tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Folic Acid Supplements During Pregnancy and Child Psychomotor Development After the First Year of Life
Authors: Desirée Valera-Gran, Manuela García de la Hera, Eva María Navarrete-Muñoz, Ana Fernandez-Somoano, Adonina Tardón, Jordi Julvez, Joan Forns, Nerea Lertxundi, Jesús María Ibarluzea, Mario Murcia, Marisa Rebagliato, Jesús Vioque
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

IMPORTANCE Folate intake during pregnancy has been associated with improved neuropsychological development in children, although the effects of high dosages of folic acid (FA) supplements are unclear.OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the use of high dosages of FA supplements during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development after the first year of life. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTSThe multicenter prospective mother-child cohort Infancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) Project recruited pregnant women from 4 areas of Spain (Asturias, Sabadell, Gipuzkoa, and Valencia) between November 2003 and January 2008.Pregnant women completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on the usual dietary folate intake and FA supplements at 10 to 13 weeks and 28 to 32 weeks of gestation.The main analyses were based on a sample of 2213 children with complete information on neuropsychological development and FA supplement intake during pregnancy.Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to explore the effects of FA supplements on child neuropsychological development.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Neuropsychological development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.We calculated mental scale and psychomotor scale scores.One SD below the mean established a delay in neurodevelopment (score <85).RESULTS A high proportion of women (57.3%) did not reach the recommended dosages of FA supplements (400 μg/d), but 25.2% women took more than 1000 μg/d of FA supplements (3.5% consuming >5000 μg/d).In multivariate analysis, we observed that children whose mothers used FA supplement dosages higher than 5000 μg/d during pregnancy had a statistically significantly lower mean psychomotor scale score (difference, -4.35 points; 95% CI, -8.34 to -0.36) than children whose mothers used a recommended dosage of FA supplements (400-1000 μg/d).An increased risk of delayed psychomotor development (psychomotor scale score <85) was also evident among children whose mothers took FA supplement dosages higher than 5000 μg/d, although the association was not statistically significant (odds ratio = 1.59; 95% CI, 0.82-3.08). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCETo our knowledge, this is the first time a detrimental effect of high dosages of FA supplements during pregnancy on psychomotor development after the first year of life has been shown.Further research from longitudinal studies is warranted to confirm these results.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Gulli Lindh Muller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

1. Intravenous injections in rabbits of F. Weber Co.'s Drawing Ink gave the following results: (a) With large doses, an outpouring of nucleated red blood cells, in many instances reaching high values (60,000 to 70,000 per c.mm.), accompanied by a slight initial rise of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, followed by a moderate anemia and in one animal, a severe anemia. (b) With smaller doses the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood was correspondingly less, the hemoglobin and erythrocytes increasing above the initial level. This increase was sustained for a considerable time, followed by a decrease to or below the initial level. (c) Pregnancy caused a marked suppression, and, shortly before delivery, a complete suppression of the normoblastosis. Nucleated red blood cells reappeared in the blood after the litter was cast. 2. The filtrate of Weber's Drawing Ink, obtained through a Berkefeld filter W, produced the same effects, somewhat enhanced, as the whole ink. 3. The bone marrow of the animals injected with Weber's ink and the filtrate, both showed a marked erythrocytic hyperplasia, with many open sinuses lined with nucleated red blood cells in all stages of maturation. 4. As the dialysed ink gave practically the same results, and the dialysate proved to be without any effect, the conclusion was drawn that a non-dialysable protective colloid was responsible for the marked stimulation of the hematopoietic organs. 5. The delivery of nucleated erythrocytes was interpreted as due to growth pressure induced by rapidly growing red blood cells as well as intrasinusoidal formation of erythrocytes. Pressure due to rapidly increasing phagocytic cells must also be considered. 6. It is fair to conclude that carbon particles as such stimulate endothelial cells mainly toward clasmatocyte formation without incapacitating the endothelial cells, while colloidal silver apparently had a toxic and incapacitating effect on this system of cells.
