tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Treating Isolated Systolic Hypertension on the Risk of Developing Various Types and Subtypes of Stroke&lt;SUBTITLE&gt;The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP)&lt;/SUBTITLE&gt;
Authors: Perry Hm, Davis Br, Price Tr, Applegate Wb, Fields Ws, Guralnik Jm, Kuller L, Pressel S, Stamler J, Probstfield Jl
Journal: JAMA (2000)

The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) demonstrated that treating isolated systolic hypertension in older patients decreased incidence of total stroke, but whether all types of stroke were reduced was not evaluated.To investigate antihypertensive drug treatment effects on incidence of stroke by type and subtype, timing of strokes, case-fatality rates, stroke residual effects, and relationship of attained systolic blood pressure to stroke incidence.The SHEP study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial began March 1, 1985, and had an average follow-up of 4.5 years.A total of 4736 men and women aged 60 years or older with isolated systolic hypertension at 16 clinical centers in the United States.Patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with 12.5 mg/d of chlorthalidone (step 1); either 25 mg/d of atenolol or 0.05 mg/d of reserpine (step 2) could be added (n = 2365); or placebo (n = 2371).Occurrence, type and subtype, and timing of first strokes and stroke fatalities; and change in stroke incidence for participants (whether in active treatment or placebo groups) reaching study-specific systolic blood pressure goal (decrease of at least 20 mm Hg from baseline to below 160 mm Hg) compared with participants not reaching goal.A total of 85 and 132 participants in the active treatment and placebo groups, respectively, had ischemic strokes (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-0.82); 9 and 19 had hemorrhagic strokes (adjusted RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-1.02); and 9 and 8 had strokes of unknown type (adjusted RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.40-2. 73), respectively. Four subtypes of ischemic stroke were observed in active treatment and placebo group participants, respectively, as follows: for lacunar, n = 23 and n = 43 (adjusted RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.88); for embolic, n = 9 and n = 16 (adjusted RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.25-1.27); for atherosclerotic, n = 13 and n = 13 (adjusted RR, 0. 99; 95% CI, 0.46-2.15); and for unknown subtype, n = 40 and n = 60 (adjusted RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.96). Treatment effect was observed within 1 year for hemorrhagic strokes but was not seen until the second year for ischemic strokes. Stroke incidence significantly decreased in participants attaining study-specific systolic blood pressure goals.In this study, antihypertensive drug treatment reduced the incidence of both hemorrhagic and ischemic (including lacunar) strokes. Reduction in stroke incidence occurred when specific systolic blood pressure goals were attained. JAMA. 2000;284:465-471
Microtubules and desmin filaments during onset of heart hypertrophy in rat: a double immunoelectron microscope study.
Authors: S C Watkins, J L Samuel, F Marotte, B Bertier-Savalle, L Rappaport
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

The distribution of tubulin and desmin, the constituent proteins of microtubules and intermediate filaments, respectively, were studied in normal and hypertrophied rat myocardium by high-resolution immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in 25-day-old rats by aortic stenosis. In the normal heart, double immunolabelling of ultrathin frozen sections of papillary muscle using gold-labelled probes for tubulin and desmin showed that microtubules ran primarily in a longitudinal direction through the intermyofibrillar spaces, perpendicularly to the desmin filaments. Microtubules were present near nuclei, mitochondria, and plasma membranes, while desmin filaments formed transverse connections between adjacent Z disks. No tubulin was observed near the intercalated disks, which were rich in desmin filaments. In hypertrophied hearts, myocytes exhibited the typical morphological features of developing hypertrophy. While there was little difference in the distribution of the microtubules around mitochondria and at the plasma membrane, considerable increases were seen near the nuclei and along the myofibrils. Desmin labelling was distributed transversely as in the controls; however, sometimes it was longitudinally oriented either in the intermyofibrillar space linking 2 Z disks out of register or along digitations of the intercalated disks connecting neighboring desmosomes. The unique rearrangement of desmin and tubulin filaments in hypertrophied cardiac myocytes emphasizes their distinct role in myocyte organization. We suggest that, during the development of cardiac hypertrophy, desmin filaments are mainly involved in maintaining the myofibrils in register, whereas the degree of assembly of microtubules is correlated with the rate of protein synthesis and with myofibrillogenesis.
