tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Termination of Atrial Fibrillation Using Pulsed Low-Energy Far-Field Stimulation
Authors: Flavio H. Fenton, Stefan Luther, Elizabeth M. Cherry, Niels F. Otani, Valentin Krinsky, Alain Pumir, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Robert F. Gilmour
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Electrically based therapies for terminating atrial fibrillation (AF) currently fall into 2 categories: antitachycardia pacing and cardioversion. Antitachycardia pacing uses low-intensity pacing stimuli delivered via a single electrode and is effective for terminating slower tachycardias but is less effective for treating AF. In contrast, cardioversion uses a single high-voltage shock to terminate AF reliably, but the voltages required produce undesirable side effects, including tissue damage and pain. We propose a new method to terminate AF called far-field antifibrillation pacing , which delivers a short train of low-intensity electric pulses at the frequency of antitachycardia pacing but from field electrodes. Prior theoretical work has suggested that this approach can create a large number of activation sites (“virtual” electrodes) that emit propagating waves within the tissue without implanting physical electrodes and thereby may be more effective than point-source stimulation. Methods and Results— Using optical mapping in isolated perfused canine atrial preparations, we show that a series of pulses at low field strength (0.9 to 1.4 V/cm) is sufficient to entrain and subsequently extinguish AF with a success rate of 93% (69 of 74 trials in 8 preparations). We further demonstrate that the mechanism behind far-field antifibrillation pacing success is the generation of wave emission sites within the tissue by the applied electric field, which entrains the tissue as the field is pulsed. Conclusions— AF in our model can be terminated by far-field antifibrillation pacing with only 13% of the energy required for cardioversion. Further studies are needed to determine whether this marked reduction in energy can increase the effectiveness and safety of terminating atrial tachyarrhythmias clinically.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 inhibits protein kinase C-mediated p66shc phosphorylation and vasoconstriction
Authors: Sang Ki Lee, Jae In Chung, Myoung Soo Park, Hee Kyoung Joo, Eun Ji Lee, Eun Jung Cho, Jin Bong Park, Sungwoo Ryoo, Kaikobad Irani, Byeong Hwa Jeon
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

AimsPhosphorylation of the adaptor protein p66shc is essential for p66shc-mediated oxidative stress. We investigated the role of the reducing protein/DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 (APE1) in modulating protein kinase CβII (PKCβII)-mediated p66shc phosphorylation in cultured endothelial cells and PKC-mediated vasoconstriction of arteries.
Detecting Sequence Homology at the Gene Cluster Level with MultiGeneBlast
Authors: Marnix H. Medema, Eriko Takano, Rainer Breitling
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

The genes encoding many biomolecular systems and pathways are genomically organized in operons or gene clusters. With MultiGeneBlast, we provide a user-friendly and effective tool to perform homology searches with operons or gene clusters as basic units, instead of single genes. The contextualization offered by MultiGeneBlast allows users to get a better understanding of the function, evolutionary history, and practical applications of such genomic regions. The tool is fully equipped with applications to generate search databases from GenBank or from the user's own sequence data. Finally, an architecture search mode allows searching for gene clusters with novel configurations, by detecting genomic regions with any user-specified combination of genes. Sources, precompiled binaries, and a graphical tutorial of MultiGeneBlast are freely available from http://multigeneblast.sourceforge.net/.
Election of Council at the College of Surgeons
Authors: T. S. Wells
Journal: BMJ (1870)

The majority of the participants in the discussion which followed declared themselves in favour of the system, if conducted under the direct supervision of medical men.The next paper was Dr. Clouston's on 11 two cases of Rheumatic Insanity," which closed the proceedings.In the evening the members of the Association dined together at the George Hotel.
Dietary intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults
Authors: V. Garcia, I. C. W. Arts, J. A. C. Sterne, R. L. Thompson, S. O. Shaheen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Epidemiological studies have suggested that a high consumption of apples may protect against asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This effect has been attributed to their high flavonoid content, but few studies have investigated the relationship between flavonoid intake and obstructive lung disease directly. In a population-based, case-control study of 1,471 adults aged 16–50 yrs in London (UK), the present study examined whether dietary intake of catechins, flavonols and flavones was negatively associated with asthma, asthma severity and chronic sputum production. Asthma was defined by positive responses to a standard screening questionnaire in 1996 and information about usual diet was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire in 1997. After controlling for potential confounders, dietary intake of these three flavonoid subclasses was not significantly associated with asthma, (odds ratio per quintile (95% confidence interval) = 0.94 (0.86–1.02); 1.00 (0.92–1.09); 0.98 (0.88 –1.08) for flavones, flavonols and total catechins, respectively) nor was it associated with asthma severity, or chronic sputum production. In conclusion, no evidence was found for a protective effect of three major subclasses of dietary flavonoids on asthma. It is possible that other flavonoids or polyphenols present in apples may explain the protective effect of apples on obstructive lung disease.
On Inflammation of the Vagina
Authors: T. S. Beck
Journal: BMJ (1852)

