tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Does removal of DCIS decrease the incidence of invasive breast cancer?
Authors: Brigid K. Killelea, Carla J. Christy, Nina Ruth Horowitz, Theodore Tsangaris, Mike Dixon, Anees B. Chagpar, Baiba J. Grube, Donald R. Lannin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

2 Background: SEER data have shown that as the incidence of high grade DCIS increases, high grade invasive cancer decreases; but this is not true for low-grade DCIS. The purpose of this study was first to determine what proportion of DCIS is calcified, and second to explore the relationship between grade, invasiveness, and calcification, in an effort to model the effect of removing mammographically detected DCIS. Methods: A single-institution, retrospective review was performed to identify all patients diagnosed with DCIS or invasive cancer from 2003-2011 who had corresponding mammograms. Results: There were 337 cases of pure DCIS, 309 cases of pure invasive tumor, and 847 cases of invasive tumor with a DCIS component. Grade 3 invasive cancers were much more likely to be associated with DCIS compared to grade 2 or 1 cancers. (83% vs. 70% vs. 54%, p&lt;0.001). Of the 1,184 cases with DCIS or a DCIS component, 601 (51%) were associated with mammographic calcifications. The presence of calcifications was strongly associated with DCIS extent, comedo and micropapillary histology, presence of necrosis, and grade of DCIS (p&lt;0.001 for each). High grade DCIS was almost twice as likely to be calcified compared to low grade. Extrapolation to SEER data suggests that there is a large reservoir of undetected, non-calcified DCIS and this is largely of low grade. Conclusions: These findings may explain why breast screening has reduced the incidence of high-grade invasive cancers, through diagnosing and excising high-grade DCIS, and yet has failed to reduce the incidence of low-grade cancers. [Table: see text]
<i>Pacifica</i>: stressed or worried? An app to help yourself (Mobile App User Guide)
Authors: Steven K Poon
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2016)

Pacifica.

Mental health.

Apple (iOS V.6.0 or later); Android (V.4.0 and up).

Free version with limited features, full version $3.99 monthly subscription fee after 7-day trial period or $29.99 yearly subscription fee.

Pacifica is a mobile application that is designed to target stress, anxiety and depression through cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness and relaxation approaches. Pacifica tracks daily use and goal achievement. When logging in for the first time, and the first time each day, the app inquires how the user feels and why he or she may express that mood (figure 1). From the home screen, users are able to choose four different activities: relaxation, meditation, goal setting and recording thoughts. Each activity has further subcategories; relaxation and mediation are functional, …
Impact of the global economic crisis on the possible increase TB incidence in Serbia
Authors: Miroslav Ilic, Vesna Kuruc, Ivan Kopitovic, Svetlana Kasikovic Lecic
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction: Turbulence of the global economic crisis spilled over into Serbia. Serbia got the economic stability of the bond in the beggining of this millennium. The health system has also started functioning properly, DOTS was implemented 100 % in Serbia, period 2004-2009. But epidemiological analysis of TB can9t avoid the economic factors, as a personal standard of individual and society development are factors influencing the incidence.  Method: We used economic indicators (number of non/employees, index movements in salaries, annual price index, the movement of income per capita) and the movement TB incidence in 1990-2010 in Vojvodina (northern Serbia- 25% of the total number of population).  Results: The incidence of TB decreased from 38.28 to 17:08, but had two tops - middle of 909s and the beginning of this millennium. Continuing decline in the number of employes by 2003. (234 per 1000 population) from 2004. g. there is a slight increase in employment. But, by 2009. again saw a drop, and continues to this day. Chain index of nominal net earnings showed the highest growth at a time when inflation is raging - mid 90s in Serbia.  The analysis of these parameters with the movement of TB in Vojvodina found low correlation between the rate of TB patients and the number of workers per 1000 population (r = 0.190). Correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation between rates of TB and the chain index of nominal net earnings (r = 0.513).  Conclusion: However, 100% implementation of DOTS strategy in Serbia hope that the economic crisis will not affect the eventual increase in TB incidence and the possibility of resistant forms of TB.
Firearm violence and public health. Limiting the availability of guns
Authors: K P Adler, J A Barondess, J J Cohen, S J Farber, S Foreman, G Gambuti, M Hamburg, N G Kase, J Messite, R Michels
Journal: JAMA (1994)

