tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Airway Function among Inuit Primary School Children in Far Northern Quebec
Authors: BRENDA HEMMELGARN, PIERRE ERNST
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

The study of the prevalence and determinants of asthma and allergy in different populations may provide clues to their etiology. We describe airway function and its determinants among Inuit schoolchildren living in far Northern Quebec. We assessed the presence of airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR), defined as a 15% drop in FEV1 with exercise, airflow obstruction, as judged by a reduced FEV1/ FVC, and atopy, as evidenced by skin test positivity to inhaled aeroallergens, among 509 Inuit aged mostly from 6 to 13 yr. Smoking by the children (31.9%) and their parents was common, including maternal smoking during pregnancy (79.5%). Atopy was found in only 5.3% of children. Apart from age, there were no significant associations between AHR and any of the determinants examined. Airflow obstruction was present among 7.7% of children and occurred most commonly among children with higher levels of salivary cotinine and in those with four or more lower respiratory illnesses in the first 2 yr of life. Asthma and atopy were uncommon in this population whereas evidence of chronic airflow obstruction was frequently found. Measures to reduce the spread of respiratory infection and prevention of smoking are likely to be of most benefit in improving respiratory health in these isolated communities.
Pressure-dependent contraction of rat juxtamedullary afferent arterioles.
Authors: C F Sanchez-Ferrer, R J Roman, D R Harder
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Pressure-diameter relations were studied in rat afferent arterioles using an isolated, juxtamedullary nephron preparation perfused with a saline solution containing 5% albumin. Angiotensin I (10 microM), angiotensin II (0.1 microM), and norepinephrine (10 microM) increased perfusion pressure, and norepinephrine, but not angiotensin I or II, contracted afferent arterioles, indicating that the vessels are reactive. The control diameter of the afferent arterioles that exhibited pressure-dependent contraction (n = 58) averaged 30.8 +/- 1.1 micron at perfusion pressure of 80 mm Hg. When pressure was increased from 80 to 120 and then to 180 mm Hg, the diameter of these arterioles decreased by 16.4 +/- 2.1%. Glomerular capillary pressure was well autoregulated and averaged 45.2 +/- 2.2, 50.2 +/- 2.4, and 53.0 +/- 3.0 mm Hg, respectively, at perfusion pressures of 80, 120, and 180 mm Hg. Administration of vasodilators or a Ca2+-free solution eliminated the contractile response to pressure elevations; rather, the diameter of these vessels increased significantly by 17.5 +/- 5.1% and 32.0 +/- 9.4%, respectively, when pressure was increased from 80 to 180 mm Hg. Blocking tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, with furosemide or by removal of the renal papilla (which interrupts the delivery of fluid to the macula densa), eliminated the pressure-dependent contraction of the afferent arterioles. Instead the diameter of these vessels increased by 27.0 +/- 7.8% and 36.0 +/- 5.6%, respectively, when the pressure was increased from 80 to 120 and then to 180 mm Hg. These results demonstrate that juxtamedullary nephrons perfused in vitro autoregulate glomerular capillary pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PSYCHIATRIC MEDICAL EDUCATION AMONG NEGRO PHYSICIANS
Authors: HERBERT J. ERWIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

1. From a general standpoint it is clear that the widespread interest in psychiatric medical education among Negroes has been alive only 10 years. 2. The psychiatric information dispensed at the medical school level, though not up to the 370-hour level as recommended by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry in their report on Medical Education, is well above 152 hours, which is quoted by that committee as the average for medical schools in the United States. However, the departments of neuropsychiatry at each Negro medical school urgently need expanded facilities, increase in professional personnel, and wider application of the ancillary disciplines such as psychiatric social work and clinical psychology. 3. It is apparent that a new and wider interest in psychiatry is being manifested by Negro physicians by their seeking psychiatric training on a graduate level in recognized hospitals, but contributions to medical literature and interest in research are still in need of stimulation. 4. There is evidence that the Negro general practitioner in various communities of the United States is seeking to improve his understanding and information regarding psychiatric principles by attending various postgraduate meetings in neuropsychiatry.
The Chronically Swollen Painful Extremity
Authors: J. Manly Stallworth
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Forty patients with atypical, chronically swollen, painful lower extremities were observed from two to ten years. Most patients had had previous diagnoses of lymphostasis or venostasis. Clinical reevaluation indicated lipedema (painful fat syndrome) as described by Allen and Hines in 1940 and not reported on since. Fourteen patients were selected at random for detailed pathologic and chemical (tissue and serum) examinations as well as flow studies in the lymphatic, venous, and arterial systems. All study results were essentially normal except for chemical examinations. Significant amounts of lipids containing an altered fatty acid pattern were found in plasma and tissue examined by biopsy. (<i>JAMA</i>228:1656-1659, 1974)
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Max B. Lurie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

