tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CD5 positive immunoregulatory B cells in spleen populations from multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Malcolm R. MacKenzie, Teresa Paglieroni, Vincent Caggiano
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

Abstract CD19+CD5+ lymphocytes constitute a minority of peripheral blood B cells. In view of the importance of these cells in the pathogenesis of the immunoregulation of myeloma, their incidence in another lymphoid organ was determined. CD5+ B cells were studied in 9 spleens from patients with multiple myeloma and in 10 spleens from normal individuals removed secondary to trauma. The total number of CD19+ B cells were increased in myeloma spleens (44.4% ± 12.6%) as compared to normal spleens (20.4% ± 7.4%). Likewise, the percentage of CD19 cells which co‐expressed CD5 were increased in myeloma (25.3% ± 12.4%) versus normal (4.4% ± 2.3%) spleen. CD5+ B cells isolated from myeloma spleens, but not normal spleens, inhibit production of immunoglobulin in a pokeweed mitogen driven assay. Thus the spleen appears to be an important source of immunoregulatory B cells in multiple myeloma.
Linear and non-linear analyses of heart rate variability: a minireview
Authors: P. Mansier, J. Clairambault, N. Charlotte, C. Medigue, C. Vermeiren, G. LePape, F. Carre, A. Gounaropoulou, B. Swynghedauw
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

To complete traditional time- and frequency-domain analyses, new methods derived from non-linear systems analysis have recently been developed for time series studies. A panel of the most widely used methods of heart rate analysis is given with computations on mouse data, before and after a single atropine injection.
Prevention of hypoxia by myoglobin expression in human tumor cells promotes differentiation and inhibits metastasis
Authors: Maria Galluzzo, Selma Pennacchietti, Stefania Rosano, Paolo M. Comoglio, Paolo Michieli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

