tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing delay in initiating antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients coinfected with tuberculosis
Authors: D Chilton, S G Edwards, P Pellegrino, R F Miller
Journal: Thorax (2008)

The optimum time to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a HIV infected patient receiving antituberculosis therapy (ATT) is unknown.1 2 Concurrent treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV is complicated by poor adherence from high pill burden, overlapping toxicities, pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions and risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).2 The risk of disease progression if ART is delayed has to be balanced against the risk of needing to discontinue treatment if ART is started soon after initiating ATT. We examined factors influencing delay in initiation of ART in patients taking ATT and compared our practice against British HIV Association (BHIVA) HIV/TB treatment guidelines.3

We retrospectively reviewed the case notes of coinfected ART naive patients attending a central …
Latrogenic Acute Nasal Obstruction in an Obligate Nose Breather
Authors: L. Scott Ulin
Journal: JAMA (1980)

NASAL congestion is a common problem of infants. There are many causes of this condition: congenital abnormalities, trauma, infections, environmental irritants or allergens, foreign bodies, and intranasal drug use. Although nasal congestion is not usually considered an urgent or emergency situation, it may become catastrophic in an obligate nose breather. Recently an infant came to our emergency department with acute nasal obstruction from the use of hypertonic saline nose drops. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 34-day-old girl was brought to the emergency department with nasal congestion and severe respiratory distress. The mother had taken the baby to another hospital for a runny nose and nasal congestion two days previously. The physician at the clinic had instructed her to use a vaporizer and "salt solution" nose drops every four hours. During the next 36 hours, the infant's condition improved; however, she then became congested again, with the development of intermittent, gasping
Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study
Authors: Thomas J Wang, Feng Zhang, J Brent Richards, Bryan Kestenbaum, Joyce B van Meurs, Diane Berry, Douglas P Kiel, Elizabeth A Streeten, Claes Ohlsson, Daniel L Koller, Leena Peltonen, Jason D Cooper, Paul F O'Reilly, Denise K Houston, Nicole L Glazer, Liesbeth Vandenput, Munro Peacock, Julia Shi, Fernando Rivadeneira, Mark I McCarthy, Pouta Anneli, Ian H de Boer, Massimo Mangino, Bernet Kato, Deborah J Smyth, Sarah L Booth, Paul F Jacques, Greg L Burke, Mark Goodarzi, Ching-Lung Cheung, Myles Wolf, Kenneth Rice, David Goltzman, Nick Hidiroglou, Martin Ladouceur, Nicholas J Wareham, Lynne J Hocking, Deborah Hart, Nigel K Arden, Cyrus Cooper, Suneil Malik, William D Fraser, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen, Guangju Zhai, Helen M Macdonald, Nita G Forouhi, Ruth JF Loos, David M Reid, Alan Hakim, Elaine Dennison, Yongmei Liu, Chris Power, Helen E Stevens, Laitinen Jaana, Ramachandran S Vasan, Nicole Soranzo, Jörg Bojunga, Bruce M Psaty, Mattias Lorentzon, Tatiana Foroud, Tamara B Harris, Albert Hofman, John-Olov Jansson, Jane A Cauley, Andre G Uitterlinden, Quince Gibson, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, David Karasik, David S Siscovick, Michael J Econs, Stephen B Kritchevsky, Jose C Florez, John A Todd, Josee Dupuis, Elina Hyppönen, Timothy D Spector
Journal: The Lancet (2010)
Spirometer-controlled cine magnetic resonance imaging used to diagnose tracheobronchomalacia in paediatric patients
Authors: Pierluigi Ciet, Piotr Wielopolski, Rashindra Manniesing, Sandra Lever, Marleen de Bruijne, Giovanni Morana, Pier Carlo Muzzio, Maarten H. Lequin, Harm A.W.M. Tiddens
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is defined as an excessive collapse of the intrathoracic trachea. Bronchoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing TBM; however it has major disadvantages, such as general anaesthesia. Cine computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive alternative used to diagnose TBM, but its use in children is restricted by ionising radiation. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility of spirometer-controlled cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as an alternative to cine-CT in a retrospective study. 12 children with a mean age (range) of 12 years (7-17 years), suspected of having TBM, underwent cine-MRI. Static scans were acquired at end-inspiration and expiration covering the thorax using a three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequence. Three-dimensional dynamic scans were performed covering only the central airways. TBM was defined as a decrease of the trachea or bronchi diameter >50% at end-expiration in the static and dynamic scans. The success rate of the cine-MRI protocol was 92%. Cine-MRI was compared with bronchoscopy or chest CT in seven subjects. TBM was diagnosed by cine-MRI in seven (58%) out of 12 children and was confirmed by bronchoscopy or CT. In four patients, cine-MRI demonstrated tracheal narrowing that was not present in the static scans. Spirometer controlled cine-MRI is a promising technique to assess TBM in children and has the potential to replace bronchoscopy.
Initial Prostate Biopsy: Development and Internal Validation of a Biopsy-specific Nomogram Based on the Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 Assay
Authors: Jens Hansen, Marco Auprich, Sascha A. Ahyai, Alexandre de la Taille, Hendrik van Poppel, Michael Marberger, Arnulf Stenzl, Peter F.A. Mulders, Hartwig Huland, Margit Fisch, Clement-Claude Abbou, Jack A. Schalken, Yves Fradet, Leonard S. Marks, William Ellis, Alan W. Partin, Karl Pummer, Markus Graefen, Alexander Haese, Jochen Walz, Alberto Briganti, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Felix K. Chun
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Letter by Gurbel et al Regarding Article, “Cytochrome 2C19*17 Allelic Variant, Platelet Aggregation, Bleeding Events, and Stent Thrombosis in Clopidogrel-Treated Patients With Coronary Stent Placement”
Authors: Paul A. Gurbel, Udaya S. Tantry, Alan R. Shuldiner
Journal: Circulation (2010)