Molecular Classification of Multiple Myeloma: A Distinct Transcriptional Profile Characterizes Patients Expressing <i>CCND1</i> and Negative for 14q32 Translocations
Authors: Luca Agnelli, Silvio Bicciato, Michela Mattioli, Sonia Fabris, Daniela Intini, Donata Verdelli, Luca Baldini, Fortunato Morabito, Vincenzo Callea, Luigia Lombardi, Antonino Neri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

The deregulation of CCND1, CCND2 and CCND3 genes represents a common event in multiple myeloma (MM). A recently proposed classification grouped MM patients into five classes on the basis of their cyclin D expression profiles and the presence of the main translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) at 14q32. In this study, we provide a molecular characterization of the identified translocations/cyclins (TC) groups.The gene expression profiles of purified plasma cells from 50 MM cases were used to stratify the samples into the five TC classes and identify their transcriptional fingerprints. The cyclin D expression data were validated by means of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis; fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to investigate the cyclin D loci arrangements, and to detect the main IGH translocations and the chromosome 13q deletion.Class-prediction analysis identified 112 probe sets as characterizing the TC1, TC2, TC4 and TC5 groups, whereas the TC3 samples showed heterogeneous phenotypes and no marker genes. The TC2 group, which showed extra copies of the CCND1 locus and no IGH translocations or the chromosome 13q deletion, was characterized by the overexpression of genes involved in protein biosynthesis at the translational level. A meta-analysis of published data sets validated the identified gene expression signatures.Our data contribute to the understanding of the molecular and biologic features of distinct MM subtypes. The identification of a distinctive gene expression pattern in TC2 patients may improve risk stratification and indicate novel therapeutic targets.
Alternatives to Using Human Experience in Assessing Health Risks
Authors: D P Rall, M D Hogan, J E Huff, B A Schwetz, R W Tennant
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1987)

In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and ...Read More
Impaired pressor reactivity in cirrhosis: Evidence for a peripheral vascular defect
Authors: Alastair J. Macgilchrist, David Sumner, John L. Reid
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The blood pressure responses to intravenous infusions of norepinephrine and angiotensin II, sympathetic and nonsympathetic vasoconstricting agents, respectively, were measured in 20 patients with cirrhosis (10 Child-Pugh grade A and 10 Child-Pugh grades B or C) and in 20 healthy subjects. The log PD20 (dose of agonist required to raise blood pressure by 20 mm Hg) for norepinephrine was 4.78 +/- 0.36 (mean +/- S.D.) in patients with severe cirrhosis and 4.36 +/- 0.37 in controls, p less than 0.01. Log PD20 for angiotensin II was 3.16 +/- 1.06 in patients with severe cirrhosis and 1.97 +/- 0.74 in controls, p less than 0.01. Cardiovascular responses to selective sympathetic agonists were measured in 10 other cirrhotic patients (all Child-Pugh grades B or C) and in 10 healthy controls. Log PD20s for phenylephrine, an alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist, and for alphamethylnorepinephrine; an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, were increased in cirrhosis (phenylephrine = 5.35 +/- 0.49 vs. 4.95 +/- 0.35, p less than 0.05; alphamethylnorepinephrine = 4.05 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.44 +/- 0.55, p less than 0.001). In contrast, log CD20 (dose of agonist required to raise the heart rate by 20 beats/min) for isoproterenol, a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, was similar in cirrhotic patients and controls (2.81 +/- 0.38 vs. 2.94 +/- 0.45, p = 0.49). These studies demonstrate that pressor reactivity to both sympathetic and nonsympathetic agonists is impaired in severe cirrhosis, that the impaired sympathetic responses are not caused by generalized sympathetic desensitization and that the site common to the four agonists with impaired responses is the peripheral vascular smooth muscle.
