tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Theory of States and Traits—Revised
Authors: Rolf Steyer, Axel Mayer, Christian Geiser, David A. Cole
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2014)

We present a revision of latent state-trait (LST-R) theory with new definitions of states and traits. This theory applies whenever we study the consistency of behavior, its variability, and its change over time. States and traits are defined in terms of probability theory. This allows for a seamless transition from theory to statistical modeling of empirical data. LST-R theory not only gives insights into the nature of latent variables but it also takes into account four fundamental facts: Observations are fallible, they never happen in a situational vacuum, they are always made using a specific method of observations, and there is no person without a past. Although the first fact necessitates considering measurement error, the second fact requires allowances for situational fluctuations. The third fact implies that, in the first place, states and traits are method specific. Furthermore, compared to the previous version of LST theory (see, e.g., Steyer et al. 1992 , 1999 ), our revision is based on the notion of a person-at-time-t. The new definitions in LST-R theory have far-reaching implications that not only concern the properties of states, traits, and the associated concepts of measurement errors and state residuals, but also are related to the analysis of states and traits in longitudinal observational and intervention studies.
The volume-dependency of parallel conductance throughout the cardiac cycle and its consequence for volume estimation of the left ventricle in patients
Authors: L Kornet
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: To study the hypothesis that the electrical conductance of tissues and fluids (parallel conductance (Gp)) around the ventricle depends on left ventricular volume throughout the cardiac cycle. Methods: We extended a recently developed method to determine Gp throughout the cardiac cycle. First, we compared the estimates of parallel conductances obtained with the new method (Gap) with those of the conventional one (Glp), both averaged over the cardiac cycles. Secondly, Gap was determined throughout the cardiac cycle and its volume dependency was assessed. Thirdly, the factor α was calculated as the ratio between stroke volume, obtained by the conductance method using Glp, and that obtained by a thermodilution method. Because the non-homogeneous field was indicated to be the reason for the dependency of Gp on left ventricular volume as well as for the need for α, we tested whether the hypothesis implies that a correction with α is not needed if Gp is determined throughout the cardiac cycle. Results: We found a negative linear relation between Gp and left ventricular volume. This relation appeared to be reproducible within each patient. Furthermore, we found that α deviates from 1 primarily due to the dependency of Gp on left ventricular volume. Conclusion: To obtain stroke volume or to determine absolute left ventricular volume continuously within a cardiac cycle, Gp should be determined throughout each cardiac cycle and if a constant Gp throughout the cardiac cycle is used a correction with the factor α should be made to correct for a possible influence of electrical field heterogeneity.
Prospective Study of Factors Predicting Adherence to Medical Advice in Men With Testicular Cancer
Authors: Clare Moynihan, Andy R. Norman, Yolanda Barbachano, Louise Burchell, Robert Huddart, David P. Dearnaley, Alan Horwich
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

To identify predictive factors of adherence to medical advice, specifically the likelihood of attendance to a recommended follow-up regimen in patients with newly diagnosed testicular cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS; This was a prospective study measuring initially not only aspects of the doctor-patient interview, but also a range of demographic, psychological, social, and medical factors, and then recording attendance behavior on follow-up. All 209 new patients with testicular cancer referred between June 1992 and May 1995 were approached, and 184 men consented and completed questionnaires. The nonadherence end point (nonattender) was two failures to attend an outpatient appointment at least 1 month apart, despite a written reminder.Thirty-two participants (17%) were classified as nonattenders. No significant differences were found between attenders and nonattenders in the majority of psychosocial and medical variables that might have predicted nonadherence to medical advice. There was a highly significant association between nonattendance and a patient's perception of an unsatisfactory affective relationship with his clinician (P = .005; hazard ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 6.6).Patients who perceived an unsatisfactory affective relationship with their clinician that included an inability to trust the clinician and a perception that they were not being treated as "a person" were subsequently more likely to disregard medical advice regarding follow-up. Attention to the ways young men may wish to communicate with their clinicians is important, bearing in mind that they may not necessarily adhere to stereotypical images of masculine self-dependence.