We read with interest the article by Sibbing et al on the activating CYP2C19*17 variant that unveils a more complicated picture of the CYP2C19 locus.The work by Sibbing et al complements investigations showing the opposite effect of the inactivating CYP2C19*2 variant, which accounts for 12% of clopidogrel response variability. 2he *2 and *17 variants, 19 959 base pairs apart and in linkage disequilibrium, are not independent of one another.Therefore, individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the *17 allele are less likely to carry the *2 allele, whereas those with 0 copies of the *17 allele ("wild type" at the *17 locus) are more likely to carry the *2 allele.It follows that greater clopidogrel response in *17 allele carriers can be partly or completely attributed to decreased *2 allele frequency.In our opinion, to dissect whether the *17 allele is a true effector of clopidogrel response independently of the *2 allele, the authors should have also genotyped for the *2 variant and performed a statistical adjustment for its effect in a regression-based analysis, and/or they should have performed an analysis of *17-*2 diplotypes.A similar analysis suggested that the *2 variant could account for most or all of the association with clopidogrel response at the CYP2C19 locus. 2 In addition, to better understand the mechanistic link implied by *17 carrier status, it would be of interest to determine whether platelet function tests were also associated with bleeding risk and whether the CYP2C19 genotype was a mediator of these effects (again through regression-based analysis).In our previous study, 2 platelet function could fully account for the association between CYP2C19*2 genotype and cardiovascular events.Finally, the higher prevalence of active smokers in *17 homozygotes may have influenced platelet reactivity. 3Studies to open the previously proposed therapeutic window for thienopyridine therapy through genotype-guided antiplatelet regimens that may include tailoring clopidogrel dosing, selected use of newer reversible and irreversible P2Y12 inhibitors, and concomitant thrombin receptor blockade are on the horizon. 4The work by Sibbing et al is an important contribution in this area.
Complement-Induced Cell Death by Rituximab Depends on CD20 Expression Level and Acts Complementary to Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Tom van Meerten, Rozemarijn S. van Rijn, Samantha Hol, Anton Hagenbeek, Saskia B. Ebeling
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

