tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recurrent unilateral swelling of the parotid gland.
Authors: S I Suleiman, J P Thomson, M Hobsley
Journal: Gut (1979)

The clinical features of 109 patients with recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (24 patients with Sjögren9s disease were excluded) have been analysed to explore the best system of management. The cause was definitely a parotid duct calculus in 36 patients, and evidence is presented that the same diagnosis probably applied to another 59 patients. Features suggesting a diagnosis of calculus included age (greater than 29 years); duration of the attacks of pain (less than 24 hours); cessation of salivation on the affected side; and a spurt of saliva heralding the relief of symptoms. Only three patients in the definite calculus group (8.3%) had no physical signs. However, had physical examination not included inspection and palpation of the parotid duct and its orifice from within the mouth 75% of the proven calculi would have been missed. The intraoral and anteroposterior plain radiographs are likely to be helpful, and sialography even more so. A sialographic appearance of a stricture in the main duct with proximal dilatation is usually due to a claculus. It would appear that calculi are the cause of recurrent unilateral parotid swelling (after exclusion of Sjögren9s disease) in an overwhelming proportion of patients with this symptom.
Comparative Effects of Cyclophosphamide, Isophosphamide, 4-Methylcyclophosphamide, and Phosphoramide Mustard on Murine Hematopoietic and Immunocompetent Cells&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: L L Sensenbrenner, J J Marini, M Colvin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

The effects of equimolal doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), isophosphamlde (IP). 4-methylcyclophosphamide (4-MCY), and phosphoramide mustard (PM) on murine hematopoietic spleen colonies and adoptively transferred antibody-forming cells in vivo were compared. Equlmolal doses of the drugs produced significantly different effects. All the drugs exerted an increasing effect against the ability of adoptively transferred immunocompetent cells to produce a significant anti-sheep red blood cell titer as the length of time between cell transfer and drug administration was increased. The maximum effect was seen when a drug was given 48–72 hours after antigen and spleen cell transfer. CY and IP produced significantly greater immunosuppressive effects than did the other drugs at all times after cell transfer and at all doses administered. PM had the least immunosuppressive effect at each dose evaluated. Against hematopoietic spleen colonies, the cytotoxic effects of 4-MCY and PM were similar and, at most doses studied, significantly greater than the effect of either CY or IP. In as much as PM is an active metabolite of CY, it appeared either that one of the prior metabolites of CY was responsible for this marked immunosuppressive effect or that due to differences in polarity, PM was differentially distributed within the two cell systems as compared to CY. The differences in hematopoietic effects among all drugs were much less than those seen against immunocompetent cells and were not dependent on time of drug administration.
Airway Epithelial Cells: Functional Roles in Airway Disease
Authors: Stephen I. Rennard, Debra J. Romberger, Joseph H. Sisson, Susanna G. Von Essen, Israel Rubinstein, Richard A. Robbins, John R. Spurzem
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

"Airway Epithelial Cells: Functional Roles in Airway Disease." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 150(5_pt_2), pp. S27–S30
Carbon Monoxide Dilates Cerebral Arterioles by Enhancing the Coupling of Ca <sup>2+</sup> Sparks to Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Activated K <sup>+</sup> Channels
Authors: Jonathan H. Jaggar, Charles W. Leffler, Serguei Y. Cheranov, Dilyara Tcheranova, Shuyu E, Xiaoyang Cheng
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is generated endogenously by the enzyme heme oxygenase. Although CO is a known vasodilator, cellular signaling mechanisms are poorly understood and are a source of controversy. The goal of the present study was to investigate mechanisms of CO dilation in porcine cerebral arterioles. Data indicate that exogenous or endogenously produced CO is a potent activator of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (K(Ca)) channels and Ca2+ spark-induced transient K(Ca) currents in arteriole smooth muscle cells. In contrast, CO is a relatively poor activator of Ca2+ sparks. To understand the apparent discrepancy between potent effects on transient K(Ca) currents and weak effects on Ca2+ sparks, regulation of the coupling relationship between these events by CO was investigated. CO increased the percentage of Ca2+ sparks that activated a transient K(Ca) current (ie, the coupling ratio) from approximately 62% in the control condition to 100% and elevated the slope of the amplitude correlation between these events approximately 2.6-fold, indicating that Ca2+ sparks induced larger amplitude transient K(Ca) currents in the presence of CO. This signaling pathway for CO is physiologically relevant because ryanodine, a ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel blocker that inhibits Ca2+ sparks, abolished CO dilation of pial arterioles in vivo. Thus, CO dilates cerebral arterioles by priming K(Ca) channels for activation by Ca2+ sparks. This study presents a novel dilatory signaling pathway for CO in the cerebral circulation and appears to be the first demonstration [corrected] of a vasodilator that acts by increasing the effective coupling of Ca2+ sparks to K(Ca) channels.
Cerebral Ischemia and Reactive Hyperemia
Authors: THORALF M. SUNDT, ARTHUR G. WALTZ
Journal: Circulation Research (1971)