1. Hereditary resistance to attack by air-borne tubercle bacilli is distinct from the resistance to the ensuing disease. 2. One inbred rabbit family has little resistance to attack: by the microorganism but has considerable resistance against the ensuing disease. 3. Another inbred family has considerable resistance against attack by the tubercle bacillus but has little resistance against the ensuing disease. 4. Increasing concentrations of tubercle bacilli in the environment of the family of high genetic resistance to the disease increase the incidence of infection, accelerate the onset of the disease, and affect its essential character in proportion to the concentration of the microorganism. 5. Up to a certain concentration of tubercle bacilli in the environment of the families of low genetic resistance to the disease, increasing concentrations of the infectious agent also increase the incidence of the disease and accelerate its onset, although its anatomical character is always of a uniform rapidly progressive type. Beyond this concentration further increment of the infectious agent exercises no effect.
Observations from New South Wales on the changing incidence of gastric ulcer in Australia
Authors: B. P. Billington
Journal: Gut (1965)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS In New South Wales, further changes in the pattern of gastric ulcer in women have occurred in the two decades since the change in gastric ulcer first began to be noted in Australia.The prediction that as a result of the change considerably more women at all ages would develop gastric ulcer than men seems to be coming true.The pattern which has developed could be interpreted in the following way: a sudden environ- mental alteration has revealed a new group of women susceptible to gastric ulceration; the environ- mental alteration seems to involve a single new factor which has acted positively to create this new group of ulcer patients; it is most likely related to a practice created in Australia at the time of the second world war, a practice which has been adopted by, or has been necessarily utilized by women and is dependent upon some aspect of their behaviour; the environmental alteration is probably limited by administrative rather than commercial boundaries.A new challenge exists for the epidemiological method to make a contribution to the under- standing of the obscure pathogenesis of a relatively common disease.
p14ARF Expression Increases Dihydrofolate Reductase Degradation and Paradoxically Results in Resistance to Folate Antagonists in Cells with Nonfunctional p53
Authors: Pellegrino G. Magro, Angelo J. Russo, Wei-Wei Li, Debabrata Banerjee, Joseph R. Bertino
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract The p14ARF protein, the product of an alternate reading frame of the INK4A/ARF locus on human chromosome 9p21, disrupts the ability of MDM2 to target p53 for proteosomal degradation and causes an increase in steady-state p53 levels, leading to a G1 and G2 arrest of cells in the cell cycle. Although much is known about the function of p14ARF in the p53 pathway, not as much is known about its function in human tumor growth and chemosensitivity independently of up-regulation of p53 protein levels. To learn more about its effect on cellular proliferation and chemoresistance independent of p53 up-regulation, human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells null for p14ARF and harboring a defective p53 pathway were stably transfected with p14ARF cDNA under the tight control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. Induction of p14ARF caused a decrease in cell proliferation rate and colony formation and a marked decrease in the level of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) protein. The effect of p14ARF on DHFR protein levels was specific, because thymidylate kinase and thymidylate synthase protein levels were not decreased nor were p53 or p21WAF1 protein levels increased. The decrease in DHFR protein was abolished when the cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, demonstrating that p14ARF augments proteasomal degradation of the protein. Surprisingly, induction of p14ARF increased resistance to the folate antagonists methotrexate, trimetrexate, and raltitrexed. Depletion of thymidine in the medium reversed this resistance, indicating that p14ARF induction increases the reliance of these cells on thymidine salvage.
Confidence intervals, P values, and statistical significance
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The efficacy of nicotine patches in pregnant women who smoked was investigated using a randomised placebo controlled trial. The intervention was the administration of 16 hour nicotine patches until the time of delivery. Participants were pregnant women over 18 years who smoked at least five cigarettes a day and whose babies were between 12 and 20 weeks’ gestation. In total, 402 women were recruited from 23 maternity wards throughout France. Participants were randomised to the intervention (n=203) or placebo patches (n=199).1

The outcome measures included achievement of complete abstinence until delivery and birth weight. Complete abstinence was achieved by 5.5% (n=11) of women in the nicotine patch group and 5.1% (n=10) in the placebo group (odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.60). The mean birth weight was higher in the nicotine patch group (3065 (standard error 44 g) v 3015 g (44 g); difference 50 g, −71.1 to 172.3).

Which of the following statements, if any, are true?

Statements b and c are true, whereas a is false.

