tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Growth Rate and Differentiation of Melanoma In Vivo2
Authors: Jerry M. Gray, G. Barry Pierce
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1964)

Journal Article Relationship Between Growth Rate and Differentiation of Melanoma In Vivo Get access Jerry M. Gray, M.D., Jerry M. Gray, M.D. Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Barry Pierce, Jr., M.D. G. Barry Pierce, Jr., M.D. Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 32, Issue 6, June 1964, Pages 1201–1211, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/32.6.1201 Published: 01 June 1964 Article history Received: 12 November 1963 Published: 01 June 1964
Tumour risks and genotype–phenotype–proteotype analysis of patients with germline mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit genes SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD
Authors: Katrina A Andrews, Lindsey Vialard, David B Ascher, Douglas E V Pires, Nicola Bradshaw, Trevor Cole, Jackie Cook, Richard Irving, Ajith Kumar, Fiona Lalloo, Louise Izatt, David Goudie, Emma R Woodward, Eamonn R Maher
Journal: The Lancet (2016)
A phase I/II trial of ispinesib, a kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitor, dosed q14d in patients with advanced breast cancer previously untreated with chemotherapy for metastatic disease or recurrence
Authors: H. L. Gomez, M. Philco, C. Castaneda, P. Pimentel, R. Escandon, J. Seroogy, K. Saikali, A. Wolff, M. Conlan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

1077 Background: KSP is a mitotic kinesin essential for cell cycle progression. Ispinesib, a selective KSP inhibitor, blocks mitotic spindle assembly with cell cycle arrest in mitosis and subsequent cell death. On a q21d schedule, the MTD was 18 mg/m 2 . In a phase II trial of ispinesib dosed at 18 mg/m 2 q21d in patients (pts) with advanced breast cancer after anthracycline and taxane failure, the response rate was 4/45 (9%). This trial evaluates ispinesib given on d1 and d15 q28d, thus increasing dose density. Methods: In phase I of this phase I/II trial, DLT and MTD of ispinesib given d1 and d15 q28d will be determined. Eligibility criteria: advanced breast cancer; no prior chemotherapy (CT) except neoadjuvant or adjuvant and ≥ 1 yr elapsed since CT; no CNS metastases; ECOG 0–1. This is a standard 3+3 dose escalation trial design, starting at 10 mg/m 2 and escalating based on tolerability in cycle (cy) 1. Pharmacokinetic data are collected in cy 1. Results: Phase I of the trial is ongoing. 16 pts were treated at 3 dose levels: 10 (n = 3), 12 (n = 6), and 14 mg/m 2 (n = 7). 9 pts were stage IV; 11 were chemo-naïve; 5 had prior anthracycline and/or taxane; 4 were HER-2+ and 5 ER-, PR-, HER-2-. The most frequent toxicity was neutropenia. 88% of pts in cy 1 (grade 3/4 in 75%; no febrile neutropenia). Mild GI toxicity occurred in &lt;37.5% of pts. There was no neuropathy or alopecia. At the 14 mg/m 2 dose level, 2/7 pts had DLTs of transient grade 3 AST and ALT increases after cy 1 d15 dosing; both without increases upon retreatment; 1 in a pt with liver metastases; neither pt had significant increases in alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin. The 12 mg/m 2 cohort was expanded to 6 pts without DLT. 3 pts had partial response (after 1 [n = 1] and 4 [n = 2] cy, respectively); 1 confirmed and ongoing after 8+ cy; 4 pts had stable disease ≥4 mo. Conclusions: Ispinesib appears to be well tolerated on a q14d dosing schedule at doses tested to date. A dose-density equal to that given in the prior phase II trial (0.86 mg/m 2 /d) was tolerated with the q14d schedule with preliminary evidence of efficacy. Further exploration of the 14 mg/m 2 dose level is planned. [Table: see text]
Synthesis of Immunoreactive Insulin in Vitro by Aplastic Mammary Carcinoma Preconditioned in Diabetic Mice
Authors: K Pavelić, A Ferle-Vidović, M Osmak, S Vuk-Pavlović
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1981)

