tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gestational diabetes: a non-entity?
Authors: R J Jarrett
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Screening for gestational diabetes is commonly recommended despite the absence of a common definition of gestational diabetes. Furthermore, there is no consensus about management or treatment. Those who recommend screening do so largely on the basis of fetal morbidity, which seems to be predominantly "macrosomia"--another term without an agreed definition. The implications of macrosomia in terms of actual morbidity are also not clear. R J Jarrett reviews the history of the subject and concludes that gestational diabetes is simply impaired glucose tolerance temporally associated with pregnancy. Its main importance is as a predictor of subsequent non-insulin dependent diabetes, but it fails the major tests for a condition suitable for a screening programme.
Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis) with late emergence of generalised Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: X. Bosch
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

Recent proposals for the nomenclature of systemic vasculitis have focused on a distinction between (classic) polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) and microscopic polyangiitis or polyarteritis (MPA). Thus, MPA may cause necrotising vasculitis of medium sized or small arteries but, unlike PAN, involvement of "microscopic" vessels must always be present in the former. This study aimed to show that the term "MPA" may represent a source of misinterpretation and to help illustrate difficulties of applying diagnostic criteria/definitions for conditions of unknown aetiology or variable clinical presentation and course.Among 1250 consecutive patients screened for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), 59 had been found to have idiopathic necrotising and crescentic glomerulonephritis plus ANCA while five had been found to have isolated pulmonary haemorrhage with biopsy verified necrotising alveolar capillaritis plus ANCA. None of these patients had clinical or histological evidence of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) or evidence of biopsy verified vasculitis involving vessels other than glomerular or pulmonary capillaries at the time of presentation.Six of the 64 patients who met definition criteria for MPA at the time of initial diagnoses had entered into complete clinical remission upon appropriate corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide treatment between two weeks and three months, though subsequently (20 to 72 months; mean time: 42.3 months) developed characteristic clinical and histological features of overt WG.Microscopic polyangiitis/polyarteritis may be a dynamic condition with clinical and histopathological features evolving over time to other forms of small vessel vasculitis, mainly WG, thereby meaning that follow up would be necessary not only to control a given patient but also to make a final diagnosis. This follow up should be for a long time as there may be a long interval between initial presentation and subsequent development of WG lesions.
Btk Is Required for an Efficient Response to Erythropoietin and for SCF-controlled Protection against TRAIL in Erythroid Progenitors
Authors: Uwe Schmidt, Emile van den Akker, Martine Parren-van Amelsvoort, Gabi Litos, Marella de Bruijn, Laura Gutiérrez, Rudi W. Hendriks, Wilfried Ellmeier, Bob Löwenberg, Hartmut Beug, Marieke von Lindern
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

Regulation of survival, expansion, and differentiation of erythroid progenitors requires the well-controlled activity of signaling pathways induced by erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor (SCF). In addition to qualitative regulation of signaling pathways, quantitative control may be essential to control appropriate cell numbers in peripheral blood. We demonstrate that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is able to associate with the Epo receptor (EpoR) and Jak2, and is a substrate of Jak2. Deficiency of Btk results in reduced and delayed phosphorylation of the EpoR, Jak2, and downstream signaling molecules such as Stat5 and PLCγ1 as well as in decreased responsiveness to Epo. As a result, expansion of erythroid progenitors lacking Btk is impaired at limiting concentrations of Epo and SCF. In addition, we show that SCF induces Btk to interact with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–receptor 1 and that lack of Btk results in increased sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together, our results indicate that Btk is a novel, quantitative regulator of Epo/SCF-dependent expansion and survival in erythropoiesis.
A randomised clinical trial of the efficacy of drop squats or leg extension/leg curl exercises to treat clinically diagnosed jumper's knee in athletes: pilot study
Authors: L J Cannell, J E Taunton, D B Clement, C Smith, K M Khan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

