tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Down with food waste
Authors: Jennie I Macdiarmid, Tim Lang, Andy Haines
Journal: BMJ (2016)

Future food security depends on creating a sustainable food system that can provide healthy affordable diets for a growing population while minimising environmental damage.Multiple actions are needed to achieve this, including reducing the vast amount of food wasted every year.The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation estimates that a third of the food produced globally is lost or wasted. 1 The environmental impact of producing food is enormous, so waste contributes needlessly to climate change, loss of biodiversity, nitrogen and phosphorus loading, and use of scarce agricultural land and limited freshwater resources. 2Global food waste accounts for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions.In high income countries, such as the United Kingdom, most food waste occurs downstream in manufacturing, retail, hospitality, and households.The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) estimates that in 2012 UK households threw away 4.2 million egatonnes (Mt) of food that could have been eaten, about 12% of food brought into the home. 3In addition, a further 3.9 Mt of food waste occurred in manufacturing and 0.4 Mt in retail and wholesale. 4Successful campaigns, such as WRAP's "love food hate waste," helped raise awareness and, with households reduceding food waste by 21% between 2007 and 2012 and saving about £13bn. 3 September 2015 the Food Waste (Reduction) Bill was put before the UK parliament as a private member's bill by shadow environment secretary Kerry McCarthy, supported by Conservative, SNP, Liberal Democrat, and Green MPs. 5 It comprises two broad objectives: to
Low–Blood Glucose Avoidance Training Improves Glycemic Variability in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Complicated by Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia: HypoCOMPaSS Trial
Authors: Horng Kai Tan, Stuart A. Little, Lalantha Leelarathna, Emma Walkinshaw, Alexandra Lubina-Solomon, Joanne Hosking, Jane Speight, David Kerr, Simon R. Heller, Mark L. Evans, James A.M. Shaw, Daniel Flanagan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2016)

The Comparison of Optimized MDI Versus Pumps With or Without Sensors in Severe Hypoglycemia (HypoCOMPaSS) trial was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial examining the restoration of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) and the prevention of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections (MDI) compared with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), with or without adjunctive real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM), using a 2 × 2 factorial design (1). Few studies are currently available to compare the difference in glucose variability (GV) between MDI and CSII and between self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) and RT-CGM (2–4). These studies showed an improvement in GV in favor of CSII and RT-CGM. However, none of them included participants with IAH or history of SH. The aim of this study is to compare the changes in GV between MDI and CSII and between SMBG and RT-CGM group in this specific patient group with type 1 diabetes with IAH or recurrent SH.

A total of 96 participants were recruited for the study. Each participant undertook 7 days of blinded CGM using Medtronic iPro at baseline and prior to each of the four weekly visits during the 24-week randomized controlled trial period. GV was measured as glucose SD and coefficient of variation (%CV), calculated using available Excel formulas published online (5).

Overall, there were decreases in GV between baseline and week …
Incorporating Androgen Deprivation With Dose-Escalated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Arie P. Dosoretz, James B. Yu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

The Oncology Grand Rounds series is designed to place original reports published in the Journal into clinical context. A case presentation is followed by a description of diagnostic and management challenges, a review of the relevant literature, and a summary of the authors’ suggested management approaches. The goal of this series is to help readers better understand how to apply the results of key studies, including those published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, to patients seen in their own clinical practice. A 71-year-old man was seen by his primary care physician for routine evaluation in early 2015. On digital rectal examination, his prostate was moderately enlarged, although he had no obvious areas of palpable disease. His prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 7.1 ng/mL. A standard ultrasound-guided biopsy of his prostate revealed a 60-mL prostate volume and a single core (out of 12) of Gleason 3 + 3 disease. He chose to undergo surveillance. Six months later, his PSA level had risen to 10.0 ng/mL; there was still no palpable disease on digital rectal examination. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of his prostate and pelvis revealed two suspicious intraprostatic lesions with restricted diffusion, focal and earlier enhancement with contrast than adjacent normal prostate, and hypointense features on T2-weighted imaging; these findings were highly suspicious for high-grade prostate cancer ( Fig 1 ). Magnetic resonance imaging–ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy of each lesion yielded a total of four positive biopsy cores of Gleason 4 + 3 = 7, involving 50% to 80% of each core, with perineural invasion noted. The patient’s medical history is notable for overweight (but not morbidly obese), hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, cataract surgeries, and inguinal hernia repair, but the patient is otherwise healthy. He has decided against prostatectomy and brachytherapy because of strong personal preference. In particular, he wanted to avoid anesthesia, and was concerned about the potential for greater urinary incontinence and/or urinary irritation associated with these treatments compared with external-beam radiotherapy (RT). 1 , 2
Views of US Voters on Compensating Living Kidney Donors
Authors: Thomas G. Peters, Jonathan S. Fisher, Robert G. Gish, Richard J. Howard
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2016)