THE large tract of mucous membrane, extending from the orifice of the vagina to the orifice of the uterus, is obnoxious to various diseases; and unquestionably the affection most frequently met with in practice is inflammation.The inflammation may be partial, or extend over the whole surface; it may be acute or chronic; it may be limited to the vagina, properly so called, or it may extend upwards into the membrane lining the uterus, and finally involve the proper structure of this organ; or extend downwards, and implicate the mucous mem- brane of the vulva; it may also extend beyond the substance of the membrane, attack the cellular tissue which surrounds it, and cause the formation of abscesses in this situation; or the erectile tissue which partially surrounds the vagina, may, together with the large and numerous veins, become implicated in the morbid action, and constitute a most distressing affection.Each of these variations in the character and extent of the inflammation causes a difference in the symptoms, and requires a modification in the treatment; but it is only infiammation of the vagina, considered in a general manner, and without reference to particular modifications, that can be considered within the limi4s of this paper.SYMPTOMS.When consulted by a patient labouring under an affec- tion of this kind, it is rare, except in severe or acute cases, that our attention is directed to the seat of the disease.She frequently com-
High-Definition Colonoscopy Detects Colorectal Polyps at a Higher Rate Than Standard White-Light Colonoscopy
Authors: Anna M. Buchner, Muhammad W. Shahid, Michael G. Heckman, Rebecca B. McNeil, Patrick Cleveland, Kanwar R. Gill, Anthony Schore, Marwan Ghabril, Massimo Raimondo, Seth A. Gross, Michael B. Wallace
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2009)
BMP-7 Modulates Hyaluronan-Mediated Proximal Tubular Cell-Monocyte Interaction
Authors: Wisam Selbi, Carol de la Motte, Vincent Hascall, Aled Phillips
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. Increased synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) in the renal corticointerstitium has been documented in renal injury, although the functional significance of this is unclear. The aim of the work presented in the current study was to examine the role of HA in monocyte binding by proximal tubular cells (PTC). Using the PTC line HK-2, the authors show that unstimulated cells formed pericellular HA cable-like structures that bound mononuclear leukocytes via their cell surface CD44. Stimulation with bone morphogenic protein–7 (BMP-7) led to increased formation of HA cable-like structures and also a dose-dependent increase in CD44-dependent binding of radiolabeled U937 cells. The authors have previously demonstrated that stimulation with IL-1β is a potent stimulus for induction of HAS gene expression and HA synthesis. In this study, addition of IL-1β influenced neither HA cable formation nor CD44-mediated monocyte binding. Rather IL-1β led to an increase in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)–dependent monocyte binding. Characterization of HA synthesis by addition of [<sup>3</sup>H]-glucosamine to cells at the time of stimulation demonstrated that increased HA in response to IL-1 was most apparent in the culture medium, while BMP-7 led to an increase in cell associated HA. Stimulation of cells with BMP-7 induced HAS2 mRNA expression and decreased the expression of Hyal1 and Hyal2. In contrast to BMP-7, IL-1β did not influence Hyal expression. The data presented in this manuscript provide insight into how alterations in HA synthesis in the renal cortex may be involved in modulation of the interaction between infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident cells.
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance: 2005 Update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology Practice Guideline
Authors: Christopher E. Desch, Al B. Benson, Mark R. Somerfield, Patrick J. Flynn, Carol Krause, Charles L. Loprinzi, Bruce D. Minsky, David G. Pfister, Katherine S. Virgo, Nicholas J. Petrelli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

To update the 2000 American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on colorectal cancer surveillance.Based on results from three independently reported meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that compared low-intensity and high-intensity programs of colorectal cancer surveillance, and on recent analyses of data from major clinical trials in colon and rectal cancer, the Panel recommends annual computed tomography (CT) of the chest and abdomen for 3 years after primary therapy for patients who are at higher risk of recurrence and who could be candidates for curative-intent surgery; pelvic CT scan for rectal cancer surveillance, especially for patients with several poor prognostic factors, including those who have not been treated with radiation; colonoscopy at 3 years after operative treatment, and, if results are normal, every 5 years thereafter; flexible proctosigmoidoscopy [corrected] every 6 months for 5 years for rectal cancer patients who have not been treated with pelvic radiation; history and physical examination every 3 to 6 months for the first 3 years, every 6 months during years 4 and 5, and subsequently at the discretion of the physician; and carcinoembryonic antigen every 3 months postoperatively for at least 3 years after diagnosis, if the patient is a candidate for surgery or systemic therapy. Chest x-rays, CBCs, and liver function tests are not recommended, and molecular or cellular markers should not influence the surveillance strategy based on available evidence.
Heterogeneity of gastric histology and function in food cobalamin malabsorption: absence of atrophic gastritis and achlorhydria in some patients with severe malabsorption
Authors: H Cohen
Journal: Gut (2000)

