tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria on the western border of Thailand: a longitudinal study
Authors: Aung Pyae Phyo, Standwell Nkhoma, Kasia Stepniewska, Elizabeth A Ashley, Shalini Nair, Rose McGready, Carit ler Moo, Salma Al-Saai, Arjen M Dondorp, Khin Maung Lwin, Pratap Singhasivanon, Nicholas PJ Day, Nicholas J White, Tim JC Anderson, François Nosten
Journal: The Lancet (2012)
Transverse Shear Along Myocardial Cleavage Planes Provides a Mechanism for Normal Systolic Wall Thickening
Authors: I. J. LeGrice, Y. Takayama, J. W. Covell
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Recent studies in humans and other species show that there is substantial transverse shear strain in the left ventricular myocardium, and others have shown transverse myocardial laminae separated by cleavage planes. We proposed that cellular rearrangement based on shearing along myocardial cleavage planes could account for &gt;50% of normal systolic wall thickening, since &lt;50% can be explained by increases in myocyte diameter. To test this hypothesis, we measured strains at two sites with different cleavage-plane anatomy in eight open-chest dogs. Columns of radiopaque markers were implanted in the left ventricular anterior free wall and septum. Markers were tracked with biplane cineradiography, and strains were quantified by using finite deformation techniques. Hearts were perfusion-fixed with glutaraldehyde, and cleavage-plane orientations at the bead sites were measured in three orthogonal planes. At subendocardial sites of the anterior left ventricular wall, where the cleavage planes approach the endocardium obliquely from the apical side of the surface normal in the longitudinal-radial plane (−67±11°), systolic longitudinal-radial transverse shear (E 23 ) was positive (0.14±0.08). At the septal sites where the subendocardial cleavage planes approach the endocardium obliquely from above the surface normal (44±12°), E 23 was negative (−0.12±0.08). The differences in cleavage-plane angle and E 23 at the two sites were each highly significant ( P &lt;.0005). At both sites, the transverse shear strain accompanied substantial systolic wall thickening at the subendocardium (anterior, E 33 =0.44±0.16; septum, E 33 =0.22±0.14). These data are not representative of the behavior in midwall and outer wall sites, where cleavage-plane orientation was not consistently different between anterior left ventricle and septum. Our data indicate that rearrangement of myocytes by slippage along myocardial cleavage planes is in the correct direction and of sufficient magnitude in the subendocardium (inner third) to account for a substantial proportion (&gt;50%) of systolic wall thickening. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction of the myocardial laminae and local comparison with maximum strain vectors indicate that for the inner third of the ventricular wall the maximum shear deformation is a result of relative sliding between myocardial laminae.
Intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function at preschool age
Authors: Eva Morales, Raquel Garcia-Esteban, Oscar Asensio de la Cruz, Mikel Basterrechea, Aitana Lertxundi, Maria D Martinez López de Dicastillo, Carlos Zabaleta, Jordi Sunyer
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollution on lung function at preschool age remain unexplored. We examined the association of exposure to air pollution during specific trimesters of pregnancy and postnatal life with lung function in preschoolers. <h3>Methods</h3> Lung function was assessed with spirometry in preschoolers aged 4.5 years (n=620) participating in the INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA) cohort. Temporally adjusted land use regression (LUR) models were applied to estimate individual residential exposures to benzene and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) during specific trimesters of pregnancy and early postnatal life (the first year of life). Recent and current (1 year and 1 week before lung function testing, respectively) exposures to NO<sub>2</sub> and nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) were also assessed. <h3>Results</h3> Exposure to higher levels of benzene and NO<sub>2</sub> during pregnancy was associated with reduced lung function. FEV<sub>1</sub> estimates for an IQR increase in exposures during the second trimester of pregnancy were −18.4 mL, 95% CI −34.8 to −2.1 for benzene and −28.0 mL, 95% CI −52.9 to −3.2 for NO<sub>2</sub>. Relative risk (RR) of low lung function (&lt;80% of predicted FEV<sub>1</sub>) for an IQR increase in benzene and NO<sub>2</sub> during the second trimester of pregnancy were 1.22, 95% CI 1.02 to&nbsp;1.46 and 1.30, 95% CI 0.97 to&nbsp;1.76, respectively. Associations for early postnatal, recent and current exposures were not statistically significant. Stronger associations appeared among allergic children and those of lower social class. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Prenatal exposure to residential traffic-related air pollution may result in long-term lung function deficits at preschool age.
T Cell Recognition of the Dominant I-Ak–Restricted Hen Egg Lysozyme Epitope
Authors: Stephen N. McAdam, Burkhard Fleckenstein, Ingunn B. Rasmussen, Dietmar G. Schmid, Inger Sandlie, Bjarne Bogen, Nicholas J. Viner, Ludvig M. Sollid
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Type-B T cells raised against the immunodominant peptide in hen egg lysozyme (HEL48–62) do not respond to whole lysozyme, and this has been thought to indicate that peptide can bind to l-Ak in different conformations. Here we demonstrate that such T cells recognize a deamidated form of the HEL peptide and not the native peptide. The sequence of the HEL epitope facilitates rapid and spontaneous deamidation when present as a free peptide or within a flexible domain. However, this deamidated epitope is not created within intact lysozyme, most likely because it resides in a highly structured part of the protein. These findings argue against the existence of multiple conformations of the same peptide–MHC complex and have important implications for the design of peptide-based vaccines. Furthermore, as the type-B T cells are known to selectively evade induction of tolerance when HEL is expressed as a transgene, these results suggest that recognition of posttranslationally modified self-antigen may play a role in autoimmunity.
Disappearance of Antibodies to SARS-Associated Coronavirus after Recovery
Authors: Wu-Chun Cao, Wei Liu, Pan-He Zhang, Fang Zhang, Jan H. Richardus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

