tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A YEAR'S EXPERIENCE OF DIORADIN IN SURGICAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: A. Stoney
Journal: BMJ (1913)

About-the middle of July f mg. of bacillary-emulsion of bovine origin was administered; the temperature fell to normal and pains decreased.It seemed as though the failure were associated with tlle human origin and the success with the bovine origin, and it was determined to repeat the experience.On August 2nd, 1910, the patient weighed 7 st.81lb., and -mg.T.B.E. was administered.It was increased to q, mg. on the 13th and to -du mg. on August 23rd and September 1st, after which the temperature became erratic.The question of over-dosage had to be considered, but on September 6tlh the girl weighed 8 st., a gain at the rate of 1 lb.a week; the idea of the wrong variety of tuberculin was therefore adhered to, and -sL c.cm. original bovine tuberculin was administered on September 13th.The temperature fell suddenly on the eighth day.Increasing doses were given on September 23rd, October 6th, October 19th, and reached 1 c.cm. concentrated bovine ttuberculin on October 26th.Tlhe patient felt considerablv better, and it was deternined to attempt an investigation into the acidity of the urine under the action of tlle different varieties.No constant effect was found upon the total free acidity, and this was then divided into the mineral and organic portions, and the following results obtained for the ratio of organic to-total acidity:Increased Organtic Acidity after Hunian Tubercilin on January 4th.Before.Injection.After.0.26 c.Ce. T. Koch 1.04 (2 days); 2.2 (5 days); 2.5 (6 days).Decreased Organzic Acidity after Bovine Variety on January 17th, 26th, and February 6th.Before.Injection.j After.1.71i'd4c.cm.P.T.1.6 (3 days); 1.5 (6 days).2.5 rTii ce.n.P.T. 1.1 (5 days).1.0 3 c.cm. P.T.0.56 (2 days); 0.4 (9 days).Au injection of T5\TU c.cm. T.K. on December 19th had sent the temperature to 100J, but no rise was ioticed after th.at on Jasi1iary 4th, whilst after the bovine tuberculin-on F'ebruary 26th the tenmperature rose again to 1000, so this is some evidence that the difference in result is not dependent upon the weaker nature of the bovine variety.As the effeot of only one " human " injection had been tested the following confirmatory observations were made, and the effect upon the lime, magnesium, and phosphorus noted at the same time:E. H.
Measurement of respiratory muscle strength.
Authors: M I Polkey, M Green, J Moxham
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Measurement of respiratory muscle strengthWhy must the chest physician become familiar with assessment of the respiratory muscles?Firstly, because dyspnoea in patients in whom no pulmonary cause can be detected may be due to respiratory muscle weakness.t2Even moderately severe muscle weakness may be difficult to detect clinically3 and, indeed, it is possible to have total paralysis of the diaphragm without life threatening consequences.4Secondly, because patients with clearly documented generalised neuromuscular disease usually also have respiratory muscle weakness2 and, for selected cases, treatment in the form of non-invasive ventilation is indicated.5Finally, there has recently been increased awareness that respiratory muscle weakness can be a com- pounding factor in other disease processes such as mal- nutrition6 and steroid therapy.7For all of these reasons it is important for respiratory physicians to initiate and to be able to interpret simple tests ofrespiratory muscle function.For most patients the suspicion of clinically important respiratory muscle weakness may be confirmed or excluded by simple tests that can be performed in the general hospital setting without the purchase of expensive equipment, but in some patients complex tests in a specialised laboratory are necessary (fig 1).In this editorial the current techniques to assess respiratory muscle strength are reviewed with Is unexplainied breathlessness cdue to respiratory mLscle weakness?Nori-ial VC with Ye EXCILudes cliniically important <20% fall when supinle inspiratory muscle weakness No Yes MIP >80(M), >70 (F) co NTo SNIP >70 (M), >60 (F) Yes No Further respiratory and peripheral mnuscle assessment requlired.No Results suggest respiratory muscle weakness is likely Yes | Review cl nicalIpiCtL re.Is diaphragm weakness isolated?No Establish diagnosis if uncertain, consider phrenic nerve conduction studies EMG, muscle biopsy, neurological opinion No treatment requlired if lungs otherwise norrmal.Consider hemidiaphragm studies Regular follow Lip, SNIP, VC, MEP and Qs MVC at each visitI 1 Symptoms of respiratory mLIscle pump failLure Repeat formal studies with sleep study.Consider ventilatory assistance
Regulation of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 by Hypoxia
Authors: Tiziana Schioppa, Badarch Uranchimeg, Alessandra Saccani, Subhra K. Biswas, Andrea Doni, Annamaria Rapisarda, Sergio Bernasconi, Simona Saccani, Manuela Nebuloni, Luca Vago, Alberto Mantovani, Giovanni Melillo, Antonio Sica
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Cell adaptation to hypoxia (Hyp) requires activation of transcriptional programs that coordinate expression of genes involved in oxygen delivery (via angiogenesis) and metabolic adaptation (via glycolysis). Here, we describe that oxygen availability is a determinant parameter in the setting of chemotactic responsiveness to stromal-derived factor 1 (CXCL12). Low oxygen concentration induces high expression of the CXCL12 receptor, CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4), in different cell types (monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, tumor-associated macrophages, endothelial cells, and cancer cells), which is paralleled by increased chemotactic responsiveness to its specific ligand. CXCR4 induction by Hyp is dependent on both activation of the Hyp-inducible factor 1 α and transcript stabilization. In a relay multistep navigation process, the Hyp–Hyp-inducible factor 1 α–CXCR4 pathway may regulate trafficking in and out of hypoxic tissue microenvironments.
Bush administration promotes health savings accounts
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Americans should take more responsibility for their health costs and become bargain shoppers for health care, said Allan Hubbard, President George Bush's assistant for economic policy and director of the National Economic Council.