As a tumor grows, it requires increased amounts of oxygen. However, the tumor blood vessels that form to meet this demand are functionally impaired, leading to regions of hypoxia within the tumor. Such hypoxia is one of the hallmarks of malignancy and is thought to promote a number of tumorigenic properties. Here, we sought to determine how tumors without hypoxia would progress by engineering A549 human lung carcinoma cells to ectopically express myoglobin (Mb), a multifunctional heme protein that specializes in oxygen transport, storage, and buffering. Mb expression prevented the hypoxic response in vitro and delayed tumor engraftment and reduced tumor growth following xenotransplantation into mice. Experimental tumors expressing Mb displayed reduced or no hypoxia, minimal HIF-1alpha levels, and a homogeneously low vessel density. Mb-mediated tumor oxygenation promoted differentiation of cancer cells and suppressed both local and distal metastatic spreading. These effects were primarily due to reduced tumor hypoxia, because they were not observed using point-mutated forms of myoglobin unable to bind oxygen and they were abrogated by expression of a constitutively active form of HIF-1alpha. Although limited to xenograft models, these data provide experimental proof of the concept that hypoxia is not just a side effect of deregulated growth but a key factor on which the tumor relies in order to promote its own expansion.
Epidermal growth factor receptor number decreases during rat liver regeneration.
Authors: H S Earp, E J O'Keefe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The potential role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the regulation of rat liver regeneration was examined by assessing the binding of 125I-EGF to hepatic membranes isolated at various times after partial hepatectomy. The results demonstrated a fall in 125I-EGF binding detectable as early as 8 h after partial hepatectomy. The nadir in EGF binding, less than 40% of that observed in sham-operated control rats, was seen 36 and 48 h after partial hepatectomy. Scatchard analysis showed that the decrease in binding capacity was due to a fall in receptor number. The specificity of the observed loss of EGF receptors was substantiated in parallel studies of 125I-insulin and 125I-wheat germ lectin binding; the binding of these ligands did not decrease appreciably during liver regeneration. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that EGF or a similar substance is one component of the complex humoral signal that regulates liver regeneration.
A Randomized Trial of Nicotine-Replacement Therapy Patches in Pregnancy
Authors: Tim Coleman, Sue Cooper, James G. Thornton, Matthew J. Grainge, Kim Watts, John Britton, Sarah Lewis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Nicotine-replacement therapy is effective for smoking cessation outside pregnancy and its use is widely recommended during pregnancy. We investigated the efficacy and safety of nicotine patches during pregnancy.We recruited participants from seven hospitals in England who were 16 to 50 years of age with pregnancies of 12 to 24 weeks' gestation and who smoked five or more cigarettes per day. Participants received behavioral cessation support and were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with active nicotine patches (15 mg per 16 hours) or matched placebo patches. The primary outcome was abstinence from the date of smoking cessation until delivery, as validated by measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide or salivary cotinine. Safety was assessed by monitoring for adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.Of 1050 participants, 521 were randomly assigned to nicotine-replacement therapy and 529 to placebo. There was no significant difference in the rate of abstinence from the quit date until delivery between the nicotine-replacement and placebo groups (9.4% and 7.6%, respectively; unadjusted odds ratio with nicotine-replacement therapy, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.96), although the rate was higher at 1 month in the nicotine-replacement group than in the placebo group (21.3% vs. 11.7%). Compliance was low; only 7.2% of women assigned to nicotine-replacement therapy and 2.8% assigned to placebo used patches for more than 1 month. Rates of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes were similar in the two groups.Adding a nicotine patch (15 mg per 16 hours) to behavioral cessation support for women who smoked during pregnancy did not significantly increase the rate of abstinence from smoking until delivery or the risk of adverse pregnancy or birth outcomes. However, low compliance rates substantially limited the assessment of safety. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN07249128.).
TOXIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCAL M PROTEIN ON PLATELETS AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN HUMAN BLOOD
Authors: Edwin H. Beachey, Gene H. Stollerman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Purified M protein isolated from Group A streptococci produced cytotoxic reactions in normal human blood in vitro. In the presence of M antigen, platelets aggregated, fused, and lysed. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) surrounded the platelet aggregates, then became highly vacuolated and lysed. In addition, PMN progressively lost their capacity to phagocytose unrelated bacteria and to migrate in glass capillary pipettes. Platelet-PMN reactions were directly proportional to the type-specific precipitin reactivity of each M preparation and could be removed with homologous M antibody, only. Moreover, the reactivity of M protein was abolished by enzymatic digestion with trypsin, but not with lysozyme, strongly suggesting that cell-wall mucopeptide was not involved. Preliminary studies showed that platelet-PMN reactions require heat-stable and heat-labile serum factors, presumably antibody and complement. It is suggested that cytotoxic determinants are uncovered by the extraction and purification process and are intimately associated with the type-specific M determinant, possibly in a molecular complex.
Escherichia coli K51 and K93 capsular polysaccharides are crossreactive with the group A capsular polysaccharide of Neisseria meningitidis. Immunochemical, biological, and epidemiological studies.
Authors: N Guirguis, R Schneerson, A Bax, W Egan, J B Robbins, J Shiloach, I Orskov, F Orskov, A el Kholy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

