tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Dysthymia and Minor Depression in Primary Care
Authors: J W Williams, J Barrett, T Oxman, E Frank, W Katon, M Sullivan, J Cornell, A Sengupta
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextInsufficient evidence exists for recommendation of specific effective treatments for older primary care patients with minor depression or dysthymia.ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in primary care settings among older persons with minor depression or dysthymia.DesignRandomized, placebo-controlled trial (November 1995–August 1998).SettingFour geographically and clinically diverse primary care practices.ParticipantsA total of 415 primary care patients (mean age, 71 years) with minor depression (n = 204) or dysthymia (n = 211) and a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score of at least 10 were randomized; 311 (74.9%) completed all study visits.InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned to receive paroxetine (n = 137) or placebo (n = 140), starting at 10 mg/d and titrated to a maximum of 40 mg/d, or problem-solving treatment–primary care (PST-PC; n = 138). For the paroxetine and placebo groups, the 6 visits over 11 weeks included general support and symptom and adverse effects monitoring; for the PST-PC group, visits were for psychotherapy.Main Outcome MeasuresDepressive symptoms, by the 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist Depression Scale (HSCL-D-20) and the HDRS; and functional status, by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) physical and mental components.ResultsParoxetine patients showed greater (difference in mean [SE] 11-week change in HSCL-D-20 scores, 0.21 [0.07]; P = .004) symptom resolution than placebo patients. Patients treated with PST-PC did not show more improvement than placebo (difference in mean [SE] change in HSCL-D-20 scores, 0.11 [0.13] ; P = .13), but their symptoms improved more rapidly than those of placebo patients during the latter treatment weeks (P = .01). For dysthymia, paroxetine improved mental health functioning vs placebo among patients whose baseline functioning was high (difference in mean [SE] change in SF-36 mental component scores, 5.8 [2.02]; P = .01) or intermediate (difference in mean [SE] change in SF-36 mental component scores, 4.4 [1.74]; P = .03). Mental health functioning in dysthymia patients was not significantly improved by PST-PC compared with placebo (P≥.12 for low-, intermediate-, and high-functioning groups). For minor depression, both paroxetine and PST-PC improved mental health functioning in patients in the lowest tertile of baseline functioning (difference vs placebo in mean [SE] change in SF-36 mental component scores, 4.7 [2.03] for those taking paroxetine; 4.7 [1.96] for the PST-PC treatment; P = .02 vs placebo).ConclusionsParoxetine showed moderate benefit for depressive symptoms and mental health function in elderly patients with dysthymia and more severely impaired elderly patients with minor depression. The benefits of PST-PC were smaller, had slower onset, and were more subject to site differences than those of paroxetine.
Corticosteroid Therapy in the Age of Infliximab: Acute and 1-Year Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Children With Crohn’s Disease
Authors: James Markowitz, Jeffrey Hyams, David Mack, Neal LeLeiko, Jonathan Evans, Subra Kugathasan, Marian Pfefferkorn, Adam Mezoff, Joel Rosh, Vasundhara Tolia
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2006)
Phase III Study of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Alone or With Sorafenib in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Giorgio Scagliotti, Silvia Novello, Joachim von Pawel, Martin Reck, José Rodrigues Pereira, Michael Thomas, José Elias Abrão Miziara, Beatrix Balint, Filippo De Marinis, Alan Keller, Osvaldo Arén, Maria Csollak, Istvan Albert, Carlos Henrique Barrios, Francesco Grossi, Maciej Krzakowski, Lisa Cupit, Frank Cihon, Sandra DiMatteo, Nasser Hanna
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

PURPOSE This phase III, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessed the efficacy and safety of sorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in chemotherapy-naïve patients with unresectable stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine hundred twenty-six patients were randomly assigned to receive up to six 21-day cycles of carboplatin area under the curve 6 and paclitaxel 200 mg/m(2) (CP) on day 1, followed by either sorafenib 400 mg twice a day (n = 464, arm A) or placebo (n = 462, arm B) on days 2 to 19. The maintenance phase after CP consisted of sorafenib 400 mg or placebo twice a day. The primary end point was overall survival (OS); secondary end points included progression-free survival and tumor response. RESULTS Overall demographics were balanced between arms; 223 patients (24%) had squamous cell histology. On the basis of a planned interim analysis, median OS was 10.7 months in arm A and 10.6 months in arm B (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.41; P = .915). The study was terminated after the interim analysis concluded that the study was highly unlikely to meet its primary end point. A prespecified exploratory analysis revealed that patients with squamous cell histology had greater mortality in arm A than in arm B (HR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.81). Main grade 3 or 4 sorafenib-related toxicities included rash (8.4%), hand-foot skin reaction (7.8%), and diarrhea (3.5%). CONCLUSION No clinical benefit was observed from adding sorafenib to CP chemotherapy as first-line treatment for NSCLC.
Biomedical Ethics and the Withdrawal of Advanced Life Support
Authors: Noreen R. Henig, John L. Faul, Thomas A. Raffin
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2001)

