tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Velocity Profiles in the Main Pulmonary Artery of Dogs and Man, Measured with a Thin-Film Resistance Anemometer
Authors: S. R. REUBEN, J. P. SWADLING, G. DE J. LEE
Journal: Circulation Research (1970)

Instantaneous velocity of pulmonary artery blood was measured using a thin-film resistance anemometer mounted on a hypodermic needle. Studies were performed, at thoracotomy, in five dogs and five patients. Instantaneous blood velocity was recorded at several sites across the transverse axis of the main pulmonary artery to determine the shape of the velocity profile. We found the velocity profile, in both man and dog, to be approximately flat. In dog, the mean velocity, normalized to that at the center line, ranged from 1.18 (SD ± 0.03) to 0.81 (SD ± 0.27). In man, mean velocity of pulmonary artery blood, normalized in a similar fashion, ranged from 1.08 (SD ± 0.03) to 0.84 (SD ±0.07), while the normalized peak systolic velocity ranged from 1.04 (SD ± 0.07) to 0.95 (SD ± 0.16). The results, in dogs, suggest that there is little asymmetry of the velocity profile and therefore these have been taken as evidence that the use of cuff electromagnetic flowmeters on the pulmonary artery of dogs is not subject to significant inaccuracies associated with a nonsymmetrical flow profile. The finding of a relatively flat velocity profile in patients, moreover, will make it easier for catheter-tip flowmeters to measure bulk velocity in the pulmonary artery.
Phasic right coronary artery blood flow in conscious dogs with normal and elevated right ventricular pressures.
Authors: H S Lowensohn, E M Khouri, D E Gregg, R L Pyle, R E Patterson
Journal: Circulation Research (1976)

We studied phasic right coronary blood flow in well trained normal dogs and dogs with pulmonic stenosis. We installed electromagnetic flow transducers and pressure tubes under anesthesia to monitor right coronary blood flow, cardiac output, central aortic blood pressure, and right ventribular pressure. In normotensive dogs, systolic flow amplitude equaled early diastolic flow levels. The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow at rest was substantially greater in the right coronary bed (36+/-1.3%) than in the left circumflex bed (13+/-3.6%). Right diastolid flow runoff, including the cove late in diastole, resembled left circumflex runoff. Blood flow to the normotensive right (37+/-1.1 ml/min 100(-1) g) and the left (35+/-1.0 ml/min(-1) g) ventricular myocardium indicated equal perfusion of both cardiac walls. Throttling of systolic flow was related directly to the right ventricular systolic pressure level in the dogs with pulmonic stenosis. Retrograde systolic flow occurred in severe right ventricular hypertension. The late diastolic runoff pattern in dogs with pulmonic stenosis appeared the same as for the normotensive dogs. We obtained systolic to diastolic flow ratios of 1/3 the value of normotensive hearts in high and severe pulmonic hypertension. Electrocardiograms and studies of pathology suggested restricted blood flow to the inner layers of the right myocardium in the dogs with severe and high right ventricular hypertension. Normotensive and hypertensive peak hyperemic flow responses were similar, except for an increased magnitude of diastolic flow, with proportionately less systolic flow in hypertensive states.
Dissection of a metastatic gene expression signature into distinct components.
Authors: Paul Roepman, Erica de Koning, Dik van Leenen, Roel A de Weger, J Alain Kummer, Piet J Slootweg, Frank CP Holstege
Journal: Genome biology (2006)

