tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Geographical variation in anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, 1988-94 Commentary: Clustering of anophthalmia and microphthalmia is not supported by the data
Authors: H Dolk, A Busby, B G Armstrong, P H Walls, J. Cuzick
Journal: BMJ (1998)

To investigate the geographical variation and clustering of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, in response to media reports of clusters.Comparison of pattern of residence at birth of cases of anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England in 1988-94, notified to a special register, with pattern of residence of all births. Three groups studied included all cases, all severe cases, and all severe cases of unknown aetiology.Prevalence rates of anophthalmia and microphthalmia by region and district, and by ward population density and socioeconomic deprivation index of enumeration district grouped into fifths. Clustering expressed as the tendency for the three nearest neighbours of a case to be more likely to be cases than expected by chance, or for there to be more cases within circles of fixed radius of a case than expected by chance.The overall prevalence of anophthalmia and microphthalmia was 1.0 per 10 000 births. Regional and district variation in prevalence did not reach statistical significance. Prevalence was higher in rural than urban areas: the relative risk in the group of wards of lowest population density compared with the most densely populated group was 1.79 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.81) for all cases and 2.37 (1.38 to 4. 08) for severe cases. There was no evidence of a trend in risk with socioeconomic deprivation. There was very little evidence of localised clustering.There is very little evidence to support the presence of strongly localised environmental exposures causing clusters of children to be born with anophthalmia or microphthalmia. The excess risk in rural areas requires further investigation.
Silicone Treatment of Partial Lipodystrophy
Authors: Thomas D. Rees
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Partial lipodystrophy, a symmetrical wasting of adipose tissue from the face and proximal part of the body, is a rare disease of undetermined etiology. Despite our ignorance of the underlying pathophysiology, the clinical manifestations are entirely reversible with liquid silicone. Percutaneous injections into the subcutaneous space of the wasted area effectively restore soft tissue contours and mask the absence of adipose tissue. (<i>JAMA</i>230:868-870, 1974)
Immunological effect of administration of sequential doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the same versus alternating limbs in the routine infant immunisation schedule: an open-label randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mildred A Iro, Ameneh Khatami, Andrew S J Marshall, David Pace, Merryn Voysey, Jennifer McKenna, Danielle Campbell, Simon Attard-Montalto, Adam Finn, Catherine White, Saul N Faust, Alison Kent, Paul T Heath, Emma MacLeod, Elaine Stanford, Helen Findlow, Rachael Almond, Xilian Bai, Ray Borrow, Matthew D Snape, Andrew J Pollard
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2015)
Evaluation of interim PET response criteria in paediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma—results for dedicated assessment criteria in a blinded dual-centre read
Authors: C. Furth, H. Amthauer, H. Hautzel, I.G. Steffen, J. Ruf, J. Schiefer, S. Schönberger, G. Henze, R. Grandt, P. Hundsdoerfer, M. Dietlein, C. Kobe
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2010)
Role of the Syk autophosphorylation site and SH2 domains in B cell antigen receptor signaling.
Authors: T Kurosaki, S A Johnson, L Pao, K Sada, H Yamamura, J C Cambier
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

To explore the mechanism(s) by which the Syk protein tyrosine kinase participates in B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, we have studied the function of various Syk mutants in B cells made Syk deficient by homologous recombination knockout. Both Syk SH2 domains were required for BCR-mediated Syk and phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma 2 phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate release, and Ca2+ mobilization. A possible explanation for this requirement was provided by findings that recruitment of Syk to tyrosine-phosphorylated immunoglobulin (Ig) alpha and Ig beta requires both Syk SH2 domains. A Syk mutant in which the putative autophosphorylation site (Y518/Y519) of Syk was changed to phenylalanine was also defective in signal transduction; however, this mutation did not affect recruitment to the phosphorylated immunoreceptor family tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). These findings not only confirm that both SH2 domains are necessary for Syk binding to tyrosine-phosphorylated Ig alpha and Ig beta but indicate that this binding is necessary for Syk (Y518/519) phosphorylation after BCR ligation. This sequence of events is apparently required for coupling the BCR to most cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation, to the phosphorylation and activation of PLC-gamma 2, and to Ca2+ mobilization.
