tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Marijuana Exposures in a Medical Marijuana State
Authors: George Sam Wang, Genie Roosevelt, Kennon Heard
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

An increasing number of states are decriminalizing the use of medical marijuana, and the effect on the pediatric population has not been evaluated.To compare the proportion of marijuana ingestions by young children who sought care at a children's hospital in Colorado before and after modification of drug enforcement laws in October 2009 regarding medical marijuana possession.Retrospective cohort study from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2011.Tertiary-care children's hospital emergency department in Colorado.A total of 1378 patients younger than 12 years evaluated for unintentional ingestions: 790 patients before September 30, 2009, and 588 patients after October 1, 2009.Marijuana ingestion.Marijuana exposure visits, marijuana source, symptoms, and patient disposition.The proportion of ingestion visits in patients younger than 12 years (age range, 8 months to 12 years)that were related to marijuana exposure increased after September 30, 2009, from 0 of 790 (0%; 95% CI, 0%-0.6%) to 14 of 588 (2.4%; 95% CI, 1.4%-4.0%) (P < .001). Nine patients had lethargy, 1 had ataxia, and 1 had respiratory insufficiency. Eight patients were admitted, 2 to the intensive care unit. Eight of the 14 cases involved medical marijuana, and 7 of these exposures were from food products.We found a new appearance of unintentional marijuana ingestions by young children after modification of drug enforcement laws for marijuana possession in Colorado. The consequences of unintentional marijuana exposure in children should be part of the ongoing debate on legalizing marijuana.
Prostheses, Stents, and Splints for the Oral Cancer Patient
Authors: F. C. Jerbi, W. O. Ramsey, J. B. Drane, P. Margetis, J. P. Lepley, R. A. Goepp, K. L. Pickrell, R. Mladick, H. Berman
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1968)
CD68 acts as a major gateway for malaria sporozoite liver infection
Authors: Sung-Jae Cha, Kiwon Park, Prakash Srinivasan, Christian W. Schindler, Nico van Rooijen, Monique Stins, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2015)

After being delivered by the bite from an infected mosquito, Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood circulation and infect the liver. Previous evidence suggests that Kupffer cells, a macrophage-like component of the liver blood vessel lining, are traversed by sporozoites to initiate liver invasion. However, the molecular determinants of sporozoite–Kupffer cell interactions are unknown. Understanding the molecular basis for this specific recognition may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to control malaria. Using a phage display library screen, we identified a peptide, P39, that strongly binds to the Kupffer cell surface and, importantly, inhibits sporozoite Kupffer cell entry. Furthermore, we determined that P39 binds to CD68, a putative receptor for sporozoite invasion of Kupffer cells that acts as a gateway for malaria infection of the liver.
Effects of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kazunori Nagashima, Carlos Lopez, Daniel Donovan, Colleen Ngai, Nelson Fontanez, André Bensadoun, Jamila Fruchart-Najib, Steve Holleran, Jeffrey S. Cohn, Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan, Henry N. Ginsberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Elevated plasma levels of VLDL triglycerides (TGs) are characteristic of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with increased production rates (PRs) of VLDL TGs and apoB. Lipoprotein lipase–mediated (LPL-mediated) lipolysis of VLDL TGs may also be reduced in T2DM if the level of LPL is decreased and/or the level of plasma apoC-III, an inhibitor of LPL-mediated lipolysis, is increased. We studied the effects of pioglitazone (Pio), a PPARγ agonist that improves insulin sensitivity, on lipoprotein metabolism in patients with T2DM. Pio treatment reduced TG levels by increasing the fractional clearance rate (FCR) of VLDL TGs from the circulation, without changing direct removal of VLDL particles. This indicated increased lipolysis of VLDL TGs during Pio treatment, a mechanism supported by our finding of increased plasma LPL mass and decreased levels of plasma apoC-III. Lower apoC-III levels were due to reduced apoC-III PRs. We saw no effects of Pio on the PR of either VLDL TG or VLDL apoB. Thus, Pio, a PPARγ agonist, reduced VLDL TG levels by increasing LPL mass and inhibiting apoC-III PR. These 2 changes were associated with an increased FCR of VLDL TGs, almost certainly due to increased LPL-mediated lipolysis.
Long-Term Effects of Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Mass Index on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Men
Authors: Duck-chul Lee, Xuemei Sui, Enrique G. Artero, I-Min Lee, Timothy S. Church, Paul A. McAuley, Fatima C. Stanford, Harold W. Kohl, Steven N. Blair
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— The combined associations of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index (BMI) with mortality remain controversial and uncertain. Methods and Results— We examined the independent and combined associations of changes in fitness and BMI with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in 14 345 men (mean age 44 years) with at least 2 medical examinations. Fitness, in metabolic equivalents (METs), was estimated from a maximal treadmill test. BMI was calculated using measured weight and height. Changes in fitness and BMI between the baseline and last examinations over 6.3 years were classified into loss, stable, or gain groups. During 11.4 years of follow-up after the last examination, 914 all-cause and 300 CVD deaths occurred. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all-cause and CVD mortality were 0.70 (0.59–0.83) and 0.73 (0.54–0.98) for stable fitness, and 0.61 (0.51–0.73) and 0.58 (0.42–0.80) for fitness gain, respectively, compared with fitness loss in multivariable analyses including BMI change. Every 1-MET improvement was associated with 15% and 19% lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. BMI change was not associated with all-cause or CVD mortality after adjusting for possible confounders and fitness change. In the combined analyses, men who lost fitness had higher all-cause and CVD mortality risks regardless of BMI change. Conclusions— Maintaining or improving fitness is associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in men. Preventing age-associated fitness loss is important for longevity regardless of BMI change.
Effects of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Cognitive Function in Women
Authors: Meir J. Stampfer, Jae Hee Kang, Jennifer Chen, Rebecca Cherry, Francine Grodstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