The use of the CD20-specific antibody rituximab has greatly improved the response to treatment of CD20+ follicular lymphoma. Despite the success of rituximab, resistance has been reported and prognostic markers to predict individual response are lacking. The level of CD20 expression on tumors has been related to response, but results of several studies are contradictory and no clear relationship could be established. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are thought to be important effector mechanisms, but the exact mechanism of rituximab-mediated cell kill is still unknown. Importantly, no data have been reported on the combined contribution of CDC and ADCC.We have developed a system of clonally related CEM-CD20 cells by retroviral transfer of the human CD20 cDNA (n = 90). This set of cells, with the CD20 molecule as the only variable, was used to study the importance of CD20 expression level on rituximab-mediated CDC, ADCC, and the combination.We show a sigmoidal correlation of CD20 expression level and rituximab-mediated killing via CDC but not ADCC. On both high and low CD20-expressing cells, all CD20 molecules were translocated into lipid rafts after rituximab binding. Furthermore, CDC and ADCC act simultaneously and CDC-resistant cells are sensitive to ADCC and vice versa.These findings suggest that CDC depends on CD20 expression level and that both CDC and ADCC act complementary. These data give new insights into novel strategies to improve the efficacy of CD20-specific antibodies for the treatment of CD20+ tumors.
Tocopherol transport in the rat erythrocyte
Authors: R. Silber, R. Winter, H. J. Kayden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The transport of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been studied in the rat erythrocyte in vivo and in vitro. Uptake and efflux are independent of energy, but sensitive to temperature. Tocopherol is localized to the cell membrane. Rapid exchange takes place between erythrocytes and serum with an hourly fractional tocopherol efflux of 26%. The vitamin is transferred from the erythrocyte to the low density lipoproteins. These experiments indicate that tocopherol, like cholesterol, is a constituent of the erythrocyte membrane which is in dynamic equilibrium with the corresponding plasma compound.
Acute, non-obstructive, sterile cholecystitis associated with etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of juvenile polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: I Foeldvari
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

Etanercept and infliximab are soluble tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) antibodies. Etanercept is approved for the treatment of polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and infliximab is in the process of being approved. We report the first case in which the same patient developed a non-obstructive, sterile cholecystitis with etanercept (Enbrel) and later with infliximab (Remicade).

A 15 year old white female patient with polyarticular JRA, treated with a combination of 14 mg/m2 methotrexate once a week intramuscularly and 2 g sulfasalazine a day, did not show any …
A peripheral circulating compartment of natural naive CD4+ Tregs
Authors: Danila Valmori, Andrea Merlo, Naira E. Souleimanian, Charles S. Hesdorffer, Maha Ayyoub
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

CD4+CD25+ Tregs play a central role in the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance by keeping autoreactive T cells in check. Whereas the thymic origin of CD4+CD25+ Tregs, as a distinct lineage, has been inferred, understanding of their developmental pathways has remained elusive. In both mice and humans, peripheral CD4+CD25+ Treg populations have been described as composed of antigen-experienced T cells that fail to significantly proliferate following TCR stimulation but suppress proliferation and effector functions of CD25– T cells. Here we show that analysis of CD25 expression in human circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes with respect to their in vivo differentiation stages identifies a distinct subset of CD25+CCR7+CD62L+CTLA-4+FOXP3+ cells contained in the CD45RA+/RO– naive fraction. The subset, which we have named natural naive Tregs (NnTregs), is prominent in young adults and decreases with age together with the total naive CD4+ population. NnTregs are anergic following stimulation in the absence of IL-2 and exert ex vivo cell-cell contact–mediated suppressor functions. In addition, they proliferate in response to stimulation with autologous APCs, which indicates a high enrichment in T cells bearing self-reactive TCRs. The definition of this subset has important implications for the analysis of human naturally occurring Tregs and for their targeting in therapeutic immune interventions.
AUGMENTATION OF THE EXTRACARDIAC ANASTOMOSES OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES THROUGH PERICARDIAL ADHESIONS
Authors: Alan R. Moritz, Charles L. Hudson, Edward S. Orgain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

