tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Diversification of Nonhuman Primate Malarias in Southeast Asia: Adaptive Radiation or Geographic Speciation?
Authors: Michael P. Muehlenbein, M. Andreína Pacheco, Jesse E. Taylor, Sean P. Prall, Laurentius Ambu, Senthilvel Nathan, Sylvia Alsisto, Diana Ramirez, Ananias A. Escalante
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Although parasitic organisms are found worldwide, the relative importance of host specificity and geographic isolation for parasite speciation has been explored in only a few systems. Here, we study Plasmodium parasites known to infect Asian nonhuman primates, a monophyletic group that includes the lineage leading to the human parasite Plasmodium vivax and several species used as laboratory models in malaria research. We analyze the available data together with new samples from three sympatric primate species from Borneo: The Bornean orangutan and the long-tailed and the pig-tailed macaques. We find several species of malaria parasites, including three putatively new species in this biodiversity hotspot. Among those newly discovered lineages, we report two sympatric parasites in orangutans. We find no differences in the sets of malaria species infecting each macaque species indicating that these species show no host specificity. Finally, phylogenetic analysis of these data suggests that the malaria parasites infecting Southeast Asian macaques and their relatives are speciating three to four times more rapidly than those with other mammalian hosts such as lemurs and African apes. We estimate that these events took place in approximately a 3-4-Ma period. Based on the genetic and phenotypic diversity of the macaque malarias, we hypothesize that the diversification of this group of parasites has been facilitated by the diversity, geographic distributions, and demographic histories of their primate hosts.
Lichen striatus occurring as an annular eruption: an acquired ‘locus minoris resistentiae’
Authors: A.F. NUTTER, R.H. CHAMPION
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

A case of lichen striatus is reported in which the eruption occurred around the edge of a scar. It is suggested that the factors producing a ‘locus minoris resistentiae’ need not be congenital or linear.
LOCAL ANAESTHESIA IN OPERATIONS FOR HAEMORRHOIDS AND FISSURE OF THE ANUS
Authors: T. H. T. Barber
Journal: BMJ (1929)

OPER4TIONS FOR HAENMORRHOIDS.t TMEAEBairJs-397 Li crr.-There. is a -moderate increase of fibrous tissue.along Glisson's capsuile.In-the liver cells bordering the portal spaces there is a grealt, inerease of pigmenit.Markecd celltulai exudlationi is evident in Glissoul's capsule.The bile ducts are normal and not increasecd in number.The cellular inflanmrmatory infiltration consists of a proportlion of polymorpliR.more milarked in the peripheryv of Glisson's capsuile.lTlher e is a smriall amount of haemosiderin ill the liver.It is mainly confined to the neighbourhood of the intralobular veins.There is no excess of haemosiderin in the portal spaces.PaJncreas.-There is shrinkage and atrophy of some of the acini, and in others the iluctei are stainied more deeply than normal; some catarrh of the duct is preseint.The islets of Langerhans a,re present.Kidncy.-There is gener-alized chronic interstitial nephritis.In many parts of the section the descending loops of Henle are necrotic, probably due to post-n-mortem changes.There is some arterio-sclerosis anid degeneration of some of the glomeruli up to complete atrophy.Here and there rouind-celled infiltration can be seen.There is muich catarrh of the collecting tuibuiles, and some of them contain cells fuill of pigment.The epithelium of the collecting tuibules is impregnated with grains of pigment.It is regroettable thiat the patienit and her family abso- l1ttelv refused hei admission to lhospital, where a snore thorough cliiiical examination wi-ould have been possible.Mv thanks are due to Dr. A. G.
Increased miR-708 Expression in NSCLC and Its Association with Poor Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma from Never Smokers
Authors: Jin Sung Jang, Hyo-Sung Jeon, Zhifu Sun, Marie Christine Aubry, Hui Tang, Cheol-Hong Park, Fariborz Rakhshan, Debra A. Schultz, Christopher P. Kolbert, Ruth Lupu, Jae Yong Park, Curtis C. Harris, Ping Yang, Jin Jen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

miRNA plays an important role in human disease and cancer. We seek to investigate the expression status, clinical relevance, and functional role of miRNA in non-small cell lung cancer.We conducted miRNA expression profiling in matched lung adenocarcinoma and uninvolved lung using 56 pairs of fresh-frozen (FF) and 47 pairs of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from never smokers. The most differentially expressed miRNA genes were evaluated by Cox analysis and log-rank test. Among the best candidate, miR-708 was further examined for differential expression in two independent cohorts. Functional significance of miR-708 expression in lung cancer was examined by identifying its candidate mRNA target and through manipulating its expression levels in cultured cells.Among the 20 miRNAs most differentially expressed between tested tumor and normal samples, high expression level of miR-708 in the tumors was most strongly associated with an increased risk of death after adjustments for all clinically significant factors including age, sex, and tumor stage (FF cohort: HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.08-3.35; P = 0.025 and FFPE cohort: HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.02-3.63; P = 0.042). The transcript for TMEM88 gene has a miR-708 binding site in its 3' UTR and was significantly reduced in tumors high of miR-708. Forced miR-708 expression reduced TMEM88 transcript levels and increased the rate of cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in culture.miRNA-708 acts as an oncogene contributing to tumor growth and disease progression by directly downregulating TMEM88, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway in lung cancer.
Pistorious at the Olympics: the saga continues
Authors: Giuseppe Lippi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