▪ Abstract It is common for health care providers to deal with the complex and difficult issue of withdrawing advanced life support. The patient is always the key source of authority in these decisions. The most important ingredient in end-of-life decision making is effective communication. It is important to try to ascertain what the patient thought about quality-of-life values before surrogate decisions can be made on the patient's behalf. The concepts of beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice are the foundation of ethical decision making. Numerous legal precedents have laid the groundwork for end-of-life decision making. Most state courts have supported withholding and withdrawing life support from patients who will not regain a reasonable quality of life. The recent Patient Self-Determination Act encourages patients to fill out advance directives that state their desires. When continued intensive care is futile, advanced life support should be withdrawn. However, a narrow definition of futility in this situation is the key, since the concept of futility could lead to inappropriate decisions. It is best to consider a situation futile when the patient is terminally ill, the condition is irreversible, and death is imminent. During the withdrawal of advanced life support, terminal or rapid weaning is preferable to extubation. Combinations of opiates, benzodiazepines, and other agents help provide comfort to patients who are suffering.
Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Willem JM Dewilde, Tom Oirbans, Freek WA Verheugt, Johannes C Kelder, Bart JGL De Smet, Jean-Paul Herrman, Tom Adriaenssens, Mathias Vrolix, Antonius ACM Heestermans, Marije M Vis, Jan GP Tijsen, Arnoud W van 't Hof, Jurriën M ten Berg
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Antipyretic and Antiviral Action of Vitamin A in Moloney Sarcoma Virus- and Poxvirus-Inoculated Mice 2
Authors: Eli Seifter, Giuseppe Rettura, Jacques Padawer, Achilles A. Demetriou, Stanley Levenson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1976)

Journal Article Antipyretic and Antiviral Action of Vitamin A in Moloney Sarcoma Virus- and Poxvirus-Inoculated Mice Get access Eli Seifter, Eli Seifter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Giuseppe Rettura, Giuseppe Rettura Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jacques Padawer, Jacques Padawer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Achilles A. Demetriou, Achilles A. Demetriou Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Stanley Levenson Stanley Levenson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 57, Issue 2, August 1976, Pages 355–359, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/57.2.355 Published: 01 August 1976 Article history Received: 23 October 1975 Accepted: 06 February 1976 Published: 01 August 1976
Enhancement of 5-Iododeoxyuridine-Induced Endogenous C-Type Virus Activation by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons: Apparent Lack of Parallelism Between Enhancement and Carcinogenicity
Authors: H. Yoshikura, F. Zajdela, F. Perin, O. Perin-Roussel, P. Jacquignon, R. Latarjet
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1977)

Journal Article Enhancement of 5-Iododeoxyuridine-Induced Endogenous C-Type Virus Activation by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons: Apparent Lack of Parallelism Between Enhancement and Carcinogenicity Get access H. Yoshikura, H. Yoshikura Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Zajdela, F. Zajdela Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Perin, F. Perin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar O. Perin-Roussel, O. Perin-Roussel Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. Jacquignon, P. Jacquignon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Latarjet R. Latarjet Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 58, Issue 4, April 1977, Pages 1035–1040, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/58.4.1035 Published: 01 April 1977 Article history Received: 18 June 1976 Accepted: 20 September 1976 Published: 01 April 1977
Effectiveness of pharmacist intervention for asthma control improvement
Authors: E. Mehuys, L. Van Bortel, L. De Bolle, I. Van Tongelen, L. Annemans, J. P. Remon, G. Brusselle
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

Education on optimal medication use is an essential strategy to improve asthma control. The current authors investigated whether pharmacist interventions, focused on appropriate use of asthma medication and tailor-made to the patient's current asthma control, would improve asthma control in adult patients. A 6-month randomised, controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted in 66 community pharmacies in Belgium. Patients were randomly assigned to receive usual pharmacist care (n = 94) or a pre-defined pharmacist intervention (n = 107). This intervention mainly focused on improving inhalation technique and medication adherence. Primary outcome was the level of asthma control, as assessed by the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Mean ACT scores did not change from baseline for both study groups. However, a pre-defined subgroup analysis of patients having insufficiently controlled asthma at baseline showed that the intervention had significantly increased the ACT score after 6 months compared with usual care. The intervention also reduced, for the complete study group, reliever medication use and the frequency of night-time awakenings due to asthma. Inhalation technique and adherence to controller medication were significantly better in the intervention group. In conclusion, pragmatic community pharmacy-based programmes can significantly improve therapeutic outcomes in adult asthma patients.
Preterm Birth and Mortality and Morbidity
Authors: Brian M. D’Onofrio, Quetzal A. Class, Martin E. Rickert, Henrik Larsson, Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2013)

