tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The History of Euthanasia Debates in the United States and Britain
Authors: Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Debates about the ethics of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide date from ancient Greece and Rome. After the development of ether, physicians began advocating the use of anesthetics to relieve the pains of death. In 1870, Samuel Williams first proposed using anesthetics and morphine to intentionally end a patient's life. Over the next 35 years, debates about the ethics of euthanasia raged in the United States and Britain, culminating in 1906 in an Ohio bill to legalize euthanasia, a bill that was ultimately defeated. The arguments propounded for and against euthanasia in the 19th century are identical to contemporary arguments. Such similarities suggest four conclusions: Public interest in euthanasia 1) is not linked with advances in biomedical technology; 2) it flourishes in times of economic recession, in which individualism and social Darwinism are invoked to justify public policy; 3) it arises when physician authority over medical decision making is challenged; and 4) it occurs when terminating life-sustaining medical interventions become standard medical practice and interest develops in extending such practices to include euthanasia.
A system for processing by digital computer spirograms acquired in field surveys.
Authors: C J Derrett, C Brown
Journal: Thorax (1975)

Instrumentation and techniques are described for recording expiratory spirograms in the field and analysing them with a digital computer in the laboratory. A commercially available spirometer is modified, to give an oscillating electrical output signal which is recorded on a cassette tape recorder. The computer displays the spirogram, calculates the forced vital capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, maximum mid-expiratory flow, and time to expire 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of the vital capacity.
Cryptogenic cirrhosis: or is it? An unusual case of portal hypertension
Authors: J. E. Leyden, S. Looby, C. Gulmann, S. E. Patchett
Journal: Gut (2010)

The patient presented with a 5-week history of abdominal swelling and malaise. She had no medical history apart from a mastectomy for breast cancer 21 years earlier. She consumed 6 units of alcohol per week. Physical examination revealed moderate ascites. Laboratory values were: bilirubin 49 (0–17) μmol/l; aspartate aminotransferase 80 (<35) U/l; alanine aminotransferase 190 (<35) U/l; γ-glutamyltranferase 252 (<58) U/l; alkaline phosphatase 386 (42–121), prothrombin time (PT) 17.9 s/ international normalised ratio (INR) 1.45, serum albumin 30 mg/l and platelet count 95×109/litre. The ascitic fluid cytology was benign. A viral, autoimmune …
How to Read the New Recommendation Statement: Methods Update from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Mary B. Barton, Therese Miller, Tracy Wolff, Diana Petitti, Michael LeFevre, George Sawaya, Barbara Yawn, Janelle Guirguis-Blake, Ned Calonge, Russell Harris
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Since 2001, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has worked to refine its methods of evidence review and assessment and to create more usable documents in response to clinicians' needs. These changes have resulted in a revised grading system, as well as a new format and new language for the recommendation statement. This paper focuses on the changes to and the new look of the USPSTF recommendation statement. The new recommendation statement comprises 9 sections. Important changes include standardization of the format of the summary statement to specify what service is being recommended in what population; standardization of the headings in the rationale section; a change in the wording of the grade C recommendation and the I statement; and a new section, called "Other Considerations," in which salient issues related to cost-effectiveness, mandates, and other implementation issues are described.
Efficacy of transdermal nicotine patches for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis
Authors: T. Kanekura, Y. Mera, K. Mera, H. Saruwatari, T. Kanzaki
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article Efficacy of transdermal nicotine patches for eosinophilic pustular folliculitis Get access T. Kanekura, T. Kanekura Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8‐35‐1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8520, Japan E‐mail: takurok@m2.kufm.kagoshima‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. Mera, Y. Mera Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8‐35‐1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8520, Japan E‐mail: takurok@m2.kufm.kagoshima‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Mera, K. Mera Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8‐35‐1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8520, Japan E‐mail: takurok@m2.kufm.kagoshima‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Saruwatari, H. Saruwatari Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8‐35‐1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8520, Japan E‐mail: takurok@m2.kufm.kagoshima‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Kanzaki T. Kanzaki Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8‐35‐1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890–8520, Japan E‐mail: takurok@m2.kufm.kagoshima‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 152, Issue 5, 1 May 2005, Pages 1074–1075, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06564.x Published: 01 May 2005
Selective use of the VHQ52 family in functional VH to DJH rearrangements in a B precursor cell line.
Authors: H Sugiyama, T Maeda, Y Tani, S Miyake, Y Oka, T Komori, H Ogawa, T Soma, Y Minami, N Sakato
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