Patients in the United States waiting for kidney transplantation die in increasing numbers owing to the severe kidney shortage, which might be alleviated by compensating living kidney donors.To determine the willingness of voting US citizens to become living kidney donors and to ascertain the potential influence of compensation for donation.A professionally designed quantitative survey was administered by an international polling firm in June 2014. Information was collected on willingness to donate a kidney and the potential influence of compensation ($50 000); survey data included respondent age, income, education level, sex, US region, race/ethnicity, marital status, political affiliation, likelihood to vote, and employment status. The survey was performed via a random-digit dialing process that selected respondents via both landlines and mobile telephones to improve population representation. The survey included 1011 registered US voters likely to vote.The degree to which the US voting public is willing to donate a kidney and the perceptions of current voters toward paying living kidney donors.Of the 1011 respondents, 427 were male and 584 were female, with 43% of participants between ages 45 and 64 years. With respondents grouped by willingness to donate, we found that 689 (68%) would donate a kidney to anyone and 235 (23%) only to certain persons; 87 (9%) would not donate. Most (59%) indicated that payment of $50 000 would make them even more likely to donate a kidney, 32% were unmoved by compensation, and 9% were negatively influenced by payment.Most US voters view living kidney donation positively, and most would be motivated toward donor nephrectomy if offered a payment of $50 000. Because most registered voters favor such payments, and because thousands of lives might be saved should compensation increase the number of transplantable kidneys, laws and regulations prohibiting donor compensation should be modified to allow pilot studies of financial incentives for living kidney donors. Outcomes of such trials could then result in evidence-based policies, which would incorporate fair and just compensation to those persons willing to undergo donor nephrectomy.
The need for support and education for parents of children with reproductive differences
Authors: Arlene Baratz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Although 25% of adults with differences of sex development may defy “male/female” categorisation,1 clinicians often reinforce children’s gender irreversibly despite future uncertainty.2 Although current functional/cosmetic aims promote doing surgery over “doing nothing,” non-medicalised education can promote acceptance.3 Because 40% of parents do not completely understand their child’s difference,4 standardised, balanced education …
Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Hypermutant Glioblastoma Multiforme Resulting From Germline Biallelic Mismatch Repair Deficiency
Authors: Eric Bouffet, Valérie Larouche, Brittany B. Campbell, Daniele Merico, Richard de Borja, Melyssa Aronson, Carol Durno, Joerg Krueger, Vanja Cabric, Vijay Ramaswamy, Nataliya Zhukova, Gary Mason, Roula Farah, Samina Afzal, Michal Yalon, Gideon Rechavi, Vanan Magimairajan, Michael F. Walsh, Shlomi Constantini, Rina Dvir, Ronit Elhasid, Alyssa Reddy, Michael Osborn, Michael Sullivan, Jordan Hansford, Andrew Dodgshun, Nancy Klauber-Demore, Lindsay Peterson, Sunil Patel, Scott Lindhorst, Jeffrey Atkinson, Zane Cohen, Rachel Laframboise, Peter Dirks, Michael Taylor, David Malkin, Steffen Albrecht, Roy W.R. Dudley, Nada Jabado, Cynthia E. Hawkins, Adam Shlien, Uri Tabori
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is incurable with current therapies. Biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (bMMRD) is a highly penetrant childhood cancer syndrome often resulting in GBM characterized by a high mutational burden. Evidence suggests that high mutation and neoantigen loads are associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibition.We performed exome sequencing and neoantigen prediction on 37 bMMRD cancers and compared them with childhood and adult brain neoplasms. Neoantigen prediction bMMRD GBM was compared with responsive adult cancers from multiple tissues. Two siblings with recurrent multifocal bMMRD GBM were treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab.All malignant tumors (n = 32) were hypermutant. Although bMMRD brain tumors had the highest mutational load because of secondary polymerase mutations (mean, 17,740 ± standard deviation, 7,703), all other high-grade tumors were hypermutant (mean, 1,589 ± standard deviation, 1,043), similar to other cancers that responded favorably to immune checkpoint inhibitors. bMMRD GBM had a significantly higher mutational load than sporadic pediatric and adult gliomas and all other brain tumors (P < .001). bMMRD GBM harbored mean neoantigen loads seven to 16 times higher than those in immunoresponsive melanomas, lung cancers, or microsatellite-unstable GI cancers (P < .001). On the basis of these preclinical data, we treated two bMMRD siblings with recurrent multifocal GBM with the anti-programmed death-1 inhibitor nivolumab, which resulted in clinically significant responses and a profound radiologic response.This report of initial and durable responses of recurrent GBM to immune checkpoint inhibition may have implications for GBM in general and other hypermutant cancers arising from primary (genetic predisposition) or secondary MMRD.
Prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with mitral valve prolapse
Authors: D L Mazza, D Martin, L Spacavento, J Jacobsen, H Gibbs
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1986)

