tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Nonmelanoma and Melanoma Skin Cancer: Post Hoc Analyses of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jean Y. Tang, Teresa Fu, Erin LeBlanc, JoAnn E. Manson, David Feldman, Eleni Linos, Mara Z. Vitolins, Nathalie C. Zeitouni, Joseph Larson, Marcia L. Stefanick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

In light of inverse relationships reported in observational studies of vitamin D intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma, we evaluated the effects of vitamin D combined with calcium supplementation on skin cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Postmenopausal women age 50 to 79 years (N = 36,282) enrolled onto the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium/vitamin D clinical trial were randomly assigned to receive 1,000 mg of elemental calcium plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 (CaD) daily or placebo for a mean follow-up period of 7.0 years. NMSC and melanoma skin cancers were ascertained by annual self-report; melanoma skin cancers underwent physician adjudication.Neither incident NMSC nor melanoma rates differed between treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.07) and placebo groups (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.16). In subgroup analyses, women with history of NMSC assigned to CaD had a reduced risk of melanoma versus those receiving placebo (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.90; P(interaction) = .038), which was not observed in women without history of NMSC.Vitamin D supplementation at a relatively low dose plus calcium did not reduce the overall incidence of NMSC or melanoma. However, in women with history of NMSC, CaD supplementation reduced melanoma risk, suggesting a potential role for calcium and vitamin D supplements in this high-risk group. Results from this post hoc subgroup analysis should be interpreted with caution but warrant additional investigation.
Different divalent cation requirements for binding IgM complexes to lymphocytes and macrophages.
Authors: A S Walia, D R Shaw, E W Fuson, B Andersson, E W Lamon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1980)

We have found that Mg++ supports IgM complex binding to mouse lymphocytes but not to macrophages. In contrast, Ca++ supports IgM complex binding to macrophages but not lymphocytes. IgG complex binding to both lymphocytes and macrophages is divalent cation independent. These findings allow one to distinguish IgG from IgM binding and macrophage from lymphocyte IgM complex binding by their differential divalent cation requirements.
Tobacco Use, Occupation, Coffee, Various Nutrients, and Bladder Cancer&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: G. R. Howe, J. D. Burch, A. B. Miller
 4, G. M. Cook, J. Esteve, B. Morrison, P. Gordon, L. W. Chambers, G. Fodor, G. M. Winsor
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1980)

In a Canadian population-based case-control study of 480 males and 152 female case-control pairs, the relative risk for development of bladder cancer for ever used versus never used cigarettes was 3.9 for males and 2.4 for females, with a dose-response relationship in both sexes. A reduced risk was associated with the use of filter cigarettes compared to nonfilter cigarettes. After control for cigarette usage, a significant risk was noted for male pipe smokers. For male ex-smokers the risk after 15 years of no smoking was less than one-half that of current male smokers. Bladder cancer risk was found for workers in the chemical, rubber, photographic, petroleum, medical, and food processing industries among males and for workers occupationally exposed to dust or fumes among both sexes. Bladder cancer risk was elevated for males consuming all types of coffee, regular coffee, and instant coffee and for females consuming instant coffee, but no dose-response relationship was found. Risk was found for males consuming water from nonpublic supples but not for females. No risk was observed in males or females consuming nitrate-containing foods, beverages other than coffee, or fiddlehead greens. Hair dye usage in females and phenacetin usage in males and females carried no risk. Divergent findings by area for aspirin suggested that an overall association was not causal. Reevaluation of the data on artificial sweeteners confirmed a significant bladder cancer risk in males and a dose-response relationship. The cumulated population attributable risk for bladder cancer was 90% for males from cigarette smoking, industrial exposure, and exposure to nonpublic water supplies and 29% for females from cigarette smoking, industrial exposure, and instant coffee consumption.
“Read with caution”: a reply to Pickett<i>et al</i>
Authors: D Smith, C Wright, S Bruce-Low, B Hale
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

