tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Spectral Responses of the Human Circadian System Depend on the Irradiance and Duration of Exposure to Light
Authors: Joshua J. Gooley, Shantha M. W. Rajaratnam, George C. Brainard, Richard E. Kronauer, Charles A. Czeisler, Steven W. Lockley
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

Light resets the circadian clock through a non–image-forming receptor system—or so it was thought; now, cone photoreceptors are shown to also participate.
Lung function in white children aged 4 to 19 years: II--Single breath analysis and plethysmography.
Authors: M Rosenthal, D Cramer, S H Bain, D Denison, A Bush, J O Warner
Journal: Thorax (1993)

A study was performed to determine reference ranges for whole body plethysmographic gas volumes and single breath gas transfer in healthy prepubertal and pubertal schoolchildren.The study was performed in 772 white London schoolchildren (455 male) who were clinically examined, assessed auxologically and, in 63% of cases, pubertally staged. Regression equations for the calculation of standard deviation scores were derived.Male lung function variables showed a discontinuous pattern of increase with standing height. Linear increases until puberty were followed by a sudden pubertal rise and a further increase with height which was more marked than before puberty. Correction for varying thoracic dimensions eliminated these changes. In females a smoother curvilinear relationship was observed with no correction possible for thoracic size.Male puberty leads to profound changes in pulmonary function mostly related to thoracic size, an effect not observed in females.
Benefits of supervised group exercise programme for women being treated for early stage breast cancer: pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nanette Mutrie, Anna M Campbell, Fiona Whyte, Alex McConnachie, Carol Emslie, Laura Lee, Nora Kearney, Andrew Walker, Diana Ritchie
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<b>Objectives</b> To determine functional and psychological benefits of a 12 week supervised group exercise programme during treatment for early stage breast cancer, with six month follow-up. <b>Design</b> Pragmatic randomised controlled prospective open trial. <b>Setting</b> Three National Health Service oncology clinics in Scotland and community exercise facilities. <b>Participants</b> 203 women entered the study; 177 completed the six month follow-up. <b>Interventions</b> Supervised 12 week group exercise programme in addition to usual care, compared with usual care. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Functional assessment of cancer therapy (FACT) questionnaire, Beck depression inventory, positive and negative affect scale, body mass index, seven day recall of physical activity, 12 minute walk test, and assessment of shoulder mobility. <b>Results</b> Mixed effects models with adjustment for baseline values, study site, treatment at baseline, and age gave intervention effect estimates (intervention minus control) at 12 weeks of 129 (95% confidence interval 83 to 176) for metres walked in 12 minutes, 182 (75 to 289) for minutes of moderate intensity activity reported in a week, 2.6 (1.6 to 3.7) for shoulder mobility, 2.5 (1.0 to 3.9) for breast cancer specific subscale of quality of life, and 4.0 (1.8 to 6.3) for positive mood. No significant effect was seen for general quality of life (FACT-G), which was the primary outcome. At the six month follow-up, most of these effects were maintained and an intervention effect for breast cancer specific quality of life emerged. No adverse effects were noted. <b>Conclusion</b> Supervised group exercise provided functional and psychological benefit after a 12 week intervention and six months later. Clinicians should encourage activity for their patients. Policy makers should consider the inclusion of exercise opportunities in cancer rehabilitation services. <b>Trial registration</b> Current controlled trials ISRCTN12587864.
THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN PSYCHIATRY
Authors: JULES H. MASSERMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1942)

There has recently arisen among certain psychiatrists a tendency to stress unduly the role of the hypothalamus as a dynamic "source" of emotion and even of "drive" or instinct. A critical evaluation of the evidence, however, reveals the following: 1. Animal experimental work on the hypothalamus has indicated that this structure integrates and may possibly reinforce the effector neural impulses controlling some of the sympathetic and motor manifestations of emotion; however, there is little or no basis for the belief that the hypothalamus governs or even mediates the affective experiences themselves. 2. On the other hand, work in this laboratory has furnished evidence that such a direct psycho-somatic localization probably does not exist, inasmuch as (a) the reactions induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus do not significantly modify spontaneous behavior, (b) animals with extensive hypothalamic lesions can apparently react in an integrated affective manner, (c) animals subjected to prolonged conditioning procedures or to the induction of an experimental neurosis do not learn to respond to hypothalamic stimulation in ways analogous to their spontaneous or experimental adaptations to emotionally significant situations. 3. The clinical and pathological evidence as to the role of the human hypothalamus in emotional experience is not conclusive. 4. It would, therefore, seem safest in the present state of our knowledge to assign to the hypothalamus its experimentally demonstrable role in reinforcing and coordinating the neural and hormonal mechanisms of emotional expression, and reserve for adequate proof the hypothesis that it is either the dynamic source or the seat of experience of affective states. On the other hand, much experimental, psychological and clinical evidence clearly indicates that an emotion is a highly complex psychobiological phenomenon in which not only the central nervous system, but the entire body functions as a whole in its multiple adjustments to its milieu.
Money as civilizing ritual
Authors: Russell Belk
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Although theorizing the non-tool motivations for desiring money is a worthwhile goal, Lea &amp; Webley (L&amp;W) offer a view that is too individualistic, too biological, and ultimately too linked to a tool-based view of money motivation. I argue that our fascination with money is social, learned, and ritualistic. Through the magic of money rituals we overcome biological motivations and become civilized.
Efficacy and safety of switching from infliximab to adalimumab: a comparative controlled study
Authors: S N Nikas
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

To describe the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had previously discontinued infliximab treatment.24 patients with RA who discontinued treatment with infliximab (switchers) were treated with adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks, subcutaneously) for 12 months. The results were compared with those for 25 patients with RA receiving adalimumab who had not previously used an anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (controls). Disease activity was measured with the 28 joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28), and clinical response with the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% response criteria.At baseline there were no differences in demographic, clinical, and laboratory features between the two groups. After 12 months' adalimumab treatment, clinical improvement was similar in both groups. More specifically, ACR 20% response criteria were achieved by 18/24 (75%) switchers and by 19/25 (76%) subjects in the control group. Four switchers discontinued the study-two because of adverse events and two because of lack of efficacy, while three control patients discontinued the study-one because of lack of efficacy and two owing to side effects.Adalimumab is a well tolerated and effective treatment for patients with RA, even when infliximab has been discontinued.
Endoscopic Spraying of Sucralfate Using the Outer Sheath of a Clipping Device
Authors: M. Fujishiro, N. Yahagi, M. Oka, S. Enomoto, N. Yamamichi, N. Kakushima, A. Tateishi, T. Wada, Y. Shimizu, M. Ichinose, T. Kawabe, M. Omata
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Sucralfate is a very useful drug for ulcer healing, since it adheres to the ulcer base [1] [2] and provides mucosal cytoprotection [3] in addition to having an antacid effect. The drug has a long history since it was released in 1968, but until recently formulations were limited to tablets and powder. In 1996, a liquid formulation was introduced and endoscopic application via the instrumentation channels of the endoscope became possible. It may be beneficial to administer this drug, especially after endoscopic treatment for hemorrhage from various sources. Maalox is another liquid antacid that is widely used, but it is considered to possess only a modest effect on ulcer healing in comparison with sucralfate [4]. The disadvantage of sucralfate, however, is its high viscosity, which may cause failure to spray the drug on target from the endoscope and lead to coating of the lens and loss of video. When commercial endoscopic sprayers are used, a high pressure is required for administration and only a small amount of the drug will reach the target after time-consuming effort.