Most previous research on mitral valve prolapse investigated its prevalence in patients whose primary diagnosis was one of the anxiety disorders. This study explored the inverse, i.e., the prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients manifesting mitral valve prolapse. There were no significant differences between patients (N = 48) and control subjects (N = 49) in panic disorder, phobic disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder or in the Zung depression score. The patient group scored significantly higher than control subjects on the Zung Anxiety Scale but significantly lower than Zung's patients with "anxiety neurosis". These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that mitral valve prolapse is etiologically related to the pathogenesis of the anxiety disorders.
Abstract 1072: DNA methylation profile analysis of gliomas revealed a change in methylation status during malignant progression
Authors: Mukasa Akitake, Kuniaki Saito, Koki Aihara, Genta Nagae, Mayu Omata, Ryohei Otani, Shunsaku Takayangi, Shota Tanaka, Yoshitaka Narita, Keisuke Ueki, Ryo Nishikawa, Motoo Nagane, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Nobuhito Saito
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Low-grade glioma, especially astrocytomas often undergo malignant progression, and these transformations are a leading cause of death in patients with low-grade gliomas. However, the mechanisms underlying malignant tumor transformation are still not well understood. Recent evidence indicates that epigenetic deregulation is an important cause of gliomagenesis; therefore, we examined the epigenetic changes during malignant progression of gliomas. We used the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 450K BeadChip to perform genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of 124 gliomas and four normal brains. These tumors comprised 37 grade IV gliomas, 32 grade III gliomas, and 55 grade II gliomas. This study sample included 26 matched-pairs of initial lower grade gliomas and recurrent tumors and 21 of the 26 recurring tumors recurred as malignant progressions. Analyses of methylation profiles demonstrated that most low-grade gliomas in our sample (84%) had a CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP). Remarkably, approximately 25% of recurrent malignant gliomas that had progressed from low-grade tumors with the G-CIMP status exhibited a characteristic partial demethylation of genomic DNA during malignant progression, but other recurrent gliomas showed no apparent change in DNA methylation pattern. Interestingly, we found that most loci that were demethylated during malignant progression were located outside of CpG islands. The information of histone modifications patterns in normal human astrocytes and embryonal stem cells also showed that the ratio of active marks at the site corresponding to DNA demethylated loci in G-CIMP-demethylated tumors was significantly lower; this finding indicated that most demethylated loci in G-CIMP-demethylated tumors were likely transcriptionally inactive. A small number of the genes that were upregulated and had demethylated CpG islands were associated with cell cycle-related pathway. Here, we demonstrated that partial DNA demethylation occurred during malignant transfomrmation of a subset of lower grade gliomas. Citation Format: Mukasa Akitake, Kuniaki Saito, Koki Aihara, Genta Nagae, Mayu Omata, Ryohei Otani, Shunsaku Takayangi, Shota Tanaka, Yoshitaka Narita, Keisuke Ueki, Ryo Nishikawa, Motoo Nagane, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Nobuhito Saito. DNA methylation profile analysis of gliomas revealed a change in methylation status during malignant progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1072. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1072
The nature of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Kenneth S. Kendler
Journal: World Psychiatry (2016)

