tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) in Children
Authors: S. der Spuy
Journal: Endoscopy (1978)

ERCP was successfully carried out 6 times in 4 children with suspected round worm infestation of the biliary tree. A general anaesthetic was given in all cases, and an adult duodenofibrescope was used. Early experience indicates that the procedure is feasible and of value even in small children weighing 12 kg. As in adults, ERCP should be considered whenever a precise outline of the pancreato-biliary system is required, and when infusion cholangiography fails to give the desired information.
P142 Inflammatory cells in the quadriceps of COPD patients and response to resistance training
Authors: M. K. Menon, L. Houchen, S. Harrison, S. J. Singh, M. D. L. Morgan, P. Bradding, M. C. Steiner
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Physical exercise in healthy individuals leads to an acute inflammatory-cell response in skeletal muscles. In COPD, quadriceps dysfunction is an important systemic manifestation that can be offset by exercise training. However, the nature of the muscle inflammatory response in these patients to acute and chronic exercise remains unknown. We therefore measured inflammatory cell infiltration in the quadriceps of COPD patients and healthy controls, in response to a programme of lower-limb resistance training. <h3>Methods</h3> 12 COPD patients (mean (SD) age 66.7(7.0) years, BMI 26.1(7.2) kg/m<sup>2</sup>, FEV<sub>1</sub> 46.4 (20.5) % predicted, 10 males) and seven healthy controls (66.7 (5.1) years, BMI 27.7(2.4) kg/m<sup>2</sup>, FEV<sub>1</sub> 103.4 (17.0) % predicted, five males) underwent 8 weeks of bilateral lower-limb, high-intensity resistance training, thrice weekly, on an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II Norm). Quadriceps muscle biopsies from the dominant thigh were obtained at baseline (T0), 24-h after the 1st exercise bout (T1), and 24-h after the last exercise session following 8-weeks training (T2). Glycol methacrylate-embedded muscle biopsies were analysed using immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory cells were identified using antibodies against neutrophil elastase (NE) and CD163 (macrophages). Dual energy x-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to determine thigh muscle mass and isometric quadriceps strength was measured on the cybex. <h3>Results</h3> At T0, neutrophils were not detected in any of the healthy controls, but were present in six out of 12 patients. A significant increase in neutrophil and macrophage counts in both patients and controls was seen at T1 (Abstract P142 Table 1). At T2, inflammatory cell counts in both groups were close to baseline values. Isometric quadriceps strength (COPD: pre vs post -134.0 (44.0) vs 151.8 (47.9) Nm, p=0.002; Healthy: pre vs post 153.4 (42.4) vs 169.0 (43.1) Nm, p=0.04] and thigh lean mass (COPD: pre vs post 4.4 (1.2) vs 4.7 (1.2) kg, p=0.003; Healthy: pre vs post 4.5 (0.6) vs 4.7 (0.7) kg, p=0.004] increased significantly after training in both groups. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Acute resistance exercise in COPD leads to an inflammatory-cell response in the quadriceps that is comparable to healthy controls. Regular training results in muscle adaptation characterised by a diminished inflammatory response to a bout of exercise.
A pilot study for benign central airway stenosis: Local injection of triamcinolone acetonide therapy
Authors: Yu Chen, Shiyue Li
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Objectives  : To evaluate the efficacy and security of local injection of Triamcinolone acetonide(TA) for benign central airway stenosis(BAS).   Methods:  Forty intractable BAS patients were selected and averagely divided into treatment group and control group. Local injection of TA was uesd to cover entire stenosis lesions. Interventional procedures were combined to manage complicated airway stenosis. After a 6 months follow-up, compared two groups with airway diameter, stricture rate, dyspnea score, and clinical stabilizationbefore and after the treatment.   Results: No statistically significant differences in the two groups. A 6 months follow-up, 16 patients remain stable after treatment, besides 4 patients appear restenosis in treatment group, compare with Control group 20 cases restenosis. Restenosis interphase time and clinical stabilization time was markedly increased.  No local injections related complications was recodred.   Conclusion  : Local injections of TA therapy combined with traditional interventional techniques for BAS has good curative effect. It shows advantages in long-term efficacy, few side-effects, and good safety.