The odds ratio comparing the intervention group with the placebo group in smoking abstinence until delivery was 1.08 (0.45 to 2.60), whereas mean birth …
A microenvironment-mediated c-Myc/miR-548m/HDAC6 amplification loop in non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas
Authors: Tint Lwin, Xiaohong Zhao, Fengdong Cheng, Xinwei Zhang, Andy Huang, Bijal Shah, Yizhuo Zhang, Lynn C. Moscinski, Yong Sung Choi, Alan P. Kozikowski, James E. Bradner, William S. Dalton, Eduardo Sotomayor, Jianguo Tao
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

A dynamic interaction occurs between the lymphoma cell and its microenvironment, with each profoundly influencing the behavior of the other. Here, using a clonogenic coculture growth system and a xenograft mouse model, we demonstrated that adhesion of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells to lymphoma stromal cells confers drug resistance, clonogenicity, and induction of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Furthermore, stroma triggered a c-Myc/miR-548m feed-forward loop, linking sustained c-Myc activation, miR-548m downregulation, and subsequent HDAC6 upregulation and stroma-mediated cell survival and lymphoma progression in lymphoma cell lines, primary MCL and other B cell lymphoma cell lines. Treatment with an HDAC6-selective inhibitor alone or in synergy with a c-Myc inhibitor enhanced cell death, abolished cell adhesion–mediated drug resistance, and suppressed clonogenicity and lymphoma growth ex vivo and in vivo. Together, these data suggest that the lymphoma-stroma interaction in the lymphoma microenvironment directly impacts the biology of lymphoma through genetic and epigenetic regulation, with HDAC6 and c-Myc as potential therapeutic targets.
Differential expression of complement proteins and regulatory decay accelerating factor in relation to differentiation of cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Authors: M F Bernet-Camard, M H Coconnier, S Hudault, A L Servin
Journal: Gut (1996)

Self protection of host cells against inadvertent injury resulting from attack by autologous complement proteins is well reported for vascular epithelium. In intestinal epithelium, the expression of C complement proteins and regulatory proteins remains currently poorly reported. This study looked at the distribution of C complement proteins and regulatory decay accelerating factor (DAF) in four cultured human intestinal cell lines of embryogenic or colon cancer origins. C3 and C4 proteins and DAF were widely present in human colon adenocarcinoma T84, HT-29 glc-/+ cells compared with human embryonic INT407 cells. In contrast, no expression of C5, C5b-9, and CR1 was seen for any of the cell lines. Taking advantage of the Caco-2 cells, which spontaneously differentiate in culture, it was seen that the C3, C4, and DAF were present in undifferentiated cells and that their expression increased as a function of the cell differentiation. These results, taken together with other reports on the presence of C complement proteins and DAF in the intestinal cells infer that the expression of regulatory C complement proteins develops in parallel with the expression of C proteins to protect these cells against the potential injury resulting from the activation of these local C proteins. Moreover, the finding that the pathogenic C1845 Escherichia coli binds to the membrane bound DAF in the cultured human intestinal cells synthetising locally C proteins and regulatory C proteins supports the hypothesis that E coli could promote inflammatory disorders by blocking local regulatory protein function.
Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment treatment for up to 4 years in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Jon M. Hanifin, Amy S. Paller, Lawrence Eichenfield, Richard A. Clark, Neil Korman, Gerald Weinstein, Ivor Caro, Eileen Jaracz, M. Joyce Rico
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2005)
The Urine in Haemophilia
Authors: J. W. Legg
Journal: BMJ (1873)

were quagmires.The castle of Stirling was abandoned to its fate, and the army dispersed until the summer of I300 A. D., when it reassembled at Berwick, and, under the king's command, made some ineffectual incursions of Galloway.The "wardrobe accounts" show that De Belvaco, "cirurgus regis," with his "socii," was present with the army in the fall of I299, and that De Kenle, "physicus regis," was then at Caversham, by the king's command, in attendance on his daughter, the Countess of Gloucester, in childbed.In September and October, 1301 A.D., the "valletti " of De Kenle were with the army in Scotland, and thus we know that the medical staff of the army in 1200-1300 A.D., comprised both physicians and surgeons.In comparing the estimate set on medical services at various periods of history, it is of interest to note that the physician and surgeon of the army then received the same daily pay as the Admiral of the fleet-the first of that rank in English history-and their subordinates the same as the captains of the ships composing the fleet.This is an outline of the
Boerhaave after three hundred years.
Authors: E. A. Underwood
Journal: BMJ (1968)

The tercentenary next week of the birth of the man who was long known as " the Dutch Hippocrates " would in itself warrant some notice in the British Medical 7ournal, for it is to him that we owe the scheme of medical teaching that was first put into operation in this country at Edinburgh, and it is that scheme, with extensions and modifications, that applies in our medical schools today.Boerhaave's fame, transcen- dent in his lifetime and long after his death, has tended to w~ane greatly during the last hundred years.
Increases In Peanut-Specific IgA1 and IgA2 During Peanut Immunotherapy Do Not Correlate With Clinical Tolerance
Authors: Adrienne L. Yancey, Michael D. Kulis, Pamela H. Steele, Edwin Kim, Brian P. Vickery, A. Wesley Burks
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Alveolar epithelial cell chemokine expression triggered by antigen-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cell recognition
Authors: Min Q. Zhao, Mark H. Stoler, Angela N. Liu, Beiyang Wei, Carolina Soguero, Young S. Hahn, Richard I. Enelow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

