tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in the acute hospital care setting (ENDORSE study): a multinational cross-sectional study
Authors: Alexander T Cohen, Victor F Tapson, Jean-Francois Bergmann, Samuel Z Goldhaber, Ajay K Kakkar, Bruno Deslandes, Wei Huang, Maksim Zayaruzny, Leigh Emery, Frederick A Anderson
Journal: The Lancet (2008)
Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: A composite of redistribution and proliferation
Authors: Nadine G. Pakker, Daan W. Notermans, Rob J. De Boer, Marijke T.L. Roos, Frank De Wolf, Andrew Hill, John M. Leonard, Sven A. Danner, Frank Miedema, Peter T.A. Schellekens
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Pro-Free Enterprise Group Challenges FDA's Authority to Regulate Drug Companies' Speech
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THE US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has indefinitely postponed the publication of its long-awaited final policy statement on industry-supported scientific and educational activities. The FDA has delayed issuing its final guidelines—which were supposed to be published by the end of 1993—in order to answer a "civil petition" filed by a "pro—free enterprise" group that is challenging the agency's legal authority to regulate the speech of pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers. The Washington, DC—based group, called the Washington Legal Foundation, is asking the FDA to cease "violating the First Amendment rights" of physicians and patients who have an urgent need for timely information about these products. The foundation's petition, filed on October 22, asks the FDA "to withdraw its draft policy ["Draft Policy on Industry-Supported Scientific and Educational Activities,"<i>Federal Register</i>. November 27,1992] and to refrain from taking any enforcement action against manufacturers that sponsor scientific or educational activities or
Preoperative Thresholds for Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Patients With Corrected Tetralogy of Fallot Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Thomas Oosterhof, Alexander van Straten, Hubert W. Vliegen, Folkert J. Meijboom, Arie P.J. van Dijk, Anje M. Spijkerboer, Berto J. Bouma, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Mark G. Hazekamp, Albert de Roos, Barbara J.M. Mulder
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— To facilitate the optimal timing of pulmonary valve replacement, we analyzed preoperative thresholds of right ventricular (RV) volumes above which no decrease or normalization of RV size takes place after surgery. Methods and Results— Between 1993 and 2006, 71 adult patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot underwent pulmonary valve replacement in a nationwide, prospective follow-up study. Patients were evaluated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance both preoperatively and postoperatively. Changes in RV volumes were expressed as relative change from baseline. RV volumes decreased with a mean of 28%. RV ejection fraction did not change significantly after surgery (from 42±10% to 43±10%; P =0.34). Concomitant RV outflow tract reduction resulted in a 25% larger decrease of RV volumes. After correction for surgical RV outflow tract reduction, higher preoperative RV volumes (mL/m 2 ) were independently associated with a larger decrease of RV volumes (RV end-diastolic volume: β=0.41; P &lt;0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed a cutoff value of 160 mL/m 2 for normalization of RV end-diastolic volume or 82 mL/m 2 for RV end-systolic volume. Conclusions— Overall, we could not find a threshold above which RV volumes did not decrease after surgery. Preoperative RV volumes were independently associated with RV remodeling and also when corrected for a surgical reduction of the RV outflow tract. However, normalization could be achieved when preoperative RV end-diastolic volume was &lt;160 mL/m 2 or RV end-systolic volume was &lt;82 mL/m 2 .
Adjust to Target in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Richard M. Bergenstal, Mary Johnson, Margaret A. Powers, Alan Wynne, Aleksandra Vlajnic, Priscilla Hollander, Marc Rendell
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

OBJECTIVE—Carbohydrate counting is an effective approach to mealtime insulin adjustment in type 1 diabetes but has not been rigorously assessed in type 2 diabetes. We sought to compare an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio with a simple algorithm for adjusting the dose of prandial insulin glusiline. RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODS—This 24-week, multicenter, randomized, controlled study compared two algorithms for adjusting mealtime (glulisine) insulin along with a standard algorithm for adjusting background (glargine) insulin in 273 intent-to-treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Glulisine and glargine were adjusted weekly in both groups based on self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) results from the previous week. The simple algorithm group was provided set doses of glulisine to take before each meal. The carbohydrate counting (carb count) group was provided an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio to use for each meal and adjusted their glulisine dose based on the amount of carbohydrate consumed. RESULTS—A1C levels at week 24 were 6.70% (simple algorithm) and 6.54% (carb count). The respective mean A1C changes from baseline to 24 weeks were −1.46 and −1.59% (P = 0.24). A1C &amp;lt;7.0% was achieved by 73.2% (simple algorithm) and 69.2% (carb count) (P = 0.70) of subjects; respective values for A1C &amp;lt;6.5% were 44.3 and 49.5% (P = 0.28). The total daily dose of insulin was lower, and there was a trend toward less weight gain in carb count group patients. Severe hypoglycemia rates were low and equal in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS—Weekly basal-bolus insulin adjustments based on premeal and bedtime glucose patterns resulted in significant reductions in A1C. Having two effective approaches to delivering and adjusting rapid-acting mealtime insulin may increase physicians' and patients' willingness to advance therapy to a basal-bolus insulin regimen.
MRI as the new reference standard in quantifying liver steatosis: the need for international guidelines
Authors: Dimitri Aristotle Raptis, Michael Alexander Fischer, Daniel Nanz, Rolf Graf, Pierre-Alain Clavien
Journal: Gut (2012)