He spoke last week in New York at the annual meeting of the Greater New York Hospital Association, which represents 250 hospitals and nursing homes in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

Health savings accounts and smart shopping would help control rising national healthcare costs, Mr Hubbard said. He leads the Bush Administration's policies promoting health savings accounts and transparency in healthcare pricing.

President Bush had promoted the health savings accounts in January's State of …
Some observations on the response of normal human sigmoid colon to drugs in vitro.
Authors: P G Wright, J J Shepherd
Journal: Gut (1966)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS These pharmacological studies indicate that human normal colonic muscle has adrenergic structures in it thought to be post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves and cholinergic structures assumed to be parasympathetic ganglion cells.It is suggested that anoxia may be an im- portant factor in some of the tissue perforations in modifying pharmacological responses.The differing reactions of longitudinal and cellular muscle of the bowel to 5-hydroxytryptamine is demonstrated.on July 9,
Follow-up of children born after ICSI
Authors: A. Van Steirteghem
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2002)

The comparison of outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) children and naturally conceived children may be hampered by the difference in characteristics of the infertile patients such as age and genetic risks. Follow-up studies are further hampered by the type of neonatal surveillance protocol, the number of individuals lost to follow-up, the size of the cohort study, and the lack of standardization, for example to define major anomalies. The limited available data on ICSI fetal karyotypes reveal that, in comparison with a general neonatal population, there is: (i) a slight but significant increase in de-novo sex chromosomal aneuploidy (0.6% instead of 0.2%) and structural autosomal abnormalities (0.4% instead of 0.07%); and (ii) an increased number of inherited (mostly from the infertile father) structural aberrations. Available data indicate that in 8319 liveborn ICSI children, the mean percentage who do not originate from singleton pregnancies was 40% (range 32.6–60.8% according to centre). Most multiples are twins, but there are also 4.4% triplets (in one survey 13.2%). This substantial increase in multiple pregnancies must be considered the most important complication of ART. The different percentages of major and minor congenital malformations cannot be compared, but overall the data in large and reliable surveys does not indicate a higher rate of malformations in ICSI children than in naturally conceived children. To date, only three studies have examined the medical and developmental outcome of ICSI children at 1 and 2 years. These do not reveal obvious problems, but in future further comparison of matched cohorts of children and case–control studies are needed before final conclusions can be drawn.
Impairment of Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation of Resistance Vessels in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Masahiko Kato, Philip Roberts-Thomson, Bradley G. Phillips, William G. Haynes, Mikolaj Winnicki, Valentina Accurso, Virend K. Somers
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience repetitive episodic hypoxemia with consequent sympathetic activation and marked blood pressure surges, each of which may impair endothelial function. We tested the hypothesis that patients with OSA have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation, even in the absence of overt cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results —We studied 8 patients with OSA (age 44±4 years) and 9 obese control subjects (age 48±3 years). Patients with OSA were newly diagnosed, never treated for OSA, on no medications, and free of any other known diseases. All obese control subjects underwent complete overnight polysomnographic studies to exclude occult OSA. Resistance-vessel function was tested by use of forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine (a vasodilator that stimulates endothelial release of nitric oxide), sodium nitroprusside (an exogenous nitric oxide donor), and verapamil (a calcium channel blocker). Conduit-vessel function was also evaluated by ultrasonography. Brachial artery diameter was measured under baseline conditions, during reactive hyperemia (with flow increase causing endothelium-dependent dilatation), and after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (an endothelium-independent vasodilator). Patients with OSA had a blunted vasodilation in response to acetylcholine ( P &lt;0.007), but responses to sodium nitroprusside and verapamil were not significantly different from those of control subjects. No significant difference in conduit-vessel dilation was evident between OSA patients and obese control subjects. Conclusions —Patients with OSA have an impairment of resistance-vessel endothelium-dependent vasodilation. This may be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure in this condition.
Personalized Tamoxifen: What Is the Best Way Forward?
Authors: James M. Rae
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