A Short Echo<sup>1</sup>H Spectroscopy and Volumetric MRI Study of the Corpus Striatum in Patients With Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder and Comparison Subjects
Authors: Robert Bartha, Murray B. Stein, Peter C. Williamson, Dick J. Drost, Richard W.J. Neufeld, Tom J. Carr, Gita Canaran, Maria Densmore, Geri Anderson, Abdur Razzaque Siddiqui
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Objective:It is likely that the corpus striatum is involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Prior studies have inconsistently found alterations in caudate volumes in patients with OCD. This study was undertaken in the hope that N-acetylaspartate and volumetric measures together would elucidate the presence and nature of corpus striatum volumetric abnormalities in OCD. Method:Thirteen patients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for OCD, who had been medication free for a minimum of 6 weeks, and 13 psychiatrically normal matched comparison subjects participated in the study. Short echo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to measure levels of N-acetylaspartate and several other cerebral metabolites from a 4.5-cm3 volume in the left corpus striatum of all 26 subjects. Metabolite levels were estimated by fitting the time domain spectroscopy data with a noninteractive computer program. Volumes of the left and right head of the caudate nucleus in each subject were determined by semiautomatic segmentation of the volumetric images.Results:N-Acetylaspartate levels from the left corpus striatum were significantly lower in the patients with OCD than in the comparison subjects. There were no differences in either left or right caudate volume between the two groups. Conclusions:Despite the lack of differences in caudate volumes between the OCD patients and the comparison subjects, the lower level of N-acetylaspartate in the left corpus striatum of the patients suggests reduced neuronal density in this region. Inconsistent volumetric findings among prior studies may reflect a poorer sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging morphometry for detecting neuronal loss compared with 1H-MRS measurement of N-acetylaspartate. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1584-1591
EECP IMPROVE VASCULAR FUNCTION AND STATUS IN HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS WITH SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Yan Zhang, Fengjuan Yao, Xiaohong He, Yugang Dong, Hong Ma, Zhimin DU, John Hui, William Lawson, Zhensheng Zheng
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Escherichia coli Abscess as an Adrenal Mass
Authors: A. ECHANIZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Letters and Corrections1 September 1985Escherichia coli Abscess as an Adrenal MassA. ECHANIZ, M.D., JULIO DE MIGUEL PRIETO, M.D., F. ARNAL, M.D., J. D. PEDREIRA, M.D.A. ECHANIZ, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JULIO DE MIGUEL PRIETO, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, F. ARNAL, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, J. D. PEDREIRA, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-103-3-481_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Whereas tumors and hemorrhage have been described as causes of an adrenal mass in adults (1, 2), a suprarenal abscess is extremely rare in newborns as a complication of puerperal sepsis (3). We describe the case of a woman with an adrenal mass during the postpartum period caused by an Escherichia coli abscess.A 27-year-old, previously healthy woman was hospitalized with fever, chills, and right lumbar pain 20 days after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Four days postpartum she had complained of progressive malaise and fever without other symptoms. Physical findings included a temperature of 39.8 °...References1. COPELAND P. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:940-5. LinkGoogle Scholar2. XARLI P, STEELE A, and DAVIS P. Adrenal hemorrhage in the adult. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978;57:3211-21. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. FAVARE B, AKERS D, and FRANCIOSI A. Adrenal abscess in a neonate: 3. Pediatrics. 1970;77:267-70. Google Scholar4. MARTINEZ DE LETONA J, MASA VAZQUEZ C, and PEREZ MAESTU R. Adrenal cold abscess [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:413. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: A. ECHANIZ, M.D.; JULIO DE MIGUEL PRIETO, M.D.; F. ARNAL, M.D.; J. D. PEDREIRA, M.D.Affiliations: Hospital Juan Canalejo La Coruña Spain PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCT and MR imaging of acute adrenal disordersAdrenocortical Carcinoma Presenting as a Retroperitoneal Abscess: an Unusual Presentation of a Rare TumorMANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMASAdrenal abscess as a complication of adrenal fine-needle biopsy 1 September 1985Volume 103, Issue 3Page: 481-481KeywordsAbscessesEscherichia coliFeversHemorrhageSepsisTemperature ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 September 1985 PDF downloadLoading ...
