tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Predicting Cesarean Section and Uterine Rupture among Women Attempting Vaginal Birth after Prior Cesarean Section
Authors: Gordon C. S Smith, Ian R White, Jill P Pell, Richard Dobbie
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

There is currently no validated method for antepartum prediction of the risk of failed vaginal birth after cesarean section and no information on the relationship between the risk of emergency cesarean delivery and the risk of uterine rupture.We linked a national maternity hospital discharge database and a national registry of perinatal deaths. We studied 23,286 women with one prior cesarean delivery who attempted vaginal birth at or after 40-wk gestation. The population was randomly split into model development and validation groups. The factors associated with emergency cesarean section were maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.22 per 5-y increase, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16 to 1.28), maternal height (adjusted OR = 0.75 per 5-cm increase, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.78), male fetus (adjusted OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.29), no previous vaginal birth (adjusted OR = 5.08, 95% CI: 4.52 to 5.72), prostaglandin induction of labor (adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.60), and birth at 41-wk (adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.42) or 42-wk (adjusted OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.17 to 1.62) gestation compared with 40-wk. In the validation group, 36% of the women had a low predicted risk of caesarean section (< 20%) and 16.5% of women had a high predicted risk (> 40%); 10.9% and 47.7% of these women, respectively, actually had deliveries by caesarean section. The predicted risk of caesarean section was also associated with the risk of all uterine rupture (OR for a 5% increase in predicted risk = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.31) and uterine rupture associated with perinatal death (OR for a 5% increase in predicted risk = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.73). The observed incidence of uterine rupture was 2.0 per 1,000 among women at low risk of cesarean section and 9.1 per 1,000 among those at high risk (relative risk = 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6 to 8.1). We present the model in a simple-to-use format.We present, to our knowledge, the first validated model for antepartum prediction of the risk of failed vaginal birth after prior cesarean section. Women at increased risk of emergency caesarean section are also at increased risk of uterine rupture, including catastrophic rupture leading to perinatal death.
Increased running speed and previous cramps rather than dehydration or serum sodium changes predict exercise-associated muscle cramping: a prospective cohort study in 210 Ironman triathletes
Authors: Martin P Schwellnus, Nichola Drew, Malcolm Collins
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Despite the high prevalence of exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) in endurance athletes, the aetiology and risk factors for this condition are not fully understood.The aim of this prospective cohort study was to identify risk factors associated with EAMC in endurance triathletes.210 triathletes competing in an Ironman triathlon were recruited. Prior to the race, subjects completed a detailed validated questionnaire and blood samples were taken for serum electrolytes. Immediately before the race, pre-race body weight was obtained. Body weight and blood samples for serum electrolyte concentrations were obtained immediately after the race. Clinical data on EAMC experienced during or immediately after the race were also collected.43 triathletes reported EAMC (cramping group) and were compared with the 166 who did not report EAMC (non-cramping group). There were no significant differences between groups in any pre-race-post-race serum electrolyte concentrations and body weight changes. The development of EAMC was associated with faster predicted race times and faster actual race times, despite similarly matched preparation and performance histories in subjects from both groups. A regression analysis identified faster overall race time (and cycling time) and a history of cramping (in the last 10 races) as the only two independent risk factors for EAMC.The results from this study add to the evidence that dehydration and altered serum electrolyte balance are not causes for EAMC. Rather, endurance runners competing at a fast pace, which suggests that they exercise at a high intensity, are at risk for EAMC.
Mitral valve annuloplasty: results in an underdeveloped population.
Authors: M J Antunes, R H Kinsley
Journal: Thorax (1983)

