tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Definitive Role of RhoC in Metastasis of Orthotopic Lung Cancer in Mice
Authors: Tetsuro Ikoma, Tomoyuki Takahashi, Satoshi Nagano, Yun-Mo Li, Yasushi Ohno, Kazuki Ando, Takako Fujiwara, Hisayoshi Fujiwara, Ken-ichiro Kosai
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer death, and its incidence is increasing in the world. Conventional therapies remain less effective for metastases of lung cancer, leading to poor prognosis of this disorder. The present study investigates pathological roles of RhoC in metastasis of lung cancer using a clinically relevant mouse model of lung cancer. Experimental Design: RhoA, RhoC, dominant-negative Rho (dnRho) or green fluorescent protein gene was retrovirally transduced to murine lung cancer cells. For in vivo study, these transduced cells were intrapulmonary inoculated in syngeneic mice, and subsequently, growth and metastasis were analyzed. Migration and invasion activities were further investigated by in vitro chemotaxic chamber assays. Expression levels and activities of certain matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were explored by reverse transcription-PCR and gelatin zymography. Results: Metastasis of lung cancer in the animal model, as well as in vitro migration and invasion, were significantly enhanced or inhibited by overexpression of RhoC or dnRho, respectively, without affecting the growth of primary tumors. Expression levels of certain MMPs and the activity of MMP-2 were significantly enhanced or suppressed by overexpression of RhoC or dnRho, respectively. Conclusion: RhoC plays a crucial role in metastasis of lung cancer. RhoC does not affect tumor growth but enhances the metastatic nature of lung cancer by not only stimulating cell motility but also up-regulating certain MMPs. Attenuation of RhoC activity may be a potential target in the development of a novel strategy for treating metastasis of lung cancer.
Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea, 2nd edition
Authors: P D Thomas
Journal: Gut (2003)

1.0 PREFACE 1.1 Purpose of guidelines These guidelines were compiled at the request of the Chairman of the British Society of Gastroenterology’s clinical services committee. The guidelines are directed at consultant gastroenterologists, specialist registrars in training, and general practitioners, and refer specifically to adult not paediatric gastroenterology. Their purpose is to provide guidance on the best available methods of investigating symptoms of chronic diarrhoea. Given this broad symptom based focus, the guidelines cover a wide range of gastroenterological conditions and are not intended as a comprehensive review of all aspects of the clinical conditions mentioned herein, but rather an attempt to rationalise the approach to investigation in the context of this common clinical scenario. 1.2 Development of guidelines The guidelines were prepared following a comprehensive literature search by Dr PD Thomas. This involved a review of electronic databases (Medline and PubMed) using keywords such as “diarrhea”, “chronic”, “diagnostic evaluation”, “investigation”, “malabsorption”, and terms related to the specific conditions mentioned in the text (for example, coeliac disease and small bowel bacterial overgrowth). Papers relating to diarrhoea in the context of immunodeficiency syndromes were specifically excluded from this review as this subject was felt to require a different investigative approach. A total of 530 key papers and relevant abstracts in English in peer reviewed journals were identified and read, and relevant work has been cited and referenced. An initial draft document was produced and subsequently reviewed and modified by a multidisciplinary group comprising clinical gastroenterologists, radiologists, and biochemists.
The Promise of Prevention: The Effects of Four Preventable Risk Factors on National Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy Disparities by Race and County in the United States
Authors: Goodarz Danaei, Eric B. Rimm, Shefali Oza, Sandeep C. Kulkarni, Christopher J. L. Murray, Majid Ezzati
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2010)

There has been substantial research on psychosocial and health care determinants of health disparities in the United States (US) but less on the role of modifiable risk factors. We estimated the effects of smoking, high blood pressure, elevated blood glucose, and adiposity on national life expectancy and on disparities in life expectancy and disease-specific mortality among eight subgroups of the US population (the "Eight Americas") defined on the basis of race and the location and socioeconomic characteristics of county of residence, in 2005.
CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Zena Werb, Zanvil A. Cohn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