A foundational question for the discipline of psychiatry is the nature of psychiatric disorders. What kinds of things are they? In this paper, I review and critique three major relevant theories: realism, pragmatism and constructivism. Realism assumes that the content of science is real and independent of human activities. I distinguish two "flavors" of realism: chemistry-based, for which the paradigmatic example is elements of the periodic table, and biology-based, for which the paradigm is species. The latter is a much better fit for psychiatry. Pragmatism articulates a sensible approach to psychiatric disorders just seeking categories that perform well in the world. But it makes no claim about the reality of those disorders. This is problematic, because we have a duty to advocate for our profession and our patients against other physicians who never doubt the reality of the disorders they treat. Constructivism has been associated with anti-psychiatry activists, but we should admit that social forces play a role in the creation of our diagnoses, as they do in many sciences. However, truly socially constructed psychiatric disorders are rare. I then describe powerful arguments against a realist theory of psychiatric disorders. Because so many prior psychiatric diagnoses have been proposed and then abandoned, can we really claim that our current nosologies have it right? Much of our current nosology arose from a series of historical figures and events which could have gone differently. If we re-run the tape of history over and over again, the DSM and ICD would not likely have the same categories on every iteration. Therefore, we should argue more confidently for the reality of broader constructs of psychiatric illness rather than our current diagnostic categories, which remain tentative. Finally, instead of thinking that our disorders are true because they correspond to clear entities in the world, we should consider a coherence theory of truth by which disorders become more true when they fit better into what else we know about the world. In our ongoing project to study and justify the nature of psychiatric disorders, we ought to be broadly pragmatic but not lose sight of an underlying commitment, despite the associated difficulties, to the reality of psychiatric illness.
The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer
Authors: Orit Karni-Schmidt, Maria Lokshin, Carol Prives
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2016)

For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
Differential expression of taxol-resistant genes in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Hongxia Li
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