patient was a strong component for selection, the tumor characteristics were not. Tamoxifen and other antiestrogenic agents were used indifferently, and no other targeted agents were tested. Little biologic characterization of the tumors beyond estrogen-receptor status and histology was performed. No patient subset seemed to benefit from HDC more than any other, but characterization was limited, and this underscores the importance of the work herein by Berry et al. Thereisencouragingevidencethatcurrentbreastcancerresearch isavoidingthepitfallsthatbesetHDC.Often,phaseIIIdatafromtwo or more large, well-conducted clinical trials are awaited before novel therapies are adopted. Even when early results are promising, researchers are required to present follow-up data for long-term key outcomes before final adjudication occurs. Contemporary examples, such as research into bisphosphonate therapy in the adjuvant setting, bevacizumab, and the poly(adenosine diphosphate)-ribose polymerase inhibitors in metastatic disease, illustrate this point. It is now generally accepted that phase III trials are often required to establish tomorrow’s standard of care. Insurers should routinely cover clinical costs for patients who are enrolled onto legitimate peer-reviewed
Mitogenic Signaling of Urokinase Receptor–Deficient Kidney Fibroblasts
Authors: Guoqiang Zhang, Xiaohe Cai, Jesús M. López-Guisa, Sarah J. Collins, Allison A. Eddy
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) attenuates myofibroblast recruitment and fibrosis in the kidney. This study examined the role of uPAR and its co-receptor LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) in the regulation of kidney fibroblast proliferation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Compared with uPAR+/+ cells, uPAR−/− kidney fibroblasts were hyperproliferative. UPAR−/− fibroblast proliferation was 60% inhibited by an ERK kinase inhibitor. LRP protein was reduced and extracellular accumulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) proteins were greater in uPAR−/− cultures. Addition of functional uPA protein or LRP antisense RNA significantly increased ERK signaling and cell mitosis in both genotypes. Enhanced uPAR−/− fibroblast proliferation was reversed by a recombinant nonfunctional uPA peptide. The density of cell-bound fluor-uPA was similar between uPAR−/− and uPAR+/+ fibroblasts (78 ± 6 <i>versus</i> 92 ± 16 units). These data suggest that uPAR-deficient kidney fibroblasts express lower levels of its scavenger co-receptor LRP, resulting in greater extracellular accumulation of uPA and PAI-1. Enhanced proliferation of uPAR−/− fibroblasts seems to be mediated by uPA-dependent ERK signaling <i>via</i> an alternative urokinase receptor.
Activation of Lipoxin a4 Receptors by Aspirin-Triggered Lipoxins and Select Peptides Evokes Ligand-Specific Responses in Inflammation
Authors: Nan Chiang, Iolanda M. Fierro, Karsten Gronert, Charles N. Serhan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Lipoxin (LX) A(4) and aspirin-triggered LX (ATL) are endogenous lipids that regulate leukocyte trafficking via specific LXA(4) receptors (ALXRs) and mediate antiinflammation and resolution. ATL analogues dramatically inhibited human neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [PMN]) responses evoked by a potent necrotactic peptide derived from mitochondria as well as a rogue synthetic chemotactic peptide. These bioactive lipid analogues and small peptides each selectively competed for specific (3)H-LXA(4) binding with recombinant human ALXR, and its N-glycosylation proved essential for peptide but not LXA(4) recognition. Chimeric receptors constructed from receptors with opposing functions, namely ALXR and leukotriene B(4) receptors (BLTs), revealed that the seventh transmembrane segment and adjacent regions of ALXR are essential for LXA(4) recognition, and additional regions of ALXR are required for high affinity binding of the peptide ligands. Together, these findings are the first to indicate that a single seven-transmembrane receptor can switch recognition as well as function with certain chemotactic peptides to inhibitory with ATL and LX (lipid ligands). Moreover, they suggest that ALXR activation by LX or ATL can protect the host from potentially deleterious PMN responses associated with innate immunity as well as direct effector responses in tissue injury by recognition of peptide fragments.