tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Totally implantable venous access devices in children with cystic fibrosis: incidence and type of complications
Authors: J Deerojanawong, S M Sawyer, A M Fink, K B Stokes, C F Robertson
Journal: Thorax (1998)

Totally implantable vascular access devices (TIVADs) are accepted as a safe and effective method of facilitating long term intravenous therapy. We report our experience of the use of these devices in children with cystic fibrosis with a particular focus on the incidence and type of complications.The medical records of patients with cystic fibrosis who underwent placement of a TIVAD at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia from January 1987 to October 1996 were reviewed. Venous ultrasonography with Doppler was performed in surviving patients with a TIVAD in situ from November 1996 to April 1997 to detect occult thrombotic complications.A total of 57 TIVADs were implanted in 44 children with a median functional duration of 700 days (range 27-3347 days). Twenty one children had devices inserted without complications. Forty eight complications (30 mechanical, 18 infectious) occurred in 36 devices in 23 children during a total functional duration of 53,057 catheter days. Mechanical complications occurred in 53% of devices (one per 1712 catheter days). Symptomatic venous thrombosis occurred five times in four patients (9%). Infectious complications occurred in 32% (one per 2948 catheter days) while sepsis occurred in five devices (9%). Doppler ultrasonography detected unsuspected thrombosis in two of 10 patients examined.While TIVADs provided effective long term intravenous access, septic and thrombotic complications caused significant morbidity in this population. Careful patient selection, adherence to aseptic technique for access and blood sampling, and periodic ultrasonography with Doppler to detect early thrombosis may help reduce these risks.
REPORT LXVIII. THE RELATION OF PURIN BODIES TO CERTAIN METABOLIC DISORDERS
Authors: I. W. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1902)

PURIN BODIES IN FOODSTUFFS. UNDER the term " purin " all the substances that contain the nucleus C-No may be included.Those that specially relate to the human organism are hypoxanthin C '-N 0, xanthin C,H4N40,, uric acid C5 E14N40,, guanin 0 adenin C3H3N3, and the methyl-xanthins.Hypoxanthin, xanthin, and uric acid are respectively known as mono-di-and tri-oxypurin.They exist as " free" substances in partial solution, or are " bound" together with the other constituents of nuclein, from which they may 'be obtained as cleavage products.Together with creatin and other nitrogenous bodies they are generally known as the "extractives."Existent textbooks and handbooks regard them as possessing little value as food, and class them as " waste products," in that while they yield no energy to the body they require considerable metabolic efforts for their excretion.Precise information concerning their quantity and properties is difficult of access'.Many clinicians, however, consider them barmful in certain tnetabolic disorders, and a theory exists which indicates these bodies as the exciting cause of some nephritic inflammations.
THE USE OF RADIUM IN CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
Authors: A. J. D. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1934)

The views held by urologists and radiologists as to the efficacy of radium in the treatment of bladder tumours vary widely?so widely that an investigator coming new to the subject could not but be impressed by the very marked divergence of opinion even among eminent men who have presumably given radium a fair trial. There are those, for instance, who champion radiation methods so enthusiastically that they use neither excision nor fulguration. Barringer of the Memorial Hospital, New York, is one of these, and all bladder tumours at his clinic have been treated by radiation methods, chiefly radium, for the past eighteen years. There are many others who say that its intervention has been productive of harm rather than good. Among these are many urologists in this country, and radium is used very much less here or on the Continent than in the United States. In other, branches of medicine where there is doubt
MMP-7 mediates cleavage of N-cadherin and promotes smooth muscle cell apoptosis
Authors: Helen Williams, Jason L. Johnson, Christopher L. Jackson, Stephen J. White, Sarah J. George
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

AimsVascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis can lead to thinning of the fibrous cap and plaque instability. We previously showed that cell–cell contacts mediated by N-cadherin reduce VSMC apoptosis. This study aimed to determine whether matrix-degrading metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent N-cadherin cleavage causes VSMC apoptosis.
Mismatch Repair Status and <i>BRAF</i> Mutation Status in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Pooled Analysis of the CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS Studies
Authors: Sabine Venderbosch, Iris D. Nagtegaal, Tim S. Maughan, Christopher G. Smith, Jeremy P. Cheadle, David Fisher, Richard Kaplan, Philip Quirke, Matthew T. Seymour, Susan D. Richman, Gerrit A. Meijer, Bauke Ylstra, Danielle A.M. Heideman, Anton F.J. de Haan, Cornelis J.A. Punt, Miriam Koopman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Purpose: To determine the prevalence and prognostic value of mismatch repair (MMR) status and its relation to BRAF mutation (BRAFMT) status in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Experimental Design: A pooled analysis of four phase III studies in first-line treatment of mCRC (CAIRO, CAIRO2, COIN, and FOCUS) was performed. Primary outcome parameter was the hazard ratio (HR) for median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in relation to MMR and BRAF. For the pooled analysis, Cox regression analysis was performed on individual patient data. Results: The primary tumors of 3,063 patients were analyzed, of which 153 (5.0%) exhibited deficient MMR (dMMR) and 250 (8.2%) a BRAFMT. BRAFMT was observed in 53 (34.6%) of patients with dMMR tumors compared with 197 (6.8%) of patients with proficient MMR (pMMR) tumors (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the pooled dataset, median PFS and OS were significantly worse for patients with dMMR compared with pMMR tumors [HR, 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12–1.57 and HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.13–1.61, respectively), and for patients with BRAFMT compared with BRAF wild-type (BRAFWT) tumors (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17–1.54 and HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.66–2.19, respectively). PFS and OS were significantly decreased for patients with BRAFMT within the group of patients with pMMR, but not for BRAF status within dMMR, or MMR status within BRAFWT or BRAFMT. Conclusions: Prevalence of dMMR and BRAFMT in patients with mCRC is low and both biomarkers confer an inferior prognosis. Our data suggest that the poor prognosis of dMMR is driven by the BRAFMT status. Clin Cancer Res; 20(20); 5322–30. ©2014 AACR.
Epidemiology of cervical spine abnormalities in asymptomatic adult professional rugby union players using static and dynamic MRI protocols: 2002 to 2006
Authors: B H Castinel, P Adam, P D Milburn, A Castinel, K L Quarrie, J-C Peyrin, J D Yeo
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objective In this study, the prevalence of abnormalities in the cervical spine of asymptomatic professional rugby players using both static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to improve the detection of abnormalities and prevention of related injuries was investigated. Design Prospective observational study. Setting French professional rugby union clubs, between 2002 and 2006. Participants 206 elite male adult players. Intervention Static sagittal T2 and axial T2* fast spin echo (FSE), and dynamic sagittal single-shot FSE weighted MRI scans of the C2–C7 region were examined for the presence of abnormalities. Participants’ spines were in supine neutral position for the static protocol but were allowed complete flexibility in a sagittal plane for the dynamic protocol. Main outcome measurements The medulla-to-canal ratio (MCR) was measured at every vertebral disc level for both MRI methods. When observed, anatomical abnormalities were categorised. Results Anatomical abnormalities mainly consisted of degenerative discopathy and were most frequently observed in players aged&gt;21 years, as well as in players whose MCR was abnormally high based on medical expertise. Most MCRs that were initially assessed as intermediate with static MRI were subsequently assessed as abnormal with dynamic MRI assessment. Conclusions Since dynamic MRI is more accurate than static techniques in examining the cervical spine, it contributes substantially to identifying the risk of spinal injuries in professional rugby players, and when used in association with clinical assessment, it can assist in preventing spinal injury.
Mammary Stem Cells and Mammopoiesis
Authors: Jane E. Visvader, Geoffrey J. Lindeman
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The isolation and characterization of mammary stem cells is fundamental to understanding mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis as well as breast oncogenesis. Recent studies have led to the prospective isolation of pluripotential stem cells from the mouse mammary gland through the identification of specific cell-surface markers and transplantation of cells into the mammary stromal microenvironment. A single cell was sufficient to reconstitute a fully developed mammary gland in vivo, indicating that combinatorial activity between independent stem cells is not essential to generate an outgrowth. Here we review the characteristics of mouse mammary stem cells, their estrogen receptor status, and the potential cellular hierarchy that exists within the mammary gland. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(20): 9798-801)
Absence of effects of cyclosporine on myocardial lymphocyte subsets in Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in the aviremic stage.
Authors: C Kishimoto, W H Abelmann
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