To compare the therapeutic effect of two different exercise protocols in athletes with jumper's knee.Randomised clinical trial comparing a 12 week programme of either drop squat exercises or leg extension/leg curl exercises. Measurement was performed at baseline and after six and 12 weeks. Primary outcome measures were pain (visual analogue scale 1-10) and return to sport. Secondary outcome measures included quadriceps and hamstring moment of force using a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer at 30 degrees/second. Differences in pain response between the drop squat and leg extension/curl treatment groups were assessed by 2 (group) x 3 (time) analysis of variance. Two by two contingency tables were used to test differences in rates of return to sport. Analysis of variance (2 (injured versus non-injured leg) x 2 (group) x 3 (time)) was also used to determine differences for secondary outcome measures.Over the 12 week intervention, pain diminished by 2.3 points (36%) in the leg extension/curl group and 3.2 points (57%) in the squat group. There was a significant main effect of both exercise protocols on pain (p<0.01) with no interaction effect. Nine of 10 subjects in the drop squat group returned to sporting activity by 12 weeks, but five of those subjects still had low level pain. Six of nine of the leg extension/curl group returned to sporting activity by 12 weeks and four patients had low level pain. There was no significant difference between groups in numbers returning to sporting activity. There were no differences in the change in quadriceps or hamstring muscle moment of force between groups.Progressive drop squats and leg extension/curl exercises can reduce the pain of jumper's knee in a 12 week period and permit a high proportion of patients to return to sport. Not all patients, however, return to sport by that time.
Are some people sensitive to mobile phone signals? Within participants double blind randomised provocation study
Authors: G James Rubin, Gareth Hahn, Brian S Everitt, Anthony J Cleare, Simon Wessely
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To test whether people who report being sensitive to mobile phone signals have more symptoms when exposed to a pulsing mobile signal than when exposed to a sham signal or a non-pulsing signal. <b>Design</b> Double blind, randomised, within participants provocation study. <b>Setting</b> Dedicated suite of offices at King9s College London, between September 2003 and June 2005. <b>Participants</b> 60 "sensitive" people who reported often getting headache-like symptoms within 20 minutes of using a global system for mobile communication (GSM) mobile phone and 60 "control" participants who did not report any such symptoms. <b>Intervention</b> Participants were exposed to three conditions: a 900 MHz GSM mobile phone signal, a non-pulsing carrier wave signal, and a sham condition with no signal present. Each exposure lasted for 50 minutes. <b>Main outcome measures</b> The principal outcome measure was headache severity assessed with a 0-100 visual analogue scale. Other outcomes included six other subjective symptoms and participants9 ability to judge whether a signal was present. <b>Results</b> Headache severity increased during exposure and decreased immediately afterwards. However, no strong evidence was found of any difference between the conditions in terms of symptom severity. Nor did evidence of any differential effect of condition between the two groups exist. The proportion of sensitive participants who believed a signal was present during GSM exposure (60%) was similar to the proportion who believed one was present during sham exposure (63%). <b>Conclusions</b> No evidence was found to indicate that people with self reported sensitivity to mobile phone signals are able to detect such signals or that they react to them with increased symptom severity. As sham exposure was sufficient to trigger severe symptoms in some participants, psychological factors may have an important role in causing this condition. <b>Trial registration</b>ISRCTN81432775[controlled-trials.com].
Induction of an antibody response in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Authors: A L Luzzati, M J Taussig, T Meo, B Pernis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