Eleven Escherichia coli strains, crossreactive with the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Neisseria meningitidis group A (GrA), were detected among 645 stool isolates from healthy families in Cairo, Egypt. 10 of these strains were of the O107:K93:H27 or O107:K93:SP serotypes and may be considered descendents of a single bacterium or as a clone. The remaining crossreactive strain was of the O7:K51:H18 serotype. None of the 11 strains produced enterotoxins and none were enteroinvasive. The purified CPS of these E. coli strains, as well as a polysaccharide (PS) from B. pumilis, strain Sh17, precipitated with equine GrA (H49) antiserum. A partial identity between the E. coli K93, K51 and Sh17 PS on the one hand and the GrA CPS on the other was observed by double immunodiffusion when reacted against the H49 antiserum. Four K93 strains and one K51 strain were found among 320 E. coli strains from patients at the Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, and three K93 strains were found in 105 stool samples from children in Copenhagen. The data from these three surveys suggest that these crossreactive E. coli are common organisms and could serve as a stimulus for "natural" GrA CPS antibodies. Quantitative precipitation analysis showed that K51, K93, and Sh17 PS precipitated 25, 46.8, and 50% of H49 antibodies, respectively. Absorption of H49 antiserum with the GrA CPS removed its precipitating activity with the E. coli K93, K51, and Sh17 PS. Absorption of H49 antiserum with either K51 CPS or Sh17 PS removed the homologous crossreactivity only, whereas K93 CPS absorbed both K93 and K51 reactivities. Antibodies, raised by intravenous injection of formalinized E. coli K93 or K51 cells into rabbits, precipitated with GrA CPS and were bactericidal against GrA meningococci. The crossreaction between the E. coli K93 and the GrA CPS was unexpected since these two CPS are compositionally so dissimilar.
Inspiratory Muscle Function and Body Composition in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: ALINA A. IONESCU, KEN CHATHAM, CAROLE A. DAVIES, LISETTE S. NIXON, STEPHANIE ENRIGHT, DENNIS J. SHALE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Loss of body mass, which occurs in the later stages of cystic fibrosis (CF), probably affects all body compartments. We hypothesized that loss of skeletal muscle mass would include inspiratory muscles and impair their function. To test this, we determined the effect of body mass index (BMI) and lean body mass (LBM) depletion on handgrip (HG) force and inspiratory muscle function (IMF). The maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the sustained maximum inspiratory pressure (SMIP) were measured with a computerized system. The relationship of IMF and reduced BMI to survival was studied in 49 patients, and a further 25 patients were studied to define the link between IMF and LBM. LBM was assessed by anthropometry. In the survival study a BMI < 20 kg/m2 was associated with a low SMIP (p < 0.001) and reduced survival, whereas MIP was relatively preserved. In the cross-sectional study SMIP (p < 0.001), MIP (p < 0.01), and HG (p < 0.01) were all reduced in the low LBM group, but not when related to total LBM. C-reactive protein and LBM were inversely related (r = -0.71, p < 0.01). Impaired IMF was chiefly a loss of sustained muscle contraction secondary to a reduced skeletal muscle mass, which may be related to pulmonary inflammation.
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 as an inducer of human tumor necrosis factors and gamma interferon.
Authors: C Jupin, S Anderson, C Damais, J E Alouf, M Parant
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

We present evidence that toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) induces the production of high levels of TNF by human blood monocytes. Enriched lymphocyte preparations incubated with the staphylococcal toxin produced significant levels of TNF-like activity that is not neutralized by anti-rHuTNF antibodies and is likely to be lymphotoxin (LT or TNF-beta). We demonstrate also that TSST-1 is a potent inducer of IFN-gamma. When lymphocyte preparations were costimulated with PMA, the TSST-1 effect was strongly potentiated and the levels of cytotoxic factors, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 present in supernatant fluids were comparable to those observed after treatment with PMA and PHA. Thus, TSST-1, which is also known as an inducer of IL-1 and IL-2, stimulates the production of endogenous mediators that could play a role in the physiopathological processes of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). The described results suggest that the discrepancies in the clinical features between TSS and endotoxin shock may be related to qualitative differences in cytokine production.
Drinking policies and exercise-associated hyponatraemia: is anyone still promoting overdrinking?
Authors: F G Beltrami, T Hew-Butler, T D Noakes
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