The examination of four hearts, with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial sac by fibrous adhesions, after injection of the coronary arteries with a colloidal suspension of lamp black showed that the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries were increased owing to the presence of adhesions. In all four instances a particularly rich injection of the parietal pericardium was obtained and microscopic examination of the adhesions showed them to contain injected vessels, extending from epicardium to parietal pericardium. A microscopic study of cleared blocks (3 mm. in thickness) of myocardium and attached pericardial adhesions, showed the arborization and anastomosis of branches of the arteries of the parietal pericardium with those of the heart. This vascularization was not limited to the usual areas of subepicardial fat, but was seen in regions not ordinarily containing arterial branches. In no one of the four cases were the coronary arteries significantly diseased. In one of the four cases, the normal sites of anastomoses between the cardiac and extracardiac vessels were destroyed by cutting away the great vessels entering and leaving the heart, as well as the peri- and intervascular reflections of parietal pericardium. Injection mass was found however, in the arteries of the parietal pericardium and the diaphragm, showing that it has passed directly through the adhesions from coronary to extracardiac vessels. If the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries constitute a significant reserve for cardiac circulation, it would appear that this reserve would be augmented by the presence of pericardial adhesions. Direct communication between branches of the coronary arteries and the pericardial branches of the internal mammary arteries with free anastomosis with the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta is established over areas corresponding to the extent of the adhesions. Work is now in progress in this laboratory to study the functional significance of such an experimentally induced collateral circulation in experimental coronary occlusion.
Primary and Secondary Prevention Services in Clinical Practice
Authors: R S Thompson, S H Taplin, T A McAfee, M T Mandelson, A E Smith
Journal: JAMA (1995)

