tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Mortality of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization for ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Mark Y. Chan, Jie L. Sun, L. Kristin Newby, Linda K. Shaw, Min Lin, Eric D. Peterson, Robert M. Califf, David F. Kong, Matthew T. Roe
Journal: Circulation (2009)

There are limited contemporary data comparing long-term outcomes after cardiac catheterization for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI).We studied patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for STEMI (n=2413) and NSTEMI (n=1974) between 1999 and 2005 with at least 1 significant coronary lesion > or =75%. We compared adjusted mortality rates over restricted time intervals and the differential impact of early revascularization on mortality stratified by ST-elevation status. Between 1999 and 2007, 1274 patients died, with a median follow-up of 4 years. A piece-wise analysis showed a higher adjusted mortality risk for STEMI during the first 2 months (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.45 to 2.38) and a lower adjusted mortality risk for STEMI after 2 months (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.83). Compared with late or no revascularization, early revascularization was associated with a lower adjusted risk of mortality for both STEMI (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 0.90) and NSTEMI (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 0.89) (P for interaction=0.22).Among a contemporary cohort of acute MI patients with significant coronary disease during cardiac catheterization, STEMI was associated with a higher risk of short-term mortality, but NSTEMI was associated with a higher risk of long-term mortality. Early revascularization was associated with a similar improvement in long-term outcomes for both STEMI and NSTEMI. These data suggest that in clinical investigations of early revascularization among patients with NSTEMI, extended follow-up may be necessary to demonstrate treatment benefit.
Task Set and Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Katsuyuki Sakai
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2008)

A task set is a configuration of cognitive processes that is actively maintained for subsequent task performance. Single-unit and brain-imaging studies have identified the neural correlates for task sets in the prefrontal cortex. Here I examine whether the neural data obtained thus far are sufficient to explain the behaviors that have been illustrated within the conceptual framework of task sets. I first discuss the selectivity of neural activity in representing a specific task. I then discuss the competitions between neural representations of task sets during task switch. Finally I discuss how, in neural terms, a task set is implemented to facilitate task performance. The processes of representing, updating, and implementing task sets occur in parallel at multiple levels of brain organization. Neural accounts of task sets demonstrate that the brain determines our thoughts and behaviors.
Recurrent diseases in the renal allograft.
Authors: E L Ramos
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1991)

