tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CONDITIONAL NEOPLASMS AND SUBTHRESHOLD NEOPLASTIC STATES
Authors: Peyton Rous, John G. Kidd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

The "warts" which tar elicits on rabbit skin (papillomas, carcinomatoids, frill horns) are true tumors, benign growths expressive of slight yet irreversible deviations of epidermal cells from the normal. The neoplastic condition gives the cells a superiority over their neighbors when both are submitted to the same encouraging influences, and then they proliferate into tumors. Their state entails such disabilities, though, that they are unable to maintain themselves under ordinary circumstances, and consequently growths composed of them disappear when no longer aided. Often the neoplastic cells resume the normal aspect and habit of life long before the tumor mass is gone; and they may persist as part of an apparently normal epidermis, retaining their neoplastic potentialities for months after all signs of the growth have disappeared. In these instances it can be made to appear again, sometimes repeatedly, by non-carcinogenic stimulation of the skin (wound healing, turpentining). There is reason however to suppose that in the end the tumor cells, unless helped, die or are cast off. It is plain that the neoplastic state does not necessarily connote independence of behavior or success in tumor formation. On the contrary it may render cells unable to survive or endow them with powers which they can exert only under favoring conditions. This is the case with the cells composing the tar warts of rabbits. In the lack of such conditions the cells of these growths do not manifest themselves but remain in a subthreshold neoplastic state, whereas if aided they form neoplasms. The deviations from the normal represented by the benign tar tumors of rabbits are slight and limited in character, but further deviations in larger variety may be superimposed upon them, with result in malignant tumors, growths possessed of a greater, though not always absolute, independence. Tar cancers usually come about in this way, by successive, step-like deviations from the normal, and so also do the cancers which derive from virus-induced papillomas as well as many human carcinomas. After cells have become cancerous they frequently undergo further changes, some apparently step-like in character, and all taking the direction of greater malignancy. The hypotheses that tumors are due to somatic mutations and to viruses respectively are discussed in the light of these phenomena.
A Hendra Virus G Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Protects African Green Monkeys from Nipah Virus Challenge
Authors: Katharine N. Bossart, Barry Rockx, Friederike Feldmann, Doug Brining, Dana Scott, Rachel LaCasse, Joan B. Geisbert, Yan-Ru Feng, Yee-Peng Chan, Andrew C. Hickey, Christopher C. Broder, Heinz Feldmann, Thomas W. Geisbert
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2012)

In the 1990s, Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV), two closely related and previously unrecognized paramyxoviruses that cause severe disease and death in humans and a variety of animals, were discovered in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. Outbreaks of disease have occurred nearly every year since NiV was first discovered, with case fatality ranging from 10 to 100%. In the African green monkey (AGM), NiV causes a severe lethal respiratory and/or neurological disease that essentially mirrors fatal human disease. Thus, the AGM represents a reliable disease model for vaccine and therapeutic efficacy testing. We show that vaccination of AGMs with a recombinant subunit vaccine based on the henipavirus attachment G glycoprotein affords complete protection against subsequent NiV infection with no evidence of clinical disease, virus replication, or pathology observed in any challenged subjects. Success of the recombinant subunit vaccine in nonhuman primates provides crucial data in supporting its further preclinical development for potential human use.
Extraordinary Genetic Diversity in a Wood Decay Mushroom
Authors: Maria A. Baranova, Maria D. Logacheva, Aleksey A. Penin, Vladimir B. Seplyarskiy, Yana Y. Safonova, Sergey A. Naumenko, Anna V. Klepikova, Evgeny S. Gerasimov, Georgii A. Bazykin, Timothy Y. James, Alexey S. Kondrashov
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Populations of different species vary in the amounts of genetic diversity they possess. Nucleotide diversity π, the fraction of nucleotides that are different between two randomly chosen genotypes, has been known to range in eukaryotes between 0.0001 in Lynx lynx and 0.16 in Caenorhabditis brenneri. Here, we report the results of a comparative analysis of 24 haploid genotypes (12 from the United States and 12 from European Russia) of a split-gill fungus Schizophyllum commune. The diversity at synonymous sites is 0.20 in the American population of S. commune and 0.13 in the Russian population. This exceptionally high level of nucleotide diversity also leads to extreme amino acid diversity of protein-coding genes. Using whole-genome resequencing of 2 parental and 17 offspring haploid genotypes, we estimate that the mutation rate in S. commune is high, at 2.0 × 10−8 (95% CI: 1.1 × 10−8 to 4.1 × 10−8) per nucleotide per generation. Therefore, the high diversity of S. commune is primarily determined by its elevated mutation rate, although high effective population size likely also plays a role. Small genome size, ease of cultivation and completion of the life cycle in the laboratory, free-living haploid life stages and exceptionally high variability of S. commune make it a promising model organism for population, quantitative, and evolutionary genetics.
Local allergic rhinitis: Allergen tolerance and immunologic changes after preseasonal immunotherapy with grass pollen
Authors: Carmen Rondón, Natalia Blanca-López, Ana Aranda, Rocío Herrera, José Luis Rodriguez-Bada, Gabriela Canto, Cristobalina Mayorga, María José Torres, Paloma Campo, Miguel Blanca
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Results of a phase 1 study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children and young adults with brain cancer
Authors: Denise A Caruso, Lisa M Orme, Alana M Neale, Fiona J Radcliff, Gerlinda M Amor, Wirginia Maixner, Peter Downie, Timothy E Hassall, Mimi L K Tang, David M Ashley
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2004)