Direct evidence is presented that the murine aplastic carcinoma, preconditioned in diabetic CBA mice, secreted immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in vitro for at least 25 days. The intensity of in vitro IRI secretion depended on the length of the in vivo preconditioning.
Infrared-active quadruple contrast FePt nanoparticles for multiple scale molecular imaging
Authors: Shang-Wei Chou, Chien-Liang Liu, Tzu-Ming Liu, Yu-Fang Shen, Lun-Chang Kuo, Cheng-Ham Wu, Tsung-Yuan Hsieh, Pei-Chun Wu, Ming-Rung Tsai, Che-Chang Yang, Kai-Yao Chang, Meng-Hua Lu, Pai-Chi Li, Shi-Ping Chen, Yu-Hsin Wang, Chen-Wen Lu, Yi-An Chen, Chih-Chia Huang, Churng-Ren Chris Wang, Jong-Kai Hsiao, Meng-Lin Li, Pi-Tai Chou
Journal: Biomaterials (2016)
Treasury will take “incredibly dim view” of £2.3bn NHS overspend
Authors: Ingrid Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2016)

Overspending in the NHS is growing so much that the Department of Health risks not being able to find the funds to cover it this year and may breach its expenditure limit, a quarterly monitoring report by the King’s Fund warns.1

NHS provider overspending reached £1.6bn in the second quarter and was forecast to reach £2.2bn by the end of this financial year,2 but NHS England wants it contained at £1.8bn.3 The King’s Fund’s latest regular survey of finance directors suggested that achieving this is highly unlikely.

Two thirds (67%) of the finance directors expect their organisations to overspend by the end of this year, including 89% of acute trusts. For the first time the finance directors were asked to predict …
Exposure to SIV in utero results in reduced viral loads and altered responsiveness to postnatal challenge
Authors: Chris A. R. Baker, Louise Swainson, Din L. Lin, Samson Wong, Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Alice F. Tarantal, Joseph M. McCune
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2015)

Animals exposed to attenuated SIV in utero showed reduced viral replication and altered immune responses after pathogenic challenge postnatally.
포스터 전시 : Trientine으로 치료한 윌슨병 1예
Authors: 박기오, 채경훈, 허원석, 강윤세, 정재훈, 김연수, 문희석, 이엄석, 김선문, 이병석, 김남재, 이헌영
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2003)

배경/목적: Wilson병은 구리의 불충분한 배출 때문에 구리가 간, 뇌, 신장 및 각막 등에 축적이 되어 만성 간질환, 진행성의 신경학적 이상 및 각막이상 등을 일으키는 유전성 대사이상 질환으로서, 1912년 Kinner Wilson에 의해 보고되었다. Wilson병은 일련의 증상들이 나타나기 전에 진단하는 것이 중요하고, 치료법으로는 penicillamine, trientine, zinc 등이 있으며 그 중 penicillamine이 일차약제로 사용되고 있다. 그러나 penicillamine은 사용중 과민반응으로 인하여 신경학적 증상의 악화, 단백뇨 및 혈액학적 이상 등 심각한 합병증을 일으킬 수 있고 그로 인해 치료받는 환자의 30% 정도에서는 사용을 중단하고 다른 약제로 바꾸어야 한다. trientine은 penicillamine대신 사용할 수 있는 2차약제이다. 저자들은 Wilson병으로 진단을 받고 penicillamine으로 치료도중 단백뇨와 혈소판 감소증이 발생하여 trientine으로 대치한 후 성공적으로 치료된 증례를 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. 대상과 방법: 53세 여자가 경한 무력감과 혈청 AST와 ALT치의 이상소견을 주소로 내원하였다. 수혈이나 약물복용력은 없었고, 가족력에서도 특이소견은 없었다. 이학적 검사상 특이소견은 없었으며, 바이러스 표지자는 모두 음성이었고, 자가면역항체도 모두 음성이었다. 혈청 ceruloplasmin은 14 mg/dL, 소변내 구리배출량은 95.8 ㎍/day, K-F ring은 양성이어서 Wilson병과 초기 간경변증으로 진단을 하고 penicillamine과 pyridoxine으로 치료를 시작하였다. 치료 시작 초기 혈액검사상 백혈구 3650/μL, 헤모글로빈 10.2 g/dL, 혈소판 92000/μL이었으며 소변검사상 뇨단백 음성, 뇨당 음성, 적혈구와 백혈구는 관찰되지 않았다. 추적관찰 중 5개월이 경과한 후에 환자는 양하지의 부종을 호소하였고 소변검사상 뇨단백 양성, 혈뇨가 있었으며 혈액검사상 백혈구 4700/μL, 헤모글로빈 11.1g/dL, 혈소판 41000/ μL 이었다. 1개월 뒤 시행한 혈액검사상 백혈구 4550/ μL, 헤모글로빈 10.4g/dL, 혈소판 14000/ μL 으로 혈소판치가 더욱 감소하여 penicillamine에 의한 과민반응으로 판단하고 투약을 중단하였다. 결과: penicillamine을 중단한 후 2개월 뒤 혈소판은 68000/μL으로 회복되었고, 소변검사상 단백뇨와 혈뇨도 소실되었다. 이후 trientine으로 바꾸어 투약하고 현재 특별한 부작용 없이 외래에서 계속 진료중이다. 결론: penicillamine으로 치료중이던 Wilson병 환자에서 본 약제에 의한 과민반응으로 신증후군, 혈소판 감소증 등이 발생하여 trientine으로 대치하고 성공적으로 안정화된 증례를 보고하는 바이다.
<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET (PET) and contrast-enhanced CT-scan (CT) in the evaluation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer after chemotherapy
Authors: C. Carnaghi, A. Chiti, K. Marzo, M. Rodari, L. Rimassa, M. C. Tronconi, A. Santoro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