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal: Joint Statement From the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Authors: Dan Mircea Cheţa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

An official and comprehensive analysis on the metabolic syndrome was recently published by Kahn et al. (1). Taking into consideration not only their own experience but also an impressive list of references, they express some critical ideas regarding the definition, the underlying pathophysiology, and the treatment of this condition. Although the demonstration of Kahn …
Alcohol and cause-specific mortality in Russia: a retrospective case–control study of 48 557 adult deaths
Authors: David Zaridze, Paul Brennan, Jillian Boreham, Alex Boroda, Rostislav Karpov, Alexander Lazarev, Irina Konobeevskaya, Vladimir Igitov, Tatiana Terechova, Paolo Boffetta, Richard Peto
Journal: The Lancet (2009)
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Radical Surgery Versus Exclusive Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Cervical Cancer: Results From the Italian Multicenter Randomized Study
Authors: Pierluigi Benedetti-Panici, Stefano Greggi, Alessandro Colombo, Mariangela Amoroso, Daniela Smaniotto, Diana Giannarelli, Gianni Amunni, Francesco Raspagliesi, Paolo Zola, Costantino Mangioni, Fabio Landoni
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and radical surgery (RS) have emerged as a possible alternative to conventional radiation therapy (RT) in locally advanced cervical carcinoma. In 1990, a phase III trial was undertaken to verify such a hypothesis in terms of survival and treatment-related morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with squamous cell, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB2 to III cervical cancer were eligible for the study. They received cisplatin-based NACT followed by RS (type III to V radical hysterectomy plus systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy) (arm A) or external-beam RT (45 to 50 Gy) followed by brachyradiotherapy (20 to 30 Gy) (arm B). RESULTS: Of 441 patients randomly assigned to NACT+RS or RT, eligibility was confirmed in 210 and 199 patients, respectively. Treatment was administered according to protocol in 76% of arm A patients and 72% of arm B patients. Adjuvant treatment was delivered in 48 operated patients (29%). There was no evidence for any significant excess of severe morbidity in one of the two arms. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 58.9% and 55.4% for arm A and 44.5% and 41.3% for arm B (P = .007 and P = .02), respectively. Subgroup survival analysis shows OS and PFS rates of 64.7% and 59.7% (stage IB2-IIB, NACT+RS), 46.4% and 46.7% (stage IB2-IIB, RT) (P = .005 andP = .02), 41.6% and 41.9% (stage III, NCAT+RS), 36.7% and 36.4% (stage III, RT) (P = .36 and P = .29), respectively. Treatment had a significant impact on OS and PFS. CONCLUSION: Although significant only for the stage IB2 to IIB group, a survival benefit seems to be associated with the NACT+RS compared with conventional RT.
NHS reforms may mean a drop in quality of GP services, warns watchdog
Authors: A. O'Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The quality of service provided by GPs to their patients could drop as doctors struggle to adapt to their new commissioning role, England’s spending watchdog has warned.