The long term results of mitral valve annuloplasty for pure mitral regurgitation are assessed. Thirty-three of the 100 patients (mean age 16 years) had acute rheumatic carditis at the time of operation. Three basic techniques were used: measured asymmetrical annuloplasty (Reed) in 37 patients, posterior plication annuloplasty in 56, Carpentier ring in seven. There were six early deaths, two of which were valve related. The mean follow up period for surviving patients was 4.8 (SD 1.2) years (range 3-9 years). Fourteen patients died late, all but one from valve related causes. Twenty-five had reoperation and all these had mitral valve replacement. The actuarial survival with initial repair was 56% at five years and 42% at eight years. Thirteen patients were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 42 patients, only 27 have an excellent or good clinical result. Eleven patients have only a satisfactory result, with a significant degree of residual or recurrent mitral regurgitation or disability or both. Possible causes of valve related failure were investigated; no significant difference was found between age groups or between acute and chronic cases. Poorer results, of statistical significance, were observed in patients in functional class IV and in those whose operation was performed on an emergency basis. No difference could be found between the results of the three techniques of mitral valve annuloplasty used. This retrospective study indicates that conservative procedures which are limited to annular repair produce inferior results. Valvuloplasty has many theoretical advantages which need practical confirmation.
Nitric Oxide Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Expression and Carbon Monoxide Production in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: William Durante, Michael H. Kroll, Nick Christodoulides, Kelly J. Peyton, Andrew I. Schafer
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

Abstract Since recent studies demonstrate that vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize two distinct guanylate cyclase–stimulatory gases, NO and CO, we examined possible regulatory interactions between these two signaling molecules. Treatment of rat aortic smooth muscle cells with the NO donors, sodium nitroprusside, S -nitroso- N -acetyl-penicillamine, or 3-morpholinosydnonimine, increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein levels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked NO-stimulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that NO donors increased HO-1 gene transcription between 3- and 6-fold. In contrast, NO donors had no effect on the stability of HO-1 mRNA. Incubation of vascular smooth muscle cells with the membrane-permeable cGMP analogues, dibutyryl cGMP and 8-bromo-cGMP, failed to induce HO-1 gene expression. Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with NO donors also stimulated the production and release of CO, as demonstrated by the CO-dependent increase in intracellular cGMP levels in coincubated platelets. Finally, incubating vascular smooth muscle cells with interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α induced NO synthesis and also significantly increased the level of HO-1 protein. The cytokine-stimulated production of both NO and HO-1 protein in smooth muscle cells was blocked by the NO synthase inhibitor methyl- l -arginine. These results demonstrate that exogenously administered or endogenously released NO stimulates HO-1 gene expression and CO production in vascular smooth muscle cells. The ability of NO to induce HO-catalyzed CO release from vascular smooth muscle cells provides a novel mechanism by which NO might modulate soluble guanylate cyclase and, thereby, vascular smooth muscle cell and platelet function.
Gastric dysrhythmias occur in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease complicated by food regurgitation but not in uncomplicated reflux
Authors: A Leahy
Journal: Gut (2001)

<h3>AIM</h3> To investigate gastric pacemaker activity in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease using the electrogastrogram. <h3>PATIENTS</h3> Forty patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (20 with acid reflux, 20 with the additional symptom of food regurgitation) and 30 asymptomatic controls. <h3>METHODS</h3> Patients were studied using an electrogastrogram, oesophageal manometry, and 24 hour ambulatory oesophageal pH analysis. <h3>RESULTS</h3> An abnormal electrogastrogram was recorded in two (7%) controls, two (10%) patients with acid reflux, and 10 (50%) patients with food regurgitation. Food regurgitators had significantly more gastric dysrhythmias (tachygastrias) both before (p&lt;0.02) and after (p&lt;0.01) a test meal. Gastric pacemaker activity was also significantly less stable following the test meal in food regurgitators (p&lt;0.003). Patients with food regurgitation and an abnormal electrogastrogram had higher oesophageal acid exposure than those with a normal electrogastrogram (p&lt;0.05). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> The electrogastrogram is usually normal in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease but an abnormal rhythm occurred in half of our patients with the additional symptom of food regurgitation. Furthermore, an abnormal electrogastrogram is associated with increased oesophageal acid exposure.
Increased ALK Gene Copy Number and Amplification are Frequent in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Marta Salido, Lara Pijuan, Luz Martínez-Avilés, Ana B. Galván, Israel Cañadas, Ana Rovira, Montserrat Zanui, Alejandro Martínez, Raquel Longarón, Francisco Sole, Sergio Serrano, Beatriz Bellosillo, Murry W. Wynes, Joan Albanell, Fred R. Hirsch, Edurne Arriola
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Creatinine Reduction Ratio and 24-Hour Creatinine Excretion on Posttransplant Day Two
Authors: Mahendra V. Govani, Osun Kwon, Thomas D. Batiuk, Martin L. Milgrom, Ronald S. Filo
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