AT11-2, an Abelson virus-transformed cell line has DJH complexes on both chromosomes and is able to form functional variable region genes by the joins of VH genes to the DJH complexes during culture. Therefore we examined which VH gene family was used in functional VH to DJH recombinations in AT11-2. Surprisingly, of 32 independent functional VH to DJH recombinational events in AT11-2, 31 events used the VH segments of the VHQ52 family, and the remaining one used the VH segment of the VH7183 family. Thus, we describe here the first B precursor cell line that almost selectively uses the VHQ52 family in functional VH to DJH rearrangements. The selective use of the VHQ52 family in this B precursor cell line strongly indicates nonrandom use of VH gene families, and the existence of a stage at which the VHQ52 family is preferentially used during the normal development of early pre-B cells and has important implications for understanding the ontogeny of VH repertoire development. Furthermore, this cell line should prove extremely valuable in further studies of this kind.
Mechanisms of Chemoresistance to Alkylating Agents in Malignant Glioma
Authors: Jann N. Sarkaria, Gaspar J. Kitange, C. David James, Ruth Plummer, Hilary Calvert, Michael Weller, Wolfgang Wick
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance to alkylating agents is a major cause of treatment failure in patients with malignant brain tumors. Alkylating agents, the mainstay of treatment for brain tumors, damage the DNA and induce apoptosis, but the cytotoxic activity of these agents is dependent on DNA repair pathways. For example, O6-methylguanine DNA adducts can cause double-strand breaks, but this is dependent on a functional mismatch repair pathway. Thus, tumor cell lines deficient in mismatch repair are resistant to alkylating agents. Perhaps the most important mechanism of resistance to alkylating agents is the DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine methyltransferase, which can eliminate the cytotoxic O6-methylguanine DNA adduct before it causes harm. Another mechanism of resistance to alkylating agents is the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Consequently, efforts are ongoing to develop effective inhibitors of BER. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase plays a pivotal role in BER and is an important therapeutic target. Developing effective strategies to overcome chemoresistance requires the identification of reliable preclinical models that recapitulate human disease and which can be used to facilitate drug development. This article describes the diverse mechanisms of chemoresistance operating in malignant glioma and efforts to develop reliable preclinical models and novel pharmacologic approaches to overcome resistance to alkylating agents.
Bacteremia Due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: ABE M. MACHER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

The presence of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare has frequently been demonstrated in tissue specimens from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The importance of this mycobacterium as a cause of constitutional symptoms and organ dysfunction has been unclear, however, because of the sparse inflammatory response evoked and the frequent concurrence of other pathogenic organisms. We detected M. avium-intracellulare in blood samples from eight patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, seven of whom had a previously recognized M. avium-intracellulare infection. Blood cultures were positive on 1 to 14 occasions over 135 days using the Dupont isolator system or the Bactec 12B medium system. Cultures were positive within 14 to 51 or 7 to 14 days with the respective techniques. The ability to rapidly isolate M. avium-intracellulare from blood may provide a useful diagnostic technique for detecting disseminated mycobacterial disease in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as well as in other patient populations. This technique may also be useful for assessing the efficacy of drug therapy.
Incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness at Intermediate Altitudes
Authors: Charles S. Houston
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> As more and more people flock to mountain resorts, it is evident that acute mountain sickness exacts a significant human and economic toll at even moderate altitude. Singh et al,<sup>1</sup>describing 1905 cases among Indian troops, found incidences ranging from 0.8% to 8.0% between companies. Hackett et al<sup>2</sup>reported that 52.5% of 278 trekkers at 4200 m in Nepal had one of several forms of altitude sickness, while Larsen et al,<sup>3</sup>in a double-blind study on 4200-m Mt Rainier, found that 25% of untreated subjects experienced acute mountain sickness. R. Yip (personal communication, 1989) questioned 101 epidemiologists at a meeting at 2940 m in Colorado; of these, 42% had typical acute mountain sickness. In 1982, a survey<sup>4</sup>of 3906 visitors at six Colorado resorts between 2400 and 2850 m in elevation showed that 12% had three or more of the five classic
The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity
Authors: Celeste Kidd, Benjamin Y. Hayden
Journal: Neuron (2015)