3710 Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been successfully used in the treatment of patients (pts) affected by liver metastases from colorectal cancer unsuitable for surgery. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of PET and CT in a small series of these pts, in order to assess the therapeutic response to chemotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 12 pts (4 males, 8 females; mean age 60.3 years, range 52–71) affected by liver metastases from colorectal cancer. All of the pts were treated with systemic chemotherapy, were evaluated with PET and CT at the end of the treatment, and subsequently underwent surgery to remove liver metastases. Chemotherapy regimens were: FOLFOX (7 pts), FOLFIRI (2 pts), 5-FU-FA (2 pts), UFT-CPT-OXA (1 pt). All pts had histological confirmation of the liver lesions. After chemotherapy 7 pts had partial response at the CT, 2 had stable disease and 3 had progressive disease. The mean time interval between PET and surgery was 38.2 days. All pts underwent whole-body PET scan in 3D mode on a Siemens Ecat Accel LSO full-ring scanner, 60 minutes after the injection of 310–450 MBq of 18F-FDG. Contrast enhanced, 3 phases, liver CT was performed on a Philips Aura single slice system. Results: In 12 pts, 33 liver lesions were confirmed by histology. The table shows the results on a per-lesion and on a per-patient basis. Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that, on a per-lesion analysis, PET and CT had sub-optimal diagnostic accuracy in the post-chemotherapy evaluation of liver lesions from colorectal cancer, PET being more specific and less sensitive than CT. Figures are better on a per-patient basis, as diagnostic imaging lead to futile surgery in 1 case and to underestimation of residual disease in 2 cases, without differences between PET and CT. Further data are needed to evaluate the metabolic changes induced by chemotherapy which may be the cause for inaccurate PET findings. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Kinetics of Nitrosamine Formation in the Presence of Micelle-Forming Surfactants 2 3
Authors: James D. Okun, Michael C. Archer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Kinetics of Nitrosamine Formation in the Presence of Micelle-Forming Surfactants Get access James D. Okun, James D. Okun Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael C. Archer Michael C. Archer 5 5Address reprint requests to Dr. Archer. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 58, Issue 2, February 1977, Pages 409–411, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/58.2.409 Published: 01 February 1977 Article history Received: 20 May 1976 Accepted: 30 June 1976 Published: 01 February 1977
Integrated genomics and proteomics define huntingtin CAG length–dependent networks in mice
Authors: Peter Langfelder, Jeffrey P Cantle, Doxa Chatzopoulou, Nan Wang, Fuying Gao, Ismael Al-Ramahi, Xiao-Hong Lu, Eliana Marisa Ramos, Karla El-Zein, Yining Zhao, Sandeep Deverasetty, Andreas Tebbe, Christoph Schaab, Daniel J Lavery, David Howland, Seung Kwak, Juan Botas, Jeffrey S Aaronson, Jim Rosinski, Giovanni Coppola, Steve Horvath, X William Yang
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2016)
Abstract 19198: Adult Human Heart Contains Two Populations of C-kit-Oct-4+SSEA-4+ Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells (Isl-1- and Isl-1+)
Authors: Wojciech Wojakowski, Ewa K Zuba-Surma, Marcin Syzdol, Adam Kowalowka, Elzbieta Kamycka, Tomasz Kargul, Justyna Drukala, Ryszard Bachowski, Stanislaw Wos, Mariusz Z Ratajczak, Michal Tendera
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs) express pluripotent stem markers (Oct-4,Nanog, SSEA-4). and in adult mice may be expanded and differentiatiated into three germ layers. In humans VSELs were found in cord blood and peripheral blood (PB). AIM: Comparison of VSELs isolated from human myocardium with cardiac stem cells (CSC) and to measure the mobilization into PB after cardiac surgery. METHODS: 32 patients undergoing CABG were enrolled. Right atrial appendage (RAA), left ventricle (LV) were collected. PB samples were drawn before and immediately after surgery, 24 hrs and 5-7 days after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Tissue samples (0.5-1.0 cm3) were cut, digested in collagenase, passed through 70um cell strainer, centrifugated, resuspended and stained with antibodies CD34 FITC/CD133 APC/SSEA-4PE/CD45 APC-Cy7. Analyses were carried out on Image Stream System which is a combination of FACS and immunofluorescent microscope. RESULTS: VSELs and CSC were identified in LAA. VSELs had markedly smaller diameter (4.7 ± 0.2µm vs. 7.7 ± 0.4µm), were c-kit negative, expressed markers of pluripotent cells (Oct-4, SSEA-4) and CD133. Two populations of VSELs - both Isl-1 negative and positive were identified. Subpopulation of Oct-4+SSEA-4+Isl+ VSELs contained cells of intermediate size (5.7 ± 0.7µm) and might form more mature population of VSELs progenitors. VSELs undergo significant mobilization into PB following the CABG. CONCLUSION: Human myocardium in adults contains two subpopulations of Oct-4+SSEA4+ VSELs which are distinct from CSC. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass induced mobilization of VSELs into peripheral blood.
Studies on the Mechanism of Isoantigenic Variant Formation in Heterozygous Mouse Tumors. II. Behavior of &lt;italic&gt;H-2&lt;/italic&gt; Antigens D and K: Cytotoxic Tests on Mouse Lymphomas&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: K. E. Hellström
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1961)