We read with great interest the letter to the editor by Guiu and Cercueil1 referring to our study on invasive and non-invasive methods in quantifying liver fat content.2 The authors commented on the MRI T2*-bias associated with presence of iron in the liver. They contend that multi-echo (ME) rather than dual-echo (DE) sequences are superior, and indicate the potential confounding effect of a relatively high flip angle and T1 bias associated with the sequences used in our study. Furthermore, they emphasise the need for international guidelines regarding sequences used by MRI …
Respiratory infections in Eñepa Amerindians are related to malnutrition and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage
Authors: Lilly M. Verhagen, Keyla Gómez-Castellano, Eveline Snelders, Ismar Rivera-Olivero, Leonor Pocaterra, Willem J.G. Melchers, Jacobus H. de Waard, Peter W.M. Hermans
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)

High acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) rates are observed in indigenous populations. We assessed the role of viral infections and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in ARTIs in Eñepa Amerindians from Venezuela.In 40 children aged 0-10 years with ARTIs, healthy nearest-age sibling controls and their mothers the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae/psittachi and 15 respiratory viruses was investigated.S. pneumoniae was the most frequently detected pathogen, with carriage rates of 75% and 38% in children and mothers respectively. In children, S. pneumoniae carriage was associated with ARTI risk in multivariate analysis (OR 14.1, 95% CI 1.4-137.7). Viral infections were not associated with ARTI risk. S. pneumoniae carriage was common in children of all ages while viral co-infections were more frequently present in children under 4 years compared to older children (46% vs. 17%, p < 0.01). An increase of one unit height-for-age Z score (i.e. improved chronic nutritional status) was associated with decreased odds of S. pneumoniae colonization in multivariate analysis (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44-0.99).In Eñepa children high S. pneumoniae carriage rates associated with a poor nutritional status contribute to the development of ARTIs.
Thalidomide in Solid Malignancies
Authors: Tim Eisen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

Article Tools EDITORIAL Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.11.2607 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 21, 2016 PMID: 12039920 Thalidomide in Solid Malignancies Tim EisenxTim EisenSearch for articles by this author Show More Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.20.11.2607 First Page Full Text PDF Figures and Tables © 2002 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Airway deposition and airway effects of antiasthma drugs delivered from metered-dose inhalers
Authors: R Pauwels, S Newman, L Borgstrom
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Many different metered-dose inhalation devices are becoming available for the treatment of airway diseases. Each of these inhalers differs in its delivery characteristics. An assessment of the efficacy of drug delivery by these inhalers is essential, in view of their therapeutic use. A review of the literature on the relationship between airway deposition and airway effects of drugs delivered from metered-dose inhalers is presented. Nebulizers or spacers are not discussed. The effect of an inhaler depends on the characteristics of the inhaler and the inhalation manoeuvre performed by the patient. This review focuses on the influence of inhaler characteristics on the airway deposition and airway effects. Data from several studies show that there is a significant relationship between the amount of drug deposited in the airways and the airway effects of the drug. Studies on the relationship between airway deposition and airway effect have been troubled by methodological problems, such as the absence of multiple dose comparisons and the difficulty in obtaining steep dose-response curves. The techniques for measuring airway deposition of inhaled drugs, namely the scintigraphic and the pharmacokinetic method, are discussed and compared. The appropriate use of these techniques can help to define and compare the drug delivery characteristics of different devices, thus enabling inhaled therapy to be optimized.
Availability of Experimental Therapy Outside Oncology Randomized Clinical Trials in the United States
Authors: Erika P. Hamilton, Gary H. Lyman, Jeffrey Peppercorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Investigational cancer therapies may be available outside trials as "off-protocol therapy" (OPRx), with implications for patient safety, trial accrual, and access to care. We conducted a literature-based analysis of recent randomized trials to evaluate the potential scope and impact of OPRx in the United States.A MEDLINE search identified all English-language phase III medical oncology randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published over a 2-year period ending April 17, 2008. Determination of OPRx availability was based on US Food and Drug Administration approval for any indication. We limited assessment of accrual to studies with US sites. Data from articles were extracted independently by two investigators.Among 172 eligible RCTs, the majority (108; 63%) evaluated drugs that were available OPRx in the United States at trial initiation, while an additional 19 (11%) evaluated interventions that became available during the trial. Among trials with US sites, time to accrual was slower (41 vs 22 months; P = .002) and less efficient (8.8 v 22.7 patients per month; P = .001) when OPRx was available. Sixty-six percent of RCTs reported at least one increased grade 3 to 4 toxicity in the experimental arm, 47% reported superior efficacy for at least one major clinical outcome in the experimental arm, and 27% reported improvement in overall survival. These outcomes did not vary on the basis of OPRx availability.The majority of recent oncology RCTs involve experimental interventions that are available outside trials in the United States with potential impact on trial accrual. The safety and efficacy of novel interventions must be determined by clinical trials.
CMR Imaging Predicts Death and Other Adverse Events in Suspected Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Simon Greulich, Claudia Christina Deluigi, Steffen Gloekler, Andreas Wahl, Christine Zürn, Ulrich Kramer, Detlev Nothnagel, Helmut Bültel, Julia Schumm, Stefan Grün, Peter Ong, Anja Wagner, Steffen Schneider, Kai Nassenstein, Meinrad Gawaz, Udo Sechtem, Oliver Bruder, Heiko Mahrholdt
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2013)
A surrealistic mega-analysis of redisorganization theories
Authors: A. D Oxman
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

