tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion
Authors: Jacob Miguel Vigil
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Despite a staggering body of research demonstrating sex differences in expressed emotion, very few theoretical models (evolutionary or non-evolutionary) offer a critical examination of the adaptive nature of such differences. From the perspective of a socio-relational framework, emotive behaviors evolved to promote the attraction and aversion of different types of relationships by advertising the two most parsimonious properties of reciprocity potential, or perceived attractiveness as a prospective social partner. These are the individual's (a) perceived capacity or ability to provide expedient resources, or to inflict immediate harm onto others, and their (b) perceived trustworthiness or probability of actually reciprocating altruism (Vigil 2007). Depending on the unique social demands and relational constraints that each sex evolved, individuals should be sensitive to advertise "capacity" and "trustworthiness" cues through selective displays of dominant versus submissive and masculine versus feminine emotive behaviors, respectively. In this article, I introduce the basic theoretical assumptions and hypotheses of the framework, and show how the models provide a solid scaffold with which to begin to interpret common sex differences in the emotional development literature. I conclude by describing how the framework can be used to predict condition-based and situation-based variation in affect and other forms of expressive behaviors.
Efficient Allocation of Patients to Treatment Cells in Clinical Trials With More Than Two Treatment Conditions
Authors: S W Woods, D E Sholomskas, M K Shear, J M Gorman, D H Barlow, A W Goddard, J Cohen
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Clinical trials generally allocate patients to equal-sized treatment groups. The authors propose that it may be more efficient to allocate unequal proportions of the total sample size to treatments when more than two treatments are being compared.This proposal is illustrated with two examples. One involved a comparison of three treatments and used a dichotomous categorical outcome. The other involved comparison of three treatments and used a continuous measure.In both examples, a considerable increase in efficiency was realized by reducing the number of patients assigned to the placebo cell.Unequal allocation of patients to treatments should be considered when more than two groups are compared.
Criminal Behavior in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Madeleine Liljegren, Georges Naasan, Julia Temlett, David C. Perry, Katherine P. Rankin, Jennifer Merrilees, Lea T. Grinberg, William W. Seeley, Elisabet Englund, Bruce L Miller
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

Neurodegenerative diseases can cause dysfunction of neural structures involved in judgment, executive function, emotional processing, sexual behavior, violence, and self-awareness. Such dysfunctions can lead to antisocial and criminal behavior that appears for the first time in the adult or middle-aged individual or even later in life.To investigate the frequency and type of criminal behavior among patients with a diagnosed dementing disorder.We conducted a retrospective medical record review of 2397 patients who were seen at the University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center between 1999 and 2012, including 545 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), 171 patients with behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), 89 patients with semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and 30 patients with Huntington disease. Patient notes containing specific keywords denoting criminal behavior were reviewed. Data were stratified by criminal behavior type and diagnostic groups.Frequencies of criminal behavior and χ² statistics were calculated.Of the 2397 patients studied, 204 (8.5%) had a history of criminal behavior that emerged during their illness. Of the major diagnostic groups, 42 of 545 patients (7.7%) with AD, 64 of 171 patients (37.4%) with bvFTD, 24 of 89 patients (27.0%) with semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and 6 of 30 patients (20%) with Huntington disease exhibited criminal behavior. A total of 14% of patients with bvFTD were statistically significantly more likely to present with criminal behavior compared with 2% of patients with AD (P < .001) and 6.4% were statistically significantly more likely to exhibit violence compared with 2% of patients with AD (P = .003). Common manifestations of criminal behavior in the bvFTD group included theft, traffic violations, sexual advances, trespassing, and public urination in contrast with those in the AD group, who commonly committed traffic violations, often related to cognitive impairment.Criminal behavior is more common in patients with bvFTD and semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia than in those with AD and is more likely to be an early manifestation of the disorder. Judicial evaluations of criminality in the demented individual might require different criteria than the classic "insanity defense" used in the American legal system; these individuals should be treated differently by the law. The appearance of new-onset criminal behavior in an adult should elicit a search for frontal and anterior temporal brain disease and for dementing disorders.
Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I induce immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG4 production by human B cells.
Authors: H Kimata, M Fujimoto
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

