tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Phonoenterography: the recording and analysis of bowel sounds.
Authors: W C Watson, E C Knox
Journal: Gut (1967)

EDITORIAL COMMENT Bowel sounds, seemingly so simple on auscultation, become a very complex and poorly understood sign when submitted to a scientific study.Further correlation with clinical syndromes is needed.This technique offers a simple method, and one without any discomfort to patients, for studying effects of drugs affecting bowel mobility.Bowel sounds are physical phenomena which can be recorded, illustrated, measured and analysed, and thereafter correlated with associated physical phe- nomena.The terms used by clinicians to describe bowel sounds are either subjectively qualitative (tinkling, high-pitched) or crudely quantitative (present, absent, loud, frequent, increased, diminished).None of three popular British textbooks of gastro- enterology lists bowel sounds or abdominal auscul- tation in its index, and even Bockus (1964) has only half a column on the subject.Cannon (1905) wrote the first systematic account of abdominal auscultation in relation to the struc- ture and function of the stomach and intestines.The best clinical papers since then have been those of Stevens (1936) and Milton (1958).The first attempt to make visual records of bowel sounds seems to have been that of Du Plessis (1954), who used a phonocardiograph.His results were of very limited value.Farrer and Ingelfinger (1955) used more elaborate equipment, including an oscilloscope for direct vision of the linear pattern of the sound waves, and an integrator which summated sound energy during each 30 seconds of recording.With this apparatus they demonstrated that sound recording could in certain circumstances be as useful as balloon kymographic techniques for the study of intestinal motility.
Tuberculosis in Russia. Its History and Its Status Today
Authors: Peter K. Yablonskii, Alexandr A. Vizel, Vladimir B. Galkin, Marina V. Shulgina
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2015)

The history of the Russian tuberculosis (TB) program, dating from the second part of the 19th century until today, is presented, and its achievements and failures are analyzed. The epidemiology of TB is described, and the effects of the TB program initiatives are described and analyzed. Multidrug-resistant TB and HIV coinfection represent severe threats to TB control effectiveness in Russia. New TB control strategies in the present-day epidemiological climate call for important shifts in TB facilities' networking, diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
An amino-bisphosphonate targets MMP-9–expressing macrophages and angiogenesis to impair cervical carcinogenesis
Authors: Enrico Giraudo, Masahiro Inoue, Douglas Hanahan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

A mouse model involving the human papillomavirus type-16 oncogenes develops cervical cancers by lesional stages analogous to those in humans. In this study the angiogenic phenotype was characterized, revealing intense angiogenesis in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN-3) and carcinomas. MMP-9, a proangiogenic protease implicated in mobilization of VEGF, appeared in the stroma concomitant with the angiogenic switch, expressed by infiltrating macrophages, similar to what has been observed in humans. Preclinical trials sought to target MMP-9 and angiogenesis with a prototypical MMP inhibitor and with a bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZA), revealing both to be antiangiogenic, producing effects comparable to a Mmp9 gene KO in impairing angiogenic switching, progression of premalignant lesions, and tumor growth. ZA therapy increased neoplastic epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis without affecting hyperproliferation, indicating that ZA was not antimitotic. The analyses implicated cellular and molecular targets of ZA’s actions: ZA suppressed MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages and inhibited metalloprotease activity, reducing association of VEGF with its receptor on angiogenic endothelial cells. Given its track record in clinical use with limited toxicity, ZA holds promise as an “unconventional” MMP-9 inhibitor for antiangiogenic therapy of cervical cancer and potentially for additional cancers and other diseases where MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages is evident.
A large single-center experience with allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and advanced mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome
Authors: E.D. Jacobsen, H.T. Kim, V.T. Ho, C.S. Cutler, J. Koreth, D.C. Fisher, P. Armand, E.P. Alyea, A.S. Freedman, R.J. Soiffer, J.H. Antin
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
The biology of oxygen
Authors: P. D. Wagner
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

The biology of O<sub>2</sub> is extremely complex and defies a comprehensive yet brief summary that showcases its roles across the entire animal and plant kingdom. This necessarily short introduction to the 2006 Taormina Lung Science Conference (Taormina, Italy) on hypoxia will examine key features of the biology of O<sub>2</sub> only within mammalian cells, even that being a daunting task.
A Multi-Level Systems Perspective for the Science of Team Science
Authors: Katy Börner, Noshir Contractor, Holly J. Falk-Krzesinski, Stephen M. Fiore, Kara L. Hall, Joann Keyton, Bonnie Spring, Daniel Stokols, William Trochim, Brian Uzzi
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

Understanding how teams function is vital because they are increasingly dominating the production of high-impact science.
Meeting an unmet need for family planning
Authors: G. Yamey, C. R. Cohen, E. A. Bukusi
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Forthcoming summit will tackle questions of funding, service delivery, and monitoring 

More than 120 million women worldwide aged 15-49 years have an unmet need for family planning,1 which is due a renaissance after years of neglect.2 On 11 July 2012, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the UK government will co-host an international summit in London to shine a spotlight on the world’s massive unmet need for family planning. The summit hopes to catalyse a global movement to provide 120 million women in low income countries access to family planning by 2020. Achieving this target, which would bring vast public health benefits, will require new funding—no small order in a time of global fiscal constraint—combined with transformational cost effective approaches to increasing coverage.

