tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation
Authors: Koichi Urata, Seiji Kawasaki, Hidetoshi Matsunami, Yasuhiko Hashikura, Toshihiko Ikegami, Shinpachi Ishizone, Yoshitaka Momose, Atsushi Komiyama, Masatoshi Makuuchi
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Despite refinements in surgical techniques for liver transplantation, liver size disparity remains one of the most common problems in pediatric patients. Optimal liver graft size remains unknown and the volume of diseased liver in the recipient is not indicative of the volume (standard liver volume [LV]) optimal for the recipient's metabolic demands. To establish a formula for calculating the standard LV in the pediatric and adult populations for liver transplantation, whole LVs were measured using computed tomography (CT) in 96 patients (65 pediatric and 31 adolescent or adult subjects) with normal liver whose disease conditions did not seem to affect body weight (BW) or LV. In the 96 subjects, the ratio of estimated LV to BW decreased gradually as age increased until approximately 16 years, when it started to level off. On the other hand, there seemed to be a directly proportional relationship between the estimated LV in vivo and body surface area (BSA) (r = .981; r2 = .962; P < .0001) in the subjects as a whole, and the formula, LV (mL) = 706.2 x BSA (m2) + 2.4, was established from the measured data by simple regression analysis. Another predicting equation, LV (mL) = 2.223 x BW (kg)0.426 x body height (BH) (cm)0.682, was produced by multiple regression analysis (r2 = .969; P < .0001). Considering its simplicity of use, we adopted the first formula for predicting standard LV in an individual patient.
Upper airways obstruction
Authors: Evan L Lloyd
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

The tongue falling backwards and blocking the nasopharynx is the commonest cause of upper airway obstruction. However, it may be due to blood, vomit, oedema, or trauma. The mouth should be inspected and any foreign material removed manually or by suction.

There are three manoeuvres to improve upper airway obstruction.



1.  Head tilt. The neck is extended as far as possible using one hand.

2.  Chin lift. The centre of the chin is pulled forward using the other hand.

3.  Jaw thrust. The angle of the jaw is located. The index and other fingers are placed on both sides, between the angle of the jaw and the ear, and the jaw pulled forward (fig 1).





 Figure 1  




There is always a worry about manipulation …
Engraftment of gene–modified umbilical cord blood cells in neonates with adenosine deaminase deficiency
Authors: Donald B. Kohn, Kenneth I. Weinberg, Jan A. Nolta, Linda N. Heiss, Carl Lenarsky, Gay M. Crooks, Mary E. Hanley, Geralyn Annett, Judith S. Brooks, Anthony El-Khoureiy, Kim Lawrence, Susie Wells, Robert C. Moen, John Bastian, Debora E. Williams-Herman, Melissa Elder, Diane Wara, Thomas Bowen, Michael S. Hershfield, Craig A. Mullen, R. Michael Blaese, Robertson Parkman
Journal: Nature Medicine (1995)
Interleukin-10 levels are often elevated in serum of adults with Hodgkin's disease and are associated with inferior failure-free survival
Authors: A.H. Sarris, K.-O. Kliche, P. Pethambaram, A. Preti, S. Tucker, C. Jackow, O. Messina, W. Pugh, F.B. Hagemeister, P. McLaughlin, M.-A. Rodriguez, J. Romaguera, H. Fritsche, T. Witzig, M. Duvic, M. Andreeff, F. Cabanillas
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)
Prevalence of Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation in Adults
Authors: Alan S. Go, Elaine M. Hylek, Kathleen A. Phillips, YuChiao Chang, Lori E. Henault, Joe V. Selby, Daniel E. Singer
Journal: JAMA (2001)

