tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Hypertension in Adult Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Carlos Arauz-Pacheco, Marian A. Parrott, Philip Raskin
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Hypertension is an extremely common comorbidity of diabetes, affecting 20–60% of people with diabetes. Hypertension is also a major risk factor for cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as for microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Cardiovascular disease is the most costly complication of diabetes and is the cause of 86% of deaths in persons with diabetes (1). However, until recently, little research had been done specifically in patients with diabetes and hypertension. In reviewing the literature on diabetes and hypertension, the authors searched MEDLINE for English language articles using keywords “hypertension,” “diabetes mellitus,” “diabetic nephropathy,” and “coronary artery disease/prevention” starting from 1966. Before 1996, most available data come from secondary analysis from studies done in the general population of people with hypertension, observing a subset with diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of blood pressure treatment versus placebo in reducing complications of diabetes (2,3), helped to define the optimal level of blood pressure control (4,5,6), and compared treatment strategies based on different drug classes (7,8,9,10,11,12,13). The results of these studies support an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes in order to substantially reduce the incidence of both macrovascular and microvascular complications.

### Definition of hypertension in diabetic populations

Epidemiological studies and therapeutic trials have often used different criteria to define hypertension in diabetic patients. Studies in the general population indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease with an increase in the level of blood pressure. Thus, an increase in diastolic or systolic blood pressure of 5 mmHg is associated with a concomitant increase in cardiovascular disease of 20–30% (14). Studies in diabetic populations have shown a markedly higher frequency of the progression of diabetic retinopathy …
The BCPT Symptom Scales: A Measure of Physical Symptoms for Women Diagnosed With or at Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: A. L. Stanton, C. A. Bernaards, P. A. Ganz
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Documentation of concurrent and late side effects of medical interventions to prevent and treat breast cancer is important in research and clinical practice. We used the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) Symptom Checklist to develop an instrument (BCPT Symptom Scales) that could be used to assess side effects and to examine correlates of the derived symptom dimensions among patient populations. Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using data from the 42-item BCPT Symptom Checklist completed by four distinct patient populations (N = 2208) who had previously been diagnosed with breast cancer or were at risk for the disease. We examined associations among the resulting BCPT Symptom Scales and demographic and cancer-related variables and a widely used measure of health-related quality of life. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed eight factors corresponding to physical symptoms associated with cancer treatment, chemoprevention, menopause, and normal aging: hot flashes, nausea, bladder control, vaginal problems, musculoskeletal pain, cognitive problems, weight problems, and arm problems. On the derived BCPT Symptom Scales, women reported somewhat higher mean scores on scales for hot flashes, pain, and weight problems than on scales for the other symptoms. Demographic and cancer-related variables accounted for up to 15% of the interindividual variance in how women responded to the symptom scales. The most consistent predictors of reporting greater symptoms included lower education level and previous receipt of chemotherapy. Conclusions: Meaningful symptom dimensions, identified across four samples of women, were associated with demographic and breast cancer–related variables. The BCPT Symptom Scales offer a valuable refinement of the original BCPT Symptom Checklist to assess side effects associated with the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
Diaphragm muscle fiber injury after inspiratory resistive breathing.
Authors: E Zhu, B J Petrof, J Gea, N Comtois, A E Grassino
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Five awake previously tracheotomized mongrel dogs were challenged with inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB). The mean peak tracheal pressure = -35.4 +/- 1.1 cmH2O, ETCO2 = 39.8 +/- 1.5 mmHg was sustained for 2 h/d over 4 consecutive d. On the fourth day, following IRB, the dogs were placed under general anaesthesia, and the diaphragm was perfused via the internal mammary artery with a low molecular weight fluorescent tracer (Procion orange, FW = 631), to which normal muscle fibers are impermeable. Muscle fiber membrane damage was identified on tissue sections by using fluorescent microscopy showing the presence of the tracer in the cytoplasm. Four dogs undergoing the same protocol (except IRB) served as control. The dye was seen in 7.6 +/- 2.6% and in 0.3 +/- 0.1% of fibers in the IRB and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Via ATPase staining, it was found that fibers of type I were predominantly affected as compared to type II (p < 0.05). In addition, an increased area fraction of fibers demonstrating sarcomere disruption was found after IRB (2.4 +/- 0.5%) compared to pre-IRB (0.4 +/- 0.1%; p < 0.05). We conclude that resistive breathing of a magnitude similar to that seen in some respiratory diseases, or used in respiratory muscle training programs induces muscle membrane and sarcomere injury.