In recent years, psychological issues in bodybuilding have received much research attention.1–4 Given both the popularity of training with weights and the many interesting psychological issues surrounding this phenomenon, research on such issues is clearly warranted. We were pleased therefore to see a recent study by Pickett et al 5 in this journal purporting to examine muscle dysmorphia and social physique anxiety in bodybuilders and weight trainers. Muscle dysmorphia is a multidimensional condition where individuals exhibit a distorted body image, believing themselves to be thin and puny when in fact they are large and muscular.6 The study of Pickett et al compared three groups of men: competitive bodybuilders (n  =  40), men who train regularly with weights (n  =  40), and men who do not train with weights (n  =  40). Several physiological measures (including weight, height, and body fat percentage) were taken, and participants completed several questionnaires, including the social physique anxiety scale (SPAS7) and the eating attitudes test (EAT-268). The authors concluded from their results that competitive bodybuilders are not more “muscle dysmorphic” than either non-competitive weight trainers or physically active men who do not train with weights. Although we applaud the attempt of Pickett et al to examine this important topic, we suggest caution with regard to some of their findings and conclusions because of concerns about the sample and measures used. These concerns are explained in the following paragraphs.

### Participants

One of our main concerns about the study of Pickett et al is the choice of participants and the vague description of their characteristics. The study examined competitive bodybuilders, men who regularly trained with weights, and physically active men who exercised but did not train with weights. However, it is unclear whether the “weight trainers” in this study would have classified themselves …
Critical Role for Transient Receptor Potential Channel TRPM4 in Myogenic Constriction of Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Scott Earley, Brian J. Waldron, Joseph E. Brayden
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Local control of cerebral blood flow is regulated in part through myogenic constriction of resistance arteries. Although this response requires Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels secondary to smooth muscle cell depolarization, the mechanisms responsible for alteration of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell membrane potential are not fully understood. A previous study from our laboratory demonstrated a critical role for a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels, TRPC6, in this response. Several other of the approximately 22 identified TRP proteins are also present in cerebral arteries, but their functions have not been elucidated. Two of these channels, TRPM4 and TRPM5, exhibit biophysical properties that are consistent with a role for control of membrane potential of excitable cells. We hypothesized that TRPM4/TRPM5-dependent currents contribute to myogenic vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries. Cation channels with unitary conductance, ion selectivity and Ca2+-dependence similar to those of cloned TRPM4 and TRPM5 were present in freshly isolated VSM cells. We found that TRPM4 mRNA was detected in both whole cerebral arteries and in isolated VSM cells whereas TRPM5 message was absent from cerebral artery myocytes. We also found that pressure-induced smooth muscle cell depolarization was attenuated in isolated cerebral arteries treated with TRPM4 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to downregulate channel subunit expression. In agreement with these data, myogenic vasoconstriction of intact cerebral arteries administered TRPM4 antisense was attenuated compared with controls, whereas KCl-induced constriction did not differ between groups. We concluded that activation of TRPM4-dependent currents contributed to myogenic vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries.
Kidney Transplantation Under FK 506
Authors: T E Starzl, J Fung, M Jordan, R Shapiro, A Tzakis, J McCauley, J Johnston, Y Iwaki, A Jain, M Alessiani
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The experimental immunosuppressive drug FK 506 was given to 36 renal transplant recipients, many of whom were highly sensitized. Ten were undergoing kidney retransplantation, 10 also underwent liver transplantation at an earlier time (6 patients) or concomitantly (4 patients), and 2 patients received a third organ (heart or pancreas) in addition to a liver and kidney. With follow-ups of 4 to 13 months, all but 2 of the 36 patients are alive, 29 (81%) are dialysis free, and most have good renal function. Twenty of the 29 dialysis-free patients are receiving no or low-dose (2.5 to 5.0 mg/d) prednisone therapy. Only one kidney was lost to cellular rejection. However, patients who had antidonor cytotoxic antibodies in current or historical serum samples had a high rate (3 of 9) of irreversible humoral rejection. A low incidence of posttransplant hypertension was noteworthy. Hirsutism and gingival hyperplasia were not observed. Serum cholesterol levels in patients who took FK 506 were unexpectedly low, and the effect on the level of uric acid was minimal. The side effects of FK 506 therapy include nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and potential induction of a diabetic state. These are similar to the side effects of cyclosporine use, but probably less severe. The seeming safety, efficacy, and relative freedom from side effects of FK 506 encourage further trials in kidney transplantation. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;264:63-67)
Survival in BRAF V600–Mutant Advanced Melanoma Treated with Vemurafenib
Authors: Jeffrey A. Sosman, Kevin B. Kim, Lynn Schuchter, Rene Gonzalez, Anna C. Pavlick, Jeffrey S. Weber, Grant A. McArthur, Thomas E. Hutson, Stergios J. Moschos, Keith T. Flaherty, Peter Hersey, Richard Kefford, Donald Lawrence, Igor Puzanov, Karl D. Lewis, Ravi K. Amaravadi, Bartosz Chmielowski, H. Jeffrey Lawrence, Yu Shyr, Fei Ye, Jiang Li, Keith B. Nolop, Richard J. Lee, Andrew K. Joe, Antoni Ribas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Approximately 50% of melanomas harbor activating (V600) mutations in the serine–threonine protein kinase B-RAF (BRAF). The oral BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032) frequently produced tumor regressions in patients with BRAF V600–mutant metastatic melanoma in a phase 1 trial and improved overall survival in a phase 3 trial.
Type I Interferon Imposes a TSG101/ISG15 Checkpoint at the Golgi for Glycoprotein Trafficking during Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Sumana Sanyal, Joseph Ashour, Takeshi Maruyama, Arwen F. Altenburg, Juan Jose Cragnolini, Angelina Bilate, Ana M. Avalos, Lenka Kundrat, Adolfo García-Sastre, Hidde L. Ploegh
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)

