tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gallium-67 scintigraphy in lung diseases
Authors: J. B. van der Schoot, A. S. Groen, J. de Jong
Journal: Thorax (1972)

There is some disagreement in the literature about the tumour affinity and tumour specificity of gallium-67 (<sup>67</sup>Ga). The present investigation showed good uptake of <sup>67</sup>Ga in most cases of bronchial carcinoma, but some uptake of <sup>67</sup>Ga was also found in 30% of those with non-malignant lung lesions. There was no relationship between the uptake of <sup>67</sup>Ga and the histological type of bronchial carcinoma. After radiotherapy, a transient uptake of <sup>67</sup>Ga in the irradiated field was seen. In five patients who were studied again two months after the end of radiation treatment, uptake of <sup>67</sup>Ga was no longer demonstrable at the original site of the tumour. <sup>67</sup>Ga appears to be an isotope with a high affinity for bronchial carcinoma but it is not tumour specific. However, our experience indicates that a negative <sup>67</sup>Ga scintigram of the lung in a case of suspected malignancy calls for reconsideration of the clinical diagnosis.
An Outbreak of Trichiniasis in Wolverhampton and District. A Clinical Account of Seven Cases
Authors: J. E. S. Lee
Journal: BMJ (1941)

BELLS PALSY AND HERPES ZOSTERMEDCIORSHNAL 237 of this hemiageLisia.Blunting of sensation over the left side of the forehead and cheek was still present.He remained in hospital for several weeks and made a complete recovery.The sensory changes persisted for a few more days: the hemiageulsia disappeared between the nineteenth and twenty-third davs of the illness, while the facial paralysis had practically gone three weeks after its appearance.Case 6.-While the above five cases of herpes zoster were in
Thromboxane, Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Receptors
Authors: P V Halushka, D E Mais, P R Mayeux, T A Morinelli
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1989)

Thromboxanes (TX), prostaglandins (PG), and leukotrienes (LT) (eicosa­ noids) are metabolites of the the 20-carbon fatty acid arachidonic acid. Current evidence supports potential pathophysiologic roles for these autocoids in many diseases (1-3). While the synthesis and metabolism ofthese auto­ coids have been studied extensively in normal and pathologic states, the study of their receptors has lagged far behind. With the development of drugs that will be targeted to these receptors, there is a pressing need to improve our understanding of the fundamental characteristics of these important receptors.
Mechanisms Underlying Development of Visual Maps and Receptive Fields
Authors: Andrew D. Huberman, Marla B. Feller, Barbara Chapman
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2008)

