tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mandibular advancement splint: an appliance to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
Authors: R A O'Sullivan, D R Hillman, R Mateljan, C Pantin, K E Finucane
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are related to narrowing of the upper airway. A mandibular advancement splint (MAS) could improve both conditions by increasing oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal dimensions. The effects of a MAS on snoring and OSA was evaluated 3.5 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SD) mo after issue in 57 subjects with habitual loud snoring, 39 of whom had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > or = 10. Assessment was by questionnaire (all subjects) and polysomnography (51 subjects, 47 male) including measurement of sound intensity. Use of the MAS was randomized to first or second half of study. Snores were scored where inspiratory noise was greater than 5 dB above background. Total sleep time, sleep efficiency, % REM sleep, and % sleep spent supine were similar (p > 0.05) with and without the MAS. Snores per sleep minute, corrected for time in apnea, and sound intensity of snores (% snores > or = 50 dB) decreased with the MAS from 11.0 +/- 5.8 and 42.0 +/- 25.0% to 9.0 +/- 6.0 (p < 0.01) and 26.2 +/- 25.2% (p < 0.01), respectively. Using the MAS significantly improved OSA: AHI decreased from 32.2 +/- 28.5 to 17.5 +/- 22.7 (p < 0.01) and arousal index decreased from 31.4 +/- 20.6 to 19.0 +/- 14.6 (p < 0.01). AHI decreased to < 20 with the MAS in 12 of 17 subjects where untreated AHI was between 20 and 60, and in 2 of 9 subjects where untreated AHI was > 60. Forty-five patients continued to use the MAS regularly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Radon and Lung Cancer
Authors: J. M. Samet
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1989)

Radon, an inert gas released during the decay of uranium-238, is ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor air and contaminates many underground mines. Extensive epidemiologic evidence from studies of underground miners and complementary animal data have documented that radon causes lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers. Radon must also be considered a potentially important cause of lung cancer for the general population, which is exposed through contamination of indoor air by radon from soil, water, and building materials. This review describes radon's sources, levels in U.S. homes, dosimetry, the epidemiologic evidence from studies of miners and the general population, and the principal, recent risk assessments.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Charles L. Hoagland, George I. Lavin, Joseph E. Smadel, Thomas M. Rivers
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1940)

It has been possible by means of classical chemical methods to isolate and to characterize to some extent the nucleic acid of elementary bodies of vaccinia. Determination by means of diphenylamine reagent revealed that the major part of the nucleic acid was of the thymus type. This was further substantiated by its stability in the presence of ribonuclease, less than 10 per cent undergoing depolymerization during prolonged incubation at 37°C. By the technique employed, at least 5.6 per cent of the virus was shown to be thymonucleic acid. This amount agreed favorably with the value calculated from the non-lipid organic phosphorus of elementary bodies on the assumption that the phosphorus bound in the organic form was derived principally from nucleic acid.
Ultrasound-mediated intracellular drug delivery using microbubbles and temperature-sensitive liposomes
Authors: A. Yudina, M. de Smet, M. Lepetit-Coiffé, S. Langereis, L. Van Ruijssevelt, P. Smirnov, V. Bouchaud, P. Voisin, H. Grüll, C.T.W. Moonen
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Engineering virus-specific T cells that target HBV infected hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Adam J. Gehring, Shao-An Xue, Zi Zong Ho, Denise Teoh, Christiane Ruedl, Adeline Chia, Sarene Koh, Seng Gee Lim, Mala K. Maini, Hans Stauss, Antonio Bertoletti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Genetic Analysis in Neurology
Authors: Alan Pittman, John Hardy
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2013)

In recent years, neurogenetics research had made some remarkable advances owing to the advent of genotyping arrays and next-generation sequencing. These improvements to the technology have allowed us to determine the whole-genome structure and its variation and to examine its effect on phenotype in an unprecedented manner. The identification of rare disease-causing mutations has led to the identification of new biochemical pathways and has facilitated a greater understanding of the etiology of many neurological diseases. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have provided information on how common genetic variability impacts on the risk for the development of various complex neurological diseases. Herein, we review how these technological advances have changed the approaches being used to study the genetic basis of neurological disease and how the research findings will be translated into clinical utility.
Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both in Patients at High Risk for Vascular Events
Authors: The ONTARGET Investigators
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In patients who have vascular disease or high-risk diabetes without heart failure, angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular causes, but the role of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) in such patients is unknown. We compared the ACE inhibitor ramipril, the ARB telmisartan, and the combination of the two drugs in patients with vascular disease or high-risk diabetes.
On Detecting Incomplete Soft or Hard Selective Sweeps Using Haplotype Structure
Authors: Anna Ferrer-Admetlla, Mason Liang, Thorfinn Korneliussen, Rasmus Nielsen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