Although recurrent diseases in the renal transplant are becoming increasing recognized as graft survival continue to improve, they account for less than 2 to 4% of all allograft failures. The most frequent cause of recurrent disease is recurrent glomerulonephritis. Among the recurrent glomerulonephritides, type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis have the highest rates of recurrence. The observation continues to be substantiated that recurrence rates are increased in recipients of living-related transplants, particularly in those whose original native kidney disease was focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, membranous glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, or the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Additionally, although renal transplantation has been felt to be contraindicated in patients with Fabry's disease, more recent experience with improved patient survival and decreased morbidity would suggest that transplantation may be a viable alternative for this systemic illness.
Ir gene function in an I-A subregion mutant B6.C-H-2bm12.
Authors: M Michaelides, M Sandrin, G Morgan, I F McKenzie, R Ashman, R W Melvold
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The B6.C-H2bm12 (bm 12) strain has a mutation in the I-A subregion of the murine H-2 complex and is characterized by a loss of serologically detected Ia antigens and a strong graft rejection and mixed lymphocyte response between parent and mutant. It was presumed that the mutation affected the Ia-1 gene and to determine the relationship of Ia antigens and Ir genes, the immune responses of mutant and parent were compared. The immune responses to poly(L-Tyr,LGlu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys), poly(Phe,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys), and poly(His,Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(LLys) in parent and mutant were same, indicating the Ia-1 and the Ir genes for these antigens are not identical. By contrast, although C57BL/6 gave a good response, the mutant strain was unable to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes to the male-specific H-Y antigen--a response under I-A subregion Ir gene control, which now must be considered to be the Ia-1 gene. In addition, complementary Ir genes in the H-2b haplotype for the H-Y immune response could be detected when the bm12 mutant was used.
Diuretics vs. paracentesis followed by diuretics in cirrhosis: Effect on ascites opsonic activity and immunoglobulin and complement concentrations
Authors: Neven Ljubiči??, Ante Bili??, Branko Kopjar
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Ascitic fluid opsonic activity and ascitic fluid C3 concentrations are important protective factors against spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. This randomized controlled study was performed to compare the effect of diuretic administration alone vs. single large-volume therapeutic paracentesis followed by administration of diuretics on ascitic fluid opsonic activity and on ascites and serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and tense ascites. Twenty-one patients were randomly allocated to two groups: group 1 included 11 patients who were treated with diuretics alone, and group 2 included 10 patients who were treated with single large-volume therapeutic paracentesis (5 to 6 L of ascites removed) followed by diuretics. Ascitic fluid opsonic activity and serum and ascites immunoglobulin and complement concentrations were measured at the beginning and at the end of treatment. The ascitic fluid opsonic activity increased significantly in patients treated with diuretics alone (p < 0.05), whereas in the group of patients treated with therapeutic paracentesis followed by diuretics, the ascites opsonic activity remained stable. Although ascitic fluid IgG, IgA and C3 concentrations increased significantly in patients treated with diuretics alone (p < 0.05), ascitic fluid C3 concentration significantly decreased in patients from group 2 (p < 0.05), whereas IgG and IgA concentrations remained unchanged. However, in both groups of patients serum immunoglobulin and complement concentrations remained unchanged. This study suggests that in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites, treatment with diuretics alone may have the potential advantage over single large-volume therapeutic paracentesis followed by the administration of diuretics of providing better protection from spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. However, further investigations are necessary to demonstrate the relevant clinical incidence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites treated either with diuretics alone or with single large-volume therapeutic paracentesis followed by diuretics. (Hepatology 1994;19:346–353).
The Behaviour of Mixtures of Streptomycin-sensitive and -resistant Tubercle Bacilli in Liquid Medium Sensitivity Tests
Authors: D. A. Mitchison
Journal: Thorax (1950)

