tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hypothyroidism on Induction of Mammary Tumors in Rats by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[&lt;italic&gt;a&lt;/italic&gt;]anthracene&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: John A. Kellen, M.D.
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1972)

In female Sprague-Dawley rats, the incidence of palpable nodules of the mammary gland after intravenous administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene was decreased by hypothyroidism induced with antithyroidal drugs. Methimazole completely suppressed tumor induction during an observation period sufficient for a 100% tumor incidence with the carcinogen alone. In our experiments, the tumor-inhibitory effect of decreased food intake cannot be ruled out.
Evaluation of carboplatin dosage based on a body surface area adjusted 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation
Authors: R. O’Cearbhaill, A. Barry, D. Griffin, M. Keane, P. Donnellan, H. Grimes
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

13524 Background: Calculations of carboplatin dose are based on the Calvert formula, which incorporates glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In everyday practice, creatinine clearance (CrCl) as calculated by Cockroft-Gault, Jelliffe or other formulas is commonly substituted for GFR in the Calvert formula. More recently, a new formula, originally devised by the MDRD research group for estimating GFR (eGFR), has been promulgated. In this study the impact of interchanging CrCl with eGFR when calculating carboplatin dose was investigated. Allied to this we highlight the importance of taking body surface area (BSA) into account when using eGFR, known as ‘absolute GFR’. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients (pts) receiving carboplatin at our institution from December 2005 to October 2006. Serum creatinine and CrCl according to the Cockcroft-Gault and the Jelliffe formulas were recorded. Calvert formula derived carboplatin dose using the CrCl was compared to eGFR and absolute GFR. Results: 92 carboplatin treatment episodes were recorded. The average serum creatinine was 70.5μmol/l (47% male, mean age 53years {range 33–74 years} and 53% women, mean age 60 years {range 41–82 years}). eGFR and CrCl correlated reasonably well with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.88. The correlation was weakest at lower levels of serum creatinine. While the Cockroft-Gault and Jelliffe formulas are estimates of actual CrCl, the eGFR is an estimate of GFR per 1.73m2 BSA. This affected the correlation at extremes of BSA. Correcting eGFR for BSA resulted in a tighter correlation (r = 0.94) with the CrCl. Even using absolute GFR, significant scatter still occurs at lower serum creatinine levels, as the MDRD equation was originally formulated for usage in pts with impaired renal function. Correlation of carboplatin dosage as derived using CrCl or absolute GFR showed a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Conclusions: Absolute GFR calculated using the MDRD equation corrected for BSA correlates well with CrCl as calculated by Cockroft-Gault and Jelliffe formulas. While this means that either parameter is valid in the majority of pts, care should be taken when applying MDRD-derived estimates of GFR when serum creatinine is within the normal reference range. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Pilot randomized crossover study comparing the efficacy of transnasal disposable endosheath with standard endoscopy to detect Barrett’s esophagus
Authors: Mohammed Shariff, Sibu Varghese, Maria O’Donovan, Zarah Abdullahi, Xinxue Liu, Rebecca Fitzgerald, Massimiliano di Pietro
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> The transnasal endosheath endoscope is a new disposable technology with potential applicability to the primary care setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transnasal endosheath endoscopy (TEE) for the detection of Barrett's esophagus, by comparing the diagnostic accuracy of TEE with that of standard endoscopy. <b>Patients and methods:</b> This was a prospective, randomized, crossover study performed in a single tertiary referral center. Consecutive patients undergoing surveillance for Barrett's esophagus or referred for diagnostic assessment were recruited. All patients were randomized to undergo TEE followed by standard endoscopy or the reverse. Endoscopy experiences and patient preferences were evaluated using a questionnaire. Endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus, and optical image quality of both endoscopic procedures, were compared. <b>Results:</b> A total of 21 of 25 patients completed the study. TEE had sensitivity and specificity of 100 % for an endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus, and of 66.7 % and 100 %, respectively, for the histologic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. The mean optical quality of standard endoscopy was significantly better than that of TEE (7.11 ± 0.42 vs. 4.06 ± 0.27; <i>P</i> < 0.0001). However, following endoscopy, patients reported a significantly better experience with TEE compared with standard endoscopy (7.05 ± 0.49 vs. 4.35 ± 0.53; <i>P</i> = 0.0006), with 60 % preferring TEE and 25 % preferring sedated standard endoscopy. <b>Conclusions:</b> In this study, TEE had equal accuracy for an endoscopic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus compared with standard endoscopy, at the expense of reduced image quality and a lower yield of intestinal metaplasia on biopsy. TEE was better tolerated and preferred by patients. Hence, TEE needs further evaluation in primary care as an initial diagnostic tool.
