tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is the Third Component of Metabolic Syndrome Really Predictive of Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients?
Authors: Matteo Monami, Lorella Lambertucci, Andrea Ungar, Maria Pieri, Giulio Masotti, Niccolò Marchionni, Edoardo Mannucci
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

he use of the category of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes has been questioned by many authors (1,2).In fact, in most studies performed in the general population, the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of diabetes (3-5) and, to a lesser extent, of cardiovascular disease (6); however, data on the impact of metabolic syndrome on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients are inconclusive (7-11).Some authors found that, in type 2 diabetes, the presence of one further component of metabolic syndrome beyond diabetes confers a risk profile similar to that of full metabolic syndrome (12).Furthermore, the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III definition of metabolic syndrome considers five parameters (fasting hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and high waist circumference) equally relevant for diagnosis, although each one of them is associated to a different extent with insulin resistance (13) and cardiovascular disease (14). RESEARCH DESIGN ANDMETHODS -An observational cohort study was performed on four consecutive series of type 2 diabetic patients resident in the city of Florence, Italy, with elevated blood pressure (sample A), hypertriglyceridemia (sample B), low HDL cholesterol (sample C),
Identification of the Ventricular Tachycardia Isthmus After Infarction by Pace Mapping
Authors: Corinna B. Brunckhorst, Etienne Delacretaz, Kyoko Soejima, William H. Maisel, Peter L. Friedman, William G. Stevenson
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Ventricular tachycardia (VT) isthmuses can be defined by fixed or functional block. During sinus rhythm, pace mapping near the exit of an isthmus should produce a QRS similar to that of VT. Pace mapping at sites proximal to the exit may produce a similar QRS with a longer stimulus-to-QRS interval (S-QRS). The aim of the study was to determine whether a VT isthmus could be identified and followed by pace mapping. Methods and Results— Left ventricular pace mapping during sinus rhythm was performed at 819 sites in 11 patients with VT late after infarction, and corresponding CARTO maps were reconstructed. An isthmus site was defined by entrainment and/or VT termination by ablation. Pace-mapping data were analyzed from the identified isthmus site and from sites at progressively increasing distances from this initial isthmus site. Sites where pace mapping produced the same QRS with different S-QRS delays were identified to attempt to trace the course of the isthmus. In 11 patients, 13 confluent low-voltage infarct regions were present. In all these regions, parts of VT isthmuses were identified by pace mapping. In 11 of 13 of the identified isthmus parts, the QRS morphology of the pace map matched a VT QRS. In 10 of 11 patients, radiofrequency ablation rendered clinical VTs noninducible. Successful ablation sites were localized within an isthmus identified by pace mapping in all of these 10 patients. Conclusions— VT isthmuses can be identified and part of their course delineated by pace mapping during sinus rhythm. This method could help target isthmus sites for ablation during stable sinus rhythm.
Respiratory symptoms of rural Fijian and Indian children in Fiji.
Authors: M G Flynn
Journal: Thorax (1994)

BACKGROUND--Significant ethnic differences exist in the respiratory morbidity of children in the Fiji Islands. Indian children have higher national hospital admission rates for asthma whereas Fijian children have higher admission rates for pneumonia. In Suva City the prevalence of wheeze is similar in Fijian and Indian children, productive cough is more common in Fijians, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness is more common in Indians. This study was undertaken to see whether ethnic differences in national hospital admission rates are reflected in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in rural children. METHODS--A respiratory symptoms questionnaire in three languages with known repeatability was returned by 487 (98.2%) of 496 class 4 primary school children with a mean age of 9.3 years living in Nausori District, an agrarian region with a climate similar to Suva City. RESULTS--The prevalence of one or more episodes of wheezing in the last 12 months was similar in Fijians (19.8%) and Indians (19.4%). However, 8.9% of Indian children had experienced four or more episodes of wheeze in the last 12 months compared with only 2.9% of Fijian children. Productive cough on most mornings occurred more frequently in Fijians (35.8%) than Indians (23.9%), but this difference was not significant after controlling for the presence of a smoker in the home. CONCLUSIONS--This study provides the first evidence that frequent wheeze (four or more episodes in the last 12 months) is more prevalent in Indian than Fijian children. The higher prevalence of productive cough in Fijian children may be related to exposure to smoking in the home.
Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Mobilization Induced by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor After Subacute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Late Revascularization
Authors: Markus G. Engelmann, Hans D. Theiss, Christine Hennig-Theiss, Armin Huber, Bernd J. Wintersperger, Anja-Eva Werle-Ruedinger, Stefan O. Schoenberg, Gerhard Steinbeck, Wolfgang-M. Franz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
The Use of Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) as an Assessment Tool
Authors: Lorna Smith Benjamin, Jeffrey Conrad Rothweiler, Kenneth L. Critchfield
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2006)

Structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) is a model that can be used to assess interpersonal and intrapsychic interactions in terms of three underlying dimensions: (a) focus (other, self, introject), (b) affiliation-hostility (love-hate), and (c) interdependence-independence (enmeshment-differentiation). Assessment of individuals or groups in terms of these dimensions can be made by self-ratings on the SASB Intrex questionnaires, ratings by others using the same questionnaires, or by objective observer ratings. Data generated by questionnaires or formal codes yield identical summary parameters, making it possible to compare directly objective observer assessments with self-ratings, if desired. The goal of this chapter is to help the reader understand the structure of SASB, become aware of how it has been used in studying interpersonal and intrapsychic events, assess its validity, assess the substance and relevance of criticisms, and consider future possibilities.
Breast Cancer Risk Reduction: Strategies for Women at Increased Risk
Authors: Rowan T. Chlebowski
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2002)

▪ Abstract Breast cancer risk reduction now represents an achievable medical objective. Current interventions include selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), prophylactic surgery, and lifestyle change. For SERMs, current evidence supports tamoxifen use for breast cancer risk reduction whereas raloxifene requires further study. Prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy, effective in retrospective clinical experiences, should be considered only for women at substantial risk willing to accept the irreversible consequences of these procedures. Although dietary fat intake is under clinical trial evaluation, lifestyle change, including weight loss, dietary change, and increased physical activity, can be recommended based on other health considerations. Use of any intervention requires careful breast cancer risk assessment, risk-benefit calculations, and informed decision making with full patient participation. Future breast cancer risk assessment may incorporate additional biologic measures of estrogen exposure and/or analyses of collected breast cells. Under active evaluation are novel SERMs, aromatase inhibitors/inactivators, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists, retinoids, statins, and tyrosine kinase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.
Comparison of Treatment Strategies in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Yvonne P.M. Goekoop-Ruiterman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Background: In patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, initial combination therapies provide earlier clinical improvement and less progression of joint damage after 1 year compared with initial monotherapies (as demonstrated in the BeSt study). Objective: To evaluate whether the initial clinical and radiographic efficacy of combination therapies could be maintained during the second year of follow-up in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Design: Randomized, controlled clinical trial with blinded assessors. Setting: 18 peripheral and 2 university medical centers in the Netherlands. Patients: 508 patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis. Intervention: Sequential monotherapy (group 1), step-up combination therapy (group 2), initial combination therapy with tapered high-dose prednisone (group 3), or initial combination therapy with infliximab (group 4). Trimonthly treatment adjustments were made to achieve low disease activity. Measurements: Primary end points were functional ability (Health Assessment Questionnaire) and Sharp–van der Heijde score for radiographic joint damage. Results: Groups 3 and 4 had more rapid clinical improvement during the first year; all groups improved further to a mean functional ability score of 0.6 (overall, P = 0.257) and 42% were in remission (overall, P = 0.690) during the second year. Progression of joint damage remained better suppressed in groups 3 and 4 (median scores of 2.0, 2.0, 1.0, and 1.0 in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively [P = 0.004]). After 2 years, 33%, 31%, 36%, and 53% of patients in groups 1 through 4, respectively, were receiving single-drug therapy for initial treatment. There were no significant differences in toxicity. Limitations: Patients and physicians were aware of the allocated group, and the assessors were blinded. Conclusions: Currently available antirheumatic drugs can be highly effective in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis in a setting of tight disease control. Initial combination therapies seem to provide earlier clinical improvement and less progression of joint damage, but all treatment strategies eventually showed similar clinical improvements. In addition, combination therapy can be withdrawn successfully and less treatment adjustments are needed than with initial monotherapies.
Endothelial Cell Migration During Angiogenesis
Authors: Laurent Lamalice, Fabrice Le Boeuf, Jacques Huot
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Endothelial cell migration is essential to angiogenesis. This motile process is directionally regulated by chemotactic, haptotactic, and mechanotactic stimuli and further involves degradation of the extracellular matrix to enable progression of the migrating cells. It requires the activation of several signaling pathways that converge on cytoskeletal remodeling. Then, it follows a series of events in which the endothelial cells extend, contract, and throw their rear toward the front and progress forward. The aim of this review is to give an integrative view of the signaling mechanisms that govern endothelial cell migration in the context of angiogenesis.
Pre-race testing: general problems
Authors: D. H. Witherington
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1976)