A method for testing the sensitivity to streptomycin of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been recommended by the Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee of the Medical Research Council (1948a).The tests are carried out in a modified Tween 80-albumen liquid medium (Dubos and Davis, 1946) containing various concentrations of streptomycin.It seems probable that strains derived from patients during or after treatment with streptomycin may consist of a mixture of organisms of different degrees of sensitivity (Pyle, 1947).An attempt has therefore been made to determine the proportion of resistant to sensitive organisms that could appear as resistant in the test.Since it has been shown that the presence of Tween 80 in the medium decreases the apparent concentration of streptomycin necessary to inhibit any particular strain (Fisher, 1948a and b; Williston and Youmans, 1949) media with and without Tween 80 have been used.
S71 Influence of age on clinical phenotypes of incident idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Results from the pulmonary hypertension registry of the UK and Ireland
Authors: Y. Ling, M. K. Johnson, D. Kiely, R. Condliffe, C. Elliot, S. Gibbs, L. Howard, J. Pepke-Zaba, K. Sheares, P. Corris, A. Fisher, J. Lordan, S. Gaine, G. Coghlan, J. Wort, M. Gatzoulis, A. J. Peacock
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction and Objectives</h3> The age of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) has increased since the NIH registry. It is postulated that older IPAH patients may have a different disease phenotype compared to their younger counterparts. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective observational study of all consecutive <i>incident</i> cases of IPAH, heritable and anorexigen-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension diagnosed in all eight pulmonary hypertension centres in the UK and Ireland between 1st January 2001 and 31st December 2009. Patients were divided into younger and older subgroups by the median age (57 years). <h3>Results</h3> Of 646 <i>incident</i> cases (mean age=54), 22% were over the age of 70 and 3% over age 80. Younger patients had higher % female (71% vs 56%), shorter duration of symptoms (median 15 months vs 21 months), better functional class (18% in functional class I/II vs 10%), exercise capacity (6-minute walk distance 325 m vs 217 m) and higher % predicted DLCO (65% vs 47%) compared to older patients. Older patients were more likely to present with peripheral oedema (41% vs 28%) whereas younger patients were more likely to complain of syncope (30% vs 10%), presyncope (14% vs 7%) and fatigue (15% vs 9%) at the time of diagnosis. Younger patients had higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (56 mm Hg vs 49 mm Hg) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (24 WU.m<sup>2</sup> vs 21 WU.m<sup>2</sup>) but lower wedge pressure (9 mm Hg vs 10 mm Hg) compared to older patients. Patients in the highest age quartile had the worst survival [Abstract S71 figure 1]. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Older <i>incident</i> IPAH patients appear to have a different disease phenotype compared to younger patients. IPAH is no longer a disease that affect predominantly young female only.
Short-Term Augmentation of Fluoxetine With Clonazepam in the Treatment of Depression: A Double-Blind Study
Authors: W T Smith, P D Londborg, V Glaudin, J R Painter
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Because selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) require 2-4 weeks to reach efficacy, the authors determined whether clonazepam augmentation of fluoxetine is superior to fluoxetine alone at the beginning of treatment for major depression.Eighty adult outpatients with major depression who were rated as "moderately ill" or "markedly ill" on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity underwent 8 weeks of double-blind, randomized treatment with fluoxetine, 20 mg/day for all patients initially and 40 mg/day if needed after 6 weeks. One-half of these patients received clonazepam, 0.5 mg h.s. adjusted to two tablets by day 10 if needed, and the remainder received placebo, likewise adjusted. Clonazepam/placebo was gradually discontinued during days 21-33. Efficacy was evaluated by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement, and a patient rating of global improvement.The patients taking clonazepam improved significantly more during the first 3 weeks of treatment according to ratings on the Hamilton scale (> or =50% improvement) and the clinician- and patient-rated global improvement measures ("much" or "very much" improved). Analysis of variance confirmed a significant effect of clonazepam for average Hamilton depression scores. No serious adverse events were found in either treatment group. Taper effects appeared modest and transitory.Clonazepam augmentation of fluoxetine was superior to fluoxetine alone in the first 3 weeks of treatment. This strategy may reduce suffering during early SSRI treatment, may partially suppress SSRI side effects, may increase compliance, and could possibly reduce the risk of suicide.
Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Valerie J Page, E Wesley Ely, Simon Gates, Xiao Bei Zhao, Timothy Alce, Ayumi Shintani, Jim Jackson, Gavin D Perkins, Daniel F McAuley
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2013)