Intravenous administration of ancrod produces hypofibrinogenaemia, which may be prolonged by further doses. Hypofibrinogenaemia, maintained for a week, was used to prevent thrombosis on prosthetic heart valves in the calf. Thirteen calves were used in the study. Three of these were used to determine dose schedules and to test antibody formation. The calf was found to have hyperactive fibrinogenesis, and doses higher than previously reported were required to maintain prolonged hypofibrinogenaemia. Antibodies were detected in the calves treated for prolonged periods and the phenomenon was probably related to the massive dosage required. In 10 calves, the tricuspid valve was replaced with a polypropylene valve, using cardiopulmonary bypass. Two of these calves, used as controls and not treated with ancrod, showed massive thrombus formation on the valves. The remaining eight calves were treated with ancrod on different dose schedules. In four calves consistent low fibrinogen levels were not achieved. In the other four, treated by a continuous infusion of ancrod, 8-10 units/kg of body weight per day supplemented further by twice daily intravenous injections of 8·0 units/kg, it was possible to maintain sufficiently low fibrinogen levels and to prevent thrombus formation on the valves. In man, hypofibrinogenaemia is more easily maintained and antibody formation is less likely with the small dosage needed.
Stoves with chimneys reduce risk of COPD
Authors: L Q C Siew
Journal: Thorax (2006)

▴ Chapman RS, He X, Blair AE, et al . Improvement in household stoves and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Xuanwei, China: retrospective cohort study. BMJ2005;331:1050–2 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] The effect of the installation of stoves with chimneys on the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was investigated in 20 453 farmers living in Xuanwei County, China who were lifelong users of smoky coal. 16 606 changed from unventilated stoves to stoves with chimneys during the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.38628.676088.55%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16234255%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=331/7524/1050&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F2%2F104.atom
Toward a Unified Theory of Renal Progression
Authors: Raymond C. Harris, Eric G. Neilson
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2006)

Various disciplines within nephrology investigate the mechanisms by which kidneys fail. Progress in the areas of glomerular hemodynamics, proteinuria, tubular biology, interstitial nephritis, fibroblast formation, and fibrosis have added kernels of information that together support a unified theory of renal progression. Prevention of progression to end-stage disease has largely focused on control of systemic and glomerular hypertension. Current success in delaying a decline in glomerular filtration rate underlines the promise of a more comprehensive approach. New knowledge about the cell biology of progression also suggests that other adjunctive therapies may be possible. We describe the progress and highlight those spheres where new-targeted interventions may arise.
Kinetics and mechanisms for removal of circulating single-stranded DNA in mice.
Authors: W Emlen, M Mannik
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Clearance of exogenous ssDNA from circulation was rapid and occurred primarily through the liver. With higher doses of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), both liver uptake and whole blood clearance approached a maximum, enabling larger amounts of ssDNA to persist in the circulation. The large molecular weight material (precipitable ssDNA) which remained in circulation was rapidly cleaved to 20,000-30,000 mol wt fragments by endonucleases, at least some of which could be demonstrated in plasma in vitro. Mononucleotide breakdown products appeared rapidly in circulation with no lag phase, suggesting that exonuclease activity was not dependent upon prior phagocytosis. Since no exonuclease activity could be demonstrated in plasma in vitro, it was postulated that breakdown of ssDNA by exonucleases occurs on the surface of hepatocytes of Kupffer cells.
Characteristics and survival of patients prescribed long-term oxygen therapy outside prescription guidelines
Authors: D Veale, E Chailleux, A Taytard, JP Cardinaud
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