B Cell Development in the Spleen Takes Place in Discrete Steps and Is Determined by the Quality of B Cell Receptor–Derived Signals
Authors: By Florienne Loder, Bettina Mutschler, Robert J. Ray, Christopher J. Paige, Paschalis Sideras, Raul Torres, Marinus C. Lamers, Rita Carsetti
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Only mature B lymphocytes can enter the lymphoid follicles of spleen and lymph nodes and thus efficiently participate in the immune response. Mature, long-lived B lymphocytes derive from short-lived precursors generated in the bone marrow. We show that selection into the mature pool is an active process and takes place in the spleen. Two populations of splenic B cells were identified as precursors for mature B cells. Transitional B cells of type 1 (T1) are recent immigrants from the bone marrow. They develop into the transitional B cells of type 2 (T2), which are cycling and found exclusively in the primary follicles of the spleen. Mature B cells can be generated from T1 or T2 B cells.
HIV Infection Does Not Affect Active Case Finding of Tuberculosis in South African Gold Miners
Authors: James J. Lewis, Salome Charalambous, John H. Day, Katherine L. Fielding, Alison D. Grant, Richard J. Hayes, Elizabeth L. Corbett, Gavin J. Churchyard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

Rationale: Gold miners in South Africa undergo annual radiological screening for tuberculosis in an occupational health center of a gold mining company, but the optimal screening algorithm is unclear.Objectives: To evaluate methods for active case detection of tuberculosis.Methods: A sequential sample of miners attending annual medical examination was screened for tuberculosis using a symptom questionnaire, chest radiograph, and two sputum specimens for microscopy and culture.Measurements and Main Results: There were 1,955 miners included in this study; all were male with a median age of 41 years (range, 20–61 yr). Presence of at least one of a trio of symptoms (new or worsening cough, night sweats, or weight loss) had similar sensitivity (29.4%) to either chest radiograph (25.5%) or sputum smear (25.5%). These sensitivities did not differ by HIV status. Presence of one or more elements of the symptom trio and/or new radiological abnormality substantially increased sensitivity to 49.0%. Specificity of the symptom trio was higher in HIV-uninfected (91.8%) than in HIV-infected persons (88.2%; P = 0.018). Specificity of chest radiography and smear were similar (98.7% and 99.0%, respectively) and did not differ by HIV status (both P values > 0.8).Conclusions: In a population of gold miners who undergo regular radiological screening, the addition of chest radiography to symptom screening substantially improved the sensitivity and positive predictive value. HIV infection did not alter the sensitivity of the screening tool.
Alzheimer Weight Loss
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Admission Hyperglycemia Predicts a Worse Outcome in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Alexandre Y. Poppe, Sumit R. Majumdar, Thomas Jeerakathil, William Ghali, Alastair M. Buchan, Michael D. Hill
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE Admission hyperglycemia has been associated with worse outcomes in ischemic stroke. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia (glucose &amp;gt;8.0 mmol/l) in the hyperacute phase would be independently associated with increased mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH), and poor functional status at 90 days in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the prospective, multicenter Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES), the association between admission glucose &amp;gt;8.0 mmol/l and mortality, SICH, and poor functional status at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale &amp;gt;1) was examined. Similar analyses examining glucose as a continuous measure were conducted. RESULTS Of 1,098 patients, 296 (27%) had admission hyperglycemia, including 18% of those without diabetes and 70% of those with diabetes. After multivariable logistic regression, admission hyperglycemia was found to be independently associated with increased risk of death (adjusted risk ratio 1.5 [95% CI 1.2–1.9]), SICH (1.69 [0.95–3.00]), and a decreased probability of a favorable outcome at 90 days (0.7 [0.5–0.9]). An incremental risk of death and SICH and unfavorable 90-day outcomes was observed with increasing admission glucose. This observation held true for patients with and without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of IV-tPA–treated stroke patients, admission hyperglycemia was independently associated with increased risk of death, SICH, and poor functional status at 90 days. Treatment trials continue to be urgently needed to determine whether this is a modifiable risk factor for poor outcome.