The purpose of this review is to describe the evolution of hydration research and advice on drinking during exercise from published scientific papers, books and non-scientific material (advertisements and magazine contents) and detail how erroneous advice is likely propagated throughout the global sports medicine community.Hydration advice from sports-linked entities, the scientific community, exercise physiology textbooks and non-scientific sources was analysed historically and compared with the most recent scientific evidence.Drinking policies during exercise have changed substantially throughout history. Since the mid-1990s, however, there has been an increase in the promotion of overdrinking by athletes. While the scientific community is slowly moving away from "blanket" hydration advice in which one form of advice fits all and towards more modest, individualised, hydration guidelines in which thirst is recognised as the best physiological indicator of each subject's fluid needs during exercise, marketing departments of the global sports drink industry continue to promote overdrinking.
Incidence and clearance of oral human papillomavirus infection in men: the HIM cohort study
Authors: Aimée R Kreimer, Christine M Pierce Campbell, Hui-Yi Lin, William Fulp, Mary R Papenfuss, Martha Abrahamsen, Allan Hildesheim, Luisa L Villa, Jorge J Salmerón, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Anna R Giuliano
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Co-trimoxazole for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: time for TIPAC-2?
Authors: Helen Mujakperuo, Emmet E McGrath, David R Thickett
Journal: Thorax (2012)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease with an average life expectancy from diagnosis of 2.5 years with 5 year survival of between 20% and 40%. Currently there are no therapies proven to reduce mortality and only one drug, pirfenidone, is licensed for use in Europe that may slow the progression of the disease. Cleary developing effective therapy for IPF is a major unmet health need.

Shulgina et al present the results of TIPAC- a randomised placebo controlled trial of co-trimoxazole in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease.1 This was a National Institute for Health Research, Research for Patient Benefit funded trial, and is to our knowledge the largest investigator led, non-commercially funded placebo controlled drug trial in IPF ever to have been undertaken in the UK.

The headline results of this paper are that co-trimoxazole treatment has no effect on pulmonary function or 6 min walk distance in patients with fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (the vast majority of whom had IPF) but given adequate adherence to the medication may lead to a significant reduction in all-cause mortality associated with reduction in frequency of respiratory tract infections and improved overall health-related quality of life.1

The background to the use of co-trimoxazole in IPF started with work from Varney et al .2 In 1996, Dr Varney noticed clinical improvement in a patient with oral co-trimoxazole. Subsequently, 14 patients with end stage fibrotic lung disease also responded clinically to oral co-trimoxazole. This prompted a double blind randomised …
Hypoglycemia Unawareness Is Associated With Reduced Adherence to Therapeutic Decisions in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Evidence from a Clinical Audit
Authors: Charlotte B. Smith, Pratik Choudhary, Andrew Pernet, David Hopkins, Stephanie A. Amiel
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

We thank Graveling and Frier (1) for their comments, which underline the clinical difficulties in managing patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH). An audit of a U.K.-based structured education program for patients with type 1 diabetes, Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE), found that 48% of those who reported IAH at …
Fomepizole for Ethylene Glycol and Methanol Poisoning
Authors: Jeffrey Brent
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after ingesting automobile antifreeze. His pH is 7.30, and his urinalysis reveals calcium oxalate crystals, findings consistent with ethylene glycol poisoning. Treatment with fomepizole is recommended. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase that prevents the formation of the toxic metabolites of ethylene glycol and methanol.
Screening for Cervical Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors: Virginia A. Moyer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a supplement. Description: Update of the 2003 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation statement on screening for cervical cancer. Methods: The USPSTF reviewed new evidence on the comparative test performance of liquid-based cytology and the benefits and harms of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing as a stand-alone test or in combination with cytology. In addition to the systematic evidence review, the USPSTF commissioned a decision analysis to help clarify the age at which to begin and end screening, the optimal interval for screening, and the relative benefits and harms of different strategies for screening (such as cytology and co-testing). Recommendations: This recommendation statement applies to women who have a cervix, regardless of sexual history. This recommendation statement does not apply to women who have received a diagnosis of a high-grade precancerous cervical lesion or cervical cancer, women with in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol, or women who are immunocompromised (such as those who are HIV positive). The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer in women aged 21 to 65 years with cytology (Papanicolaou smear) every 3 years or, for women aged 30 to 65 years who want to lengthen the screening interval, screening with a combination of cytology and HPV testing every 5 years. See the Clinical Considerations for discussion of cytology method, HPV testing, and screening interval (A recommendation). The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women younger than age 21 years (D recommendation). The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women older than age 65 years who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer. See the Clinical Considerations for discussion of adequacy of prior screening and risk factors (D recommendation). The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy with removal of the cervix and who do not have a history of a high-grade precancerous lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3) or cervical cancer (D recommendation). The USPSTF recommends against screening for cervical cancer with HPV testing, alone or in combination with cytology, in women younger than age 30 years (D recommendation).
Michael M. Davis
Authors: Jerome Preston
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