Criteria for the prescription of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) have been published by academic societies and regulatory bodies, but many prescriptions for LTOT do not fulfil these criteria. Demographic, functional data and survival were compared in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with different levels of oxygenation, i.e. arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2) &lt; 8 kPa or &gt; or = 8 kPa (60 mmHg), at the time of initial registration in the ANTADIR Observatory. Data were collected between 1984-1995. Selection criteria were a diagnosis of COPD or emphysema with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) &lt; 80% pred, FEV1/vital capacity (VC) &lt; 70% and age between 18-75 yrs. Of 7,700 patients prescribed LTOT 18.5% had stable Pa,O2 &gt; or = 8 kPa. While the FEV1 was the same they differed from the patients with more severe hypoxaemia in having a higher rate of diagnosis of primary emphysema and a lower arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa,CO2). In this group of patients LTOT was more frequently administered as liquid oxygen than in other patients on LTOT. The survival of these patients was reduced compared to the general population of the same age and sex but comparable to that of patients with a Pa,O2 between 6.7-8 kPa (50-60 mmHg). Patients prescribed long-term oxygen therapy with an arterial oxygen tension &gt; or = 8 kPa (60 mmHg) in the ANTADIR network were shown to have severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the basis of spirometry and their survival was similar to that of more hypoxaemic patients. Randomized controlled trials of the effect of long-term oxygen therapy in patients with arterial oxygen tension &gt; or = 8 kPa are needed.
Control of lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes through β2-adrenergic receptors
Authors: Akiko Nakai, Yuki Hayano, Fumika Furuta, Masaki Noda, Kazuhiro Suzuki
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

Lymphocyte recirculation through secondary lymphoid organs is essential for immunosurveillance and lymphocyte effector functions. Here, we show that signals through β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) expressed on lymphocytes are involved in the control of lymphocyte dynamics by altering the responsiveness of chemoattractant receptors. Agonist stimulation of lymphocyte β2ARs inhibited egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes (LNs) and rapidly produced lymphopenia in mice. Physiological inputs from adrenergic nerves contributed to retention of lymphocytes within LNs and homeostasis of their distribution among lymphoid tissues. β2ARs physically interacted with CCR7 and CXCR4, chemokine receptors promoting lymphocyte retention in LNs. Activation of β2ARs enhanced retention-promoting signals through CCR7 and CXCR4, and consequently inhibited lymphocyte egress from LNs. In models of T cell–mediated inflammatory diseases, β2AR-mediated signals inhibited LN egress of antigen-primed T cells and reduced their recruitment into peripheral tissues. Thus, this study reveals a novel mechanism for controlling lymphocyte trafficking and provides additional insights into immune regulation by the nervous system.
Blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentration after renal artery constriction and angiotensin infusion in the dog. (5-Isoleucine)angiotensin II and its breakdown fragments in dog blood.
Authors: A M Caravaggi, G Bianchi, J J Brown, A F Lever, J J Morton, J D Powell-Jackson, J I Robertson, P F Semple
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

We measured arterial plasma angiotensin II concentration, renal blood flow, and arterial blood pressure in six conscious dogs during intravenous infusion of angiotensin II (5, 10, and 20 ng/kg per min). The same measurements were made on a different occasion in the same six animals, while they were conscious, before and during constriction of a main renal artery. Arterial blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II rose and renal blood flow decreased in both experiments. The similarity of regressions for plasma angiotensin II concentration and arterial blood pressure in the two experiments strongly suggests that the rise of circulating angiotensin II after renal artery constriction is sufficient to account for the hypertension by its direct pressor action. As discussed, a different mechanism seems likely to be involved in the later stages of renal hypertension. Angiotensin II is more likely to be in the 5-isoleucine form than in the 5-valine form in the dog. In contrast to the rat, plasma concentrations of the heptapeptide (angiotensin III), hexapeptide, and pentapeptide fragments of angiotensin II are low in the dog.
The insulin receptor translocates to the nucleus to regulate cell proliferation in liver
Authors: Maria J. Amaya, André G. Oliveira, Erika S. Guimarães, Marisa C.F. Casteluber, Sandhra M. Carvalho, Lidia M. Andrade, Mauro C.X. Pinto, Albert Mennone, Cleida A. Oliveira, Rodrigo R. Resende, Gustavo B. Menezes, Michael H. Nathanson, M. Fatima Leite
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Insulin's metabolic effects in the liver are widely appreciated, but insulin's ability to act as a hepatic mitogen is less well understood. Because the insulin receptor (IR) can traffic to the nucleus, and Ca(2+) signals within the nucleus regulate cell proliferation, we investigated whether insulin's mitogenic effects result from activation of Ca(2+)-signaling pathways by IRs within the nucleus. Insulin-induced increases in Ca(2+) and cell proliferation depended upon clathrin- and caveolin-dependent translocation of the IR to the nucleus, as well as upon formation of inositol 1,4,5,-trisphosphate (InsP3) in the nucleus, whereas insulin's metabolic effects did not depend on either of these events. Moreover, liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy also depended upon the formation of InsP3 in the nucleus, but not the cytosol, whereas hepatic glucose metabolism was not affected by buffering InsP3 in the nucleus.These findings provide evidence that insulin's mitogenic effects are mediated by a subpopulation of IRs that traffic to the nucleus to locally activate InsP3 -dependent Ca(2+)-signaling pathways. The steps along this signaling pathway reveal a number of potential targets for therapeutic modulation of liver growth in health and disease.