NIMG-09QUANTIFICATION OF GLIOBLASTOMA LOCALIZATION REVEALS ASSOCIATIONS WITH GENOMIC SUBTYPES AND SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE
Authors: Tyler Steed, Jeffrey Treiber, Kunal Patel, Bob Carter, Ander Dale, Lionel Chow, Clark Chen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

INTRODUCTION: The subventricular zone (SVZ) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the molecularly diverse neoplasm, glioblastoma. Whether molecular subtypes arise from unique niches of the brain remains largely unknown. Here, we tested whether these subtypes of glioblastoma occupy distinct regions of the cerebrum and examined glioblastoma localization in relation to the SVZ. METHODS: Pre-operative MR images from 217 glioblastoma patients from The Cancer Imaging Archive were segmented automatically into contrast enhancing (CE) tumor volumes using Iterative Probabilistic Voxel Labeling (IPVL). Probabilistic maps of tumor location were generated for each subtype and distances were calculated from the centroid of CE tumor volumes to the SVZ. Glioblastomas that arose in a Genetically Modified Murine Model (GEMM) model were also analyzed with regard to SVZ distance and molecular subtype. RESULTS: Classical and mesenchymal glioblastomas were more diffusely distributed and located farther from the SVZ. In contrast, proneural and neural glioblastomas were more likely to be located in closer proximity to the SVZ. Moreover, in a GFAP-CreER; PtenloxP/loxP; Trp53loxP/loxP; Rb1loxP/loxP; Rbl1−/− GEMM model of glioblastoma where tumor can spontaneously arise in different regions of the cerebrum, tumors that arose near the SVZ were more likely to be of proneural subtype based on transcriptomal and immunohistochemical profiles (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Glioblastoma subtypes occupy different regions of the brain and vary in proximity to the SVZ. These findings harbor implications pertaining to the pathogenesis of glioblastoma subtypes.
Trends in sudden infant death
Authors: A N Stanton
Journal: BMJ (1995)

packed cell volumes with a lower limit in black American women may be due to the high frequency of oa thalassaemia in people of African descent and to total compensation for lifelong slightly lower haemoglobin concentrations.Steer and colleagues consider that it "remains possible that genuine anaemia . . .has adverse consequences on fetal growth and long term outcome."Obstetricians and others working in developing countries know well the severe conse- quences of matemal anaemia on placental size, fetal growth, length of gestation, fetal nutrition, infant morbidity and mortality, and maternal morbidity and ultimately mortality.4It remains the duty of obstetricians to try to bring maternal haemoglobin concentration into the optimal range for pregnancy.Evidence suggests that the optimal range is 110-140 g/l rather than the lower values proposed by Steer and colleagues.
Protease-Activated Fluorescent Probe Shows Promise as a Cancer Imaging Device
Authors: Julie A. Jacob
Journal: JAMA (2016)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Investigations on the Effects of Chronic Cigarette-Smoke Inhalation in Syrian Golden Hamsters
Authors: W. Dontenwill, H. -J. Chevalier, H. -P. Harke, U. Lafrenz, G. Reckzeh, B. Schneider
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Results of chronic inhalation experiments on Syrian golden hamsters were reported. Of 4440 hamsters, 3610 were used for their entire lifespans; the remaining 830 were exposed for no longer than 52 weeks. Some animals received additional treatment with carcinogens. Survival times and body and organ-weight development were correlatetl with treatment or morphologic changes. Pathohistologic investigations of organs and tissues, hematologic examinations, and biochemical analyses of blood were performed. Experimental results demonstrated a dose-response relationship. Effects of smoke from various types of cigarettes and effects of combined smoke and carcinogen treatment were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1) Changes induced by smoke exposure—Striking differences were found between experimental groups. Alterations were most pronounced in the larynx and depended on duration of treatment and dosage; survival times were reduced, and loss of body weight was dose dependent; the number of erythrocytes increased and hemoglobin rose. 2) Changes enhanced by smoke exposure-Incidence of "smoke cells" was greater; increase in "adenomatoid lesions" was slightly significant. 3) Effects of treatment with DMBA—The number of tumors increased in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, trachea, liver, anti ovary; the occurrence of ovarian cysts also increased. 4) Effects of nitrosamine treatment—Papillomas in the trachea and lower region of the larynx differed from those in animals exposed to smoke. 5) Changes not connected with treatment—Findings included stomach ulcers, gastritis, pulmonary emphysema, inflammation of the respiratory tract, generalized amyloidosis, testicular atrophy, vascular and heart diseases, muscular atrophy, formation of thromboses in heart and lungs, cardiomyopathy, inflammatory changes in the soft tissue and intestinal organs, bile-duct cysts, bile-duct proliferation; also tumors of the nasal cavity, skin, connective and supporting tissues, hematopoietic system, and adrenal glands, and biochemical and hematologic changes (apart from changes in erythrocytes and hemoglobin).