The adverse effects of excess alcohol intake on cognitive function are well established, but the effect of moderate consumption is uncertain.Between 1995 and 2001, we evaluated cognitive function in 12,480 participants in the Nurses' Health Study who were 70 to 81 years old, with follow-up assessments in 11,102 two years later. The level of alcohol consumption was ascertained regularly beginning in 1980. We calculated multivariate-adjusted mean cognitive scores and multivariate-adjusted risks of cognitive impairment (defined as the lowest 10 percent of the scores) and a substantial decline in cognitive function over time (defined as a change that was in the worst 10 percent of the distribution of the decline). We also stratified analyses according to the apolipoprotein E genotype in a subgroup of women.After multivariate adjustment, moderate drinkers (those who consumed less than 15.0 g of alcohol per day [about one drink]) had better mean cognitive scores than nondrinkers. Among moderate drinkers, as compared with nondrinkers, the relative risk of impairment was 0.77 on our test of general cognition (95 percent confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.88) and 0.81 on the basis of a global cognitive score combining the results of all tests (95 percent confidence interval, 0.70 to 0.93). The results for cognitive decline were similar; for example, on our test of general cognition, the relative risk of a substantial decline in performance over a two-year period was 0.85 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.98) among moderate drinkers, as compared with nondrinkers. There were no significant associations between higher levels of drinking (15.0 to 30.0 g per day) and the risk of cognitive impairment or decline. There were no significant differences in risks according to the beverage (e.g., wine or beer) and no interaction with the apolipoprotein E genotype.Our data suggest that in women, up to one drink per day does not impair cognitive function and may actually decrease the risk of cognitive decline.
Visualizing How One Brain Understands Another: A PET Study of Theory of Mind
Authors: Chadi Calarge, Nancy C. Andreasen, Daniel S. O’Leary
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2003)