Correlative studies of cortical blood flow measured by the 85 Kr washout technique and observations of the cortical blood vessels of 10 squirrel monkeys subjected to temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery are described. During occlusion, cortical blood flow in core areas of ischemia decreased to 0.12 to 0.90 ml/g/min (20 to 50% of preocclusion values) and became pressure dependent with failure of autoregulation. After release of the occluding clip, cortical blood flow was restored. Correlation between degree of vascular reaction judged by observation of the cortex and degree of hyperemia as determined by cortical blood flow was poor. There was incomplete correlation between the degree of hyperemia and the degree of preceding ischemia. Hyperemia, or "luxury perfusion," manifested by red venous blood, appears to be related to failure of cerebral tissue to utilize available oxygen as well as to "reactive" hyperemia, or supernormal blood flow, in regions previously ischemic. There was no demonstrable gradual failure of collateral circulation during occlusion. Cerebral edema was progressive and even progressed after restoration of cortical blood flow; it was incompletely correlated with the degree of ischemia and degree of hyperemia.
Inhibiting the Hypoxia Response for Cancer Therapy: The New Kid on the Block
Authors: Mei Yee Koh, Taly R. Spivak-Kroizman, Garth Powis
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor KC7F2 described in this issue of Clinical Cancer Research is the newest addition to an emerging class of antitumor agents targeting the hypoxia response. Here, we discuss the proposed mechanism of action of KC7F2 and its potential strengths and limitations in comparison with other promising HIF-1α inhibitors. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):5945–6)
Erlotinib, Gefitinib, and Vandetanib Inhibit Human Nucleoside Transporters and Protect Cancer Cells from Gemcitabine Cytotoxicity
Authors: Vijaya L. Damaraju, Tara Scriver, Delores Mowles, Michelle Kuzma, Anderson J. Ryan, Carol E. Cass, Michael B. Sawyer
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: Combinations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with gemcitabine have been attempted with little added benefit to patients. We hypothesized that TKIs designed to bind to ATP-binding pockets of growth factor receptors also bind to transporter proteins that recognize nucleosides. Experimental Design: TKI inhibition of uridine transport was studied with recombinant human (h) equilibrative (E) and concentrative (C) nucleoside transporters (hENT, hCNT) produced individually in yeast. TKIs effects on uridine transport, gemcitabine accumulation, regulation of hENT1 activity, and cell viability in the presence or absence of gemcitabine were evaluated in human pancreatic and lung cancer cell lines. Results: Erlotinib, gefitinib and vandetanib inhibited [3H]uridine transport in yeast and [3H]uridine and [3H]gemcitabine uptake in the four cell lines. Treatment of cell lines with erlotinib, gefitinib, or vandetanib for 24 hours reduced hENT1 activity which was reversed by subsequent incubation in drug-free media for 24 hours. Greater cytotoxicity was observed when gemcitabine was administered before erlotinib, gefitinib, or vandetanib than when administered together and synergy, evaluated using the CalcuSyn Software, was observed in three cell lines resulting in combination indices under 0.6 at 50% reduction of cell growth. Conclusions: Vandetanib inhibited hENT1, hENT2, hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3, whereas erlotinib inhibited hENT1 and hCNT3 and gefitinib inhibited hENT1 and hCNT1. The potential for reduced accumulation of nucleoside chemotherapy drugs in tumor tissues due to inhibition of hENTs and/or hCNTs by TKIs indicates that pharmacokinetic properties of these agents must be considered when scheduling TKIs and nucleoside chemotherapy in combination. Clin Cancer Res; 20(1); 176–86. ©2013 AACR.
A scoring system on respiratory symptoms
Authors: A Gulsvik, OK Refvem
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1988)

A method for quantitative recording of psychiatric symptoms has been modified for application to respiratory symptoms such as cough, attacks of breathlessness, wheezing and dyspnoea. The method was evaluated in a survey of 193 subjects without pulmonary disorders and 186 patients with pulmonary disorders. The average time taken to obtain scores for four symptoms was six minutes. Inconsistencies were few when the subjects selected statements about symptoms. Cough score discriminated between groups of healthy persons with various smoking habits. Wheezing score distinguished healthy persons from patients with obstructive lung disease more accurately than cough, attacks of breathlessness and dyspnoea score. Regression analyses showed that per score point of dyspnoea and cough the peak expiratory flow rate decreased by almost 12 and 7% of predicted, respectively.
Percutaneous Valve Repair and Replacement
Authors: Ted Feldman
Journal: Circulation (2006)

