tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interrupter Resistance and Wheezing Phenotypes at 4 Years of Age
Authors: Jessica E. Brussee, Henriëtte A. Smit, Laurens P. Koopman, Alet H. Wijga, Marjan Kerkhof, Karen Corver, Ada P. H. Vos, Jorrit Gerritsen, Diederick E. Grobbee, Bert Brunekreef, Peter J. F. M. Merkus, Johan C. de Jongste
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

It is difficult to distinguish young children with respiratory symptoms who will develop asthma from those with transient symptoms only. Measurement of interrupter resistance may help to identify children at high risk of asthma. The aim of this study is to compare interrupter resistance in 4-year-old children with different wheezing phenotypes. All children participated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy cohort, a prospective birth cohort of more than 4,000 children. At 4 years of age, data on interrupter resistance plus wheezing phenotype were available for 838 children. Mean interrupter resistance values (95% confidence interval) were 0.95 (0.93, 0.97), 0.95 (0.92, 0.98), 0.96 (0.87, 1.05), and 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) kPa · L−1 · second for never (n = 482), early transient (n = 236), late-onset (n = 22), and persistent (n = 98) wheezing phenotypes, respectively. Additional analyses were performed for children with atopic and nonatopic mothers separately. Both in children with atopic and nonatopic mothers, children with persistent wheeze had significantly higher interrupter resistance values than children with never and early wheeze. In conclusion, mean interrupter resistance values were higher in children with persistent wheeze as compared with children with never and early transient wheezing phenotypes.
Reciprocal and dynamic control of CD8 T cell homing by dendritic cells from skin- and gut-associated lymphoid tissues
Authors: J. Rodrigo Mora, Guiying Cheng, Dominic Picarella, Michael Briskin, Natasha Buchanan, Ulrich H. von Andrian
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

T cell activation by intestinal dendritic cells (DC) induces gut-tropism. We show that, reciprocally, DC from peripheral lymph nodes (PLN-DC) induce homing receptors promoting CD8 T cell accumulation in inflamed skin, particularly ligands for P- and E-selectin. Differential imprinting of tissue-tropism was independent of Th1/Th2 cytokines and not restricted to particular DC subsets. Fixed PLN-DC retained the capacity to induce selectin ligands on T cells, which was suppressed by addition of live intestinal DC. By contrast, fixed intestinal DC failed to promote gut-tropism and instead induced skin-homing receptors. Moreover, the induction of selectin ligands driven by antigen-pulsed PLN-DC could be suppressed “in trans” by adding live intestinal DC, but PLN-DC did not suppress gut-homing receptors induced by intestinal DC. Reactivation of tissue-committed memory cells modified their tissue-tropism according to the last activating DC's origin. Thus, CD8 T cells activated by DC acquire selectin ligands by default unless they encounter fixation-sensitive signal(s) for gut-tropism from intestinal DC. Memory T cells remain responsive to these signals, allowing for dynamic migratory reprogramming by skin- and gut-associated DC.
Surgery in the Aged
Authors: C. Stuart Welch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