Several enveloped viruses exploit host pathways, such as the cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, for their assembly and release. The influenza A virus (IAV) matrix protein binds to the ESCRT-I complex, although the involvement of early ESCRT proteins such as Tsg101 in IAV trafficking remain to be established. We find that Tsg101 can facilitate IAV trafficking, but this is effectively restricted by the interferon (IFN)-stimulated protein ISG15. Cytosol from type I IFN-treated cells abolished IAV hemagglutinin (HA) transport to the cell surface in infected semi-intact cells. This inhibition required Tsg101 and could be relieved with deISGylases. Tsg101 is itself ISGylated in IFN-treated cells. Upon infection, intact Tsg101-deficient cells obtained by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing were defective in the surface display of HA and for infectious virion release. These data support the IFN-induced generation of a Tsg101- and ISG15-dependent checkpoint in the secretory pathway that compromises influenza virus release.
Thickness of human articular cartilage in joints of the lower limb
Authors: D E T Shepherd, B B Seedhom
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> (a) To determine the topographical variations in cartilage thickness over the entire surfaces of cadaveric lower limb joints, and (b) to examine the correlations between: cartilage thickness and its site specific modulus; cartilage thickness and donor age, weight, height, and body mass index. <h3>METHODS</h3> The cartilage thickness of 11 sets of cadaveric human joints each comprising an ankle, knee, and hip was measured using a needle probe technique. Statistical analysis was used to compare the cartilage thickness of the different lower limb joints and the differences in cartilage thickness over the surface of individual joints. It was further examined whether cartilage had a correlation with its stiffness, and any of the details of the specimen donors such as age, weight, height, and body mass index. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The mean cartilage thickness of the knee was significantly greater than that of the ankle and hip (p&lt;0.001) in all 11 sets of joints, while the cartilage thickness of the hip was significantly greater than that of the ankle in 10 sets of joints (p&lt;0.001). The mass of specimen donors was found to correlate with the mean cartilage thickness of all three lower limb joints. A correlation was also found between the height of donors and the mean cartilage thickness of the knee and hip joints, while only in the ankle joint was a correlation found between the mean cartilage thickness and the body mass index of the specimen donors. A further correlation was found between cartilage thickness and its modulus; the thinner the cartilage, the higher the modulus. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The thickness of articular cartilage seems to be related to the congruance of a joint; thin cartilage is found in congruent joints such as the ankle, whereas thick cartilage is found in incongruent joints such as the knee. The correlations in this study imply that the larger and heavier was a donor the thicker was the cartilage in the lower limb joints. The data further suggest the presence of an inverse relation between the mean cartilage thickness and mean compressive modulus in each of the joints examined.
LOW RENAL RESISTIVE INDEX PREDICTS FAVORABLE OUTCOMES AFTER PERCUTANEOUS RENAL STENTING FOR ATHEROSCLEROTIC RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
Authors: Uygar Cagdas Yuksel, Abdel Ghani Mazen Anabtawi, Akin Cam, Olcay Aksoy, Tarique Zaman, Sachin Goel, Samir Kapadia, Murat Tuzcu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Molecular spreading and predictive value of preclinical IgE response to Phleum pratense in children with hay fever
Authors: Laura Hatzler, Valentina Panetta, Susanne Lau, Petra Wagner, Renate L. Bergmann, Sabina Illi, Karl E. Bergmann, Thomas Keil, Stephanie Hofmaier, Alexander Rohrbach, Carl Peter Bauer, Ute Hoffman, Johannes Forster, Fred Zepp, Antje Schuster, Ulrich Wahn, Paolo Maria Matricardi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Pharmacological constriction of the lower oesophageal sphincter: a simple method of arresting variceal haemorrhage.
Authors: S W Hosking, W Doss, H el-Zeiny, P Robinson, M S Barsoum, A G Johnson
Journal: Gut (1988)