Abstract Background Metastasis, the process whereby cancer cells spread, is in part caused by an incompletely understood interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding stroma. Gene expression studies typically analyze samples containing tumor cells and stroma. Samples with less than 50% tumor cells are generally excluded, thereby reducing the number of patients that can benefit from clinically relevant signatures. Results For a head-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) primary tumor expression signature that predicts the presence of lymph node metastasis, we first show that reduced proportions of tumor cells results in decreased predictive accuracy. To determine the influence of stroma on the predictive signature and to investigate the interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment, we used laser capture microdissection to divide the metastatic signature into six distinct components based on tumor versus stroma expression and on association with the metastatic phenotype. A strikingly skewed distribution of metastasis associated genes is revealed. Conclusion Dissection of predictive signatures into different components has implications for design of expression signatures and for our understanding of the metastatic process. Compared to primary tumors that have not formed metastases, primary HNSCC tumors that have metastasized are characterized by predominant down-regulation of tumor cell specific genes and exclusive up-regulation of stromal cell specific genes. The skewed distribution agrees with poor signature performance on samples that contain less than 50% tumor cells. Methods for reducing tumor composition bias that lead to greater predictive accuracy and an increase in the types of samples that can be included are presented.
Expression and localisation of matrix metalloproteinases and their natural inhibitors in fistulae of patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: T Kirkegaard
Journal: Gut (2004)

Fistulae are a troublesome complication of Crohn's disease but little is known of the final effector molecules responsible for matrix degradation. Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been strongly implicated in tissue injury in Crohn's disease, their role in fistula formation is unknown.To determine the expression pattern of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in fistulae of patients with Crohn's disease.Resected fistula specimens were obtained from patients with Crohn's disease (n = 11) and classified according to the predominant histological features-that is, acute versus chronic inflammation. Patients with fistulae due to other diseases (n = 9) and normal colon (n = 5) served as controls. MMP and TIMP protein expression was measured by single or double labelled immunohistochemistry, and mRNA expression by in situ hybridisation. MMP activity was measured by gelatin zymography.Compared with normal colon, strong MMP-3 expression was consistently observed in fistulae in Crohn's disease, irrespective of the stage of inflammatory activity. MMP-3 transcripts and protein were localised in large mononuclear cells and fibroblasts. MMP-9 transcripts and protein were expressed in granulocytes and only in fistulae with acute inflammation. Staining for MMP-1 and MMP-7 was weak and negative for MMP-10, whereas MMP-2 was equally expressed in normal colon and fistulae. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 expression was low in all samples. Similar expression patterns were found in fistulae of the disease control group. Fistulae also expressed active MMP-2 and MMP-9, as measured by gelatin zymography.MMP-3 and MMP-9 are markedly upregulated in intestinal fistulae and may contribute to fistula formation through degradation of the extracellular matrix, irrespective of the underlying disease process.
Proteomic Analysis of Pharmacological Preconditioning
Authors: D. Kent Arrell, Steven T. Elliott, Lesley A. Kane, Yurong Guo, Young H. Ko, Pete L. Pedersen, John Robinson, Mitsushige Murata, Anne M. Murphy, Eduardo Marbán, Jennifer E. Van Eyk
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

Ischemic preconditioning is characterized by resistance to ischemia reperfusion injury in response to previous short ischemic episodes, a protective effect that can be mimicked pharmacologically. The underlying mechanism of protection remains controversial and requires greater understanding before it can be fully exploited therapeutically. To investigate the overall effect of preconditioning on the myocardial proteome, isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes were treated with drugs known to induce preconditioning, adenosine or diazoxide (each at 100 μmol/L for 60 minutes). Their protein profiles were then compared with vehicle-treated controls (n=4 animals per treatment) using a multitiered 2D gel electrophoresis approach. Of 28 significantly altered protein spots, 19 nonredundant proteins were identified (5 spots remained unidentified). The majority of these proteins are involved in mitochondrial energetics, including subunits of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and oxidative phosphorylation complexes. These changes were not indiscriminate, with only a small number of enzymes or complex subunits altered, indicating a very specific and targeted affect of these 2 preconditioning mimetics. Among the changes were shifts in the extent of posttranslational modification of 4 proteins. One of these, the adenosine-induced phosphorylation of the ATP synthase β subunit, was fully characterized with the identification of 5 novel phosphorylation sites. This proteomics approach provides an overall assessment of the cellular response to pharmacological treatment with adenosine and diazoxide and identifies a distinct subset of enzymes and protein complex subunit that may underlie the preconditioned phenotype.
Postoperative lobar torsion and gangrene.
Authors: M V Kelly, E R Kyger, W C Miller
Journal: Thorax (1977)

