tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstinence programmes do not reduce HIV prevalence in Uganda
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Use of condoms and death explain the substantial decline in the prevalence of HIV in Uganda in the past decade.

The reduction had previously been credited to ABC programmes (abstinence, be faithful, and use condoms). A longitudinal study, presented at the 12th retroviral conference in Boston, however, challenges the contributions of abstinence and fidelity. The study included a door to door survey of about 10 000 adults aged 15-49 in 44 villages in the Rakai district of southern Uganda.

A surge of infections in the early 1990s is the …
AMIDOPYRIN IN THE TREATMENT OF MEASLES
Authors: M. Loewenthal
Journal: BMJ (1924)

AN acute suppurative inflammation of the salivary glands is in most cases an ascending infection from the duct, pre- disposed to by a diminished flow of the secretion2 by fever, and by a depressed general condition.So is it seen in m11ost post-operative abdominal cases.The colndition is usually classed as an ascending infection when there are obvious signs of the duct being the source-as, for example, a bright red protrusion of the duct mucosa or a strilng of cloudy mucus or pus exuding from the duct.In this type of case the primiary symptoms are those of recurrinig duct infectionis.A recent writer states that there is nio absolute proof that a blood-borne infection is ani occasional cause of acute suppurative inflammation of the salivary glands.The following case seems to be worth recording as most probably a blood-borne infection supervening on a duct obstruction iilflammation.J. S., aged 37, was wounded on September 14th, 1914, by a shell through the right elbow-joint.The joinit was shattered, and sinuses discharged for several years without intermission.In March, 1915, the wound healed, the joint having become ankylosed at a right angle; the forearm was also fixed.The wound after this frequently-every few months-was the site of an acute inflammation and abscess formation, but at no t ime were there any definite sequestra visible on x-ray examination or palpable by probe.About 1920 he began to notice that at every acute exacerba- tion of the gunshot wound his right submaxillary region was the site of a tender sweUing which caused pain on moving his jaw, and
Timing of birth and infant and early neonatal mortality in Sweden 1973-95: longitudinal birth register study
Authors: Z C Luo, J Karlberg
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the impact of time of birth on infant mortality and early neonatal mortality in full term and preterm births. <b>Design:</b> Analysis of data from the Swedish birth register, 1973-95. <b>Participants:</b> 2 102 324 spontaneous live births of infants without congenital malformation. <b>Outcome measurements:</b> Absolute and relative risk of infant mortality, early neonatal mortality, and early neonatal mortality related to asphyxia. <b>Results:</b> Infant mortality, early neonatal mortality, and early neonatal mortality related to asphyxia were higher in infants who were born during the night (9 pm to 9 am) compared with those born during the day for 1973-9, 1980-9, and 1990-5. The difference was more dramatic for preterm infants. The largest difference was observed during 1990-5, when there was a 30% increase in early neonatal mortality (relative risk 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 1.57) and a 70% increase in early neonatal mortality related to asphyxia (1.70, 1.22 to 2.38) in preterm infants born during the night compared with rates for preterm infants born during the day. A detailed analysis over 24 hours revealed two "high risk" periods: between 5 pm and 1 am and around 9 am. <b>Conclusions:</b> Infants born during the night have a greater risk of infant and early neonatal mortality and early neonatal mortality related to asphyxia than those born during the day. There has been no improvement over the past two decades. The problem is more serious for preterm births and was even worse in the 1990s. Shift changes and the hours immediately after such changes are high risk periods for neonatal care. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Infants born at night have a greater risk of early neonatal mortality and early neonatal mortality related to asphyxia than those born during the day The causes are unclear but may be related to insufficient or less experienced staff or excess workload during the night <h3>What this study adds</h3> In Sweden the relative risks of infant and early neonatal mortality and mortality related to asphyxia for infants born during the night compared with during the day did not diminish during 1973-95, are greater for preterm infants, and were greater in the 1990s There are two "high risk" periods for early neonatal mortality: 5 pm to 1 am and around 9 am The exact reasons are unclear but better vigilance and an improvement in shift changes may be required to improve neonatal health care further
T cell responses and viral variability in blood donation candidates with occult hepatitis B infection
Authors: Marta Bes, Victor Vargas, Maria Piron, Natalia Casamitjana, Juan Ignacio Esteban, Nuria Vilanova, Asuncion Pinacho, Josep Quer, Lluis Puig, Jaime Guardia, Silvia Sauleda
