tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic acid pulmonary embolism: a critical consequence of an illegal cosmetic vaginal procedure
Authors: H. J. Park, K. H. Jung, S. Y. Kim, J.-H. Lee, J. Y. Jeong, J. H. Kim
Journal: Thorax (2010)

The materials used for cosmetic procedures by physicians as well as illegally by non-medical personnel can cause non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism (NTPE). The case history is presented of a woman with acute respiratory failure after an illegal cosmetic vaginal procedure using hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal filler by an unlicensed medical practitioner on the day of symptom onset. Histopathological examination of a video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy specimen showed a granulomatous foreign body reaction with multinucleated giant cells around amorphous basophilic materials in the pulmonary vessels and lung parenchyma, suggesting NTPE by HA. HA is approved for dermal implantation for the correction of facial wrinkles and folds. All other uses are considered off label. Although HA is supposedly devoid of immunological reactions, localised complications with granulomatous foreign body reactions by HA injection have been reported after cosmetic facial procedures. However, the case of a typical NTPE syndrome has not yet been reported. This is the first reported biopsy-proven case of a patient developing NTPE caused by HA.
Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in hematology and oncology—guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party in Haematology and Oncology of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology (AGIHO)
Authors: M. Ruhnke, A. Böhme, D. Buchheidt, O. Cornely, K. Donhuijsen, H. Einsele, R. Enzensberger, H. Hebart, C.P. Heussel, M. Horger, H. Hof, M. Karthaus, W. Krüger, G. Maschmeyer, O. Penack, J. Ritter, S. Schwartz
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
Immunolocalization of Multispecific Organic Anion Transporters, OAT1, OAT2, and OAT3, in Rat Kidney
Authors: Ryoji Kojima, Takashi Sekine, Masanao Kawachi, Seok Ho Cha, Yoshio Suzuki, Hitoshi Endou
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

ABSTRACT. Recently, a family of multispecific organic anion transporters has been identified, and several isoforms have been reported. However, the physiologic and pharmacologic roles of each isoform, except OAT1, in the transepithelial transport of organic anions in the kidney remain to be elucidated. To address this issue, it is essential to determine the intrarenal distribution and membrane localization of each OAT isoform along the nephron. In this study, the intrarenal distributions of rOAT1, rOAT2, and rOAT3 were investigated by an immunofluorescence method that used frozen rat serial kidney sections. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that immunoreactivity for rOAT1 was detected exclusively in the proximal tubules (S1, S2, S3) in the cortex with basolateral membrane staining. rOAT2 was detected in the apical surface of the tubules in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) and cortical and medullary collecting ducts (CD). rOAT3 was localized in the basolateral digitation of the cell membrane in all the segments (S1, S2, and S3) of the proximal tubules, MTAL, cortical TAL, connecting tubules, and cortical and medullary CD. These results on the distribution of each OAT isoform will facilitate the understanding of the role of OATs in the renal processing of organic anions.
Assessing the impact of travel restrictions on international spread of the 2014 West African Ebola epidemic
Authors: C Poletto, M F Gomes, A Pastore y Piontti, L Rossi, L Bioglio, D L Chao, I M Longini Jr, M E Halloran, V Colizza, A Vespignani
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2014)

The quick spread of an Ebola outbreak in West Africa has led a number of countries and airline companies to issue travel bans to the affected areas. Considering data up to 31 Aug 2014, we assess the impact of the resulting traffic reductions with detailed numerical simulations of the international spread of the epidemic. Traffic reductions are shown to delay by only a few weeks the risk that the outbreak extends to new countries.
Cumulative Dose Response Study Comparing Clinical Effects of Two Doses of Terbutaline Sulphate Administered via a 750 ml Spacer to Asthmatic Patients
Authors: L. C. Laursen, K. Franck, E. P. Munch, E. Taudorf, B. Weeke
Journal: Allergy (1984)