Immunoregulatory abnormalities in myelodysplastic disorders
Authors: Michael A. Baumann, Thomas J. Milson, Catherine W. Patrick, Joseph A. Libnoch, Robert H. Keller
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Immunoregulation was assessed in a group of patients with myelodysplasia (MDS) by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and in vitro studies of mitogen‐stimulated T‐lymphocyte blastogenesis. Mitogenesis was significantly depressed in MDS patients compared to controls (p &lt; .001) and a similar defect was found in a small group of patients with untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (p &lt; .005). The impaired mitogenic response ability of T‐cells in these patients did not appear to be the result of alteration in lymphocyte subpopulation ratios. The observed defect might result from defective cooperation between Tlymphocytes and abnormal myeloid elements. Alternatively, the lymphocytes themselves could be derived from the abnormal clone and thus be functionally abnormal.
Expression of organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1) and OCT3 (SLC22A3) is affected by genetic factors and cholestasis in human liver
Authors: Anne T. Nies, Hermann Koepsell, Stefan Winter, Oliver Burk, Kathrin Klein, Reinhold Kerb, Ulrich M. Zanger, Dietrich Keppler, Matthias Schwab, Elke Schaeffeler
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

An important function of hepatocytes is the biotransformation and elimination of various drugs, many of which are organic cations and are taken up by organic cation transporters (OCTs) of the solute carrier family 22 (SLC22). Because interindividual variability of OCT expression may affect response to cationic drugs such as metformin, we systematically investigated genetic and nongenetic factors of OCT1/SLC22A1 and OCT3/SLC22A3 expression in human liver. OCT1 and OCT3 expression (messenger RNA [mRNA], protein) was analyzed in liver tissue samples from 150 Caucasian subjects. Hepatic OCTs were localized by way of immunofluorescence microscopy. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray technology served to genotype 92 variants in the SLC22A1-A3/OCT1-3 gene cluster. Transport of metformin by recombinant human OCT1 and OCT3 was compared using transfected cells. OCT1 mRNA and protein expression varied 113- and 83-fold, respectively; OCT3 mRNA expression varied 27-fold. OCT1 transcript levels were on average 15-fold higher compared with OCT3. We localized the OCT3 protein to the basolateral hepatocyte membrane and identified metformin as an OCT3 substrate. OCT1 and OCT3 expression are independent of age and sex but were significantly reduced in liver donors diagnosed as cholestatic (P < or = 0.01). Several haplotypes for OCT1 and OCT3 were identified. Multivariate analysis adjusted for multiple testing showed that only the OCT1-Arg61Cys variant (rs12208357) strongly correlated with decreased OCT1 protein expression (P < 0.0001), and four variants in OCT3 (rs2292334, rs2048327, rs1810126, rs3088442) were associated with reduced OCT3 mRNA levels (P = 0.03).We identified cholestasis and genetic variants as critical determinants for considerable interindividual variability of hepatic OCT1 and OCT3 expression. This indicates consequences for hepatic elimination of and response to OCT substrates such as metformin.
Absence of Sexual Dimorphism in the Symptomatic Responses to Hypoglycemia in Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jacqueline Geddes, Roderick E. Warren, Andrew J. Sommerfield, Vincent McAulay, Mark W.J. Strachan, Kate V. Allen, Ian J. Deary, Brian M. Frier
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia provokes counterregulatory hormonal responses, the magnitude of which is lower in women with and without type 1 diabetes than in their male counterparts (1–5), although the glycemic thresholds at which these responses are triggered are similar in both sexes (6,7). In nondiabetic adults and people with type 1 diabetes, antecedent hypoglycemia and exercise had less effect on the magnitude of the counterregulatory hormonal responses in women than in men (8,9). It has therefore been suggested that exposure to recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia could abolish the difference in counterregulatory responses between the sexes, explaining the absence of a difference in the overall frequency of severe hypoglycemia observed in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (10).