Homoharringtonine--perspectives on an active new natural product.
Authors: P J O'Dwyer, S A King, D F Hoth, M Suffness, B Leyland-Jones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1986)

Article Tools Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.10.1563 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print September 22, 2016 PMID: 3531426 Homoharringtonine--perspectives on an active new natural product. P J O'DwyerxP J O'DwyerSearch for articles by this author , S A KingxS A KingSearch for articles by this author , D F HothxD F HothSearch for articles by this author , M SuffnessxM SuffnessSearch for articles by this author , B Leyland-JonesxB Leyland-JonesSearch for articles by this author https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1986.4.10.1563 First Page PDF © 1986 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Neural respiratory drive (NRD) measured by parasternal electromyography predicts clinical deterioration and early readmission in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD)
Authors: Eui-Sik Suh, Swanpa Mandal, Rachel Harding, Michelle Ramsay, Meera Kamalanathan, Katherine Henderson, Abdel Douiri, Gerrard Rafferty, Patrick B. Murphy, John Moxham, Nicholas Hart
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background  Second intercostal space parasternal muscle electromyography (EMG para ) can be used as a physiological biomarker of NRD in patients with severe AECOPD  (Murphy et al, Thorax 2011) . We hypothesised that NRD would predict patient- and physician-defined deterioration, and early readmission in these patients.   Methods  Spirometry, inspiratory capacity (IC), EMG para , medical early warning score (MEWS) and Borg dyspnoea scale were recorded daily in patients with AECOPD admitted to a UK hospital.. Physician-defined deterioration and early readmissions were noted.   Results  120 patients were enrolled (age 70±9years, BMI 25·3±7·2kg/m 2  and FEV 1  31 ± 11% predicted). Admission-to-discharge changes (Δ) in the normalised value of EMG para  (EMG para%max ) were inversely correlated with ΔFEV 1  (r=-0 · 38, pl0 · 001) and ΔIC (r=-0 · 44, pl0 · 001). ΔEMG para%max  and ΔMEWS between consecutive recordings predicted worsening of dyspnoea, defined as ≥1point rise in Borg scale. Only ΔEMG para%max  predicted physician-defined deterioration.  Age (OR 1 · 08, p=0 · 004) and 12-month admission frequency (OR 1 · 29, p=0 · 04) predicted 28-day readmission. ΔEMG para%max  (OR 1 · 09, p=0 · 02) predicted 28-day readmission in patients under 85 years. ΔEMG para%max  (OR 1 · 13, p=0 · 007) and changes in oxygen saturation (OR 1 · 21, p=0 · 02) predicted 14-day readmission.   Conclusion  NRD was a biomarker of changes in the physiological load on the respiratory system during AECOPD; it detected clinical deterioration in hospital suggesting a role as a monitoring tool. NRD also predicted early readmission, so it could be used to optimise discharge planning in COPD patients.