The effect of pharmacological constriction of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) on oesophageal varices was investigated in an experimental study followed by a controlled clinical trial. In the experimental study intravariceal pressure was measured just above the LOS in 11 patients before and after constricting the LOS by intravenous pentagastrin. Intravariceal pressure fell from a mean of 23 (range 12-36) mmHg to 4 (range 0-7) mmHg (p less than 0.001). This marked pressure drop indicated the considerable compression of varices that occurred within the LOS. A prospective controlled clinical trial examined whether LOS constriction (effected by the longer acting metoclopramide) would compress varices sufficiently to arrest active variceal bleeding originating from the lowest 2 cm oesophagus--the area encircled by the LOS. Of 11 patients who received metoclopramide, 10 stopped bleeding compared with four of the 11 who received placebo (p less than 0.01). Pharmacological constriction of the LOS appears to offer a new and effective approach for arresting active bleeding from oesophageal varices.
Tracing Hybrid Incompatibilities to Single Amino Acid Substitutions
Authors: J. Scott Harrison, Ronald S. Burton
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Deleterious interactions among genes cause reductions in fitness of interpopulation hybrids (hybrid breakdown). Identifying genes involved in hybrid breakdown has proven difficult, and few studies have addressed the molecular basis of this widespread phenomenon. Because proper function of the mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) requires a coadapted set of nuclear and mitochondrial gene products, ETS genes present an attractive system for studying the evolution of coadapted gene complexes within isolated populations and the loss of fitness in interpopulation hybrids. Here we show the effects of single amino acid substitutions in cytochrome c (CYC) on its functional interaction with another ETS protein, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus. The individual and pairwise consequences of three naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in CYC are examined by site-directed mutagenesis and found to differentially effect the rates of CYC oxidation by COX variants from different source populations. In one case, we show that interpopulation hybrid breakdown in COX activity can be attributed to a single naturally occurring amino acid substitution in CYC.
Long-term results of surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer patients depending on the protocol of preoperative N-staging
Authors: Andrey Petrov, Vadim Pischik, Marina Tlostanova, Rashida Orlova, Piotr Yablonsky
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Preoperative N-staging is one of the most important aspects in management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients because it has a crucial impact on prognosis of patients and helps to choose the optimal treatment plan.   The aim  of our study was to evaluate and compare long-term results of operated NSCLC patients with different preoperative N-staging protocols.   Material and methods:  319 patients with resectable NSCLC were operated in our center in 2003-2008. In group 1 all patients preoperatively underwent mediastinoscopy in addition to non-invasive staging procedures (CT and PET), whereas in group 2 N-staging protocol included only CT and PET. Final TNM stage was verified based on intraoperative findings including mediastinal lymph nodes dissection. Long-term survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier method.   Results:  In group 1 significantly less unforeseen N2 were revealed during intraoperative lymph nodes dissection in comparison to group 2 (10% vs 27%, respectively, p   Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that including mediastinoscopy in preoperative N-staging protocol of potentially operable NSCLC patients improves the selection of surgical candidates by excluding patients with extended disease, that results in better long-term survival of operated patients.
Emission Trading and Public Health
Authors: Alexander E. Farrell, Lester B. Lave
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2004)