Preterm birth is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. However, previous studies have been unable to rigorously examine whether confounding factors cause these associations rather than the harmful effects of being born preterm.To estimate the extent to which the associations between early gestational age and offspring mortality and morbidity are the result of confounding factors by using a quasi-experimental design, the sibling-comparison approach, and by controlling for statistical covariates that varied within families.A population-based cohort study, combining Swedish registries to identify all individuals born in Sweden from 1973 to 2008 (3,300,708 offspring of 1,736,735 mothers) and link them with multiple outcomes.Offspring mortality (during infancy and throughout young adulthood) and psychiatric (psychotic or bipolar disorder, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, suicide attempts, substance use, and criminality), academic (failing grades and educational attainment), and social (partnering, parenthood, low income, and social welfare benefits) outcomes through 2009.In the population, there was a dose-response relationship between early gestation and the outcome measures. For example, extreme preterm birth (23-27 weeks of gestation) was associated with infant mortality (odds ratio, 288.1; 95% CI, 271.7-305.5), autism (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; 95% CI, 2.6-4.0), low educational attainment (HR, 1.7; 1.5-2.0), and social welfare benefits (HR, 1.3; 1.2-1.5) compared with offspring born at term. The associations between early gestation and mortality and psychiatric morbidity generally were robust when comparing differentially exposed siblings and controlling for statistical covariates, whereas the associations with academic and some social problems were greatly or completely attenuated in the fixed-effects models.The mechanisms responsible for the associations between preterm birth and mortality and morbidity are outcome-specific. Associations between preterm birth and mortality and psychiatric morbidity are largely independent of shared familial confounds and measured covariates, consistent with a causal inference. However, some associations, particularly predicting suicide attempt, educational attainment, and social welfare benefits, are the result of confounding factors. The findings emphasize the importance of both reducing preterm birth and providing wraparound services to all siblings in families with an offspring born preterm.
Humans evolved to become <i>Homo negotiatus</i> . . . the rest followed
Authors: Philippe Rochat
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Social animals need to share space and resources, whether sexual partners, parents, or food. Humans, however, are unique in the way they share as they evolved to become Homo negotiatus ; a species that is prone to bargain and to dispute the value of things until some agreement is reached. This evolution had far-reaching consequences on the specific makeup of human psychology – a psychology that has for trademark a compulsive preoccupation with the self in relation to others. I propose that the understanding and sharing of intentions are probably the consequences of such evolution, and not its origins.
A Family Matter: Conclusive Resolution of the Taxonomic Position of the Long-Fingered Bats, Miniopterus
Authors: Cassandra M Miller-Butterworth, William J Murphy, Stephen J O'Brien, David S Jacobs, Mark S Springer, Emma C Teeling
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The long-fingered bats (Miniopterus sp.) are among the most widely distributed mammals in the world. However, despite recent focus on the systematics of these bats, their taxonomic position has not been resolved. Traditionally, they are considered to be sole members of Miniopterinae, 1 of 5 subfamilies within the largest family of bats, the Vespertilionidae. However, this classification has increasingly been called into question. Miniopterines differ extensively from other vespertilionids in numerous aspects of morphology, embryology, immunology, and, most recently, genetics. Recent molecular studies have proposed that the miniopterines are sufficiently distinct from vespertilionids that Miniopterinae should be elevated to full familial status. However, controversy remains regarding the relationship of the putative family, Miniopteridae to existing Vespertilionidae and to the closely related free-tailed bats, the Molossidae. We report here the first conclusive analysis of the taxonomic position of Miniopterus relative to all other bat families. We generated one of the largest chiropteran data sets to date, incorporating approximately 11 kb of sequence data from 16 nuclear genes, from representatives of all bat families and 2 Miniopterus species. Our data confirm the distinctiveness of Miniopterus, and we support previous recommendations to elevate these bats to full familial status. We estimate that they diverged from all other bat species approximately 49-38 MYA, which is comparable to most other bat families. Furthermore, we find very strong support from all phylogenetic methods for a sister group relationship between Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae. The Molossidae diverged from these lineages approximately 54-43 MYA and form a sister group to the Miniopteridae-Vespertilionidae clade.
Inhibition by free radical scavengers and by cyclooxygenase inhibitors of pial arteriolar abnormalities from concussive brain injury in cats.
Authors: E P Wei, H A Kontos, W D Dietrich, J T Povlishock, E F Ellis
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