To the Editor: Previous studies have demonstrated that IgG and neutralizing antibodies against coronavirus associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) may persist, in spite of a de...
Enhancement of Cardiac Function and Suppression of Heart Failure Progression By Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1
Authors: Anand Pathak, Federica del Monte, Wen Zhao, Jo-El Schultz, John N. Lorenz, Ilona Bodi, Doug Weiser, Harvey Hahn, Andrew N. Carr, Faisal Syed, Nirmala Mavila, Leena Jha, Jiang Qian, Yehia Marreez, Guoli Chen, Dennis W. McGraw, E. Kevin Heist, J. Luis Guerrero, Anna A. DePaoli-Roach, Roger J. Hajjar, Evangelia G. Kranias
Journal: Circulation Research (2005)

Abnormal calcium cycling, characteristic of experimental and human heart failure, is associated with impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake activity. This reflects decreases in the cAMP-pathway signaling and increases in type 1 phosphatase activity. The increased protein phosphatase 1 activity is partially due to dephosphorylation and inactivation of its inhibitor-1, promoting dephosphorylation of phospholamban and inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-pump. Indeed, cardiac-specific expression of a constitutively active inhibitor-1 results in selective enhancement of phospholamban phosphorylation and augmented cardiac contractility at the cellular and intact animal levels. Furthermore, the β-adrenergic response is enhanced in the transgenic hearts compared with wild types. On aortic constriction, the hypercontractile cardiac function is maintained, hypertrophy is attenuated and there is no decompensation in the transgenics compared with wild-type controls. Notably, acute adenoviral gene delivery of the active inhibitor-1, completely restores function and partially reverses remodeling, including normalization of the hyperactivated p38, in the setting of pre-existing heart failure. Thus, the inhibitor 1 of the type 1 phosphatase may represent an attractive new therapeutic target.
Outcome of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms treated with azacitidine
Authors: Luana Fianchi, Marianna Criscuolo, Monia Lunghi, Gianluca Gaidano, Massimo Breccia, Alessandro Levis, Carlo Finelli, Valeria Santini, Pellegrino Musto, Esther N Oliva, Pietro Leoni, Antonietta Aloe Spiriti, Francesco D’Alò, Stefan Hohaus, Livio Pagano, Giuseppe Leone, Maria Teresa Voso
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2012)