We conducted a phase 1 study of 9 pediatric patients with recurrent brain tumors using monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA to produce antitumor vaccine (DCRNA) preparations. The objectives of this study included (1) establishing safety and feasibility and (2) measuring changes in general, antigen-specific, and tumor-specific immune responses after DCRNA. Dendritic cells were derived from freshly isolated monocytes after 7 days of culture with IL-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pulsed with autologous tumor RNA, and then cryopreserved. Patients received at least 3 vaccines, each consisting of an intravenous and an intradermal administration at biweekly intervals. The study showed that this method for producing and administering DCRNA from a single leukapheresis product was both feasible and safe in this pediatric brain tumor population. Immune function at the time of enrollment into the study was impaired in all patients tested. While humoral responses to recall antigens (diphtheria and tetanus) were intact in all patients, cellular responses to mitogen and recall antigens were below normal. Following DCRNA vaccine, 2 of 7 patients showed stable clinical disease and 1 of 7 showed a partial response. Two of 7 patients who were tested showed a tumor-specific immune response to DCRNA. This study showed that DCRNA vaccines are both safe and feasible in children with tumors of the central nervous system with a single leukapheresis.
New Regimens to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adults with HIV Infection
Authors: Neil A. Martinson, Grace L. Barnes, Lawrence H. Moulton, Reginah Msandiwa, Harry Hausler, Malathi Ram, James A. McIntyre, Glenda E. Gray, Richard E. Chaisson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Treatment of latent tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is efficacious, but few patients around the world receive such treatment. We evaluated three new regimens for latent tuberculosis that may be more potent and durable than standard isoniazid treatment.We randomly assigned South African adults with HIV infection and a positive tuberculin skin test who were not taking antiretroviral therapy to receive rifapentine (900 mg) plus isoniazid (900 mg) weekly for 12 weeks, rifampin (600 mg) plus isoniazid (900 mg) twice weekly for 12 weeks, isoniazid (300 mg) daily for up to 6 years (continuous isoniazid), or isoniazid (300 mg) daily for 6 months (control group). The primary end point was tuberculosis-free survival.The 1148 patients had a median age of 30 years and a median CD4 cell count of 484 per cubic millimeter. Incidence rates of active tuberculosis or death were 3.1 per 100 person-years in the rifapentine-isoniazid group, 2.9 per 100 person-years in the rifampin-isoniazid group, and 2.7 per 100 person-years in the continuous-isoniazid group, as compared with 3.6 per 100 person-years in the control group (P>0.05 for all comparisons). Serious adverse reactions were more common in the continuous-isoniazid group (18.4 per 100 person-years) than in the other treatment groups (8.7 to 15.4 per 100 person-years). Two of 58 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3.4%) were found to have multidrug resistance.On the basis of the expected rates of tuberculosis in this population of HIV-infected adults, all secondary prophylactic regimens were effective. Neither a 3-month course of intermittent rifapentine or rifampin with isoniazid nor continuous isoniazid was superior to 6 months of isoniazid. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00057122.).
Pooled Analysis of Safety and Efficacy of Oxaliplatin Plus Fluorouracil/Leucovorin Administered Bimonthly in Elderly Patients With Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Richard M. Goldberg, Isabelle Tabah-Fisch, Harry Bleiberg, Aimery de Gramont, Christophe Tournigand, Thierry Andre, Mace L. Rothenberg, Erin Green, Daniel J. Sargent
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin are commonly used to treat advanced and resected colorectal cancer. This analysis compares the safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly (FOLFOX4) in patients age younger than and at least 70 years. Patients and Methods This retrospective analysis included 3,742 colorectal cancer patients (614 age ≥ 70) from four clinical trials testing FOLFOX4 in the adjuvant, first-, and second-line settings. End points included grade ≥ 3 adverse events, response rate (in advanced disease), progression or relapse-free survival, dose-intensity, and overall survival in the studies with mature survival data. Results Grade ≥ 3 hematologic toxicity (neutropenia [43% v 49%; P = .04] and thrombocytopenia [2% v 5%; P = .04]) were significantly higher in older patients. Older age was not associated with increased rates of severe neurologic adverse events, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, infection, overall incidence of grade ≥ 3 toxicity (63% v 67%; P = .15), or 60-day mortality (1.1% v 2.3%; P = .20). The relative benefit of FOLFOX4 versus control did not differ by age for response rate, progression or recurrence free-survival (hazard ratio, 0.70 for FOLFOX4 v control for age &lt; 70, 0.65 for age ≥ 70; P = .42), or overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.77 age &lt; 70, 0.82 age ≥ 70; P = .79). Dose-intensity did not differ by age at cycles 1, 3, 6, or 12. Conclusion FOLFOX4 maintains its efficacy and safety ratio in selected elderly patients with colorectal cancer. Its judicious use should be considered without regard to patient age, although scant data are available among patients older than 80 years.
Fate of oral enzymes in pancreatic insufficiency.
Authors: L Guarner, R Rodriguez, F Guarner, J R Malagelada
Journal: Gut (1993)