Effects of academic detailing on recommendations for colonoscopy screening among primary care physicians
Authors: S. Sheinfeld Gorin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

1020 Background: Physician recommendation is key to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of “academic detailing,” a novel, brief, office-based intervention designed to change primary care physicians' (PCP's) CRC screening practices, relative to a service-as-usual control. The end point is the percentage of asymptomatic patients age > 50 years screened for CRC. Methods: In-person interviews were conducted at baseline, and 12-months with urban PCP's (N=164) who were stratified by the income and ethnic/racial characteristics of their practice communities, and whose offices were assigned at random to one of two study arms. Eight percent of PCP's in the New York City area participated in the trial at baseline. Results: The results of a repeated measures ANOVA at 12-month followup showed statistically significant intervention effects for increased colonoscopy screening recommendations. At pretest, the intervention group PCP's recommended 68% of their eligible patients for colonoscopy screening; at post-test, they recommended 83% of similar patients (p=.03). By contrast, due to increased general awareness of CRC, similar control PCP's only increased their rates of recommendation to 7% at posttest. The findings from a hierarchical model of colonoscopy screening, accounting for stratification by community, also found statistically significant intervention effects (F=5.20; p=.03). There was also a significant pretest effect (F=14.91, p<.00001). There were no statistically signficant effects of the intervention on other CRC screening approaches. Conclusions: The findings from the trial suggest promise for academic detailing in increasing CRC screening, particularly among PCP's in underserved areas.(Funded by ACS TIOG CPC-99783.) No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Destruction of Circulating Leukemia Cells by Phagocytosis in Rats With Myelogenous Leukemia 2
Authors: Yongock Cho, Peter P. H. de Bruyn
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Acute myelogenous leukemia was induced in outbred Long-Evans rats by iv injections of leukemia cells from a subcutaneous tumor of Shay myelogenous leukemia. In rats with this leukemia the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts varied from 2.4 to 700 × 109/liter. No differences were found in the bone marrow of the rats with the high WBC counts and that of rats with low WBC counts. This observation could explain the large variations in the number of circulating leukemia cells caused by differences in cell proliferation or delivery of cells into the circulation. Massive phagocytosis of leukemia cells occurred in animals with low WBC counts (<12 × 109/liter) but not in animals with high WBC counts (>150 × 109/liter). This phagocytosis was directed against circulating leukemia cells. The main phagocytes were Kupffer's cells of the liver and macrophages of the spleen parenchyma. In addition, phagocytosis occurred in the spleens and bone marrow by intravascular macrophages, which were derived from extravascular sites. The endothelium of the postcapillary venules of the lymph nodes participated in the phagocytosis of circulating leukemia cells while continuing to be the locus of lymphocytic return from circulation to lymphatic parenchyma. The factors underlying the differences in macrophage activity between the rats with high and low WBC counts were unknown.
PTU-252 Higher emergency laparotomy mortality rates in over 65s with higher p-possum scores
Authors: S Brown, C Ray, J Edwards, N French, S Moug
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Various factors are associated with increased laparotomy mortality rates, the study of which could help with the difficult decision of which patients should not have laparotomy as they are unlikely to survive. P-POSSUM in some studies has been shown to predict laparotomy survival and we were keen to assess if this persists in different age groups. <h3>Method</h3> A prospective database had been created of 144 consecutive laparotomy patients in a busy district general hospital, using locally tabulated and National Laparotomy Database data, to allow calculation of 30-day mortality, and analysis of various patient factors. A previous multivariate analysis, performed using Cox Proportional Hazards Analysis, had suggested that age and postoperative P-POSSUM were independent predictors of mortality. For this study, mortality rates were calculated for patients over 65, and over 80, and separately within each category for those whose P-POSSUM scores were under and equal to or over the mean values, with the differences being assessed with chi-squared analysis. <h3>Results</h3> Mean age of the patients was 63.3 (13–92). Overall mean P-POSSUM score was 17.2%. 50% of the patients were over 65 and 25% over 80. In the patients who were over 65, mortality was 29%. In those over-65s who had a P-POSSUM score equal to or over the mean, mortality was 44.8% and in those under the mean it was 17% (p = 0.014). In patients over 80, mortality was 36%. In octogenarians who had a P-POSSUM score equal to or over the mean, mortality was 40% and in those under, 33.3% and this was not a significant difference (p = 0.734). <h3>Conclusion</h3> In the over-65s POSSUM scoring signficiantly divides this population into higher and lower mortality, which could be used to direct operative decisions. In the over 80s this difference cannot be shown, potentially due to being over 80 itself being such a strong predictor of laparotomy mortality. <h3>Disclosure of interest</h3> None Declared.
Social phobia: epidemiology, recognition, and treatment
Authors: J A den Boer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Fear of being stared at is common to most animals, including humans.Normal social discourse involves being under the gaze of strangers, friends, and colleagues-interactions that are usually navigated without conscious thought.Most people admit to social discomfort while under public scrutiny-for example, before performing in public. 1Social phobia, however, is the excessive fear that a performance or social interaction will be inadequate, embarrassing, or humiliating-people with social phobia avert their gaze from their interlocutors and often avoid a feared social setting.Social phobia is a poorly investigated and misunderstood condition. 2The resulting disability severely impairs educational attainment and gainful productivity.Unless the disorder is accurately diagnosed and promptly treated, a burden is placed on society.This review examines the epidemiology, recognition, and treatment of this debilitating condition.It is based on articles selected (in December 1995 and