tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Exerts a Strong Protection from Ischemic Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Emmanuel Letavernier, Joe[Combining Diaeresis]lle Perez, Elisabeth Joye, Agne[Combining Grave Accent]s Bellocq, Bruno Fouqueray, Jean-Philippe Haymann, Didier Heudes, Walter Wahli, Béatrice Desvergne, Laurent Baud
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

Ischemic acute renal failure is characterized by damages to the proximal straight tubule in the outer medulla. Lesions include loss of polarity, shedding into the tubule lumen, and eventually necrotic or apoptotic death of epithelial cells. It was recently shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases keratinocyte survival after an inflammatory reaction. Therefore, whether PPARbeta/delta could contribute also to the control of tubular epithelium death after renal ischemia/reperfusion was tested. It was found that PPARbeta/delta+/- and PPARbeta/delta-/- mutant mice exhibited much greater kidney dysfunction and injury than wild-type counterparts after a 30-min renal ischemia followed by a 36-h reperfusion. Conversely, wild-type mice that were given the specific PPARbeta/delta ligand L-165041 before renal ischemia were completely protected against renal dysfunction, as indicated by the lack of rise in serum creatinine and fractional excretion of Na+. This protective effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in medullary necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. On the basis of in vitro studies, PPARbeta/delta ligands seem to exert their role by activating the antiapoptotic Akt signaling pathway and, unexpectedly, by increasing the spreading of tubular epithelial cells, thus limiting potentially their shedding and anoikis. These results point to PPARbeta/delta as a remarkable new target for preconditioning strategies.
Adaptationism and medicalization: The Scylla and Charybdis of Darwinian psychiatry
Authors: Alfonso Troisi
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

The target article shows that the application of the evolutionary theory to psychopathology should not necessarily consist in finding hidden adaptive benefits for each psychiatric syndrome. However, in rejecting lax adaptationism, Darwinian psychiatrists should not forget that the search for adaptive behavioral polymorphisms can be a powerful antidote against the normative attitude of mainstream psychiatry and its growing tendency to medicalize human diversity.
Near Normalization of Metabolic and Functional Features of the Central Nervous System in Type 1 Diabetic Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease After Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation
Authors: Paolo Fiorina, Paolo Vezzulli, Roberto Bassi, Chiara Gremizzi, Monica Falautano, Francesca D’Addio, Andrea Vergani, Lola Chabtini, Erica Altamura, Alessandra Mello, Rossana Caldara, Marina Scavini, Giuseppe Magnani, Andrea Falini, Antonio Secchi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