A culture system is descirbed which provides adequate conditions for in vitro immunization of humand peripheral blood lymphocytes to heterologous erythrocytes. Making use of this method we could obtain, with a number of different donors, an antibody response which peaked at about day 8 of culture with 30-300 plaque-forming cells (PFC) per 10(6) input lymphocytes. However, in a number of experiments poor or negative results were obtained, even with donors that had previously given good response. This variability in the results was shown not to be due to a too low number of precursor cells present in the blood and could be overcome by treating the cells, before initiation of the culture, with a factor produced by mouse T cells educated to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Under these conditions a PFC responce was obtained which peaked at about day 8 and which in some experiments could be as high as 20,000 PFC per 10(6) input lymphocytes. Paralleling the increase in PFC was an increase in cell number. The cells recovered from the treated cultures were at all times more numerous than in the nontreated cultures. The height of both the proliferative and antibody-producing responses varied from experiment to experiment, a higher proliferative response, accompanying a higher PFC response. Although the mechanisms that are at the basis of the antibody response in vitro described in this paper still need to be clarified, this system may become a useful tool in studying the immune response in man.
NEW BIOMECHANICAL MODEL TO EXPLAIN THE INJURY SITE OF PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY: AN ULTRASONOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: T F Jaén, G A Rey, I G Vicente, P G García
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The deep and proximal face of the patellar tendon is the most frequently injured site. Up to now, we have been thinking that this could be a result of two factors: mechanism of compression (impingement) produced by inferior patellar pole, and a hypovascularized site. We have elaborated a new biomechanical model to show that this pathology may be caused by a traction mechanism and not by compression. The insertion area of tendon on patella is a weak transition site between tendon and bone; while the anatomical tendon-to-bone insertion in the proximal end shows a perpendicular angle, at the distal end at the tibial level, it shows an oblique angle. <h3>Methods</h3> With ultrasound, we have measured the maximum length of the superficial and deep faces, bone to bone. These measurements were done in two positions: in maximal extension and 90° flexion. All samples were right knees, and there were 10 patients. Measurements were taken by the same technician (figure&nbsp;1). <h3>Results</h3> Measurements were as follows: in maximal extension for the deep face, the mean value was 4.15cm (range 3.40–5.05) and for the superficial face, the mean value was 4.857cm (range 4.57–5.20). Alternatively, in 90° flexion, the deep face showed a mean value of 3.938 cm (range 2.77–4.64) while for the superficial face it was 4.916 (range 4.27–5.11). Variations in face lengths when we changed the knee position were 1.21% for the superficial face and 5.38% for deep face. <h3>Discussion</h3> These results have demonstrated that the deep face had a greater percent increase in length than the superficial face when the knee changed position from extension to flexion. This study has some limitations- it was performed at only 90° flexion because the longitudinal probe is limited, and there are a low number of subjects. In conclusion, traction forces are probably more intense in the deep face than in the superficial face.
Characterization and Clinical Evaluation of CD10+ Stroma Cells in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment
Authors: Christine Desmedt, Samira Majjaj, Naima Kheddoumi, Sandeep K. Singhal, Benjamin Haibe-Kains, Frank El Ouriaghli, Carole Chaboteaux, Stefan Michiels, Françoise Lallemand, Fabrice Journe, Hughes Duvillier, Sherene Loi, John Quackenbush, Sophie Dekoninck, Cédric Blanpain, Laurence Lagneaux, Nawal Houhou, Mauro Delorenzi, Denis Larsimont, Martine Piccart, Christos Sotiriou
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

There is growing evidence that interaction between stromal and tumor cells is pivotal in breast cancer progression and response to therapy. Based on earlier research suggesting that during breast cancer progression, striking changes occur in CD10(+) stromal cells, we aimed to better characterize this cell population and its clinical relevance.We developed a CD10(+) stroma gene expression signature (using HG U133 Plus 2.0) on the basis of the comparison of CD10 cells isolated from tumoral (n = 28) and normal (n = 3) breast tissue. We further characterized the CD10(+) cells by coculture experiments of representative breast cancer cell lines with the different CD10(+) stromal cell types (fibroblasts, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal stem cells). We then evaluated its clinical relevance in terms of in situ to invasive progression, invasive breast cancer prognosis, and prediction of efficacy of chemotherapy using publicly available data sets.This 12-gene CD10(+) stroma signature includes, among others, genes involved in matrix remodeling (MMP11, MMP13, and COL10A1) and genes related to osteoblast differentiation (periostin). The coculture experiments showed that all 3 CD10(+) cell types contribute to the CD10(+) stroma signature, although mesenchymal stem cells have the highest CD10(+) stroma signature score. Of interest, this signature showed an important role in differentiating in situ from invasive breast cancer, in prognosis of the HER2(+) subpopulation of breast cancer only, and potentially in nonresponse to chemotherapy for those patients.Our results highlight the importance of CD10(+) cells in breast cancer prognosis and efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly within the HER2(+) breast cancer disease.
Effect of intra-articular corticosteroid injections on primate cartilage.
Authors: T Gibson, H C Burry, D Poswillo, J Glass
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