Sigmoid stricture in a 39-year-old female
Authors: S Greco, C Penati, S Ardizzone, G B. Porro
Journal: Gut (2007)

A 37-year-old woman with confirmed ulcerative colitis (proctosigmoiditis), receiving mesalamine as medical prophylaxis, was referred to our unit with a 6-month history of recurrent colic abdominal pain that was more severe in the pelvic region. The pain was associated with constipation; the patient also complained of dysmenorrhoea and abnormal menstrual …
Toxicity of wood smoke and diesel exhaust in a whole blood assay
Authors: Jakob H. Bønløkke, Daan Leseman, Miriam Gerlofs-Nijland, Flemming Cassee, Torben Sigsgaard
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Combustion particles can cause detrimental effects on human health. Studies have focused on diesel exhaust but increased exposure to biomass combustion in affluent regions in addition to the widespread exposure in less affluent regions of the World stresses the need for more research on a wider range of pollutants.  A 3-hr controlled exposure of 6 human volunteers to wood smoke (WS) at 300 ug/m 3  from good combustion conditions was conducted. Venous blood sampled right after exposure and 48 hr earlier was used in a whole blood assay. In the assay, suspended combustion particles were added to the blood and selected inflammation-related proteins were measured after incubation. Combustion particles were from diesel engine exhaust (DE) and WS (good vs. poor combustion) collected on high volume filters and extracted with methanol. The aim was to find differences in toxicity among combustion particles and to study the impact of previous exposure to smoke. The positive control was endotoxin.  The IL-6 release to endotoxin was attenuated after previous smoke exposure: 2380±2748 vs. 6849±2733 pg/mL (p = 0.057). IL-6 release to particles was detectable in one subject and only with WS particles from good combustion. IL-1β release did not show statistically significant differences, but appeared to be highest 48 hr before the smoke exposure. In particular it was high to WS particles from good combustion. The IL-1β release tended to be higher to WS particles from good combustion conditions than to DE particles (10.8±26.1 vs. 3.4±10.0 pg/mL; p = 0.15).  This small study suggest a greater inflammatory potential of particles from good compared with poor wood combustion or from diesel exhaust. Responses may be related to previous exposure.
The Transport of Radioactive Inorganic Phosphate by the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: HAMPDEN C. LAWSON, HENRY C. MELLETTE, EVERETT S. COLEMAN
Journal: Circulation Research (1954)

Radio-phosphorus in the form H 3 P 32 O 4 , injected in aqueous solution, is found to give flow-dilution curves and values for cardiac output indistinguishable from those obtained with T-1824 in normal anesthetized dogs. The fairly rapid disappearance of the P 32 from systemic blood is a technical advantage if the measurement of output is to be repeated at short intervals.
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling in injured neurons facilitates protection and survival
Authors: Jian Luo, Fiona Elwood, Markus Britschgi, Saul Villeda, Hui Zhang, Zhaoqing Ding, Liyin Zhu, Haitham Alabsi, Ruth Getachew, Ramya Narasimhan, Rafael Wabl, Nina Fainberg, Michelle L. James, Gordon Wong, Jane Relton, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, Jeffrey W. Pollard, Tony Wyss-Coray
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) are functional ligands of the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) and thus are key regulators of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We discovered that systemic administration of human recombinant CSF1 ameliorates memory deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. CSF1 and IL-34 strongly reduced excitotoxin-induced neuronal cell loss and gliosis in wild-type mice when administered systemically before or up to 6 h after injury. These effects were accompanied by maintenance of cAMP responsive element–binding protein (CREB) signaling in neurons rather than in microglia. Using lineage-tracing experiments, we discovered that a small number of neurons in the hippocampus and cortex express CSF1R under physiological conditions and that kainic acid–induced excitotoxic injury results in a profound increase in neuronal receptor expression. Selective deletion of CSF1R in forebrain neurons in mice exacerbated excitotoxin-induced death and neurodegeneration. We conclude that CSF1 and IL-34 provide powerful neuroprotective and survival signals in brain injury and neurodegeneration involving CSF1R expression on neurons.