Curiosity is a basic element of our cognition, but its biological function, mechanisms, and neural underpinning remain poorly understood. It is nonetheless a motivator for learning, influential in decision-making, and crucial for healthy development. One factor limiting our understanding of it is the lack of a widely agreed upon delineation of what is and is not curiosity. Another factor is the dearth of standardized laboratory tasks that manipulate curiosity in the lab. Despite these barriers, recent years have seen a major growth of interest in both the neuroscience and psychology of curiosity. In this Perspective, we advocate for the importance of the field, provide a selective overview of its current state, and describe tasks that are used to study curiosity and information-seeking. We propose that, rather than worry about defining curiosity, it is more helpful to consider the motivations for information-seeking behavior and to study it in its ethological context.
MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery
Authors: Ferenc A. Jolesz
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2009)

MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) surgery is a noninvasive thermal ablation method that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for target definition, treatment planning, and closed-loop control of energy deposition. Integrating FUS and MRI as a therapy delivery system allows us to localize, target, and monitor in real time, and thus to ablate targeted tissue without damaging normal structures. This precision makes MRgFUS an attractive alternative to surgical resection or radiation therapy of benign and malignant tumors. Already approved for the treatment of uterine fibroids, MRgFUS is in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of breast, liver, prostate, and brain cancer and for the palliation of pain in bone metastasis. In addition to thermal ablation, FUS, with or without the use of microbubbles, can temporarily change vascular or cell membrane permeability and release or activate various compounds for targeted drug delivery or gene therapy. A disruptive technology, MRgFUS provides new therapeutic approaches and may cause major changes in patient management and several medical disciplines.
B and T lymphocyte attenuator regulates T cell activation through interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator
Authors: John R Sedy, Maya Gavrieli, Karen G Potter, Michelle A Hurchla, R Coleman Lindsley, Kai Hildner, Stefanie Scheu, Klaus Pfeffer, Carl F Ware, Theresa L Murphy, Kenneth M Murphy
Journal: Nature Immunology (2004)
Characterization of a Recurrent Germ Line Mutation of the <i>E-Cadherin</i> Gene: Implications for Genetic Testing and Clinical Management
Authors: Gianpaolo Suriano, Sandie Yew, Paulo Ferreira, Janine Senz, Pardeep Kaurah, James M. Ford, Teri A. Longacre, Jeffrey A. Norton, Nicki Chun, Sean Young, Maria J. Oliveira, Barbara MacGillivray, Arundhati Rao, Dawn Sears, Charles E. Jackson, Jeff Boyd, Cindy Yee, Carolyn Deters, G. Shashidhar Pai, Lyn S. Hammond, Bobbi J. McGivern, Diane Medgyesy, Denise Sartz, Banu Arun, Brant K. Oelschlager, Mellisa P. Upton, Whitney Neufeld-Kaiser, Orlando E. Silva, Talia R. Donenberg, David A. Kooby, Shobha Sharma, Björn-Anders Jonsson, Henrik Gronberg, Steve Gallinger, Raquel Seruca, Henry Lynch, David G. Huntsman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: To identify germ line CDH1 mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) families and develop guidelines for management of at risk individuals. Experimental Design: We ascertained 31 HDGC previously unreported families, including 10 isolated early-onset diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) cases. Screening for CDH1 germ line mutations was done by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and automated DNA sequencing. Results: We identified eight inactivating and one missense CDH1 germ line mutation. The missense mutation conferred in vitro loss of protein function. Two families had the previously described 1003C&amp;gt;T nonsense mutation. Haplotype analysis revealed this to be a recurrent and not a founder mutation. Thirty-six percent (5 of 14) of the families with a documented DGC diagnosed before the age of 50 and other cases of gastric cancer carried CDH1 germ line mutations. Two of 10 isolated cases of DGC in individuals ages &amp;lt;35 years harbored CDH1 germ line mutations. One mutation positive family was ascertained through a family history of lobular breast cancer (LBC) and another through an individual with both DGC and LBC. Occult DGC was identified in five of six prophylactic gastrectomies done on asymptomatic, endoscopically negative 1003C&amp;gt;T mutation carriers. Conclusions: In addition to families with a strong history of early-onset DGC, CDH1 mutation screening should be offered to isolated cases of DGC in individuals ages &amp;lt;35 years and for families with multiple cases of LBC, with any history of DGC or unspecified GI malignancies. Prophylactic gastrectomy is potentially a lifesaving procedure and clinical breast screening is recommended for asymptomatic mutation carriers.
Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase is involved in the modulation of the Ca2+ homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells.
Authors: A A Benders, P J Groenen, F T Oerlemans, J H Veerkamp, B Wieringa
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most prevalent muscular disorder in adults, is caused by (CTG)n-repeat expansion in a gene encoding a protein kinase (DM protein kinase; DMPK) and involves changes in cytoarchitecture and ion homeostasis. To obtain clues to the normal biological role of DMPK in cellular ion homeostasis, we have compared the resting [Ca2+]i, the amplitude and shape of depolarization-induced Ca2+ transients, and the content of ATP-driven ion pumps in cultured skeletal muscle cells of wild-type and DMPK[-/-] knockout mice. In vitro-differentiated DMPK[-/-] myotubes exhibit a higher resting [Ca2+]i than do wild-type myotubes because of an altered open probability of voltage-dependent l-type Ca2+ and Na+ channels. The mutant myotubes exhibit smaller and slower Ca2+ responses upon triggering by acetylcholine or high external K+. In addition, we observed that these Ca2+ transients partially result from an influx of extracellular Ca2+ through the l-type Ca2+ channel. Neither the content nor the activity of Na+/K+ ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase are affected by DMPK absence. In conclusion, our data suggest that DMPK is involved in modulating the initial events of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.
No effect of nebulised adrenaline on clinically important outcomes in viral bronchiolitis
Authors: D Wood
Journal: Thorax (2003)