Inference of the Phylogenetic Position of Oxymonads Based on Nine Genes: Support for Metamonada and Excavata
Authors: Vladimír Hampl, David S. Horner, Patricia Dyal, Jaroslav Kulda, Jaroslav Flegr, Peter G. Foster, T. Martin Embley
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Circumscribing major eukaryote groups and resolving higher order relationships between them are among the most challenging tasks facing molecular evolutionists. Recently, evidence suggesting a new supergroup (the Excavata) comprising a wide array of flagellates has been collected. This group consists of diplomonads, retortamonads, Carpediemonas, heteroloboseans, Trimastix, jakobids, and Malawimonas, all of which possess a particular type of ventral feeding groove that is proposed to be homologous. Euglenozoans, parabasalids, and oxymonads have also been associated with Excavata as their relationships to one or more core excavate taxa were demonstrated. However, the main barrier to the general acceptance of Excavata is that its existence is founded primarily on cytoskeletal similarities, without consistent support from molecular phylogenetics. In gene trees, Excavata are typically not recovered together. In this paper, we present an analysis of the phylogenetic position of oxymonads (genus Monocercomonoides) based on concatenation of eight protein sequences (alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, gamma-tubulin, EF-1alpha, EF-2, cytosolic (cyt) HSP70, HSP90, and ubiquitin) and 18S rRNA. We demonstrate that the genes are in conflict regarding the position of oxymonads. Concatenation of alpha- and beta-tubulin placed oxymonads in the plant-chromist part of the tree, while the concatenation of other genes recovered a well-supported group of Metamonada (oxymonads, diplomonads, and parabasalids) that branched weakly with euglenozoans--connecting all four excavates included in the analyses and thus providing conditional support for the existence of Excavata.
Bone Age Corresponds With Chronological Age at Type 1 Diabetes Onset in Youth
Authors: Anissa Messaaoui, Harry Dorchy
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To our knowledge, only two controversial articles have reported the study of bone age at diagnosis in diabetic children. The aim of this study was to compare chronological age with bone age and to evaluate the impact of A1C on bone age in children at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 496 diabetic children, height was measured at diagnosis and height SD score was calculated using the British 1990 growth reference. Bone age was determined according to the Greulich and Pyle method, and A1C levels were measured. RESULTS Participants' height was normal for age and sex. No significant differences were found between chronological age and bone age, and there was no correlation between Δ (bone age − chronological age) and A1C. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that height and bone maturation among diabetic children are normal for age and sex and independent of A1C at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the general population of Spain: results from a national survey
Authors: L Carmona
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> The objective of the EPISER study was to estimate the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), low back pain, hand and knee osteoarthritis (OA), and fibromyalgia in the adult Spanish population, and to assess the impact of these diseases on function and quality of life, and use of health and social resources. <h3>METHODS</h3> 2998 subjects aged 20 years or above were randomly selected by stratified multistage cluster sampling from the censuses of 20 municipalities. Trained rheumatologists carried out structured visits at which subjects were asked about rheumatic symptoms and sociodemographic characteristics, completed validated instruments for measuring function (HAQ) and quality of life (SF-12), and underwent a standardised physical examination. Cases were defined by previously validated criteria. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The estimated prevalences with 95% confidence intervals were as follows: RA lifetime cumulative: 0.5% (0.3 to 0.9); low back pain: 14.8% (12.2 to 17.4); symptomatic knee OA: 10.2% (8.5 to 11.9); hand OA: 6.2% (5.9 to 6.5); fibromyalgia: 2.4% (1.5 to 3.2). Most conditions significantly impaired function and quality of life. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The EPISER study has internal and external validity for application of the results to the adult Spanish population. The diseases studied affect a significant proportion of the population, with various degrees of impact on disability and quality of life resulting in a significant number of physician visits, work disability, and medication use.
Effect of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Muscle Sympathetic Activity and Its Reflex Control in Human Heart Failure
Authors: Beth L. Abramson, Shin-ichi Ando, Catherine F. Notarius, Gerard A. Rongen, John S. Floras
Journal: Circulation (1999)

The purpose of this study was to determine if atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exerts a relative inhibitory effect on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at rest and during nonhypotensive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in heart failure, as in healthy subjects.Fifteen men (age 39+/-2 years [mean+/-SE]) with dilated cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction 18+/-3%) received intravenous ANP (50 microgram bolus, then 50 ng. kg-1. min-1) and nitroglycerin (NTG, 8 mg/min) as a hemodynamic control. During each infusion MSNA, blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before and during LBNP at -6 and -12 mm Hg. NTG and ANP caused similar and significant reductions in CVP and diastolic BP, but resting MSNA did not increase with either infusion. LBNP at -6 mm Hg lowered CVP (P<0.05), whereas LBNP at -12 mm Hg caused significant reductions in CVP, systolic BP, and diastolic BP. These effects of nonhypotensive and hypotensive LBNP on CVP and BP were similar during ANP and NTG infusions, yet MSNA was lower both before and with LBNP during ANP (P<0.02). Nonhypotensive LBNP increased MSNA during NTG (+133+/-68 Units; P<0.001) but not during ANP infusion (+24+/-23 Units; P=NS).These observations are consistent with the concept that ANP exerts a sympathoinhibitory action in heart failure. This is most evident in response to reductions in atrial pressures that do not affect systemic BP.