Women in sub-Saharan Africa, about 35 million of whom cannot access or use family planning, and those living with HIV, have the greatest unmet need.1 3 In one Ugandan survey, three quarters of people infected with HIV (men and women) reported an unmet need for contraception, compared with a third of uninfected individuals (odds ratio 3.97, 95% confidence interval 1.97 to 8.03).3 Assuming a similar prevalence across the continent, we calculate that about 10 million HIV infected women in sub-Saharan Africa have an …
High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in People With Prediabetes and Hypovitaminosis D
Authors: Mayer B. Davidson, Petra Duran, Martin L. Lee, Theodore C. Friedman
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE Low vitamin D levels predict the development of diabetes. This double-blind, randomized, control study in subjects with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D evaluated whether high doses of vitamin D for 1 year affected insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and the development of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 1,551 subjects ≥40 years of age not known to have diabetes were screened with A1C levels. Subjects with A1C levels of 5.8–6.9% underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Subjects with prediabetes and 25-OH vitamin D (25-OHD) levels &amp;lt;30 ng/mL were randomized to receive weekly placebo (n = 53) or vitamin D (n = 56) with doses based on body weight and baseline 25-OHD levels. OGTTs were performed 3, 6, 9, and 12 months later. Insulin secretion and sensitivity were measured, and the proportion of subjects developing diabetes was assessed. RESULTS 25-OHD levels rapidly rose from 22 to nearly 70 ng/mL after vitamin D supplementation with a mean weekly dose of 88,865 IU. There were no differences between the placebo and vitamin D groups regarding fasting plasma glucose, 2-h glucose, or insulin secretion and sensitivity or in the percent developing diabetes or returning to normal glucose tolerance. No subjects experienced increased serum or urinary calcium levels. At 12 months, A1C levels were significantly slightly less (0.2%) in the vitamin D group. CONCLUSIONS In individuals with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D, doses of vitamin D supplementation designed to raise serum 25-OHD levels into the upper-normal range for 1 year had no effect on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or the development of diabetes compared with placebo administration.
Inhibition of the Na <sup>+</sup> /H <sup>+</sup> Exchanger Confers Greater Cardioprotection Against 90 Minutes of Myocardial Ischemia Than Ischemic Preconditioning in Dogs
Authors: Richard J. Gumina, Erich Buerger, Christian Eickmeier, Jeannine Moore, Juergen Daemmgen, Garrett J. Gross
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —This study compared the efficacy of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE)-1 inhibition to reduce infarct size (IS) induced by a 90-minute ischemic insult and examined the interaction between NHE-1 inhibition and IPC. Methods and Results —In a canine infarct model, either IPC, produced by 1 or four 5-minute coronary artery occlusions, or the specific NHE-1 inhibitor BIIB 513, 0.75 or 3.0 mg/kg, was administered 15 minutes before either a 60- or 90-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. IS was determined by TTC staining and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (IS/AAR). Although both IPC and BIIB 513 at 0.75 mg/kg produced comparable and significant reductions in IS/AAR in the 60-minute occlusion model, insignificant reductions in IS/AAR were observed in the 90-minute occlusion model. However, BIIB 513 at 3.0 mg/kg markedly reduced IS in both models ( P &lt;0.05). Next, to examine the interaction between NHE-1 blockade and IPC, BIIB 0.75 mg/kg was administered either before IPC or during the washout phase of IPC before 90 minutes of coronary artery occlusion. Both combinations resulted in a greater-than-additive reduction in IS/AAR ( P &lt;0.05). Conclusions —These data demonstrate that although IPC and NHE-1 inhibition provide comparable protection against 60 minutes of myocardial ischemia, NHE-1 inhibition is more efficacious than IPC at protecting against a 90-minute ischemic insult. Furthermore, the combination of NHE-1 inhibition and IPC produces a greater-than-additive reduction in IS/AAR, suggesting either that NHE activity limits the efficacy of IPC or that different mechanisms are involved in the cardioprotective effect of IPC and NHE-1 inhibition.
The Emerging Role of EpCAM in Cancer and Stem Cell Signaling
Authors: Markus Munz, Patrick A. Baeuerle, Olivier Gires
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Initially discovered as a dominant antigen on colon carcinomas, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was considered a mere cell adhesion molecule and reliable surface-binding site for therapeutic antibodies. Recent findings can better explain the relevance of EpCAM's high-level expression on human cancers and cancer propagating cells, and its negative prognostic potential for survival of patients with certain cancers. EpCAM has oncogenic potential and is activated by release of its intracellular domain, which can signal into the cell nucleus by engagement of elements of the wnt pathway.
Male Predominance of Congenital Malformations in Infants of Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Inge M. Evers, Harold W. de Valk, Gerard H.A. Visser
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To investigate sex-related differences in maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcome in type 1 diabetic pregnancies in the Netherlands. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a nationwide prospective cohort-based study. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify sex-specific risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome. RESULTS A total of 323 type 1 diabetic pregnancies were included; 314 were ongoing after 24 weeks of gestation. There were eight twin pregnancies and one triplet, resulting in 324 infants born after 24 weeks of gestation. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of congenital malformations was independently associated with male newborns (OR 3.5 [95% CI 1.3–10.0]; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The higher incidence of congenital malformations in infants of women with type 1 diabetes appears to be restricted to male infants only.
THE LUNG VOLUME AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS IN NORMAL BOYS 10-17 YEARS OF AGE 1
Authors: Minerva Morse, Frederic W. Schlutz, Donald E. Cassels
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1952)

