extraction of blood enriched for reticulocytes. AMPS enrich reticulocytes from blood from both healthy and hemochromatosis donors. Varying the osmolality and density of the phases of AMPS provides different levels of enrichment and yield of reticulocytes. A maximum enrichment of reticulocytemia of 64 ± 3% was obtained from donors with hemochromatosis. When used on peripheral blood from normal donors, AMPS can provide a higher yield of enriched reticulocytes and a higher proportion of reticulocytes expressing CD71 than differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. Blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPS could be useful for research on malaria. Several species of malaria parasites show a preference to invade young erythrocytes and reticulocytes; this preference complicates in vitro cultivation of these species in human blood. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria parasites invade normal human blood enriched for reticulocytes by AMPSs at a rate 2.2 times greater (P < 0.01) than they invade unenriched blood. Parasite invasion in normal blood enriched by AMPS was 1.8 times greater (P < 0.05) than in blood enriched to a similar reticulocytemia by differential centrifugation followed by centrifugation over Percoll. The enrichment of reticulocytes that are invaded by malaria parasites demonstrates that AMPSs can provide a label-free method to enrich cells for biological research.
Assessing Lead Time of Selected Ovarian Cancer Biomarkers: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Garnet L. Anderson, Martin McIntosh, Lieling Wu, Matt Barnett, Gary Goodman, Jason D. Thorpe, Lindsay Bergan, Mark D. Thornquist, Nathalie Scholler, Nam Kim, Kathy O'Briant, Charles Drescher, Nicole Urban
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

CA125, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), mesothelin, B7-H4, decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), and spondin-2 have been identified as potential ovarian cancer biomarkers. Except for CA125, their behavior in the prediagnostic period has not been evaluated.Immunoassays were used to determine concentrations of CA125, HE4, mesothelin, B7-H4, DcR3, and spondin-2 proteins in prediagnostic serum specimens (1-11 samples per participant) that were contributed 0-18 years before ovarian cancer diagnosis from 34 patients with ovarian cancer (15 with advanced-stage serous carcinoma) and during a comparable time interval before the reference date from 70 matched control subjects who were participating in the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. Lowess curves were fit to biomarker levels in cancer patients and control subjects separately to summarize mean levels over time. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and area-under-the curve (AUC) statistics were computed to summarize the discrimination ability of these biomarkers by time before diagnosis.Smoothed mean concentrations of CA125, HE4, and mesothelin (but not of B7-H4, DcR3, and spondin-2) began to increase (visually) in cancer patients relative to control subjects approximately 3 years before diagnosis but reached detectable elevations only within the final year before diagnosis. In descriptive receiver operating characteristic analyses, the discriminatory power of these biomarkers was limited (AUC statistics range = 0.56-0.75) but showed increasing accuracy with time approaching diagnosis (eg, AUC statistics for CA125 were 0.57, 0.68, and 0.74 for > or = 4, 2-4, and <2 years before diagnosis, respectively).Serum concentrations of CA125, HE4, and mesothelin may provide evidence of ovarian cancer 3 years before clinical diagnosis, but the likely lead time associated with these markers appears to be less than 1 year.