We present a new haplotype-based statistic (nSL) for detecting both soft and hard sweeps in population genomic data from a single population. We compare our new method with classic single-population haplotype and site frequency spectrum (SFS)-based methods and show that it is more robust, particularly to recombination rate variation. However, all statistics show some sensitivity to the assumptions of the demographic model. Additionally, we show that nSL has at least as much power as other methods under a number of different selection scenarios, most notably in the cases of sweeps from standing variation and incomplete sweeps. This conclusion holds up under a variety of demographic models. In many aspects, our new method is similar to the iHS statistic; however, it is generally more robust and does not require a genetic map. To illustrate the utility of our new method, we apply it to HapMap3 data and show that in the Yoruban population, there is strong evidence of selection on genes relating to lipid metabolism. This observation could be related to the known differences in cholesterol levels, and lipid metabolism more generally, between African Americans and other populations. We propose that the underlying causes for the selection on these genes are pleiotropic effects relating to blood parasites rather than their role in lipid metabolism.
Cardiopulmonary function in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
Authors: J M Connor, C C Evans, D A Evans
Journal: Thorax (1981)

Cardiopulmonary function was evaluated in 21 patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Neither cardiac enlargement nor failure was observed, but six patients had abnormal electrocardiograms. All had marked restrictive spirometry because of chest wall fixation and depended upon diaphragmatic respiration. The severity of chest restriction was independent of sex, age, duration of disease, and extnet of other physical disability. Progression to chronic respiratory failure was not observed. Chest infection in the presence of diminished pulmonary reserve is the major hazard of life in this rare disease and prophylactic measures should be considered.
Dietary Protein and Bone Health: Roles of Amino Acid–Sensing Receptors in the Control of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Homeostasis
Authors: A. D. Conigrave, E. M. Brown, R. Rizzoli
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2008)

In this article, we review the evidence that dietary protein has a positive influence on bone health, reduces hip fracture risk, and promotes postfracture recovery, and we consider the molecular, cellular, and endocrine bases of the interactions that link protein and calcium metabolism, including effects via IGF-1 and PTH. In addition, we consider the roles of amino acid-sensing mechanisms in coupling dietary protein intake to metabolic change as well as the central role of calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs) in the control of calcium metabolism. Finally, we consider how recently identified broad-spectrum amino acid-sensing receptors from class 3 of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily including, remarkably, the CaR itself may contribute to the impact of dietary protein on bone.
Severe idiopathic gastroparesis due to neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal degeneration: pathological findings and management
Authors: N Zarate
Journal: Gut (2003)

