tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Précis of<i>How monkeys see the world</i>
Authors: Dorothy L. Cheney, Robert M. Seyfarth
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1992)

Abstract Our book examines the mechanisms that underlie social behavior and communication in East African vervet monkeys. Our goal is to describe the sophistication of primate intelligence and to probe its limits. We suggest that vervets and other primates make good primatologists. They observe social interactions, recognize the relations that exist among others, and classify relationships into types. Monkeys also use sounds to represent features of their environment and compare different vocalizations according to their meaning. Monkeys may use abstract concepts and have motives, beliefs, and desires, however, their mental states are apparently not accessible: They do not know what they know. In addition, monkeys seem unable to attribute mental states to others: They lack a “theory of mind.” Their inability to. examine their own mental states or to attribute mental states to others severely constrains their ability to transmit information or to deceive one another. It also limits the extent to which their vocalizations can be called semantic. Finally, the skills that monkeys exhibit in social behavior are apparently domain specific. For reasons that are at present unclear, vervets exhibit adaptive specializations in social interactions that are not extended to their interactions with other species (although they should be).
Nonalcoholic-steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation
Authors: L. Miele, A. Grieco, A. Armuzzi, M. Candelli, M.A. Zocco, A. Forgione, B. Alfei, G.L. Rapaccini, G. Gasbarrini, A. Gasbarrini
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Merging second-person and first-person neuroscience
Authors: Matthew R. Longo, Manos Tsakiris
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Schilbach et al. contrast second-person and third-person approaches to social neuroscience. We discuss relations between second-person and first -person approaches, arguing that they cannot be studied in isolation. Contingency is central for converging first- and second-person approaches. Studies of embodiment show how contingencies scaffold first-person perspective and how the transition from a third- to a second-person perspective fundamentally involves first-person contributions.
Role of primary and secondary bile acids as feedback inhibitors of bile acid synthesis in the rat in vivo.
Authors: E F Stange, J Scheibner, H Ditschuneit
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The effect of various primary and secondary bile acids on the rates of synthesis of all major bile acids was studied in the live rat with an extracorporal bile duct. Bile acid synthesis was determined using HPLC based on mass or by isotope dilution. Derepressed rates of bile acid synthesis (30-54 h) were inhibited by an infusion of taurocholic acid only at a supraphysiological dose of 500 mumol/kg per h, but not at 300 mumol/kg per h, which approximates the initial bile acid secretion (250 mumol/kg per h). When administered together with taurocholic acid (200 mumol/kg per h) only a high dose of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (100 mumol/kg per h) decreased taurocholic but not tauromuricholic or taurochenodeoxycholic acid synthesis. The only bile acid suppressing taurocholic acid (36-71%) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (up to 33%) formation at an infusion rate close to the normal portal flux was deoxy- or taurodeoxycholic acid at 15-50 mumol/kg per h. It may be concluded that deoxycholic acid and possibly other secondary bile acids are much more potent inhibitors than primary bile acids.
ExoU-induced procoagulant activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected airway cells
Authors: M C Plotkowski, L F P Feliciano, G B S Machado, L G Cunha, C Freitas, A M Saliba, M C de Assis
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