Following left upper lobectomy for a pulmonary nodule, complete 180-degree torsion of the left lower lobe with haemorrhagic infarction occurred. Despite re-exploration within 24 hours of the initial procedure the patient died. Postoperative torsion requires early diagnosis and resection of the gangrenous tissue.
Phase II Trial Evaluating the Clinical and Biologic Effects of Bevacizumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Abby B. Siegel, Emil I. Cohen, Allyson Ocean, Deborah Lehrer, Alec Goldenberg, Jennifer J. Knox, Helen Chen, Sean Clark-Garvey, Alan Weinberg, John Mandeli, Paul Christos, Madhu Mazumdar, Elizabeta Popa, Robert S. Brown, Shahin Rafii, Jonathan D. Schwartz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

To determine the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
EXTENSIVE LACERATIONS OF FOREARM, WITH SEVERE INJURIES OF MUSCLES AND ARTERIES: DIFFUSED ANEURISM OF ULNAR ARTERY: LIGATURE: RECOVERY
Authors: W. T. Bell
Journal: BMJ (1856)

16Lth lgs.But I am now able to produce a very con- elusi cas at point.CAN Obed 0., aged 77, consulted me in September 1854, for a swelling of his right cheek, that had existed about four months Wore I saw him.The right malar re- gion was considerably swollen, felt doughy, was dingy red ad glossy; it was very tender, and he experienced re- mitting pains in the part, of a pricking and shooting cha- racter.He had five decayed teeth in front of the upper jaw, and had lost all his other teeth long before.The Tision of the right eye was unimpaired.In his right
Avicenna and the Canon Medicinae
Authors: Farhad B Naini
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2012)

Congratulations should be extended to Sharma and Minhas for their interesting article debating evidence in medicine.1 Unfortunately, the article contains a factual error, albeit unintentional, which requires elaboration. The authors state, ‘Arabic physician Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the West) is the first physician to recommend that practice should be evidence based and to set out a summary of current evidence in his “Canon of Medicine”.’1 The statement regarding the Canon is correct; however, Avicenna was a Persian physician and polymath.2

Pur Sina, or Ibn Sina (meaning ‘son of Sina’), known in the West by his Latinized name Avicenna, was born c. 980 in Bukhara and died in 1037 in Hamadan, both in Persia. Avicenna spent his entire life in the eastern and central regions of Iran; his lifetime coincided with one of the most tumultuous periods in Iranian history. The turbulent politics of the time and Avicenna's secular nature kept him permanently unsettled. Other than brief periods of relative tranquillity, it led to a life of wandering and turmoil, which was to last to the end of his days.2 However, his powers of concentration were such that he was able to continue his scientific work with remarkable consistency. Avicenna wrote a number of works, including The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia. However, in the West his fame is above all based on The Canon of Medicine.3 This vast tome, consisting of more than a million words, surveyed the entire field of medical knowledge from ancient times to the most up-to-date techniques. Its comprehensive and systematic approach meant that when it was translated into Latin in the 12th century, it became the standard medical textbook for seven centuries throughout Europe.4 Sir William Osler described Avicenna as the ‘author of the most famous medical textbook ever written,’ noting that Avicenna's Canon of Medicine remained ‘a medical bible for a longer time than any other work.’4

The reason for Sharma and Minhas's error is to an extent understandable, though not acceptable. The Canon was written in Arabic, as it was unlawful, and dangerous, for Persians to write in their native language while under Arab rule. Despite this, Persian polymaths of the time, such as Avicenna, Biruni, Razi (Latin Rhazes) and Khayyam wrote many of their works in Persian.