An attempt was made to ascertain whether intra-articular corticosteroids exert a harmful effect on primate cartilage. The knee joints of 10 Macaca irus monkeys were subjected to either one, two, or six injections of 20 mg methyl prednisolone or an equal number of control injections over a 12-week period. Minor degenerative changes of many femoral condyles were shown by India ink staining and by a system of histochemical grading. Changes in the joints injected with corticosteroid were not significantly different from those seen in control joints. The findings were in striking contrast to the severe degeneration reported by others in rabbit joints injected with corticosteroid. The experiment did not support the contention that intra-articular corticosteroids invariably have a deleterious effect on primate cartilage.
A Case of Chlorosis and Amenorrh a with Symptoms of Brain Disease
Authors: G. C. Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1894)

CIHLOROSIS WITII SYMPTOMS OF IBRAIN DISEASE.[IML2I& 1073 and all thle patients died of seconlary ha,morrlage with the eiception ot two, who (tied before the usual period wlhen tlhis came on.So maniy branches come oil from this part of thl vessel that no satisfactory clot is formed.On the left si(le Sir AstleY ('ooPer failed to secuire the vessel, and is said to have wounded thie tlhoracic duct.This deterred me from attenipt- ilng ligature even witlh our modern absorbable lig.atures on the metlhod whtichl aims at tlhei non-division of the inner and jmiddle (oats.REMARKS ON' MACEWVEN'S ME1HThIOD.Withi regard to M1aceweni's treatiment of aneurysimi, 1 need -only refer to hiis papers in thle JRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL for 1890,`annd to two cases since publishied.; ltHis success, espe- eially in one case of subelavian aneurysm, encouraged me to try it; and there is no doubt it considerably lessened the pulsation over the greater extent of the aneurysim, andl pro- mised well for a slhort time; but the rapidity withi whlielh tlheX effect was produced seemed rathier to indicate that the needles had simply acted as foreign bodies and produced some soft clot.In connection with this metlhod of treatment the following questions seem to me to arise.In an aneurysm of any size is not the wall always roughi enoualg to start the formation of laminated clot without scratchiing?Is tihe exudation of leucocytes from the injuur to the wall and their conversion into fibrin likely to produce more laminated clot than the ,deposition of leucocytes on the roughi wall of the aneurysm?In Macewen's own eases the good result seems to liave been far too gradual to liave been due to clotting from the pre- sence of the needles acting as foreign bodies, but it is well to remember that there is always that element present in the treatment as well as the injury to the aneurysmal wall.
Physician Recommendations About Maternal Involvement in Adolescent Diabetes Management
Authors: Deborah J. Wiebe, Cynthia A. Berg, Katherine T. Fortenberry, Janet Sirstins, Rob Lindsay, David Donaldson, Mary Murray
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The purpose of this study was to examine whether perceptions of physician recommendations about maternal involvement in adolescent diabetes management are associated with children's reports of mothers' involvement during the subsequent week.Youth with type 1 diabetes (aged 10-15 years) and mothers completed scales measuring perceptions of physician recommendations about maternal involvement. At their appointment, and again 1 week later, children reported mothers' involvement in diabetes over the preceding week.A total of 53 dyads provided usable data at both time points. Perceived recommendations to increase involvement were associated with children's reports of increased maternal collaboration during the subsequent week (B = 0.81, P < 0.05), an effect that was stronger among boys (B = -1.21, P < 0.005). Increased maternal collaboration correlated with better A1C (r = -0.39, P < 0.005).Physicians may facilitate adaptive forms of maternal involvement during adolescence by conveying messages about involvement to patients and families.
Gene Expression Profiling to Identify the Histogenetic Origin of Metastatic Adenocarcinomas of Unknown Primary
Authors: Hugo M. Horlings, Ryan K. van Laar, Jan-Martijn Kerst, Helgi H. Helgason, Jelle Wesseling, Jacobus J.M. van der Hoeven, Marc O. Warmoes, Arno Floore, Anke Witteveen, Jaana Lahti-Domenici, Annuska M. Glas, Laura J. Van't Veer, Daphne de Jong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Purpose Patients with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary origin (ACUP) constitute approximately 4% of all malignancies. For effective treatment of these patients, it is considered optimal to identify the primary tumor origins. Currently, the success rate of the diagnostic work-up is only 20% to 30%. Our goal was to evaluate the contribution of gene expression profiling for routine clinical practice in patients with ACUP. Patients and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were obtained from 84 patients with a known primary adenocarcinoma and from 38 patients with ACUP. An extensive immunohistochemical panel classified 16 of the patients with ACUP, whereas 22 patients remained unclassified for their histogenetic origin. Information about staging procedures and clinical follow-up were available in all patient cases. The expression data were analyzed in relation to clinicopathologic variables and immunohistochemical results. Results The gene expression–based assay classified the primary site correctly in 70 (83%) of 84 patient cases of primary and metastatic tumors of known origin, with good sensitivity for the majority of the tumor classes and relatively poor sensitivity for primary lung adenocarcinoma. Gene expression profiling identified 15 (94%) of 16 patients with initial ACUP who were classified by immunohistochemistry, and it made a valuable contribution to a potential site of origin in 14 of the 22 patients with ACUP. Conclusion The gene expression platform can classify correctly from FFPE samples the majority of tumors classes both in patients with known primary and in patients with ACUP. Therefore, gene expression profiling represents an additional analytic approach to assist with the histogenetic diagnosis of patients with ACUP.
Transforming with telomerase
Authors: Heather L. Van Epps
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