Dose Escalation for Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy: Predictors of Long-Term Biochemical Tumor Control and Distant Metastases–Free Survival Outcomes
Authors: Michael J. Zelefsky, Xin Pei, Joanne F. Chou, Michael Schechter, Marisa Kollmeier, Brett Cox, Yoshiya Yamada, Anthony Fidaleo, Dahlia Sperling, Laura Happersett, Zhigang Zhang
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Open-Label, Exploratory Phase II Trial of Oral Itraconazole for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Daniel J. Kim, James Kim, Katrina Spaunhurst, Javier Montoya, Rita Khodosh, Kalyani Chandra, Teresa Fu, Anita Gilliam, Monserrat Molgo, Philip A. Beachy, Jean Y. Tang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Itraconazole, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved antifungal drug, inhibits the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, a crucial driver of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tumorigenesis, and reduces BCC growth in mice. We assessed the effect of itraconazole on the HH pathway and on tumor size in human BCC tumors.Patients with ≥ one BCC tumor > 4 mm in diameter were enrolled onto two cohorts to receive oral itraconazole 200 mg twice per day for 1 month (cohort A) or 100 mg twice per day for an average of 2.3 months (cohort B). The primary end point was change in biomarkers: Ki67 tumor proliferation and HH activity (GLI1 mRNA). Secondary end points included change in tumor size in a subset of patients with multiple tumors.A total of 29 patients were enrolled, of whom 19 were treated with itraconazole. Itraconazole treatment was associated with two adverse events (grade 2 fatigue and grade 4 congestive heart failure). Itraconazole reduced cell proliferation by 45% (P = .04), HH pathway activity by 65% (P = .03), and reduced tumor area by 24% (95% CI, 18.2% to 30.0%). Of eight patients with multiple nonbiopsied tumors, four achieved partial response, and four had stable disease. Tumors from untreated control patients and from those previously treated with vismodegib showed no significant changes in proliferation or tumor size.Itraconazole has anti-BCC activity in humans. These results provide the basis for larger trials of longer duration to measure the clinical efficacy of itraconazole, especially relative to other HH pathway inhibitors.
Identification of Components of Differentiation-Inducing Activity of Human T-Cell Lymphoma Cells by Induction of Differentiation in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Authors: H. Hemmi, T. Nakamura, Y. Shimizu, K. Sugamura
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Two lymphokines that contribute to induction of cell differentiation in promyelocytic HL-60 leukemia cells by human T-cell lymphoma HUT-102 cells were identified previously. The lymphokines identified in the differentiation-inducing preparation were interferon-7(IFN-7) and lym-photoxin. To determine the remaining component(s) of this differentiation-inducing activity, we used gene-cloned (recombinant) forms and antibodies of lymphokines. The differentiation-inducing activity of the HUT-102 cells was not completely neutralized by the antibodies, suggesting that an additional lymphokine(s) is involved. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in combination with retinoic acid induced differentiation of the HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the activity of the differentiation-inducing factors was partially inhibited by anti-GM-CSF antibody and completely inhibited by the combination of antibodies to lymphotoxin, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF. These results indicate that, in addition to IFN-γ and lymphotoxin, GM-CSF is the third major component released by HUT-102 cells for inducing differentiation of HL-60 cells. [J Natl Cancer Inst 81:952-956, 1989]
Clinical relevance of constant power exercise duration changes in COPD
Authors: L. Puente-Maestu, F. Villar, J. de Miguel, W. W. Stringer, P. Sanz, M. L. Sanz, J. García de Pedro, Y. Martínez-Abad
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The endurance time during constant high work-rate exercise ( t LIM ) is used to assess exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and as an outcome measure for pulmonary rehabilitation. Our study was designed to establish the minimum clinically important difference for the t LIM . t LIM was measured in 105 patients (86 males) before and after an 8-week outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Subjects were asked to identify, from a five-point Likert scale, the perceived change in their exercise performance immediately upon completion of the exercise tests. The scale ranged from “better” to “worse”. The mean± sd age was 64±5 yrs, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) 47±10% and FEV 1 /forced vital capacity 54.7±16.3%. Baseline t LIM at 75% of the peak work rate was 397±184 s, which increased by 62±63% after rehabilitation. In subjects who felt their exercise tolerance was “slightly better”, the mean improvement was 34% in the relative improvement over the baseline value (95% CI 29–39)% or 101 (86–116) s compared with 121 (109–134)% in those who reported that their exercise tolerance was “better” and 8 (2–14)% in those who felt their exercise tolerance was “about the same”. Minimum clinically important improvement for t LIM averaged ∼33% of baseline. Patients were able to distinguish at least one further additional level of benefit at 120% of baseline.
DEMONSTRATION OF TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN EXTRACTS OF FUSOBACTERIA
Authors: Charles Weiss, Dora G. Mercado
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

1. The classification of fusobacteria into types, as suggested by Slanetz and Rettger on the basis of their cultural and biochemical characteristics, was confirmed. The following additional data are presented: the behavior of types I, II, and III in several previously untested carbohydrates; the final pH in 1 per cent glucose broth; the hydrolysis of starch; the failure to decompose sodium hippurate and citrates; the absence of pathogenicity for several types of experimental animals; and the absence of fibrinolysin and of proteolytic enzymes. 2. By the use of a technic described in the text, it was possible to grow the anaerobic fusobacteria in mass cultures. 3. With the methods of Heidelberger and Kendall, immunologically type specific proteins were extracted from fusobacteria types I, II, and III. This observation, which is in a sense an extension of the work of Lancefield on Streptococcus hemolyticus, group A, represents the second instance of a bacterial protein functioning as a determinant of bacterial types. 4. Preliminary data indicate that group specificity depends upon a carbohydrate which is extractable by the methods of Heidelberger and Avery.