The pathogenesis of brain disorders in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is multifactorial and involves the adverse effects of chronic hyperglycemia and of recurrent hypoglycemia. Kidney-pancreas (KP), but not kidney alone (KD), transplantation is associated with sustained normoglycemia, improvement in quality of life, and reduction of morbidity/mortality in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).The aim of our study was to evaluate with magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) the cerebral morphology and metabolism of 15 ESRD plus T1D patients, 23 patients with ESRD plus T1D after KD (n = 9) and KP (n = 14) transplantation, and 8 age-matched control subjects.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a higher prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in ESRD plus T1D patients (53% [95% CI 36-69]) compared with healthy subjects (25% [3-6], P = 0.04). Brain (1)H MRS showed lower levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)-to-choline ratio in ESRD plus T1D, KD, and KP patients compared with control subjects (control subjects vs. all, P < 0.05) and of NAA-to-creatine ratio in ESRD plus T1D compared with KP and control subjects (ESRD plus T1D vs. control and KP subjects, P ≤ 0.01). The evaluation of the most common scores of psychological and neuropsychological function showed a generally better intellectual profile in control and KP subjects compared with ESRD plus T1D and KD patients.Diabetes and ESRD are associated with a precocious form of brain impairment, chronic cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline. In KP-transplanted patients, most of these features appeared to be near normalized after a 5-year follow-up period of sustained normoglycemia.
Saccharides mediate the attachment of rat macrophages to bone in vitro.
Authors: Z Bar-Shavit, S L Teitelbaum, A J Kahn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Macrophages (M phi) are multipotential cells capable of giving rise to osteoclasts and of resorbing bone. Since both of these processes are ultimately dependent upon the attachment of cells to a mineralized bone surface, we have examined in this study the mechanism by which such attachment is achieved. The data show that elicited rat peritoneal M phi bind to bone in a temperature-dependent and -saturable manner with half-maximal attachment occurring within 10 min at 37 degrees C and reaching a plateau by approximately 60 min. The kinetics of binding are essentially the same whether devitalized bone particles or viable calvaria are used as a substrate. The attachment of M phi to bone is inhibited by some sugars (e.g., N-acetyl-galactosamine, thiogalactoside, beta-lactose), fetuin and asialofetuin, and by pretreating the bone with periodate. Binding is also significantly reduced when M phi are preincubated with tunicamycin and swainsonine at nontoxic concentrations sufficient to inhibit or alter glycosylation. On the other hand, exposing the cells to neuraminidase increases the capacity of M phi to bind to bone. Collectively, our observations indicate that the attachment of M phi to bone is a highly regulated process and is mediated, at least in part, by saccharides located on both the cell and the bone surface.
Effects of Dobutamine on Coronary Stenosis Physiology and Morphology
Authors: Jozef Bartunek, William Wijns, Guy R. Heyndrickx, Bernard de Bruyne
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The mechanisms leading to dobutamine-induced ischemia are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of high-dose intravenous dobutamine on morphological and physiological indexes of coronary stenoses. Methods and Results —Twenty-two patients with normal left ventricular function and isolated coronary stenoses were studied. At catheterization, mean aortic pressure (P a ), mean distal coronary pressure (P d ), and P d /P a as an index of myocardial resistance were recorded at rest, after intracoronary adenosine, and during intravenous infusion of dobutamine (10 to 40 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ). Reference vessel diameter and minimal luminal diameter, as assessed by coronary angiography, did not change during dobutamine infusion compared with baseline (2.84±0.49 versus 2.77±0.41 mm and 1.35±0.38 versus 1.27±0.31 mm, respectively; both P =NS). During peak dobutamine infusion, P d and P d /P a reached similar levels as during adenosine infusion (60±18 versus 59±18 mm Hg and 0.68±0.18 versus 0.68±0.17, respectively; all P =NS). In 9 patients, an additional bolus of intracoronary adenosine given at the peak dose of dobutamine failed to further decrease P d /P a . Furthermore, in patients with dobutamine-induced wall motion abnormalities, the maximal decrease in P d /P a was similar during dobutamine and adenosine infusions. Conclusions —High-dose intravenous infusion of dobutamine does not modify the dimensions of the epicardial coronary stenosis. However, much like the direct coronary vasodilator adenosine, dobutamine fully exhausts myocardial resistance regardless of the presence of mechanical dysfunction.
CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY OF ADULT ACUTE LEUKÆMIA PROLONGATION OF REMISSION IN MYELOBLASTIC LEUKÆMIA WITH B.C.G.
Authors: J.U Gutterman, V Rodriguez, G Mavligit, M.A Burgess, E Gehan, E.M Hersh, K.B Mccredie, R Reed, T Smith, G.P Bodey, E.J Freireich
Journal: The Lancet (1974)
An X-ray Microscopic Study of the Vasa Vasorum of Normal Human Pulmonary Arteries
Authors: J. A. Clarke
Journal: Thorax (1964)