Medical and Surgical Comanagement after Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Jeanne M. Huddleston, Kirsten Hall Long, James M. Naessens, David Vanness, Dirk Larson, Robert Trousdale, Matt Plevak, Miguel Cabanela, Duane Ilstrup, Robert M. Wachter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Background: Hospitalists are assuming an increasing role in the care of surgical patients, but the impact of this model of care on postoperative outcomes is unknown. Objective: To determine the impact of providing a collaborative, hospitalist-led model of care on postoperative outcomes and costs among patients having hip or knee arthroplasty. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center. Participants: 526 patients having elective orthopedic surgery who are at elevated risk for postoperative morbidity. Measurements: Length of stay, inpatient postoperative medical complications, health care provider satisfaction, and inpatient costs. Interventions: A comanagement medical Hospitalist–Orthopedic Team compared with standard postoperative care by orthopedic surgeons with medical consultation. Results: More patients in the hospitalist group were discharged from the hospital with no complications (61.6% vs. 49.8%; difference, 11.8 percentage points [95% CI, 2.8 to 20.7 percentage points]). Fewer minor complications were observed among hospitalist patients (30.2% vs. 44.3%; difference, −14.1 percentage points [CI, −22.7 to −5.3 percentage points]). Observed length of stay was not statistically different between treatment groups. However, when adjusted for discharge delays, mean length of stay for patients in the hospitalist model of care was shorter (5.1 days vs. 5.6 days; difference, −0.5 day [CI, −0.8 to −0.1 day]). Total costs did not differ between groups. Orthopedic surgeons and nurses preferred the hospitalist model. Limitations: Care providers and patients were aware of intervention assignments, and the study could not capture all costs associated with the hospitalist model. Conclusions: The comanagement medical Hospitalist–Orthopedic Team model reduced minor postoperative complication rates with no statistically significant difference in length of stay or cost. The nurses and surgeons strongly preferred the comanagement hospitalist model. Additional research on the clinical and economic impact of the hospitalist model in other surgical populations is warranted.
Influence of Sex on the Survival of Patients With Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Pierre Bohanes, Dongyun Yang, Ruchika S. Chhibar, Melissa J. Labonte, Thomas Winder, Yan Ning, Armin Gerger, Léonor Benhaim, David Paez, Takeru Wakatsuki, Fotios Loupakis, Rita El-Khoueiry, Wu Zhang, Heinz-Josef Lenz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Purpose The prognostic value of sex for esophageal cancer survival is currently unclear, and growing data suggest that hormonal influences may account for incidence disparities between men and women. Therefore, moving from the hypothesis that hormones could affect the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer, we investigated the primary hypothesis that sex is associated with survival and the secondary hypotheses that the relationship between sex and survival depends, at least in part, on age, histology, and race/ethnicity. Patients and Methods By using the SEER databases from 1973 to 2007, we identified 13,603 patients (34%) with metastatic esophageal cancer (MEC) and 26,848 patients (66%) with locoregional esophageal cancer (LEC). Cox proportional hazards model for competing risks were used for analyses. Results In the multivariate analysis, women had longer esophageal cancer-specific survival (ECSS) than men in both MEC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.949; 95% CI, 0.905 to 0.995; P = .029) and LEC (HR, 0.920; 95% CI, 0.886 to 0.955; P &lt; .001) cohorts. When age and histology were accounted for, there was no difference for ECSS between men and women with adenocarcinoma. In contrast, women younger than age 55 years (HR, 0.896; 95% CI, 0.792 to 1.014; P = .081) and those age 55 years or older (HR, 0.905; 95% CI, 0.862 to 0.950; P &lt; .001) with squamous cell LEC had longer ECSS than men. In the squamous cell MEC cohort, only women younger than age 55 years had longer ECSS (HR, 0.823; 95% CI, 0.708 to 0.957; P = .011) than men. Conclusion Sex is an independent prognostic factor for patients with LEC or MEC. As secondary hypotheses, in comparison with men, women age 55 years or older with squamous cell LEC and women younger than age 55 years with squamous cell MEC have a significantly better outcome. These last two findings need further validation.