Thirteen out‐patients suffering from chronic reversible bronchial obstruction were treated on two separate days with two doses of terbutaline aerosol, administered with a 750 ml spacer interposed between the actuator and the mouth, in order to evaluate whether clinical responses showed a dose dependency during a 4‐h period. On each day the two different doses (65 μg versus 250 μg) were inhaled three times at 15‐min intervals. Fifteen minutes after the first dose there was a significant difference in FEV 1 increase between the small dose and the normal dose, FEV1 being higher after 250 μg, but no significant differences in increase after the 2nd and 3rd inhalations. This study indicates that the bronchodilating effect of terbutaline administered via the spacer is dose‐dependent at the first inhalation, and that succeeding inhalations show no dose‐response effects.
Genome-wide analysis of intracellular pH reveals quantitative control of cell division rate by pHc in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rick Orij, Malene L Urbanus, Franco J Vizeacoumar, Guri Giaever, Charles Boone, Corey Nislow, Stanley Brul, Gertien J Smits
Journal: Genome biology (2012)

Abstract Background Because protonation affects the properties of almost all molecules in cells, cytosolic pH (pH c ) is usually assumed to be constant. In the model organism yeast, however, pH c changes in response to the presence of nutrients and varies during growth. Since small changes in pH c can lead to major changes in metabolism, signal transduction, and phenotype, we decided to analyze pH c control. Results Introducing a pH-sensitive reporter protein into the yeast deletion collection allowed quantitative genome-wide analysis of pH c in live, growing yeast cultures. pH c is robust towards gene deletion; no single gene mutation led to a pH c of more than 0.3 units lower than that of wild type. Correct pH c control required not only vacuolar proton pumps, but also strongly relied on mitochondrial function. Additionally, we identified a striking relationship between pH c and growth rate. Careful dissection of cause and consequence revealed that pH c quantitatively controls growth rate. Detailed analysis of the genetic basis of this control revealed that the adequate signaling of pH c depended on inositol polyphosphates, a set of relatively unknown signaling molecules with exquisitely pH sensitive properties. Conclusions While pH c is a very dynamic parameter in the normal life of yeast, genetically it is a tightly controlled cellular parameter. The coupling of pH c to growth rate is even more robust to genetic alteration. Changes in pH c control cell division rate in yeast, possibly as a signal. Such a signaling role of pH c is probable, and may be central in development and tumorigenesis.
Importance of Mallampati score as an independent predictor of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: M.S. Kanwar, Ravi Shekhar Jha
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction  The Mallampatti Scoring System (MSS) was initially developed as a classification system of oro-pharyngeal opening and has been used to identify patients with potentially difficult intubation. We conducted this prospective study to assess the utility of MSS in diagnosing Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and to predict the severity of OSA.  Materials and Methods  This prospective study was carried out at a tertiary care sleep referral centre in Northern India. A total of 175 consecutive patients were enrolled and their symptoms and examination findings were noted. A special note was taken of their Mallampatti Score Severity. After overnight polysomnography, their Apnea-Hypopnoea Index (AHI) was correlated with the MSS.  Results  The average age of the study population was 47 ± 6.2 years. Average BMI was calculated to be 31.2 ± 8.4 kg/m2 and overall AHI was 42 ± 10. MSS was an independent predictor for presence of OSA but there was no significant correlation between severity of MSS and severity of OSA. On average, for every 1-point increase in the Mallampati score, the odds of having Obstructive Sleep Apnea increased more than 2-fold (odds ratio [per 1-point increase] = 2.5; p   Conclusion  MSS is an important predictor for presence and absence of OSA and can be an important screening tool as well as is an important part of pre-test physical examination. However, its role in predicting severity of OSA remains doubtful and needs further study.
Role of Autonomic Nervous System and the Cough Reflex in the Increased Responsiveness of Airways in Patients with Obstructive Airway Disease*
Authors: B. G. Simonsson, F. M. Jacobs, J. A. Nadel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