To test the therapeutic efficacy of immunosuppression with cyclosporine upon the aviremic stage of coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) myocarditis, 2-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3 x 10(2) plaque-forming units of CB3, and the effects of cyclosporine on peripheral, splenic, and myocardial lymphocyte subsets were investigated. Cyclosporine, 25 mg/kg/day, was administered subcutaneously daily on days 10-31 (experiment 1) and days 30-51 (experiment 2). Treated groups were compared with infected controls for each experiment. In experiment 1, the survival rate of the cyclosporine-treated group was low (17/25 vs. 24/25, p less than 0.05). The severity of myocardial lesions and the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in myocardium and spleen on days 15-18 did not differ between treated and control groups; on the other hand, the percentages of peripheral Thy 1.2+ (pan T) and L3T4+ (activated helper T) cells on days 15-18 were decreased in the treated group, and those of B, Lyt 1+ (helper/inducer T), and Lyt 2+ (suppressor/cytotoxic T) subsets did not differ significantly. Notably, myocardial interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) positive cells, through which cyclosporine is considered to act, were scarce in both groups. In experiment 2, survival rates of two groups did not differ (treated, 32/34; untreated, 34/34; p = NS). The severity of myocardial lesions and the distribution of splenic lymphocyte subsets on days 35-38 also were not different between two groups. The percentages of peripheral lymphocyte subsets (Thy 1.2+ and L3T4+) were decreased in the treated group; those of B, Lyt 1+, and Lyt 2+ subsets did not differ significantly. In experiments 1 and 2, the thymus/body weight ratio in the treated groups was smaller than in the untreated group, but the spleen/body weight ratio in the treated group did not differ from the untreated group; histologically, medullary cellular depletion was evident in the thymus, not in the spleen, of the treated groups. We conclude that cyclosporine failed to change the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in the spleen as well as in the myocardium in CB3 myocarditis although it had effects on the peripheral blood and thymus, which may account for the higher mortality in the treated groups. The absence of beneficial effects of cyclosporine upon the CB3-infected myocardium may be related to the paucity of cyclosporine-sensitive cells (IL-2R, L3T4, and Lyt 2 positive cells) in the myocardium.
IL-2, IL-15 and IL-21 expand T cells for targeted adoptive therapy
Authors: Zhenjiang Liu, Qingda Meng, Markus Maeurer, Elena Rangelova, Thomas Poiret, Rebecca Robertson, Aditya Ambati, Lalit Rane, Jiri Bartek, Caroline Verbeke, Oscar Persson, Matthias Löhr, Ralf Segersvärd, Ernest Dodoo
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2015)

Meeting abstracts Expansion of antigen-specific T cells, from peripheral blood specific for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is a prerequisite for the advanced cellular therapy. Such antigen-specific T cells should express a Th1-functional phenotype and are able to enter tumor-tissue. We identified
Future Availability of X-ray Film
Authors: Robert A. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Silver, as silver halide, is basic to the photographic process. It is required in x-ray film and is thus indispensable to modern medicine. In 1964 free-world consumption of silver for coins and industry was about 550 million troy ounces. New mine production was about 215 million troy ounces.<sup>1</sup>The deficit was supplied primarily by shrinking US Department of the Treasury stocks. Even if the United States had produced no silver coins in 1964, free-world consumption would have exceeded new mine production by 133 million troy ounces. Between 1959 and 1964, free-world industrial consumption grew at an annual rate averaging more than 5%. This growth rate should tend to continue as population increases and technology advances. The unique properties of silver make it important in electronic, space, defense, and other industries. In many countries, new mine production has been in a long decline. Peak production in the United States was
Late Results of Vagotomy Combined with Gastro-jejunostomy or Pyloroplasty in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulceration
Authors: J. A. L. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1956)