The 2012 Summer Olympic Games will take place in London, from 27 July to 12 August. The most important sport competition in the world shapes up to be unprecedented in the overall number of participants, finally including ‘the fastest man on no legs’, Oscar Pistorious. Oscar Leonard Carl Pistorius was born in 1986 in South Africa with congenital absence of the fibula in both legs that were amputated halfway between his knees and ankles when he was 11 months old. Strongly supported by his family, Pistorious became a keen sportsman during his school years. Accompanying Oscar on his remarkable journey to the very apex of his sport career have been J-shaped, prosthetic running blades made on Cheetah, custom-built, high-performance carbon fibre foots designed primarily for sporting activities. Although declared eligible to compete in the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, Pistorius did not qualify. Nevertheless, with a time of 45.07 s on 19 July 2011, he lastly achieved the ‘A’ qualifying standard for the 2012 Olympics in the 400 m discipline. On 8 August 2011 it was announced that he had …
Role of hedgehog signalling in bile ductular cells
Authors: I. N Hines, R. A Rippe
Journal: Gut (2008)

Acute and chronic liver pathologies represent an important source of morbidity and mortality. Understanding the mechanisms of cell survival, repair and proliferation are critical to the development of future therapies for the treatment or prevention of liver disease of various aetiologies. Studies by Omenetti and colleagues published in this issue of Gut ( see page 1275 ) identified increased hedgehog (Hh) signalling within the livers of bile duct ligated (BDL) rats.1 In these studies, sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) were found to be increased during bile duct ligation in periportal epithelial cells expressing pan-cytokeratin, representing potential liver progenitor cell populations. When cholestasis was corrected, Shh expression and down-stream signalling progressively declined in a manner similar to platelet-derived growth factor expression which accompanied the resolution of tissue injury. Further, these studies identified the ability of Shh to promote survival of biliary epithelial cells possibly mediated through inhibition of caspase activity. The authors conclude from these studies that Hh signalling may represent an important protective factor within the damaged liver and may promote the survival of small periportal epithelial cells, potential hepatic progenitor cells. Indeed, these findings are a continuation of previous work by this group which demonstrated the presence of Hh signalling components in hepatic epithelial progenitor cells in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.2 These studies are interesting …
Requirements or Incentives by Government for the Use of Long-Acting Contraceptives
Authors: Scott L. Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Following the approval of the long-acting contraceptive levonorgestrel (the Norplant Contraceptive System) for use by women, government officials have required or proposed uses of levonorgestrel that are problematic. One court ordered a woman convicted of child abuse to use levonorgestrel as a condition of her probation; legislators have proposed that women on welfare be paid to use levonorgestrel. Court-ordered use of long-acting contraceptives because of child abuse raises serious questions about a person's fundamental rights to refuse medical treatment, to be free of cruel and unusual punishment, and to procreate. The state's compelling interest in protecting children from abuse may be served by less intrusive means than imposing contraception on parents who have committed child abuse. If government benefits were based on the use of long-acting contraceptives, individuals would have to assume a potentially serious health risk before receiving their benefits. Government benefits should not be made contingent on the acceptance of a health risk.
Perceptual variation and access to colors
Authors: Edward Wilson Averill
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Abstract To identify the set of reflectances that constitute redness, the authors must first determine which surfaces are red. They do this by relying on widespread agreement among us. However, arguments based on the possible ways in which humans would perceive colors show that mere widespread agreement among us is not a satisfactory way to determine which surfaces are red.
Venous thromboemboli and exacerbations of COPD
Authors: H. Gunen, G. Gulbas, E. In, O. Yetkin, S. S. Hacievliyagil
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD patients hospitalised with an exacerbation were included consecutively. Symptoms, signs and clinical, haematological and epidemiological parameters on admission were noted. All patients underwent computed tomographic angiography and ultrasonographic examination for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (PE). Wells and Geneva scores were calculated. Patients were followed-up for 1 yr in order to determine mortality. Deep vein thrombosis and PE were detected in 14 and 18 patients, respectively. The prevalence of VTE was three times higher in patients with an exacerbation of unknown origin than in patients with an exacerbation of known origin (p = 0.016). Of patients with VTE, 20 (95%) had high D-dimer levels. The negative predictive value of D-dimer testing was 0.98. Although the moderate- and high-risk categories of both the Wells and Geneva methods covered all PE patients, the Wells method identified 49% less potential patients for PE investigation. Mortality at 1 yr was higher (61.9% versus 31.8%) in VTE patients (p = 0.013). VTE is a common problem in COPD patients hospitalised with an exacerbation, leading to high long-term mortality. D-dimer levels and the Wells criteria can be used to determine whether or not these patients are assessed for a thromboembolic event.
Pressure, volume and the pancreas.
Authors: C P Armstrong, T V Taylor, H B Torrance
Journal: Gut (1985)