Clearly, the great men and women of history belong to all mankind. The unsurpassed beauty of Shakespeare's Sonnets are as inspiring to a German as they are to us, and Leonardo da Vinci's paintings and notebooks are as enlightening to the French as to the Italians; yet, Shakespeare was not German and Leonardo was not French. This is not an issue of nationalizm, which Einstein rightly noted was ‘an infantile disease’ and ‘the measles of mankind’.5 Medicine rises above such conceptions. This is simply a point of historical accuracy.
Is Family History Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Gastric Cancer?
Authors: Kari Hemminki, Jan Sundquist, Jianguang Ji
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

We are grateful to Hudis et al 1 for the opportu- nity to clarify both the limitations and uses of observational data in the assessment of clinical questions.With regard to the benefits of dosedense chemotherapy for elderly patients with hormone-positive breast cancer, we agree that there are subsets of older patients who are hormone positive who benefit from the addition of chemotherapy to hormone therapy, and likely a subset of those who benefit from more intensive therapy and dose-dense therapy.Current studies of personalized approaches will help inform the former, but not necessarily the latter.Unfortunately, however, in the absence of clear indications for treatment, it is common to err on the side of treating many for the benefit of the few.Our paper's intent was to look at patterns of care and dissemination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, not the benefit of chemotherapy or a particular therapy. 2 When results from clinical trials are presented they are often applied to patients who do not fit the strict eligibility criteria that is required for trial participants.We found the uptake of first-cycle colony-stimulating factor was rapid in many settings, and we describe the estimated costs associated with rapid uptake.Observational data cannot substitute for randomized trials in establishing the efficacy of an intervention.But randomized trials are limited to carefully defined subject eligibility and self-selection.It is impractical and unnecessary for a randomized trial to be conducted for every treatment in every subgroup setting.However, in addition to being hypothesis generating, observational data can effectively explore how interventions are utilized in "the real world," can provide clues and insights into how quality of care can be improved and can help explore how the costs of cancer care can be reduce. 3Many of the limitations of the operationalized definitions mentioned by the authors were addressed in the Discussion section of the paper.We feel it is important to weigh the costs and benefits of making difficult therapeutic decisions when the efficacy data is ambiguous, especially when treating patients that may not be well represented by the clinical trial data.
Reduced Th1 response in the lungs of HLA-DRB1*0301 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: F. Idali, M. Wikén, J. Wahlström, H. Mellstedt, A. Eklund, H. Rabbani, J. Grunewald
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

To investigate why human leukocyte-associated antigen-DRB1*0301 (HLA-DRB1*0301) positive Scandinavian patients have a better prognosis than HLA-DRB1*0301 negative patients, the present authors examined patterns of cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and BAL fluid (BALF) from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis and controls. Using real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of selected cytokines in BAL cells from newly diagnosed, untreated nonsmoking patients (n = 25) and controls (n = 11) was quantified. Cytokine protein levels in BALF from patients (n = 34) and controls (n = 11) were assessed using cytometric bead array. The patients were evaluated and stratified into two subgroups: HLA-DRB1*0301 positive (all with an acute onset) and HLA-DRB1*0301 negative (all with an insidious onset). When comparing patients and controls, BAL cells of the patients expressed significantly higher levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA. There were significantly decreased IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA levels, and a tendency toward higher levels of transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA in HLA-DRB1*0301 positive compared with HLA-DRB1*0301 negative patients. Protein levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-α in BALF were significantly higher in patients. HLA-DRB1*0301 positive patients exhibited tendencies to lower levels of most cytokines in BALF. In conclusion, the present data show a reduced expression of T-helper cell type-1 cytokines in human leukocyte-associated antigen-DRB1*0301 positive patients, which may relate to their good prognosis.
The Contribution of Hospitals and Health Care Systems to Community Health
Authors: Stephen M. Shortell, Pamela K. Washington, Raymond J. Baxter
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2009)