ObjectiveTo systematically review the empirical evidence for organizational theories and repeated reorganizations. MethodsWe did not find anything worth reading, other than Dilbert, so we fantasized. Unfortunately, our fantasies may well resemble many people's realities. We are sorry about this, but it is not our fault. ResultsWe discovered many reasons for repeated reorganizations, the most common being 'no good reason'. We estimated that trillions of dollars are being spent on strategic and organizational planning activities each year, thus providing lots of good reasons for hundreds of thousands of people, including us, to get into the business. New leaders who are intoxicated with the prospect of change further fuel perpetual cycles of redisorganization. We identified eight indicators of successful redisorganizations, including large consultancy fees paid to friends and relatives. ConclusionsWe propose the establishment of ethics committees to review all future redisorganization proposals in order to put a stop to uncontrolled, unplanned experimentation inflicted on providers and users of the health services.
Phase III Randomized Study of Bendamustine Compared With Chlorambucil in Previously Untreated Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Wolfgang U. Knauf, Toshko Lissichkov, Ali Aldaoud, Anna Liberati, Javier Loscertales, Raoul Herbrecht, Gunnar Juliusson, Gerhard Postner, Liana Gercheva, Stefan Goranov, Martin Becker, Hans-Joerg Fricke, Francoise Huguet, Ilaria Del Giudice, Peter Klein, Lothar Tremmel, Karlheinz Merkle, Marco Montillo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

This randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of bendamustine and chlorambucil in previously untreated patients with advanced (Binet stage B or C) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).Patients (<or= 75 years of age) were randomly assigned to receive bendamustine 100 mg/m(2)/d intravenously on days 1 to 2, or chlorambucil 0.8 mg/kg (Broca's normal weight) orally on days 1 and 15; treatment cycles were repeated every 4 weeks for a maximum of six cycles. The response to treatment was assessed according to National Cancer Institute Working Group criteria, and the final determination of response was made by a blinded independent review committee.A total of 319 patients were randomly assigned (162 bendamustine, 157 chlorambucil). Complete or partial responses were achieved in 110 (68%) of 162 bendamustine-treated and 48 (31%) of 157 chlorambucil-treated patients (P < .0001). More patients showed complete responses with bendamustine than with chlorambucil (31% v 2%). Median progression-free survival was 21.6 months with bendamustine and 8.3 months with chlorambucil (P < .0001). Bendamustine was also associated with an improvement in duration of remission, compared with chlorambucil (median, 21.8 v 8.0 months). Hematologic National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria grade 3 to 4 adverse events were more common with bendamustine than with chlorambucil (occurring in 40% v 19% of patients). Severe infections (grade 3 to 4) occurred in 8% of bendamustine-treated patients and 3% of chlorambucil-treated patients.Bendamustine offers significantly greater efficacy than chlorambucil, and a manageable toxicity profile, when used as first-line therapy in patients with advanced CLL.
The demise of nursing
Authors: G. Mufti
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

I read with interest the thought-provoking article in JRSM by two nursing academics, Shields and Watson, entitled The demise of nursing (JRSM 2007;100:70-74).1 As a junior doctor (Senior House Officer, Registrar and old-style Senior Registrar), consultant surgeon and clinician manager (Clinical Director and Medical Director), I can claim to be a witness to changes in nursing practices in the UK over the last 25 years. Gone are the days when the sister on the ward was the conductor of the orchestra of patient care, who along with his/her staff knew everything about every patient. Yet there was neither a clear promotional structure in the nursing hierarchy nor a financial inducement to retaining this highly committed workforce. With the changes in health care—particularly in the NHS—and expansion in the health care industry, a large number of better remunerated management positions became available; the vast majority of these were taken up by nurses, which left a vacuum on the front line of care.