Maturational differences in lung NF-κB activation and their role in tolerance to hyperoxia
Authors: Guang Yang, Aida Abate, Adia G. George, Yi-Hao Weng, Phyllis A. Dennery
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Neonatal rodents are more tolerant to hyperoxia than adults. We determined whether maturational differences in lung NF-κB activation could account for the differences. After hyperoxic exposure (O2 > 95%), neonatal (<12 hours old) lung NF-κB binding was increased and reached a maximum between 8 and 16 hours, whereas in adults no changes were observed. Additionally, neonatal NF-κB/luciferase transgenic mice (incorporating 2 NF-κB consensus sequences driving luciferase gene expression) demonstrated enhanced in vivo NF-κB activation after hyperoxia in real time. In the lungs of neonates, there was a propensity toward NF-κB activation as evidenced by increased lung I-κB kinase protein levels, I-κBα phosphorylation, β-transducin repeat–containing protein levels, and total I-κBα degradation. Increased lung p-JNK immunoreactive protein was observed only in the adult lung. Inhibition of pI-κBα by BAY 11-7085 resulted in decreased Bcl-2 protein levels in neonatal lung homogenates and decreased cell viability in lung primary cultures after hyperoxic exposure. Furthermore, neonatal p50-null mutant (p50–/–) mice showed increased lung DNA degradation and decreased survival in hyperoxia compared with WT mice. These data demonstrate that there are maturational differences in lung NF-κB activation and that enhanced NF-κB may serve to protect the neonatal lung from acute hyperoxic injury via inhibition of apoptosis.
CTLA-4–B7 Interaction Is Sufficient to Costimulate T Cell Clonal Expansion
Authors: Yan Wu, Yong Guo, Andy Huang, Pan Zheng, Yang Liu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

T cell costimulation, particularly by the B7 family members B7-1 and B7-2, plays a critical role in regulating T cell–mediated immunity. Two molecules on T cells, CD28 and CTLA-4, are known to bind to B7. It has been suggested that CD28–B7 interaction promotes T cell response, whereas B7–CTLA-4 interaction downregulates T cell clonal expansion. However, the proposed responses of individual receptors to B7 have not been verified directly. Here, we report that B7-1 promotes clonal expansion of CD28-deficient T cells, and that the CD28-independent costimulatory activity is mediated by CTLA-4, as it is completely blocked by intact and Fab of anti–CTLA-4 mAb. In addition, a mutant B7-1 molecule, B7W88 &amp;gt;A, which has lost binding to CD28 but retained significant CTLA-4 binding activity, promotes T cell clonal expansion. Furthermore, while presence of CD28 enhances T cell response to B7-1, such response is also completely blocked by anti–CTLA-4 mAb. Taken together, our results demonstrate that B7–CTLA-4 interaction promotes T cell clonal expansion, and that optimal T cell response to B7 is achieved when both CD28 and CTLA-4 interact with B7. These results establish an important function of CTLA-4 in promoting T cell activation, and suggest an alternative interpretation of the function of CTLA-4 in T cell activation.
Weight gain on the combined pill--is it real?
Authors: S. Gupta
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2000)

Britain has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in Western Europe at 8.8 per 1000 live births. Adolescents are very preoccupied with body image and fear weight gain with use of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill. Compliance with contraception continues to be a major issue. Is there a real evidence of weight gain? Or are there discrepancies between adolescent perceptions of weight gain with COC use and available scientific evidence? We carried out a comprehensive literature search and did not find evidence for the purported weight gain with use of low dose COCs. Adolescents need reassurance by gynaecologists, general practitioners, family planning doctors and mass media to remove such misperceptions. This will contribute in some way to reduce the high unintended pregnancy rates.
Combined newborn screening for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and severe T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies
Authors: Stephan Borte, Marie Meeths, Ines Liebscher, Kerstin Krist, Magnus Nordenskjöld, Lennart Hammarström, Ulrika von Döbeln, Jan-Inge Henter, Yenan T. Bryceson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Delayed fetal pulmonary maturation in a rabbit model of the diabetic pregnancy.