his issue of Circulation contains reports on the acute results of 2 approaches for percutaneous heart valve treatment. 1,2The introduction of nonsurgical, catheterbased approaches to the management of valvular heart disease is in a phase of rapid development.These 2 reports highlight both challenges and successes in phase I experience with these innovative therapies.
Contralateral Axillary Node Metastasis From Recurrence After Conservative Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Satoko Nishimura, Mitsuru Koizumi, Junko Kawakami, Masamichi Koyama
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Sentinel lymph node detection (SLND) with radiocolloid has become widely used for evaluation of nodal metastasis in primary breast cancer. However, the procedure for recurrent breast cancer is not well established. Contralateral axillary node metastasis is uncommon. We report 2 cases of contralateral axillary node metastasis with recurrent breast cancer. In the first case, contralateral node metastasis was found by SLND. In the other case without SLND, contralateral node metastasis developed after resection of local recurrence. FDG-avid contralateral node was pathologically diagnosed as metastasis. The SLND might be useful in patients with local recurrence after conservative breast cancer surgery.
Effect of glutaraldehyde fixation and valve constraint conditions on porcine aortic valve leaflet coaptation.
Authors: N D Broom, D Marra
Journal: Thorax (1982)

In an investigation of the influence of glutaraldehyde fixation pressure and subsequent valve constraint on the coaptive characteristics of porcine aortic valves, 14 valves were examined, eight having been fixed at low pressure (congruent to 1 mm Hg) and six at high pressure (80 mm Hg). The coaptive ratios of the left and right coronary leaflets in the low-pressure-fixed valves showed a significant improvement over those of the same leaflets in the high-pressure-fixed valves. Inflation to 80 mm Hg results in a variable "peeling back" of the coaptive margins of the low-pressure-fixed valves but not of the high-pressure-fixed valves. Comparable coaptive ratios are therefore expected during full inflation of the unconstrained valves fixed both at low pressure and at high pressure. Constraining the low-pressure-fixed valves during inflation to simulate the effect of mounting on a rigid stent produced either a reduction or virtual elimination of this "peeling back" motion or in some instances a slight reversal of the effect, thus increasing the width of the coaptive margin. Hence it is expected that the stented low-pressure-fixed valve will manifest better coaptation than the high-pressure-fixed valve. Finally, the experimental findings of this study, combined with the improved mechanical function of the leaflet tissue already known to occur in the low-pressure-treated valves, provide a convincing case for valve fixation to be carried out under lower pressures.
Effect of air pollution on athlete health and performance
Authors: Kenneth William Rundell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