It may not be politically correct to say that the introduction of ‘Modern Matrons’ was the last blow, when highly skilled and senior nursing personnel were relieved from front line duties, handed a red uniform, an office, a computer and mountains of paperwork loosely lumped as ‘modernization’. It is high time for the nursing strategy to move back to basics, which is the care of the sick by the bedside.
Nitroso–Redox Interactions in the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Jeffrey M. Zimmet, Joshua M. Hare
Journal: Circulation (2006)

ormal cardiovascular performance requires exquisite balancing of many complex biochemical processes.Perturbation of this balance may lead to myocardial dysfunction or may be a secondary result of structural heart disease such as myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiomyopathic processes.Altered signaling systems in turn contribute to the progression of myocardial dysfunction.The roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in normal and failing myocardium and vasculature have been the subject of intense investigation and continue to engender considerable debate.A disturbance in the oxidation-reduction state of the cell, in which ROS production exceeds antioxidant defenses, is called oxidative stress.By analogy, nitrosative stress is an impairment in nitric oxide (NO) signaling caused by increased amounts of RNS, which may be caused by or associated with a disturbance in the redox state.This review addresses the role of the redox state and nitroso-redox balance in determining cardiovascular function in health and disease.
The Frustum Sign Revisited
Authors: Harold R. Schumacher
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In the article "Blood Loss After Fractures of the Hip" by Capt Richard C. Gardner, MC, USAF (<b>208</b>:1005, 1969), his patients underwent high femoral trochanteric osteotomy and operative blood loss was measured by radioactive labeling and an automatic blood volume computer. He used trochanteric osteotomy since it would simulate the blood loss found with intertrochanteric hip fractures. The average blood loss was 1,295 cc with a range of 500 cc to 2,650 cc. It is interesting that these results correspond to those obtained by use of a tape measure and some simple arithmetic. We presented a technique (<i>New Eng J Med</i><b>279</b>:3811, 1968) whereby blood loss could be crudely determined by likening the thighs to frustums (parts of a conical-shaped solid formed by cutting off the top by a plane parallel to the base). The volume of the normal thigh is then determined and subtracted
Edta‐dependent pseudothrombocytopenia: A clinical study of 18 patients and a review of the literature
Authors: Neville Berkman, Yossef Michaeli, Reuven Or, Amiram Eldor
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

Abstract EDTA‐dependent pseudothrombocytopenia (EDTA‐PTCP) is the phenomenon of a spurious low platelet count due to the appearance of antibodies that cause platelet agglutination in blood anticoagulated with EDTA. We review here the clinical features of 18 patients with EDTA‐PTCP treated in our hospital from 1984 to 1987 as well as those of 34 patients reported in the literature. This phenomenon appears more frequently in severely ill patients, in association with autoimmune, neoplastic, atherosclerosis‐related, and liver diseases. In the majority of our patients, EDTA‐PTCP appeared during hospitalization, indicating that the antibody is an acquired one. Neither splenomegaly nor the presence of autoimmune markers were features of this entity. Unlike true thrombocytopenias, EDTA‐PTCP is associated with a normal mean platelet volume. Awareness of this entity is essential since EDTA‐PTCP is frequently misdiagnosed and therefore incorrectly treated.
Virtual tools for imaging of the thorax
Authors: G.R. Ferretti, I. Bricault, M. Coulomb
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Helical computed tomography (HCT) allows for volume acquisition of the entire thorax during a single apnoea. Combination of HCT acquisition with synchronous vascular enhancement gives rise to HCT angiography (HCTA). In the last decade, HCT and HCTA have revolutionized the diagnosis of thoracic diseases, modifying many diagnostic algorithms. Because HCT provides for a true volume acquisition free of respiratory misregistration, three-dimensional (3D) rendering techniques can be applied to HCT acquisitions. As these 3D rendering techniques present the HCT information in a different format to the conventional transaxial CT slices, they can be summarized as virtual tools. The purpose of this review is to give the readers the most important technical aspects of virtual tools, to report their application to the thorax, to answer clinical and scientific questions, and to stress their importance for patient management, clinical decision making, and research.