Data on the lung volume and its subdivisions were collected as part of a study of the functional fitness of normal boys 10-17 years of age (1).Since, in the case of children of all ages, so little is known concerning the total lung capacity and its subdivisions other than the vital capacity, the data are of value in helping to establish the range of variation in the normal child and to provide one basis for the evaluation of pulmonary function in disease.Because the absolute values obtained have no meaning for children varying so greatly in size, except as they can be referred to some standard of reference, such as height, weight, and other measurements of body size, the results were analyzed by statistical methods in order to determine the rela- tion of the lung volume and its subdivisions to vari- ous physical characteristics of the child.These relationships were then expressed in the form of regression equations which can be used to predict the lung volume and its subdivisions for a given individual and, by means of the standard error of estimate, can give a measure of the amount of vari- ation that may be expected in the normal child.Of the various subdivisions of the lung volume the vital capacity has been studied extensively in children and many formulae have been developed by which the "normal" vital capacity can be estimated from such measurements as standing or sit- ting height, weight, chest girth, surface area and combinations of these variables, some of which have included age.Metheny has given an excellent resume of the literature on the subject (2, 3).A recent study by Turner and McLean (4) found that the mean inspiratory reserve constituted 76.0 per cent of the vital capacity and the expiratory reserve 24.0 per cent in children six to 14 years of age while in the recumbent position.Comparatively little is known about the total lung capacity
Renal Leishmaniasis as Unusual Cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in an HIV Patient
Authors: Kerstin Amann, Christian Bogdan, Thomas Harrer, Juergen Rech
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2012)

Renal involvement is a rare complication in HIV-1-infected patients leading to various pathologies and clinical symptoms. In addition to the classic HIV-1-associated nephropathy with collapsing-type focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and characteristic tubulocystic changes, which is more common in Afro-American than in Caucasian HIV-1 patients, immune complex GNs such as membranous GN and membranoproliferative GN are particularly common renal manifestations. Besides HIV-1 itself, a number of opportunistic infections may cause renal disease in HIV-1-infected patients. In this study, we report an unusual case of HIV-1 infection with a severe renal manifestation of systemic leishmaniasis that developed years after repeated visits to Mediterranean countries. The case presents several remarkable clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects that may be important for daily clinical practice.
Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration
Authors: Joanna M Wardlaw, Eric E Smith, Geert J Biessels, Charlotte Cordonnier, Franz Fazekas, Richard Frayne, Richard I Lindley, John T O'Brien, Frederik Barkhof, Oscar R Benavente, Sandra E Black, Carol Brayne, Monique Breteler, Hugues Chabriat, Charles DeCarli, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, Fergus Doubal, Marco Duering, Nick C Fox, Steven Greenberg, Vladimir Hachinski, Ingo Kilimann, Vincent Mok, Robert van Oostenbrugge, Leonardo Pantoni, Oliver Speck, Blossom C M Stephan, Stefan Teipel, Anand Viswanathan, David Werring, Christopher Chen, Colin Smith, Mark van Buchem, Bo Norrving, Philip B Gorelick, Martin Dichgans
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2013)
Liraglutide Promotes Natriuresis but Does Not Increase Circulating Levels of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Hypertensive Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Julie A. Lovshin, Annette Barnie, Ariana DeAlmeida, Alexander Logan, Bernard Zinman, Daniel J. Drucker
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists induce natriuresis and reduce blood pressure (BP) through incompletely understood mechanisms. We examined the effects of acute and 21-day administration of liraglutide on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), urinary sodium excretion, office and 24-h BP, and heart rate (HR).Liraglutide or placebo was administered for 3 weeks to hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in the ambulatory setting. End points included within-subject change from baseline in plasma ANP, Nt-proBNP, office BP, and HR at baseline and over 4 h following a single dose of liraglutide (0.6 mg) and after 21 days of liraglutide (titrated to 1.8 mg) versus placebo administration. Simultaneous 24-h ambulatory BP and HR monitoring and 24-h urine collections were measured at baseline and following 21 days of treatment.Plasma ANP levels did not change significantly after acute (+16.72 pg/mL, P = 0.24, 95% CI [-12.1, +45.5] at 2 h) or chronic (-17.42 pg/mL, 95% CI [-36.0, +1.21] at 2 h) liraglutide administration. Liraglutide significantly increased 24-h and nighttime urinary sodium excretion; however, 24-h systolic BP was not significantly different. Small but significant increases in 24-h and nighttime diastolic BP and HR were observed with liraglutide. Body weight, HbA1c, and cholesterol were lower, and office-measured HR was transiently increased (for up to 4 h) with liraglutide administration.Sustained liraglutide administration for 3 weeks increases urinary sodium excretion independent of changes in ANP or BP in overweight and obese hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Immunoglobulin Locus Associates with Serum IgG Levels and Albuminuria
Authors: Stacy M. Herring, Nisha Gokul, Monique Monita, Rebecca Bell, Eric Boerwinkle, Scott E. Wenderfer, Michael C. Braun, Peter A. Doris
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