TRIAL FIBRILLATION IS THE most common clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia.It is also a potent risk factor for ischemic stroke, increasing the risk of stroke 5-fold and accounting for approximately 15% of all strokes nationally. 1 Symptomatic atrial fibrillation may also reduce quality of life, functional status, and cardiac performance. 2It is associated with higher medical costs as well as an increased risk of death. 3Specifying the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the United States has important implications for understanding the population burden of disability and medical costs associated with this arrhythmia.][8] Overall, these limitations may reduce the generalizability of prior studies' results to current populations.We assembled a contemporary cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation to provide age-, sex-, and race-specific
Bronchial Challenge Tests in Patients with Asthma Sensitized to Cats
Authors: Florence Lieutier-Colas, Ashok Purohit, Pierre Meyer, Jean-François Fabries, Marie-Christine Kopferschmitt, Jean-François Dessanges, Gabrielle Pauli, Frédéric de Blay
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Our aim was to compare bronchial responses to major cat allergen (Fel d 1) in individuals with intermittent asthma sensitized to cats (19 subjects) according to the droplet particle size. We used three nebulizers, which delivered particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 1.4, 4.8, and 10.3 microm. A dosimeter nebulizer was used. The cat allergen was diluted to obtain the same amount of Fel d 1 per puff with each nebulizer. Each patient underwent three methacholine bronchial challenge tests (BCT), each followed 24 hours later by a cat allergen BCT, each performed with a different nebulizer (randomly selected each time, with patient and tester always blinded). Subjects did not differ for methacholine responsiveness, FEV1, mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75), PEF, or dyspnea (Borg scale) before any of the three cat BCTs. Cat allergen PD20 was 271 ng of Fel d 1 with the 1.4 microm nebulizer, 46 ng with the 4.8 microm nebulizer, and 13.5 ng with the 10.3 microm nebulizer (p = 0.00001). Inhalation of small particles (1.4 microm) resulted in significantly lower FEF25-75 24 hours after provocation than large particles did. In conclusion, immediate bronchial response appears to be localized in large airways, and the use of large particles is more appropriate for cat allergen BCTs.
Reevaluation of reserpine-induced suppression of contact sensitivity. Evidence that reserpine interferes with T lymphocyte function independently of an effect on mast cells.
Authors: Y A Mekori, G L Weitzman, S J Galli
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

It has been suggested that reserpine blocks expression of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by depleting tissue mast cells of serotonin (5-HT), thereby preventing a T cell-dependent release of mast cell 5-HT necessary to localize and to amplify the DH response. However, reserpine blocks expression of DH in mast cell-deficient mice. We therefore decided to reevaluate the mechanism by which reserpine abrogates expression of cellular immunity, and investigated whether the drug might interfere with T cell activity in vitro or in vivo. At concentrations as low as 4 microM, reserpine profoundly suppressed baseline or antigen-augmented levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation by immune lymph node cells obtained from mice sensitized to the contactant oxazolone [I-LNC(Ox)]. This effect was observed both with I-LNC derived from normal mice and with I-LNC derived from congenitally mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice, cell preparations that lacked detectable mast cells, histamine, and 5-HT. Furthermore, treatment of I-LNC with reserpine (20 microM) for 1 h in vitro virtually abolished the ability of these cells to transfer CS to naive mice. This was not a cytolytic effect, as the viability of the I-LNC treated with reserpine was not affected, and washing of the reserpine-treated I-LNC before transfer fully restored their ability to orchestrate a CS response. The action of the drug was not mediated by an effect on mast cells, since the experiment could be performed using mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice as both donors and recipients of I-LNC. In addition, the effect was specific for the treated cells: mice that received reserpine-treated I-LNC(Ox) intravenously together with untreated I-LNC(DNFB) did not develop CS to Ox but responded normally to DNFB; and local intradermal injection of reserpine-treated I-LNC(Ox) which failed to transfer reactivity to Ox, did not interfere with the development of CS to DNFB at the same site. Finally, cotransfer experiments indicated that the effect of reserpine on the transfer of CS was not due to activation of suppressor cells. Our findings strongly suggest that whatever effects reserpine might have on immunologically nonspecific host cells, the drug's effects on sensitized T cells are sufficient to explain its ability to block cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.
The Importance of Hormesis to Public Health
Authors: Ralph Cook, Edward J. Calabrese
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