The first description of the distribution of the bronchial arteries in injected specimens is attributed to Ruysch in 1721(von Hayek, 1960).Robertson (1929), while injecting the vasa vasorum in the ascending aorta of dogs and lambs with coloured cellulose, described, withoutillustration, an anastomosis between the bronchial and coronary arteries through the vasa of the pulmonary trunk, thus confirming the observations of Cruveilhier (1842) and Gross (1921).In their monographs on the lung, Miller (1947) and von Hayek (1960) state, without further amplification, that the vasa vasorum to the pul- monary arteries arise from the bronchial arteries.Studies on human cadaveric and necropsy pulmonary arteries, using routine histological and injection techniques, led Tobin (1960) to conclude that the mural vessels were confined to the outer third of the media, that the vasa on the pulmonary veins were richer, and that venous vasa drained into the lumen of the pulmonary vein.This work is concerned with a study of the vasa vasorum of human pulmonary arteries, using the Coslett Nixon x-ray projection microscope.
Points from Letters: General Practitioner Obstetrics
Authors: M. B. Clyne
Journal: BMJ (1971)

dialysate,l is recommended routinely for all chronically dialysed patients.It is suggested that the patient under this treatment can not only substitute iron, folate, and amino-acid losses from the remaining blood into the dialyser, blood sampling for analysis, and to the dialysate, but also effectively utilize these elements incorporated in the diet, according to his real needs.-Weare, etc.,
Characteristics of a conserved 1,579-bp highly repetitive component in the killer whale, Orcinus orca.
Authors: B Widegren, U Arnason, G Akusjärvi
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1985)

A tandemly organized, highly repetitive DNA component of the killer whale was sequenced. The length of the repeat was 1,579 bp. This unit, which characterizes all delphinids, shows stringent hybridization homology with a 1,740-bp repeat that is characteristic of all other cetacean families. The 1,579-bp component comprises approximately 15% of the killer-whale genome, in which it is repeated 4-5 X 10(5) times. Computer analysis of the sequence showed no linear repetition within the component. This indicates that the 1,579-bp unit has not evolved by amplification of shorter repeats. Several inverted repeats of substantial length were found in the 1,579-bp unit. The most conspicuous of these was a 72-bp sequence that deviated from matching in only three positions. The 72-bp sequence occurs within an open reading frame 330 bp in length. Transcriptional activity was registered in the cloned repeat in a cell-free system. The length of the transcript was approximately 340 nucleotides. The chromosomal localization of the 1,579-bp repeat was determined by in situ hybridization. The repeat was present in eight of 21 autosomal pairs and was found in almost all C-band-positive (constitutive heterochromatin) regions of the karyotype.
Beneficial effects of dietary mineral restriction in dogs with marked reduction of functional renal mass.
Authors: S A Brown, W A Crowell, J A Barsanti, J V White, D R Finco
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1991)

Although studies in partially nephrectomized rats have identified a progressive nephropathy that is altered by dietary restriction of phosphorus intake, the response of dogs to similar perturbations has not been established. Functional renal mass was reduced by 15/16 in dogs to determine its long-term effects on renal function and to evaluate the effects of two levels of dietary mineral (calcium and phosphorus) intake (0.44% phosphorus/0.57% calcium versus 1.50% phosphorus/1.91% calcium). Following a 3-month stabilization period, dogs were fed either the lower mineral diet (group 1, N = 12) or the higher mineral diet (group 2, N = 12) for 24 months. Loss of renal function with the passage of time was observed in 10 of 12 dogs maintained on the higher mineral diet, with an average decrease in exogenous creatinine clearance of 11.1 +/- 6.3%/month, leading to a survival rate of 33% in this group. Restriction of dietary mineral intake slowed (P less than 0.05) the rate of decline of exogenous creatinine clearance in group 1 to 2.6 +/- 1.1%/month and improved 24-month survival to 75% (P less than 0.01). Deterioration of renal function was associated with renal calcium accumulation and histologic evidence of nephrocalcinosis, tubular atrophy and dilatation, and interstitial fibrosis. These events were more readily apparent in female than in male dogs. A role for glomerulosclerosis was not apparent, and neither glomerular pathology nor glomerular volume was related to the observed decrements in renal function.
Suppression of Established Friend Virus Leukemia by Statolon. IV. Role of Humoral Antibody in the Development of a Dormant Infection&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: E. Frederick Wheelock, Stephen T. Toy, Nancy L. Caroline, Louis R. Sibal, Mary Alexander Fink, Peter C. L. Beverley, Anthony C. Allison
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