The overall problems associated with pre-race sampling are likely to be fewer where racing is centralised and where special facilities can be concentrated.In the U.K. and other parts of Europe it has been thought that it is on the smaller, country racecourses, rather than at the bigger centres, where malpractices are more likely to occur.These small courses are the very places where pre-race sampling problems will be greatest.
Epicardial–Myocardial Signaling Directing Coronary Vasculogenesis
Authors: Harold E. Olivey, Eric C. Svensson
Journal: Circulation Research (2010)

The establishment of the coronary circulation is critical for the development of the embryonic heart. Over the last several years, there has been tremendous progress in elucidating the pathways that control coronary development. Interestingly, many of the pathways that regulate the development of the coronary vasculature are distinct from those governing vasculogenesis in the rest of the embryo. It is becoming increasingly clear that coronary development depends on a complex communication between the epicardium, the subepicardial mesenchyme, and the myocardium mediated in part by secreted growth factors. This communication coordinates the growth of the myocardium with the formation of the coronary vasculature. This review summarizes our present understanding of the role of these growth factors in the regulation of coronary development. Continued progress in this field holds the potential to lead to novel therapeutics for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease.
LOW PROTEIN DIET AUGMENTS HYPERPROTEINEMIA PRODUCED BY REPEATED INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS PLASMA
Authors: Russell L. Holman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1942)

1. In 4 dogs maintained on a high protein diet (lean meat) repeated intravenous injections of plasma obtained from healthy donor dogs (18 to 24 injections during the course of 3 to 4 weeks, totalling 1595 to 4355 cc.-averaging 1800 cc. when figured on thc basis of a 5 kg. dog) resulted in a mean increase in the plasma protein concentration of 20 per cent (from 7.1 per cent to 8.5 per cent). 2. In 7 dogs maintained on a low protein diet (only 7 per cent of total caloric value derived from protein) almost identical injections of donor's plasma caused an average increase in the plasma protein concentration of 40 per cent (from 6.7 per cent to 9.4 per cent). 3. The albumin:globulin ratio in the group on the low protein diet showed an average fall of 30 per cent (from 1.4 to 0.9) while in the group on the high protein diet the change in this ratio was insignificant (from 1.3 to 1.2). 4. In all dogs in both groups there was a consistent fall in the hematocrit value of about 15 to 20 per cent (from 49 to 40, or 18 per cent) which can be explained in part at least by the increase in plasma volume of about 15 per cent. 5. There were no significant changes in body weight or in plasma N.P.N.
Immunofluorescence of phenobarbital inducible cytochrome P-450 in the hepatic lobule of normal and phenobarbital-treated rats
Authors: Kunihiko Ohnishi, Akihiko Mishima, Kunio Okuda
Journal: Hepatology (1982)