Molecular diagnosis and individual target therapy: Detecting EGFR mutations in NSCLC by immunohistochemistry with antibodies
Authors: Jian Yu, Jiong Wu, Susan Kane, Daiqiang Li, Xinmin Zhou, Cynthia Reeves, Katie Crosby, Herbert Haack, Bradly Smith, Tinglei Gu, Roberto Polakiewicz, Michael Comb
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

B2    Background:  NSCLC patients carrying the somatic mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to be hyperresponsive to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Gefitinib and Erlotinib. The most common NSCLC associated EGFR mutations are the in-frame deletion in exon 19 (E746_A750del) and the point mutation in exon 21 (L858R), accounting for 85-90% EGFR mutations. The ability to detect mutated gene products in cancer cells can identify patients most likely benefit from such therapies.   Methods:  We generated rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RmAb) against EGFR with E746-A750 deletions and L858R point mutation. We tested the antibodies by Western blot, Immunofluorescence (IF) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, we tested these antibodies on 40 molecularly pre-typed tumors by IHC. Finally, we used a panel of four antibodies (two mutant antibodies, a total EGFR antibody, and a pan-keratin antibody) to screen 340 cases of tumor samples with unknown genotype by IHC.   Results:  The results from Western blot, IF, and IHC confirmed that these antibodies could specifically detect the mutant EGFR proteins. IHC data from 40 molecular pre-typed samples perfectly matched the result from DNA sequencing. In those 340 cases of tumor samples, 28 cases were stained positive by L858R antibody and 24 cases were stained positive by EGFR deletion antibody. The positive rate by both antibodies is 15.3%. The DNA from all IHC positive samples and negative adenocarcinoma samples were sent for DNA sequencing. The sensitivity of these mutant specific antibodies is 92.5% and the specificity is 95.8%. In addition, some tumor samples positive for EGFR mutation by IHC and Mass Spec based DNA sequencing were negative by direct DNA sequencing due to low percentage of cancer cells.   Conclusions:  The IHC combined mutant EGFR specific antibodies and total EGFR antibody can be used to detect the EGFR mutations and measure the expression level of total EGFR protein in tumors. In addition, this assay enables us to examine paraffin blocks from small biopsy samples, which are difficult to extract enough high quality DNA for sequencing. This IHC assay has the potential to be developed for use to screen lung cancer patients for the treatment with EGFR kinase inhibitors in a clinical setting.
Detection of the human T cell lymphoma virus p19 in cells of some patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma and leukemia using a monoclonal antibody.
Authors: M Robert-Guroff, F W Ruscetti, L E Posner, B J Poiesz, R C Gallo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

A monoclonal antibody specific for the internal p19 protein of a type-C retrovirus (HTLV) isolated from human neoplastic T cells has been developed. Its specificity has been shown by radioimmune precipitation and by affinity chromatography of iodinated HTLV proteins. By indirect immune fluorescence this antibody recognizes only HTLV-producing cells. Examination of cells from patients with cutaneous T cell lymphomas and leukemias and with other types of lymphomas and leukemias indicated that HTLV p19 expression is rare. The monoclonal antibody will be useful in determining the natural reservoir of HTLV, possibly in a subset of mature T cell neoplasias.
Recovery From Fixed Pupils Following Acute Subdural Hematoma
Authors: M. Seth Hochman
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The development of fixed pupils following transtentorial herniation is such an ominous prognostic sign that only rarely have reports appeared that cite recovery from it. In 1970 Brendler and Selverstone<sup>1</sup>described nine cases of recovery from decerebration and fixed pupils secondary to expanding supratentorial mass lesions, approximately 50% of which were postoperative hematomas. This report describes another case in which recovery followed an acute traumatic subdural hematoma. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 49-year-old alcoholic staggered into the emergency room intoxicated. He had a laceration over the right eye. His vital signs were normal, and the patient was oriented. The pupils were equal, round, and reactive; reflexes were symmetrical. The gait was unsteady. Skull x-ray films were normal. The pineal was not adequately visualized to determine shift. The patient was admitted to the special care unit, where five hours after admission, he was observed by the nurse
Stability of factor VIII concentrates after reconstitution
Authors: Sam Schulman, Sanford Gitel, Uri Martinowitz
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract Adjusted‐dose continuous infusion of factor VIII (FVIII) has recently been shown to reduce the doses of the factor in patients undergoing surgery by 50‐75%. The main limitation of this method has been the instability of factor concentrates. All manufacturers are recommending infusion of the concentrate within hours after reconstitution. We studied the stability of 15 different lyophillzed F VIII products. Reconstituted samples were stored for periods of 4, 24, and 72 hr and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks at temperatures of WC, 20‐23°C, and 37°C in their original glass containers and in plastic tubes and then frozen. Assays were performed in duplicate, using a one‐stage clotting method and a chromoge nlc assay for F VIII, wlth all samples from a single concentrate In the same run. Activation of the coagulation factor occurred In some concentrates, more often at 44°C than at 20‐23°C or 3PC. The stability of all products was substantially better than that declared by the manufacturers. Several concentrates maintained factor activities above 80% of baseline for the entlre period of 4 weeks at 44°C or at 20‐23°C. The results demonstrate that many of the F VIII concentrates may be used for continuous infusion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leukotriene A4 Signaling, Inflammation, and Cancer