B12  Objective: To study the level of potential genes that may be responsible for taxol resistance.  Methods: Gene differential expression analysis was performed in the taxol-resistant cell lines of OC3/Tax300 and their parent cell OC3 by cDNA micro-array. The up-regulated genes and the down-regulated ones revealed by micro-array were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time-PCR in three cell lines, 33 cases of ovarian cancers who previously received taxol-based chemotherapy(group1), and 21 cases of ovarian cancer who never received chemotherapy before operation(group2).  Results: The results of cDNA micro-array showed that there were total 134 significantly differential- expression genes, of which up-and down regulated genes were 17 and 117 respectively. The down-regulated genes were COP9 and NADH, and the up-regulated genes were JAK2 and HSPS. The results of RT-PCR indicated that the changes in these four genes were consistent with had the data obtained by cDNA micro-array. The expression rate of COP9 in the group 1 was detected markedly lower than that in the group2 (p=0.000). Whereas the expression rate of JAK2, HSPS and NADH in group 1 were significantly higher that those in group 2 ( all p=0.000). When it came to histological grade, the expression of COP9, HSPS and NADH had no significant differences. However, significant higher expression of JAK2 was seen in grade 3 than in grade 1-2 (p=0.000). We performed real-time PCR to confirm the above findings and it showed that the levelof COP9 gene copies of group 1 was much lower than that of group 2 (P=0.007). Similarly, HSPS and NADH had significantly higher copy numbers in group 1 than in those not treated with chemotherapy (group 2) (P=0.018 , P=0.024 respectively). We also found that JAK2 gene copy concentration in TAX group was higher than in non-TAX group (P=0.001). In addition, we did witness a higher copy concentration of JAK2 gene in grade 3 than in grade 1-2 (P=0.000) though no significant difference in the expression rates and gene copy concentrations of the 4 genes were seen among variable tumor types.  Conclusions: The down-regulation of COP9 and up-regulation of JAK2, HSPS,and NADH genes are related to the mechanism of drug-resistance in ovarian cancer.
Safety and Immunogenicity Of Inactivated Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine In Adults With Hematologic Malignancies Receiving Treatment With Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Shelly McNeil, Robert Betts, Steven Lawrence, Andrea Velardi, Eva Kimby, Marco Pagnoni, Jon Stek, Yanli Zhao, Ivan Chan, Ingi Lee, Janie Parrino
Journal: Blood (2013)
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (Traf5) acts as an essential negative regulator of hepatic steatosis
Authors: Ling Gao, Pi-Xiao Wang, Yaxing Zhang, Chang-Jiang Yu, Yanxiao Ji, Xiaozhan Wang, Peng Zhang, Xi Jiang, Hong Jin, Zan Huang, Zhi-Ren Zhang, Hongliang Li
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2016)
Mitogen-Induced Changes in the Fluorescence Polarization of Fluorescein in Normal Human Lymphocytes: A Membrane Event?&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: D Blakeslee
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1979)

The fluorescence polarization of human lymphocytes undergoing fluorescein fluorochromasia was measured in a system in which antifluorescein IgG was used to quench the extracellular emission of fluorescein leaked from the cells. The polarization values obtained from control cells were similar to those obtained by other investigators, as was the decrease in polarization in response to exposure to phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A. However, the changes in polarization resulting from mitogen stimulation depended on the amount of antibody used, which suggests an increased or altered permeability of the plasma membrane to fluorescein efflux rather than a cytoplasmic reorganization.
Assessment of Older Patients with Cancer: Edmonton Frail Scale (Efs) As a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in a Cohort of Older Patients Undergoing Systemic Therapy
Authors: M.M. O'Brien, E.M. Pfeiffer, D. Yen, L. Keenan, J. McHugh, P. Doyle, M. Doherty, A. O'Reilly, B. Hennessy, D. Williams, A.M. Horgan, O.S. Breathnach, W.M. Grogan, P. Morris
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Millisecond Coupling of Local Field Potentials to Synaptic Currents in the Awake Visual Cortex
Authors: Bilal Haider, David P.A. Schulz, Michael Häusser, Matteo Carandini
Journal: Neuron (2016)

The cortical local field potential (LFP) is a common measure of population activity, but its relationship to synaptic activity in individual neurons is not fully established. This relationship has been typically studied during anesthesia and is obscured by shared slow fluctuations. Here, we used patch-clamp recordings in visual cortex of anesthetized and awake mice to measure intracellular activity; we then applied a simple method to reveal its coupling to the simultaneously recorded LFP. LFP predicted membrane potential as accurately as synaptic currents, indicating a major role for synaptic currents in the relationship between cortical LFP and intracellular activity. During anesthesia, cortical LFP predicted excitation far better than inhibition; during wakefulness, it predicted them equally well, and visual stimulation further enhanced predictions of inhibition. These findings reveal a central role for synaptic currents, and especially inhibition, in the relationship between the subthreshold activity of individual neurons and the cortical LFP during wakefulness.