THE honor of delivering the fifty-ninth Shattuck Lecture has been given me, I take it, because of my recent appointment to the professorship of surgery in Tufts College Medical School. This pleasant and honorable task is a great responsibility, and I approach it realizing the difficulty I shall have in upholding the high tradition left by the long line of distinguished physicians who have preceded me.1 The subject for this evening is surgery in the aged, a topic that to some degree will give consideration to an aspect of the diseases of the inhabitants of the Commonwealth in keeping with . . .
Increased activity and expression of MAP kinase in HCC model rats induced by 3′-methyl-4-dimethylamino-azobenzene
Authors: Mitsutaka Toyoda, Naotake Hashimoto, Kenji Tokita, Barry J Goldstein, Osamu Yokosuka, Azuma Kanatsuka, Yasuo Suzuki, Yasushi Saito
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
Sustained Molecular Response With Interferon Alfa Maintenance After Induction Therapy With Imatinib Plus Interferon Alfa in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Andreas Burchert, Martin C. Müller, Philippe Kostrewa, Philipp Erben, Tilman Bostel, Simone Liebler, Rüdiger Hehlmann, Andreas Neubauer, Andreas Hochhaus
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose Imatinib induces sustained remissions in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), but fails to eradicate CML stem cells. This is of major concern regarding the issues of cure, long-term imatinib tolerability, and imatinib resistance. We therefore asked whether interferon alfa-2a (IFN) alone could maintain molecular remissions achieved by a prior combination therapy with imatinib and IFN. Patients and Methods Imatinib therapy was stopped in 20 patients who had concomitantly been pretreated with imatinib and IFN for a median of 2.4 years (range, 0.2 to 4.8 years) and 2.5 years (range, 0.2 to 4.9 years), respectively. After imatinib discontinuation, remission status was monitored monthly by quantitative analysis of the peripheral-blood BCR-ABL mRNA levels using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Proteinase-3 expression and proteinase-3–specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) were longitudinally measured to assess putative markers of IFN response. Results With a median time of 2.4 years after imatinib withdrawal (range, 0.5 to 4.0 years), 15 (75%) of 20 patients remained in remission. The number of patients in complete molecular remission increased under IFN from two patients at baseline to five patients after 2 years. Relapses occurred in five patients within 0.4 years (range, 0.2 to 0.8 years), but patients underwent rescue treatment with imatinib, re-establishing molecular remission. IFN therapy was associated with an increase in the expression of leukemia-associated antigen proteinase 3 and induction of proteinase-3–specific CTLs. Conclusion Treatment with IFN enables discontinuation of imatinib in most patients after prior imatinib/IFN combination therapy and may result in improved molecular response. Induction of a proteinase-3–specific CTL response by IFN may contribute to this effect.
Treatment of plantar fasciitis by LowDye taping and iontophoresis: short term results of a double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial of dexamethasone and acetic acid
Authors: H R Osborne, G T Allison
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Objectives: To determine if, in the short term, acetic acid and dexamethasone iontophoresis combined with LowDye (low-Dye) taping are effective in treating the symptoms of plantar fasciitis. Methods: A double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled trial of 31 patients with medial calcaneal origin plantar fasciitis recruited from three sports medicine clinics. All subjects received six treatments of iontophoresis to the site of maximum tenderness on the plantar aspect of the foot over a period of two weeks, continuous LowDye taping during this time, and instructions on stretching exercises for the gastrocnemius/soleus. They received 0.4% dexamethasone, placebo (0.9% NaCl), or 5% acetic acid. Stiffness and pain were recorded at the initial session, the end of six treatments, and the follow up at four weeks. Results: Data for 42 feet from 31 subjects were used in the study. After the treatment phase, all groups showed significant improvements in morning pain, average pain, and morning stiffness. However for morning pain, the acetic acid/taping group showed a significantly greater improvement than the dexamethasone/taping intervention. At the follow up, the treatment effect of acetic acid/taping and dexamethasone/taping remained significant for symptoms of pain. In contrast, only acetic acid maintained treatment effect for stiffness symptoms compared with placebo (p = 0.031) and dexamethasone. Conclusions: Six treatments of acetic acid iontophoresis combined with taping gave greater relief from stiffness symptoms than, and equivalent relief from pain symptoms to, treatment with dexamethasone/taping. For the best clinical results at four weeks, taping combined with acetic acid is the preferred treatment option compared with taping combined with dexamethasone or saline iontophoresis.
The Dangers of Using a Relative Risk Standard for Minimal Risk
Authors: Seema Shah
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2011)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments This article is not subject to U.S. Copyright Law. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, out of the Warren G. Magnussen Clinical Center. The opinions expressed are the view of the author. They do not represent any position or policy of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Public Health Service, or the Department of Health and Human Services.
Impact of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) presence in patients with GOLD stage II chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Authors: D Martolini, R Tanner, D Shrikrishna, C Davey, C Smith, M Patel, Z Zoumot, A Donaldson, D Mohan, G Coiss, Samuel J Clark, D Elia, P Palang, N Hopkinson, M Polkey
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background. 
A higher prevalence of PFO in COPD has been reported suggesting that PFO may contribute to hypoxaemia and impact exercise tolerance.
Aims and objectives 

