tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the quantitative anatomy of the bronchi in normal subjects, in status asthmaticus, in chronic bronchitis, and in emphysema
Authors: M. S. Dunnill, G. R. Massarella, J. A. Anderson
Journal: Thorax (1969)

The quantitative anatomy of the bronchi has been studied in sudden deaths in normal subjects, in deaths from status asthmaticus and chronic bronchitis, and in patients with emphysema. In the normal bronchi the observed range of values for the percentage volume of mucous glands was between 7·6 and 16·7. In the status asthmaticus group the mucous gland volume was greatly increased and in no case was there an overlap with the normal subjects. In the 19 cases of chronic bronchitis, two cases had values of 15·2 and 15·4% respectively, but all the others had values higher than the normal range and, in two instances, values of over 40% were obtained. The values obtained for mucous gland volume in the bronchi in emphysema were variable, approximately half being within the normal range. The bronchial smooth muscle accounted for 4·6±2·2% of the volume of the normal bronchial wall. The values obtained in chronic bronchitis and emphysema did not differ significantly from this but in those dying of status asthmaticus there was a very significant increase with a mean value of 11·9±3·36.
Apolipoprotein A-I coating of protamine–oligonucleotide nanoparticles increases particle uptake and transcytosis in an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Ingrid Kratzer, Karin Wernig, Ute Panzenboeck, Eva Bernhart, Helga Reicher, Robert Wronski, Manfred Windisch, Astrid Hammer, Ernst Malle, Andreas Zimmer, Wolfgang Sattler
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2006)
Early predictors of prognosis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic literature review
Authors: E H Pieter van Dijkhuizen, Nico M Wulffraat
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is subdivided into seven categories. Even within these categories, the prognosis varies markedly. To start appropriate treatment in patients with JIA and to inform patients and their parents correctly, it is essential to know the individual prognosis, preferably at the time of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify variables that predict disease activity, joint damage, functional ability and quality of life (QoL) early in the disease course. <h3>Methods</h3> A systematic literature review was performed, and 3679 articles were identified. The results were screened and critically appraised using predefined criteria. Articles that described validated outcomes, such as the Wallace criteria, the childhood health assessment questionnaire (CHAQ) and the juvenile arthritis damage index (JADI), and that determined predictors in the first 6 months of disease were selected. <h3>Results</h3> Forty mostly retrospective articles were selected. Polyarticular onset predicted a worse prognosis for all outcomes, except QoL. A diagnostic delay and the systemic category predicted continuation of active disease. Notably, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) did not predict disease activity. Symmetric involvement and rheumatoid factor positivity predicted less damage. More disease activity was mainly associated with worse functional outcome. However, most predictors were not validated. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Few predictors for the selected outcomes were found. Prospective, longitudinal studies using standardised outcome measurements, and evaluating a broader range of predictors, such as genetics, immunological and imaging data, should be performed. For the outcomes joint assessment and quality of life, standardised and validated outcomes should be developed.
Transient Induction of Cytokine Production in Human Myocardial Fibroblasts by Coxsackievirus B3
Authors: A. Heim, S. Zeuke, S. Weiss, W. Ruschewski, I. M. Grumbach
Journal: Circulation Research (2000)

Abstract —Cytokine expression in enterovirus infections of the heart may trigger inflammation and have detrimental effects on myocytes. However, the induction of cytokines in human myocardial cells by cardiotropic enteroviruses, for example, Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), was not yet demonstrated. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type of the myocardial interstitium before inflammatory infiltration develops. Hence, we investigated, by enzyme immunoassays, reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and nucleic acid sequence–based amplification (NASBA), whether CVB3 induces cytokine expression in cultured human myocardial fibroblasts. As early as 3 hours after infection, RT-qPCR demonstrated a 2-fold increase of interleukin (IL)–6 and IL-8 mRNA compared with basal transcription, resulting in a significant increase of IL-6 and IL-8 to a median level of 1500 pg/mL (range, 1246 to 1858) and 529 pg/mL (range, 428 to 601) in culture supernatants, respectively. IL-6 and IL-8 expression returned to basal levels within 3 and 5 days, respectively, despite a persistent (carrier-state) CVB3 infection. For comparison, IL-6 and IL-8 were induced in dermal fibroblasts later than 3 days after CVB3 infection. Although the low-level IL-1α transcription of myocardial fibroblasts was not significantly increased, IL-1α was released from cells to culture supernatants 5 days after infection. Furthermore, a suppression of interferon-β transcription was demonstrated up to 24 hours after CVB3 infection of myocardial fibroblasts by highly sensitive NASBA. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a heart-specific pattern of a rapid and transient induction of proinflammatory cytokines after CVB3 infection, whereas the expression of protective interferon-β was suppressed by CVB3.