This article reviews evidence on hospitals' and health systems' impacts on community health improvement. We begin with an overview of the history of community benefit and then discuss the lack of a widely accepted definition and measurement of community benefit activities as well as the expectations and accountability of tax-exempt not-for-profit hospitals and health systems in community initiatives. We highlight the approaches of two systems and identify strategic, cultural, technical, and structural challenges associated with increasing community benefit and health-improvement activities. We conclude by offering recommendations for policy and practice.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) as a Clonal Disorder
Authors: R C Hartmann, A B Arnold
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1977)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common, disabling, and treatable. The strongest risk factor is a history of mood or anxiety disorder, especially having active symptoms during pregnancy. As PPD is one of the most common complications of childbirth, it is ...Read More
Effect of tuberculin skin testing on a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific interferon- assay
Authors: E. M. S. Leyten, C. Prins, A. W. J. Bossink, S. Thijsen, T. H. M. Ottenhoff, J. T. van Dissel, S. M. Arend
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

Recently, interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) for specific diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have become available. In recent UK tuberculosis (TB) guidelines, it has been advised to screen for latent M. tuberculosis infection using the tuberculin skin test (TST), followed by IGRA if the TST is positive. Since TST can boost immune responses to tuberculin, the present authors evaluated whether TST administration affects the result of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT), a whole blood-based IGRA. QFT-GIT was performed on the day of TST administration and the day of reading in 15 TST-negative subjects, 46 TST-positive subjects with recent or remote exposure to M. tuberculosis and five cured TB patients. No systematic boosting of QFT-GIT responses from negative to positive was observed. Only in a few TST-positive persons did TST enhance pre-existing QFT-GIT responses. Screening for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using tuberculin skin testing followed by interferon-γ release assays on the day of reading is a reliable approach, as the specificity of QuantiFERON®-TB Gold in-tube is not affected by prior tuberculin skin test administration.
Beta 2 agonist/antagonist activity of salbutamol.
Authors: R E Jonkers, R P Koopmans
Journal: Thorax (1995)

HIV related bronchiectasisIn their review of new developments in pulmonary diseases affecting HIV infected individuals (March 1995;50:294-302) Mitchell and Miller do not discuss bronchiectasis.They mention indolent bronchopulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection comparable to that seen in cystic fibrosis, but do not comment on bronchiectasis which is now well described in adults and children with HIV infection.
Paleogenomics or the Search for Remnant Duplicated Copies of the Yeast DUP240 Gene Family in Intergenic Areas
Authors: Bénédicte Wirth, Véronique Leh Louis, Serge Potier, Jean-Luc Souciet, Laurence Despons
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Duplication, resulting in gene redundancy, is well known to be a driving force of evolutionary change. Gene families are therefore useful targets for approaching genome evolution. To address the gene death process, we examined the fate of the 10-member-large S288C DUP240 family in 15 Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Using an original three-step method of analysis reported here, both slightly and highly degenerate DUP240 copies, called pseudo–open reading frames (ORFs) and relics, respectively, were detected in strain S288C. It was concluded that two previously annotated ORFs correspond, in fact, to pseudo-ORFs and three additional relics were identified in intergenic areas. Comparative intraspecies analysis of these degenerate DUP240 loci revealed that the two pseudo-ORFs are present in a nondegenerate state in some other strains. This suggests that within a given gene family different loci are the target of the gene erasure process, which is therefore strain dependent. Besides, the variable positions observed indicate that the relic sequence may diverge faster than the flanking regions. All in all, this study shows that short conserved protein motifs provide a useful tool for detecting and accurately mapping degenerate gene remnants. The present results also highlight the strong contribution of comparative genomics for gene relic detection because the possibility of finding short conserved protein motifs in intergenic regions (IRs) largely depends on the choice of the most closely related paralog or ortholog. By mapping new genetic components in previously annotated IRs, our study constitutes a further refinement step in the crucial stage of genome annotation and provides a strategy for retracing ancient chromosomal reshaping events and, hence, for deciphering genome history.