Our study aimed to evaluate the presence and the amount of right to left shunt in COPD patients with PFO, and to ascertain the impact on resting arterial oxygen and on exercise tolerance.

Methods
15 GOLD II COPD subjects (8M/7F; Age 69±7SD) underwent lung function tests, blood gas analysis and 6' Walk Test (6MWT). Transcranial Doppler (TCD) with the injection of agitated saline at rest and during Valsalva maneuver was performed to evaluate the presence of PFO. 13 subjects completed cardiopulmonary cycle exercise test with breath-by-breath analysis. During the test oesophageal and gastric pressures were measured, and agitated saline injections performed every 2 minutes while TCD signal was recorded.

Results
Seven out of 15 subjects had PFO. PFO+ subjects tended to be slightly more hypoxic than PFO- (PFO+ PaO2 vs PFO- PaO2 77±7 vs 84±6 mmHg, p=0.064) but significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, FEV1 and TLco were observed. No significant differences were observed in terms of 6MWT distance, Oxygen Uptake %pred, and MaxLoad %pred. A slight increase in right to left shunting was observed during exercise in PFO+ subjects (rest injection 5±6 bubbles; 2nd injection 10±14; 3rd injection 10±14; 4th injection 11±10). No bubbles were detected during exercise in PFO- patients.

Conclusions
PFO is common in GOLD II COPD. However PFO does not influence oxygen levels at rest or exercise tolerance despite a slightly increased right to left shunt
Effect of Anastrozole on Bone Mineral Density: 5-Year Results From the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination Trial 18233230
Authors: Richard Eastell, Judith E. Adams, Robert E. Coleman, Anthony Howell, Rosemary A. Hannon, Jack Cuzick, John R. Mackey, Matthias W. Beckmann, Glen Clack
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

The Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (median follow-up, 68 months) has shown that adjuvant anastrozole has superior efficacy and better tolerability than tamoxifen. However, anastrozole reduces circulating estrogen, and low estradiol levels are associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. It is therefore important to understand the effects of long-term aromatase inhibitor therapy on BMD.This prospective substudy of the ATAC trial assessed BMD changes in postmenopausal women with invasive primary breast cancer receiving anastrozole (1 mg/d) or tamoxifen (20 mg/d) as adjuvant therapy for 5 years. Lumbar spine and total hip BMD were assessed at baseline and after 1, 2, and 5 years.One hundred ninety-seven women from the monotherapy arms of the ATAC trial were recruited onto the bone substudy, and 108 were included in the primary analysis. Among anastrozole-treated patients, there was a decrease in median BMD from baseline to 5 years in lumbar spine (-6.08%) and total hip (-7.24%) compared with the tamoxifen group (lumbar spine, +2.77%; total hip, +0.74%). No patients with normal BMD at baseline became osteoporotic at 5 years.Anastrozole is associated with accelerated bone loss over the 5-year treatment period. However, although patients with pre-existing osteopenia are likely to require monitoring and bone-protection strategies, patients with normal BMD would not appear to require monitoring beyond the recommendation for healthy postmenopausal women. The effect of anastrozole on bone should be weighed against its superior efficacy and better tolerability profile versus tamoxifen in the main ATAC trial.
MONILETHRIX: A GROUP OF TWENTY-TWO CASES
Authors: J. G. Tomkinson
Journal: BMJ (1932)