Statolon suppressed established Friend virus (FV) leukemia in DBA/2 mice by stimulating an immune response to FV and FV-transformed cells. Mice in which the FV infection was completely suppressed by statolon (FV carriers) produced more FV-neutralizing, FV-cell-binding, in vitro FV-cytotoxic, and in vivo anti-FV-leukemic antibody than mice which rapidly developed leukemia despite treatment with statolon. As FV-carrier mice aged, antibody levels declined and FV emerged from its dormant state to produce overt leukemia.
The Effects of Exercise on Falls in Elderly Patients
Authors: M A Province, E C Hadley, M C Hornbrook, L A Lipsitz, J P Miller, C D Mulrow, M G Ory, R W Sattin, M E Tinetti, S L Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To determine if short-term exercise reduces falls and fall-related injuries in the elderly.A preplanned meta-analysis of the seven Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques (FICSIT)--independent, randomized, controlled clinical trials that assessed intervention efficacy in reducing falls and frailty in elderly patients. All included an exercise component for 10 to 36 weeks. Fall and injury follow-up was obtained for up to 2 to 4 years.Two nursing home and five community-dwelling (three health maintenance organizations) sites. Six were group and center based; one was conducted at home.Numbers of participants ranged from 100 to 1323 per study. Subjects were mostly ambulatory and cognitively intact, with minimum ages of 60 to 75 years, although some studies required additional deficits, such as functionally dependent in two or more activities of daily living, balance deficits or lower extremity weakness, or high risk of falling.Exercise components varied across studies in character, duration, frequency, and intensity. Training was performed in one area or more of endurance, flexibility, balance platform, Tai Chi (dynamic balance), and resistance. Several treatment arms included additional nonexercise components, such as behavioral components, medication changes, education, functional activity, or nutritional supplements.Time to each fall (fall-related injury) by self-report and/or medical records.Using the Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox model that allows multiple fall outcomes per patient, the adjusted fall incidence ratio for treatment arms including general exercise was 0.90 (95% confidence limits [CL], 0.81, 0.99) and for those including balance was 0.83 (95% CL, 0.70, 0.98). No exercise component was significant for injurious falls, but power was low to detect this outcome.Treatments including exercise for elderly adults reduce the risk of falls.
Current and future costs of asthma in the Netherlands
Authors: Anita Suijkerbuijk, Rudolf Hoogenveen, Ardine de Wit, Alet Wijga, Martine Hoogendoorn, Maureen Rutten-van Molken, Talitha Feenstra
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Objective  To determine costs of care and productivity losses for asthma and to project future prevalence of asthma and its costs.   Methods  A prevalence-based cost of illness study was performed for the year 2007. National registrations and surveys were used to estimate the different types of health care resource use, specified by age and gender, which were multiplied by unit costs. Absence from work and loss of job were obtained from a linkage study, combining GP registry data with data on productivity losses from Statistics Netherlands. These were valued using the friction cost or human capital method to result in two alternative estimates. Finally a population model was developed to obtain estimates of future costs of care.   Results  Healthcare costs for asthma in 2007 were estimated to be €287 million or €530 per patient. About 70% of these costs were medication related. Costs of sick leave and early retirement due to asthma totalled €621 or €288 million, that is €2800 or €1300 per employee with asthma for human capital and friction cost method respectively. These costs rose with age.Over the next 25 years, the number of patients with asthma will rise by 28%, reflecting a recent trend in incidence that is now stabilizing. This will lead to a doubling of the costs of care.   Conclusions  The expected rise in the number of patients with asthma, and especially the number of elderly asthma patients, and the associated costs of healthcare and production losses provide important information for healthcare policy in the Netherlands.
The clinical utility of testicular cancer risk loci
Authors: Christian P Kratz, Gennady Bratslavsky, Jianxin Shi
Journal: Genome Medicine (2011)