Oral pancreatic enzyme supplements, including those protected from gastric acidity by enteric coating, often achieve only partial correction of pancreatic steatorrhoea. To characterise the mechanisms involved in vivo, eight patients with steatorrhoea due to advanced pancreatic insufficiency and nine healthy controls were studied. Two sets of studies (small bowel intubation and five day faecal fat quantification) were randomly performed while patients were either on enteric coated pancreatin or equivalent placebo. A 260 cm long multilumen tube was used for double marker perfusion of two 20 cm segments located in the duodenum and in the ileum respectively. Luminal pH, flow, and trypsin and lipase activity outputs were measured at each segment for four hours postcibally. Placebo treated patients with pancreatic steatorrhoea had low enzyme outputs in the duodenal test segment and even lower outputs in the ileal segment. Pancreatin treatment significantly decreased steatorrhoea (p &lt; 0.05) and increased luminal enzyme outputs (p &lt; 0.05). The increase was much greater in the ileal than in the duodenal segment. Thus enteric coated pancreatin treatment abolished the normal gradient between postcibal duodenal and ileal lipase output. The results suggest that enteric coated pancreatin nearly corrects severe pancreatic steatorrhoea. The ingested lipase was utilised inefficiently, however, as luminal enzyme activity in the ileum was enhanced to a greater extent than in the duodenum, and consequently the absorptive potential of the small bowel was only partially utilised.
Stomach versus lungs: the case of a giant hiatal hernia: Figure 1
Authors: Elaine Soon, Craig Vickery, Thomas Pulimood
Journal: Thorax (2014)

A 92-year-old man presented in extremis with respiratory failure. His chest X-ray (CXR) (figure 1A) showed right lower zone opacification and an intrathoracic gastric bubble. Emergency CT showed a giant paraoesophageal hiatal hernia containing his stomach, spleen and transverse colon (figure 1B,C). Nasogastric drainage failed to decompress the stomach; which had undergone volvulus.