Patterns of synaptic connections in the visual system are remarkably precise. These connections dictate the receptive field properties of individual visual neurons and ultimately determine the quality of visual perception. Spontaneous neural activity is necessary for the development of various receptive field properties and visual feature maps. In recent years, attention has shifted to understanding the mechanisms by which spontaneous activity in the developing retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex instruct the axonal and dendritic refinements that give rise to orderly connections in the visual system. Axon guidance cues and a growing list of other molecules, including immune system factors, have also recently been implicated in visual circuit wiring. A major goal now is to determine how these molecules cooperate with spontaneous and visually evoked activity to give rise to the circuits underlying precise receptive field tuning and orderly visual maps.
Human neutrophil annexin I promotes granule aggregation and modulates Ca(2+)-dependent membrane fusion.
Authors: J W Francis, K J Balazovich, J E Smolen, D I Margolis, L A Boxer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The mechanism and cofactor requirements of exocytotic membrane fusion in neutrophils are unknown. Cytosolic proteins have been implicated in membrane fusion events. We assessed neutrophil cytosol for the presence of fusogenic proteins using a liposome fusion assay (lipid mixing). A fusogenic 36-kD protein containing amino acid sequence homology with human annexin I was purified from the cytosol of human neutrophils. This protein also shared functional characteristics with annexin I: it associated with and promoted lipid mixing of liposomes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner at micromolar Ca2+ concentrations. The 36-kD protein required diacylglycerol to promote true fusion (contents mixing) at the same Ca2+ concentrations used for lipid mixing. The 36-kD protein exhibited a biphasic dose-response curve, by both promoting and inhibiting Ca(2+)-dependent lipid-mixing between liposomes and a plasma membrane fraction. The 36-kD protein also promoted Ca(2+)-dependent increases in aggregation of a specific granule fraction, as measured by a turbidity increase. Antiannexin I antibodies depleted the 36-kD protein from the cytosol by greater than 70% and diminished its ability to promote lipid mixing. Antiannexin I antibodies also decreased by greater than 75% the ability of neutrophil cytosol to promote Ca(2+)-dependent aggregation of the specific granules. These data suggest that annexin I may be involved in aggregation and fusion events in neutrophils.
Haptens can serve as surrogate transplantation antigens in a manner that demonstrates H-2 restriction of graft rejection.
Authors: J W Streilein, P R Bergstresser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Hapten-immune mice are capable of rejecting syngeneic skin grafts that are derivatized with the relevant hapten, but only if the hapten is applied while the graft is "healing in." This model system was used to demonstrate that the hapten-specific immune effectors responsible for rejection are restricted by H-2 determinants of the recipient. Thus, haptens can be used in vivo as surrogate transplantation antigens for the study of immunopathogenic mechanisms in transplantation immunity.
Long-term efficacy of bosentan in treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children
Authors: A.A. Hislop, S. Moledina, H. Foster, I. Schulze-Neick, S.G. Haworth
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate a 5-yr experience of bosentan in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). A retrospective, observational study was made of children in the UK Pulmonary Hypertension Service for Children (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK) who were given bosentan as monotherapy or in combination, from February 2002 to May 2008 and followed up for ≥ 6 months. Detailed studies were made of 101 children with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) (n = 42) and PAH associated with congenital heart disease (n = 59). Before treatment, World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), height, weight and haemodynamic data were determined. Evaluations were analysed after 6 months and annually to a maximum of 5 yrs. Median duration of treatment was 31.5 months. Initial improvement in WHO functional class and 6MWD was maintained for up to 3 yrs. Height and weight increased but the z-scores did not improve. After 3 yrs, bosentan was continued as monotherapy in only 21% of children with IPAH, but in 69% of repaired cases and 56% of those with Eisenmenger syndrome. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for the 101 patients were 96, 89, 83 and 60% at 1, 2, 3 and 5 yrs, respectively. A treatment regime that includes bosentan is safe and appears to be effective in slowing disease progression in children with PAH.
Programmable probiotics for detection of cancer in urine
Authors: Tal Danino, Arthur Prindle, Gabriel A. Kwong, Matthew Skalak, Howard Li, Kaitlin Allen, Jeff Hasty, Sangeeta N. Bhatia
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2015)

Probiotics programmed to generate specific metabolites traffic from the gut to tumors and enable cancer detection through the urine.
Apoptosis, necrosis and necroptosis: cell death regulation in the intestinal epithelium
Authors: Claudia Günther, Helmut Neumann, Markus F Neurath, Christoph Becker
Journal: Gut (2012)

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are organised as a single cell layer which covers the intestine. Their primary task is to absorb nutrients present in the intestinal lumen. However, IEC also play an important role in the immune defence of our body by building a barrier that separates the bowel wall from potentially hazardous bacteria present in the gut lumen. The life cycle of IEC is determined by the time span in which cells migrate from their place of origin at the crypt base to the villus tip, from where they are shed into the lumen. Cell death in the intestinal epithelium has to be tightly regulated and irregularities might cause pathologies. Excessive cell death has been associated with chronic inflammation as seen in patients with Crohn9s disease and ulcerative colitis. While until recently apoptosis was discussed as being essential for epithelial turnover and tissue homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium, recent data using gene deficient mice have challenged this concept. Moreover, an apoptosis-independent mode of programmed cell death, termed necroptosis, has been identified and described in the intestinal epithelium. The following article reviews previous studies on cell death regulation in IEC and a potential role of necroptosis for gut homeostasis.
A robust high-throughput sandwich cell-based drug screening platform
Authors: Shufang Zhang, Wenhao Tong, Baixue Zheng, Thomas A.K. Susanto, Lei Xia, Chi Zhang, Abhishek Ananthanarayanan, Xiaoye Tuo, Rashidah B. Sakban, Ruirui Jia, Ciprian Iliescu, Kah-Hin Chai, Michael McMillian, Shali Shen, Hwaliang Leo, Hanry Yu
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Indole, a core nucleus for potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization
Authors: Andrea Brancale, Romano Silvestri
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2006)