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Capecitabine (Xeloda®) in combination with oxaliplatin: a phase I, dose-escalation study in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors
Authors: E. Díaz-Rubio, T.R.J. Evans, J. Tabernero, J. Cassidy, J. Sastre, M. Eatock, D. Bisset, P. Regueiro, J. Baselga
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2002)
A mechanistic multicentre, parallel group, randomised placebo-controlled trial of mesalazine for the treatment of IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D)
Authors: Ching Lam, Wei Tan, Matthew Leighton, Margaret Hastings, Melanie Lingaya, Yirga Falcone, Xiaoying Zhou, Luting Xu, Peter Whorwell, Andrew F Walls, Abed Zaitoun, Alan Montgomery, Robin Spiller
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Immune activation has been reported in the mucosa of IBS patients with diarrhoea (IBS-D), and some small studies have suggested that mesalazine may reduce symptoms. We performed a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial of 2 g mesalazine twice daily versus placebo for 3 months in patients with Rome III criteria IBS-D. Primary outcome was daily average stool frequency during weeks 11–12; secondary outcomes were abdominal pain, stool consistency, urgency and satisfactory relief of IBS symptoms. <h3>Methods</h3> Participants were randomised after a 2-week baseline stool diary. All participants completed a 12-week stool diary and at the end of each week recorded the presence of ‘satisfactory relief of IBS symptoms’. <h3>Results</h3> 136 patients with IBS-D (82 women, 54 men) were randomised, 10 patients withdrew from each group. Analysis by intention to treat showed the daily average stool frequency during weeks 11 and 12 were mean (SD), 2.8 (1.2) in mesalazine and 2.7 (1.9) in the placebo group with no significant group difference, (95% CI) 0.1 (−0.33 to 0.53), p=0.66. Mesalazine did not improve abdominal pain, stool consistency nor percentage with satisfactory relief compared with placebo during the last two-weeks follow-up. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study does not support any clinically meaningful benefit or harm of mesalazine compared with placebo in unselected patients with IBS-D. More precise subtyping based on underlying disease mechanisms is needed to allow more effective targeting of treatment in IBS. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> NCT01316718.
Evidence from young children regarding emotional responses to music
Authors: Steven John Holochwost, Carroll E. Izard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract Juslin &amp; Västfjäll (J&amp;V) propose a theoretical framework of how music may evoke an emotional response. This commentary presents results from a pilot study that employed young children as participants, and measured musically induced emotions through facial expressions. Preliminary findings support certain aspects of the proposed theoretical framework. The implications of these findings on future research employing the proposed framework are discussed.
The Effect of Vitamin Therapy on the Progression of Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Varies by Haptoglobin Type in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Andrew P. Levy, Paula Friedenberg, Rachel Lotan, Pamela Ouyang, Mark Tripputi, Lyall Higginson, Frederick R. Cobb, Jean-Claude Tardif, Vera Bittner, Barbara V. Howard
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—Antioxidant trials have not demonstrated efficacy in slowing cardiovascular disease but could not rule out benefit for specific patient subgroups. Antioxidant therapy reduces LDL oxidizability in haptoglobin 1 allele homozygotes (Hp 1-1), but not in individuals with the haptoglobin 2 allele (Hp 2-1 or Hp 2-2). We therefore hypothesized that haptoglobin type would be predictive of the effect of vitamin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by angiography. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We tested this hypothesis in the Women’s Angiographic Vitamin and Estrogen (WAVE) trial, a prospective angiographic study of vitamins C and E with or without hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women. Haptoglobin type was determined in 299 women who underwent baseline and follow-up angiography. The annualized change in the minimum luminal diameter (MLD) was examined in analyses stratified by vitamin use, haptoglobin type, and diabetes status. RESULTS—We found a significant benefit on the change in MLD with vitamin therapy as compared with placebo in Hp 1-1 subjects (0.079 ± 0.040 mm, P = 0.049). This benefit was more marked in diabetic subjects (0.149 ± 0.064 mm, P = 0.021). On the other hand, there was a trend toward a more rapid decrease in MLD with vitamin therapy in Hp 2-2 subjects, which was more marked in diabetic subjects (0.128 ± 0.057 mm, P = 0.027). HRT had no effect on these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS—The relative benefit or harm of vitamin therapy on the progression of coronary artery stenoses in women in the WAVE study was dependent on haptoglobin type. This influence of haptoglobin type seemed to be stronger in women with diabetes.
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator and <i>Pseudomonas</i>
Authors: Edith T. Zemanick, Frank J. Accurso
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