Detection of the symptoms of hypoglycemia alerts the person with diabetes to the decline in blood glucose, prompting corrective action to be taken before the effects of neuroglycopenia become disabling. Symptoms of hypoglycemia are generated as part of the established hierarchy of responses (11,12) and are idiosyncratic and age specific (13). Sex differences have not been reported, but in small studies with few subjects, a putative difference may not be discernible (1,14). The most common hypoglycemia symptoms have been classified into subgroups in physiological studies (15,16) and by statistical methodology (17–20) using factor analysis. The subgroups include autonomic symptoms, such as hunger, pounding heart, …
PWE-002 Short-Term outcomes following Surgical Treatment of benign Colonic Polyps: a Case-Matched Study
Authors: A Brigic, R Cahill, G J Williams, H A Alexander, J T Jenkins, C Fraser, S K Clark, R H Kennedy
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients diagnosed with complex colonic polyps (broad based, crossing two haustral folds, or being located at the ileocaecal valve or colonic flexures) unsuitable for endoscopic treatment undergo the same surgical procedure as patients with colon cancer. As a result of the bowel cancer screening programmes, the number of these patients has increased significantly and outcomes after hemicolectomy for benign colonic polyps (BCP) are poorly documented. We present a case-matched study examining short-term outcomes of patients with BCP versus those with colonic cancer (CC) from two institutions. <h3>Methods</h3> Consecutive patients undergoing surgery for BCP were identified in two hospitals from prospectively maintained databases (data collection period 2005–2006 and 2010–2012 respectively). Hospital coding database was also searched using operation codes to identify missing patients. Each patient was matched for age, sex, ASA grade, site and type of resection (laparoscopic, open, and converted) to two controls undergoing surgery for treatment of CC identified in each centre. The length of stay (LOS) and 30-day outcomes were analysed with further adjustments for BMI, blood loss and operation time. Multilevel linear and logistic regression analyses were performed. <h3>Results</h3> 46 BCP patients were matched with 81 CC patients. Almost all procedures were performed laparoscopically (42/46). Two procedures were converted to open and two patients underwent planned open surgery. Median size of BCP was 4 cm (IQR 2.5, 5.4). BCP group had a marginally longer LOS [median 5.5 days (IQR 4, 8) and 5 days (IQR 3, 7) respectively (p = 0.04)]. 21/46 (46%) patients with BCP had a postoperative complication compared to 25/81 (31%) CC patients (p = 0.12, OR = 2.11; CI 0.82–5.41). 4/46 (9%) BCP patients underwent reoperation and further 3/46 (7%) were readmitted versus 1/81 (1%) and 2/81 (2%) in CC group (p = 0.07 and 0.28 respectively). No deaths were observed in either group. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Complications following segmental colectomy for complex colonic polyps are not significantly different to those after cancer surgery. The results of this study provide further impetus for the development of a local full thickness colonic excision technique as an alternative, less invasive treatment option in order to improve patient outcomes. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Intraperitoneal phosphatidylcholine levels in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis do not correlate with adequacy of ultrafiltration.
Authors: J Beavis, J L Harwood, G A Coles, J D Williams
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1993)

A qualitative and quantitative study was undertaken to determine the lipid composition of dialysate effluent from patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Effluent, after a 4-h, 2.27% dextrose dwell, was collected on ice, centrifuged and extracted for lipids with chloroform and methanol. Lipids were separated and identified by thin layer chromatography, and the constituent fatty acids were quantitated by gas liquid chromatography. Effluents from 10 patients were assayed at the commencement of CAPD treatment and again after 6 months of therapy. There was a significant fall in phosphatidylcholine and phospholipid concentrations (P < 0.007) with time, whereas the fatty acid compositions of these lipids remained constant. Dialysate phosphatidylcholine and phospholipid concentrations were not significantly different between seven patients with poor ultrafiltration and eight patients who had normal fluid removal. This study demonstrates that there is no relationship between dialysate phospholipid levels and the adequacy of filtration, although it corroborates previous reports of an inverse correlation between time on CAPD and dialysate lipid concentrations. These results do not support a rationale for ip phosphatidylcholine administration in patients with poor ultrafiltration.