We studied the effects of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and insulin on human immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG4 production. GH and IGF-I induced IgE and IgG4 production by normal donors' mononuclear cells (MNC) depleted of sIgE+ and sIgG4+ B cells without affecting IgM, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA1, or IgA2 production, whereas IGF-II and insulin failed to do so. GH-induced IgE and IgG4 production was specific, and was not mediated by IGF-I, interleukin 4 (IL-4), or IL-13, since it was blocked by anti-GH antibody (Ab), but not by anti-IGF-I Ab, anti-IL-4 Ab, or anti-IL-13 Ab. Conversely, IGF-I-induced IgE and IgG4 production was blocked by anti-IGF-I Ab, but not by anti-GH Ab, anti-IL-4 Ab, or anti-IL-13 Ab. Moreover, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) or IFN-gamma, which counteracted IL-4-and IL-13-induced IgE and IgG4 production, had no effect on induction by GH or IGF-I. In contrast to MNC, GH or IGF-I failed to induce IgE and IgG4 production by purified sIgE-, sIgG4- B cells. However, in the presence of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb), GH or IGF-I induced IgE and IgG4 production by these cells. Purified sIgE+, but not sIgE-, B cells from atopic patients spontaneously produced IgE. GH or IGF-I with anti-CD40 mAb failed to enhance IgE production by sIgE+ B cells, whereas they induced IgE production by sIgE- B cells. Similarly, whereas GH or IGF-I with anti-CD40 mAb failed to enhance IgG4 production by sIgG4+ B cells from atopic patients, they induced IgG4 production by sIgG4- B cells. Again, neither IgE nor IgG4 induction was blocked by anti-IL-4 Ab or anti-IL-13 Ab. These results indicate that GH and IGF-I induce IgE and IgG4 production by class switching in an IL-4- and IL-13-independent mechanism.
Diffusion and perfusion imaging in subacute neurotoxicity following high-dose intravenous methotrexate
Authors: April F. Eichler, Tracy T. Batchelor, John W. Henson
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2007)

Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that can cause acute, subacute, and chronic neurological complications. Subacute MTX neurotoxicity is manifest by abrupt onset of focal cerebral dysfunction occurring days to weeks after MTX administration, usually in children. We describe the neuroimaging features of an adult patient with primary CNS lymphoma who presented with transient aphasia and right hemiparesis 12 days after receiving intravenous high-dose MTX (8 g/m2) chemotherapy. Imaging within 1 h of symptom onset showed bilateral symmetrical restricted diffusion involving white matter of the cerebral hemispheres. CT angiogram and dynamic susceptibility MRI showed no evidence of vasospasm or perfusion defect. MRI five days later showed near-complete resolution of the abnormalities. MRI 3(1/2) months later showed normal diffusion but new hyperintense T2-weighted signal changes in the subcortical white matter corresponding to previous areas of restricted diffusion. The absence of vascular or perfusion abnormalities suggests that transient cytotoxic edema in white matter may explain the syndrome of subacute MTX neurotoxicity.
Acetabular labrum and its tears
Authors: A A Narvani, E Tsiridis, C C Tai, P Thomas
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Groin pain is a major cause of morbidity in athletes. Only in the last decade have acetabular labrum tears been recognised as a possible diagnosis. Awareness of this condition is important for appropriate management. The basic science and pathological and clinical features of acetabular labrum tears are reviewed, and diagnostic and treatment options are presented.
Neuromuscular training and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster randomised controlled study
Authors: Kati Pasanen, Jari Parkkari, Matti Pasanen, Hannele Hiilloskorpi, Tanja Mäkinen, Markku Järvinen, Pekka Kannus
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