Three recent genome-wide association studies of testicular germ cell tumors have uncovered predisposition alleles in or near several genes, including KITLG, BAK1, SPRY4, TERT, ATF7IP, and DMRT1. The calculated per-allele odds ratio for variants in the region of KITLG is the highest reported for any malignancy so far. These findings are in agreement with epidemiological data indicating that testicular cancer has a higher heritability than most other cancers. Here, we discuss the question of whether the newly identified risk polymorphisms can be used to guide patient care.
A Prospective Study of the Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Symptoms and Infections in Infants
Authors: Georgette Stern, Philipp Latzin, Martin Röösli, Oliver Fuchs, Elena Proietti, Claudia Kuehni, Urs Frey
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: There is increasing evidence that short-term exposure to air pollution has a detrimental effect on respiratory health, but data from healthy populations, particularly infants, are scarce.Objectives: To assess the association of air pollution with frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms and infections measured weekly in healthy infants.Methods: In a prospective birth cohort of 366 infants of unselected mothers, respiratory health was assessed weekly by telephone interviews during the first year of life (19,106 total observations). Daily mean levels of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were obtained from local monitoring stations. We determined the association of the preceding week's pollutant levels with symptom scores and respiratory tract infections using a generalized additive mixed model with an autoregressive component. In addition, we assessed whether neonatal lung function influences this association and whether duration of infectious episodes differed between weeks with normal PM10 and weeks with elevated levels.Measurements and Main Results: We found a significant association between air pollution and respiratory symptoms, particularly in the week after respiratory tract infections (risk ratio, 1.13 [1.02–1.24] per 10 μg/m3 PM10 levels) and in infants with premorbid lung function. During times of elevated PM10 (>33.3 μg/m3), duration of respiratory tract infections increased by 20% (95% confidence interval, 2–42%).Conclusions: Exposure to even moderate levels of air pollution was associated with increased respiratory symptoms in healthy infants. Particularly in infants with premorbid lung function and inflammation, air pollution contributed to longer duration of infectious episodes with a potentially large socioeconomic impact.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Lowers Vascular Tone by Decreasing Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation
Authors: Yu-Mee Kim, Elizabeth A. Barnes, Cristina M. Alvira, Lihua Ying, Sushma Reddy, David N. Cornfield
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

Rationale: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), an oxygen (O 2 )-sensitive transcription factor, mediates transcriptional responses to low-O 2 tension states. Although acute hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and chronic hypoxia can cause vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension, conflicting data exist on the role of HIF-1α in modulating pulmonary vascular tone. Objective: To investigate the role of smooth muscle cell (SMC)–specific HIF-1α in regulating pulmonary vascular tone. Methods and Results: Mice with an SMC-specific deletion of HIF-1α (SM22α-HIF-1α −/− ) were created to test the hypothesis that pulmonary artery SMC (PASMC) HIF-1α modulates pulmonary vascular tone and the response to hypoxia. SM22α-HIF-1α −/− mice exhibited significantly higher right ventricular systolic pressure compared with wild-type littermates under normoxia and with exposure to either acute or chronic hypoxia in the absence of histological evidence of accentuated vascular remodeling. Moreover, myosin light chain phosphorylation, a determinant of SMC tone, was higher in PASMCs isolated from SM22α-HIF-1α −/− mice compared with wild-type PASMCs, during both normoxia and after acute hypoxia. Further, overexpression of HIF-1α decreased myosin light chain phosphorylation in HIF-1α–null SMCs. Conclusions: In both normoxia and hypoxia, PASMC HIF-1α maintains low pulmonary vascular tone by decreasing myosin light chain phosphorylation. Compromised PASMC HIF-1α expression may contribute to the heightened vasoconstriction that characterizes pulmonary hypertension.