BackgroundHormesis is a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response whose occurrence has been documented across a broad range of biological models, diverse types of exposure, and a variety of outcomes. The effects that occur at various points along this curve can be interpreted as beneficial or detrimental, depending on the biological or ecologic context in which they occur.ObjectiveBecause hormesis appears to be a relatively common phenomenon that has not yet been incorporated into regulatory practice, the objective of this commentary is to explore some of its more obvious public health and risk assessment implications, with particular reference to issues raised recently within this journal by other authors.DiscussionHormesis appears to be more common than dose–response curves that are currently used in the risk assessment process [e.g., linear no-threshold (LNT)]. Although a number of mechanisms have been identified that explain many hormetic dose–response relationships, better understanding of this phenomenon will likely lead to different strategies not only for the prevention and treatment of disease but also for the promotion of improved public health as it relates to both specific and more holistic health outcomes.ConclusionsWe believe that ignoring hormesis is poor policy because it ignores knowledge that could be used to improve public health.
Increased Ambulatory Care Copayments and Hospitalizations among the Elderly
Authors: Amal N. Trivedi, Husein Moloo, Vincent Mor
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

When copayments for ambulatory care are increased, elderly patients may forgo important outpatient care, leading to increased use of hospital care.We compared longitudinal changes in the use of outpatient and inpatient care between enrollees in Medicare plans that increased copayments for ambulatory care and enrollees in matched control plans--similar plans that made no changes in these copayments. The study population included 899,060 beneficiaries enrolled in 36 Medicare plans during the period from 2001 through 2006.In plans that increased copayments for ambulatory care, mean copayments nearly doubled for both primary care ($7.38 to $14.38) and specialty care ($12.66 to $22.05). In control plans, mean copayments for primary care and specialty care remained unchanged at $8.33 and $11.38, respectively. In the year after the rise in copayments, plans that increased cost sharing had 19.8 fewer annual outpatient visits per 100 enrollees (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.6 to 23.1), 2.2 additional annual hospital admissions per 100 enrollees (95% CI, 1.8 to 2.6), 13.4 more annual inpatient days per 100 enrollees (95% CI, 10.2 to 16.6), and an increase of 0.7 percentage points in the proportion of enrollees who were hospitalized (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.95), as compared with concurrent trends in control plans. These estimates were consistent among a cohort of continuously enrolled beneficiaries. The effects of increases in copayments for ambulatory care were magnified among enrollees living in areas of lower income and education and among enrollees who had hypertension, diabetes, or a history of myocardial infarction.Raising cost sharing for ambulatory care among elderly patients may have adverse health consequences and may increase total spending on health care.
Early Murine Cytomegalovirus (MCMV) Infection Induces Liver Natural Killer (NK) Cell Inflammation and Protection Through Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α (MIP-1α)–dependent Pathways
Authors: Thais P. Salazar-Mather, Jordan S. Orange, Christine A. Biron
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Natural killer (NK) cells mediate defense against early murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections in liver. The chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), can promote inflammatory responses. Our studies evaluated contributions of NK cells to early MCMV-induced liver inflammation and MIP-1α requirements for inflammation and delivery of antiviral defenses. NK cells were shown to be responsible for focal inflammation, and to be induced to migrate at high levels, in MCMV-infected livers. MIP-1α gene expression was elevated at coinciding times, and mice deficient in MIP-1α function were dramatically inhibited in both inflammatory and protective liver responses. The results precisely define MIP-1α–dependent steps required to achieve NK cell inflammation during, and mechanisms promoting defense against, viral infections in tissues.
Monitoring of surface mitochondrial nadh levels as an indication of ischemia during liver isograft transplantation
Authors: Maureen S. Thorniley, Sandra Simpkin, Barry Fuller, Mandana Z. Jenabzadeh, Colin J. Green
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of transplant dysfunction. One feature of this damage is mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine whether surface fluorometric measurements of mitochondrial NADH can be made, and if the technique can detect differences in mitochondrial respiration between minimally stored 1 to 2 degrees C for 25 minutes (group 1, control) transplanted livers and those stored in hypertonic citrate at 1 to 2 degrees C (group 2) for 24 hours before transplantation. Measurements were made in livers isografted in 20 male Lewis rats. The technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect increased (nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) during dissection of hepatic vessels before ligation 0.52 +/- 0.04 (n = 14, P < .03) compared with the in situ exposed liver, 0.43 +/- 0.02 n = 14). Complete hepatic ligation resulted in a significant increase in NADH (1.22 +/- 0.10, n = 14), P < .0001) compared with hepatic artery ligation, which did not increase NADH levels. After storage, NADH levels increased (P < .02) but there was no significant difference between groups. In group 1, completion of portal vein (PV), suprahepatic vena cava (SVC), and descending vena cava anastomoses resulted in decreased NADH levels toward those after preparation of the vessels before ligation. However, there was a significant difference (P < .004) between the 25-minute and the 24-hour stored livers, 0.56 +/- 0.07 versus 0.23 +/- 0.04, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Infancy-Onset Dietary Counseling of Low-Saturated-Fat Diet Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Adolescents 15–20 Years of Age
Authors: Olli Oranta, Katja Pahkala, Soile Ruottinen, Harri Niinikoski, Hanna Lagström, Jorma S.A. Viikari, Antti Jula, Britt-Marie Loo, Olli Simell, Tapani Rönnemaa, Olli T. Raitakari
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