To investigate whether a neuromuscular training programme is effective in preventing non-contact leg injuries in female floorball players.Cluster randomised controlled study.28 top level female floorball teams in Finland.457 players (mean age 24 years)-256 (14 teams) in the intervention group and 201 (14 teams) in the control group-followedup for one league season (six months).A neuromuscular training programme to enhance players' motor skills and body control, as well as to activate and prepare their neuromuscular system for sports specific manoeuvres.Acute non-contact injuries of the legs.During the season, 72 acute non-contact leg injuries occurred, 20 in the intervention group and 52 in the control group. The injury incidence per 1000 hours playing and practise in the intervention group was 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.37 to 1.13) and in the control group was 2.08 (1.58 to 2.72). The risk of non-contact leg injury was 66% lower (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.20 to 0.57) in the intervention group.A neuromuscular training programme was effective in preventing acute non-contact injuries of the legs in female floorball players. Neuromuscular training can be recommended in the weekly training of these athletes.Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN26550281.
EphA2 Immunoconjugate as Molecularly Targeted Chemotherapy for Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Jeong-Won Lee, Hee Dong Han, Mian M. K. Shahzad, Seung Wook Kim, Lingegowda S. Mangala, Alpa M. Nick, Chunhua Lu, Robert R. Langley, Rosemarie Schmandt, Hye-Sun Kim, Shenlan Mao, John Gooya, Christine Fazenbaker, Dowdy Jackson, David A. Tice, Charles N. Landen, Robert L. Coleman, Anil K. Sood
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

EphA2 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer but is absent or expressed at low levels in normal epithelial tissues. We investigated whether a novel immunoconjugate containing an anti-EphA2 monoclonal antibody (1C1) linked to a chemotherapeutic agent (monomethyl auristatin phenylalanine [MMAF]) through a noncleavable linker maleimidocaproyl (mc) had antitumor activity against ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor models. Specificity of 1C1-mcMMAF was examined in EphA2-positive HeyA8 and EphA2-negative SKMel28 ovarian cancer cells by antibody binding and internalization assays. Controls were phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1C1, or control IgG-mcMMAF. Viability and apoptosis were investigated in ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor models (10 mice per group). Antitumor activities were tested in the HeyA8-luc and SKOV3ip1 orthotopic mouse models of ovarian cancer. Endothelial cells were identified by use of immunohistochemistry and anti-CD31 antibodies. All statistical tests were two-sided. The 1C1-mcMMAF immunoconjugate specifically bound to EphA2-positive HeyA8 cells but not to EphA2-negative cells and was internalized by HeyA8 cells. Treatment with 1C1-mcMMAF decreased the viability of HeyA8-luc cells in an EphA2-specific manner. In orthotopic mouse models, treatment with 1C1-mcMMAF inhibited tumor growth by 85%–98% compared with that in control mice (eg, for weight of HeyA8 tumors, 1C1-mcMMAF = 0.05 g and control = 1.03 g; difference = 0.98 g, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.40 to 1.58 g; P = .001). Even in bulkier disease models with HeyA8-luc cells, 1C1-mcMMAF treatment, compared with control treatment, caused regression of established tumors and increased survival of the mice (eg, 1C1-mcMMAF vs control, mean = 60.6 days vs 29.4 days; difference = 31.2 days, 95% CI = 27.6 to 31.2 days; P = .001). The antitumor effects of 1C1-mcMMAF therapy, in SKOV3ip1 tumors, for example, were statistically significantly related to decreased proliferation (eg, 1C1-mcMMAF vs control, mean = 44.1% vs 55.8% proliferating cells; difference = 11.7%, 95% CI = 2.45% to 20.9%; P = .01) and increased apoptosis of tumor cells (eg, 1C1-mcMMAF vs control, mean = 8.6% vs 0.9% apoptotic cells; difference = 7.7%, 95% CI = 3.8% to 11.7%; P < .001) and of mouse endothelial cells (eg, 1C1-mcMMAF vs control, mean 2.8% vs 0.4% apoptotic endothelial cells; difference = 2.4%, 95% CI = 1.4% to 4.6%; P = .034). The 1C1-mcMMAF immunoconjugate had antitumor activity in preclinical models of ovarian carcinoma.
Local increase of antiprotease and neutrophil elastase-alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complexes in lung cancer
Authors: FX Marchandise, B Mathieu, C Francis, Y Sibille
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1989)