Phagocytosis of cholesterol-containing particles resulted in the formation of an intralysosomal cholesterol compartment. Cholesterol was excreted out of the macrophage with a single exponential rate which depended on the concentration of acceptor lipoproteins in the medium. Exchange kinetics performed on cells which had ingested particulate cholesterol suggested that excretion occurred by the same mechanism as exchange. Cholesterol esters as particulate albumin coacervates were taken up by macrophages and hydrolyzed by a lysosomal cholesterol esterase with optimal activity at pH 4.0. Cholesteryl linoleate was hydrolyzed much more readily than cholesteryl palmitate. The amount of cholesterol esterase and its specific activity increased during the in vitro cultivation of macrophages. Intralysosomally, cholesteryl linoleate and palmitate were hydrolyzed to free cholesterol which was excreted from the macrophage and recovered in the medium. Since cholesteryl linoleate was hydrolyzed more rapidly than free cholesterol was excreted into the medium, free cholesterol accumulated intralysosomally. Cholesteryl palmitate was hydrolyzed more slowly, and the rate of hydrolysis was limiting for excretion of the free cholesterol from within the lysosome.
Living Anatomy of the Atrioventricular Junctions. A Guide to Electrophysiologic Mapping
Authors: Francisco G. Cosío, Robert H. Anderson, Karl-Heinz Kuck, Anton Becker, Martin Borggrefe, Ronald W. F. Campbell, Fiorenzo Gaita, Gerard M. Guiraudon, Michel Haïssaguerre, Juan J. Rufilanchas, Gaetano Thiene, Hein J. J. Wellens, Jonathan Langberg, David G. Benditt, Saroja Bharati, George Klein, Francis Marchlinski, Sanjeev Saksena
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Abstract —Current nomenclature for the atrioventricular (AV) junctions derives from a surgically distorted view, placing the valvar rings and the triangle of Koch in a single plane with antero-posterior and right-left lateral coordinates. Within this convention, the aorta is considered to occupy an anterior position, although the mouth of the coronary sinus is shown as being posterior. Although this nomenclature has served its purpose for the description and treatment of arrhythmias dependent on accessory pathways and atrioventricular nodal reentry, it is less than satisfactory for the description of atrial and ventricular mapping. To correct these deficiencies, a consensus document has been prepared by experts from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. It proposes a new anatomically sound nomenclature that will be applicable to all chambers of the heart. In this report, we discuss its value for description of the AV junctions, establishing the principles of this new nomenclature.
Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte levels in cow's milk protein intolerance.
Authors: A D Phillips, S J Rice, N E France, J A Walker-Smith
Journal: Gut (1979)

The mean small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte count in seven children with untreated cow's milk protein intolerance (CMPI) on a milk-containing diet was significantly higher than 22 control children also having a milk-containing diet. Ten milk-intolerant children on a milk-free diet had a mean intraepithelial lymphocyte count which was significantly lower than the level in the 22 control children on a milk-containing diet. When these 10 children were challenged with cow's milk they relapsed clinically, and in every case the intraepithelial lymphocyte count rose, although it remained within normal limits. Nineteen children on milk-free diets who had recovered from CMPI had a mean lymphocyte count which was also significantly lower than controls on normal diets, suggesting that when milk is remo-ed from the diet the lymphocyte count is low regardless of whether the child is milk sensitive or not. The reaction of intraepithelial lymphocytes to milk in CMPI is markedly different from their response to gluten in coeliac disease.
Expired air temperature at the mouth during a maximal forced expiratory manoeuvre
Authors: I Madan, P Bright, MR Miller
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1993)