CD8+ T lymphocyte responses are a critical arm of the immune response to respiratory virus infection and may play a role in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease. We have shown that CD8+ T cells induce significant lung injury in the absence of virus infection by adoptive transfer into mice with alveolar expression of a viral transgene. The injury is characterized by the parenchymal infiltration of host cells, primarily macrophages, which correlates with physiologic deficits in transgenic animals. CD8+ T cell–mediated lung injury can occur in the absence of perforin and Fas expression as long as TNF-α is available. Here, we show that the effect of TNF-α expressed by CD8+ T cells is mediated not exclusively by cytotoxicity, but also through the activation of alveolar target cells and their expression of inflammatory mediators. CD8+ T cell recognition of alveolar cells in vitro triggered monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) expression in the targets, which was mediated by TNF-α. Antigen-dependent alveolar MCP-1 expression was observed in vivo as early as 3 hours after CD8+ T cell transfer and depended upon TNF-R1 expression in transgenic recipients. MCP-1 neutralization significantly reduced parenchymal infiltration after T cell transfer. We conclude that alveolar epithelial cells actively participate in the inflammation and lung injury associated with CD8+ T cell recognition of alveolar antigens.
Moderation of dietary sodium potentiates the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of angiotensin receptor blockers
Authors: Hiddo J. Lambers Heerspink, Frank A. Holtkamp, Hans-Henrik Parving, Gerjan J. Navis, Julia B. Lewis, Eberhard Ritz, Pieter A. de Graeff, Dick de Zeeuw
Journal: Kidney International (2012)
REMARKS UPON INSANITY AND EPILEPSY IN REGARD TO THE DURATION OF LIFE
Authors: Robert Jones
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1905)

(I) Insanity per se is inimical to life. It is a deterioration mental and physical. It causes more deaths in every quinquennium among the certified insane in asylums than in corresponding periods among the general population. Cases least affected are those holding fixed ideas, sometimes called paranoiacs or persons suffering from delusional insanity as are also those in whom an acute attack of insanity has left moderate but chronic weak-mind-edness. Congenital weak-mindedness diminishes the expectation of life. (2) The most powerful and the most frequent antecedent of insanity and of epilepsy is either ancestral insanity or epilepsy. (3) All medical forms of inquiry used in insurance offices should ask whether there is a history of ancestral insanity (parents and grandparents) and collaterals (uncles and aunts). (4) That a suicidal tendency is eminently heritable—often appearing at the same age in the offspring as in the ancestor. (5) That suicides in asylums occur less frequently by one-half than in the general population during the period of greatest liability. (6) That phthisis and insanity are strong converging factors towards insanity. (7) That epilepsy shortens life—more so by an average of ten years—than insanity. (8) That antecedent syphilis in many assurable cases cannot be definitely ascertained either by admission of the fact or by its sequelæ and that general paralysis occurs not more often than in about I% of all cases which have contracted syphilis.
Amino acid sequences of lower vertebrate parvalbumins and their evolution: parvalbumins of boa, turtle, and salamander.
Authors: Nobuyo Maeda, Dexu Zhu, Walter M. Fitch
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1984)

One major parvalbumin each was isolated from the skeletal muscle of two reptiles, a boa snake, Boa constrictor, and a map turtle, Graptemys geographica, while two parvalbumins were isolated from an amphibian, the salamander Amphiuma means. The amino acid sequences of all four parvalbumins were determined from the sequences of their tryptic peptides, which were ordered partially by homology to other parvalbumins. Phylogenetic study of these and 16 other parvalbumin sequences revealed that the turtle parvalbumin belongs to beta lineage, while the salamander sequences belong, one each, to the alpha and beta lineages defined by Goodman and Pechère (1977). Boa parvalbumin, however, while belonging to the beta lineage, clusters within the fish in all reasonably parsimonious trees. The most parsimonious trees show many parallel or back mutations in the evolution of many parvalbumin residues, although the residues responsible for Ca2+ binding are very well conserved. These most parsimonious trees show an actinopterygian rather than a crossoptyrigian origin of the tetrapods in both the alpha and beta groups. One of two electric eel parvalbumins is evolving more than 10 times faster than its paralogous partner, suggesting it may be on its way to becoming a pseudogene. It is concluded that varying rates of amino acid replacement, much homoplasy, considerable gene duplication, plus complicated lineages make the set of parvalbumin sequences unsuitable for systematic study of the origin of the tetrapods and other higher-taxa divergence, although it may be suitable within a genus or family.