Authors: C L Bose, D N Manne, A J D'Ercole, E E Lawson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

A rabbit model for the diabetic pregnancy was used to investigate the etiology of delayed pulmonary maturation observed in infants of diabetic mothers. Pregnant rabbit does were made glucose intolerant and insulinopenic by injection of alloxan, a pancreatic beta-cell cytotoxin. At 28 d (term approximately 31 d) fetuses of these animals were hyperglycemic, but were not hyperinsulinemic and did not demonstrate tissue overgrowth. Fetal pulmonary maturity was assessed by measurement of pressure-volume relationships on the fetal lungs. Fetuses of glucose-intolerant does demonstrated less retention of air on deflation. Phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant were assayed on fluid obtained from lavage of the fetal lungs. Levels of disaturated phosphatidylcholine (per-cent total-lavage phospholipids) were diminished in fetuses of glucose-intolerant does compared to control fetuses (20.5 +/- 4.2 vs. 38.0 +/ 4.3%; P less than 0.01). Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios were similar in both groups and phosphatidylglycerol was not detected in either group. There was a direct correlation between the percentage of alveolar disaturated phosphatidylcholine and retention of air on lung deflation. These findings suggest that in this model pulmonary instability was a result of diminished alveolar disaturated phosphatidylcholine, and this diminution did not result from fetal hyperinsulinemia.
THE COMPULSORY USE OF HELMETS ON SCHOOL SKI TRIPS
Authors: M Stanley, MJ Duncan, M Price, S Leddington Wright, J Coad
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Head injuries in skiing have been a cause for concern due to the high incidence of injury particularly in young people. Furthermore, head trauma is the leading cause of death overall in skiing. Encouraging individuals to wear helmets can be problematic, especially since helmets are not compulsory in many resorts, are an additional expense and not seen as a necessity. The aim was (1) To synthesise information regarding head injuries and helmet use in young people. (2) To make a recommendation for the appropriateness of helmets use. Following ethical approval and informed consent, 101 responses were gathered from an electronic survey. This was administered to secondary schools across England which organise ski trips to identify helmet use. Electronic databases were searched for articles dating back 15 years and synthesised with grey literature as a narrative review to inform current concepts on helmet use in young people. The pooled narrative findings from literature suggest helmet use has reduced the number and severity of injuries to the head. The overall consensus is for helmets to be recommended, especially in the young. From 101 secondary schools surveyed, 96% of teachers expect young people to wear helmets whilst skiing. Discussion: The compulsory wearing of helmets in several resorts has helped to increase the awareness and importance of helmet use. A potential impact on not wearing a helmet is the concern that holiday insurance could be invalidated if injured. One British insurer now stipulates for the mandatory wearing of helmets within their policy. Findings show helmet use has been associated with a reduced risk of head injuries and the International Ski Federation recommends that all skiers regardless of ability and age use helmets. Ski helmets should be included within the ski rental package to decrease financial barriers.
Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Tau Gene With Late-Onset Parkinson Disease
Authors: Eden R. Martin, William K. Scott, Martha A. Nance, Ray L. Watts, Jean P. Hubble, William C. Koller, Kelly Lyons, Rajesh Pahwa, Matthew B. Stern, Amy Colcher, Bradley C. Hiner, Joseph Jankovic, William G. Ondo, Fred H. Allen, Christopher G. Goetz, Gary W. Small, Donna Masterman, Frank Mastaglia, Nigel G. Laing, Jeffrey M. Stajich, Robert C. Ribble, Michael W. Booze, Allison Rogala, Michael A. Hauser, Fengyu Zhang, Rachel A. Gibson, Lefkos T. Middleton, Allen D. Roses, Jonathan L. Haines, Burton L. Scott, Margaret A. Pericak-Vance, Jeffery M. Vance
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextThe human tau gene, which promotes assembly of neuronal microtubules, has been associated with several rare neurologic diseases that clinically include parkinsonian features. We recently observed linkage in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) to a region on chromosome 17q21 that contains the tau gene. These factors make tau a good candidate for investigation as a susceptibility gene for idiopathic PD, the most common form of the disease.