Delayed gastric emptying can be due to muscular, neural, or humoral abnormalities. In the absence of an identified cause, gastroparesis is labelled as idiopathic. We present the case of a patient with severe idiopathic gastroparesis. Pharmacological approaches failed, as well as reduction in gastric emptying resistance with pyloric injection of botulinum toxin and pyloroplasty. Therefore, subtotal gastrectomy was performed. Histological and immunohistochemical study of the resected specimen showed hypoganglionosis, neuronal dysplasia, and a marked reduction in both myenteric and intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal. To our knowledge, this is the first time these rare histological findings have been described in a patient with idiopathic gastroparesis.
Estimating the population prevalence of HPV [editorial]
Authors: Weller Sc, Stanberry Lr
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) IS THE MOST COMMON sexually transmitted infection I the United States and HPV infection is associated with genital warts (HPV types 6 and 11) and cervical cancer (HPV types 16 and 18). In June 2006 the US Food and Drug Administration approved a vaccine against HPV types 61116 and 18 and it is recommended for use in girls 11 and 12 years old. In this issue of JAMA Dunne et al provide estimates of the 2003-2004 population prevalence of HPV in US women establish a baseline against which postvaccine-era prevalence can be compared. Prevalence is the proportion of cases new and old that are present at a single point in time. To estimate the US population prevalence a representative US sample must be used. Estimates of HPV prevalence based on specific clinic populations are not representative of the US population and cannot be used to estimate prevalence for the entire US population. Prevalence can vary by the type of population studied. For example the prevalence ofHPV infection is highest among persons seen in sexually transmitted disease clinics intermediate among patients seeking care in family planning and  university clinics and lowest among persons in some adolescent and health maintenance organization clinics. Generalizability of results however is a function of sample design and not sample size. What is currently unknown and what the study reported by Dunne et al attempts to accomplish is to estimate population prevalence of HPV infection among females aged 14 and 59 years. (excerpt)
THE INTERACTION IN VITRO OF MYCOPLASMA PULMONIS WITH MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES AND L-CELLS
Authors: Thomas C. Jones, James G. Hirsch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Methods have been devised for establishing infection in vitro of mouse macrophages and fibroblasts with Mycoplasma pulmonis. The mycoplasmas attached to the cells and under appropriate cultural conditions grew into a lawn of microorganisms covering most of the cell surface. The mycoplasmas grew abundantly on fibroblasts cultured in minimal essential medium containing 20% fetal calf serum; supplementation of this medium with heart infusion broth was necessary to obtain similar growth on macrophages. The infection of these cells appeared to be essentially an extracellular process; only rarely were partially degraded mycoplasmas seen with phagocytic vacuoles. The addition to heavily infected macrophage cultures of low concentrations of anti-mycoplasma antibody stimulated rapid, massive phagocytosis of the surface microorganisms. In sharp contrast, the same antiserum had no discernable effect on the mycoplasma-fibroblast relationship. The antibody effect in the macrophage system was apparently a direct opsonic one rather than an indirect result of microbial killing, since the mycoplasmas in macrophage or fibroblast cultures incorporated labelled thymidine into DNA after the addition of antiserum to the medium. The phagocytic event and the subsequent fate of the mycoplasmas were studied in detail after the addition of antibody to the macrophage cultures. Phase-contrast cinemicrophotography revealed membrane ruffles surrounding the surface mycoplasmas and disappearance from view of the organisms; 10-30 min later translucent grapelike clusters were seen in large phagocytic vacuoles. On electronmicroscopic study the surface mycoplasmas were surrounded by pincers-like projections of the macrophage. Numerous mycoplasmas were seen in phagocytic vacuoles; in the early minutes after the addition of antibody the intracellular mycoplasmas appeared normal, but within 2 hr they appeared partially degraded with a central electron-lucent area and electron-opaque deposits at the microbial cell margin. 24 hr after the addition of antiserum, digestion of the mycoplasmas was nearly complete; the cells appeared normal except for large residual bodies composed of amorphous moderately dense material and increased lipid deposits. Degradation of mycoplasmas within macrophages was also studied using infected cultures in which the mycoplasmas, but not the macrophages, had incorporated tritiated thymidine into DNA. The appearance of large amounts of acid-soluble radiolabel after phagocytosis stimulated by antibody confirmed the degradation of the intracellular mycoplasmas.
Fetal mortality associated with cholestasis of pregnancy and the potential benefit of therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid.
Authors: M H Davies, R C da Silva, S R Jones, J B Weaver, E Elias
Journal: Gut (1995)