Tumour progression is dependent on many factors including antiproteases and proteases released by tumour cells or host cells infiltrating the tumour. In the present study, we evaluated the antiprotease content, namely alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2M) and alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) and neutrophil (PMN) elastase complexed with A1PI, in limited and extended lung cancer patients compared to a nonsmoker and smoker control population. Data showed that A2M and A1PI were increased in the involved lung from limited cancer when compared to normals. In extended lung cancer, A2M content was also increased in the uninvolved side. The concentration of PMN elastase-A1PI complex was increased on both sides in lung cancer patients (10.2 ng.ml-1 in the uninvolved side, 8.2 ng.ml-1 in the involved side) when compared to nonsmokers (1.9 ng.ml-1, p less than 0.001) and smokers (3.8 ng.ml-1, p less than 0.005). This increase was not solely due to the smoking habit. We conclude that antiproteases and PMN elastase complexed with antiprotease are increased in lung cancer area. This increase could result in extracellular changes in lung cancer.
Factorial randomised controlled trial of glucocorticoids and combination disease modifying drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: E H S Choy, C M Smith, V Farewell, D Walker, A Hassell, L Chau, D L Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

Hyperthyroidism associated with metastatic follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland is rare. In one patient the mass of functioning follicular tissue in the primary and metastatic tumour was so great that excessive amounts of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were produced and, as a result, clinical hyperthyroidism developed. This was in spite of the fact that the activity per unit of tissue was not supranormal and may even have been slightly subnormal. The initial response of the metastases to 131I ablative therapy was excellent.
Interleukin 7 Transgenic Mice Develop Chronic Colitis with Decreased Interleukin 7 Protein Accumulation in the Colonic Mucosa
Authors: Mamoru Watanabe, Yoshitaka Ueno, Tomoharu Yajima, Susumu Okamoto, Tatsuhiko Hayashi, Motomi Yamazaki, Yasushi Iwao, Hiromasa Ishii, Sonoko Habu, Masahiro Uehira, Hirofumi Nishimoto, Hiromichi Ishikawa, Jun-ichi Hata, Toshifumi Hibi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

We have demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells produce interleukin 7 (IL-7), and IL-7 serves as a potent regulatory factor for proliferation of intestinal mucosal lymphocytes expressing functional IL-7 receptor. To clarify the mechanism by which locally produced IL-7 regulates the mucosal lymphocytes, we investigated IL-7 transgenic mice. Here we report that transgenic mice expressing murine IL-7 cDNA driver by the SRα promoter developed chronic colitis in concert with the expression of SRα/IL-7 transgene in the colonic mucosa. IL-7 transgenic but not littermate mice developed chronic colitis at 4–12 wk of age, with histopathological similarity to ulcerative colitis in humans. Southern blot hybridization and competitive PCR demonstrated that the expression of IL-7 messenger RNA was increased in the colonic mucosal lymphocytes but not in the colonic epithelial cells. IL-7 protein accumulation was decreased in the goblet cell–depleted colonic epithelium in the transgenic mice. Immunohistochemical and cytokine production analysis showed that lymphoid infiltrates in the lamina propria were dominated by T helper cell type 1 CD4+ T cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that CD4+ intraepithelial T cells were increased, but T cell receptor γ/δ T cells and CD8α/α cells were not increased in the area of chronic inflammation. Increased IL-7 receptor expression in mucosal lymphocytes was demonstrated in the transgenic mice. These findings suggest that chronic inflammation in the colonic mucosa may be mediated by dysregulation of colonic epithelial cell–derived IL-7, and this murine model of chronic colitis may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease.
Mucin gene expression in the ileoanal reservoir is altered and may be relevant to the risk of inflammation and dysplasia
Authors: P A Sylvester
Journal: Gut (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Adaptive colonic phenotypic change of the ileal mucosa is a feature of the ileoanal reservoir (IAR) with time, as described by mucin glycoprotein and histological analysis. Mucin gene expression is altered in colorectal neoplasia and inflammatory bowel disease but little is known of its expression in the IAR. <b>Aims:</b> To examine the changes in mucin gene expression contributing to mucosal protection of the IAR against a background of known changes occurring in inflammatory disease and colorectal neoplasia. <b>Patients:</b> Paraffin embedded specimens from 29 “W” and 11 “J” ileoanal reservoirs were studied. Colonic and ileal control tissue was obtained from normal resection margins. <b>Methods:</b> Mucin mRNA was detected by in situ hybridisation using [<sup>35</sup>S]dATP labelled oligonucleotide probes. Mucin core protein was detected by immunohistochemistry. <b>Results:</b> There was no change in mRNA expression of MUC1–4 in the IAR compared with ileal controls but there was a decrease in the protein product of MUC1 and MUC3. No mRNA transcripts of MUC5AC, 5B, or 6 were detected but protein product of MUC5AC and MUC6 was detected. Both cases of MUC6 positivity and 1/5 cases of MUC5AC positivity were confined to the ulcer associated cell lineage. No dysplasia was detected. <b>Conclusions:</b> There is a change in the pattern of the membrane associated mucins MUC1 and MUC3, part of which is in keeping with changes described in colorectal neoplasia. A small number of cases demonstrated mucin gene changes (MUC5AC) which are seen in early neoplasia and this may provide a valuable monitor for such changes in IAR surveillance.
B lymphocytes in contact dermatitis
Authors: A. Y. SHAALA, C. HODGSON, N. R. LING, R. JEFFERIS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