A social worker questioned 1,200 patients with noti- fied respiratory tuberculosis about their present and past smoking habits: 766 were interviewed at the Birming- ham Chest Clinic and 434 in the three principal Birm- ingham sanatoria.The same worker interviewed as controls 588 patients attending the Birmingham Accident Hospital with minor injuries and 391 patients occupying beds in the surgical wards of a large non-teaching hos- pital in Birmingham.In both sexes patients of over 30 years of age with respiratory tuberculosis showed a highly significant de- ficiency of non-smokers and light smokers and an excess of moderate and heavy smokers when compared with mne controls.It seems unlikely that this difference is due to a bias in choice of patients and controls or to the method of comparison.From this and from certain other considerations it is suggested that smoking may be an important cause of the breakdown of healed or quiescent respiratory tuber- culosis in adults and may account for a considerable part of the excessive male mortality in middle and late life.I acknowledge with pleasure my indebtedness to Dr.
Raman Spectroscopy: A Novel Experimental Approach to Evaluating Renal Tumours
Authors: Karim Bensalah, Julien Fleureau, Denis Rolland, Olivier Lavastre, Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq, François Guillé, Jean-Jacques Patard, Lotfi Senhadji, Renaud de Crevoisier
Journal: European Urology (2010)
Atheroprone Hemodynamics Regulate Fibronectin Deposition to Create Positive Feedback That Sustains Endothelial Inflammation
Authors: Ryan E. Feaver, Bradley D. Gelfand, Chong Wang, Martin A. Schwartz, Brett R. Blackman
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN) is focally deposited in regions of atherosclerosis, where it contributes to inflammatory signaling.To elucidate the mechanism by which FN deposition is regulated by local shear stress patterns, its dependence on platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 mechanotransduction and the role this pathway plays in sustaining an atheroprone/proinflammatory phenotype.Human endothelial cells were exposed in vitro to atheroprone or atheroprotective shear stress patterns derived from human carotid arteries. Onset of atheroprotective flow induced a transient increase in FN deposition, whereas atheroprone flow caused a steady increase in FN expression and integrin activation over time, leading to a significant and sustained increase in FN deposition relative to atheroprotective conditions. Comparing FN staining in ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-)PECAM(-/-) mice showed that PECAM-1 was essential for FN accumulation in atheroprone regions of the aortic arch. In vitro, small interfering RNA against PECAM-1 blocked the induction of FN and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB by atheroprone flow, which was rescued by the addition of exogenous FN. Additionally, blocking NF-kappaB activation attenuated the flow-induced FN expression. Small interfering RNA against FN significantly reduced NF-kappaB activity, which was rescued by the addition of exogenous FN.These results indicate that FN gene expression and assembly into matrix fibrils is induced by atheroprone fluid shear stress. This effect is mediated at least in part by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Additionally, because FN promotes activation of NF-kappaB, atheroprone shear stress creates a positive feedback to maintain inflammation.
IL-23 expression and activation of autophagy in synovium and PBMCs of HLA-B27 positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Response to: ‘Evidence that autophagy, but not the unfolded protein response, regulates the expression of IL-23 in the gut of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and subclinical gut inflammation’ by Ciccia<i>et al</i>
Authors: B Neerinckx, S Carter, R Lories
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Interleukin 23 (IL-23) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Patient studies reported increased serum levels of IL-23 in AS1–3 and the presence of IL-23 positive cells in facet joints of patients with AS.4 Moreover, in vivo overexpression of IL-23 in mice appears sufficient to phenocopy the human disease with inflammation and new bone formation and IL-23 receptor positive cells are found in entheses.5 The exact mechanism of how and where IL-23 production is induced and how it further contributes to the disease processes is not yet known. Different hypotheses have been proposed, such as HLA-B27 misfolding with activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as molecular drivers of IL-23 production. However, strong evidence of misfolding and UPR activation in patient samples is lacking.

