tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In vivo biofilm formation on stainless steel bonded retainers during different oral health-care regimens
Authors: Marije A Jongsma, Henny C van der Mei, Jelly Atema-Smit, Henk J Busscher, Yijin Ren
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2015)

Retention wires permanently bonded to the anterior teeth are used after orthodontic treatment to prevent the teeth from relapsing to pre-treatment positions. A disadvantage of bonded retainers is biofilm accumulation on the wires, which produces a higher incidence of gingival recession, increased pocket depth and bleeding on probing. This study compares in vivo biofilm formation on single-strand and multi-strand retention wires with different oral health-care regimens. Two-centimetre wires were placed in brackets that were bonded to the buccal side of the first molars and second premolars in the upper arches of 22 volunteers. Volunteers used a selected toothpaste with or without the additional use of a mouthrinse containing essential oils. Brushing was performed manually. Regimens were maintained for 1 week, after which the wires were removed and the oral biofilm was collected to quantify the number of organisms and their viability, determine the microbial composition and visualize the bacteria by electron microscopy. A 6-week washout period was employed between regimens. Biofilm formation was reduced on single-strand wires compared with multi-strand wires; bacteria were observed to adhere between the strands. The use of antibacterial toothpastes marginally reduced the amount of biofilm on both wire types, but significantly reduced the viability of the biofilm organisms. Additional use of the mouthrinse did not result in significant changes in biofilm amount or viability. However, major shifts in biofilm composition were induced by combining a stannous fluoride- or triclosan-containing toothpaste with the mouthrinse. These shifts can be tentatively attributed to small changes in bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity after the adsorption of the toothpaste components, which stimulate bacterial adhesion to the hydrophobic oil, as illustrated for a Streptococcus mutans strain. The combined use of antibacterial toothpaste and mouthwash containing essential oils affects bacterial growth on retainers. Following orthodontic treatment, fixed retainers are often used to prevent teeth moving back to pre-treatment positions. However, bacteria causing oral disease tend to accumulate along the retention wires. A team from the Netherlands led by Yijin Ren at the University Medical Center Groningen has examined the effect of various oral health-care regimens on bacterial growth on retention wires. Although the use of antibacterial toothpaste alone decreased the viability of bacteria on the wires, a greater effect was observed when a mouthwash was subsequently used. Using both products minimized the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that the toothpaste makes small changes to the surfaces of the bacterial cells, facilitating their removal by the oils in the mouthwash.
Tumor necrosis factor α is associated with insulin-mediated suppression of free fatty acids and net lipid oxidation in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy
Authors: Steen B. Haugaard, Ove Andersen, Steen B. Pedersen, Flemming Dela, Mogens Fenger, Bjørn Richelsen, Sten Madsbad, Johan Iversen
Journal: Metabolism (2006)
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Wayne A. Ray, Cecilia P. Chung, Katherine T. Murray, Kathi Hall, C. Michael Stein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Users of typical antipsychotic drugs have an increased risk of serious ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. However, less is known regarding the cardiac safety of the atypical antipsychotic drugs, which have largely replaced the older agents in clinical practice.
Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Sulindac and Etodolac to Eradicate Aberrant Crypt Foci and to Prevent Sporadic Colorectal Polyps
Authors: Tetsuji Takayama, Hiroyuki Nagashima, Masahiro Maeda, Shuichi Nojiri, Michiaki Hirayama, Yoichiro Nakano, Yasuo Takahashi, Yasushi Sato, Hitoshi Sekikawa, Mitsuru Mori, Tomoko Sonoda, Tetsuo Kimura, Junji Kato, Yoshiro Niitsu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