The localization of the form of cytochrome P-450 that is induced by phenobarbital was studied by direct immunofluorescence in the hepatocytes of rats pretreated with phenobarbital in comparison with saline-treated rats. Specific fluorescence was seen in the hepatocyte cytoplasm in saline- and phenobarbital-treated rats; a more concentrated halo of fluorescence was detected surrounding the nuclei in the centrilobular zones after phenobarbital treatment. In the saline-treated rats, fluorescence was barely discernible but slightly more intense in the centrilobular than perilobular zones. In phenobarbital-treated rats, fluorescence was much more intense, with a similar but much greater difference between the centrilobular and perilobular zones. The tissue distribution and induction site of this component of the cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal system may be relevant to the site of drug toxicity and the development of chemical carcinogenesis.
The psychology of folk psychology
Authors: Alvin I. Goldman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993)

Abstract Folk psychology, the naive understanding of mental state concepts, requires a model of how people ascribe mental states to themselves. Competent speakers associate a distinctive memory representation (a category representation, CR) with each mentalistic word in their lexicon. A decision to ascribe such a word to oneself depends on matching to the CR an instance representation (IR) of one's current state. As in visual object recognition, evidence about a CR's content includes the IRs that are or are not available to trigger a match. This poses serious problems for functionalism, the theory-of-mind approach to the meaning of mental terms. A simple functionalist model is inadequate because (1) the relational and subjunctive (what would have happened) information it requires concerning target states is not generally available and (2) it could lead to combinatorial explosion. A modified functionalist model can appeal to qualitative (phenomenological) properties, but the earlier problems still reappear. Qualitative properties are important for sensations, propositional attitudes, and their contents, providing a model that need not refer to functional (causal-relational) properties at all. The introspectionist character of the proposed model does not imply that ascribing mental states to oneself is infallible or complete; nor is the model refuted by empirical research on introspective reports. Empirical research on “theory of mind” does not support any strict version of functionalism but only an understanding of mentalistic words that may depend on phenomenological or experiential qualities.
Effects of <scp>l</scp>-NMMA and Fluid Loading on TNF-induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Dogs
Authors: ZENAIDE M. N. QUEZADO, WAHEEDULLAH KARZAI, ROBERT L. DANNER, BRADLEY D. FREEMAN, LIANG YAN, PETER Q. EICHACKER, STEVEN M. BANKS, J. PERREN COBB, ROBERT E. CUNNION, MARCELO J. N. QUEZADO, JONATHAN E. SEVRANSKY, CHARLES NATANSON
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