FIREARM violence has reached epidemic proportions in this country and is now a public health emergency, accounting for one fifth of all injury deaths in the United States and second only to motor vehicles as a cause of fatal injury.<sup>1</sup>In addition, for every fatal injury, an estimated seven nonfatal injuries occur.<sup>2</sup>Further, firearm-related injuries imposed an estimated $19 billion economic burden on the United States in 1990 in addition to the direct health care costs.<sup>3</sup>If firearm violence continues to increase, it is expected that by the year 2003, the number of deaths from firearms will surpass the number of deaths caused by motor vehicles, and firearms will become this country's leading cause of injury-related death.<sup>4</sup> The burden of firearm violence is borne to a considerable degree by our country's most vulnerable population—its young people. Homicide is the leading cause of death for young black
Tumor response category for the indicator of prognosis: Analysis of survival data in a Four-Arm Cooperative Study (FACS) for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: H. Watanabe, R. Leki, K. Mori, Y. Takada, Y. Nishiwaki, N. Saijo, M. Fukuoka
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

8088 Background: Tumor response, categorized into CR (complete response), PR (partial response), SD (stable disease) and PD (progressive disease), is a surrogate endpoint for survival and could be expected as a possible indicator of the prognosis. To evaluate whether the tumor response category might be used as an indicator of the prognosis, we conducted an analysis of the best overall response and survival data obtained from FACS, a phase III randomized trial comparing four platinum-based regimens for advanced NSCLC. Methods: A total of 602 patients (pts) with advanced NSCLC from 44 hospitals in Japan were registered in FACS. A retrospective review of the FACS database, including the tumor response and survival, was conducted. The tumor response as evaluated by the investigators was applied with and without confirmation of complete or partial responses at the determination of best overall response. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences among prognostic groups were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results: Forty-five pts were excluded from the analysis due to nonavailability of sufficient data. The results are shown in the Table . The response categories of CR, PR and SD could not be categorized into prognostic groups, either with or without confirmation. There were, otherwise, two distinct prognostic groups: non-PD (CR, PR and SD) and PD. Conclusions: The disease control rate was a more sensitive indicator of the prognosis than the response rate in pts with advanced NSCLC registered in FACS. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?
Authors: Janet Hemingway, Hilary Ranson, Alan Magill, Jan Kolaczinski, Christen Fornadel, John Gimnig, Maureen Coetzee, Frederic Simard, Dabiré K Roch, Clément Kerah Hinzoumbe, John Pickett, David Schellenberg, Peter Gething, Mark Hoppé, Nicholas Hamon
Journal: The Lancet (2016)
Identification of novel prostate cancer-associated antigens through antibody profiling of prostate cancer patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade.
Authors: L. Fong, S. Kwek, V. Dao, R. Roy, Y. Hou, J. Simko, E. J. Small
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

2578 Background: CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a costimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal to these T cells thereby serving as an immune checkpoint. Blocking CTLA4 with antibody treatment can induce tumor regression in cancer patients. While CTLA4 blockade can induce significant clinical responses in advanced prostate cancer patients, the antigen specific recognition that mediate these responses are unknown. Identification of these antigens may provide new insights into the immune recognition of prostate cancer including the development of future vaccines. Methods: We conducted a phase I clinical trial of anti-CTLA4 antibody (ipilimumab) combined with GM-CSF (sargramostim) in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. To define the endogenous antigens against which immune responses are induced, we screened sera from clinical responders and nonresponders for treatment-induced IgG antibodies with arrays spotted with over 8,000 human proteins. We confirmed immune responses to these antigens by western blotting as well as detection of T cell immune responses to these antigens in the study subjects. We also assessed prostate cancer tissue for expression of these antigens. Results: We found that antibodies to a total of 117 antigens were increased in the clinical responders' sera after treatment, compared to a total of 31 antigens in the nonresponders. Some of the antigens were shared between some of the clinical responders. One of the shared antigens identified, Pak6, was found to be overexpressed at high frequency in prostate cancer, including biopsied tissue from a clinical responder who developed an immune response to this antigen. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that CTLA4 blockade can enhance tumor immune surveillance in vivo, enhancing immune responses to potentially common endogenous tumor antigens. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Ultrastructural Nucleolar Segregation and Carcinogenicity Among the 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxides&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: J. S. Paul, W. B. Ross, P. O'B. Montgomery, Jr.
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1971)