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the tau gene is involved in idiopathic PD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAmong a sample of 1056 individuals from 235 families selected from 13 clinical centers in the United States and Australia and from a family ascertainment core center, we tested 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the tau gene for association with PD, using family-based tests of association. Both affected (n = 426) and unaffected (n = 579) family members were included; 51 individuals had unclear PD status. Analyses were conducted to test individual SNPs and SNP haplotypes within the tau gene.Main Outcome MeasureFamily-based tests of association, calculated using asymptotic distributions.ResultsAnalysis of association between the SNPs and PD yielded significant evidence of association for 3 of the 5 SNPs tested: SNP 3, P = .03; SNP 9i, P = .04; and SNP 11, P = .04. The 2 other SNPs did not show evidence of significant association (SNP 9ii, P = .11, and SNP 9iii, P = .87). Strong evidence of association was found with haplotype analysis, with a positive association with one haplotype (P = .009) and a negative association with another haplotype (P = .007). Substantial linkage disequilibrium (P&lt;.001) was detected between 4 of the 5 SNPs (SNPs 3, 9i, 9ii, and 11).ConclusionsThis integrated approach of genetic linkage and positional association analyses implicates tau as a susceptibility gene for idiopathic PD.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Immunotherapy in Treating Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jingwu Zhang, George Hutton
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2004)

Significant advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been made during the past decade. These advances have revealed evidence of profound heterogeneity in MS. There is a clear need to revisit the key issues in MS pathogenesis and treatment strategies, taking new data into consideration. This paper provides an overview of recent progress in MS research, including (a) a review of clinical, pathologic, and immunologic aspects of MS, (b) a discussion of the mechanism of action of currently available disease-modifying drugs for MS, (c) an account of the role of MRI in clinical management and clinical trials in MS, and (d) an overview of some emerging treatments for MS.
Quantitative relationship between coronary microvascular damage and myocardial viability assessed by doppler guidewire
Authors: Y. Takano, S. Nanto, T. Ohara, T. Morozumi, H. Nakayama, J. Kotani, M. Kawabata, T. Watanabe, M. Fujita, K. Mizushiga, S. Nagata
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Peptide hydrolase activity of human intestinal mucosa in adult coeliac disease
Authors: A. P. Douglas, T. J. Peters
Journal: Gut (1970)

The levels of two peptide hydrolases were studied in intestinal mucosa from normal subjects, patients with untreated coeliac disease, and treated patients. The mucosa from the untreated patients had significantly reduced activity against glycyl-glycine and leucylleucine. No such difference was found for the treated patients and it was concluded that the reduction in peptidase activity was secondary to the mucosal damage.
Major Tumor Shrinking and Persistent Molecular Remissions After Consolidation With Bortezomib, Thalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Patients With Autografted Myeloma
Authors: Marco Ladetto, Gloria Pagliano, Simone Ferrero, Federica Cavallo, Daniela Drandi, Loredana Santo, Claudia Crippa, Luca De Rosa, Patrizia Pregno, Mariella Grasso, Anna Marina Liberati, Tommaso Caravita, Francesco Pisani, Tommasina Guglielmelli, Vincenzo Callea, Pellegrino Musto, Clotilde Cangialosi, Roberto Passera, Mario Boccadoro, Antonio Palumbo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

PURPOSE We investigated the effect on minimal residual disease, by qualitative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR), of a consolidation regimen that included bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) responding to autologous stem-cell transplantation (auto-SCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients achieving at least very good partial response who had an available molecular marker based on the immunoglobulin heavy-chain rearrangement received four courses of treatment every month: four infusions per month of bortezomib at 1.6 mg/m(2), thalidomide at 200 mg/d, and dexamethasone at 20 mg/d on days 1 to 4, 8 to 11, and 15 to 18. Patients were studied with tumor-clone-specific primers by qualitative nested PCR and RQ-PCR. Results Of 39 patients enrolled, 31 received the four VTD courses. Immunofixation complete responses increased from 15% after auto-SCT to 49% after VTD. Molecular remissions (MRs) were 3% after auto-SCT and 18% after VTD. Median time to maximum response was 3.5 months. So far, no patient in MR has relapsed (median follow-up, 42 months). VTD consolidation induced an additional depletion of 4.14 natural logarithms of tumor burden by RQ-PCR. Patients with a tumor load less than the median value after VTD had outcomes better than those who had tumor loads above the median value after VTD (at median follow-up: progression-free survival, 100% v 57%; P < .001). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document the occurrence of persistent MRs in a proportion of MM patients treated without allogeneic transplantation. Moreover, the major reduction in tumor load recorded by RQ-PCR after VTD suggests that unprecedented levels of tumor cell reduction can be achieved in MM thanks to the new nonchemotherapeutic drugs.