Heart Failure Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality in the Elderly With Diabetes
Authors: Alain G. Bertoni, W. Gregory Hundley, Mark W. Massing, Denise E. Bonds, Gregory L. Burke, David C. Goff
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—The goal of this study was to determine heart failure prevalence and incidence rates, subsequent mortality, and risk factors for heart failure among older populations in Medicare with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used a national 5% sample of Medicare claims from 1994 to 1999 to perform a population-based, nonconcurrent cohort study in 151,738 beneficiaries with diabetes who were age ≥65 years, not in managed care, and were alive on 1 January 1995. Prevalent heart failure was defined as a diagnosis of heart failure in 1994; incident heart failure was defined as a new diagnosis in 1995–1999 among those without prevalent heart failure. Mortality was assessed through 31 December 1999. RESULTS—Heart failure was prevalent in 22.3% in 1994. Among individuals without heart failure in 1994, the heart failure incidence rate was 12.6 per 100 person-years (95% CI 12.5–12.7 per 100 person-years). Incidence was similar by sex and race and increased significantly with age and diabetes-related comorbidities. The adjusted hazard of incident heart failure increased for individuals with the following: metabolic complications of diabetes (a proxy for poor control and/or severity) (hazards ratio 1.23, 95% CI 1.18–1.29), ischemic heart disease (1.74, 1.70–1.79), nephropathy (1.55, 1.45–1.67), and peripheral vascular disease (1.35, 1.31–1.39). Over 60 months, incident heart failure among older adults with diabetes was associated with high mortality—32.7 per 100 person-years compared with 3.7 per 100 person-years among those with diabetes who remained heart failure free. CONCLUSIONS—These data demonstrate alarmingly high prevalence, incidence, and mortality for heart failure in individuals with diabetes. Prevention of heart failure should be a research and clinical priority.
Risk of postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery--development and validation of a risk score and effect of acute kidney injury on survival: observational cohort study
Authors: S. Bell, F. W. Dekker, T. Vadiveloo, C. Marwick, H. Deshmukh, P. T. Donnan, M. Van Diepen
Journal: BMJ (2015)

What is the predicted risk of acute kidney injury after orthopaedic surgery and does it affect short term and long term survival?The cohort comprised adults resident in the National Health Service Tayside region of Scotland who underwent orthopaedic surgery from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2011. The model was developed in 6220 patients (two hospitals) and externally validated in 4395 patients from a third hospital. Several preoperative variables were selected for candidate predictors, based on literature, clinical expertise, and availability in the orthopaedic surgery setting. The main outcomes were the development of any severity of acute kidney injury (stages 1-3) within the first postoperative week, and 90 day, one year, and longer term survival.Using logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of acute kidney injury were older age, male sex, diabetes, number of prescribed drugs, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade. The model's predictive performance for discrimination was good (C statistic 0.74 in development cohort, 0.70 in validation cohort). Calibration was good in the development cohort and after recalibration in the validation cohort. Only the highest risks were over-predicted. Survival was worse in patients with acute kidney injury compared with those without (adjusted hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.38 to 1.70). This was most noticeable in the short term (adjusted hazard ratio: 90 day 2.36, 1.94 to 2.87) and diminished over time (90 day-one year 1.40, 1.10 to 1.79; >1 year 1.28, 1.10 to 1.48). The model used routinely collected data in the orthopaedic surgery setting therefore some variables that could potentially improve predictive performance were not available. However, the readily available predictors make the model easily applicable.A preoperative risk prediction model consisting of seven predictors for acute kidney injury was developed, with good predictive performance in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Survival was significantly poorer in patients even with mild (stage 1) postoperative acute kidney injury.SB received grants from Tenovus Tayside, Chief Scientist Office, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow; PT receives grants from Novo Nordisk, GlaxoSmithKline, and the New Drugs Committee of the Scottish Medicines Consortium. No additional data are available.
Plasma Total Homocysteine and Hemodialysis Access Thrombosis
Authors: DOUGLAS SHEMIN, KATE L. LAPANE, LINDA BAUSSERMAN, ELIAS KANAAN, SEWELL KAHN, LANCE DWORKIN, ANDREW G. BOSTOM
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1999)

Abstract. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia, a putative risk factor for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, may contribute to the excess incidence of atherothrombotic outcomes in the dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease population. Hemodialysis access (fistula or graft) thrombosis is an unfortunately common and costly morbidity in this patient population. In this study, using a prospective design, the potential relationship between baseline nonfasting, predialysis plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels and vascular access-related morbidity was examined in a cohort of 84 hemodialysis patients with a fistula or prosthetic graft as their primary hemodialysis access. Vascular access thrombotic episodes were recorded over a subsequent 18-mo follow-up period. Forty-seven patients (56% of the total) had at least one access thrombosis during the 18-mo follow-up period (median follow-up, 13 mo; rate, 0.6 events per patient-year of follow-up). Proportional hazards modeling revealed that each 1 μM/L increase in the tHcy level was associated with a 4.0% increase in the risk of access thrombosis (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 6.0%, P = 0.008). This association persisted after adjustment for type of access (fistula versus graft), age, gender, time on dialysis, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, nutritional status, urea reduction ratio, dyslipidemia, and the presence of previous vascular disease. Elevated tHcy levels appear to confer a graded, independent increased risk for hemodialysis access thrombosis. A randomized, controlled trial examining the effect of tHcy-lowering intervention on hemodialysis access thrombosis appears to be justified.