Ciccia et al demonstrated that HLA-B27 misfolding specifically occurs in the gut of patients with AS and is accompanied by activation of autophagy rather than by activation of the UPR. Autophagy possibly causes the …
Experimental studies to assess the potential of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of bronchial carcinomas.
Authors: S G Smith, J Bedwell, A J MacRobert, M H Griffiths, S G Bown, M R Hetzel
Journal: Thorax (1993)

BACKGROUND--Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique for producing localised tissue necrosis with light after prior administration of a photosensitising drug. There is some selectivity of uptake of photosensitisers in malignant tissue, although this is difficult to exploit. Full thickness necrosis in normal and neoplastic colon heals without perforation because of a lack of effect on collagen, making local cure a possibility. The experiments described here aim to establish whether these conclusions are also valid for bronchial tumours. METHODS--In pharmacokinetic studies normal rats were given 5 mg/kg of the photosensitiser aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (A1SPc) intravenously and killed up to one month later. The distribution of A1SPc in the trachea was measured by chemical extraction and fluorescence microscopy. In subsequent experiments sensitised animals were treated with light delivered to the tracheal mucosa through a thin flexible fibre and the resultant lesions were studied for their size, mechanical strength, and healing. A series of resected human bronchial carcinomas were examined histologically for their collagen content. RESULTS--The tracheal concentration of A1SPc in normal rats was maximum 1-20 hours after administration. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that most was in the perichondrium and submucosal stroma, with little in the cartilage. Light exposure showed necrosis of the soft tissues which healed by regeneration, but no effect on cartilage and no reduction in the mechanical strength of the trachea at any stage. Histological examination of resected human bronchial carcinomas showed more collagen in the tumour areas than would be found in normal regions. CONCLUSIONS--PDT leads to necrosis of the soft tissues of the normal trachea but there is complete healing by regeneration, no risk of perforation (due to collagen preservation), and no effect on cartilage. Human bronchial carcinomas apparently contain more collagen than normal bronchi which may give protection against perforation following necrosis induced by PDT. PDT may have a role in eradicating small volumes of tumour tissue in situ and could be valuable for treating (1) small carcinomas in patients unfit for resection, (2) tumour remaining after surgical resection, (3) stump recurrences, or (4) to prolong palliation of tumours after debulking with the NdYAG laser.
Environmental risk factors in paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: a population based case control study
Authors: S Baron
Journal: Gut (2005)

Environmental exposures in early life have been implicated in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease.To examine environmental risk factors prior to the development of inflammatory bowel disease in a paediatric population based case control study.A total of 222 incident cases of Crohn's disease and 60 incident cases of ulcerative colitis occurring before 17 years of age between January 1988 and December 1997 were matched with one control subject by sex, age, and geographical location. We recorded 140 study variables in a questionnaire that covered familial history of inflammatory bowel disease, events during the perinatal period, infant and child diet, vaccinations and childhood diseases, household amenities, and the family's socioeconomic status.In a multivariate model, familial history of inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio (OR) 4.3 (95% confidence interval 2.3-8)), breast feeding (OR 2.1 (1.3-3.4)), bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination (OR 3.6 (1.1-11.9)), and history of eczema (OR 2.1 (1-4.5)) were significant risk factors for Crohn's disease whereas regular drinking of tap water was a protective factor (OR 0.56 (0.3-1)). Familial history of inflammatory bowel disease (OR 12.5 (2.2-71.4)), disease during pregnancy (OR 8.9 (1.5-52)), and bedroom sharing (OR 7.1 (1.9-27.4)) were risk factors for ulcerative colitis whereas appendicectomy was a protective factor (OR 0.06 (0.01-0.36)).While family history and appendicectomy are known risk factors, changes in risk based on domestic promiscuity, certain vaccinations, and dietary factors may provide new aetiological clues.