We investigated the effects of N(omega)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and fluid loading on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cardiovascular dysfunction in awake dogs. L-NMMA (40 mg x kg(-1) given intravenously over a period of 10 min, and followed by dosing at 40 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 6 h) and TNF (20 or 45 microg x kg(-1) given intravenously for 20 min), given alone or in combination, significantly decreased stroke volume, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and left-ventricular (LV) function plots over a period of 6 h. Of note was that the cardiac-depressant effects of TNF and L-NMMA given together were significantly less than additive. Thus, the combination was beneficial (or significantly less harmful to cardiac performance than expected), possibly because L-NMMA augmented cardiac preload as shown by significant increases in both pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Fluid challenges at 6 h (Ringer's solution at 80 ml x kg(-1) given over a period of 30 min) also significantly increased PCWP and CVP, and abolished the beneficial preload effect of L-NMMA on cardiac performance. Thus, after fluid loading, the cardiac-depressant effects of TNF and L-NMMA given together became equal to the sum of those produced by TNF and L-NMMA given separately. Although L-NMMA significantly decreased serum nitrite/nitrate levels, TNF did not increase these end products of nitric oxide (NO) production relative to controls. Therefore, after preload abnormalities were eliminated with fluid loading, L-NMMA had no beneficial effect on TNF-induced cardiac depression, and TNF did not increase end products of NO production. These findings are not consistent with NO being the mechanism of TNF-induced acute cardiac depression.
Real-time Imaging of Tumor-Cell Shedding and Trafficking in Lymphatic Channels
Authors: Katsuhiro Hayashi, Ping Jiang, Kensuke Yamauchi, Norio Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Katsuro Tomita, A.R. Moossa, Michael Bouvet, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract In the present report, we show real-time imaging of cancer cell trafficking in lymphatic vessels. Cancer cells labeled with both green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the nucleus and red fluorescent protein (RFP) in the cytoplasm or with GFP only or RFP only were injected into the inguinal lymph node of nude mice. The labeled cancer cells trafficked through lymphatic vessels where they were imaged via a skin flap in real time at the cellular level until they entered the axillary lymph node. The bright fluorescence of the cancer cells and the real-time microscopic imaging capability of the Olympus OV100 small-animal imaging system enabled imaging of the trafficking cancer cells in the lymphatics. Using this imaging strategy, two different cancer cell lines, one expressing GFP and the other expressing RFP, were simultaneously injected in the inguinal lymph node. Fluorescence imaging readily distinguished the two color-coded cell lines and their different abilities to survive in the lymphatic system. Using this imaging technology, we also investigated the role of pressure on tumor-cell shedding into lymphatic vessels. Pressure was generated by placing 25- and 250-g weights for 10 s on the bottom surface of a tumor-bearing footpad. Tumor cell fragments, single cells, and emboli shed from the footpad tumor were easily distinguished with the labeled cells and OV100 imaging system. Increasing pressure on the tumor increased the numbers of shed cells, fragments, and emboli. Pressure also deformed the shed emboli, increasing their maximum major axis. Imaging lymphatic trafficking of cancer cells can reveal critical steps of lymph node metastasis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(17):8223–8]
Acid resistant lipase as replacement therapy in chronic pancreatic exocrine insufficiency: a study in dogs.
Authors: S M Griffin, D Alderson, J R Farndon
Journal: Gut (1989)

Conventional treatment of pancreatic steatorrhoea in man has been unsatisfactory because 90% of the lipase content of therapy is inactivated by acid in the stomach and large doses of replacement treatment are needed to provide adequate supplementation. An acid stable agent (fungal lipase) was investigated in the treatment of pancreatic deficiency steatorrhoea in 11 pancreatectomised dogs maintained on a fixed dietary intake of fat and treated with pancreatin or fungal lipase. Ten grams (60,000 U lipase) of pancreatin was compared with 400mg (4800 U lipase) of fungal lipase administered with each meal against a no treatment group. There was no significant difference in stool bulk and faecal fat excretion between pancreatin and lipase treated animals. Both groups showed a significant reduction in stool bulk and fat excretion when compared with the no treatment group (p less than 0.01). A markedly diminished treatment volume, in the form of fungal lipase, is as effective in controlling steatorrhoea as pancreatin and may prove to be a potentially valuable therapy for patients with pancreatic insufficiency.
Neurocognitive Mechanisms in Depression: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Luke Clark, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Barbara J. Sahakian
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2009)

Mood disorders collectively account for a substantial proportion of disease burden across the globe and have a devastating impact on quality of life and occupational function. Here we evaluate recent progress in understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms involved in the manifestation of mood disorders. We focus on four domains of cognitive function that are altered in patients with depression: executive control, memory, affective processing, and feedback sensitivity. These alterations implicate a distributed neural circuit composed of multiple sectors of the prefrontal cortex in interaction with subcortical regions (striatum, thalamus) and temporal lobe structures (amygdala, hippocampus). Affective processing and feedback sensitivity are highly sensitive to serotonergic manipulation and are targeted by antidepressant treatments. By drawing together cognitive, neuroanatomical, and pharmacological tiers of research, we identify treatment targets and directions for future investigation to identify people at risk, minimize relapse, and maximize long-term beneficial outcomes for those suffering from depression.