The effects of injection volume and pressure on the rat pancreas have been investigated. An experimental model using transduodenal cannulation of the rat bile-pancreatic duct was used. Injection volumes of 100 microliter or above produced gross ductal extravasation regardless of pressure. With a 50 microliter volume leakage from the ducts occurred via intercellular clefts at a pressure of 20 cmH2O and via duct ruptures at 50 cmH2O. Survival experiments (24 hours) were carried out using the 50 microliter volume. Infusion of 50 microliter saline at increasing pressures produced rises in amylase concentrations, pancreatic gland weights and water content of the gland at pressures of 20 cmH2O or above. These changes were maximal when 50 cmH2O of pressure was maintained for 60 minutes. The changes correlated with extravasation shown by Indian ink. Histological oedema related closely to pressure (r = 0.92), and was the most pronounced histological change observed. In experiments using intraduct injection into the rat pancreas a volume of 50 microliter or less should be used with careful consideration given to pressure. Unless these prerequisites are followed the results of experimental investigation cannot be extrapolated to acute gall stone pancreatitis in man.
Balloon Dilation With Adequate Duration Is Safer Than Sphincterotomy for Extracting Bile Duct Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses
Authors: Wei–Chih Liao, Yu–Kang Tu, Ming–Shiang Wu, Hsiu–Po Wang, Jaw–Town Lin, Joseph W. Leung, Kuo–Liong Chien
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012)
Comparison of low attenuation areas on computed tomographic scans between inner and outer segments of the lung in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence and contribution to lung function
Authors: Y Nakano, H Sakai, S Muro, T Hirai, Y Oku, K Nishimura, M Mishima
Journal: Thorax (1999)

The low attenuation areas on computed tomographic (CT) scans have been reported to represent emphysematous changes of the lung. However, the regional distribution of emphysema between the inner and outer segments of the lung has not been adequately studied. In this study the regional distribution of low attenuation areas has been compared by quantitative CT analysis and the contribution of the regional distribution to pulmonary function tests evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Chest CT images and the results of pulmonary function tests were obtained from 73 patients with COPD. The lung images were divided into inner and outer segments in the upper (cranial), middle, and lower (caudal) sections. The percentage ratio of low attenuation area to corresponding lung area (LAA%) was then calculated. The LAA% of each segment was also compared with the results of pulmonary function tests.The mean (SD) LAA% of the inner segment was 39.1 (18.5) compared with 28.1 (13.2) for the outer segment (p<0.0001). Linear and multiple regression analyses revealed that airflow limitation is closely correlated with the inner segment LAA% of the lower lung. In contrast, the carbon monoxide transfer factor is closely correlated with the inner segment LAA% of the upper lung.Low attenuation areas on CT scans are more often found in the inner segment of the lung than in the outer segment, and the contribution of the inner segment to pulmonary function tests may be greater than the outer segment.
Propranolol in prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis
Authors: R.M. Pérez-Ayuso, J.M. Piqué, J. Bosch, E. Quintero, R. Valderrama, J.M. Bordas, J. Rodés, J. Panés, J. Viver, A. Gonzalez, R. Esteban, R. Pérez, L. Rodrigo, J. Rigau
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
Evidence for Nonautonomous Effect of <i>p53</i> Tumor Suppressor in Carcinogenesis
Authors: Hippokratis Kiaris, Ioulia Chatzistamou, George Trimis, Matrisa Frangou-Plemmenou, Agatha Pafiti-Kondi, Anastasios Kalofoutis
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Prostate, breast, and probably other epithelial tumors harbor inactivating mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the stromal cells, implying the nonautonomous action of p53 in carcinogenesis. We have tested this hypothesis by evaluating the tumorigenicity of MCF7 human breast cancer cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice that differ in their p53 status. Our results showed that, indeed, p53 ablation in the hosts reduced the latency for the development of MCF7 tumors. Furthermore, we show that heterozygous hosts frequently undergo loss of heterozygosity at the p53 locus in the tumor stroma tissue by mechanism that resembles the inactivation of p53 in primary tumors. To evaluate the impact of p53 ablation in the stromal fibroblasts, in tumorigenesis, tumors were reconstituted in mice bearing wild-type p53 alleles, by mixing MCF7 cells with fibroblasts isolated from mutant or wild-type p53 mice. Our results suggest that tumors containing p53-deficient fibroblasts developed faster and were more aggressive than their counterparts with wild-type fibroblasts, although their neoplastic component, namely MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells, was identical in both cases. These data strongly support the notion for the operation of a nonautonomous mechanism for p53 action in primary tumors and provide a mechanistic association between p53 mutations in the stromal component of epithelial tumors and carcinogenesis.
STUDIES IN SENSITIZATION TO SKIN
Authors: Rudolph Hecht, Marion B. Sulzberger, Harry Weil
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1943)

