tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
“Can do” attitudes: Some positive illusions are not misbeliefs
Authors: Owen Flanagan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract McKay &amp; Dennett (M&amp;D) argue that positive illusions are a plausible candidate for a class of evolutionarily “selected for” misbeliefs. I argue (Flanagan 1991; 2007) that the class of alleged positive illusions is a hodge-podge, and that some of its members are best understood as positive attitudes, hopes, and the like, not as beliefs at all.
Dissecting the Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) and Integrin αvβ3 in Angiogenesis<i>In vitro</i>: Absence of Hemopexin C Domain Bioactivity, but Membrane-Type 1-MMP and αvβ3 Are Critical
Authors: Riccardo E. Nisato, Ghamartaj Hosseini, Christian Sirrenberg, Georgina S. Butler, Thomas Crabbe, Andrew J.P. Docherty, Matthias Wiesner, Gillian Murphy, Christopher M. Overall, Simon L. Goodman, Michael S. Pepper
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and its hemopexin C domain autolytic fragment (also called PEX) have been proposed to be crucial for angiogenesis. Here, we have investigated the dependency of in vitro angiogenesis on MMP-mediated extracellular proteolysis and integrin αvβ3–mediated cell adhesion in a three-dimensional collagen I model. The hydroxamate-based synthetic inhibitors BB94, CT1399, and CT1847 inhibited endothelial cell invasion, as did neutralizing anti–membrane-type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) antibodies and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 and TIMP-3 but not TIMP-1. This confirmed the pivotal importance of MT1-MMP over other MMPs in this model. Invasion was also inhibited by a nonpeptidic antagonist of integrin αvβ3, EMD 361276. Although PEX strongly inhibited pro-MMP-2 activation, when contaminating lipopolysaccharide was neutralized, PEX neither affected angiogenesis nor bound integrin αvβ3. Moreover, no specific binding of pro-MMP-2 to integrin αvβ3 was found, whereas only one out of four independently prepared enzymatically active MMP-2 preparations could bind integrin αvβ3, and this in a PEX-independent manner. Likewise, integrin αvβ3–expressing cells did not bind MMP-2-coated surfaces. Hence, these findings show that endothelial cell invasion of collagen I gels is MT1-MMP and αvβ3- dependent but MMP-2 independent and does not support a role for PEX in αvβ3 integrin binding or in modulating angiogenesis in this system.
PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSIONS OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY LOCUS IN MAN (<i>HL-A</i>): LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS AND MIXED LEUKOCYTE CULTURE REACTIVITY
Authors: D. Bernard Amos, Fritz H. Bach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