Figure 1 
(A) Plain chest radiograph showing the presence of a stomach bubble within the thoracic cavity. (B) and (C) CT images showing the presence of …
Use of "population served" distorted findings
Authors: B. Tennison, A. Frater, K. Baker
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Tertiary cancer servicesPsychiatric and psychological liaison should be included EDITOR,-M A Richards and colleagues report a benchmarking study of activity and facilities at 12 specialist cancer centres.1 One of the objectives of the study was to help the planning of future cancer services.The authors looked at inpatient and outpatient services and also at radiotherapy and chemotherapy practice.They make no mention, however, of psychological, psychiatric, or social input to patients and their families.
Breast Cancer Treatment Guidelines in Older Women
Authors: Sharon H. Giordano, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Shu-Wan C. Kau, Richard L. Theriault, Melissa L. Bondy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose To determine patterns and predictors of concordance with institutional treatment guidelines among older women with breast cancer. Methods The study population included 1,568 patients aged 55 years and older who were treated at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between July 1997 and January 2002 for stage I to IIIA invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. Concordance with institutional guidelines was determined for definitive surgical therapy, radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy after mastectomy, adjuvant chemotherapy use, and adjuvant hormonal therapy use. The following variables were considered as possible modifiers of concordance: patient age, marital status, race, educational level, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, comorbidity score, clinical stage, hormone receptor status, HER2-neu status, tumor grade, pathologic tumor size, lymphatic invasion, and number of lymph nodes involved. Logistic regression modeling was performed to determine the independent effect of each variable on guideline concordance. Results Older women were less likely to receive treatment in concordance with guidelines for definitive surgical therapy (P &lt; .001), postlumpectomy radiation (P = .03), adjuvant chemotherapy (P &lt; .001), and adjuvant hormonal therapy (P &lt; .001). In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 75 years predicted a deviation from guidelines for definitive surgical therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and adjuvant hormonal therapy. Nonwhite race was associated with decreased likelihood of adjuvant radiation therapy after breast conservation. Conclusion After adjustment for comorbidity score, race, marital status, educational status, clinical stage, and tumor characteristics, increasing patient age was independently associated with decreased guideline concordance for definitive surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and adjuvant hormonal therapy. Future research should focus on delineating the possible reasons for guideline discordance.
A change at the tiller
Authors: R. Spiller
Journal: Gut (2003)

Professor Michael Farthing stepped down from the editorship of Gut in mid December 2002 after a distinguished editorship, which lasted seven years. During that time Gut steadily increased its impact and its international appeal. Our thanks go to Mike for this very substantial contribution and it will be our endeavour to build on his success. Simultaneously Professor Nick Wright, Professor Tom MacDonald, and Dr Ian Forgacs stood down as associate editors, posts which they had held for more than four years. Our special thanks to them for their long and distinguished service. They will now join the Editorial Board where we will be able to continue to draw on their expertise and enthusiasm.

This is an exciting time to take over as editor of such a journal, since electronic publication is opening up new vistas of potential means of spreading knowledge. While a paper-based journal is certainly likely to continue in existence for the foreseeable future, the website offers fantastic opportunities, both for speeding up the process of manuscript processing and publishing and also as a means of disseminating information and binding the academic community together without regard to geographical …
Oedema of Vulva due to Toxaemia of Pregnancy
Authors: J. P. Bush
Journal: BMJ (1946)

MEICA JOUINAL etc.) ; and as a stimulant in all cases of indolent wounds.In the surgical and therapeutical clinics of the Academy Profs.H. H. Vlados and V. I. Kazansky have made over 700 injections of colloidal infusin.Patients have proved able to withstand large doses of the solution, and its value as a substitute and a stimu- laint has been proved.
A NOTE ON THE NATURAL HISTOKY OF LICHEN PLANUS.
Authors: PETER D. SAMMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1956)