Evolving Concepts in the Pathology and Computed Tomography Imaging of Lung Adenocarcinoma and Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma
Authors: William D. Travis, Kavita Garg, Wilbur A. Franklin, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Bradley Sabloff, Masayuki Noguchi, Ryutaro Kakinuma, Maureen Zakowski, Michelle Ginsberg, Robert Padera, Francine Jacobson, Bruce E. Johnson, Fred Hirsch, Elizabeth Brambilla, Douglas B. Flieder, Kim R. Geisinger, Frederik Thunnisen, Keith Kerr, David Yankelevitz, Teri J. Franks, Jeffrey R. Galvin, Douglas W. Henderson, Andrew G. Nicholson, Philip S. Hasleton, Victor Roggli, Ming-Sound Tsao, Federico Cappuzzo, Madeline Vazquez
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Purpose To review recent advances in pathology and computed tomography (CT) of lung adenocarcinoma and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). Methods A pathology/CT review panel of pathologists and radiologists met during a November 2004 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Society of Clinical Oncology consensus workshop in New York. The purpose was to determine if existing data was sufficient to propose modification of criteria for adenocarcinoma and BAC as newly published in the 2004 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors, and to address the pathologic/radiologic concept of diffuse/multicentric BAC. Results Solitary small, peripheral BACs have an excellent prognosis. Most lung adenocarcinomas with a BAC pattern are not pure BAC, but rather adenocarcinoma, mixed subtype with invasive patterns. This applies to tumors presenting with a diffuse/multinodular as well as solitary nodule pattern. The percent of BAC versus invasive components in lung adenocarcinomas appears to be prognostically important. However, a consensus definition of “minimally invasive” BAC with a favorable prognosis could not be achieved. While recognition of a BAC component is possible, the diagnosis of BAC with exclusion of invasive adenocarcinoma cannot be made by small biopsy or cytology specimens. Conclusion There is a need to work toward a mutual understanding and consensus between pathologists, clinicians, and researchers with the use of the term BAC versus adenocarcinoma. Future studies should make some attempt to quantitate these components and/or other features such as size of scar, size of invasive component, or pattern of invasion. Hopefully, this work will allow definition of a category of adenocarcinoma, mixed subtype with predominant BAC/minimal invasion and a favorable prognosis.
Controlling autophagy: A new concept for clearing liver disease
Authors: Frank Tacke, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

In the classical form of alpha1-antitrypsin (AT) deficiency, a point mutation in AT alters the folding of a liver-derived secretory glycoprotein and renders it aggregation-prone. In addition to decreased serum concentrations of AT, the disorder is characterized by accumulation of the mutant alpha1-antitrypsin Z (ATZ) variant inside cells, causing hepatic fibrosis and/or carcinogenesis by a gain-of-toxic function mechanism. The proteasomal and autophagic pathways are known to mediate degradation of ATZ. Here we show that the autophagy-enhancing drug carbamazepine (CBZ) decreased the hepatic load of ATZ and hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model of AT deficiency-associated liver disease. These results provide a basis for testing CBZ, which has an extensive clinical safety profile, in patients with AT deficiency and also provide a proof of principle for therapeutic use of autophagy enhancers. (Hepatology 2011;.)