We have studied the temperature of expired air during a maximal forced expiratory manoeuvre, because this has not previously been fully investigated and it will influence how flow and volume recording devices should be calibrated and used. Temperature was recorded with a fine thermocouple, the response time of which was determined at various gas velocities and for which a correction was made. Recordings during maximal forced expiratory manoeuvres were made on 12 normal subjects and 12 subjects with chronic airflow limitation. The thermocouple was placed in the mouthpiece, so that it was at the level of the lips during a blow. In the normal subjects, the effect of differing inhalation protocols was also determined. In the normal subjects, the mean temperature was 33.6 degrees C at peak expiratory flow (PEF), and 34.4 degrees C at 75% forced vital capacity (FVC), but fell to 33.4 degrees C at FVC. In the subjects with chronic airflow limitation, the temperature was constant at 35.0 degrees C from PEF up to 50% FVC, being significantly higher than in the normals, and fell to 33.5 degrees C at FVC. Expired air temperature up to 50% FVC was significantly negatively correlated with absolute PEF, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FVC. In the normals, a slow inhalation through the nose raised the expired temperature by almost 1 degree C throughout the blow, whereas inhaling air at 6 degrees C did not affect expired air temperature. The expired air temperature can vary by up to 3 degrees C between individual subjects, and it is influenced by the route of inhalation and the inspired volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Emotional Climate in Israeli Society
Authors: RITA R. ROGERS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The author describes Israel's social structure and discusses some of its problems. Israeli society is based on a pioneering ideology, which is a source of strength and also of conflict as the nation evolves into a consumer culture. Waves of heterogeneous immigrants necessitate further social adjustment. She describes the Israelis' relationship to their own and to other nations and reviews some factors in the Mid-East conflict. The psychosocial barriers between the Israelis and the Arabs are constantly strengthened by external and internal political interests.
The cycle of genome-directed medicine
Authors: Janet A Buchanan, Andrew R Carson, David Chitayat, David Malkin, M Stephen Meyn, Peter N Ray, Cheryl Shuman, Rosanna Weksberg, Stephen W Scherer
Journal: Genome Medicine (2009)

The genome era in medicine is upon us. Questions that arise from patient and family care are a watershed for research and technology, which in turn fuel the cycle of opportunity for impact through delivery of health services, which feeds back to families. Medical infrastructure needs to adapt to the dramatic pace of technology development in the wake of the Human Genome Project, in order for genome data to be delivered as information and applied as knowledge to benefit health.
Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients: the Functional Living Index-Cancer: development and validation.
Authors: H Schipper, J Clinch, A McMurray, M Levitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1984)

The classical criteria for the evaluation of clinical trials in cancer reflect alterations in physical well-being, but are insensitive to other important factors, such as psychosocial state, sociability, and somatic sensation that may play a critical role in determining the patients' functional response to their illness and its treatment. The Functional Living Index-Cancer is designed for easy, repeated patient self-administration. It is a 22-item questionnaire that has been validated on 837 patients in two cities over a three-year period. Criteria for validity include stability of factor analysis, concurrent validation studies against the Karnofsky, Beck Depression, Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety, and Katz Activities of Daily Living scales, as well as the scaled version of The General Health Questionnaire and The McGill/ Melzack Pain Index. The index is uncontaminated by social desirability issues. The validation studies demonstrate the lack of correlation between traditional measures of patient response and other significant functional factors such as depression and anxiety (r = 0.33), sociability and family interaction, and nausea. These findings elucidate the frequently observed discrepancies between traditional assessments of clinical response and overall functional patient outcome. The index is proposed as an adjunct to clinical trials assessment and may provide additional patient functional information on which to analyse the outcome of clinical trials or offer specific advice to individual patients.
Clinical Outcome of Lymphoma Patients After Idiotype Vaccination Is Correlated With Humoral Immune Response and Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptor Genotype
Authors: Wen-Kai Weng, Debra Czerwinski, John Timmerman, Frank J. Hsu, Ronald Levy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