Two (A × A.SW)F1 hybrid mouse lymphomas were tested for transplantability to (A.SW × DBA)F1, (A.SW × C3H)F1, and A.SW mice. Tumors arising in these mice were tested for the presence of the H-2-determined isoantigens D and K, by the cytotoxic technique of Gorer and O'Gorman. Each of the 12 tumors which grew progressively in (A.SW × DBA)F1 mice had lost antigen K, while D was present in varying degrees in 11 of 12 tumors. Six of 6 takes in (A.SW × C3H)F1 mice had lost both antigens D and K. In three instances, the absence of D in a significant proportion of the cells in A.SW × DBA sublines could be correlated with transplantability to (A.SW × C3H)F1 and A.SW mice, where the cells lacking D were apparently selected for. The fact that antigen K can be lost alone or together with D, but D cannot be lost without K is tentatively attributed to somatic crossing over.
The development of a prediction tool for chemotherapy-induced anemia in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) palliative receiving chemotherapy
Authors: M. Vincent, G. Dranitsaris, M. Clemons, S. Verma, C. Lau, P. Gascon, S. Van Belle, H. Ludwig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

8600 Background: Anemia remains a common complication in patients with advanced NSCLC on palliative chemotherapy. Many oncologists believe that anemia is unpredictable, acting on a low hemoglobin value once the patient is anemic (i.e. reactively). However, patient care could be substantially improved if severe anemia could be accurately predicted by validated mathematical models. The development and validation of our cycle-based prediction model for severe anemia (hemoglobin ≤ 100 g/L) is described. Methods: Data on 536 European patients receiving palliative chemotherapy was prospectively collected as part of the European Cancer Anemia Survey (Ludwig et al, 2004), including information on clinical and biochemistry parameters that could potentially be associated with anemia. The sample was randomly divided into a 2/3 model derivation and 1/3 validation sample. Multivariable logistic regression techniques were applied for the initial model. A risk scoring system based on regression parameters was created, from 0 to 15. Finally a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was undertaken to measure predictive accuracy of the validation sample. Results: Precycle hemoglobin, low body surface area, advanced age, poor performance status, recurrent/persistent disease and platinum or gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were identified as being important predictors for severe anemia. The ROC analysis on the derivation and internal validation datasets had areas under the ROC curve of 0.80 (95%CI: 0.74 - 0.85) and 0.86 (95%CI: 0.83 - 0.89). A risk score of ≥ 8 to &lt; 10 was identified as being the optimal cut-off to maximize sensitivity (83.1%) and specificity (67.8%) of the prediction tool. Patients with a score of ≥ 8 would be considered at high risk for developing severe anemia following a particular cycle of chemotherapy. Conclusions: This study outlines the development of an accurate anemia prediction tool for NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy. The application and planned continued refinement of this prediction tool will be an important source of patient specific risk information for the practicing oncologist and can enhance patient care by utilizing anemia therapies earlier and pro-actively. [Table: see text]
From IPSE to TRICE: evolution in Europe of the state of the art of infection control
Authors: S Brusaferro, F Coiz, B Cookson, G Privitera, R Gallagher, T Cooper, J Fabry, P Hartemann, S Kelenic, W Popp, K Mannerquist, P Viale, C Ruef, K Weist, C Varela santos, C Suetens
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
Histopathology of Immunologic Regression of Tumor Metastasis in the Lymph Nodes
Authors: Takao Kodama, Eiki Gotohda, Noritoshi Takeichi, Noboru Kuzumaki, Hiroshi Kobayashi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