The present study addressed the question whether ExoU, a <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> toxin with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, may induce airway epithelial cells to overexpress tissue factor (TF) and exhibit a procoagulant phenotype. Cells from the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B line were infected with an ExoU-producing <i>P. aeruginosa</i> strain, pre-treated or not with the cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor methylarachidonyl fluorophosphate (MAFP), or with two ExoU-deficient mutants. Control noninfected and infected cells were assessed for the expression of: 1) TF mRNA by RT-PCR; 2) cell-associated TF by enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometry; 3) procoagulant activity by a colorimetric assay; and 4) microparticle-associated TF by flow cytometry. An enzyme immunoassay was also used to assess cell-associated TF in lung extracts from mice infected intratracheally with ExoU-producing and -deficient bacteria. Cells infected with the wild-type bacteria had higher levels of TF mRNA, cell-associated TF expression, procoagulant activity and released microparticle-associated TF than cells infected with the mutants. Bacterial treatment with MAFP significantly reduced the expression of TF by infected cells. Lung samples from mice infected with the wild-type bacteria exhibited higher levels of cell-associated TF and procoagulant activity. The present results demonstrate that ExoU may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung injury by inducing a tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity in airway epithelial cells.
Estradiol increases proteinuria and angiotensin II type 1 receptor in kidneys of rats receiving L-NAME and angiotensin II
Authors: E.M. Oestreicher, C. Guo, E.W. Seely, T. Kikuchi, D. Martinez-Vasquez, L. Jonasson, T. Yao, D. Burr, S. Mayoral, W. Roubsanthisuk, V. Ricchiuti, G.K. Adler
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Use of Epoetin and Darbepoetin in Patients With Cancer: 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology Clinical Practice Guideline Update
Authors: J. Douglas Rizzo, Mark R. Somerfield, Karen L. Hagerty, Jerome Seidenfeld, Julia Bohlius, Charles L. Bennett, David F. Cella, Benjamin Djulbegovic, Matthew J. Goode, Ann A. Jakubowski, Mark U. Rarick, David H. Regan, Alan E. Lichtin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Purpose To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology (ASCO/ASH) recommendations for the use of epoetin. The guideline was expanded to address use of darbepoetin and thromboembolic risk associated with these agents. Method An Update Committee (“Committee”) reviewed and analyzed data published since 2002 through July 2007. MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library databases were searched. Recommendations For patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia, the Committee continues to recommend initiating an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) as hemoglobin (Hb) approaches, or falls below, 10 g/dL, to increase Hb and decrease transfusions. ESA treatment continues to be recommended for patients with low-risk myelodysplasia for similar reasons. There is no evidence showing increased survival as a result of ESA treatment. Conclusive evidence is lacking that, absent clinical circumstances necessitating earlier treatment, initiating ESAs at Hb levels greater than 10 g/dL either spares more patients from transfusion or substantially improves their quality of life. Starting doses and dose modifications based on response or lack thereof should follow the package insert. Continuing ESAs beyond 6 to 8 weeks in the absence of response, assuming appropriate dose increase has been attempted in nonresponders as per US Food and Drug Administration–approved labeling, does not seem to be beneficial, and ESA therapy should be discontinued. The Committee recommends monitoring iron stores and supplementing iron intake for ESA-treated patients. ESAs should be used cautiously with chemotherapy, or in clinical states, associated with elevated risk for thromboembolic complications. The Committee also cautions against ESA use for patients with cancer who are not receiving chemotherapy, since recent trials report increased thromboembolic risks and decreased survival under these circumstances.
Prospective randomised study to compare empirical treatment versus targeted treatment on the basis of the urine antigen results in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: L. Mandell
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is often misdiagnosed and improperly treated. Since it is not a reportable disease we do not have exact figures, but data from the USA suggest that there are approximately four million cases per year resulting in more than 600 000 hospitalisations, 64 million days of restricted activity and 45 000 deaths annually. The overall yearly cost associated with CAP is estimated at US$9–10 billion.

The lack of rapid, sensitive and specific methods to diagnose the aetiological pathogen in a particular patient with CAP means that the physician must often institute antimicrobial treatment without knowing with any degree of certainty what the pathogen is. Given the large number of potential aetiological agents—such as bacteria ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Staphylococcus aureus ), atypical organisms ( Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Legionella species) and viruses—this represents a significant problem, particularly for patients ill enough to require admission to hospital.

A careful history and physical examination plus laboratory tests and procedures such as sputum Gram stain and culture, blood cultures and chest radiography have been shown to be unreliable in identifying the pathogen responsible for pneumonia in most patients with CAP.

Streptococcus pneumoniae , which is arguably the most important cause of CAP, can be particularly difficult to diagnose. Its identification in sputum may simply represent colonisation and its isolation from blood is woefully insensitive.1 The diagnosis of Legionnaire's disease in patients with CAP is dependent upon culture and serological testing, both of which have their problems.2 The development of urinary antigen tests for both pneumococcal and Legionella antigens has helped to expedite and improve the diagnostic process. The overall sensitivity …
Autotaxin activity has a high accuracy to diagnose intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Andreas E. Kremer, Ruth Bolier, Peter H. Dixon, Victoria Geenes, Jenny Chambers, Dagmar Tolenaars, Carrie Ris-Stalpers, Bernhard M. Kaess, Christian Rust, Joris A. van der Post, Catherine Williamson, Ulrich Beuers, Ronald P.J. Oude Elferink
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Identifying the attended speaker using electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals
Authors: K.V. Dijkstra, P. Brunner, A. Gunduz, W. Coon, A.L. Ritaccio, J. Farquhar, G. Schalk
Journal: Brain-Computer Interfaces (2015)