Impaired Host Defense, Hematopoiesis, Granulomatous Inflammation and Type 1–Type 2 Cytokine Balance in Mice Lacking CC Chemokine Receptor 1
Authors: Ji-Liang Gao, Thomas A. Wynn, Yun Chang, Eric J. Lee, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Scott Cooper, H. Lee Tiffany, Heiner Westphal, June Kwon-Chung, Philip M. Murphy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) is expressed in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils, and binds the leukocyte chemoattractant and hematopoiesis regulator macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, as well as several related CC chemokines. Four other CCR subtypes are known; their leukocyte and chemokine specificities overlap with, but are not identical to, CCR1, suggesting that CCR1 has both redundant and specific biologic roles. To test this, we have developed CCR1-deficient mice (−/−) by targeted gene disruption. Although the distribution of mature leukocytes was normal, steady state and induced trafficking and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells were disordered in −/− mice. Moreover, mature neutrophils from −/− mice failed to chemotax in vitro and failed to mobilize into peripheral blood in vivo in response to MIP-1α. Consistent with this, −/− mice had accelerated mortality when challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus controlled principally by neutrophils. To test the role of CCR1 in granuloma formation, we injected Schistosoma mansoni eggs intravenously, and observed a 40% reduction in the size of lung granulomas in −/− mice compared to +/+ littermates. This was associated with increased interferon-γ and decreased interleukin-4 production in −/− versus +/+ lung lymph node cells stimulated with egg-specific antigen, suggesting that CCR1 influences the inflammatory response not only through direct effects on leukocyte chemotaxis, but also through effects on the type 1–type 2 cytokine balance. Thus CCR1 has nonredundant functions in hematopoiesis, host defense, and inflammation.
Drugs for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: J. T O'Brien, C. G Ballard
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Alzheimer's disease, the commonest cause of dementia in older people, affects 4% of the over 65s and 20% of the over 80s, 1 2 with around 400 000 sufferers in the United Kingdom.2 The prevalence of the condition will double over the next 50 years. As well as causing immense distress to patients, their carers, and families, dementia is estimated by the Audit Commission to cost the United Kingdom £6.1bn a year (at 1998-9 prices), with £3.3bn of this direct spending by health and social services.3 The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has reviewed the available drugs for Alzheimer's disease and declared them clinically effective in reducing the burden of disease in some patients.

The aetiology of Alzheimer's disease remains unknown, and no treatments reverse or stabilise the disease. Current management focuses on establishing an accurate clinical diagnosis, ensuring appropriate services are provided, supporting carers, and treating associated non-cognitive problems. Within the past three years three cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) have been licensed in the United Kingdom for use in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. These drugs are a rational therapy based on the core deficit in the disorder, that of cholinergic deficit.4 These compounds represent …
Radiation and genetic factors in the risk of second malignant neoplasms after a first cancer in childhood
Authors: Sabine J Kony, Florent de Vathaire, Agnès Chompret, Akthar Shamsaldim, Emmanuel Grimaud, Marie-Anne Raquin, Odile Oberlin, Laurence Brugières, Jean Feunteun, François Eschwège, Jean Chavaudra, Jean Lemerle, Catherine Bonaïti-Pellié
Journal: The Lancet (1997)
Development of a patient-dedicated, on-demand, blood gas monitor.
Authors: C K Mahutte, M Holody, T P Maxwell, P A Chen, S A Sasse
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

A new monitor (CDI 2000) that brings blood gas measurements to the patient's bedside has been developed. To measure blood gases, blood is drawn into the patient's arterial pressure-monitoring line past in-line fluorescent-based sensors. After measurement, the blood is returned to the patient, avoiding blood loss and delays in sample turnaround and reducing the risk of infection to both patient and operator. We assessed this system's performance in vitro with tonometered bovine blood. Bias (mean difference between monitor and tonometered gas or measured pH values) +/- the standard deviation (SD) were 0.01 +/- 0.02 at pH = 7.39; 0.0 +/- 0.7 mm Hg at Pco2 = 39 mm Hg; and 2.4 +/- 3.2 mm Hg at a Po2 = 100 mm Hg (n = 54). Changes in hematocrit, blood temperature, or serum sodium concentration did not have clinically significant effects on system performance. Studies in normal volunteers, in whom large changes in blood gases were induced, showed a bias (mean difference between monitor and IL 1306 values) +/- SD of 0.00 +/- 0.02 for pH, -0.4 +/- 2.0 mm Hg for Pco2, and -3.6 +/- 7.7 mm Hg for Po2 (n = 69). We conclude from the present study that the performance of this system is comparable to that of conventional blood gas analyzers.