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) and several related derivatives, both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic, were studied by electron microscopy (or their ability to produce nucleolar segregation in vitro. 4-NQO and its carcinogenic derivatives induced well-defined nucleolar segregation in most nucleoli examined, but with weakly carcinogenic derivatives the frequency was low. Most nucleoli exposed to weakly carcinogenic derivatives exhibited loss of a well-defined nucleolonema and pars amorpha concurrent with the formation of nucleolar vacuoles and dense plaques throughout the nucleolus. These events were suggestive of the intermediate stages of nucleolar segregation induced by the potent carcinogenic derivatives. Noncarcinogenic derivatives of 4-NQO produced no significant changes in nucleolar morphology from the normal appearance of the nucleoli characteristic of Chang liver cells in tissue culture.
Clinical outcomes of treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis based on ANCA type
Authors: Sebastian Unizony, Miguel Villarreal, Eli M Miloslavsky, Na Lu, Peter A Merkel, Robert Spiera, Philip Seo, Carol A Langford, Gary S Hoffman, CG M Kallenberg, E William St. Clair, David Ikle, Nadia K Tchao, Linna Ding, Paul Brunetta, Hyon K Choi, Paul A Monach, Fernando Fervenza, John H Stone, Ulrich Specks
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

Objective To evaluate whether the classification of patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) according to ANCA type (anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) or anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies) predicts treatment response. Methods Treatment responses were assessed among patients enrolled in the Rituximab in ANCA-associated Vasculitis trial according to both AAV diagnosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)/microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)) and ANCA type (PR3-AAV/MPO-AAV). Complete remission (CR) was defined as disease activity score of 0 and successful completion of the prednisone taper. Results PR3-AAV patients treated with rituximab (RTX) achieved CR at 6 months more frequently than did those randomised to cyclophosphamide (CYC)/azathioprine (AZA) (65% vs 48%; p=0.04). The OR for CR at 6 months among PR3-AAV patients treated with RTX as opposed to CYC/AZA was 2.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 4.30) in analyses adjusted for age, sex and new-onset versus relapsing disease at baseline. PR3-AAV patients with relapsing disease achieved CR more often following RTX treatment at 6 months (OR 3.57; 95% CI 1.43 to 8.93), 12 months (OR 4.32; 95% CI 1.53 to 12.15) and 18 months (OR 3.06; 95% CI 1.05 to 8.97). No association between treatment and CR was observed in the MPO-AAV patient subset or in groups divided according to AAV diagnosis. Conclusions Patients with PR3-AAV respond better to RTX than to CYC/AZA. An ANCA type-based classification may guide immunosuppression in AAV. Trial registration number NCT00104299; post-results.
Improved Method for Quantitation of Concanavalin A-Induced Agglutination2
Authors: Richard D. Maca, John C. Hoak
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

A turbidometric method was described for the quantitation of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced agglutination of 2 cultured Iymphoblastoid cell lines, Raji and HRIK. This simple, rapid method gave reproducible results. The degree and rate of agglutination depended on cell density, ConA concentration, temperature, and mitotic activity of the cells. Prior trypsinization of the cells enhanced agglutination twofold. Phytohemagglutinin was as effective as Con A in agglutinating these cells, but pokeweed mitogen was ineffectual.
Association of Seafood Consumption, Brain Mercury Level, and <i>APOE ε4</i> Status With Brain Neuropathology in Older Adults
Authors: Martha Clare Morris, John Brockman, Julie A. Schneider, Yamin Wang, David A. Bennett, Christy C. Tangney, Ondine van de Rest
Journal: JAMA (2016)

<h3>Importance</h3> Seafood consumption is promoted for its many health benefits even though its contamination by mercury, a known neurotoxin, is a growing concern. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether seafood consumption is correlated with increased brain mercury levels and also whether seafood consumption or brain mercury levels are correlated with brain neuropathologies. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Cross-sectional analyses of deceased participants in the Memory and Aging Project clinical neuropathological cohort study, 2004-2013. Participants resided in Chicago retirement communities and subsidized housing. The study included 286 autopsied brains of 554 deceased participants (51.6%). The mean (SD) age at death was 89.9 (6.1) years, 67% (193) were women, and the mean (SD) educational attainment was 14.6 (2.7) years. <h3>Exposures</h3> Seafood intake was first measured by a food frequency questionnaire at a mean of 4.5 years before death. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Dementia-related pathologies assessed were Alzheimer disease, Lewy bodies, and the number of macroinfarcts and microinfarcts. Dietary consumption of seafood and n-3 fatty acids was annually assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in the years before death. Tissue concentrations of mercury and selenium were measured using instrumental neutron activation analyses. <h3>Results</h3> Among the 286 autopsied brains of 544 participants, brain mercury levels were positively correlated with the number of seafood meals consumed per week (ρ = 0.16;<i>P</i> = .02). In models adjusted for age, sex, education, and total energy intake, seafood consumption (≥ 1 meal[s]/week) was significantly correlated with less Alzheimer disease pathology including lower density of neuritic plaques (β = −0.69 score units [95% CI, −1.34 to −0.04]), less severe and widespread neurofibrillary tangles (β = −0.77 score units [95% CI, −1.52 to −0.02]), and lower neuropathologically defined Alzheimer disease (β = −0.53 score units [95% CI, −0.96 to −0.10]) but only among apolipoprotein E (<i>APOE ε4</i>) carriers. Higher intake levels of α-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) were correlated with lower odds of cerebral macroinfarctions (odds ratio for tertiles 3 vs 1, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.27 to 0.94]). Fish oil supplementation had no statistically significant correlation with any neuropathologic marker. Higher brain concentrations of mercury were not significantly correlated with increased levels of brain neuropathology. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In cross-sectional analyses, moderate seafood consumption was correlated with lesser Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Although seafood consumption was also correlated with higher brain levels of mercury, these levels were not correlated with brain neuropathology.
Association of Abcg2 Polymorphism with Plasma Concentrations of Axitinib in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hiroshi Kato, Masayuki Miyazaki, Mio Takeuchi, Naoto Sassa, Taku Nagai, Yukihiro Noda, Kiyofumi Yamada
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
“Asymptomatic” Malaria: A Chronic and Debilitating Infection That Should Be Treated
Authors: Ingrid Chen, Siân E. Clarke, Roly Gosling, Busiku Hamainza, Gerry Killeen, Alan Magill, Wendy O’Meara, Ric N. Price, Eleanor M. Riley
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2016)