function and may represent an opportunity for intervention that restores health or abrogates progression to disease.To move toward these aims, we convened a working group in July 2012 and a workshop in September 2013 to discuss the state of the art, identify key issues and knowledge gaps, and develop a strategy for promotion of lung health and prevention of lung diseases.Experts in the areas of lung health, asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension discussed this currently underemphasized aspect of lung research.While it was apparent that all disease areas could benefit from multidisciplinary research to develop markers of health and disease, identify targets for intervention, and test preventive concepts, researchers in some disease areas are already beginning to consider primary prevention interventions.Although disease prevention research was more mature in some areas than others, the principles of how to approach this major new effort are likely to be similar across the range of lung diseases.The conclusions and recommendations from the seven topics of primary prevention research are presented in the April supplement to the Annals of the American Thoracic Society, which will be published online on April 15, and will serve as the basis for the development of a staged strategy for primary prevention research by the NHLBI.Major themes in this effort will be the definitions of lung health, preclinical, and disease states, which vary both on a biological continuum and over time.The concept of lung health, while consistent with the Barker hypothesis for the fetal origins of adult disease, must also consider biologic, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic influences on health and disease risk during the life of an individual or population, and even across generations.Emerging evidence indicates that environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic influences impact respiratory and immune biology in a sustained manner that can accumulate and positively or negatively affect lung health outcomes for individuals and populations.Lung health is a complex concept that must expand beyond currently defined physiologic tests, and should be measurable at both individual and population levels.Temporal effects may be more complex than simply characterizing lung development and growth from gestation into adolescence and young adulthood; the life course of lung health likely includes critical periods when an exposure can have sustained effects on function and risk can accumulate over time or even across generations.Better understanding and definition of lung health, during the entire lifespan, promises to identify opportunities to intervene at pivotal points to increase and/or preserve lung health.Such interventions may be at the population or societal level as well as the level of the individual.It may be possible to both promote development
Effect of exercise intensity on postexercise energy expenditure in women.
Authors: D A Sedlock
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

This study was designed to examine the effect of exercise intensity on the magnitude and duration of excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in women. On separate days and in a counterbalanced order, seven moderately active young adult women performed a 850 kJ cycle ergometer exercise at an intensity of 40 or 60% of their previously determined peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Baseline VO2 and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the last 10 min of a 45 min seated rest. VO2 and HR were measured continuously during recovery until VO2 returned to baseline. There was no significant difference noted in the baseline measures between the two exercise programmes. Magnitude of EPOC was comparable (P greater than 0.05) being mean (s.d.) of 30(17) and 36(13) kJ after 40 and 60% exercises respectively. Although the EPOC duration was 53% longer following the 40% exercise than following 60% (27(15) min and 18(8) min, respectively) this difference was not statistically significant. These exercise conditions failed to produce a prolonged EPOC in the women of this study, and values recorded for magnitude of EPOC indicate that it was not significant with regard to the overall energy expenditure of the activity. It was concluded that both magnitude and duration of EPOC seemed to be independent of the chosen exercise intensities used by the women in this study.
A Bayesian Analysis of Metazoan Mitochondrial Genome Arrangements
Authors: Bret Larget, Donald L. Simon, Joseph B. Kadane, Deborah Sweet
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Genome arrangements are a potentially powerful source of information to infer evolutionary relationships among distantly related taxa. Mitochondrial genome arrangements may be especially informative about metazoan evolutionary relationships because (1) nearly all animals have the same set of definitively homologous mitochondrial genes, (2) mitochondrial genome rearrangement events are rare relative to changes in sequences, and (3) the number of possible mitochondrial genome arrangements is huge, making convergent evolution of genome arrangements appear highly unlikely. In previous studies, phylogenetic evidence in genome arrangement data is nearly always used in a qualitative fashion—the support in favor of clades with similar or identical genome arrangements is considered to be quite strong, but is not quantified. The purpose of this article is to quantify the uncertainty among the relationships of metazoan phyla on the basis of mitochondrial genome arrangements while incorporating prior knowledge of the monophyly of various groups from other sources. The work we present here differs from our previous work in the statistics literature in that (1) we incorporate prior information on classifications of metazoans at the phylum level, (2) we describe several advances in our computational approach, and (3) we analyze a much larger data set (87 taxa) that consists of each unique, complete mitochondrial genome arrangement with a full complement of 37 genes that were present in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database at a recent date. In addition, we analyze a subset of 28 of these 87 taxa for which the non-tRNA mitochondrial genomes are unique where the assumption of our inversion-only model of rearrangement is more plausible. We present summaries of Bayesian posterior distributions of tree topology on the basis of these two data sets.
Defective Lung Vascular Development and Fatal Respiratory Distress in Endothelial NO Synthase-Deficient Mice
Authors: Robin N.N. Han, Saeid Babaei, Malcolm Robb, Tony Lee, Ross Ridsdale, Cameron Ackerley, Martin Post, Duncan J. Stewart
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Endothelium-derived NO plays a critical role in the regulation of cardiovascular function and structure, as well as acting as a downstream mediator of the angiogenic response to numerous vascular growth factors. Although endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice are viable, minor congenital cardiac abnormalities have been reported and homozygous offspring exhibit high neonatal mortality out of proportion to the severity of these defects. The aim of the present report was to determine whether abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular development could contribute to high neonatal loss in eNOS-deficient animals. We now report that eNOS-deficient mice display major defects in lung morphogenesis, resulting in respiratory distress and death within the first hours of life in the majority of animals. Histological and molecular examination of preterm and newborn mutant lungs demonstrated marked thickening of saccular septae, with evidence of reduced surfactant material. Lungs of eNOS-deficient mice also exhibited a striking paucity of distal arteriolar branches and extensive regions of capillary hypoperfusion, together with misalignment of pulmonary veins, which represent the characteristic features of alveolar capillary dysplasia. We conclude that eNOS plays a previously unrecognized role in lung development, which may have relevance for clinical syndromes of neonatal respiratory distress.
No injuries, but plenty of pain? On the methodology for recording overuse symptoms in sports
Authors: R Bahr
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Overuse injuries may represent as much of a problem as do acute injuries in many sports. This paper reviews key concepts related to the methodology for recording overuse symptoms. Results from the FIVB Volleyball Injury Study were used to compare two different recording methods. The aim of this paper was to provide recommendations on how standardised methodology can be developed to quantify overuse injuries in surveillance studies. Using beach volleyball data, a “traditional” cohort study approach using a time-loss injury definition suggested that injury risk was very low. In contrast, the data from a survey of past and present pain problems in the shoulder, knees and low back demonstrated that these were prevalent. The following recommendations are made: (1) studies should be prospective, with continuous or serial measurements of symptoms; (2) valid and sensitive scoring instruments need to be developed to measure pain and other relevant symptoms; (3) prevalence and not incidence should be used to report injury risk; (4) severity should be measured based on functional level and not time loss from sports. In conclusion, new approaches are needed to develop more appropriate methodology to quantify overuse injuries in studies.
Secondary Responses to Altered Acid-Base Status
Authors: Horacio J. Adrogué, Nicolaos E. Madias
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