7-Hexanoyltaxol–Eluting Stent for Prevention of Neointimal Growth
Authors: Toru Kataoka, Eberhard Grube, Yasuhiro Honda, Yoshihiro Morino, Seung-Ho Hur, Heidi N. Bonneau, Antonio Colombo, Carlo Di Mario, Giulio Guagliumi, Karl E. Hauptmann, Mark R. Pitney, Alexandra J. Lansky, Simon H. Stertzer, Paul G. Yock, Peter J. Fitzgerald
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Inhibition of neointimal tissue growth has been demonstrated in preliminary human feasibility studies with a stent-based polymer sleeve delivering 7-hexanoyltaxol. The Study to COmpare REstenosis rate between QueST and QuaDS-QP2 (SCORE) trial is a human, randomized, multicenter trial comparing 7-hexanoyltaxol (QP2)-eluting stents (qDES) with bare metal stents (BMS) in the treatment of de novo coronary lesions. The purpose of this substudy was to evaluate the acute expansion property and long-term neointimal responses of qDES compared with BMS as assessed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).A total of 122 (qDES 66, BMS 56) patients were enrolled into the IVUS substudy. All IVUS images (immediately after the procedure and at 6-month follow-up) were analyzed at an independent core laboratory in a blind manner. At baseline, qDES achieved stent expansion similar to BMS. At follow-up, qDES showed reduced neointimal growth by 70% at the tightest cross section and by 68% over the stented segment (P<0.0001 for both), resulting in a significantly larger lumen in qDES than in BMS. Unlike intracoronary brachytherapy, there was no evidence of negative edge effects, unhealed dissections, or late stent-vessel wall malapposition over the stented and adjacent references segments in either group.Detailed IVUS analysis revealed that qDES had comparable acute mechanical and superior long-term biological effects to BMS. Although the long-term benefits and limitations of this technology require further investigation, the reduction in neointimal thickenings demonstrated that local delivery of 7-hexanoyltaxol through polymer sleeves augments conventional mechanical treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
Ezetimibe for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Assessment by novel magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography in a randomized trial (MOZART trial)
Authors: Rohit Loomba, Claude B. Sirlin, Brandon Ang, Ricki Bettencourt, Rashmi Jain, Joanie Salotti, Linda Soaft, Jonathan Hooker, Yuko Kono, Archana Bhatt, Laura Hernandez, Phirum Nguyen, Mazen Noureddin, William Haufe, Catherine Hooker, Meng Yin, Richard Ehman, Grace Y. Lin, Mark A. Valasek, David A. Brenner, Lisa Richards
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption and lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Uncontrolled studies have suggested that it reduces liver fat as estimated by ultrasound in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therefore, we aimed to examine the efficacy of ezetimibe versus placebo in reducing liver fat by the magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density-fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and liver histology in patients with biopsy-proven NASH. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 50 patients with biopsy-proven NASH were randomized to either ezetimibe 10 mg orally daily or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in liver fat as measured by MRI-PDFF in colocalized regions of interest within each of the nine liver segments. Novel assessment by two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance elastography was also performed. Ezetimibe was not significantly better than placebo at reducing liver fat as measured by MRI-PDFF (mean difference between the ezetimibe and placebo arms -1.3%, P = 0.4). Compared to baseline, however, end-of-treatment MRI-PDFF was significantly lower in the ezetimibe arm (15%-11.6%, P < 0.016) but not in the placebo arm (18.5%-16.4%, P = 0.15). There were no significant differences in histologic response rates, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, or longitudinal changes in two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance elastography-derived liver stiffness between the ezetimibe and placebo arms. Compared to histologic nonresponders (25/35), histologic responders (10/35) had a significantly greater reduction in MRI-PDFF (-4.35 ± 4.9% versus -0.30 ± 4.1%, P < 0.019).Ezetimibe did not significantly reduce liver fat in NASH. This trial demonstrates the application of colocalization of MRI-PDFF-derived fat maps and magnetic resonance elastography-derived stiffness maps of the liver before and after treatment to noninvasively assess treatment response in NASH.
PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN MICE
Authors: Arnold Branch, Ernest G. Stillman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

1. The administration of alcohol produces no evident histological changes in the lungs of mice. 2. Following inhalations of pneumococci the organisms are not visible histologically in the lungs of mice either in the bronchi or alveoli. 3. In partially immunized mice which have been exposed to a pneumococcus spray while alcoholized, true lobar pneumonia not infrequently develops. 4. The primary lesion of such lobar pneumonia in mice is an interstitial inflammation of the alveolar wall and the infection spreads in the interstitial tissue like a cellulitis. 5. A tentative explanation of the "lobar" distribution of pneumococcus pneumonia is offered.