Delirium is frequently diagnosed in critically ill patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Haloperidol is the most commonly used drug for delirium despite little evidence of its effectiveness. The aim of this study was to establish whether early treatment with haloperidol would decrease the time that survivors of critical illness spent in delirium or coma.
Acetic acid enhanced chromoendoscopy is more cost effective than protocol guided biopsies in a high risk Barrett's population; results from a large prospective series
Authors: G. Longcroft-Wheaton, P. Kandaswamy, P. Bhandari
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Barrett9s dysplasia is difficult to visualise on routine endoscopy. When assessing patients with suspected dysplasia standard practice is to take protocol guided quadrantic biopsies, with each biopsy sent in a separate cassette in an attempt to localise the dysplasia. Acetic acid chromoendoscopy is a method for visualising dysplastic areas and perform targeted therapies like biopsy or EMR. We examine the efficacy of this technique in detection of neoplasia and the potential cost implications. <h3>Methods</h3> We reviewed all patients referred with suspected early neoplasia between 2005 and 2010. Procedures were performed on a dedicated list with high resolution fujinon gastroscopes and EPX4400 processor. A thorough inspection of Barrett9s was performed with white light (WLI) and visible neoplasia noted. This was followed by acetic acid (AA) chromoendoscopy. Additional neoplastic areas were noted and targeted biopsies performed. This was followed by quadrantic biopsies of the remaining Barrett9s. Cases where acetic acid failed to identify the dysplastic areas were noted. The cost of each biopsy cassette for histological evaluation was £58.90. By looking at the average length of Barrett9s the cost per area of dysplasia located by Seattle and Cleveland clinic protocol biopsies was compared to targeted histology. <h3>Results</h3> 263 procedures were examined. High risk Neoplasia was found on 143 procedures. Using acetic acid it was correctly identified in 96% of the cases. With white light this was possible in 55% of cases. In 5 of 143 procedures additional dysplasia was picked up on quadrantic biopsy. The cost of histological evaluation in this cohort by Seattle protocol, Cleveland Protocol and acetic acid targeted biopsy protocols are shown in table 1. A potential cost saving of £269,292.80 could be achieved in a population with suspected dysplasia. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Acetic acid chromoendoscopy helps localise dysplasia in the majority of patients and is superior to WLI evaluation. This strategy could potentially represent a significant cost saving in patients with suspected dysplasia. We believe that AA chromoendoscopy should become a standard practice in the evaluation of dysplasia.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Reduces Brain Tumor Growth by Enhancing Macrophage Recruitment and Microcyst Formation
Authors: Jérôme Villeneuve, Pierrot Tremblay, Luc Vallières
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Recent findings implicate macrophages and some of their secreted products, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as tumor promoters. Inhibitors of these inflammatory components are currently regarded as potential therapeutic tools to block tumor progression. Here, we show that infiltrating macrophages represented a significant population of nonneoplastic cells within malignant gliomas, in which they were the exclusive producers of TNF. Contrary to the reported pro-oncogenic effects of TNF in other types of solid tumors, glioma-bearing mice deficient in TNF developed larger tumors and had reduced survival compared with their wild-type controls. Histologic examinations revealed that glioma volume was negatively correlated with the number of macrophages and small cavities called microcysts. Overall, our results support the concept that macrophages alter brain tumor development through a TNF-dependent process that culminates in the formation of microcysts. This raises the question of whether anti-inflammatory drugs, such as those commonly administrated to patients with brain cancer, could interfere with antitumor mechanisms.
Mucosal barrier function and the commensal flora
Authors: R J Kennedy
Journal: Gut (2002)

Connectivity-based parcellation of subcortical structures using diffusion tractography is now a common paradigm in neuroscience. These analyses often imply voxel-level specificity of connectivity, and the formation of compact, spatially coherent clusters is often taken as strong imaging-based evidence for anatomically distinct subnuclei in an individual. In this study, we demonstrate that internal structure in diffusion anisotropy is not necessary for a plausible parcellation to be obtained, by spatially permuting diffusion parameters within the thalami and repeating the parcellation. Moreover, we show that, in a winner-takes-all paradigm, most voxels receive the same label before and after this shuffling process—a finding that is stable across image acquisitions and tractography algorithms. We therefore suggest that such parcellations should be interpreted with caution.
The Hope for Today—The Promise for Tomorrow: Will Oncologists Meet the Challenge?
Authors: Al B. Benson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

The dawn of this century is witness to a paradigm of new treatment strategies for patients with colorectal cancer offering renewed hope for thousands of individuals. Hope is characteristically accompanied by the challenge of potentiating newly acquired gains. Advances should indeed form the construct of the next path toward additional change. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology, the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) reports the results from study C-07, demonstrating the 3- and 4-year diseasefree-survival (DFS) advantage for stage II and III colon cancer patients who received oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus fluorouracil (FU) and leucovorin (FLOX) compared with those treated with the weekly bolus FU and leucovorin schedule known
Expression of HPV16 E5 down-modulates the TGFbeta signaling pathway
Authors: Deborah French, Francesca Belleudi, Maria Vittoria Mauro, Francesca Mazzetta, Salvatore Raffa, Vincenza Fabiano, Antonio Frega, Maria Rosaria Torrisi
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2013)