Each of the four canonical acid-base disorders expresses as a primary change in carbon dioxide tension or plasma bicarbonate concentration followed by a secondary response in the countervailing variable. Quantified empirically, these secondary responses are directional and proportional to the primary changes, run a variable time course, and tend to minimize the impact on body acidity engendered by the primary changes. Absence of an appropriate secondary response denotes the coexistence of an additional acid-base disorder. Here we address the expected magnitude of the secondary response to each cardinal acid-base disorder in humans and offer caveats for judging the appropriateness of each secondary response.
Current trends in QSAR on NO donors and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)*†
Authors: Christos A. Kontogiorgis, Dimitra Hadjipavlou‐Litina
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2002)

Abstract This article evaluates the quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) of nitric oxide (NO) radical donors and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) inhibitors, using the C‐QSAR program of Biobyte. Furoxans, triazines, amidoximes, tetrazoles, imidazoles and N ω −2‐nitroarylamino acid analogues were included in this survey. In nine out of seventeen cases, the clog P plays a significant part in the QSAR of the NO radical donors and of the NOS inhibition. Many of the compounds must be interacting with a hydrophobic space in a non‐specific way. In some cases molecular refractivity CMR/MR as well as sterimol parameters (B 1 and L) are important. Electronic effects, with the exception of the Hammett's constant σ and the Swain–Lupton parameter F , are not found to govern the biological activity. Stereochemical and electronic features are also found to be important. Indicator variables were used after the best model was found to account for the usual structural features. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 4, 385–418, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/med.10012
PHD, the electronic patient's hayfever diary
Authors: Uwe E. Berger, Siegfried Jäger, Karl-Christian Bergmann
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

The electronic pollen diary allows patients suffering from allergic rhinitis due to pollen to correlate the type (conjunctival, nasal, bronchial) and severity (degree 0–3) of her symptoms and the type and frequency of medication to correlate with the kind and intensity of the pollen exposure at the place of her stay.

The symptoms are entered daily in an online form by the patient anonymously.

The pollen exposition for the user is investigated with the help of the postcode, and the suitable data from the area's pollen trap are correlated with the symptoms and medication. Because pollen data are collected europewide and stored in a common database (EAN, Vienna) it is possible to correlate the pollen load and symptoms of the affected person even if that person was travelling (in Europe). The user can chart symptoms and pollen flight and interpret accordingly.

The pollen diary is retrievable under www.pollenstiftung.de and www.pollendiary.com free of charge and exists to date (1.2.2011) in 9 languages. In 2009 >4.000 and in 2010 >10.000 patients have used this tool.

The pollen diary supports the diagnosis of pollinosis and might be of help for therapy evaluation. It is appropriate for application in clinical studies on immunotherapy or for the effect of drug therapies. Also, this instrument is able to determine individual threshold values for pollen concentrations inducing symptoms and is likely to determine the clinical meaning of pollen kinds which were considered up to now not enough.

Furthermore any change of the threshold values is documented with these tools in the population throughout Europe and is measured.