Abstract Background Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN), including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (t-MDS and t-AML) are associated to clinical and biologic unfavorable prognostic features, including high levels of DNA methylation. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 50 t-MN patients (34 MDS and 16 AML) selected among all patients receiving azacitidine (AZA) at 10 Italian Hematology Centers. Patients had developed a t-MN at a median of 6.5 years (range 1.7- 29) after treatment of the primary tumor (hematological neoplasm, 27 patients; solid tumor, 23 patients). Results The overall response rate was 42% (complete remission: 10 patients, partial remission: 2 and hematological improvement: 8 patients) and was obtained after a median of 3 cycles (range 1–6). Median overall survival (OS) was 21 months (range 1–53.6+) from AZA start. OS was significantly better in patients with less than 20% blasts, in normal karyotype t-AML and when AZA was used as front-line treatment. This was confirmed by the multivariate analysis. Conclusions This study reports efficacy of AZA in the largest series of therapy-related MN patients treated with 5-AZA. Our data show that blasts and karyotype maintain their important prognostic role in t-MN also in the azacitidine era.
Carcinoma in the gastric remnant after partial gastrectomy for benign ulceration: A study of three cases illustrating the diagnostic contribution of exfoliative cytology
Authors: D. D. Gibbs
Journal: Gut (1962)

Three patients are described in whom cancer was found in the gastric remnants years after partial gastrectomy for benign gastric ulceration. In each case the diagnosis was established by cytological examination of gastric washings.
Effects of macrolides on pneumolysin of macrolide-resistant<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
Authors: Y. Fukuda, K. Yanagihara, Y. Higashiyama, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Hirakata, H. Mukae, K. Tomono, Y. Mizuta, K. Tsukamoto, S. Kohno
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

To clarify the discrepancy between increasing resistance and conservative clinical effects of macrolides on macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, the authors evaluated the effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of macrolides on pneumolysin. In vitro, S. pneumoniae was incubated with 1, 2 and 4 microg.mL(-1) of clarithromycin (CLR) and azithromycin (AZM) for 8 h. Western blot analysis and haemolytic assay were performed to examine the production and activities of pneumolysin. In vivo, mice were infected with S. pneumoniae intra-nasally and treated with CLR (40 or 200 mg.kg(-1) twice daily) or AZM (40 or 200 mg.kg(-1) once daily) orally for 7 days. After 72 h post-infection, western blot analysis was performed to examine pneumolysin production in lungs. Survival rates were observed for 10 days. In vitro, every concentration of macrolide inhibited pneumolysin production more than the control. CLR (2 and 4 microg.mL(-1)) and AZM (4 microg.mL(-1)) reduced the pneumolysin activities more than the control. In vivo, macrolides (200 mg.kg(-1)) reduced pneumolysin in murine lungs more than the control. CLR (40 and 200 mg.kg(-1)) and AZM (200 mg.kg(-1)) improved the survival rates more than the control. The study results show that sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of macrolides reduced pneumolysin. This might be related to the effectiveness of macrolides against pneumonia caused by high-level macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the effects of macrolides on macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Respiratory input and transfer mechanical impedances in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Y Ying, R Peslin, C Duvivier, C Gallina, J Felicio da Silva
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1990)