We studied the role of prostaglandins and free radicals in the induction of the functional and morphological pial arteriolar abnormalities produced by concussive brain injury. Anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the observation of the pial microcirculation were subjected to concussive brain injury using a fluid-percussion device following administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin or AHR-5850) or the vehicle for the solution of these agents (NaCl or Na2CO3 solution). Pial arterioles from vehicle-treated animals displayed sustained dilation, reduced responsiveness to the vasoconstrictor effect of arterial hypocapnia, and a high density of endothelial lesions. Animals pretreated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors showed less pronounced vasodilation, normal responsiveness to hypocapnia, and a significantly reduced number of lesions. The vasodilation and reduced responsiveness to the vasoconstrictor effects of hypocapnia after brain injury also were inhibited by topical application of free radical scavengers (nitroblue tetrazolium, superoxide dismutase, or mannitol). The vessels from cats pretreated with free radical scavengers also had a lower density of endothelial lesions than controls. The results support the view that the immediate cause of cerebral arteriolar damage in concussive brain injury is the generation of free oxygen radicals associated with increased prostaglandin synthesis.
LPA1 Receptor Activation Promotes Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
Authors: Jean-Philippe Prade[Combining Grave Accent]re, Julie Klein, Sandra Gre[Combining Grave Accent]s, Charlotte Guigne[Combining Acute Accent], Eric Neau, Philippe Valet, Denis Calise, Jerold Chun, Jean-Loup Bascands, Jean-Se[Combining Acute Accent]bastien Saulnier-Blache, Joost P. Schanstra
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic renal disease is strongly associated with progressive loss of renal function. We studied the potential involvement of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor–like phospholipid, and its receptors LPA1–4 in the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF). Renal fibrosis was induced in mice by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) for up to 8 d, and kidney explants were prepared from the distal poles to measure LPA release into conditioned media. After obstruction, the extracellular release of LPA increased approximately 3-fold. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated significant upregulation in the expression of the LPA1 receptor subtype, downregulation of LPA3, and no change of LPA2 or LPA4. TIF was significantly attenuated in LPA1 (−/−) mice compared to wild-type littermates, as measured by expression of collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and F4/80. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with the LPA1 antagonist Ki16425 similarly reduced fibrosis and significantly attenuated renal expression of the profibrotic cytokines connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). In vitro, LPA induced a rapid, dose-dependent increase in CTGF expression that was inhibited by Ki16425. In conclusion, LPA, likely acting through LPA1, is involved in obstruction-induced TIF. Therefore, the LPA1 receptor might be a pharmaceutical target to treat renal fibrosis.
Reflex Principles of Immunological Homeostasis
Authors: Ulf Andersson, Kevin J. Tracey
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2012)

The reasoning that neural reflexes maintain homeostasis in other body organs, and that the immune system is innervated, prompted a search for neural circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. This elucidated the inflammatory reflex, a prototypical reflex circuit that maintains immunological homeostasis. Molecular products of infection or injury activate sensory neurons traveling to the brainstem in the vagus nerve. The arrival of these incoming signals generates action potentials that travel from the brainstem to the spleen and other organs. This culminates in T cell release of acetylcholine, which interacts with α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) on immunocompetent cells to inhibit cytokine release in macrophages. Herein is reviewed the neurophysiological basis of reflexes that provide stability to the immune system, the neural- and receptor-dependent mechanisms, and the potential opportunities for developing novel therapeutic devices and drugs that target neural pathways to treat inflammatory diseases.
TGFβ is active, and correlates with activators of TGFβ, following porcine coronary angioplasty
Authors: J Chamberlain
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Restenosis following angioplasty involves processes that may be influenced by local production of cytokines. We investigated the expression of active and total transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) following porcine coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and have correlated this with the expression of potential in vivo activators of TGFβ: mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II (M6P/IGF-II) receptor and thrombospondin-1. Methods: Oversized porcine PTCA was performed and the arteries excised after selected intervals. Levels of in situ active and total (active plus latent) TGFβ were determined using a modified plasminogen activator–inhibitor/luciferase bioassay. Results: Levels of active TGFβ significantly increased 2 h to 7 days after angioplasty, compared to non-injured controls. Levels returned to baseline by 28 days. Active TGFβ in tissues adjacent to the injured artery did not change. Total TGFβ was significantly higher than controls 2–6 h after injury. M6P/IGF-II receptor mRNA was upregulated between 6 h and 3 days after injury, with protein detectable at 3–28 days. Thrombospondin-1 was detected between 1 h and 14 days. Conclusions: We conclude that balloon injury causes an early rapid increase in levels of active TGFβ, that correlates with the expression of TGFβ activators. Thus, TGFβ is a good potential target for anti-restenotic therapies.