Abstract Microtubules are the basic components of cell structure, which take part in a wide number of pivotal cellular functions. Drugs that are able to modulate the microtubule assembly either by inhibition of tubulin polymerization or by blocking microtubule disassembly are of great interest in anti‐cancer therapy. Several tubulin polymerization inhibitors characterized by the presence of an indole nucleus have been obtained from natural sources or have been prepared by semi‐synthesis. In the last decade an ever increasing number of synthetic indoles have been reported. We have reviewed anti‐tubulin agents obtained by synthesis having an indole as core nucleus. The synthesis, the biological activity, and the structure–activity relationship aspects of 3‐formyl‐2‐phenylindoles, heterocombretastatins, diarylindoles, 2‐aroylindoles, D‐24851, 2‐aryl‐3‐aroylindoles, 3‐aroyl‐ and 1‐aroylindoles, and arylthioindoles are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev
Vasopressin is involved in endothelin receptor antagonist-induced fluid retention in rat. Differential effect of selective ETA and dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonists
Authors: Magali Vercauteren, Daniel Strasser, Enrico Vezzali, Anna Stalder, Marc Iglarz, Patrick Hess, Martine Clozel
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) are associated with varying degrees of fluid retention. As endothelin B (ETB) receptors have been involved in natriuresis and diuresis, it was paradoxical to observe that ETA-selective ERAs cause a significant risk of fluid overload in patients.  Aim of the present study was to understand the contribution of each ET receptor subtype in the mechanism of fluid retention in rats. Changes in fluid balance were assessed after administration of the prototypic ETA-selective sitaxentan and the dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonist bosentan, by measuring haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), plasma volume (PV), body fluid content and renal excretory function.  Acutely, sitaxentan caused marked dose-dependent decreases in Hct and Hb, whereas bosentan had a lesser effect. Chronic studies confirmed this difference and showed that sitaxentan increased PV (+50%) and elevated total body fluid content (+15%) compared with vehicle, while bosentan had a small non-significant effect (+16% for PV and +8% for total body water content). In addition, sitaxentan, but not bosentan, reduced water excretion and increased plasma vasopressin (AVP) concentration (3-fold increase) compared with vehicle-treated rats. In Brattleboro rats lacking AVP and in Wistar rats treated with either the AVP V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan, or the ETB-selective antagonist BQ-788, hemodilution induced by sitaxentan was markedly reduced.  These results demonstrate that ERAs, particularly ETA-selective antagonists cause fluid retention by activating the AVP system via secondary stimulation by endothelin of the uninhibited ETB receptors.
Anti-Inhibitor Coagulant Complex Prophylaxis in Hemophilia with Inhibitors
Authors: Cindy Leissinger, Alessandro Gringeri, Bülent Antmen, Erik Berntorp, Chiara Biasoli, Shannon Carpenter, Paolo Cortesi, Hyejin Jo, Kaan Kavakli, Riitta Lassila, Massimo Morfini, Claude Négrier, Angiola Rocino, Wolfgang Schramm, Margit Serban, Marusia Valentina Uscatescu, Jerzy Windyga, Bülent Zülfikar, Lorenzo Mantovani
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Patients with severe hemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors are at increased risk for serious bleeding complications and progression to end-stage joint disease. Effective strategies to prevent bleeding in such patients have not yet been established.We enrolled patients with hemophilia A who were older than 2 years of age, had high-titer inhibitors, and used concentrates known as bypassing agents for bleeding in a prospective, randomized, crossover study comparing 6 months of anti-inhibitor coagulant complex (AICC), infused prophylactically at a target dose of 85 U per kilogram of body weight (±15%) on 3 nonconsecutive days per week, with 6 months of on-demand therapy (AICC at a target dose of 85 U per kilogram [±15%] used for bleeding episodes). The two treatment periods were separated by a 3-month washout period, during which patients received on-demand therapy for bleeding. The primary outcome was the number of bleeding episodes during each 6-month treatment period.Thirty-four patients underwent randomization; 26 patients completed both treatment periods and could be evaluated per protocol for the efficacy analysis. As compared with on-demand therapy, prophylaxis was associated with a 62% reduction in all bleeding episodes (P<0.001), a 61% reduction in hemarthroses (P<0.001), and a 72% reduction in target-joint bleeding (≥3 hemarthroses in a single joint during a 6-month treatment period) (P<0.001). Thirty-three randomly assigned patients received at least one infusion of the study drug and were evaluated for safety. One patient had an allergic reaction to the study drug.AICC prophylaxis at the dosage evaluated significantly and safely decreased the frequency of joint and other bleeding events in patients with severe hemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors. (Funded by Baxter BioScience; Pro-FEIBA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221195.).
Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Growth and Adult Blood Pressure
Authors: C.M. Law, A.W. Shiell, C.A. Newsome, H.E. Syddall, E.A. Shinebourne, P.M. Fayers, C.N. Martyn, M. de Swiet
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — People who are small at birth tend to have higher blood pressure in later life. However, it is not clear whether it is fetal growth restriction or the accelerated postnatal growth that often follows it that leads to higher blood pressure. Methods and Results — We studied blood pressure in 346 British men and women aged 22 years whose size had been measured at birth and for the first 10 years of life. Their childhood growth was characterized using a conditional method that, free from the effect of regression to the mean, estimated catch-up growth. People who had been small at birth but who gained weight rapidly during early childhood (1 to 5 years) had the highest adult blood pressures. Systolic pressure increased by 1.3 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.3 to 2.3) for every standard deviation score decrease in birth weight and, independently, increased by 1.6 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.6 to 2.7) for every standard deviation score increase in early childhood weight gain. Adjustment for adult body mass index attenuated the effect of early childhood weight gain but not of birth weight. Relationships were smaller for diastolic pressure. Weight gain in the first year of life did not influence adult blood pressure. Conclusions — Part of the risk of adult hypertension is set in fetal life. Accelerated weight gain in early childhood adds to this risk, which is partly mediated through the prediction of adult fatness. The primary prevention of hypertension may depend on strategies that promote fetal growth and reduce childhood obesity.
Neural reuse in the social and emotional brain
Authors: Mary Helen Immordino-Yang, Joan Y. Chiao, Alan P. Fiske
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Presenting evidence from the social brain, we argue that neural reuse is a dynamic, socially organized process that is influenced ontogenetically and evolutionarily by the cultural transmission of mental techniques, values, and modes of thought. Anderson's theory should be broadened to accommodate cultural effects on the functioning of architecturally similar neural systems, and the implications of these differences for reuse.
Superoxide Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Contributes to Oxidative Stress and Impaired Relaxation in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Francis J. Miller, David D. Gutterman, C. David Rios, Donald D. Heistad, Beverly L. Davidson
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —The endothelium is a source of reactive oxygen species in short-term models of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. We examined a chronic model of atherosclerosis for increased vascular production of superoxide (O 2 − ·) and determined whether endothelial overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) would improve endothelium-dependent relaxation. Superoxide generation was 3 times higher in isolated aortas from Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits (2 to 4 years old) compared with aortas from New Zealand White (NZ) rabbits (43±10 versus 14±2 relative light units · min −1 · mm −2 , n=9, P &lt;0.05). After in vitro transduction with adenovirus containing the gene for CuZn-SOD (AdCMVCuZn-SOD) or extracellular SOD (AdCMVEC-SOD), endothelial O 2 − · levels in WHHL aortas were significantly reduced. Gene transfer of SOD to WHHL aortas, however, failed to improve the impaired relaxation to acetylcholine or calcium ionophore. By use of the oxidative fluorescent dye hydroethidine, an in situ assay indicated markedly increased generation of O 2 − · throughout the wall of WHHL aorta, especially within layers of smooth muscle. This finding was confirmed by demonstrating increased O 2 − · levels in smooth muscle cells cultured from WHHL aorta. We conclude that elevated O 2 − · levels in atherosclerotic vessels are not confined to the endothelium but occur throughout the vascular wall, including smooth muscle cells. Reduction in endothelial O 2 − · levels is not sufficient to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation. Generation of reactive oxygen species within the media may contribute to vasomotor dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
To study pulmonary hemodynamics and the prevalence of porto pulmonary hypertension (POPH) in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Sachin Kumar, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Manoj Kumar Sharma, Ashish Kumar, Shiv Kumar Sarin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