ON November 19, 1969, the country's outstanding authority on medical economics was the recipient, in his modest Washington home, of messages of affection and admiration from all over the country and the world. The occasion was his ninetieth birthday.Michael M. Davis, Ph.D., began his career in hospital administration and public health in Boston in 1909, as director of the Boston Dispensary, where he organized the first pay clinic for people of moderate means. By 1920, recognized for his original views on hospital organization and medical administration, he moved to New York as secretary of the Committee on Dispensary Development . . .
Cellular hypersensitivity to gluten derived peptides in coeliac disease.
Authors: R Guan, P M Rawcliffe, J D Priddle, D P Jewell
Journal: Gut (1987)

Wheat gluten derived antigens have been tested for their ability to inhibit the migration of leucocytes from healthy subjects and patients with coeliac disease. Three preparations of a water soluble fraction (Frazer's fraction III, FIII) of partial peptic tryptic digests of wheat gluten had different effects in a direct (one stage) assay. Subfractions B and B2 caused migration inhibition of leucocytes from patients with treated coeliac disease but not of leucocytes from healthy volunteers or patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. This migration inhibition seems to be specific for gluten fractions because maize zein fraction B, beta-lactoglobulin and ovalbumin did not cause it. The sensitivity of coeliac leucocytes to fraction B is not related to factors present in coeliac serum as the migration of leucocytes from healthy individuals preincubated with coeliac sera was not inhibited. Puromycin diminished inhibition by fraction B, which was active at 1.2 micrograms/ml in an indirect (two stage) migration inhibition assay; this is consistent with a process involving elaboration of lymphokine(s). More highly purified fractions of B2, P1-P4 were prepared by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and showed differing potency in direct and indirect assays, with P4 being the most active fraction. Inhibition of migration by gluten derived peptides appears to result from the release of lymphokine by leucocytes specifically from coeliac patients.
Single-Chain Urokinase Alone or Complexed to Its Receptor in Tetracycline-induced Pleuritis in Rabbits
Authors: Steven Idell, Andrew Mazar, Douglas Cines, Alice Kuo, Graham Parry, Susan Gawlak, Jose Juarez, Kathy Koenig, Ali Azghani, Will Hadden, Jerry McLarty, Edmund Miller
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Intrapleural loculation can increase morbidity in hemothoraces or parapneumonic effusions. Intrapleural fibrin precedes visceral–parietal pleural adhesions. We speculated that single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator alone or bound to its receptor could prevent these adhesions by their relative resistance to local inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitors. We found that recombinant human single-chain urokinase-bound rabbit pleural mesothelial cells or lung fibroblasts with kinetics similar to that reported for human cells (kD of approximately 5 nM). The receptor-bound fibrinolysin maintained in vitro fibrinolytic activity in the presence of pleural fluids from rabbits with tetracycline-induced pleural injury over 24 hours. In rabbits given intrapleural single-chain urokinase 24 and 48 hours after intrapleural tetracycline (n = 10 animals), adhesions were prevented, whereas the receptor-complexed form (n = 12) attenuated adhesions versus vehicle/tetracycline-treated rabbits (n = 22, p ⩽ 0.005 in both cases). There were more adhesions in the complex than the single-chain urokinase group (p = 0.02). Residual antigenic but not functional evidence of the interventional agents remained in pleural fluids at 72 hours after tetracycline. No local or systemic bleeding occurred because of either interventional agent. The data demonstrate that single-chain urokinase inhibits, whereas lysin–receptor complexes attenuate, adhesion formation in tetracycline-induced pleural injury in rabbits.