on the right side and the median opening on the left.No urine was seen coming from the median opening on the right side or from the outer orifice on the left.Catheters were passed without difficulty up all four ureters.DIFFERENTIAL URINE ANALYSIS Catheter Specimens from Right Kidney Right Outer Ureter.-Urinesomewhat blood-stained; specific gravity, 1012 ; acid ; urea, 1.16 per cent.White blood cells +, red blood cells ++.Gram-negative bacilli and a few streptococci present.Culture yielded a heavy growth of B. coli.Right Median Ureter.-Urineslightly turbid ; acid ; urca, 1.63 per cent.White blood cells +, red cells + +.Gram- negative bacilli and a few streptococci present.Culture yielded heavy growth of B. coli.Catheter Specimen7s fronm Left Kidney Left Outter Ureter-.Urine turbid and very blood-stained faintly acid; specific gravity, 1010 urea, 0.70Oper cent.Very few white blood cells, and many red cells.No organisms seen.On culture there was a heavy growth of B. coli.Left Median Ureter.-Urin'?turbid ; amphoteric ; specific gravity, 1006; urea, 0.43 per cent.Many white cells but very fewv red cells present.There were some Gram-negative bacilli.On culture there was a heavy growth of B. coli.The urine from all four catheters correspond clesely, dll being heavily infected and showing a low urea content, the right side being a little the better. RESULTS OF TREATMENTAs the patient did not appear to benefit under the usual urinary antiseptics, a trial wi,as made of the ketogenic treat- ment.At first the organisms per cubic centimetre of urine diminished from being uncountable to about 1,000 per c.cm. at the end of a week, but at the end of a fortnight a sudden increase took place, and the daily count varied from 15,300 per c.cm. to approximately 100,000,000,000 per c.cm.After
Survival and causes of death in 366 Hungarian patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: L Czirjak, G Kumanovics, C Varju, Z Nagy, A Pakozdi, Z Szekanecz, G Szucs
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> Survival analysis of a series of 366 consecutive patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). <h3>Methods:</h3> Clinical and laboratory data were evaluated from 1983 until 2005 using a standard protocol. The female/male ratio was 315/51. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 56.8 (12.2) years. The duration of disease was 12 (5–19) years with a median follow-up of 6 (3–12) years. <h3>Results:</h3> Kaplan–Meier univariate analysis showed that renal, cardiac involvement, pigmentation disturbances, malabsorption, a forced vital capacity &lt;50%, diffuse scleroderma, presence of early malignancy, anaemia, and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were signs of unfavourable prognosis, whereas anti-centromere antibodies were indicators of a good survival. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model the presence of diffuse scleroderma, renal involvement, coexistence of a malignant disease, and increased ESR were poor independent prognostic signs. Elderly age at the onset of disease also caused an unfavourable outcome. A total of 86 SSc-related deaths were recorded during the follow-up. Of them, 65% were attributed to cardiorespiratory manifestation of disease. Tumour associated early death was found in 12 cases (14%). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In addition to the well-known factors influencing the outcome (diffuse subset, internal organ involvements, and inflammatory signs), the coexistence of scleroderma with a malignancy also causes a poor outcome.
Changes in serum neopterin and serum beta 2-microglobulin in subjects with lung infections
Authors: J Carstens, PL Andersen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Our aim was to investigate whether serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin have any value in the distinction between Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and pneumonia due to extracellular bacteria. Also, to study whether neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin would correlate with the clinical course of lung infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients. Thirty HIV-positive subjects with PCP, 9 HIV-positive patients with bacterial pneumonia, and 16 HIV-negative patients with bacterial pneumonia were investigated. Thirty eight asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects and 48 healthy blood donors were used as controls. The HIV-positive patients with PCP and the HIV-positive subjects with bacterial pneumonia had significantly and similarly elevated levels of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in the acute stage. In the weeks before the acute stage of PCP, neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin had been increasing. After start of treatment, serum neopterin declined significantly, whilst serum beta 2-microglobulin remained elevated. The HIV-negative patients with bacterial pneumonia had significantly increased serum concentrations of both markers in the acute stage, and had decreasing serum concentrations in the weeks after treatment. We conclude that neither neopterin nor beta 2-microglobulin seem to be of value in distinction between PCP and bacterial pneumonia in HIV-positive subjects. In the HIV-positive patients, neopterin may correlate partly with the clinical activity of PCP, whilst serum beta 2-microglobulin may remain elevated after PCP, despite treatment and recovery. The elevated level may, in part, be due to repeated infections and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
RISK FACTORS FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS SEROPOSITIVITY AMONG CHILDREN 1-24 MONTHS OLD IN KINSHASA, ZAIRE
Authors: Jonathan M. Mann, Farzin Davachi, Thomas C. Quinn, Ngaly Bosenge, Peter Piot, Pangu Kaza Asila, Henry Francis, Paola Baudoux, Nzila Nzilambi, Robert L. Colebunders, Ndoko Kabote, Miatudila Malonga, James W. Curran
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic biomarker for men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy: data from two randomized phase III trials
Authors: R.J. van Soest, A.J. Templeton, F.E. Vera-Badillo, F. Mercier, G. Sonpavde, E. Amir, B. Tombal, M. Rosenthal, M.A. Eisenberger, I.F. Tannock, R. de Wit
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)

The derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) was prognostic for survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy in two randomized phase III trials. A high dNLR (≥2) was associated with shorter survival irrespective of the received treatment. This readily available biomarker may serve for risk stratification in future clinical trials.BackgroundThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of host inflammation, has been associated with poor outcome in several solid tumors. Here, we investigated associations of the derived NLR (dNLR) and duration of initial androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with survival of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) receiving first-line chemotherapy.Patients and methodsData from the multinational randomized phase III studies VENICE and TAX327 included a total of 2230 men with mCRPC randomized to receive first-line chemotherapy, and were used as training and validation sets, respectively. Associations of dNLR and duration of initial ADT with overall survival (OS) were evaluated by multivariable Cox regression analysis in the training set stratified for performance status and treatment arm. The model was then tested in the validation set. Subsequently, we investigated the treatment effect of docetaxel on OS in subgroups according to dNLR and duration of initial ADT.ResultsIn the training set, both dNLR ≥median (2) and duration of initial ADT <median (15 months) were associated with increased risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.50,P < 0.001 and HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.21–1.64,P < 0.001, respectively] after adjustment for age, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and pain at baseline. In the validation set, dNLR remained an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.20–1.70,P < 0.001), whereas duration of initial ADT was not (HR 1.16; 95% CI 0.97–1.37,P = 0.10). In subgroup analyses of the TAX327 study, docetaxel improved OS irrespective of dNLR and duration of initial ADT.ConclusionThe dNLR was prognostic for OS in men with mCRPC receiving first-line chemotherapy in two randomized phase III trials. A high dNLR (≥2) was associated with shorter survival irrespective of the received treatment. This readily available biomarker may serve for risk stratification in future clinical trials and could be incorporated into prognostic nomograms.Clinical Trials numberNCT00519285.
Bottoms-up! A refreshing change in models
Authors: Charles T. Snowdon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Top-down models typically used to explain social behavior involve specific adaptations and higher level cognition. The Pavlovian conditioning model proposed can be extended to explain formation of dominance hierarchies and group structure, can replace a pheromonal model of reproductive suppression, and can be applied to language learning. This bottom-up approach based on general learning principles is a refreshing alternative to top-down models.
Hypercholesterolaemic arthropathy in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Authors: P R Mills, P J Rooney, G Watkinson, R N MacSween
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

A new cause of severe transient fitting polyarthritis is described in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hypercholesterolaemia is thought to provoke acute inflammatory periarthritis and peritendinitis. The clinical features are sudden onset of peripheral joint pain and effusion, with redness of the overlying skin, often precipitated by unusual exercise. Cholestyramine may help to prevent this form of arthritis.