Are afebrile malaria infections truly asymptomatic, benign, or even beneficial to the individual?The evidence suggests the contrary.
Preliminary results of intrathymic injection of donor cells to prevent acute rejection in human heart transplantation.
Authors: G Remuzzi, P Ferrazzi, M Bontempelli, M Senni, M Glauber, P Ruggenenti, N Perico
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

In rodents, the intrathymic injection of donor cells or major histocompatibility complex peptides induces indefinite survival of a subsequent allograft with little or no immunosuppression. Here, experiments have been performed in two patients with cardiac transplantation to establish (1) the safety and tolerability of the intrathymic injection of donor leukocytes at the time of transplant surgery and (2) whether conventional immunosuppression interfered with the process of the thymic recognition of alloantigens. It was shown that the intrathymic inoculation of donor cells is safe and can be done without undesired effects. However, the procedure, as performed, did not protect from acute graft rejection. There are data enough to attribute the failure of the thymus technique in these two patients to the concomitant use of immunosuppressants. The results of this study are relevant for future trials aimed at finding the appropriate experimental conditions for the use of the thymic approach in human organ transplantation.
Indian Medical Association calls off protest after government agrees to discuss demands
Authors: S. Bagcchi
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Doctors in India have called off a demonstration (Satyagraha for a Healthy India) that was due to take place on 16 November after the government agreed to meet leaders to discuss their demands.

The Indian Medical Association (IMA) has been calling for measures to stop violence against doctors for more than a year. The association said that over three quarters of doctors in …
Cigarette Smoking Before and After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Mortality From Breast Cancer and Smoking-Related Diseases
Authors: Michael N. Passarelli, Polly A. Newcomb, John M. Hampton, Amy Trentham-Dietz, Linda J. Titus, Kathleen M. Egan, John A. Baron, Walter C. Willett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2016)

Purpose Cigarette smoking increases overall mortality, but it is not established whether smoking is associated with breast cancer prognosis. Methods We evaluated the association between smoking status before and after breast cancer diagnosis and mortality in the Collaborative Breast Cancer and Women’s Longevity Study, a population-based prospective observational study conducted in Wisconsin, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Participants included 20,691 women, ages 20 to 79 years, diagnosed with incident localized or regional invasive breast cancer between 1988 and 2008; a subset of 4,562 of these women were recontacted a median of 6 years after diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated according to smoking status for death as a result of breast cancer; cancers of the lung, pharynx, or intrathoracic organs; other cancer; respiratory disease; and cardiovascular disease. Results During a median of 12 years, 6,778 women died, including 2,894 who died as a result of breast cancer. Active smokers 1 year before breast cancer diagnosis were more likely than never smokers to die of breast cancer (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.37), respiratory cancer (HR, 14.48; 95% CI, 9.89 to 21.21), other respiratory disease (HR, 6.02; 95% CI, 4.55 to 7.97), and cardiovascular disease (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.80 to 2.41). The 10% of women who continued to smoke after diagnosis were more likely than never smokers to die of breast cancer (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.60). When compared with women who continued to smoke after diagnosis, those who quit smoking after diagnosis had lower mortality from breast cancer (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.19) and respiratory cancer (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.95). Conclusion Smoking before or after diagnosis was associated with a higher mortality from breast cancer and several other causes.