Inhalation of aerosols of citric acid, histamine phosphate, or carbon dust, or air cooled to - 20 degrees C or rapid respiratory maneuvers (inspiration or expiration) results in an increase in airway resistance in some patients with asthma or bronchitis. It has been shown previously in animals that stimulation of cough receptors results in bronchoconstriction through efferent cholinergic pathways. In the patients studied, the administration of atropine sulfate, which would block such pathways, abolished the bronchoconstrictor effects of all the stimuli except large doses of histamine, which may exert a direct effect on airway smooth muscle. These data suggest that sensitized cough receptors may be involved in triggering reflex airway constriction in such patients.
Potentiation of cytokine induced iNOS expression in the human intestinal epithelial cell line, DLD-1, by cyclic AMP
Authors: M Cavicchi, B J R Whittle
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND Nitric oxide production by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease along with other proinflammatory mediators. AIMS To examine the effects of cAMP, an intracellular mediator of several proinflammatory mediators, on iNOS expression in the human intestinal epithelial cell line, DLD-1. METHODS iNOS activity was assessed by measuring the NO stable oxidative product NO 2 − . iNOS protein expression and iNOS mRNA levels were determined by western blotting and northern blotting, respectively. RESULTS iNOS activity, protein, and mRNA were induced by a combination of interleukin 1β (0.5–5 ng/ml), interferon γ (20–200 u/ml), and tumour necrosis factor α (10–100 ng/ml). The cytokine induced NOS activity was potentiated by N 6 ,2′-O-dibutyryladenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate and 8-bromoadenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (0.1–1 mM), and the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin (1–100 μM). This activity was inhibited by the selective iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (0.1–100 μM). These agents increased iNOS protein. The cAMP analogues potentiated iNOS at the transcriptional level as shown by effects of actinomycin D (5 μg/ml) and northern blot analyses; the nuclear factor (NF) κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (10–200 μM), significantly reduced this potentiation. The cAMP potentiated iNOS activity was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, A25 (10–200 μM) and the Janus activated kinase 2 inhibitor, B42 (10–200 μM). CONCLUSIONS Increased intracellular cAMP is a potent stimulus of iNOS expression in combination with cytokines in DLD-1 cells, acting at the transcriptional level and involving NF-κB and the JAK-STAT pathways. Thus, proinflammatory mediators that increase cAMP levels may augment iNOS expression and NO production.
The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in COPD (SUMMIT) study protocol
Authors: Jørgen Vestbo, Julie Anderson, Robert D. Brook, Peter M.A. Calverley, Bartolome R. Celli, Courtney Crim, Brett Haumann, Fernando J. Martinez, Julie Yates, David E. Newby
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often coexists with other chronic diseases and comorbidities that can markedly influence patients' health status and prognosis. This is particularly true for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there have been no trials assessing the effect of COPD medications on CVD in patients with both diseases. The “Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in COPD” (SUMMIT) aims at determining the impact of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol combination and the individual components on the survival of patients with moderate COPD and either a history of CVD or at increased risk for CVD. SUMMIT is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial of 16 000 patients with moderate COPD randomly assigned to once daily treatment with fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (100/25 μg), fluticasone furoate (100 μg), vilanterol (25 μg) or matched placebo; mortality is the primary end-point. The study is an event-driven trial powered by the comparison of furoate/vilanterol versus placebo. Secondary end-points are decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s and effect on a composite cardiovascular end-point. This article describes the design of the SUMMIT study.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Markolf Hanefeld, Robert G. Josse, Jean-Louis Chiasson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

The authors of the Cochrane systematic review carefully analyzed all available studies that fulfilled the criteria of randomized clinical trials of at least 12 weeks’ duration (1). With the exception of one study (2), all registered mortality and morbidity as secondary objectives. Glycemic control was the primary objective in 40 of 41 of these trials. Thus, the major legitimate conclusion of this careful analysis was that “AGIs [α-glucosidase inhibitors] have clear beneficial effects on glycemic control” mainly through their dose-dependent effect on postprandial hyperglycemia.