Journal Article A NOTE ON THE NATURAL HISTOKY OF LICHEN PLANUS. Get access PETER D. SAMMAN, M.D., M.R.C.P. PETER D. SAMMAN, M.D., M.R.C.P. Assistant Physician for Diseases of the Skin, Westminster Hospital, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 68, Issue 5, 1 May 1956, Pages 175–181, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1956.tb12804.x Published: 01 May 1956
In Situ Hybridization Analysis of miR-146b-5p and miR-21 in Thyroid Nodules: Diagnostic Implications
Authors: Zhenying Guo, Heather Hardin, Celina Montemayor-Garcia, Sofia Asioli, Alberto Righi, Francesca Maletta, Anna Sapino, Ricardo V. Lloyd
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2015)
Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Status by Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Is Rare
Authors: Tommaso De Pas, Giuseppe Pelosi, Filippo de Braud, Giulia Veronesi, Giuseppe Curigliano, Maria Elena Leon, Romano Danesi, Cristina Noberasco, Massimiliano d’Aiuto, Gianpiero Catalano, Giuseppe Viale, Lorenzo Spaggiari
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Purpose To determine whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is modulated by chemotherapy and to assess the agreement of EGFR status between mediastinal nodes and the primary tumor after chemotherapy. Patients and Methods Patients with NSCLC stage IIIa/b pN2/3 confirmed by mediastinoscopy or mediastinostomy were treated with at least three cycles of chemotherapy before undergoing surgery. EGFR expression was evaluated on mediastinal nodes at the time of initial diagnosis and on both the primary tumor and residual metastatic nodes after treatment. Results EGFR expression determined on 138 of 164 patients who underwent mediastinoscopy or mediastinostomy was 0 (22 patients), 1+ (27 patients), 2+ (28 patients), and 3+ (61 patients). Fifty-four patients of 164 received chemotherapy followed by surgery. Of the 89 of 138 patients with EGFR score of 2+/3+ at the time of diagnosis, 34 patients underwent surgery after induction chemotherapy. None changed to zero EGFR immunoreactivity, with 29 patients (88%) maintaining a score of 2+/3+. Of the 22 of 138 patients with no EGFR expression at the time of diagnosis, six underwent surgical resection after induction chemotherapy. Of these six patients, four changed their EGFR expression from an EGFR score of 0 to 2+/3+. After treatment, the agreement of EGFR status between tumor and nodes in the subgroup of patients with EGFR score 2+/3+ was 89% to 92%. Conclusion Our data suggest a very good agreement of EGFR status before and after chemotherapy in EGFR-positive NSCLC. Induction chemotherapy can induce EGFR expression in occasional EGFR-negative tumors.
Expression of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Human and Mouse Colonic Carcinoma
Authors: Jiraporn Ousingsawat, Melanie Spitzner, Supaporn Puntheeranurak, Luigi Terracciano, Luigi Tornillo, Lukas Bubendorf, Karl Kunzelmann, Rainer Schreiber
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Voltage-gated Kv potassium channels, like ether a go-go (EAG) channels, have been recognized for their oncogenic potential in breast cancer and other malignant tumors. Experimental Design: We examined the molecular and functional expression of Kv channels in human colonic cancers and colon of mice treated with the chemical carcinogens dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The data were compared with results from control mice and animals with chemically induced DSS colitis. Results: Electrogenic salt transport by amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels and cyclic AMP–activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl− channels were attenuated during tumor development and colitis, whereas Ca2+-dependent transport remained unchanged. Kv channels, in particular Eag-1, were enhanced during carcinogenesis. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR showed increased mRNA expression for Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv3.1, and members of the Eag channel family, after dimethylhydrazine and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea treatment. Eag-1 protein was detected in the malignant mouse colon and human colonic cancers. Genomic amplification of Eag-1 was found in 3.4% of all human colorectal adenocarcinoma and was an independent marker of adverse prognosis. Conclusions: The study predicts an oncogenic role of Kv and Eag channels for the development of colonic cancer. These channels may represent an important target for a novel pharmacotherapy of colonic cancer.