Unfavourable effects on the respiratory and the cardiovascular systems from short-term and long-term inhalation of air pollution are well documented. Exposure to freshly generated mixed combustion emissions such as those observed in proximity to roadways with high volumes of traffic and those from ice-resurfacing equipment are of particular concern. This is because there is a greater toxicity from freshly generated whole exhaust than from its component parts. The particles released from emissions are considered to cause oxidative damage and inflammation in the airways and the vascular system, and may be related to decreased exercise performance. However, few studies have examined this aspect. Several papers describe deleterious effects on health from chronic and acute air pollution exposure. However, there has been no research into the effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on athletic performance and a paucity of studies that describe the effects of acute exposure on exercise performance. The current knowledge of exercising in the high-pollution environment and the consequences that it may have on athlete performance are reviewed.
Parallel High-Throughput RNA Interference Screens Identify PINK1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of DNA Mismatch Repair–Deficient Cancers
Authors: Sarah A. Martin, Madeleine Hewish, David Sims, Christopher J. Lord, Alan Ashworth
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Synthetic lethal approaches to cancer treatment have the potential to deliver relatively large therapeutic windows and therefore significant patient benefit. To identify potential therapeutic approaches for cancers deficient in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), we have carried out parallel high-throughput RNA interference screens using tumor cell models of MSH2- and MLH1-related MMR deficiency. We show that silencing of the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), is synthetically lethal with MMR deficiency in cells with MSH2, MLH1, or MSH6 dysfunction. Inhibition of PINK1 in an MMR-deficient background results in an elevation of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of both nuclear and mitochondrial oxidative DNA lesions, which likely limit cell viability. Therefore, PINK1 represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers characterized by MMR deficiency caused by a range of different gene deficiencies.
An Evaluation of Starr's Equation for the Prediction of Stroke Volume
Authors: TRAVIS BRIDWELL, RACHEL M. JENSS, DAVID G. GREENE
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Starr's formula for deriving stroke volume from pulse pressure, diastolic pressure, and age hasbeen tested experimentally in a group of miscellaneous hospital patients. Nearly simultaneous measurements of stroke volume by the direct Fick method and of brachial arterial pressure by direct puncture were analyzed. The measured stroke volume frequently differed considerably from the values calculated from the formula. Certain theoretic limitations of the application of multiple regression equations to this material are presented.
Systematic Review: Factors Associated With Risk for and Possible Prevention of Cognitive Decline in Later Life
Authors: Brenda L. Plassman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Many biological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors may contribute to the delay or prevention of cognitive decline.To summarize evidence about putative risk and protective factors for cognitive decline in older adults and the effects of interventions for preserving cognition.English-language publications in MEDLINE, HuGEpedia, AlzGene, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1984 through 27 October 2009.Observational studies with 300 or more participants and randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) with 50 or more adult participants who were 50 years or older, drawn from general populations, and followed for at least 1 year were included. Relevant, good-quality systematic reviews were also eligible.Information on study design, outcomes, and quality were extracted by one researcher and verified by another. An overall rating of the quality of evidence was assigned by using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria.127 observational studies, 22 RCTs, and 16 systematic reviews were reviewed in the areas of nutritional factors; medical factors and medications; social, economic, or behavioral factors; toxic environmental exposures; and genetics. Few of the factors had sufficient evidence to support an association with cognitive decline. On the basis of observational studies, evidence that supported the benefits of selected nutritional factors or cognitive, physical, or other leisure activities was limited. Current tobacco use, the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype, and certain medical conditions were associated with increased risk. One RCT found a small, sustained benefit from cognitive training (high quality of evidence) and a small RCT reported that physical exercise helps to maintain cognitive function.The categorization and definition of exposures were heterogeneous. Few studies were designed a priori to assess associations between specific exposures and cognitive decline. The review included only English-language studies, prioritized categorical outcomes, and excluded small studies.Few potentially beneficial factors were identified from the evidence on risk or protective factors associated with cognitive decline, but the overall quality of the evidence was low.Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institute on Aging, through the Office of Medical Applications of Research, National Institutes of Health.
Adherence and invasion of Bacteroidales isolated from the human intestinal tract
Authors: V Nakano, R.M.F. Piazza, A.M. Cianciarullo, V Bueris, M.F. Santos, M.A. Menezes, M.R.B. Mendes-Ledesma, V Szulczewski, W.P. Elias, L Pumbwe, H. Wexler, M.J. Avila-Campos
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2008)
Review of neonatal screening programme for phenylketonuria.
Authors: D Elliman, J Garner
Journal: BMJ (1991)

hospitals.Security guards were rarely available, and nurse escorts could often not be arranged.The safety of on call rooms was also of great concern.Simple practical measures were reassuring: improved lighting and a spyhole and chain fitted to the door of an on call room had greatly reduced doctors' anxieties at one hospital.It is encouraging to see the prominence that Drs Schipperheijn and Dunne give to education in managing aggression.We believe, however, that it is essential not to allow educational approaches to overshadow the practical steps that hospitals can take to provide all staff with a safer working environment.
Identification of High-Risk Patients Among Those Diagnosed With Thin Cutaneous Melanomas
Authors: Phyllis A. Gimotty, David E. Elder, Douglas L. Fraker, Jeffrey Botbyl, Kimberly Sellers, Rosalie Elenitsas, Michael E. Ming, Lynn Schuchter, Francis R. Spitz, Brian J. Czerniecki, DuPont Guerry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Most patients with melanoma have microscopically thin (< or = 1 mm) primary lesions and are cured with excision. However, some develop metastatic disease that is often fatal. We evaluated established prognostic factors to develop classification schemes with better discrimination than current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging.We studied patients with thin melanomas from the US population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry (1988 to 2001; n = 26,291) and those seen by the University of Pennsylvania's Pigmented Lesion Group (PLG; 1972 to 2001; n = 2,389; Philadelphia, PA). AJCC prognostic factors were thickness, anatomic level, ulceration, site, sex, and age; PLG prognostic factors also included a set of biologically based candidate prognostic factors. Recursive partitioning was used to develop a SEER-based classification tree that was validated using PLG data. Next, a new PLG-based classification tree was developed using the expanded set of prognostic factors.The SEER-based classification tree identified additional criteria to explain survival heterogeneity among patients with thin, nonulcerated lesions; 10-year survival rates ranged from 89.1% to 99%. The new PLG-based tree identified groups using level, tumor cell mitotic rate, and sex. With survival rates from 83.4% to 100%, it had better discrimination.Prognostication and related clinical decision making in the majority of patients with melanoma can be improved now using the validated, SEER-based classification. Tumor cell mitotic rate should be incorporated into the next iteration of AJCC staging.