However, the authors also state as one of their main conclusions that they “found no evidence for an effect on mortality …
Expression of Multiple Connexins in Cultured Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: Bruce J. Darrow, James G. Laing, Paul D. Lampe, Jeffrey E. Saffitz, Eric C. Beyer
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Three gap junction proteins have been identified in mammalian cardiac myocytes: connexin43 (Cx43), connexin45 (Cx45), and connexin40 (Cx40). These proteins form channels with different electrophysiological properties and have different distributions in cardiac tissues with disparate conduction properties. We characterized the expression, phosphorylation, turnover, and subcellular distribution of these connexins in primary cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Cx43, Cx45, and Cx40 mRNA were specifically detected in RNA blots. Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies specific for Cx43 and Cx45 revealed punctate labeling at appositional membranes, but no immunoreactive Cx40 was detected. Double-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of cultured myocytes revealed colocalization of Cx43 and Cx45. Cx43 and Cx45 were both identified by immunoprecipitation from [ 35 S]methionine-labeled cultures, but anti-Cx40 antibodies did not precipitate any radiolabeled protein. Phosphorylated forms of both Cx45 and Cx43 were immunoprecipitated from cultures metabolically labeled with [ 32 P]orthophosphate. Phosphoamino acid analysis demonstrated that Cx45 was modified on serine residues, and Cx43 was phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Pulse-chase labeling experiments demonstrated that the half-lives of Cx43 and Cx45 were 1.9 and 2.9 hours, respectively. Thus, both Cx43 and Cx45 turn over relatively rapidly, suggesting that myocardial gap junctions have the potential for dynamic remodeling. The results implicate multiple mechanisms of gap junction regulation that may differ for different connexins.
TC-1 Is a Novel Tumorigenic and Natively Disordered Protein Associated with Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Margaret Sunde, Kristine C. Y. McGrath, Lei Young, Jacqueline M. Matthews, Elizabeth L. Chua, Joel P. Mackay, Alison K. Death
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract A novel gene, thyroid cancer 1 (TC-1), was found recently to be overexpressed in thyroid cancer. TC-1 shows no homology to any of the known thyroid cancer-associated genes. We have produced stable transformants of normal thyroid cells that express the TC-1 gene, and these cells show increased proliferation rates and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Apoptosis rates also are decreased in the transformed cells. We also have expressed recombinant TC-1 protein and have undertaken a structural and functional characterization of the protein. The protein is monomeric and predominantly unstructured under conditions of physiologic salt and pH. This places it in the category of natively disordered proteins, a rapidly expanding group of proteins, many members of which play critical roles in cell regulation processes. We show that the protein can be phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and the activity of both of these kinases is up-regulated when cells are stably transfected with TC-1. These results suggest that overexpression of TC-1 may be important in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Sources of variability in correlating syntactic complexity and working memory
Authors: Matthew Walenski, David Swinney
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Caplan &amp; Waters's model differentiating levels of processing and the role of working memory is important and likely right. However, their claim rests on a lack of correlation between working memory and structural complexity. We examine sources of variability in these measures that remain unaccounted for (by anyone), variability that muddies a straightforward claim that the lack of correlation is cleanly established.
Effects of liver transplantation on bile formation and biliary lipid secretion in the sprague-dawley rat*1
Authors: F CHAN
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Altered hepatic secretory function after orthotopic liver transplantation constitutes a major perioperative clinical problem. Cholestasis and cholesterol gallstone formation are among the most frequent complications reported. Such changes in the allograft secretory function can be secondary to many factors like graft injury due to preservation and marked rejection, surgical complications, immunosuppressive therapy, and sepsis. The effects of liver transplantation per se on bile formation and biliary lipid secretion are unknown. The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation was used to characterize better the true effect of transplantation without the influence of these confounding variables. Twenty-four-hour bile collections were performed on nine transplanted versus nine liver-denervated (sham) rats 4 weeks after surgery, and nine normal Sprague-Dawley rats. The liver allografts showed mild lymphocytic infiltration in portal tracts and the serum alanine transaminase levels were not significantly elevated. Bile flow and the secretion of bile salts and bilirubin under basal conditions were unchanged. Bile salt pool size, synthesis rate, and bile acid composition did not differ among the three groups. However, cholesterol secretion was dramatically reduced (50%) in the transplanted rats and decreased 31% in the liver-denervated rats (P < .001 and .01, respectively), resulting in a more favorable cholesterol saturation index (CSI = 0.29 for transplanted and 0.32 for sham versus 0.45 for normal controls; P < .01). Thus, liver transplantation with its attendant denervation did not impair hepatic secretory function, but rather improved biliary lipid composition despite mild rejection.
Cognitive Impairment in Older Patients With Breast Cancer Before Systemic Therapy: Is There an Interaction Between Cancer and Comorbidity?
Authors: Jeanne S. Mandelblatt, Robert A. Stern, Gheorghe Luta, Meghan McGuckin, Jonathan D. Clapp, Arti Hurria, Paul B. Jacobsen, Leigh Anne Faul, Claudine Isaacs, Neelima Denduluri, Brandon Gavett, Tiffany A. Traina, Patricia Johnson, Rebecca A. Silliman, R. Scott Turner, Darlene Howard, John W. Van Meter, Andrew Saykin, Tim Ahles
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