The evidence is reviewed that a single genetic system, the major histocompatibility locus in man, HL-A, determines most of the antigens measured by presently available leukocyte isoantisera, and also controls reactivity in one-way mixed leucocyte culture tests. Studies in 12 families are presented to support this conclusion. Some interesting exceptions to the general typing—MLC tests correlation are presented and discussed.
Teaching Doctors Nutrition
Authors: D. S. McLaren
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MDICJOUL 227 also been examined.This has a differently designed blood port gasket, and we found that although this is a loose gasket system bacteria tend to collect and survive beneath the blood port gasket in considerable numbers.This gasket was much more difficult to remove than the other type and was probably not-removed so regularly when the boards were disinfected.The use of loose gaskets has largely removed the sequestration of bacteria in the gasket channels.Thus there is a reduction in the bacterial challenge to the disinfection techniques, and, as these techniques will always suffer from the possibility of incomplete access of disinfectant either to the dismantled boards or to the assembled dialyser, there follows an improvement in the bacteriological state of the prepared dialyser and a reduction in the likelihood of bacterial proliferation during the subsequent dialysis.
S143 Serum mannose binding lectin deficiency is present in patients with early onset interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and those with affected relatives suggesting a genetic risk factor for defects in the innate immune system
Authors: V. A. Varney, J. Evans, H. Parnell, A. Nicholas, B. Barjardeen, N. Sumar
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious progressive lung disease with likely environmental and genetic risk factors that are thought to contribute to the disease even though their exact nature is unknown. It is increasingly recognised that siblings and close blood relatives can develop the same condition suggesting an unknown genetic predisposition. <h3>Method</h3> We have examined the serum mannose binding lectin levels (MBL) in healthy controls (HC), frequently exacerbating COPD, pulmonary TB &amp; Sarcoidosis along with IPF patients. <h3>Results</h3> Mean serum MBL levels were not statistically different in HC, COPD or TB using an unpaired t test. Cases with sarcoid had higher levels. Those with IPF onset at &lt;50 years old and those with affected blood relatives (FH) had significantly reduced levels compared with IPF onset &gt;50 years without a family history. Abstract S143 Table 1 shows means, SEM and p values, and the per cent of each patient group with normal &gt;650, moderate 100–600 or severe deficiency levels &lt;100. <h3>Discussion</h3> Serum MBL forms part of the complement activation and innate immune system and protects the lung from infection by organisms that bind mannose sugar (eg, strep, staph, yeasts, P.Jiveci). MBL deficiency gives an opsonisation defect with reduced phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. Blood levels are genetically determined, with UK population data showing: 12% severe deficiency &lt;100 pg/ml, 34% moderate deficiency 100–600 pg/ml, 54% normal &lt; 650 pg/ml. Serum levels relate to polymorphisms of the MBL2 genes. χ<sup>2</sup> analysis of frequency distribution showed no differences for HC, COPD &amp; IPF&gt;50 years. TB&amp;Sarcoid had higher frequencies of normal MBL levels compared with HC (p=0.001 and 0.024 respectively). IPF &lt;50 &amp; IPF&amp; FH showed higher frequencies of moderate and severe deficiency compared with HC and all other groups (p=0.001 and 0.001 respectively). The literature shows MBL to consistently have interesting and important central roles in lung defenses via effects on complement, apoptosis and cytokines. Its observed deficiency in young IPF and those with a FH could be a genetic risk factor of relevance, explaining its early occurrence in deficiency and later occurrence in ‘sufficiency’, where it gives protection from insult or injury to the lung.
Perioperative Chemotherapy Compared With Surgery Alone for Resectable Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: An FNCLCC and FFCD Multicenter Phase III Trial
Authors: Marc Ychou, Valérie Boige, Jean-Pierre Pignon, Thierry Conroy, Olivier Bouché, Gilles Lebreton, Muriel Ducourtieux, Laurent Bedenne, Jean-Michel Fabre, Bernard Saint-Aubert, Jean Genève, Philippe Lasser, Philippe Rougier
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