Précis of <i>Simple heuristics that make us smart</i>
Authors: Peter M. Todd, Gerd Gigerenzer
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

How can anyone be rational in a world where knowledge is limited, time is pressing, and deep thought is often an unattainable luxury? Traditional models of unbounded rationality and optimization in cognitive science, economics, and animal behavior have tended to view decision-makers as possessing supernatural powers of reason, limitless knowledge, and endless time. But understanding decisions in the real world requires a more psychologically plausible notion of bounded rationality. In Simple heuristics that make us smart (Gigerenzer et al. 1999), we explore fast and frugal heuristics – simple rules in the mind's adaptive toolbox for making decisions with realistic mental resources. These heuristics can enable both living organisms and artificial systems to make smart choices quickly and with a minimum of information by exploiting the way that information is structured in particular environments. In this précis, we show how simple building blocks that control information search, stop search, and make decisions can be put together to form classes of heuristics, including: ignorance-based and one-reason decision making for choice, elimination models for categorization, and satisficing heuristics for sequential search. These simple heuristics perform comparably to more complex algorithms, particularly when generalizing to new data – that is, simplicity leads to robustness. We present evidence regarding when people use simple heuristics and describe the challenges to be addressed by this research program.
Cardiac surgery relative to population: pattern of cardiac surgery in South Australia, 1949--75.
Authors: H D Sutherland, D R Craddock, J L Waddy, G R Nunn
Journal: Thorax (1977)

The total work load of the sole cardiac surgery unit in South Australia has been analysed by means of a computer-based data retrieval system. The review covers the period 1949--75 inclusive. This study analyses the case-loads year by year, in total, and in different diagnostic categories, and has allowed conclusions to be drawn about surgical needs relative to population figures. From these figures future trends in requirements for cardiac surgical facilities have been deduced. There are many lessons to be learnt by maintaining an easily recoverable set of data for all the surgery performed in any cardiac surgery unit. This type of analysis makes it possible to maintain surveillance of demands on resources and of the results of the surgery performed. Because of the structure and situation of the community of South Australia and the fact that it is served by a single open heart unit, the pattern of this series may truly represent the optimum cardiac surgery case-load for any modern westernised community of comparable size.
Synergistic Activity of Bortezomib and HDACi in Preclinical Models of B-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia via Modulation of p53, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB
Authors: Lorenz Bastian, Jana Hof, Madlen Pfau, Iduna Fichtner, Cornelia Eckert, Günter Henze, Javier Prada, Arend von Stackelberg, Karl Seeger, Shabnam Shalapour
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Relapse of disease and subsequent resistance to established therapies remains a major challenge in the treatment of childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). New therapeutic options, such as proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) with a toxicity profile differing from that of conventional cytotoxic agents, are needed for these extensively pretreated patients.Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of combined HDACi/proteasome inhibitor treatments were analyzed using BCP-ALL monocultures, cocultures with primary mesenchymal stroma cells from patients with ALL, and xenograft mouse models. The underlying molecular mechanisms associated with combined treatment were determined by gene expression profiling and protein validation.We identified the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib as a promising combination partner for HDACi due to the substantial synergistic antileukemic activity in BCP-ALL cells after concomitant application. This effect was maintained or even increased in the presence of chemotherapeutic agents. The synergistic effect of combined HDACi/BTZ treatment was associated with the regulation of genes involved in cell cycle, JUN/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, p53, ubiquitin/proteasome, and NF-κB pathways. We observed an activation of NF-κB after bortezomib treatment and the induction of apoptosis-related NF-κB target genes such as TNFαRs after concomitant treatment, indicating a possible involvement of NF-κB as proapoptotic mediator. In this context, significantly lower NF-κB subunits gene expression was detected in leukemia cells from patients who developed a relapse during frontline chemotherapy, compared with those who relapsed after cessation of frontline therapy.These results provide a rationale for the integration of HDACi/BTZ combinations into current childhood BCP-ALL treatment protocols.