Phase II Study of Uracil-Tegafur With Leucovorin in Elderly (≥ 75 years old) Patients With Colorectal Cancer: ECOG 1299
Authors: Howard S. Hochster, Weixiu Luo, Elizabeta C. Popa, Bruce T. Lyman, Mary Mulcahy, Peter A. Beatty, Al Bowen Benson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

To evaluate the tolerability and effectiveness of uracil-tegafur (UFT) with leucovorin (LV) in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer.Patients > or = 75 years of age with previously untreated colorectal cancer were eligible for this phase II, single-arm, open-label, multicenter cooperative group clinical trial. UFT 100 mg/m2 plus LV 30 mg orally every 8 hours for 28 days every 35 days was administered until progression.Fifty-eight patients were enrolled between June 2000 and July 2001, and 55 were treated. The median age of treated patients was 81 years (range, 75 to 90 years), 26 patients were (47%) women, and 80% had good performance status (0 to 1). The observed overall response rate was 22% (95% CI, 11.8% to 35.0%). The estimated median overall survival time was 13.0 months (95% CI, 9.6 to 17.4 months), and median progression-free survival time was 4.6 months (95% CI, 2.6 to 6.7 months). Among the 56 treated patients (including one ineligible patient), 31 (55%) experienced grade 3 to 4 toxicities, most commonly diarrhea (25%) and GI toxicity (36%), with patients older than 85 years of age at highest risk.The results of this trial support the efficacy of oral UFT/LV in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. The regimen is tolerated moderately well overall, particularly as compared with other fluoropyrimidine regimens, although there is increased GI toxicity in the most elderly. These results suggest that studies using newer oral fluoropyrimidine analogs should be investigated in this patient population.
Depression Decision Support in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Steven K. Dobscha, Kathryn Corson, David H. Hickam, Nancy A. Perrin, Dale F. Kraemer, Martha S. Gerrity
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2006)

Background: Intensive collaborative interventions improve depression outcomes, but the benefit of less intensive interventions is not clear. Objective: To determine whether decision support improves outcomes for patients with depression. Design: Clinician-level, cluster randomized, controlled trial. Setting: 5 primary care clinics of 1 Veterans Affairs medical center. Participants: 41 primary care clinicians, and 375 patients with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9] depression scores of 10 to 25 or Hopkins Symptom Checklist-20 [SCL-20] scores ≥ 1.0). Measurements: The primary outcome was change in depression score (SCL-20) at 6 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes were health-related quality-of-life (36-item Short Form for Veterans [SF-36V] score), patient satisfaction, antidepressant use, and health care utilization. Intervention: Clinicians received depression education and were randomly assigned to depression decision support or usual care. The depression decision support team, which consisted of a psychiatrist and nurse, provided 1 early patient educational contact and depression monitoring with feedback to clinicians over 12 months. Results: Although SCL-20 depression scores improved in both groups, the intervention had no effect compared with usual care. The difference in slopes comparing intervention and control over 12 months was 0.20 (95% CI, −0.37 to 0.78; P = 0.49), which was neither clinically nor statistically significant. Changes in SF-36V scores also did not differ between groups. At 12 months, intervention patients reported greater satisfaction (P = 0.002) and were more likely to have had at least 1 mental health specialty appointment (41.1% vs. 27.2%; P = 0.025), to have received any antidepressant (79.3% vs. 69.3%; P = 0.041), and to have received antidepressants for 90 days or more (76.2% vs. 61.6%; P = 0.008). Limitations: Usual care clinicians received depression education and had on-site mental health support, which may have mitigated intervention effectiveness. Conclusions: Decision support improved processes of care but not depression outcomes. More intensive care management or specialty treatment may be needed to improve depression outcomes.
Reduced Expression of Insulin Receptors in the Kidneys of Insulin-Resistant Rats
Authors: Swasti Tiwari, Veerendra K.M. Halagappa, Shahla Riazi, Xinqun Hu, Carolyn A. Ecelbarger
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Insulin resistance is accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, both of which are associated with hypertension. Because the kidney plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure, we studied the regulation of insulin receptor expression in the kidney during states of insulin resistance. Using two rat models of insulin resistance, Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression of insulin receptor subunits in the kidney compared to lean control rats. Treatment of insulin resistance in Zucker rats with the insulin-sensitizing drug rosiglitazone partially restored renal insulin receptor levels. Conversely, treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist candesartan increased renal insulin receptor expression compared to untreated rats. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, which results from hypoinsulinemia, reduced expression of renal insulin receptors. Hyperinsulinemia induced by insulin infusion, however, did not produce a similar effect. In conclusion, insulin receptors are downregulated in the kidneys of insulin resistant rats, possibly mediated by hyperglycemia and angiotensin II.