Emission trading policies are increasingly important in environmental protection, especially in controlling air pollution in the United States. Their popularity results in part from the limitations and frustrations of centralized command and control regulation. Well-designed emission trading programs can achieve the same or better environmental and health outcomes as command and control regulations but provide regulated industries with greater flexibility. This lowers costs and improves the process of negotiating environmental policy. We present key concepts and important applications of emission trading, focusing on health impacts. These programs generally are well-designed, speeding emission abatement; improving health outcomes; and reducing compliance costs. Flaws have stopped a few poorly designed emission trading programs. A key issue in evaluating emission trading is our inability to know what the environmental outcome would have been under another approach.
Why transparency isn’t an unassailable philosophical principle
Authors: Kamran Abbasi
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2014)

I write this on a sunny day. Earlier a colleague told me how he loves sunshine, how it lifts his mood. Sunshine has a curious effect. Many people quickly expose as much of themselves as possible. When the sun shines in some hot countries, people hide from the intensity of the sun’s glare. Personally, I’m a fan of sunshine and seek it out as much as possible. It makes me happy, which might be one reason I’m impressed by the US Physician Sunshine Act. Doctors, according to US legislators, must declare their commercial competing interests. A national register has been created to document these entanglements. The argument is that by declaring these commercial interests, the US public will be able to better weigh up the advice or information that any physician is delivering. This process of casting sunlight on concealed commercial conflicts will cleanse the doctor–patient relationship and increase confidence in the recommendations of advisory groups and guidelines panels. In essence, transparency will be a panacea. Mark Wilson, writing in this month’s JRSM, begs to differ. 1 He challenges the notion that transparency
The role of fetal calf serum in the primary immune response in vitro.
Authors: H G Opitz, U Opitz, H Lemke, G Hewlett, W Schreml, H D Flad
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

The mode of action of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) on the primary immune response in vitro was investigated. Fetal calf serum (FCS) was preincubated with 2-ME and lyophilized to remove free 2-ME. This 2-ME-treated FCS was able to substitute the function of adherent cells in the primary immune response against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro; Fractionation of 2-tme-treated FCS on a Sephadex G-100 column showed that 2-ME acted on a high molecular serum component which after activation, could substitute for macrophages. In order to obtain a humoral immune response against SRBC in vitro, spleen cells require selected FCS. These "good" sera could be distinguished from "deficient" sera by their higher content of this 2-ME-activated factor. The height of the in vitro immune response to SRBC was dependent on the amount of activated factor added to the culture medium. FCS normally required in the culture medium could be completely replaced by the factor-containing fraction without deleterious effect on the culture medium. The factor should be added to the spleen cells during the first 24 h of culture and remain there for 72 h in order to obtain an optimal immune response. The factor could be partially absorbed by spleen cells but not by SRBC. The relationship between macrophage, 2-ME, and FCS in eliciting an in vitro primary immune response is discussed.