Somatic <i>EGFR</i> Mutation and Gene Copy Gain as Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Issa J. Dahabreh, Helena Linardou, Fotios Siannis, Paris Kosmidis, Dimitrios Bafaloukos, Samuel Murray
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to characterize common EGFR molecular aberrations as potential predictive biomarkers for response to monotherapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).We systematically identified articles investigating EGFR status [somatic mutational and gene copy aberrations (copy number)] in patients with NSCLC treated with TKIs. Eligible studies had to report complete and partial response rates stratified by EGFR status. We used random effects models for bivariable meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity; positive and negative likelihood ratios (+LR and -LR, respectively) were also calculated and were considered as secondary end points.Among 222 retrieved articles, 59 were considered eligible for the somatic EGFR mutation meta-analysis (1,020 mutations among 3,101 patients) and 21 were considered eligible for the EGFR gene copy number meta-analysis (542 gene gain among 1,539 patients). EGFR mutations were predictive of response to single-agent TKIs [sensitivity, 0.78; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.74-0.82; specificity, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.89; +LR, 5.6; -LR, 0.25]. EGFR gene gain was also associated with response to TKIs, albeit with lower sensitivity and specificity. In subgroup analysis, the only recognized trend was for a higher predictive value in Whites compared with East Asians for both mutation and gene copy number.This analysis provides empirical evidence that EGFR mutations are sensitive and specific predictors of response to single-agent epidermal growth factor receptor TKIs in advanced NSCLC. The diagnostic performance of mutations seems better than that of EGFR gene gain.
Drug‐induced immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Robert A. Moss
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1980)

Abstract A variety of drugs and other agents have been reported to cause immune‐mediated platelet destruction. The cardinal features of this syndrome are acute, often alarming, purpura, closely related to drug exposure, which remits in one to two weeks after discontinuation of all suspect drugs. Quinidine and quinine have been most commonly implicated but, recently, both heparin and heroin have been the subject of numerous reports. Platelets are removed rapidly from the circulation, apparently as a result of the attachment of drug‐antibody immune complexes. In vitro documentation of platelet injury by these complexes has inspired the development of many in vitro tests of differing sophistication. While valuable in confirming the clinical suspicion, none is sufficiently sensitive to exclude the diagnosis.
Conditioning with fludarabine and targeted busulfan for transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Martin Bornhäuser, Barry Storer, John T. Slattery, Frederick R. Appelbaum, H. Joachim Deeg, John Hansen, Paul J. Martin, George B. McDonald, W. Garrett Nichols, Jerald Radich, Ann Woolfrey, Andreas Jenke, Eberhard Schleyer, Christian Thiede, Gerhard Ehninger, Claudio Anasetti
Journal: Blood (2003)
Cbl Suppresses B Cell Receptor–Mediated Phospholipase C (Plc)-γ2 Activation by Regulating B Cell Linker Protein–Plc-γ2 Binding
Authors: Tomoharu Yasuda, Akito Maeda, Mari Kurosaki, Tohru Tezuka, Katsunori Hironaka, Tadashi Yamamoto, Tomohiro Kurosaki
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Accumulating evidence indicates that the Cbl protein plays a negative role in immune receptor signaling; however, the mode of Cbl action in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling still remains unclear. DT40 B cells deficient in Cbl showed enhanced BCR-mediated phospholipase C (PLC)-γ2 activation, thereby leading to increased apoptosis. A possible explanation for the involvement of Cbl in PLC-γ2 activation was provided by findings that Cbl interacts via its Src homology 2 (SH2) domain with B cell linker protein (BLNK) after BCR ligation. BLNK is a critical adaptor molecule for PLC-γ2 tyrosine phosphorylation through its binding to the PLC-γ2 SH2 domains. As a consequence of the interaction between Cbl and BLNK, the BCR-induced recruitment of PLC-γ2 to BLNK and the subsequent PLC-γ2 tyrosine phosphorylation were inhibited. Thus, our data suggest that Cbl negatively regulates the PLC-γ2 pathway by inhibiting the association of PLC-γ2 with BLNK.