The unique immunoglobulin idiotype (Id) expressed by each B-cell lymphoma is a target for immunotherapy. Vaccination with Id induces humoral and/or cellular anti-Id immune responses. However, the clinical impact of these anti-Id immune responses is unknown. We and others have previously reported that immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcgammaR) polymorphisms predict the clinical response of lymphoma patients to passive anti-CD20 antibody infusions. In this study, we tested whether anti-Id immune responses or FcgammaR polymorphisms associate with clinical outcome of patients who received Id vaccination.We analyzed 136 patients with follicular lymphoma who had received Id vaccination. The anti-Id immune responses were measured and FcgammaRIIIa and FcgammaRIIa polymorphisms were determined and correlated with clinical outcome for these patients.Patients who mounted humoral immune responses had a longer progression-free survival (PFS) than those who did not (8.21 v 3.38 years; P = .018). Patients with FcgammaRIIIa 158 valine/valine (V/V) genotype also had a longer PFS than those with valine/phenylalanine (V/F) or phenylalanine/phenylalanine (F/F) genotypes (V/V, 8.21 v V/F, 3.38 years; P = .004; v F/F, 4.47 years; P = .035). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that V/V genotype and humoral immune responses were independent positive predictors for PFS.This study is the first to identify the predictive value of FcgammaR polymorphism on clinical outcome in patients who received active immunotherapy with tumor antigen vaccines. Our results imply that the antibodies induced against a tumor antigen are beneficial and that FcgammaR-bearing cells mediate an antitumor effect by killing antibody-coated tumor cells.
Involvement of the Nervous System in Reiter's Syndrome
Authors: G. W. Csonka
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1958)

Reiter's syndrome is a condition of unknown aetiology, generally thought to be of infective origin.It occurs mainly in young men and is characterized by urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis.Less common findings include ankylosing spondylitis, iritis, balanitis, keratoderma blennorrhagica and other skin lesions, stomatitis, and inflammations of the tendons and fasciae.According to the literature neurological complications seem to be extremely rare, and for this reason the following case is presented.Case Report A labourer, aged 29 years, had suffered from recurrent attacks of urethritis, acute polyarthritis, and conjunc- tivitis since he was 17 years old.Between attacks he felt perfectly well and was able to do a full day's work.In May, 1950, he attended St. Mary's Hospital for the first time, with non-specific urethritis (N.S.U.): 8 days later, arthritis, circinate balanitis, and conjunctivitis deve- loped, his fourth attack of Reiter's syndrome.He was admitted to hospital and the symptoms subsided gradually during the next 2 months, when he left hospital against advice.A few days later he developed acute urinary retention, double vision, nausea, dizziness, and an acute pain in the back of the neck.He also noticed a tickling sensation on the right side of his face and, some days later, a heaviness in both legs.Double vision and dizziness improved after 3 weeks and the difficulty of micturition after 6 weeks, and the rest of the neurological symptoms disappeared within the next 3 months.He remained well until December, 1951, when he contracted gonorrhoea which was followed by persistent N.S.U.A week later arthritis and conjunctivitis appeared, together with double vision, dizziness, and vomiting.The locomotor and neurological symptoms again subsided gradually and the patient felt fit 5 months later when his convalescence was temporarily interrupted by thrombophlebitis of the left calf veins.In August, 1953, a further attack of urethritis followed a venereal risk and this was, in turn, followed within a week by arthritis, conjunctivitis, pain over the sacroiliac joints, thrombophlebitis of the calf veins on the right side, and keratoderma blennorrhagica.This attack was not
Insulin-like growth factor I binding in hepatocytes from human liver, human hepatoma, and normal, regenerating, and fetal rat liver.
Authors: J F Caro, J Poulos, O Ittoop, W J Pories, E G Flickinger, M K Sinha
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in human hepatoma cells (HEP-G2) has, in addition to its effect on cell growth, short-term metabolic effects acting through its own receptor. We have demonstrated that normal human hepatocytes, compared with HEP-G2 cells, have virtually no IGF-I binding sites. Because the rate of growth is the major difference between the hepatoma and the normal liver, we asked if normal liver might express IGF-I binding sites under physiologic growth conditions. Indeed, whereas adult rat hepatocytes have low IGF-I binding sites similar to those in human liver, hepatocytes from regenerating liver after 3 d subtotal hepatectomy have an approximately sixfold increase (P less than 0.005) and those from fetal rat liver a approximately 12-fold increase (P less than 0.005), to levels comparable to those in the HEP-G2 cells. The specificity of 125I IGF-I binding to its receptor was demonstrated by competition studies with monoclonal antibodies directed toward the IGF-I and the insulin receptors, with unlabeled IGF-I and insulin and by affinity labeling experiments. Thus, if IGF-I has any short-term metabolic functions in the adult human liver, it is not through interaction with its own receptor. Autocrine regulation by IGF-I of liver growth appears possible since IGF-I binding sites are expressed under pathological and physiological conditions of growth. The mechanism that couples these two phenomena remains to be elucidated.
A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance Part 9
Authors: L M Castell, L M Burke, S J Stear, J Pearce, J R Borchers, C C Kaeding, E S Rawson, G Shaw
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Weight loss and muscle gain are physique goals pursued by many athletes, often with the hope that both will occur simultaneously! Part 9 of our series on dietary supplements includes summaries of three products which address these interests among other claimed benefits: choline bitartrate, chromium picolinate and cissus quandrangularis (CQ). Choline bitartrate is hypothesised to increase lipolysis, while CQ is claimed to have anabolic properties. Chromium picolinate is unique among dietary supplements, having been successfully marketed as both a muscle building and a fat loss supplement. While choline and chromium are both consumed from a range of dietary sources, CQ is a specific plant. The term adequate intake (AI) is used for the first time in this series, in the article on chromium picolinate. AI refers to the recommendations for dietary intake of a nutrient for which there is insufficient scientific evidence to establish requirements, since deficiency is rare. The observed intake is assumed to be greater than that required, and thus AI meets nutritional requirements. Chondroitin and glucosamine supplements are covered together because of their shared marketing for the support of bone and cartilage.