To devise objective criteria for early diagnosis of delayed graft function (DGF), 59 adult living donor kidney transplants with immediate graft function (IGF) and 51 cadaveric kidney transplants were investigated for creatinine reduction ratio (CRR2) from posttransplant day 1 to day 2 and 24-h urine creatinine excretion (UC2) on day 2. The mean CRR2 in living donor transplants was 53% (SD +/- 11); the distribution of CRR2 was gaussian, and all of them had UC2 >1000 mg. Criteria for DGF were developed on the basis of living donor transplant: CRR2 < or =30% (2SD below 53%) +/- UC2 < or =1000 mg. Overall, 24 cadaver transplant recipients (47%) developed DGF (CRR2 < or =30%); 13 patients (25%) had mild DGF (UC2 >1000 mg), and the remaining 11 (22%) had severe DGF (UC2 < or =1000 mg). All the patients with severe DGF had a measured creatinine clearance <25 ml/min on day 7, and 8 of 11 were dialyzed within the first week of transplantation. Patients with IGF and mild DGF had a creatinine clearance of > or =25 ml/min on or before day 7, and none of them were dialyzed. Calcineurin inhibitors were avoided or delayed in five patients with mild DGF and all patients with severe DGF. In conclusion, diagnosing DGF within 48-h after transplantation is simple and may be valuable in the management of these patients.
Thrombocytosis is a marker of poor outcome in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Elena Prina, Miquel Ferrer, Otavio Tavares Ranzani, Eva Polverino, Catia Cilloniz, Encarnación Moreno, Josep Mensa, Beatriz Montull, Rosario Menéndez, Roberto Cosentini, Antoni Torres
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Background:  Thrombocytosis, often considered a marker of normal inflammatory reaction of infections, has recently been associated with increased mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).   Methods:  We evaluated 2,423 hospitalized patients with CAP. We excluded patients with immunosuppression, neoplasm, tuberculosis or haematological disease. The aim was to assess characteristics and outcomes of patients with CAP and thrombocytosis (platelet count ≥4x10 5 /mm 3 ), compared with thrombocytopenia(platelet count  5 /mm 3 ) and normal platelet count.   Results:  Fifty-three patients (2%) presented thrombocytopenia, 204 (8%) thrombocytosis and 2,166 (90%) a normal platelet count. Patients with thrombocytosis were younger (p   Conclusions:  Thrombocytosis in CAP is associated with poor outcome, complicated pleural effusion/empyema. Therefore thrombocytosis in CAP should encourage to rule out respiratory complications and could be considered for severity evaluation.
Heredity in Gastroenterology: A Review
Authors: R. B. McConnell
Journal: Gut (1960)

Attention is drawn to the more important genetic principles which have a bearing on medical problems, and stress is laid on the careful planning necessary if a clinical genetic research project is to produce worthwhile results. There follows a review of the present state of knowledge concerning heredity and various gastroenterological disorders, with suggestions of the lines of research most likely to be rewarding. The view is expressed that the most urgent need is for more knowledge of the genetics of the physiological processes of the gastrointestinal tract.
Mesalazine associated nephrogenic diabetes insipidus presenting as weight loss.
Authors: E A Masson, J M Rhodes
Journal: Gut (1992)