This article reviews lessons from 20 years of experience in development and provision of clinical preventive services at Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, a large health maintenance organization. Critical factors for enhancing service include the use of a population-based epidemiologic viewpoint coupled with specific evidence-based criteria to examine issues; involvement of practitioners in the process; a systems approach to implementation focused on predisposing factors of the practitioners and enabling factors in the practice, organizational, and community environments; feedback of program outcomes; and the use of automated clinical information systems. Outcome results from our clinical prevention efforts include a 32% decrease in late-stage breast cancer (1989 to 1990); 89% of 2-year-old children with complete immunizations (1994); decrease in adult smokers from 25% to 17% (1985 to 1994); and an increase in bicycle safety helmet use among children from 4% to 48% along with a 67% decrease in bicycle-related head injuries (1987 to 1992). Systematic population-based approaches to the development and provision of clinical preventive services targeting the one-to-one level of primary care and multiple infrastructure levels of care are forging a synthesis of clinical medicine and public health approaches. This approach will become pervasive as clinical information systems improve, risk information is captured routinely, and practitioners gain skills in the art of patient risk behavior change and population-based care.
Apolipoprotein A-II Is Inversely Associated With Risk of Future Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Rakesh S. Birjmohun, Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie, Jan Albert Kuivenhoven, Erik S.G. Stroes, James D. Otvos, Nicholas J. Wareham, Robert Luben, John J.P. Kastelein, Kay-Tee Khaw, S. Matthijs Boekholdt
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Although the vasculoprotective effects of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein associated with high-density lipoprotein, have been universally accepted, apoA-II has been suggested to have poor antiatherogenic or even proatherogenic properties. To study this suggestion more closely, we evaluated how serum levels of apoA-II and apoA-I relate to the risk of future coronary artery disease (CAD) in a large, prospective study.We performed a nested case-control study in the prospective EPIC-Norfolk (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk) cohort. Case subjects (n=912) were apparently healthy men and women aged 45 to 79 years who developed fatal or nonfatal CAD during a mean follow-up of 6 years. Control subjects (n=1635) were matched by age, gender, and enrollment time. Conditional logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship between serum apoA-II levels and risk of CAD. Serum apoA-II concentration was significantly lower in case subjects (34.5+/-6.3 mg/dL) than in control subjects (35.2+/-5.8 mg/dL) and was inversely associated with risk of CAD, such that patients in the upper quartile (>38.1 mg/dL) had an odds ratio of 0.59 (95% confidence interval 0.46 to 0.76) versus those in the lowest quartile (<31.1 mg/dL; P for linearity <0.0001). After adjustment for fasting time, alcohol use, and cardiovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and C-reactive protein), the corresponding risk estimate was 0.48 (95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.67, P for linearity <0.0001). Surprisingly, additional adjustment for serum apoA-I levels did not affect risk prediction of apoA-II for future CAD (odds ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 0.68, P for linearity <0.0001). Also, after adjustment for high-density lipoprotein particle number and size, apoA-II was still associated with the risk of future CAD (odds ratio 0.62, 95% confidence interval 0.43 to 0.90, P for linearity 0.02).ApoA-II is associated with a decreased risk of future CAD in apparently healthy people. These findings imply that apoA-II itself exerts effects on specific antiatherogenic pathways. On the basis of these findings, discussion of the potential proatherogenic effects of apoA-II can cease.
DNA damage induced by chloramphenicol and its nitroso derivative: Damage in intact cells
Authors: A. A. Yunis, G. K. Arimura, M. Isildar
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract We have postulated that the p‐NO 2 group of chloramphenicol (CAP) is the structural feature underlying aplastic anemia from this drug. In a series of studies to examine this hypothesis we have demonstrated the toxic nature of the CAP‐reduction intermediate nitroso CAP (NO‐CAP) and its damaging effect on isolated DNA in vitro. The present study was designed to examine the comparative effects of CAP, NO‐CAP, and thiamphenicol (TAP) on the integrity of DNA in intact cells. By using the alkaline elution technique of Kohn, DNA damage in the form of single strand breaks could be readily demonstrated in cultured Raji cells and in PHA‐stimulated normal human lymphocytes by small concentrations of NO‐CAP (0.05‐0.1 mM). A small but reproducible effect was observed from large concentrations of CAP (2 mM). In contrast, TAP, lacking the p‐NO 2 group, was without effect.
A single institutional phase III trial of preoperative chemotherapy with hyperfractionation radiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: J.-L. Lee, S.I. Park, S.-B. Kim, H.-Y. Jung, G.H. Lee, J.-H. Kim, H.-Y. Song, K.-J. Cho, W.-K. Kim, J.-S. Lee, S.-H. Kim, Y.-I. Min
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)
Severe human herpesvirus-8 primary infection in a renal transplant patient successfully treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody
Authors: O. Thaunat, Mamzer-Bruneel Mf, F. Agbalika, Flavien Valensi, M. Venditto, C. Lebbe, C. Frances, R. Kania, L. Chatenoud, C. Antoine, S. Kaveri, H. Kreis, E. Morelon
Journal: Blood (2006)
Healthcare challenges at an Olympic Games
Authors: Richard Budgett
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Athletes and their support staff, International Olympic Committee (IOC) family, technical staff, contractors, volunteers, sponsors, media and spectators all are essential participants in the biggest festival of sport in the world. They all need healthcare, but the priority for the IOC and any organising committee of an Olympic Games (OCOG) is protecting the health of athletes. The demands of athletes are particularly great because of the unique nature and pressures of the Games. The Olympics should be a 4 year peak of fitness and health, but is at the same time a peak of stress.

The key to providing healthcare at an Olympic Games is good preparation and prevention with integration into all the other functional areas of an OCOG, as well as working with healthcare providers outside the Olympic Games environment. The Games are a mass gathering with all the public health risks and issues that …
Prophylactic administration of avotermin for improvement of skin scarring: three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I/II studies
Authors: Mark WJ Ferguson, Jonathan Duncan, Jeremy Bond, James Bush, Piyush Durani, Karen So, Lisa Taylor, Jonquille Chantrey, Tracey Mason, Gaynor James, Hugh Laverty, Nick L Occleston, Abdul Sattar, Anna Ludlow, Sharon O'Kane
Journal: The Lancet (2009)