Total respiratory input (Zin) and transfer (Ztr) mechanical impedances were measured from 4-30 Hz in 9 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in 12 healthy subjects. Zin was obtained by applying a pressure input around the head to minimize transmural pressure across extrathoracic airway walls, and Ztr was obtained with a pressure input at the chest. In agreement with previous studies total respiratory compliance and inertance were decreased in patients, while effective input resistance was increased and exhibited a negative frequency dependence. Effective transfer resistance (Re(Ztr)) was also increased at all frequencies, and, in some patients, the Re(Ztr)-frequency curve was sigmoid in shape, which was never seen in normals. When Ztr was analysed with a six-coefficient monoalveolar model featuring tissue properties, alveolar gas compliance, and airways properties, the model fitted the data less closely in patients than in normals and, in the former, provided unrealistic coefficients. Such was also the case with a bialveolar model. A better fit with more realistic values for the coefficients was obtained in selected patients with a model where central and peripheral (Rp) airway resistance were separated by a shunt representing airway wall compliance (Cb): Cb was found to range from 0.029-0.062 l.kPa-1 and Rp represented 44-81% of total airway resistance.
Diabetes Knowledge and Its Relationship With Achieving Treatment Recommendations in a National Sample of People With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sarah Stark Casagrande, Nilka Ríos Burrows, Linda S. Geiss, Kathleen E. Bainbridge, Judith E. Fradkin, Catherine C. Cowie
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

We examined the prevalence of knowledge of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol (ABC) levels and goals among people with diabetes, its variation by patient characteristics, and whether knowledge was associated with achieving levels of ABC control recommended for the general diabetic population.
Physiotherapy for airway clearance in paediatrics
Authors: B Oberwaldner
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2000)

The basic therapeutic principles in paediatric chest physiotherapy (CPT) are identical to those applied in adults. However, the child's growth and development results in continuing changes in respiratory structure and function, and the requirement for different applications of CPT in each age group. Forced expiratory manoeuvres and coughing serve as basic mechanisms for mobilization and transport of secretions, but the reduced bronchial stability after birth requires special techniques in very young patients. High externally applied transthoracic pressures have to be avoided in order to prevent interruption of airflow. In addition, airway patency is maintained by the application of back pressure and by liberal use of continuous positive airway pressure. Since sympathomimetic bronchodilators might further decrease bronchial stability, their use must be individualized in newborns and young infants. Inspiration is a basic mechanism for inflating alveolar space behind obstructing mucus plugs. Due to a highly unstable chest, the premature baby, newborn and infant cannot distend their lung parenchyma to the same extent as can older patients. Consequently all chest physiotherapy strategies applied in this age group have to incorporate appropriate techniques for raising lung volume. Positioning serves to redistribute ventilation, but the young infant's response to gravitational forces differs substantially from that of the adult, and consequently strategies used in older patients have to be modified. In addition, the therapist has to consider pathology such as bronchial instability lesions and airway hyperresponsiveness and has to adjust the therapeutic response accordingly. It is particularly important to consider the special vulnerability of newborns and young infants and to modify therapeutic interventions to avoid the harm that could otherwise be inflicted. Consideration of these differences between infant, child and adult and careful analysis of the available mucus clearance techniques allows tailoring of an individualized therapeutic approach to the paediatric patient.
Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa
Authors: M. A. Toups, A. Kitchen, J. E. Light, D. L. Reed
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Clothing use is an important modern behavior that contributed to the successful expansion of humans into higher latitudes and cold climates. Previous research suggests that clothing use originated anywhere between 40,000 and 3 Ma, though there is little direct archaeological, fossil, or genetic evidence to support more specific estimates. Since clothing lice evolved from head louse ancestors once humans adopted clothing, dating the emergence of clothing lice may provide more specific estimates of the origin of clothing use. Here, we use a Bayesian coalescent modeling approach to estimate that clothing lice diverged from head louse ancestors at least by 83,000 and possibly as early as 170,000 years ago. Our analysis suggests that the use of clothing likely originated with anatomically modern humans in Africa and reinforces a broad trend of modern human developments in Africa during the Middle to Late Pleistocene.
Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: M. Orozco-Levi, J. Garcia-Aymerich, J. Villar, A. Ramírez-Sarmiento, J. M. Antó, J. Gea
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