After curative resection, the prognosis of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is poor. This phase III trial was designed to evaluate the benefit in overall survival (OS) of perioperative fluorouracil plus cisplatin in resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.Overall, 224 patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), or stomach were randomly assigned to either perioperative chemotherapy and surgery (CS group; n = 113) or surgery alone (S group; n = 111). Chemotherapy consisted of two or three preoperative cycles of intravenous cisplatin (100 mg/m(2)) on day 1, and a continuous intravenous infusion of fluorouracil (800 mg/m(2)/d) for 5 consecutive days (days 1 to 5) every 28 days and three or four postoperative cycles of the same regimen. The primary end point was OS.Compared with the S group, the CS group had a better OS (5-year rate 38% v 24%; hazard ratio [HR] for death: 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.95; P = .02); and a better disease-free survival (5-year rate: 34% v 19%; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.89; P = .003). In the multivariable analysis, the favorable prognostic factors for survival were perioperative chemotherapy (P = .01) and stomach tumor localization (P < .01). Perioperative chemotherapy significantly improved the curative resection rate (84% v 73%; P = .04). Grade 3 to 4 toxicity occurred in 38% of CS patients (mainly neutropenia) but postoperative morbidity was similar in the two groups.In patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus, GEJ, or stomach, perioperative chemotherapy using fluorouracil plus cisplatin significantly increased the curative resection rate, disease-free survival, and OS.
High-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission treated with novel intensive chemotherapy and allogeneic transplantation
Authors: G M Marshall, L Dalla Pozza, R Sutton, A Ng, H A de Groot-Kruseman, V H van der Velden, N C Venn, H van den Berg, E S J M de Bont, R Maarten Egeler, P M Hoogerbrugge, G J L Kaspers, M B Bierings, E van der Schoot, J van Dongen, T Law, S Cross, H Mueller, V de Haas, M Haber, T Révész, F Alvaro, R Suppiah, M D Norris, R Pieters
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
A MECHANISM OF CONSERVATION IN THE KIDNEYS OF THE WINTER FROG
Authors: Jean Oliver, Eshref Shevky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. A method of conservation has been demonstrated in the kidneys of winter frogs. 2. The mechanism of this conservation is an increase in the absorptive function and a decrease in the excretory activity of the tubular epithelium. 3. The excessive absorptive process may be depressed by various means. Such a depression in the tubular activity is followed by large increases in the rate of excretion of water, salts and, if present in the urine, phenol red. 4. Further evidence is thus obtained which supports the theory that phenol red is excreted chiefly through the glomeruli.
Rate of ESRD Exceeds Mortality among African Americans with Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis
Authors: Tahira P. Alves, Xuelei Wang, Jackson T. Wright, Lawrence J. Appel, Tom Greene, Keith Norris, Julia Lewis
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

In several studies, patients with CKD seemed to be at greater risk for dying from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than reaching ESRD. The purpose of this study was to compare incident ESRD rates with rates of total mortality, CVD death, and a CVD composite (CVD mortality and CVD hospitalization) among participants who had hypertensive nephrosclerosis and were enrolled in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK). The study period included the AASK trial phase (1996 through 2001) and a subsequent cohort phase (2002 through 2007). The AASK enrolled 1094 participants. Of the 764 participants who completed the trial phase without an event, 691 (90%) enrolled in the cohort phase. During 11 years of follow-up, there were 59 CVD-related deaths and 118 non-CVD-related deaths. The rate of ESRD (3.9/100 patient-years) was significantly higher than the rates of total mortality (2.2/100 patient-years), CVD mortality (0.8/100 patient-years), and the CVD composite (3.2/100 patient-years). The incidence rate ratio of ESRD to CVD mortality was 5.0. The rate of ESRD consistently exceeded the various mortality rates across most of the subgroups defined by age, gender, income, education, previous CVD, baseline urine protein excretion, and baseline estimated GFR. In conclusion, AASK participants were more likely to reach ESRD than to die.
Increased PI3-Kinase in Presympathetic Brain Areas of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Shereeni J. Veerasingham, Masanobu Yamazato, Kathleen H. Berecek, J. Michael Wyss, Mohan K. Raizada
Journal: Circulation Research (2005)