▴ Wainwright C, Altamirano L, Cheney M, et al . A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of nebulized epinephrine in infants with acute bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med2003;349:27–35[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] The evidence that oxygen is the only effective treatment in viral bronchiolitis continues to mount. The largest double blind, randomised, placebo … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.aulast%253DWainwright%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D349%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D27%26rft.epage%253D35%26rft.atitle%253DA%2BMulticenter%252C%2BRandomized%252C%2BDouble-Blind%252C%2BControlled%2BTrial%2Bof%2BNebulized%2BEpinephrine%2Bin%2BInfants%2Bwith%2BAcute%2BBronchiolitis%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa022226%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12840089%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa022226&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=12840089&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F58%2F10%2F871.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000183896100005&link_type=ISI
Potent bronchodilation and reduced stiffness by relaxant stimuli under dynamic conditions
Authors: T. K. Ansell, P. K. McFawn, P. B. Noble, A. R. West, L. Fernandes, H. W. Mitchell
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Airway relaxation in response to isoprenaline, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and electrical field stimulation (EFS) was compared under static and dynamic conditions. The capacity of relaxants to reduce airway stiffness and, thus, potentially contribute to bronchodilation was also investigated. Relaxation responses were recorded in fluid filled bronchial segments from pigs under static conditions and during volume oscillations simulating tidal and twice tidal manoeuvres. Bronchodilation was assessed from the reduction in carbachol-induced lumen pressure, at isovolume points in pressure cycles produced by volume oscillation, and stiffness was assessed from cycle amplitudes. Under static conditions, all three inhibitory stimuli produced partial relaxation of the carbachol-induced contraction. Volume oscillation alone also reduced the contraction in an amplitude-dependent manner. However, maximum relaxation was observed when isoprenaline or SNP were combined with volume oscillation, virtually abolishing contraction at the highest drug concentrations. The proportional effects of isoprenaline and EFS were not different under static or oscillating conditions, whereas relaxation to SNP was slightly greater in oscillating airways. All three inhibitory stimuli also strongly reduced carbachol-induced airway stiffening. The current authors conclude that bronchoconstriction is strongly suppressed by combining the inhibitory stimulation of airway smooth muscle with cyclical mechanical strains. The capacity of airway smooth muscle relaxants to also reduce stiffness may further contribute to bronchodilation.
Chest radiological features of pulmonary histiocytosis X: a report based on 50 adult cases.
Authors: J Lacronique, C Roth, J P Battesti, F Basset, J Chretien
Journal: Thorax (1982)

This study describes the chest radiographs of 50 adult patients with histologically verified histiocytosis X, proposes a radiological classification, and examines the role of radiology in assessing the prognosis of the disease. Radiologically the lesions predominate in the middle and lower lung fields, usually sparing the costophrenic angles, and are typically micronodular, reticular, or cystic. These features are especially suggestive of histiocytosis X if lung volume is normal or increased, there is an associated pneumothorax, they occur in a young male and there are no other intrathoracic changes (pleural or mediastinal). The three evolutionary patterns of improvement, stabilisation, and worsening are analysed with respect to the initial radiological features; one which carries a good prognosis is sparing of both costophrenic angles.