Authors: R. N. DuBois
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Chen et al. report in this issue of the Journal that leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) was overexpressed in 10 rat esophageal adenocarcinomas compared with matched normal tissue samples (1). They also report that LTA4H was expressed in infiltrating inflammatory cells and in the columnar cells in human esophageal adenocarcinomas. Bestatin, an LTA4H inhibitor, reduced the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas by approximately 30% in a rat esophageal carcinoma model. On the basis of these findings, the authors conclude that LTA4H overexpression appears to be an early event in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis and is a potential target for the prevention of esophageal cancer. Chen et al. had previously reported that LTA4H was overexpressed in both human and rat esophageal adenocarcinomas (2). The current results are not too surprising in light of previously published data by this group indicating that nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, also decreased tumor incidence in this same rat model (3). Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, however, were also effective in reducing the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinomas. Thus, the current study by Chen et al. (1) is a follow-up study evaluating more samples and using an LTA4H inhibitor in vivo. Others (4) have previously reported that LTA4H (also known as Grp94) is overexpressed in lung cancer. About a decade ago, this gene was shown to be overexpressed in a rat kidney fibroblast cell line transformed by v-Ki-ras (5), indicating its potential link to cell transformation. It is generally agreed that chronic tissue inflammation leads to an increase in the risk for the development of cancer (6). After tissue damage or injury, a multifactorial network of molecular signals initiates and maintains a host response. This response involves the activation and directed migration of immune cells. Diseases involving inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, such as chronic viral hepatitis, ulcerative colitis, and Barrett’s esophagus, lead to an increased risk of cancer in the corresponding site (7,8). Many of the specific mediators associated with chronic inflammation that increase cancer risks have yet to be completely elucidated. However, eicosanoids, such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, that are bioactive lipid products of arachidonic acid metabolism are mediators of inflammation and have been linked to carcinogenesis (9). The two main pathways for arachidonic acid metabolism involve cyclooxygenases or lipoxygenases. The role of the cyclooxygenase pathway has been reviewed elsewhere (10–12). The precise role of the lipoxygenase pathway in cancer is less clear; however, a convincing story is developing (9). Leukotrienes, such as LTA4 and LTB4, are made predominantly by inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leuko-
Randomised controlled trial of rehabilitation in chronic respiratory disability.
Authors: A E Cockcroft, M J Saunders, G Berry
Journal: Thorax (1981)

A randomised controlled study of the effects of exercise training in 39 patients with chronic respiratory disability was performed. Exercise training began with six weeks in a rehabilitation centre and was continued at home. The original control group attended the rehabilitation centre after the controlled part of the study. The treated group experienced subjective benefit from rehabilitation. The 12-minute walking distance increased on average from 523 m to 643 m in the treatment group and from 564 m to 607 m in the control group. The treatment effect of 77 m (SE 33 m) was significant at the 5% level. Treadmill exercise performance changed little and resting lung function was unaltered after rehabilitation. The treatment group maintained most of their improvement seven months later and the original control subjects improved after their rehabilitation. The study confirms the beneficial effects of exercise training in the chronically breathless and it suggests that the 12-minute walking distance is a useful index of changes in everyday exercise tolerance.
Natural Selection and Man's Relative Hairlessness
Authors: Ashley Montagu
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE ORDER of mammals to which man belongs, the Primates, has well over 600 species, all of which are well endowed with body hair. Man's relative hairlessness (glabrousness) stands in marked contrast with the thick pelage which usually covers the bodies of all other primates, especially those of man's nearest relations, the great apes. The reduction of body hair in man almost certainly followed upon adoption of the erect posture and the new way of life which resulted from the increasing dessication of the hominid homeland—Africa south of the Sahara. Climatic changes transformed forested woodlands into open plains with low vegetation, savannas. It was not that man's progenitors abandoned the trees, but that the trees abandoned them. Life on the savannas presents very different challenges from those to which forest dwellers are accustomed. Forest dwellers are herbivorous in their diet. The savannas are not sufficiently vegetated to maintain all animals on a vegetarian diet, and all