Existing evidence led us to hypothesize that increases in p85alpha, a regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase, in presympathetic brain areas contribute to hypertension. PI3-kinase p85alpha, p110alpha, and p110delta mRNA was 1.5- to 2-fold higher in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) compared with their controls, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). The increase in p85alpha/p110delta was attenuated in SHR treated with captopril, an angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme inhibitor, from in utero to 6 months of age. In the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), p110delta mRNA was approximately 2-fold higher in SHR than in WKY. Moreover, the increases in mRNA were associated with higher PI3-kinase activity in both nuclei. The functional relevance was studied in neuronal cultures because SHR neurons reflect the augmented p85alpha mRNA and PI3-kinase activity. Expression of a p85 dominant-negative mutant decreased norepinephrine (NE) transporter mRNA and [3H]NE uptake by approximately 60% selectively in SHR neurons. In summary, increased p85alpha/p110delta expression in the PVN and RVLM is associated with increased PI3-kinase activity in the SHR. Furthermore, normalized PI3-kinase p85alpha/p110delta expression within the PVN might contribute to the overall effect of captopril, perhaps attributable to a consequent decrease in NE availability.
Embryonic stem cell-specific signatures in cancer: insights into genomic regulatory networks and implications for medicine
Authors: Jonghwan Kim, Stuart H Orkin
Journal: Genome Medicine (2011)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are of great interest as a model system for studying early developmental processes and because of their potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Obtaining a systematic understanding of the mechanisms that control the 'stemness' - self-renewal and pluripotency - of ES cells relies on high-throughput tools to define gene expression and regulatory networks at the genome level. Such recently developed systems biology approaches have revealed highly interconnected networks in which multiple regulatory factors act in combination. Interestingly, stem cells and cancer cells share some properties, notably self-renewal and a block in differentiation. Recently, several groups reported that expression signatures that are specific to ES cells are also found in many human cancers and in mouse cancer models, suggesting that these shared features might inform new approaches for cancer therapy. Here, we briefly summarize the key transcriptional regulators that contribute to the pluripotency of ES cells, the factors that account for the common gene expression patterns of ES and cancer cells, and the implications of these observations for future clinical applications.
Kettlebell swing targets semitendinosus and supine leg curl targets biceps femoris: an EMG study with rehabilitation implications
Authors: Mette Kreutzfeldt Zebis, Jørgen Skotte, Christoffer H Andersen, Peter Mortensen, Højland H Petersen, Tine C Viskær, Tanja L Jensen, Jesper Bencke, Lars L Andersen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

The medial hamstring muscle has the potential to prevent excessive dynamic valgus and external rotation of the knee joint during sports. Thus, specific training targeting the medial hamstring muscle seems important to avoid knee injuries.The aim was to investigate the medial and lateral hamstring muscle activation balance during 14 selected therapeutic exercises.The study design involved single-occasion repeated measures in a randomised manner. Sixteen female elite handball and soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 23 (3) years and no previous history of knee injury participated in the present study. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the lateral (biceps femoris - BF) and medial (semitendinosus - ST) hamstring muscle was measured during selected strengthening and balance/coordination exercises, and normalised to EMG during isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). A two-way analysis of variance was performed using the mixed procedure to determine whether differences existed in normalised EMG between exercises and muscles.Kettlebell swing and Romanian deadlift targeted specifically ST over BF (Δ17-22%, p<0.05) at very high levels of normalised EMG (73-115% of MVC). In contrast, the supine leg curl and hip extension specifically targeted the BF over the ST (Δ 20-23%, p<0.05) at very high levels of normalised EMG (75-87% of MVC).Specific therapeutic exercises targeting the hamstrings can be divided into ST dominant or BF dominant hamstring exercises. Due to distinct functions of the medial and lateral hamstring muscles, this is an important knowledge in respect to prophylactic training and physical therapist practice.
Enteropathy of coeliac disease in adults: increased number of enterochromaffin cells the duodenal mucosa.
Authors: K Sjolund, J Alumets, N O Berg, R Hakanson, F Sundler
Journal: Gut (1982)

Twenty-nine adult patients with coeliac disease and 39 patients with a normal duodenal morphology were studied with respect to the 5-ht containing enterochromaffin cells. Their number in duodenal biopsies was assessed by fluorescence histochemistry and they were examined by immunohistochemistry for peptides known or believed to occur in enterochromaffin cells. Antisera used were raised against substance P, motilin, and leu-enkephalin. In addition, the concentration of 5-HT was determined chemically. In adult coeliac disease there was a significant increase in the number of duodenal enterochromaffin cells compared with the control group. The concentration of 5-HT in the duodenal mucosa was also greatly increased. Substance P was found in a minority population of enterochromaffin cells. These cells were very few and did not increase in number in coeliac disease. Motilin cells were distinct from enterochromaffin cells. No enkephalin immunoreactive cells were found in the biopsies.
Ambulatory Diabetes Management by a Pulse of Subcutaneous Insulin Delivered by a Portable Pump: Preliminary Report
Authors: William J Riley, Janet H Silverstein, Arlan L Rosenbloom
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