Theory of mind (TOM), or "mentalizing," refers to the ability to attribute mental states to self and others. Inferring what people are thinking and feeling is an important aspect of human social interaction, and it is also an important aspect of both psychiatric diagnosis and treatment. The authors conducted a positron emission tomography (PET) study to examine the neural substrates of TOM, using a task that mimics real-life social interaction.Thirteen healthy volunteers underwent [(15)O]H(2)O PET while performing an experimental task and a control task. During the experimental task they created a "story" about the mental state of a stranger whom they imagined encountering on a park bench. During the control task, they read aloud a story requiring no mental state attribution.The TOM task activated an extensive neural network that included the medial frontal cortex, the superior frontal cortex, the anterior and retrosplenial cingulate, and the anterior temporal pole; most of these activations were limited to the left hemisphere. In addition, the largest activation was in the contralateral right cerebellum, as well as the anterior vermis.A language-based TOM task activated distributed brain regions that are important for representing mental states of the self and others, retrieving memory of personal experiences, and coordinating and monitoring the overall performance of the task. The activations in the medial frontal cortex replicate findings in previous TOM studies, while the activations in the cerebellum reinforce the growing evidence that the cerebellum performs cognitive functions in the human brain.
Mutation of E2F2 in Mice Causes Enhanced T Lymphocyte Proliferation, Leading to the Development of Autoimmunity
Authors: Matilde Murga, Oskar Fernández-Capetillo, Seth J. Field, Bernardino Moreno, Luis R.-Borlado, Yuko Fujiwara, Dimitrios Balomenos, Alberto Vicario, Ana C. Carrera, Stuart H. Orkin, Michael E. Greenberg, Ana M. Zubiaga
Journal: Immunity (2001)
Chemokine Receptor CCR1 But Not CCR5 Mediates Leukocyte Recruitment and Subsequent Renal Fibrosis after Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
Authors: Vaclav Eis, Bruno Luckow, Volker Vielhauer, Jens T. Siveke, Yvonne Linde, Stephan Segerer, Guillermo Perez de Lema, Clemens D. Cohen, Matthias Kretzler, Matthias Mack, Richard Horuk, Philip M. Murphy, Ji-Liang Gao, Kelly L. Hudkins, Charles E. Alpers, Hermann-Josef Gro[Combining Diaeresis]ne, Detlef Schlo[Combining Diaeresis]ndorff, Hans-Joachim Anders
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. As chemokine receptor CCR1 and CCR5 expression on circulating leukocytes is thought to contribute to leukocyte recruitment during renal fibrosis, the authors examined the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice deficient for CCR1 or CCR5. Analysis of UUO kidneys from CCR1-deficient mice revealed a reduction of interstitial macrophages and lymphocytes (35% and 55%, respectively) compared with wild-type controls. CCR1-deficient mice had reduced CCR5 mRNA levels in UUO kidneys, which correlated with a reduction of CCR5+ T cell infiltrate as determined by flow cytometry. Interstitial fibroblasts, renal TGF-β1 mRNA expression, interstitial volume, and collagen I deposits were all significantly reduced in CCR1-deficient mice. In contrast, renal leukocytes and fibrosis were unaffected in CCR5-deficient mice with UUO. However, if treated with the CCR1 antagonist BX471, CCR5-deficient mice showed a similar reduction of renal leukocytes and fibrosis as CCR1-deficient mice. To determine the underlying mechanism labeled macrophages and T cells isolated from either wild-type, CCR1-deficient, or CCR5-deficient mice were injected into wild-type mice with UUO. Three hours later, renal cell recruitment was reduced for CCR1-deficient cells or cells pretreated with BX471 compared with CCR5-deficient or wild-type cells. Thus, CCR1 but not CCR5 is required for leukocyte recruitment and fibrosis after UUO in mice. Therefore, CCR1 is a promising target for therapeutic intervention in leukocyte-mediated fibrotic tissue injury, e.g. progressive renal fibrosis.
Diagnosing Lynch syndrome: is the answer in the mouth?
Authors: H K Roy
Journal: Gut (2003)

Alterations in vascular patterns in the buccal/subgingival mucosa may provide the basis for a non-invasive inexpensive test for recognising hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

Risk stratification is essential for designing efficacious and cost effective colon cancer screening programmes. One of the most important risk factors for colorectal cancers (CRC) is an inherited predisposition, implicated in 20% of all cases.1 The spectrum of genetic susceptibility ranges from the low penetrance mutations that modestly increase the colon cancer risk (for example, I 1307K) to the much more dramatic phenotypes (for example, multiple colonic adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis) that engender an extraordinarily high risk of cancer.2 Lynch syndrome or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a case in point. This autosomal dominant condition results from a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene (most commonly hMLH1 , hMSH2 , and hMSH6 with the rare occurrence in hMLH3 , PMS1 , and PMS2 ).3 Clinically, Lynch syndrome, the most common hereditary disorder predisposing to CRC, is characterised by a greater than 80% lifetime risk of CRC in concert with an excess of several extracolonic cancers namely, endometrial, gastric, pancreatic, small bowel, ovarian, and transitional cell carcinoma of the upper uroepithelial tract (ureter and renal pelvis). Thus diagnosing Lynch syndrome is of considerable importance in order to institute a wide range of cancer surveillance strategies for affected subjects.

However, establishing the diagnosis is challenging and requires both considerable knowledge and vigilance. The potential reasons for overlooking the diagnosis of HNPCC include:



1.  Difficulty in many busy clinical practices of obtaining extended pedigrees necessary for identifying Lynch syndrome.

2.  Inadequate physician awareness of inherited colon cancer syndromes.4

3.  The variable phenotypic expression which may be modulated by both genetic and environmental factors. For instance, we have noted that subjects with hMLH1 mutations have …
Investigation, Treatment, and Monitoring of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in Males: ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA, and ASA Recommendations
Authors: Christina Wang, Eberhard Nieschlag, Ronald Swerdloff, Hermann M. Behre, Wayne J. Hellstrom, Louis J. Gooren, Jean M. Kaufman, Jean-Jacques Legros, Bruno Lunenfeld, Alvaro Morales, John E. Morley, Claude Schulman, Ian M. Thompson, Wolfgang Weidner, Frederick C.W. Wu
Journal: European Urology (2008)
Evaluation of a Diabetes Management System Based on Practice Guidelines, Integrated Care, and Continuous Quality Management in a Federal State of Germany
Authors: Ulrike Rothe, Gabriele Müller, Peter E.H. Schwarz, Martin Seifert, Hildebrand Kunath, Rainer Koch, Sybille Bergmann, Ulrich Julius, Stefan R. Bornstein, Markolf Hanefeld, Jan Schulze
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Saxon Diabetes Management Program (SDMP), which is based on integrated practice guidelines, shared care, and integrated quality management. The SDMP was implemented into diabetes contracts between health insurance providers, general practitioners (GPs), and diabetes specialized practitioners (DSPs) unified in the Saxon association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians.The evaluation of the SDMP in Germany represents a real-world study by using clinical data collected from participating physicians. Between 2000 and 2002 all DSPs and about 75% of the GPs in Saxony participated. Finally, 291,771 patients were included in the SDMP. Cross-sectional data were evaluated at the beginning of 2000 (group A1) and at the end of 2002 (group A2). A subcohort of 105,204 patients was followed over a period of 3 years (group B).The statewide implementation of the SDMP resulted in a change in therapeutic practice and in better cooperation. The median A1C at the time of referral to DSPs decreased from 8.5 to 7.5%, and so did the overall mean. At the end, 78 and 61% of group B achieved the targets for A1C and blood pressure, respectively, recommended by the guidelines compared with 69 and 50% at baseline. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes benefited the most. Preexisting regional differences were aligned.Integrated care disease management with practicable integrated quality management including collaboration between GPs and specialist services is a significant innovation in chronic care management and an efficient way to improve diabetes care continuously.
Aerobic fitness and its relationship to sport, exercise training and habitual physical activity during youth
Authors: Neil Armstrong, Grant Tomkinson, Ulf Ekelund
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Aim To analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. Methods Studies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO 2 ) are reported. Results Peak VO 2 increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO 2 is higher than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO 2 or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO 2 kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO 2 kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO 2 and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO 2 , a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO 2 through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. Conclusions During youth the responses of the components of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness remains to be proven.
Screening Mammography in Women 40 to 49 Years of Age: A Systematic Review for the American College of Physicians
Authors: Katrina Armstrong, Elizabeth Moye, Sankey Williams, Jesse A. Berlin, Eileen E. Reynolds
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Background: The risks and benefits of mammography screening among women 40 to 49 years of age remain an important issue for clinical practice. Purpose: To evaluate the evidence about the risks and benefits of mammography screening for women 40 to 49 years of age. Data Sources: English-language publications in MEDLINE (1966–2005), Pre-MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references of selected studies through May 2005. Study Selection: Previous systematic reviews; randomized, controlled trials; and observational studies. Data Extraction: Two independent reviewers. Data Synthesis: In addition to publications from the original mammography trials, 117 studies were included in the review. Meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials demonstrate a 7% to 23% reduction in breast cancer mortality rates with screening mammography in women 40 to 49 years of age. Screening mammography is associated with an increased risk for mastectomy but a decreased risk for adjuvant chemotherapy and hormone therapy. The risk for death due to breast cancer from the radiation exposure involved in mammography screening is small and is outweighed by a reduction in breast cancer mortality rates from early detection. Rates of false-positive results are high (20% to 56% after 10 mammograms), but false-positive results have little effect on psychological health or subsequent mammography adherence. Although many women report pain at the time of the mammography, few see pain as a deterrent to future screening. Evidence about the effect of negative screening mammography on psychological well-being or the subsequent clinical presentation of breast cancer is insufficient. Limitations: Few randomized, controlled trials assessed the risks of screening, and the literature search was completed in 2005. Conclusions: Although few women 50 years of age or older have risks from mammography that outweigh the benefits, the evidence suggests that more women 40 to 49 years of age have such risks.
Origin and Fate of Pendrin-Positive Intercalated Cells in Developing Mouse Kidney
Authors: Hyun-Kuk Song, Wan-Young Kim, Hyun-Wook Lee, Eun-Young Park, Ki-Hwan Han, Soren Nielsen, Kirsten M. Madsen, Jin Kim
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Pendrin is an apical anion exchanger found in type B and nonA-nonB intercalated cells that is involved in bicarbonate secretion. The purpose of this study was to establish the origin and fate of pendrin-positive intercalated cells in the mouse kidney. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that pendrin-positive cells first appeared in the connecting tubule at embryonic day 14 (E14) and subsequently in the medullary collecting duct at E18. Most of the pendrin-positive cells in the connecting tubule were nonA-nonB intercalated cells, wheras those in the medullary collecting duct were type B intercalated cells. In the cortical collecting duct, pendrin-positive cells appeared in the inner part at day 4 after birth and in the outer part at day 7. Pendrin-positive cells gradually disappeared by apoptosis from the inner part of the medullary collecting duct two weeks after birth. Using 5-bromo-2'deoxy-uridine (BrdU) to follow cell proliferation, we determined that selective proliferation of pendrin-positive intercalated cells does not occur; instead, these cells may arise from undifferentiated precursor cells from separate foci, one in the connecting tubule and one in the collecting duct.