Long-term Risk of Dementia in Persons With Schizophrenia
Authors: Anette Riisgaard Ribe, Thomas Munk Laursen, Morten Charles, Wayne Katon, Morten Fenger-Grøn, Dimitry Davydow, Lydia Chwastiak, Joseph M. Cerimele, Mogens Vestergaard
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2015)

IMPORTANCEAlthough schizophrenia is associated with several age-related disorders and considerable cognitive impairment, it remains unclear whether the risk of dementia is higher among persons with schizophrenia compared with those without schizophrenia.OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of dementia among persons with schizophrenia compared with those without schizophrenia in a large nationwide cohort study with up to 18 years of follow-up, taking age and established risk factors for dementia into account. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis population-based cohort study of more than 2.8 million persons aged 50 years or older used individual data from 6 nationwide registers in Denmark.A total of 20 683 individuals had schizophrenia.Follow-up started on January 1, 1995, and ended on January 1, 2013.Analysis was conducted from January 1, 2015, to April 30, 2015.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cumulative incidence proportions (CIPs) of dementia for persons with schizophrenia compared with persons without schizophrenia. RESULTSDuring 18 years of follow-up, 136 012 individuals, including 944 individuals with a history of schizophrenia, developed dementia.Schizophrenia was associated with a more than 2-fold higher risk of all-cause dementia (IRR, 2.13; 95% CI, 2.00-2.27)after adjusting for age, sex, and calendar period.The estimates (reported as IRR; 95% CI) did not change substantially when adjusting for medical comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (2.01; 1.89-2.15)but decreased slightly when adjusting for substance abuse (1.71; 1.60-1.82).The association between schizophrenia and dementia risk was stable when evaluated in subgroups characterized by demographics and comorbidities, although the IRR was higher among individuals younger than 65 years (3.77; 3.29-4.33),men (2.38; 2.13-2.66),individuals living with a partner (3.16; 2.71-3.69),those without cerebrovascular disease (2.23; 2.08-2.39),and those without substance abuse (1.96; 1.82-2.11).The CIPs (95% CIs) of developing dementia by the age of 65 years were 1.8% (1.5%-2.2%)for persons with schizophrenia and 0.6% (0.6%-0.7%) for persons without schizophrenia.The respective CIPs for persons with and without schizophrenia were 7.4% (6.8%-8.1%)and 5.8% (5.8%-5.9%)by the age of 80 years.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Individuals with schizophrenia, especially those younger than 65 years, had a markedly increased relative risk of dementia that could not be explained by established dementia risk factors.
A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women
Authors: J. S. Wilson
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2002)

The study aim was to establish by systematic review the prevalence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the lower female genital tract in Europe and also to assess the extent and effect of screening. The search process was wide ranging, using the electronic databases Medline, Embase and Aidsline and the Internet using the search engines Netscape and Euro-ferret. Studies published in any language during 1980-2000 were included if they unambiguously reported prevalence of C. trachomatis infection in asymptomatic women, and were assessed qualitatively. From >300 papers which quantified C. trachomatis urogenital infection, only 14 studies met the inclusion criteria: four from the UK, two from Sweden, two from The Netherlands, and one each from Bulgaria, France, Finland, Hungary, Italy and Spain. In only one study had screening taken place. The prevalence of C. trachomatis in unscreened asymptomatic women in Europe ranges from 1.7 to 17% depending upon the setting, context and country. The mode was -6% for women seeking contraception, and 4% for women having cervical smears. In conclusion, this review confirms high prevalence rates of C. trachomatis infection among asymptomatic women in many European settings.