Magnitude and Kinetics of CD8+ T Cell Activation during Hyperacute HIV Infection Impact Viral Set Point
Authors: Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Philomena Kamya, Nikoshia Mewalal, Henrik N. Kløverpris, Thandeka Nkosi, Karyn Pretorius, Faatima Laher, Funsho Ogunshola, Denis Chopera, Karthik Shekhar, Musie Ghebremichael, Nasreen Ismail, Amber Moodley, Amna Malik, Alasdair Leslie, Philip J.R. Goulder, Søren Buus, Arup Chakraborty, Krista Dong, Thumbi Ndung’u, Bruce D. Walker
Journal: Immunity (2015)
Imatinib mesylate and nilotinib (AMN107) exhibit high-affinity interaction with ABCG2 on primitive hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: C Brendel, C Scharenberg, M Dohse, R W Robey, S E Bates, S Shukla, S V Ambudkar, Y Wang, G Wennemuth, A Burchert, U Boudriot, A Neubauer
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
Expression profile of mucins (MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) in Helicobacter pylori infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic human gastric epithelium
Authors: Subramani Durai Babu, Venkataraman Jayanthi, Niranjali Devaraj, Celso A Reis, Halagowder Devaraj
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2006)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) causes gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (IM) that may evolve to gastric carcinoma. The objective of this study was to compare the profile of mucins in the progressive stages of H. pylori infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic human gastric epithelium. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies with well-defined specificities of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 to characterize the expression pattern of mucins by immunohistochemistry.RUT and ELISA were down for H. pylori confirmation. Human gastric biopsy sections were stained using immunohistochemistry with MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 antibodies.MUC5AC was expressed in the superficial epithelium and the upper part of the gastric pits. MUC6 expression was detected in the lower part of the gastric glands. MUC2 was expressed in intestinal metaplasia, mostly in goblet cells. The mucin expression profile in the progressive stages of H. pylori infected human gastric epithelium allows the identification of intestinal metaplasia, which is characterized by a decreased expression of the gastric mucins (MUC5AC and MUC6) and de novo expression of MUC2.In conclusion, our results suggest that there is altered expression of MUC5AC and MUC6 together with the aberrant expression of MUC2 in intestinal metaplasia, during the process of gastric carcinogenesis. The present study indicates that the MUC2 mucin expression pattern is a reliable marker of intestinal metaplasia, which appears in the context of H. pylori infected individuals.
Necessity to prepare and provide an illustrated dictionary of physical education and sport sciences
Authors: Vahid Karim Azad Marjani, Seyed Mohammad Marandi, Volga Hovfsepian, Hamidreza Mirsafiyan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

The scope of technologies is so miscellaneous in military, security, medical and many other fields. According to the findings, reported by the Chinese institutions for exploration of Taiwanese markets, the ratio of software production volume to the similar amount for hardware in global information industry in 2010 will stand at 2:1; while this ratio has been 6:4 in 1997. In producing of this software, all of the available Persian and English language software's were used and the outline of creating Persian-English software was formed, furthermore, according to expansion of sport sciences and specialisation of the domains, it was decided to illustrate the dictionary. As a result the required pictures were provided from available sources and sorted alphabetically. The restoration of information was also done in an alphabetical order from the information bank. The videos and animations were formatted in FLV to occupy less amounts of space when installed. When the user types a word in this software, recalling of sound and image is possible in addition to Persian or English equivalents. More than 1000 images, 600 videos and 3350 words have been installed in the above-mentioned software and need a small space owing to the compressing tools utilised. In joint texts of PE and sport sciences there are some terms from all of the branches that mislead the specialists in translation of them. The present software is so comprehensive that solves such problems. Survey of this software demonstrates its advantages such as simplicity of use and availability of equivalents.