It was hypothesised that wood smoke exposure could be a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain. The present study was designed as a case–control study of 120 females requiring hospitalisation during 2001–2003 at Hospital del Mar (Barcelona, Spain). Cases were recruited from hospital records as females who had been admitted for an exacerbation of COPD. Controls were obtained from pulmonary function test laboratory consultations prior to a surgical intervention. All patients answered a standardised questionnaire. Exposure to wood or charcoal smoke was strongly associated with COPD after adjusting for age and smoking. The association between length of exposure and COPD suggested a dose–response pattern. Intensity of exposure in both summer and winter was also related to COPD. Wood or charcoal alone independently increased risk of COPD (odds ratio (OR) 1.8 and 1.5, respectively), but only the combination of both was statistically significant (OR 4.5). In conclusion, the present study shows a strong association between wood or charcoal smoke exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, supporting its existence not only in developing countries, but also in European countries, such as Spain. Further studies assessing whether this association also exists in other European societies are warranted.
Decline of FEV1.
Authors: P D Oldham
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Decline of FEV1The one second forced expiratory volume, the FEV1, remains one of the most useful tests of lung function in epidemiological studies.Despite the introduction of more subtle and more specific tests, none has sup- planted it as a means of detecting and quantifying environmental effects on respiratory health.Recently convincing evidence has appeared' that the FEV, not
Diabetic Somatic Neuropathies
Authors: Andrew J.M. Boulton, Rayaz A. Malik, Joseph C. Arezzo, Jay M. Sosenko
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

ropathic pain (7–10), and this and other putative mechanisms will be discussed. The clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the focal and multifocal neuropathies will be described. A major portion of this review will discuss the clinical features, assessment, and management of the patient with the most common form of DN, diabetic distal sensory polyneuropathy (DPN). The late sequelae of DPN and their prevention will also be described. Finally, practical guidelines for the screening of DPN in clinical practice will be provided. For further details on this topic, please refer to recent reviews (11– 18).
IGF-1 Overexpression Rescues the Failing Heart
Authors: Allen M. Samarel
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

ongestive heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome affecting nearly 5 million Americans with 550 000 new cases diagnosed annually.Despite recent advances in pharmacological therapy, the enormity of the clinical problem has stimulated cardiovascular scientists to test a variety of new and provocative hypotheses that may ultimately prove useful in CHF prevention and treatment.One such novel approach is addressed by Welch et al 1 in this issue of Circulation Research.They tested the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a peptide growth factor involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival, can positively affect CHF progression in a transgenic mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy.The study provides new and important information about the cellular mechanisms leading to ventricular remodeling and also adds to the current controversy regarding the roles of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and regeneration in the pathogenesis of CHF.
Neutropenia Associated With Maprotiline
Authors: R. Scott Ream
Journal: JAMA (1982)

MAPROTILINE hydrochloride is a new tetracyclic antidepressant agent. Neutropenia is an unusual but well-known complication of the use of tricyclic antidepressant agents, 1 but, to our knowledge, this complication has not been reported with the use of maprotiline. We present the case of a patient in whom neutropenia seems to be related to the use of this agent.  Report of a Case  A 51-year-old woman had been given maprotiline in early 1981 for severe depression that required hospitalization. Her condition was stabilized, and the drug therapy was continued at a dosage of 150 mg/day. Her only other medication was thyroid extract at a dosage of 6.2 g/day for hypothyroidism.  In September 1981, the patient saw her dentist for aphthous ulcerations and was treated with unknown topical therapy, with resolution. In early November, the patient had the onset of pharyngitis and was given erythromycin stearate, 250 mg four times a day,
Molecular adaptation of a leaf-eating bird: stomach lysozyme of the hoatzin.
Authors: J R Kornegay, J W Schilling, A C Wilson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1994)

This report describes a lysozyme expressed at high levels in the stomach of the hoatzin, the only known foregut-fermenting bird. Evolutionary comparison places it among the calcium-binding lysozymes rather than among the conventional types. Conventional lysozymes were recruited as digestive enzymes twice in the evolution of mammalian foregut fermenters, and these independently recruited lysozymes share convergent structural changes attributed to selective pressures in the stomach. Biochemical convergence and parallel amino acid replacements are observed in the hoatzin stomach lysozyme even though it has a different genetic origin from the mammalian examples and has undergone more than 300 million years of independent evolution.