Nephrotoxicity in association with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy is well recognised. In this patient the nephrotoxicity only became apparent after severe weight loss had occurred in association with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The patient aged 26 with ulcerative colitis received resin coated mesalazine (Asacol) 1200 mg/day and lost 12 kg in weight over a four month period, only complaining of thirst towards the end of this period.
Clinical networks for ILD: casting light on diffuse lung shadows
Authors: N. K. Harrison, N. Johnson, M. Wilsher
Journal: Thorax (2010)

The terms interstitial lung disease (ILD) and diffuse parenchymal lung disease are often used synonymously to refer to a disparate group of pulmonary disorders affecting the alveoli and/or respiratory bronchioles. Whilst many ILDs are rare disorders, as a group they account for ∼15% of the workload for an average respiratory physician.1

Despite this, and unlike diseases of the airway or lung cancer, the approach to diagnosis and management of ILD has not yet embraced multidisciplinary or shared, pathway-driven models of care. This, together with a paucity of treatments and the aggressive nature of some ILDs, casts a dim light on an already murky field where definitions are changing and even the pathogenesis remains unclear.

It is noteworthy that in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common ILD,2 there have been no prospective randomised therapeutic trials undertaken in the UK for almost 20 years, and indeed there have only been two placebo-controlled randomised trials in this disease.3 4 However, there is no justification for this nihilism. Rather, the recent publication of the new BTS Guideline on ILD, published by the BTS in collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society, is a timely reminder of our current state of knowledge, or perhaps ignorance, regarding diagnosis and management of ILDs.5 It is now appropriate to look beyond the Guideline and consider opportunities for improving care for patients with ILDs and in particular IPF. In the absence of promising new pharmaceuticals, such improvements can only be achieved through improvements to the organisation of care.

A study from Michigan examined the effect a multidisciplinary team (MDT), composed of specialist respiratory physicians, radiologists and pathologists, had on diagnosis of ILDs.6 It was found that whilst the addition of pathological information had the greatest impact …
Comment on Zhu et al. Fasting Plasma Glucose at 24–28 Weeks to Screen for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: New Evidence From China. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2038–2040
Authors: Mukesh M. Agarwal, Gurdeep S. Dhatt
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

The study by Zhu et al. (1) corroborates that the initial fasting plasma glucose (FPG) results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) can help to circumvent the performance of over half the OGTTs needed to work up pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in China. Thus, the algorithm to simplify the diagnosis of GDM suggested by us (2) earlier, which was accepted by the Chinese Ministry of Health (3), has been validated by the authors.

However, a few facts need to be stressed. Strictly speaking, one cannot use …
Spitz naevi and melanomas with similar dermoscopic patterns: can confocal microscopy differentiate?
Authors: S. Guida, G. Pellacani, A.M. Cesinaro, E. Moscarella, G. Argenziano, F. Farnetani, D. Bonamonte, C. Longo
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Differentiating Spitz naevi from melanomas can be difficult both clinically and dermoscopically. Previous studies have reported the potential role of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in increasing diagnostic accuracy.To define RCM criteria that can differentiate 'false twins', namely Spitz naevi and melanomas sharing similar dermoscopic appearance.Lesions histopathologically diagnosed as Spitz naevi or melanomas were retrospectively retrieved. They were selected to cover all dermoscopic types and were put into couples sharing similar aspects. Lesions were classified into three main dermoscopic categories: globular and starburst pattern, spitzoid with dotted vessels, and multicomponent or aspecific pattern.RCM findings revealed that striking cell pleomorphism within the epidermis, widespread atypical cells at the dermoepidermal junction and marked pleomorphism within nests were significantly associated with the diagnosis of melanoma, while spindled cells and peripheral clefting were found exclusively with and pathognomonic of Spitz naevi. Furthermore, the analysis of a dermoscopic subgroup highlights the importance of striking pleomorphism and spindled cells as clues to differentiate 'false twins' with globular or starburst patterns.The current study highlights the role of RCM in discriminating 'false twins' of Spitz naevi and melanomas for lesions showing starburst and globular patterns on dermoscopy, whereas RCM is not useful in the other dermoscopic subgroups.
Indolcarboxamide Is a Preclinical Candidate for Treating Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Srinivasa P. S. Rao, Suresh B. Lakshminarayana, Ravinder R. Kondreddi, Maxime Herve, Luis R. Camacho, Pablo Bifani, Sarath K. Kalapala, Jan Jiricek, Ng L. Ma, Bee H. Tan, Seow H. Ng, Mahesh Nanjundappa, Sindhu Ravindran, Peck G. Seah, Pamela Thayalan, Siao H. Lim, Boon H. Lee, Anne Goh, Whitney S. Barnes, Zhong Chen, Kerstin Gagaring, Arnab K. Chatterjee, Kevin Pethe, Kelli Kuhen, John Walker, Gu Feng, Sreehari Babu, Lijun Zhang, Francesca Blasco, David Beer, Margaret Weaver, Veronique Dartois, Richard Glynne, Thomas Dick, Paul W. Smith, Thierry T. Diagana, Ujjini H. Manjunatha
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