Evaluation of a national campaign in snow sports
Authors: G Bianchi, O Brügger, S Niemann, C Furrer
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Around 15% of the 100 000 injuries that occur on ski slopes in Switzerland affect the head. Protective helmets can reduce the incidence of head injuries. Bfu and national partners carried out the campaign ‘1000 injuries per day. Protect yourself with a helmet’ to motivate skiers and snowboarders to use a snow-sport helmet. Objective To evaluate the success of the campaign objectives. Setting Skiers and snowboarders at 20 ski resorts in Switzerland. Participants Before, during and after the campaign, 19 740 skiers and snowboarders were observed; 8820 were interviewed. Intervention Quantitative surveys: observations and interviews. Qualitative surveys: document analysis, qualitative interviews, analysis of the media, group discussion. Main outcome measurements A concept, process, impact and outcome evaluation was done by an external specialised evaluation agency. Results The measures are appropriate to the target of increasing the rate of helmet use. The main elements (posters, television advertisement, helmet testing days) of the campaign were implemented as planned. Hazard awareness and consciousness of vulnerability improved between the 2007 and 2010 winter seasons. The target value of the criterion ‘lacking comfort’ couldn't be obtained. The helmet wearing rate has greatly increased. The results show a small correlation between campaign recognition and helmet use. Conclusion The rate of helmet use, hazard awareness and consciousness of vulnerability increased considerably. However, the impact of the campaign on the increases is unclear. First, the rate of helmet use had already risen after the first year of campaigning. Second, studies have shown that campaigns may raise awareness but not achieve behavioural change. Third, there is only a small correlation between campaign recognition and helmet use. The campaign has supported and strengthened the effect of various factors that have promoted helmet use. However, the reasons for the increase in helmet use are unknown.
Myocyte-Restricted Focal Adhesion Kinase Deletion Attenuates Pressure Overload–Induced Hypertrophy
Authors: Laura A. DiMichele, Jason T. Doherty, Mauricio Rojas, Hilary E. Beggs, Louis F. Reichardt, Christopher P. Mack, Joan M. Taylor
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase strongly activated by integrins and neurohumoral factors. Previous studies have shown that cardiac FAK activity is enhanced by hypertrophic stimuli before the onset of overt hypertrophy. Herein, we report that conditional deletion of FAK from the myocardium of adult mice did not affect basal cardiac performance, myocyte viability, or myofibrillar architecture. However, deletion of FAK abolished the increase in left ventricular posterior wall thickness, myocyte cross-sectional area, and hypertrophy-associated atrial natriuretic factor induction following pressure overload. Myocyte-restricted deletion of FAK attenuated the initial wave of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and cFos expression induced by adrenergic agonists and biomechanical stress. In addition, we found that persistent challenge of mice with myocyte-restricted FAK inactivation leads to enhanced cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in comparison to challenged genetic controls. These studies show that loss of FAK impairs normal compensatory hypertrophic remodeling without a concomitant increase in apoptosis in response to cardiac pressure overload and highlight the possibility that FAK activation may be a common requirement for the initiation of this compensatory response.
Pulmonary Epithelium Is a Prominent Source of Proteinase-activated Receptor-1–inducible CCL2 in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Paul F. Mercer, Robin H. Johns, Chris J. Scotton, Malvina A. Krupiczojc, Melanie Königshoff, David C. J. Howell, Robin J. McAnulty, Anuk Das, Andrew J. Thorley, Terry D. Tetley, Oliver Eickelberg, Rachel C. Chambers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

Studies in patients and experimental animals provide compelling evidence of the involvement of the major thrombin receptor, proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR(1)), and the potent chemokine, chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). PAR(1) knockout mice are protected from bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis and this protection is associated with marked attenuation in CCL2 induction.The aim of this study was to determine which cell types represent the major source of PAR(1)-inducible CCL2 in the fibrotic lung.Using immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence, we examined PAR(1) and CCL2 expression in the bleomycin model and human IPF lung. PAR(1) and CCL2 gene expression was also assessed in laser-captured alveolar septae from patients with IPF. The ability of PAR(1) to induce CCL2 production by lung epithelial cells was also examined in vitro.We report for the first time that PAR(1) and CCL2 are coexpressed and co-up-regulated on the activated epithelium in fibrotic areas in IPF. Similar observations were found in bleomycin-induced lung injury. Furthermore, we show that thrombin is a potent inducer of CCL2 gene expression and protein release by cultured lung epithelial cells via a PAR(1)-dependent mechanism.These data support the notion that PAR(1) activation on lung epithelial cells may represent an important mechanism leading to increased local CCL2 release in pulmonary fibrosis. Targeting PAR(1) on the pulmonary epithelium may offer a unique opportunity for therapeutic intervention in pulmonary fibrosis and other inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions associated with excessive local generation of thrombin and CCL2 release.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Mainly Derived From the Monocyte/Macrophage–Containing CD34 <sup>−</sup> Mononuclear Cell Population and Only in Part From the Hematopoietic Stem Cell–Containing CD34 <sup>+</sup> Mononuclear Cell Population
Authors: Maarten B. Rookmaaker, Menno Vergeer, Anton Jan van Zonneveld, Ton J. Rabelink, Marianne C. Verhaar
Journal: Circulation (2003)
Sunrise of Statins after AURORA and 4D?