A transplantable rat tumor (KMT-17) artificially infected with mouse Friend virus and subcutaneously inoculated into the foot of a syngeneic rat grew at first, but ultimately regressed. The tumor cells metastasized to the regional popliteal, lumbar, and inguinal lymph nodes and formed massive metastatic foci in these lymph nodes. These lymph node metastases also regressed spontaneously. Histopathologically, the infiltration and proliferation of lymphoid cells, reticulum cells, and fibrocytes were in the regressing metastatic tumor in lymph nodes as well as in the regressing transplanted tumor in the foot. Lymph node reactions such as temporary disappearance of follicles, intensive sinus histiocytosis, marked increase of large mononuclear cells, and plasmocytosis were apparent when there were metastatic tumor cells in the nodes. Our results, compared with those obtained from control experiments, demonstrate that the regression of the metastatic tumor in the lymph node as well as of the transplanted tumor in the syngeneic rats was due to immunologic reaction by the host.
Prognostic Value of Lymphocyte G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase-2 Protein Levels in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Giuseppe Rengo, Gennaro Pagano, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Grazia Daniela Femminella, Valentina Parisi, Alessandro Cannavo, Daniela Liccardo, Klara Komici, Giuseppina Gambino, Maria Loreta D’Amico, Claudio de Lucia, Stefania Paolillo, Bruno Trimarco, Dino Franco Vitale, Nicola Ferrara, Walter J. Koch, Dario Leosco
Journal: Circulation Research (2016)

Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF), yet routine assessment of sympathetic nervous system activation is not recommended for clinical practice. Myocardial G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) is upregulated in HF patients, causing dysfunctional β-adrenergic receptor signaling. Importantly, myocardial GRK2 levels correlate with levels found in peripheral lymphocytes of HF patients.The independent prognostic value of blood GRK2 measurements in HF patients has never been investigated; thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether lymphocyte GRK2 levels predict clinical outcome in HF patients.We prospectively studied 257 HF patients with mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 31.4±8.5%. At the time of enrollment, plasma norepinephrine, serum NT-proBNP, and lymphocyte GRK2 levels, as well as clinical and instrumental variables were measured. The prognostic value of GRK2 to predict cardiovascular (CV) death and all-cause mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazard model including demographic, clinical, instrumental, and laboratory data. Over a mean follow-up period of 37.5±20.2 months (range, 3-60 months), there were 102 CV deaths. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide, and lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels were independent predictors of CV mortality in HF patients. GRK2 levels showed an additional prognostic and clinical value over demographic and clinical variables. The independent prognostic value of lymphocyte GRK2 levels was also confirmed for all-cause mortality.Lymphocyte GRK2 protein levels can independently predict prognosis in patients with HF.
Quantifying anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide titres: clinical utility and association with tobacco exposure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: D M Lee, R Phillips, E M Hagan, L B Chibnik, K H Costenbader, P H Schur
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

Objective: To determine the significance of quantitative levels of antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) in a population of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A total of 241 consecutive sera from patients with RA sent from a large rheumatology clinic for laboratory testing were selected for precisely quantifying anti-CCP antibody titres with the anti-CCP2 assay. Patient charts were reviewed for demographic information, smoking history, clinical diagnosis, rheumatoid factor (RF) titre, radiographic information and other laboratory information (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) level). Correlations with anti-CCP titre and RF titre, disease parameters and smoking history were assessed. Results: We confirm previous findings that anti-CCP seropositivity is associated with a higher incidence of erosions in patients with RA (56% vs 20% CCP+ vs CCP−, κ = 0.297, p&lt;0.001). We also found a moderate correlation between anti-CCP titre and RF titre. However, we failed to find an association between anti-CCP titre and presence of erosions, between anti-CCP titre and CRP or ESR level, or between anti-CCP titre and age or disease duration. Interestingly, we did find significantly higher anti-CCP titres in patients with a history of smoking (452 units/ml vs 229 units/ml, smokers vs non-smokers, respectively; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Although anti-CCP titres were not associated with clinical parameters of disease, they are increased in patients with RA with exposure to tobacco. By contrast, no elevation in RF was noted in patients with a history of smoking. These observations are consistent with a pathogenic contribution of smoking to RA and suggest the immune stimulus for anti-CCP is distinct from that for RF.