In its new report the National Audit Office summarises the new arrangements for the NHS proposed by the government in the Health and Social Care Bill 2011, published on 19 January ( BMJ 2011;342:d418, doi:10.1136/bmj.d418), and warns about their potential short term effect on the cost and quality of services. The report will inform the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee’s questioning of the Department of Health …
Ten-year clinical laboratory follow-up after application of a symptom-based therapeutic strategy to patients with severe chronic aortic regurgitation of predominant rheumatic etiology
Authors: Flavio Tarasoutchi, Max Grinberg, Guilherme S. Spina, Roney O. Sampaio, L.uís F. Cardoso, Eduardo G. Rossi, Pablo Pomerantzeff, Francisco Laurindo, Protásio L. da Luz, José Antônio F. Ramires
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Tissue engineering for tendon repair
Authors: Pierre-Olivier Bagnaninchi, Ying Yang, Alicia J El Haj, Nicola Maffulli
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Tissue engineering aims to induce tissue self-regeneration in vivo or to produce a functional tissue replacement in vitro to be then implanted in the body. To produce a viable and functional tendon, a uniaxially orientated collagen type I matrix has to be generated. Biochemical and physical factors can potentially alter both the production and the organisation of this matrix, and their combination in a dose- and time-dependent manner is probably the key to in vitro engineered tendons. This review discusses the role of these different factors affecting tenocyte growth in a three-dimensional environment in vivo and in vitro, and underlines the future challenge of tendon tissue engineering.
NCCN Task Force Report: Bone Health in Cancer Care
Authors: Julie R. Gralow, J. Sybil Biermann, Azeez Farooki, Monica N. Fornier, Robert F. Gagel, Rashmi Kumar, Georgia Litsas, Rana McKay, Donald A. Podoloff, Sandy Srinivas, Catherine H. Van Poznak
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013)

Higher incidences of osteoporosis and osteopenia are found in cancer patients, particularly in women receiving aromatase inhibitors or with chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure, or in men with prostate cancer and androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, management of long-term bone health is emerging as an important aspect of comprehensive cancer care. Patients with cancer typically have a number of additional risk factors for osteoporosis that should prompt screening, regardless of patient age or sex. Maintaining bone health requires a broad knowledge base, including understanding underlying bone metabolism and how it is affected by both cancer itself and the drugs used to treat cancer, the effect of chemotherapy-induced menopause on bone health, bone markers and imaging techniques used to assess bone health, therapeutic strategies to maintain bone health, and treatment of bone metastases, including surgery for pathologic fractures. Multiple members of the healthcare team may need to be involved in education and care of the patient. This report summarizes discussion of these and other issues regarding bone health and cancer care from the NCCN Bone Health and Cancer Care Task Force meeting in early 2006.