Cholestasis of pregnancy is associated with increased fetal morbidity and mortality and should be treated actively. The significance attached to pruritus in pregnancy is often minimal, but it is a cardinal symptom of cholestasis of pregnancy, which may have no other clinical features. Eight women with previous cholestasis of pregnancy were referred to The Liver Unit within a 12 month period for advice concerning future pregnancies. Thirteen pregnancies had been affected by cholestasis of pregnancy and 12 had been treated expectantly with resultant perinatal morbidity or mortality in 11 (one normal delivery), including; eight stillbirths, two premature deliveries with fetal distress (one died in perinatal period), and an emergency caesarean section for fetal distress. The other pregnancy was treated actively and delivery was uncomplicated. Subsequently, three of these cases with recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy were referred while pregnant. In each, cholestasis developed with severe pruritus, gross increase of serum bile acids, and deranged liver tests. Each was treated with the choleretic agent ursodeoxycholic acid, with rapid clinical improvement and resolution of deranged biochemistry. In conclusion, cholestasis of pregnancy continues to be treated expectantly despite its association with increased morbidity and mortality and evidence suggesting improved prognosis with active treatment and the potential of reducing the associated perinatal mortality. In an uncontrolled series of three patients with cholestasis of pregnancy, ursodeoxycholic acid seemed to provide safe and effective therapy.
<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and the Cause of Consumption
Authors: John F. Murray
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Experts seem to agree that the scourge of tuberculosis, which had been steadily worsening for at least 200 years, climaxed in western Europe around the end of the eighteenth century or the beginning of the nineteenth—in either case while the industrial revolution was in full swing. In the year 1800, according to one model, the mortality rate from tuberculosis peaked at 1,000/ 100,000 inhabitants (1) and accounted for one of every four deaths recorded in parish registries from England. Similar rates from records kept in New England at the same time attest to the colossal burden of the disease in the United States as well (2). Burgeoning industrialization created the need for a greatly enlarged workforce in manufacturing cities. Hoards of people converged from rural areas, mainly young adults, but including also adolescents and children. Living and working conditions were appalling and consisted, for many people, of overcrowded dwellings and congested factories where sanitation and hygiene were abominable. Malnutrition was epidemic and medical care, if it can be dignified as such, was virtually useless in those rare instances when it was available. No wonder tuberculosis prospered. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, consumption was considered incurable by most people, patients and physicians alike. Not surprisingly, speculation abounded concerning the cause of what was by far the number one killer of family, friends, and neighbors. Different theories were passionately espoused by leading medical authorities of the day. Some experts advocated contagion, others a constitutional hereditary defect, atmospheric imbalances, the depredations of stress, or an inevitable consequence of the degeneration of the human race; even the role of divine retribution was occasionally evoked. The controversy flourished despite the report in 1865 by Jean-Antoine Villemin, a French military surgeon, that he had been able to transmit tuberculosis from humans to rabbits by inoculation, the first clear demonstration of contagion (3); Villemin’s observations were confirmed by Edwin Klebs, Julius Cohnheim, and Carl Salomonsen in elegant experiments, but the causative agent remained elusive and skeptics prevailed (for review and references see Reference 4). Not long after, the debate was concluded— once and for all—by one of the most definitive pronouncements in medical history, though by no means all physicians believed it, and there are two accounts of the events surrounding the declaration.
Unmet Need for Mental Health Care Among U.S. Children: Variation by Ethnicity and Insurance Status
Authors: Sheryl H Kataoka, Lily Zhang, Kenneth B Wells
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Policy discussions regarding the mental health needs of children and adolescents emphasize a lack of use of mental health services among youth, but few national estimates are available. The authors use three national data sets and examine ethnic disparities in unmet need (defined as having a need for mental health evaluation but not using any services in a 1-year period) to provide such estimates. METHOD: The authors conducted secondary data analyses in three nationally representative household surveys fielded in 1996–1998: the National Health Interview Survey, the National Survey of American Families, and the Community Tracking Survey. They determined rates of mental health service use by children and adolescents 3–17 years of age and differences by ethnicity and insurance status. Among the children defined as in need of mental health services, defined by an estimator of mental health problems (selected items from the Child Behavior Checklist), they examined the association of unmet need with ethnicity and insurance status. RESULTS: In a 12-month period, 2%–3% of children 3–5 years old and 6%–9% of children and adolescents 6–17 years old used mental health services. Of children and adolescents 6–17 years old who were defined as needing mental health services, nearly 80% did not receive mental health care. Controlling for other factors, the authors determined that the rate of unmet need was greater among Latino than white children and among uninsured than publicly insured children. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal that most children who need a mental health evaluation do not receive services and that Latinos and the uninsured have especially high rates of unmet need relative to other children. Rates of use of mental health services are extremely low among preschool children. Research clarifying the reasons for high rates of unmet need in specific groups can help inform policy and clinical programs.
A NADPH Oxidase–Dependent Redox Signaling Pathway Mediates the Selective Radiosensitization Effect of Parthenolide in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Yulan Sun, Daret K. St. Clair, Yong Xu, Peter A. Crooks, William H. St. Clair
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Cancer cells are usually under higher oxidative stress compared with normal cells. We hypothesize that introducing additional reactive oxygen species (ROS) insults or suppressing antioxidant capacity may selectively enhance cancer cell killing by oxidative stress-generating agents through stress overload or stress sensitization, whereas normal cells may be able to maintain redox homeostasis under exogenous ROS by adaptive response. Here, we show that parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, selectively exhibits a radiosensitization effect on prostate cancer PC3 cells but not on normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. Parthenolide causes oxidative stress in PC3 cells but not in PrEC cells, as determined by the oxidation of the ROS-sensitive probe H(2)DCFDA and intracellular reduced thiol and disulfide levels. In PC3 but not PrEC cells, parthenolide activates NADPH oxidase, leading to a decrease in the level of reduced thioredoxin, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, and consequent FOXO3a phosphorylation, which results in the downregulation of FOXO3a targets antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase. Importantly, when combined with radiation, parthenolide further increases ROS levels in PC3 cells whereas it decreases radiation-induced oxidative stress in PrEC cells, possibly by increasing reduced glutathione levels. Together, the results show that parthenolide selectively activates NADPH oxidase and mediates intense oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells by both increasing ROS generation and decreasing antioxidant defense capacity. The results support the concept of exploiting the intrinsic differences in the redox status of cancer cells and normal cells as targets for selective cancer killing.