OBJECTIVE We reported previously that low-saturated-fat dietary counseling started in infancy improves insulin sensitivity in healthy children 9 years of age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lifelong dietary counseling on insulin sensitivity in healthy adolescents between 15 and 20 years of age. In addition, we examined dietary fiber intake and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) + monounsaturated (MUFA)-to-saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio in the intervention and control adolescents and the association of these dietary factors with homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study comprised adolescents participating in the randomized, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) study, which aims to guide the study participants toward a diet beneficial for cardiovascular health. HOMA-IR was assessed annually between 15 and 20 years of age (n = 518; intervention, n = 245; control, n = 273), along with diet, BMI, pubertal status, serum cotinine concentrations, and physical activity. Dietary counseling was given biannually during the follow-up. RESULTS HOMA-IR was lower (7.5% on average) in the intervention group than in the control group between 15 and 20 years of age (P = 0.0051). The intervention effect was similar in girls and boys. The PUFA+MUFA-to-SFA ratio was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and the dietary fiber (g/MJ) intake was higher (P = 0.0058) in the intervention group compared with the control group. There was no association between the PUFA+MUFA-to-/SFA ratio and HOMA-IR, whereas dietary fiber intake (g/MJ) was associated with HOMA-IR in girls (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary counseling initiated in infancy and maintained until 20 years of age was associated with improved insulin sensitivity in adolescents.
Effects of blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular risk according to baseline body-mass index: a meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: L. Agodoa, R. Estacio, R. Schrier, J. Lubsen, J. Chalmers, J. Cutler, B. Davis, L. Wing, N. R. Poulter, P. Sever, G. Remuzzi, P. Ruggenenti, Steven Nissen, L. H. Lindholm, T. Fukui, T. Ogihara, T. Saruta, H. Black, P. Sleight, M. Lievre, H. Suzuki, K. Fox, L. Lisheng, T. Ohkubo, Y. Imai, S. Yusuf, C. J. Bulpitt, E. Lewis, M. Brown, C. Palmer, J. Wang, C. Pepine, M. Ishii, Y. Yui, K. Kuramoto, M. Pfeff Er, F. W. Asselbergs, W. H. Van Gilst, B. Byington, B. Pitt, B. Brenner, W. J. Remme, D. De Zeeuw, Mahboob Rahman, G. Viberti, K. Teo, A. Zanchetti, E. Malacco, G. Mancia, J. Staessen, R. Fagard, R. Holman, L. Hansson, J. Kostis, Y. Kanno, S. Lueders, M. Matsuzaki, P. Poole-Wilson, J. Schrader, K. Rahimi, C. Anderson, N. Chapman, R. Collins, S. MacMahon, B. Neal, A. Rodgers, P. Whelton, M. Woodward
Journal: The Lancet (2014)
Induction of Renal Endonuclease G by Cisplatin Is Reduced in DNase I-Deficient Mice
Authors: Xiaoyan Yin, Eugene O. Apostolov, Sudhir V. Shah, Xiaoying Wang, Konstantin V. Bogdanov, Timea Buzder, Anna G. Stewart, Alexei G. Basnakian
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Nephrotoxicity from the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is associated with DNA fragmentation and cell death. We have recently demonstrated that DNase I knockout mice are significantly protected against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, but it is unknown whether the DNA fragmentation that occurs is produced
Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated siRNA Delivery
Authors: John-Michael Williford, Juan Wu, Yong Ren, Maani M. Archang, Kam W. Leong, Hai-Quan Mao
Journal: Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering (2014)