Prognostic Significance of Telomerase Polymorphism in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Raquel Catarino, António Araújo, Ana Coelho, Mónica Gomes, Augusto Nogueira, Carlos Lopes, Rui M. Medeiros
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in oncologic patients of western countries, with very low survival rates. Telomerase main components are the catalytic subunit (hTERT) and the RNA template (hTR). A functional polymorphism in the hTERT gene was found in the promoter region (−1327T/C), and individuals homozygous for the −1327C/C genotype present shorter telomere length compared with T-carrier genotypes. Our purpose was to investigate the potential prognostic role of the hTERT functional genetic variant in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Experimental Design: We prospectively conducted a study involving 226 patients with NSCLC treated with a first-line chemotherapeutic standard protocol. A follow-up study was undertaken (median follow-up time, 26 months) to evaluate treatment response and overall survival of NSCLC patients. The hTERT −1327T/C genetic variants were analyzed by allelic discrimination with real-time PCR. Results: Our results indicate an influence of the telomerase genetic variants in the overall survival of NSCLC patients. Cox regression analysis showed a significantly higher median estimated cumulative survival of 26.5 months in T-carrier patients, compared with that of 19.3 months in CC patients (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.77; P = 0.001). Conclusions: Telomerase functional polymorphism in the hTERT gene may contribute as a prognostic factor in NSCLC patients. Our findings indicate that hTERT genetic variants, by modulating telomere length, may confer an advantage in chemotherapy response. The assessment of telomerase genetic variants could supplement prognosis of survival in the course of NSCLC and may be a promising molecular marker of treatment response in these patients. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3706–12. ©2010 AACR.
Skincare products containing low concentrations of formaldehyde detected by the chromotropic acid method cannot be safely used in formaldehyde-allergic patients
Authors: I. Hauksson, A. Pontén, B. Gruvberger, M. Isaksson, M. Engfeldt, M. Bruze
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Formaldehyde is a well‐known contact sensitizer. Formaldehyde releasers are widely used preservatives in skincare products. It has been found that formaldehyde at concentrations allowed by the European Cosmetics Directive can cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, we still lack information on whether formaldehyde at low concentrations affects dermatitis in formaldehyde‐allergic individuals. To study the effects of low concentrations of formaldehyde on irritant contact dermatitis in formaldehyde‐allergic individuals. Fifteen formaldehyde‐allergic individuals and a control group of 12 individuals without contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers were included in the study. The individuals performed the repeated open application test (ROAT) during 4 weeks with four different moisturizers releasing formaldehyde in concentrations that had been determined as > 40, 20–40, 2·5–10 and 0 p.p.m. by the chromotropic acid (CA) spot test. Dimethyloldimethylhydantoin was used as a formaldehyde releaser in the moisturizers. The ROAT was performed on areas of experimentally induced sodium lauryl sulfate dermatitis. The study was double blind, controlled and randomized. Nine of the 15 formaldehyde‐allergic individuals had reappearance or worsening of dermatitis on the areas that were treated with moisturizers containing formaldehyde. No such reactions were observed in the control group (P <0·001) or for the moisturizers without formaldehyde in the formaldehyde‐allergic individuals (P <0·001). Our results demonstrate that the low concentrations of formaldehyde often found in skincare products by the CA method are sufficient to worsen an existing dermatitis in formaldehyde‐allergic individuals.
Effect of Diabetes on Severity and Hospital Mortality in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Hsiu-Nien Shen, Chin-Li Lu, Chung-Yi Li
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Diabetes may increase the risk of acute pancreatitis (AP). We aimed to further investigate whether diabetes may also adversely affect outcomes of patients with AP.In this retrospective cohort study, we compared 18,990 first-attack AP with diabetes to 37,980 matched control subjects from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 2000 and 2009. Primary outcomes were development of severe AP, defined by a modified Atlanta classification scheme, and hospital mortality. Analyses were performed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations accounting for hospital clustering effect.After baseline characteristics were adjusted, AP patients with diabetes had a higher risk of a severe attack than their nondiabetic counterparts (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.26). When severity criteria were analyzed individually, diabetic AP patients had a 58% higher risk of intensive care unit admission and a 30% higher risk of local complications, but a 16% lower risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, than AP patients without diabetes. The risk of organ failure at least one system) was similar between the two groups. Conversely, AP patients with diabetes were associated with a lower risk of hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.65-0.91).Although diabetes may adversely affect the disease process of AP, it seems to protect patients from AP-related mortality.
Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly
Authors: Ray W. Gifford
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Although systolic hypertension in the elderly has received limited attention, it is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; it is not clear, however, whether it is the elevated blood pressure or the arteriosclerosis, for which it is a marker, that increases the risk. While there are no controlled, prospective trials confirming a reduction in morbidity and mortality with treatment, reduction of the systolic blood pressure will reduce the left ventricular work load, and in my opinion is indicated when the diagnosis of systolic hypertension is clearly established by multiple determinations. Contrary to the opinion of some, the elderly are able to tolerate antihypertensive drugs well when the drugs are administered cautiously in low dosages initially, with small increments. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:781-785)
Increased HLA-DMB Expression in the Tumor Epithelium Is Associated with Increased CTL Infiltration and Improved Prognosis in Advanced-Stage Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Michael J. Callahan, Zoltan Nagymanyoki, Tomas Bonome, Michael E. Johnson, Babak Litkouhi, Elizabeth H. Sullivan, Michelle S. Hirsch, Ursula A. Matulonis, Joyce Liu, Michael J. Birrer, Ross S. Berkowitz, Samuel C. Mok
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the possible mechanisms influencing the infiltration of CD8 T lymphocytes into the tumor epithelium of advanced-stage serous ovarian cancers. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical localization of CD8 T lymphocytes was done on a homogeneous population of 184 high-grade, advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer tissue specimens. Microarray analysis was done on microdissected tumor epithelium from 38 specimens to identify genes up-regulated or down-regulated in specimens with differing numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to validate a candidate gene. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were done combining CD8 T lymphocyte number and HLA-DMB expression with standard prognostic factors. Results: Marked CD8 T lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor epithelium is associated with a 20-month improvement in median overall survival. Additionally, when combined with cytoreduction status and age, CD8 T lymphocyte status is an independent prognostic factor for survival. Microarray analysis showed HLA-DMB, a component of the MHC II antigen presentation machinery, to be differentially expressed in specimens with an abundance of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes. This relationship was validated at both mRNA and protein levels. As well, high HLA-DMB expression in the tumor epithelium was associated with a significant improvement in median overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Tumor cell expression of HLA-DMB is associated with increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes and both are associated with improved survival in advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer.
Relationships Between Lead-Induced Learning Impairments and Changes in Dopaminergic, Cholinergic, and Glutamatergic Neurotransmitter System Functions
Authors: D A Cory-Slechta
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1995)

Behavioral consequences of low-level lead (Pb) exposure include impairments in learning processes and in Fixed-Interval schedule-controlled operant behavior. Although the neurobiological bases of these effects remain undetermined, current evidence suggests that inhibitory effects of Pb on the NMDA receptor complex may play a preferential role in the learning deficits. In contrast, alterations in dopaminergic systems, consistent with a decrease in dopamine availability, appear to be related to the changes in Fixed-Interval performance. Hypocholinergic function has also been described, but its relationship to the behavioral changes is not yet known. Explication of these relationships will require more efforts involving direct rather than correlative methods. The answers are critical for understanding risks associated with exposure and for the development of behavioral or chemical therapeutic strategies for dealing with lead neurotoxicity.
Body mass, fat percentage, and fat free mass as reference variables for lung function: effects on terms for age and sex
Authors: J E Cotes
Journal: Thorax (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Sex specific cross sectional reference values for lung function indices usually employ a linear model with terms for age and stature. The effects of also matching for body mass index (BMI = mass/stature<sup>2</sup>) or its components, fat percentage of body mass (fat%) and fat free mass index (FFMI = fat free mass/stature<sup>2</sup>) were studied. <h3>METHODS</h3> The subjects were 458 asymptomatic male and female non-smokers (383 men) and 22 female ex-smokers. Measurements were made of ventilatory capacity, lung volumes, transfer factor (diffusing capacity, single breath CO method), and body composition (skinfold method). Linear and proportional regression models were used. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Terms for fat% and FFMI significantly improved the accuracy of reference values for all the primary lung function indices. The improvements in subjects with atypical physiques (fat% and FFMI at the ends of the distributions for the subjects) were in the range 0.3–2.3 SD compared with conventional regression equations. The new partial regression coefficients on age were independent of age related changes in body fat. The coefficient for total lung capacity (TLC) on age in men was now positive. Most differences between the sexes were eliminated. A term for BMI improved the descriptions of subdivisions of TLC but lacked the other advantages. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> Allowance for fat% and FFMI increases the accuracy of reference equations for lung function, particularly for subjects with a lot of fat and little muscle or vice versa. Allowance for BMI is less informative.