Cost effectiveness analysis of different approaches of screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: D. Marks
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Objectives: To assess the cost effectiveness of strategies to screen for and treat familial hypercholesterolaemia. Design: Cost effectiveness analysis. A care pathway for each patient was delineated and the associated probabilities, benefits, and costs were calculated. Participants: Simulated population aged 16-54 years in England and Wales. Interventions: Identification and treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia by universal screening, opportunistic screening in primary care, screening of people admitted to hospital with premature myocardial infarction, or tracing family members of affected patients. Main outcome measure: Cost effectiveness calculated as cost per life year gained (extension of life expectancy resulting from intervention) including estimated costs of screening and treatment. Results: Tracing of family members was the most cost effective strategy (£3097 (€5066, $4479) per life year gained) as 2.6 individuals need to be screened to identify one case at a cost of £133 per case detected. If the genetic mutation was known within the family then the cost per life year gained (£4914) was only slightly increased by genetic confirmation of the diagnosis. Universal population screening was least cost effective (£13 029 per life year gained) as 1365 individuals need to be screened at a cost of £9754 per case detected. For each strategy it was more cost effective to screen younger people and women. Targeted strategies were more expensive per person screened, but the cost per case detected was lower. Population screening of 16 year olds only was as cost effective as family tracing (£2777 with a clinical confirmation). Conclusions: Screening family members of people with familial hypercholesterolaemia is the most cost effective option for detecting cases across the whole population.
Complex interplay between -catenin signalling and Notch effectors in intestinal tumorigenesis
Authors: G. Peignon, A. Durand, W. Cacheux, O. Ayrault, B. Terris, P. Laurent-Puig, N. F. Shroyer, I. Van Seuningen, T. Honjo, C. Perret, B. Romagnolo
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Aims</h3> The activation of β-catenin signalling is a key step in intestinal tumorigenesis. Interplay between the β-catenin and Notch pathways during tumorigenesis has been reported, but the mechanisms involved and the role of Notch remain unclear. <h3>Methods</h3> Notch status was analysed by studying expression of the Notch effector Hes1 and Notch ligands/receptors in human colorectal cancer (CRC) and mouse models of Apc mutation. A genetic approach was used, deleting the Apc and RBP-J or Atoh1 genes in murine intestine. CRC cell lines were used to analyse the control of Hes1 and Atoh1 by β-catenin signalling. <h3>Results</h3> Notch signalling was found to be activated downstream from β-catenin. It was rapidly induced and maintained throughout tumorigenesis. Hes1 induction was mediated by β-catenin and resulted from both the induction of the Notch ligand/receptor and Notch-independent control of the Hes1 promoter by β-catenin. Surprisingly, the strong phenotype of unrestricted proliferation and impaired differentiation induced by acute Apc deletion in the intestine was not rescued by conditional Notch inactivation. Hyperactivation of β-catenin signalling overrode the forced differention induced by Notch inhibition, through the downregulation of Atoh1, a key secretory determinant factor downstream of Notch. This process involves glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β) and proteasome-mediated degradation. The restoration of Atoh1 expression in CRC cell lines displaying β-catenin activation was sufficient to increase goblet cell differentiation, whereas genetic ablation of Atoh1 greatly increased tumour formation in Apc mutant mice. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Notch signalling is a downstream target of β-catenin hyperactivation in intestinal tumorigenesis. However, its inhibition had no tumour suppressor effect in the context of acute β-catenin activation probably due to the downregulation of Atoh1. This finding calls into question the use of γ-secretase inhibitors for the treatment of CRC and suggests that the restoration of Atoh1 expression in CRC should be considered as a therapeutic approach.