Inhibiting specific gene expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) offers a new therapeutic strategy to tackle many diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and viral infections, at the molecular level. The macromolecular and polar nature of siRNA hinders its cellular access to exert its effect. Nanoparticulate delivery systems can promote efficient intracellular delivery. Despite showing promise in many preclinical studies and potential in some clinical trials, siRNA has poor delivery efficiency, which continues to demand innovations, from carrier design to formulation, in order to overcome transport barriers. Previous findings for optimal plasmid DNA delivery cannot be generalized to siRNA delivery owing to significant discrepancy in size and subtle differences in chain flexibility between the two types of nucleic acids. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in improving the stability of siRNA nanoparticles, understanding their intracellular trafficking and release mechanisms, and applying judiciously the promising formulations to disease models.
Generation of diffuse large B cell lymphoma-associated antigen-specific Vα6/Vβ13+T cells by TCR gene transfer
Authors: Qingsong Yin, Xianfeng Zha, Lijian Yang, Shaohua Chen, Yubing Zhou, Xiuli Wu, Yangqiu Li
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2011)

Abstract Background Our previous study had amplified antigen-specific full-length TCR α and β genes of clonally expanded T cells in the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) genes endows T cells with new antigen specificity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to generate diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)-specific T cells by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer. Materials and methods Two different eukaryotic expression plasmids harboring TCR Vα6 and TCR Vβ13 genes specific for DLBCL-associated antigens were constructed and subsequently transferred into human T cells using Nucleofector™ technique. The expression of targeted genes in TCR gene-modified cells was detected by real-time PCR, and western blot using TCR Vβ antibody. The specific cytotoxicity of TCR gene-transferred T cells in vitro was estimated using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Results Two different eukaryotic expression plasmids harboring TCR Vα6 and TCR Vβ13 genes specific for DLBCL-associated antigens were constructed and subsequently transferred into T cells from healthy donors. Specific anti-DLBCL cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) could be induced by transduction of specific TCR gene to modify healthy T cells. The transgene cassette of TCR Vβ13-IRES-TCR Vα6 was superior to the other in the function of TCR-redirected T cells. Conclusions Specific anti-DLBCL cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) could be inducted by transduction of specific TCR gene to modify healthy T cells.
Flotillin-dependent endocytosis and a phagocytosis-like mechanism for cellular internalization of disulfide-based poly(amido amine)/DNA polyplexes
Authors: Dries Vercauteren, Martin Piest, Leonardus J. van der Aa, Monerah Al Soraj, Arwyn T. Jones, Johan F.J. Engbersen, Stefaan C. De Smedt, Kevin Braeckmans
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Requirement for persistent extracellular antigen in cultures of antigen-binding B lymphocytes.
Authors: B L Pike, G J Nossal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

A system was established to assess the requirement for continuous presence of antigen in B-lymphocyte activation to antibody formation. Mouse spleen B lymphocytes, enriched for cells bearing anti-NIP (hapten 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid) receptors, were pretreated briefly with NIP-POL (polymerized flagellin) antigen, washed, and added in small numbers to microcultures. The behaviour of these cells was compared with that of cells cultured in the continuous presence of antigen. Unfractionated spleen cells were studied under similar conditions. In contrast to unfractionated cells, enriched cells could not be triggered effectively by brief contact with antigen at any concentration tested. Fewer cells were activated, and clone size was smaller after brief contact with antigen than when antigen was present continuously. Furthermore, brief contact at high concentration did not cause tolerance induction.