The interaction between IgG and Fc-γ receptors in glomeruli contributes to the development of several types of proteinuric glomerular disease, but the involvement of immunological mechanisms in hypertensive renal injury is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated serum IgG levels in SHR-A3 rats, which develop hypertensive injury, and compared them with the injury-resistant SHR-B2 line. At 18 weeks old, SHR-A3 rats had serum total IgG levels nearly twice those of SHR-B2 rats, although subclass IgG2b was undetectable in SHR-A3 rats compared with mean levels (± SEM) of 80.7 ± 12.8 mg/dl (18 weeks) and 116.6 ± 19.0 mg/dl (30 weeks) in SHR-B2 rats. In addition, these two strains had significantly different serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2c; differences persisted at 30 weeks for all subclasses except IgG2a. Genetic mapping revealed that a locus on chromosome 6 linked to IgG subclass levels that affected IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c but not IgG2a. The mapped haplotype block contains IgH, suggesting regulation of three of four serum IgG subclass levels in cis. Resequencing revealed variation in the sequence of the Fc portion of the IgG heavy chain, which predicts important functional changes. To examine whether there is any relationship between this haplotype block and susceptibility to renal injury, we examined the effect of SHR-A3 and SHR-B2 alleles at this block on albumin excretion in an F2 intercross. Albuminuria doubled with inheritance of SHR-A3 alleles. In summary, allelic variation in IgH or nearby genes may modulate the susceptibility to hypertensive renal injury in SHR-A3 rats.
Incidence and Outcome of <i>BRCA</i> Mutations in Unselected Patients with Triple Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ana M. Gonzalez-Angulo, Kirsten M. Timms, Shuying Liu, Huiqin Chen, Jennifer K. Litton, Jennifer Potter, Jerry S. Lanchbury, Katherine Stemke-Hale, Bryan T. Hennessy, Banu K. Arun, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Kim-Anh Do, Gordon B. Mills, Funda Meric-Bernstam
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

To investigate the incidence of germline and somatic BRCA1/2 mutations in unselected patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and determine the prognostic significance of carrying a mutation.DNA was obtained from 77 TNBC and normal tissues. BRCA1/2 exons/flanking regions were sequenced from tumor and patients classified as mutant or wild type (WT). Sequencing was repeated from normal tissue to identify germline and somatic mutations. Patient characteristics were compared with chi-square. Survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine the independent association of mutation status with outcome.Median age was 51 years (27-83 years). Fifteen patients (19.5%) had BRCA mutations: 12 (15.6%) in BRCA1 (one somatic), and 3 (3.9%) in BRCA2. Patients with BRCA mutations tended to be younger than WT, (P = 0.005). Grade, histology, and stage were not associated with mutation status. At a median follow-up of 43 months (7-214 months), there were 33 (42.9%) recurrences and 35 (45.5%) deaths. Five-year recurrence-free survival estimates were 51.7% for WT versus 86.2% for patients with mutations, (P = 0.031); and 5-year overall survival estimates were 52.8% for WT versus 73.3% for patients with mutations (P = 0.225). After adjustment, patients with BRCA mutations had a significantly better RFS (HR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.045-0.79, P = 0.016) compared with WT.In this unselected cohort of TNBC, we found a 19.5% incidence of BRCA mutations. Genetic testing should be discussed with patients with TNBC. Patients with TNBC with BRCA mutations had a significantly lower risk of relapse.