Bronchiectasis: working together for better evidence
Authors: James D Chalmers
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2015)

There remains limited evidence to guide the treatment of patients with bronchiectasis. 2014 was characterised by great optimism, followed by disappointment as large randomised clinical trials—such as those for inhaled aztreonam, mannitol, and colistin—failed to reach their primary endpoints. As a result, we remain without a licensed therapy for this disabling disease.1Bilton D Loebinger MR Wilson R Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: an evidence-base for new therapies.Lancet Respir Med. 2014; 2: 958-960Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (7) Google Scholar No such large phase 3 studies have been reported in 2015, and we await results of major trials of inhaled antibiotics, which are due to be reported in 2016. Nevertheless, 2015 could mark the beginning of a revolution in our understanding of bronchiectasis; a series of high-quality studies and international programmes have started to unravel the complex pathophysiology of the disease and to lay the foundation for clinical breakthroughs. Identification of the underlying cause of bronchiectasis is crucial for ongoing management. A cohort study of 1258 patients from six European countries reported that the frequency of idiopathic disease was 18–58%, while that of disease with a post-infective cause ranged from 5% to 43%.2Lonni S Chalmers JD Goeminne PC et al.Etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in adults and its correlation to disease severity.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; (published online Oct 2.)https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201507-472OCCrossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar 164 (13%) patients had an underlying cause that required a specific treatment. Clear geographical variations in disease cause were noted, but there was no association between underlying cause and severity, suggesting that all patients with bronchiectasis need to undergo protocolised testing for cause of disease.2Lonni S Chalmers JD Goeminne PC et al.Etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in adults and its correlation to disease severity.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; (published online Oct 2.)https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201507-472OCCrossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar Geographical variation in the cause of bronchiectasis is even more marked outside Europe, with up to 60% of patients in the USA having disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), which is less common in Europe (2–9% of patients in some reports).2Lonni S Chalmers JD Goeminne PC et al.Etiology of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in adults and its correlation to disease severity.Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; (published online Oct 2.)https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201507-472OCCrossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar In 2015, several small translational studies have added to our understanding of disease mechanisms. One of these is Szymanski and colleagues' whole-exome sequencing study3Szymanski EP Leung JM Fowler CJ et al.Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: a multisystem, multigenic disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192: 618-628Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar of 69 patients with pulmonary NTM infection and bronchiectasis, and 18 of their unaffected family members. The investigators reported a high frequency of mitral valve prolapse, pectus excavatum, and joint hypermobility in these patients, and that these features were associated with several immune genes (eg, STAT1, IRF8, CARD9, CLEC4D, and MPEG1) and cilia genes, and with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This finding suggests that NTM-associated bronchiectasis might have a characteristic morphology and genetic susceptibility, but large studies in diverse populations are needed.3Szymanski EP Leung JM Fowler CJ et al.Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: a multisystem, multigenic disease.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015; 192: 618-628Crossref PubMed Scopus (115) Google Scholar Frequent and severe exacerbations of bronchiectasis are both independently associated with mortality.4Chalmers JD Goeminne P Aliberti S et al.The Bronchiectasis Severity Index: an international derivation and validation study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 189: 576-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (698) Google Scholar Gao and colleagues5Gao Y Guan W Xu G et al.The role of viral infection in pulmonary exacerbations of bronchiectasis in adults.Chest. 2015; 147: 1635-1643Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar identified respiratory viruses in a large proportion of exacerbations. Viruses—most frequently coronaviruses, rhinovirus, and influenza A/B viruses—were identified in 49 of 100 exacerbations (in 58 patients). Although many bronchiectasis exacerbations might have a viral cause, viruses were detected in 11 (19%) patients when they were clinically stable, suggesting that viral carriage or delayed viral clearance could be a factor leading to exacerbations.5Gao Y Guan W Xu G et al.The role of viral infection in pulmonary exacerbations of bronchiectasis in adults.Chest. 2015; 147: 1635-1643Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar Bronchiectasis is characterised by airway neutrophilia, a form of inflammation that is relatively resistant to existing therapies like inhaled corticosteroids.6De Soyza A Pavord I Elborn JS et al.A randomised, placebo-controlled study of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 in bronchiectasis.Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 1021-1032Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar The chemokine receptor CXCR2 is expressed on neutrophils, and antagonism of CXCR2 can reduce neutrophil recruitment to the lung. A phase 2A proof-of-concept study of AZD5069, a CXCR2 antagonist, has been performed in 52 patients with bronchiectasis.6De Soyza A Pavord I Elborn JS et al.A randomised, placebo-controlled study of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 in bronchiectasis.Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 1021-1032Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar Sputum neutrophil count was decreased by 38% in the active treatment group compared with placebo. Surprisingly, this decrease was associated with an increase in the concentrations of some sputum and serum cytokines, and did not result in a reduction in exacerbations.6De Soyza A Pavord I Elborn JS et al.A randomised, placebo-controlled study of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 in bronchiectasis.Eur Respir J. 2015; 46: 1021-1032Crossref PubMed Scopus (74) Google Scholar Larger studies are needed, since this trial was not powered to detect clinical benefits. Early-phase studies need sensitive and responsive clinical trial endpoints. Unfortunately, unlike cystic fibrosis, for which forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is an accepted trial endpoint, FEV1 is poorly responsive to treatment in bronchiectasis. Lung clearance index (LCI), a measure of ventilation inhomogeneity in the peripheral airways, is potentially a more sensitive and responsive measure than FEV1, but further assessment is needed. In Grillo and colleagues' study7Grillo L Irving S Hansell DM et al.The reproducibility and responsiveness of the lung clearance index in bronchiectasis.Eur Respir J. 2015; (published online Sept 4.)https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00152-2015Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar of 32 stable and 32 exacerbating patients with bronchiectasis, LCI was reproducible across visits but did not change significantly with exacerbation or short-term treatments. Although these studies improve our understanding of bronchiectasis and can inform future work, a reminder of how far we need to go in clinical medicine was provided by Welsh and colleagues' overview of Cochrane systematic reviews.8Welsh EJ Evans DJ Fowler SJ Spencer S Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 7 (CD010337)PubMed Google Scholar Summarising 21 systematic reviews, the authors identified poor evidence for most therapies in clinical use, including inhaled corticosteroids, hypertonic saline, and long-term antibiotics. They called for a coordinated effort to stimulate further research and highlight the need for better clinical trial endpoints.8Welsh EJ Evans DJ Fowler SJ Spencer S Interventions for bronchiectasis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 7 (CD010337)PubMed Google Scholar A major step towards achieving this goal was taken in 2015 with the launch of a €50 million programme of work across Europe. Led by Stuart Elborn from Queen's University Belfast, UK, this EU-funded programme represents the largest investment in bronchiectasis research worldwide, and it aims to develop two new inhaled antibiotics for bronchiectasis.9Queen's University BelfastQueen's leads €50m programme to develop new antibiotic treatments for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/ceao/News/ArchivedPressReleases/2015PressReleases/September2015PressReleases/#d.en.524243Date: Sept 7, 2015Google Scholar The programme will also address challenges in drug development through validation of new clinical trial endpoints, including LCI, sputum biomarkers, and microbiome characterisation.9Queen's University BelfastQueen's leads €50m programme to develop new antibiotic treatments for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/ceao/News/ArchivedPressReleases/2015PressReleases/September2015PressReleases/#d.en.524243Date: Sept 7, 2015Google Scholar Moreover, the programme will provide long-term support for the European Bronchiectasis Registry (EMBARC), which began recruitment in February, 2015, and aims to gather data from up to 10 000 patients across Europe while building a sustainable framework for future multicentre clinical trials. These developments give us great optimism for the coming years in bronchiectasis research. However, 2015 was also notable for the sad loss of a friend and colleague, David Serisier.10Watts G Obituary: David John Serisier.Lancet Respir Med. 2015; 3: 523Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (1) Google Scholar A member of the international advisory board of The Lancet Respiratory Medicine and a passionate and exceptionally talented researcher, Serisier made many important contributions to bronchiectasis, the most notable of which was the landmark Bronchiectasis and Low-dose Erythromycin Study (BLESS) study.11Serisier DJ Martin ML McGuckin MA et al.Effect of long-term, low-dose erythromycin on pulmonary exacerbations among patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BLESS randomized controlled trial.JAMA. 2013; 309: 1260-1267Crossref PubMed Scopus (339) Google Scholar His passion and energy inspired everyone in the field, and he is greatly missed. I am a partner in the iABC consortium, funded by the European Union and by Novartis and Basilea. I report grants and personal fees from Bayer HealthCare and Aradigm Corporation.