People affected by severe neuro-degenerative diseases (e.g., late-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or locked-in syndrome) eventually lose all muscular control. Thus, they cannot use traditional assistive communication devices that depend on muscle control, or brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that depend on the ability to control gaze. While auditory and tactile BCIs can provide communication to such individuals, their use typically entails an artificial mapping between the stimulus and the communication intent. This makes these BCIs diffcult to learn and use. In this study, we investigated the use of selective auditory attention to natural speech as an avenue for BCI communication. In this approach, the user communicates by directing his/her attention to one of two simultaneously presented speakers. We used electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals in the gamma band (70–170 Hz) to infer the identity of the attended speaker, thereby removing the need to learn such an artificial mapping. Our results from 12 human subjects show that a single cortical location over superior temporal gyrus or premotor cortex is typically sufficient to identify the attended speaker within 10 s and with 77% accuracy (50% accuracy due to chance). These results lay the groundwork for future studies that may determine the real-time performance of BCIs based on selective auditory attention to speech.
The effect of epinephrine on immunoreactive insulin levels in man.
Authors: D Porte, A L Graber, T Kuzuya, R H Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1966)

The mechanisms by which epinephrine elevates the blood sugar have been of considerable interest for more than 25 years.In an extensive review in 1956, Ellis suggested that the two major in- fluences on glucose metabolism were increased glycogenolysis in the liver and peripheral tissues, and direct inhibition of glucose uptake by muscle (1).There is, however, the additional possibility that epinephrine might decrease insulin levels.The introduction of insulin immunoassay (2, 3) has allowed us to examine this third hypothesis in man.Our data show that epinephrine infusion is not associated with a rise in serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) despite significant hyperglycemia.In addition, epinephrine was found to inhibit the expected rise in IRI after administration of ex- ogenous glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide. MethodsVolunteers selected were apparently normal, ambula- tory, nonhospitalized, nonobese, young adult men and women.There were 13 men of ages 21 to 29, weight range 61 to 95 kg, and height 148 to 197 cm, and 6 women, of ages 21 to 31, weight range 51 to 65 kg, and height 160 to 179 cm.None had any history of major *
Outcomes and Cost-effectiveness of Initiating Dialysis and Continuing Aggressive Care in Seriously Ill Hospitalized Adults
Authors: Mary Beth Hamel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Renal failure requiring dialysis in the setting of hospitalization for serious illness is a poor prognostic sign, and dialysis and aggressive care are sometimes withheld.To evaluate the clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of initiating dialysis and continuing aggressive care for seriously ill hospitalized patients.Prospective cohort study and cost-effectiveness analysis.Five geographically diverse teaching hospitals.490 patients (median age, 61 years; 58% women) enrolled in the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT) in whom dialysis was initiated.Survival, functional status, quality of life, and health care costs. Life expectancy was estimated by extrapolating survival data (up to 4.4 years of follow-up) using a declining exponential function. Utilities (quality-of-life weights) were estimated by using time-tradeoff questions. Costs were based on data from SUPPORT and published Medicare data.Median duration of survival was 32 days, and only 27% of patients were alive after 5 months. Survivors reported a median of one dependency in activities of daily living, and 62% rated their quality of life as "good" or better. Overall, the estimated cost per quality-adjusted life-year saved by initiating dialysis and continuing aggressive care rather than withholding dialysis and allowing death to occur was $128,200. For the 103 patients in the worst prognostic category, the estimated cost per quality-adjusted life-year was $274,100; for the 94 patients in the best prognostic category, the cost per quality-adjusted life-year was $61,900.For the few patients who survived, clinical outcomes were fairly good. With the exception of patients with the best prognoses, however, the cost-effectiveness of initiating dialysis and continuing aggressive care far exceeded $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, a commonly cited threshold for cost-effective care.
Tiaprofenic acid and cystitis
Authors: D N Bateman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used and most of their adverse reactions are well known. The sites mainly affected by toxicity are the gut, the skin, and the kidney. Unusual toxic reactions, such as hepatotoxicity in the case of benoxaprofen or haematological toxicity in the case of phenylbutazone, have led to the drugs being withdrawn or their use severely restricted.1,2

Clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be based on their known adverse reactions, particularly their toxic effect on the gut. On this basis it is possible to construct a league table of risk: low dose ibuprofen is the safest drug, naproxen and diclofenac have intermediate risk, …
Evidence for Abnormal Cortical Functional Connectivity During Working Memory in Schizophrenia
Authors: Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Philip D. Kohn, John L. Holt, Michael F. Egan, Daniel R. Weinberger, Karen Faith Berman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Disturbed neuronal interactions may be involved in schizophrenia because it is without clear regional pathology. Aberrant connectivity is further suggested by theoretical formulations and neurochemical and neuroanatomical data. The authors applied to schizophrenia a recently available functional neuroimaging analytic method that permits characterization of cooperative action on the systems level. METHOD: Thirteen medication-free patients and 13 matched healthy comparison subjects performed a working memory (n-back) task and sensorimotor baseline task during positron emission tomography. "Functional connectivity" patterns, reflecting distributed correlated activity that differed most between groups, were extracted by a canonical variates analysis. RESULTS: More than half the variance was explained by a single pattern showing inferotemporal, (para-)hippocampal, and cerebellar loadings for patients versus dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate activity for comparison subjects. Expression of this pattern perfectly separated all patient scans from comparison scans, thus showing promise as a trait marker. This result was validated prospectively by successfully classifying unrelated scans from the same patients and data from a new cohort. An additional 19% of variance corresponded to the pattern activated by the working memory task. Expression of this pattern was more variable in patients during working memory but not the control condition, suggesting inability to sustain a task-adequate neural network, consistent with the disconnection hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: Pronounced disruptions of distributed cooperative activity in schizophrenia were found. A pattern showing disturbed frontotemporal interactions showed promise as a trait marker and may be useful for future investigations.
Does This Patient Have Delirium?
Authors: Camilla L Wong, Jayna Holroyd-Leduc, David L Simel, Sharon E Straus
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Delirium occurs in many hospitalized older patients and has serious consequences including increased risk for death and admission to long-term care. Despite its importance, health care clinicians often fail to recognize delirium. Simple bedside instruments may lead to improved identification.To systematically review the evidence on the accuracy of bedside instruments in diagnosing the presence of delirium in adults.Search of MEDLINE (from 1950 to May 2010), EMBASE (from 1980 to May 2010), and references of retrieved articles to identify studies of delirium among inpatients.Prospective studies of diagnostic accuracy that compared at least 1 delirium bedside instrument to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-based diagnosis made by a geriatrician, psychiatrist, or neurologist.There were 6570 unique citations identified with 25 prospectively conducted studies (N = 3027 patients) meeting inclusion criteria and describing use of 11 instruments. Positive results that suggested delirium with likelihood ratios (LRs) greater than 5.0 were present for the Global Attentiveness Rating (GAR), Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98 (DRS-R-98), Clinical Assessment of Confusion (CAC), and Delirium Observation Screening Scale (DOSS). Normal results that decreased the likelihood of delirium with LRs less than 0.2 were calculated for the GAR, MDAS, CAM, DRS-R-98, Delirium Rating Scale (DRS), DOSS, Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC), and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The Digit Span test and Vigilance "A" test in isolation have limited utility in diagnosing delirium. Considering the instrument's ease of use, test performance, and clinical importance of the heterogeneity in the confidence intervals (CIs) of the LRs, the CAM has the best available supportive data as a bedside delirium instrument (summary-positive LR, 9.6; 95% CI, 5.8-16.0; summary-negative LR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.09-0.29). Of all scales, the MMSE (score <24) was the least useful for identifying a patient with delirium (LR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0).The choice of instrument may be dictated by the amount of time available and the discipline of the examiner; however, the best evidence supports use of the CAM, which takes 5 minutes to administer.
Validity of Medication Adherence Self-Reports in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Havah E. Schneider, Deborah J. Wexler, Christina Psaros, Linda M. Delahanty, Enrico Cagliero, Steven A. Safren
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

To assess the validity of self-report measures of diabetes medication adherence and evaluate the effect of depression on the validity of these reports.Adults with type 2 diabetes, treated with oral medications, completed a set of medication adherence self-reports that varied response scales and time frames, were administered structured clinical interviews for depression, and provided blood samples for HbA(1c) as part of a screening for an intervention study. A subsample of participants with HbA(1c) ≥7.0% and clinically significant depression received Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) bottle caps to record adherence. Analyses examined relationships between adherence measures and HbA(1c) and, in the subsample, MEMS. Moderated linear regression evaluated whether depression severity modified relationships with HbA(1c).Participant (n = 170, 57% men, 81% white, mean HbA(1c) 8.3% [SD, 1.7]) adherence self-reports were significantly (r = -0.18 to -0.28; P < 0.03) associated with lower HbA(1c). In the subsample (n = 88), all self-reports were significantly (r = 0.35 to 0.55; P ≤ 0.001) associated with MEMS-measured adherence. Depression significantly moderated the relationship between three of six self-reports and HbA(1c); at high levels of depression, associations with HbA(1c) became nonsignificant.Results support the validity of easily administered self-reports for diabetes medication adherence. One-month, percentage-based ratings of adherence had the strongest associations with MEMS and HbA(1c); those requiring the report of missed doses had weaker associations. One-week self-ratings and measures that require respondents to record the number of missed doses appear to be vulnerable to bias from depression severity.