Two teenage patients, who had severe psychosocial problems that complicated their diabetes management, were treated for one month (14-year-old girl) and two months (16-year-old boy) by frequent pulses of insulin injected subcutaneously by a portable, programmed pump. Additional pulses were manually adjusted by the patient before eating. Both patients experienced improved sense of well-being, marked reduction in urine volume and in glycosuria, and reduced glycemic excursions and average levels. The boy had accelerated linear growth and a decreas in HbA1 percentage. Despite marked clinical improvement, permitting return to school, the girl was impelled to interrupt pump administration after two weeks. Both patients continue to use the device voluntarily; a smaller unit, however, that doesn't have the conspicuous external controls, would likely be readily acceptable to most young patients.
When p66ShcA is away, mice EPCs sweetly play
Authors: J. Sainz, M. Sata
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Vascular complications represent a major issue in the setting of diabetes. They may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb ischaemia in diabetic patients. Under healthy conditions, detrimental effects induced by ischaemia or vascular injuries can be partially counterbalanced by the mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which participate in compensatory angiogenesis and vascular repair. However, recent reports suggested that the contribution of EPCs to such rescue processes is impaired in diabetic patients.1

Deleterious effects of hyperglycaemia have been linked so far to the activation of four major biochemical pathways: increased polyol pathway flux, increased advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and increased hexosamine pathway flux. Importantly, the common element linking these four different pathogenic mechanisms is overproduction of oxidative stress by the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.2 Accumulating evidence suggests that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by hyperglycaemia could explain the reduced number and impaired function of EPCs observed in diabetic patients.3 However, the precise underlying mechanisms involved are not fully understood.

The mammalian adaptor protein p66Shc has previously been described as a molecule that translates oxidative damage into cell apoptosis.4 Its expression is increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of diabetic patients5 and … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +81 88 633 7850; fax: +81 88 633 7894. E-mail address: sata{at}clin.med.tokushima-u.ac.jp
Tissue- and Stage-Dependent Dosage Compensation on the Neo-X Chromosome in Drosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: Masafumi Nozawa, Nana Fukuda, Kazuho Ikeo, Takashi Gojobori
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

Sex chromosome dosage compensation (DC) is widely accepted in various organisms. This concept is mostly supported by comparisons of gene expression between chromosomes and between sexes. However, genes on the X chromosome and autosomes are mostly not homologous, and the average gene expression level on these chromosomes may not be the same even under DC, which complicates comparisons between chromosomes. Many genes with sex-biased expression also make comparisons between sexes difficult. To overcome these issues, we investigated DC by comparing the expression of neo-X-linked genes in Drosophila pseudoobscura with those of their autosomal orthologs in other Drosophila species. The ratio of the former to the latter in males would be 1 under DC, whereas it becomes 0.5 without DC. We found that the ratio was ∼0.85 for adult whole bodies, indicating that the DC is incomplete on the neo-X chromosome in adults as a whole. The ratio (∼0.90) was also significantly less than 1 for adult bodies without gonads, whereas it was ∼1.0 for adult heads. These results indicate that DC varies among tissues. Our sliding-window analysis of the ratio also revealed that the upregulation of neo-X-linked genes in males occurred chromosome wide in all tissues analyzed, indicating global upregulation mechanisms. However, we found that gene functions also affected the levels of DC. Furthermore, most of the genes recently moved to the X were already under DC at the larval stage but not at the adult stage. These results suggest that DC in Drosophila species operates in a tissue/stage-dependent manner.