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The telomerase RNA encoded by Marek's disease virus promotes tumor formation in chickens.

Viruses often transform their host cell so they can have a long-lasting and often mobile home. Now, Trapp et al. (page [1307][2]) find that one chicken virus uses a hijacked telomerase
Value of exfoliative cytology for investigating bile duct strictures.
Authors: B Davidson, N Varsamidakis, J Dooley, A Deery, R Dick, T Kurzawinski, K Hobbs
Journal: Gut (1992)

The cause of a biliary tract stricture may be difficult to determine radiologically. Exfoliative biliary cytology was evaluated in 62 patients (median age 65 years, range 30-94) with biliary tract strictures presenting to the Hepatobiliary Unit between January 1984 and December 1989. Bile samples were taken during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 42 patients, percutaneous cholangiography in 14, and both in six. The site of stricturing was upper third of the bile duct in 43% (n = 27), middle third in 10% (n = six), and lower third in 47% (n = 29). Of the 47 patients with radiological appearances of a malignant stricture, 22 (47%) had histological confirmation by biopsy either under computed tomography guidance, at endoscopy, at operation, or at necropsy. Fourteen of the 47 patients had positive cytology (30%). In seven patients cytology alone established the presence of malignancy (15%) and in the other seven positive cytology was confirmed by histology. The addition of cytology to tissue biopsy therefore allowed malignancy to be confirmed in 29 of the 47 patients (62%). None of the 15 patients subsequently shown to have benign disease had positive cytology. Sensitivity of the technique was 30% and specificity 100%. Samples for exfoliative cytology are simple to obtain, the results are highly specific and should be a routine part of the investigation of biliary strictures.
ABT-199, a potent and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, achieves antitumor activity while sparing platelets
Authors: Andrew J Souers, Joel D Leverson, Erwin R Boghaert, Scott L Ackler, Nathaniel D Catron, Jun Chen, Brian D Dayton, Hong Ding, Sari H Enschede, Wayne J Fairbrother, David C S Huang, Sarah G Hymowitz, Sha Jin, Seong Lin Khaw, Peter J Kovar, Lloyd T Lam, Jackie Lee, Heather L Maecker, Kennan C Marsh, Kylie D Mason, Michael J Mitten, Paul M Nimmer, Anatol Oleksijew, Chang H Park, Cheol-Min Park, Darren C Phillips, Andrew W Roberts, Deepak Sampath, John F Seymour, Morey L Smith, Gerard M Sullivan, Stephen K Tahir, Chris Tse, Michael D Wendt, Yu Xiao, John C Xue, Haichao Zhang, Rod A Humerickhouse, Saul H Rosenberg, Steven W Elmore
Journal: Nature Medicine (2013)