Abstract Background Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotypes, mainly HPV16 and HPV18, is a major risk factor for cervical cancer and responsible for its progression. While the transforming role of the HPV E6 and E7 proteins is more characterized, the molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic activity of the E5 product are still only partially understood, but appear to involve deregulation of growth factor receptor expression. Since the signaling of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is known to play crucial roles in the epithelial carcinogenesis, aim of this study was to investigate if HPV16 E5 would modulate the TGF-BRII expression and TGFbeta/Smad signaling. Findings The HPV16 E5 mRNA expression pattern was variable in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), while homogeneously reduced in high-grade lesions (HSIL). Parallel analysis of TGFBRII mRNA showed that the receptor transcript levels were also variable in LSILs and inversely related to those of the viral protein. In vitro quantitation of the TGFBRII mRNA and protein in human keratinocytes expressing 16E5 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner showed a progressive down-modulation of the receptor. Phosphorylation of Smad2 and nuclear translocation of Smad4 were also decreased in E5-expressing cells stimulated with TGFbeta1. Conclusions Taken together our results indicate that HPV16 E5 expression is able to attenuate the TGFbeta1/Smad signaling and propose that this loss of signal transduction, leading to destabilization of the epithelial homeostasis at very early stages of viral infection, may represent a crucial mechanism of promotion of the HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis.
Genomes of the rice pest brown planthopper and its endosymbionts reveal complex complementary contributions for host adaptation
Authors: Jian Xue, Xin Zhou, Chuan-Xi Zhang, Li-Li Yu, Hai-Wei Fan, Zhuo Wang, Hai-Jun Xu, Yu Xi, Zeng-Rong Zhu, Wen-Wu Zhou, Peng-Lu Pan, Bao-Ling Li, John K Colbourne, Hiroaki Noda, Yoshitaka Suetsugu, Tetsuya Kobayashi, Yuan Zheng, Shanlin Liu, Rui Zhang, Yang Liu, Ya-Dan Luo, Dong-Ming Fang, Yan Chen, Dong-Liang Zhan, Xiao-Dan Lv, Yue Cai, Zhao-Bao Wang, Hai-Jian Huang, Ruo-Lin Cheng, Xue-Chao Zhang, Yi-Han Lou, Bing Yu, Ji-Chong Zhuo, Yu-Xuan Ye, Wen-Qing Zhang, Zhi-Cheng Shen, Huan-Ming Yang, Jian Wang, Jun Wang, Yan-Yuan Bao, Jia-An Cheng
Journal: Genome biology (2014)

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most destructive pest of rice, is a typical monophagous herbivore that feeds exclusively on rice sap, which migrates over long distances. Outbreaks of it have re-occurred approximately every three years in Asia. It has also been used as a model system for ecological studies and for developing effective pest management. To better understand how a monophagous sap-sucking arthropod herbivore has adapted to its exclusive host selection and to provide insights to improve pest control, we analyzed the genomes of the brown planthopper and its two endosymbionts.We describe the 1.14 gigabase planthopper draft genome and the genomes of two microbial endosymbionts that permit the planthopper to forage exclusively on rice fields. Only 40.8% of the 27,571 identified Nilaparvata protein coding genes have detectable shared homology with the proteomes of the other 14 arthropods included in this study, reflecting large-scale gene losses including in evolutionarily conserved gene families and biochemical pathways. These unique genomic features are functionally associated with the animal's exclusive plant host selection. Genes missing from the insect in conserved biochemical pathways that are essential for its survival on the nutritionally imbalanced sap diet are present in the genomes of its microbial endosymbionts, which have evolved to complement the mutualistic nutritional needs of the host.Our study reveals a series of complex adaptations of the brown planthopper involving a variety of biological processes, that result in its highly destructive impact on the exclusive host rice. All these findings highlight potential directions for effective pest control of the planthopper.