### J Pearce

Choline is widely distributed in food fats, especially liver, egg yolk, peanuts, dairy products, human milk and phospholipids.1 The body synthesises choline, and a deficiency due to dietary inadequacy is unlikely. Choline is a precursor for the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (which generates muscle contractions), and is a donor of methyl groups (lowering homocysteine levels, reducing heart disease risk). Lecithin, a natural source of choline, will be discussed under ‘L.’

Choline is promoted to athletes to improve physical endurance by increasing fat lipolysis and acetylcholine production to increase muscle contractions and delay fatigue. Choline supplements are thought to stimulate brain function (improving memory, intelligence and mood state in rats). Cyclists taking 2.34 g of choline showed …
Clinical and Immunologic Effects of Intranodal Autologous Tumor Lysate-Dendritic Cell Vaccine with Aldesleukin (Interleukin 2) and IFN-α2a Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Thomas Schwaab, Adrian Schwarzer, Benita Wolf, Todd S. Crocenzi, John D. Seigne, Nancy A. Crosby, Bernard F. Cole, Jan L. Fisher, Jill C. Uhlenhake, Diane Mellinger, Cathy Foster, Zbigniew M. Szczepiorkowski, Susan M. Webber, Alan R. Schned, Robert D. Harris, Richard J. Barth, John A. Heaney, Randolph J. Noelle, Marc S. Ernstoff
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

To evaluate the clinical and immunologic outcomes of DC (dendritic cell) vaccine with interleukin (IL)-2 and IFN-alpha 2a in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients.
Phase II trial of CPT-11 in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, an EORTC early clinical trials group study
Authors: D.J.Th. Wagener, H.E.R. Verdonk, L.Y. Dirix, G. Catimel, P. Siegenthaler, M. Buitenhuis, A. Mathieu-Boué, J. Verweij
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1995)