To determine if older patients with breast cancer have cognitive impairment before systemic therapy.Participants were patients with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic breast cancer and matched friend or community controls age > 60 years without prior systemic treatment, dementia, or neurologic disease. Participants completed surveys and a 55-minute battery of 17 neuropsychological tests. Biospecimens were obtained for APOE genotyping, and clinical data were abstracted. Neuropsychological test scores were standardized using control means and standard deviations (SDs) and grouped into five domain z scores. Cognitive impairment was defined as any domain z score two SDs below or ≥ two z scores 1.5 SDs below the control mean. Multivariable analyses evaluated pretreatment differences considering age, race, education, and site; comparisons between patient cases also controlled for surgery.The 164 patient cases and 182 controls had similar neuropsychological domain scores. However, among patient cases, those with stage II to III cancers had lower executive function compared with those with stage 0 to I disease, after adjustment (P = .05). The odds of impairment were significantly higher among older, nonwhite, less educated women and those with greater comorbidity, after adjustment. Patient case or control status, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and surgery were not associated with impairment. However, there was an interaction between comorbidity and patient case or control status; comorbidity was strongly associated with impairment among patient cases (adjusted odds ratio, 8.77; 95% CI, 2.06 to 37.4; P = .003) but not among controls (P = .97). Only diabetes and cardiovascular disease were associated with impairment among patient cases.There were no overall differences between patients with breast cancer and controls before systemic treatment, but there may be pretreatment cognitive impairment within subgroups of patient cases with greater tumor or comorbidity burden.
Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: Irfan Rahman, W Macnee
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants has been proposed in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).'Although much research has focused on the protease/antiprotease theory of the pathogenesis of COPD, particularly emphysema, less attention has been paid to the role of the oxidant/antioxidant im- balance in this condition.This is surprising since cigarette smoke, which is the major risk factor for the development of COPD, contains 10'7 oxidant molecules per puff of which 1014 are oxygen free radicals.2There is a delicate balance between the toxicity of oxidants and the protective function of the intracellular and extracellular antioxidant defence systems which is critically important for the main- tenance of normal pulmonary cellular functions.3In this editorial we will examine the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in smokers and patients with COPD to determine if there is enough evidence to warrant therapeutic trials with anti- oxidant therapy in patients with COPD.Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of over 4700 chemical compounds including high concentrations of ox- idants and free radicals present in both the gas phase and the tar phase of cigarette smoke.24Those in the gas phase are both organic and inorganic including reactive oxygen species and free radicals, aldehydes, peroxides and oxides of nitrogen.In the tar phase radicals are stable and predominantly organic, such as semiquinone which can react to produce superoxide anion (02).Short lived radicals in the gas phase of cigarette smoke may be quenched immediately in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF); however, redox reactions in cigarette smoke condensate may produce reactive oxygen intermediates for a considerable time.'In normal lungs there are 50-70 on August 14,