New chemotherapeutic compounds against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are urgently needed to combat drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB). We have identified and characterized the indolcarboxamides as a new class of antitubercular bactericidal agent. Genetic and lipid profiling studies identified the likely molecular target of indolcarboxamides as MmpL3, a transporter of trehalose monomycolate that is essential for mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Two lead candidates, NITD-304 and NITD-349, showed potent activity against both drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Mtb. Promising pharmacokinetic profiles of both compounds after oral dosing in several species enabled further evaluation for efficacy and safety. NITD-304 and NITD-349 were efficacious in treating both acute and chronic Mtb infections in mouse efficacy models. Furthermore, dosing of NITD-304 and NITD-349 for 2 weeks in exploratory rat toxicology studies revealed a promising safety margin. Finally, neither compound inhibited the activity of major cytochrome P-450 enzymes or the hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) channel. These results suggest that NITD-304 and NITD-349 should undergo further development as a potential treatment for multidrug-resistant TB.
The Value and Challenges of Participatory Research: Strengthening Its Practice
Authors: Margaret Cargo, Shawna L. Mercer
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2008)

The increasing use of participatory research (PR) approaches to address pressing public health issues reflects PR's potential for bridging gaps between research and practice, addressing social and environmental justice and enabling people to gain control over determinants of their health. Our critical review of the PR literature culminates in the development of an integrative practice framework that features five essential domains and provides a structured process for developing and maintaining PR partnerships, designing and implementing PR efforts, and evaluating the intermediate and long-term outcomes of descriptive, etiological, and intervention PR studies. We review the empirical and nonempirical literature in the context of this practice framework to distill the key challenges and added value of PR. Advances to the practice of PR over the next decade will require establishing the effectiveness of PR in achieving health outcomes and linking PR practices, processes, and core elements to health outcomes.
Pathogenesis of Myeloma
Authors: Kenneth C. Anderson, Ruben D. Carrasco
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2011)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of post–germinal center, terminally differentiated B cells. It is characterized by a multifocal proliferation of clonal, long-lived plasma cells within the bone marrow (BM) and associated skeletal destruction, serum monoclonal gammopathy, immune suppression, and end-organ sequelae. MM is preceded by an age-progressive premalignant condition termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Unlike the genomes of most hematological malignancies, and similar to those of solid-tissue neoplasms, MM genomes are typified by numerous structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations as well as mutations in a number of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, some of which have been linked to disease pathogenesis and clinical behavior. Recent studies have also defined the importance of interactions between the MM cells and their BM microenvironment, dysregulation in signaling pathways and in a specialized subpopulation of cells within the tumor (termed myeloma cancer stem cells) for tumor cell growth and survival, and the development of resistance to therapy.