BACKGROUND:

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) (mean pulmonary artery (MPA) pressure ≥ 25mm Hg at rest) associated with cirrhosis have variable etiologies and prognostic implications.

AIM:

To study pulmonary hemodynamics and determine the prevalence of porto pulmonary hypertension (POPH) in cirrhotic patients.

METHOD:

Retrospective study comprised 1492 patients with cirrhosis seen at a tertiary teaching hospital from July 2001 to March 2011 undergoing invasive haemodynamic measurements during hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) study. The data on etiology of cirrhosis, medical history and Child-Pugh classification of liver disease also collected.

RESULT:

1492 patients(M:F,1177:315, Child A:B:C,378:360:754) mean age 45.4±13.2. 37(2.48%) had confirmed PH and 7 (0.47%) patients satisfied the criteria of POPH. Out of 37 PH patients, precapillary PH was present in 7 (POPH group) while postcapillary PH was present in 30 (2.0%) and was passive in 27 patients. Cardiac dysfunction (n=17), spirometric evidence of COPD (n=10 including 4 overlap with cardiac disease), unknown (n=4) and serological evidence of connective tissue disorders (n=3) were also present in postcapillary PH patients. Only 3 out of 30 patients had reactive postcapillary PH (Transpulmonary gradient (TPG) >12mm Hg). Higher MPA and TPG significantly associated with POPH

CONCLUSION:

The prevalence of POPH in cirrhosis was 0.47 %. Presence of PH in cirrhotic should alert the physician to search for more common causes other than POPH, may be more amenable to treatment, making them eligible and also reducing the risk associated with untreated PH, especially in patients being considered for liver transplantation.
Ambient Metals, Elemental Carbon, and Wheeze and Cough in New York City Children through 24 Months of Age
Authors: Molini M. Patel, Lori Hoepner, Robin Garfinkel, Steven Chillrud, Andria Reyes, James W. Quinn, Frederica Perera, Rachel L. Miller
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

The effects of exposure to specific components of ambient fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), including metals and elemental carbon (EC), have not been fully characterized in young children.To compare temporal associations among PM(2.5); individual metal constituents of ambient PM(2.5), including nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn); and EC and longitudinal reports of respiratory symptoms through 24 months of age.Study participants were selected from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health birth cohort recruited in New York City between 1998 and 2006. Respiratory symptom data were collected by questionnaire every 3 months through 24 months of age. Ambient pollutant data were obtained from state-operated stationary monitoring sites located within the study area. For each subject, 3-month average inverse-distance weighted concentrations of Ni, V, Zn, EC, and PM(2.5) were calculated for each symptom-reporting period based on the questionnaire date and the preceding 3 months. Associations between pollutants and symptoms were characterized using generalized additive mixed effects models, adjusting for sex, ethnicity, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and calendar time.Increases in ambient Ni and V concentrations were associated significantly with increased probability of wheeze. Increases in EC were associated significantly with cough during the cold/flu season. Total PM(2.5) was not associated with wheeze or cough.These results suggest that exposure to ambient metals and EC from heating oil and/or traffic at levels characteristic of urban environments may be associated with respiratory symptoms among very young children.