The expression of immunoglobulin on the membrane of peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with contact dermatitis has been investigated using a sensitive rosette technique. The proportion of such cells in these patients is increased compared to normal values. However, the absolute values obtained are very much lower than has been reported from previous studies. The re-evaluation of immunoglobulin expression is discussed against a background of improved methodology and the established finding that individual lymphocytes may express more than one isotype.
Cancer Care Ontario and American Society of Clinical Oncology Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Stages I-IIIA Resectable Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Guideline
Authors: Katherine M.W. Pisters, William K. Evans, Christopher G. Azzoli, Mark G. Kris, Christopher A. Smith, Christopher E. Desch, Mark R. Somerfield, Melissa C. Brouwers, Gail Darling, Peter M. Ellis, Laurie E. Gaspar, Harvey I. Pass, David R. Spigel, John R. Strawn, Yee C. Ung, Frances A. Shepherd
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

To determine the role of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in patients with completely resected stage IA-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).The Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-Based Care and the American Society of Clinical Oncology convened a Joint Expert Panel in August 2006 to review the evidence and draft recommendations for these therapies.Available data support the use of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in completely resected NSCLC; however, the strength of the data and consequent recommendations vary by disease stage. Adjuvant radiation therapy appears detrimental to survival in stages IB and II, with a possible modest benefit in stage IIIA.Adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy is recommended for routine use in patients with stages IIA, IIB, and IIIA disease. Although there has been a statistically significant overall survival benefit seen in several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) enrolling a range of people with completely resected NSCLC, results of subset analyses for patient populations with stage IB disease were not significant, and adjuvant chemotherapy in stage IB disease is not currently recommended for routine use. To date, very few patients with stage IA NSCLC have been enrolled onto RCTs of adjuvant therapy; adjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended in these cases. Evidence from RCTs demonstrates a survival detriment for adjuvant radiotherapy with limited evidence for a reduction in local recurrence. Adjuvant radiation therapy appears detrimental to survival in stage IB and II, and may possibly confer a modest benefit in stage IIIA.
Pharmacogenomics: Unlocking the Human Genome for Better Drug Therapy
Authors: Howard L McLeod, William E Evans
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2001)

There is great heterogeneity in the way humans respond to medications, often requiring empirical strategies to find the appropriate drug therapy for each patient (the “art” of medicine). Over the past 50 years, there has been great progress in understanding the molecular basis of drug action and in elucidating genetic determinants of disease pathogenesis and drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the burgeoning field of investigation that aims to further elucidate the inherited nature of interindividual differences in drug disposition and effects, with the ultimate goal of providing a stronger scientific basis for selecting the optimal drug therapy and dosages for each patient. These genetic insights should also lead to mechanism-based approaches to the discovery and development of new medications. This review highlights the current status of work in this field and addresses strategies that hold promise for future advances in pharmacogenomics.