Authors: Christoph Wanner, Vera Krane
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Ten years ago, a placebo-controlled trial of statin treatment for hemodialysis patients was considered unethical by many nephrologists. In 2005, to the surprise of many, the results of the 4D study (the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study)[1][1] demonstrated that lowering LDL cholesterol with
A DIFFICULT DIAGNOSIS IN AN INSANE PERSON
Authors: R. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1913)

IT is always a difficult matter in the insane to obtain reliable, even if any, subjective symptoms of diseases, and thle diagnosis of abdominal complaints among this class becomes a matter of considerable uncertainty as vell as of anxiety.The following case will illustrate my statement:A male patient, aged 48, blind from double cataract since ani early age, 5 ft. 8in. in height, 11 st. 7lb. in weighit on admission, wvas under continuous treatment in the Clay- bury Asylum for about sixteen years, suffering from mianiacal excitement with delusions of persecution, and being also a case of congenital weak-mindedness.He was taken ill somewhat suddlenly and abruptly on May 21st last, and died on MIay 23rd-that is, in less than three days.The family history records eccentricity and nervousness amounlting to actual insanity, althiough the fatlier was a iani of distinction, having attained the position of surgeon-genieral in the Britishi armiiy.There is no inhleritanice recordledI o' abnormial bodiily states.For the past few mi onlths the patienn t hiad been slowly losingv flesh, 2 st. between January and April, but no0
Tumor Vascular Permeability, Accumulation, and Penetration of Macromolecular Drug Carriers
Authors: Matthew R. Dreher, Wenge Liu, Charles R. Michelich, Mark W. Dewhirst, Fan Yuan, Ashutosh Chilkoti
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

Background: Delivery of anticancer therapeutic agents to solid tumors is problematic. Macromolecular drug carriers are an attractive alternative drug delivery method because they appear to target tumors and have limited toxicity in normal tissues. We investigated how molecular weight influences the accumulation of a model macromolecular drug carrier, dextran covalently linked to a fluorophore, in tumors. Methods: We used dextrans with molecular weights from 3.3 kDa to 2 MDa. Vascular permeability, accumulation, and three-dimensional penetration of these dextrans were simultaneously measured in solid tumors via a dorsal skin fold window chamber, intravital laser-scanning confocal microscopy, and custom image analysis. Results: Increasing the molecular weight of dextran statistically significantly reduced its vascular permeability by approximately two orders of magnitude (i.e., from 154 × 10 −7 cm/s, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 134 to 174 × 10 −7 cm/s, for 3.3-kDa dextran to 1.7 × 10 −7 cm/s, 95% CI = 0.7 to 2.6 × 10 −7 cm/s for 2-MDa dextran; P <.001, two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test) but increased its plasma half-life, which provided ample time for extravasation (i.e., to enter tumor tissue from the vasculature). Tumor accumulation was maximal for dextrans with molecular weights between 40 and 70 kDa. Dextrans of 3.3 and 10 kDa penetrated deeply (greater than 35 μm) and homogeneously into tumor tissue from the vessel wall. After a 30-minute period, a high concentration was observed only approximately 15 μm from the vessel wall for 40- to 70-kDa dextrans and only 5 μm for 2-MDa dextrans. Conclusions: Increasing the molecular weight of dextran statistically significantly reduced its tumor vascular permeability. Dextrans of 40 and 70 kDa had the highest accumulation in solid tumors but were largely concentrated near the vascular surface.