1. Techniques for the preparation of skin antigen suitable for intramuscular injection in rabbits, and of skin antigens (autolysate) for serological experiments are described. 2. A method was evolved which produced a soluble skin antigen (autolysate) suitable for performing precipitin tests. 3. Injection of the rabbit skin antigen and of staphylococcus toxin in rabbits resulted in the formation of antibodies (precipitins) to homologous skin. 4. When homologous skin alone was injected into rabbits, the antibody formation was questionable, or at most, slight. 5. The injection of staphylococcus toxin alone resulted in antibody formation, this antibody being specific for the toxin and not reacting with broth. 6. By utilization of the synergistic action of staphylococcus toxin and of homologous skin antigen, it has been possible for the first time to produce specific antiskin antibodies in experimental animals.
Quantitative cultures of protected brush specimens and bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated patients without suspected pneumonia.
Authors: F Rodrguez de Castro, J Solé, R Elcuaz
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Quantitative bacterial cultures of protected specimen brush (PSB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens were used to assess the presence of distal bronchial microflora in mechanically ventilated patients who were not suspected of having pneumonia. A total of 54 specimens from 32 ICU patients were obtained. In 10 patients, only PSB specimens were recovered, whereas in 22 patients both PSB and BAL specimens were obtained. Cultures demonstrated no growth in 10 (45%) of the 22 samples recovered by BAL and in 21 (66%) of the 32 samples recovered by the PSB method. Twenty-three specimens yielded microorganisms, but in only six patients was a significant growth in PSB and/or BAL cultures (> or = 10(3) and > or = 10(5) cfu/ml, respectively) detected. Four of these patients developed pneumonia on subsequent follow-up. In mechanically ventilated patients, the diagnostic thresholds of bacterial growth in PSB and BAL cultures may be misleading. A significant relationship was found between the ability of PSB to recover microorganisms and the duration of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.05). These findings may be a limitation present in all patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Thymidylate Synthase Messenger RNA Expression in Plasma from Patients with Colon Cancer: Prognostic Potential
Authors: Vanesa Garcia, José M. García, Cristina Peña, Javier Silva, Gemma Domínguez, Alicia Hurtado, Isabel Alonso, Rufo Rodriguez, Mariano Provencio, Félix Bonilla
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Thymidylate synthase (TS), a critical target in fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, is a prognostic marker in colon carcinomas and a predictor of response to treatment. Tumor RNA has been detected in plasma from cancer patients and is associated with poor prognosis. This is the first study to examine extracellular TS mRNA in plasma from patients with colon carcinoma, and its possible relation with TS promoter enhancer region (TSER) polymorphism. Experimental Design: TS expression was measured in plasma from 88 patients and 26 controls, and in a tumor subgroup of this series by quantitative PCR. Genotyping for TSER polymorphism was done in 60 patients. Clinicopathologic variables were correlated with these molecular changes. Results: TS mRNA was detected in plasma in 47% of patients, showing significant differences from healthy controls. Patients with TS mRNA in plasma had higher levels of TS in tumor tissue than patients without. The presence of TS mRNA was associated with lymph node metastases and more advanced stages. Polymorphism TSER 3/3 was found in 38% of cases, and was significantly correlated with high amounts of TS mRNA in plasma. Conclusions: Our results suggest that TS mRNA in plasma originated from tumors, it may indicate poor prognosis and might help to classify tumors in Dukes' stages B and C. The TSER genotype may influence TS mRNA expression in plasma.
REVIEW OF COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH: Assessing Partnership Approaches to Improve Public Health
Authors: Barbara A. Israel, Amy J. Schulz, Edith A. Parker, Adam B. Becker
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1998)

Community-based research in public health focuses on social, structural, and physical environmental inequities through active involvement of community members, organizational representatives, and researchers in all aspects of the research process. Partners contribute their expertise to enhance understanding of a given phenomenon and to integrate the knowledge gained with action to benefit the community involved. This review provides a synthesis of key principles of community-based research, examines its place within the context of different scientific paradigms, discusses rationales for its use, and explores major challenges and facilitating factors and their implications for conducting effective community-based research aimed at improving the public's health.