On the basis of the results of our preliminary trial suggesting that aberrant crypt foci (ACF) could be eradicated by short-term administration of sulindac, in the present study, we explored the feasibility of using ACF as surrogate markers for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.Randomly assigned to sulindac (300 mg daily), etodolac (400 mg daily), and placebo groups were 189 subjects without polyps or who had undergone polypectomy. Drugs were administered for 2 months. ACF in the rectal region were counted by magnifying endoscopy. Occurrence of polyps was evaluated at 12 months. A planned interim analysis was conducted.ACF number at 2 months was significantly suppressed in the sulindac group (P = 0.0075), but not in the etodolac group (P = 0.73). In the sulindac group, the numbers of adenomas plus hyperplastic polyps (total polyps) and adenomas at 12 months were significantly (P = 0.02) and marginally (P = 0.064) lower, respectively, in comparison with the placebo group; no such difference was observed in the etodolac group. In analysis of only polypectomized subjects, the numbers of total polyps and adenomas in the sulindac group were even more markedly lower, with P values of 0.014 and 0.034, respectively. A similar tendency was confirmed by analyses of the incidence of polyps at 12 months. Suppression rates of total polyps and adenomas in ACF responders to sulindac were significantly greater than in nonresponders. In all groups, compliance was more than 90% and no intolerable adverse effects were observed.ACF may be useful as surrogate lesions for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
Impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF on Patients and Tuberculosis Programs in a Low-Burden Setting. A Hypothetical Trial
Authors: J. Lucian Davis, L. Masae Kawamura, Lelia H. Chaisson, Jennifer Grinsdale, Jihane Benhammou, Christine Ho, Anna Babst, Houmpheng Banouvong, John Z. Metcalfe, Mark Pandori, Philip C. Hopewell, Adithya Cattamanchi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Guidelines recommend routine nucleic-acid amplification testing in patients with presumed tuberculosis (TB), but these tests have not been widely adopted. GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), a novel, semiautomated TB nucleic-acid amplification test, has renewed interest in this technology, but data from low-burden countries are limited.We sought to estimate Xpert's potential clinical and public health impact on empiric treatment, contact investigation, and housing in patients undergoing TB evaluation.We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study with 2-month follow-up comparing Xpert with standard strategies for evaluating outpatients for active pulmonary TB at the San Francisco Department of Public Health TB Clinic between May 2010 and June 2011. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of standard algorithms for initial empiric TB treatment, contact investigation, and housing in reference to three Mycobacterium tuberculosis sputum cultures, as compared with that of a single sputum Xpert test. We estimated the incremental diagnostic value of Xpert, and the hypothetical reductions in unnecessary treatment, contact investigation, and housing if Xpert were adopted to guide management decisions.A total of 156 patients underwent Xpert testing. Fifty-nine (38%) received empiric TB treatment. Thirteen (8%) had culture-positive TB. Xpert-guided management would have hypothetically decreased overtreatment by 94%, eliminating a median of 44 overtreatment days (interquartile range, 43-47) per patient and 2,169 total overtreatment days (95% confidence interval, 1,938-2,400) annually, without reducing early detection of TB patients. We projected similar benefits for contact investigation and housing.Xpert could greatly reduce the frequency and impact of unnecessary empiric treatment, contact investigation, and housing, providing substantial patient and programmatic benefits if used in management decisions.
Measuring Consciousness in Severely Damaged Brains
Authors: Olivia Gosseries, Haibo Di, Steven Laureys, Mélanie Boly
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2014)

Significant advances have been made in the behavioral assessment and clinical management of disorders of consciousness (DOC). In addition, functional neuroimaging paradigms are now available to help assess consciousness levels in this challenging patient population. The success of these neuroimaging approaches as diagnostic markers is, however, intrinsically linked to understanding the relationships between consciousness and the brain. In this context, a combined theoretical approach to neuroimaging studies is needed. The promise of such theoretically based markers is illustrated by recent findings that used a perturbational approach to assess the levels of consciousness. Further research on the contents of consciousness in DOC is also needed.
A closer look at extraprostatic extension (EPE): Evaluation of PSA relapse rates following prostatectomy (RP) for pT3aN0 prostate cancer with or without margin involvement.
Authors: John Morgan Watkins, Patricia L. Watkins, Michael Laszewski, Mark Rodacker, Tarek A. Dufan, Nadim Koleilat
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

215 Background: EPE is an established risk factor for PSA failure following RP; however, often this is identified in the context of other high-risk feature(s). The objective of the current investigation study is to describe the PSA relapse rate for patients with confirmed EPE and identify associated factors for risk stratification. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patient- and tumor-specific factors. Eligible patients underwent RP for biopsy-proven prostate adenocarcinoma and pathologic finding of EPE. Patients with PSA &gt;30 at diagnosis, involved seminal vesicles or lymph nodes at RP, or who received adjuvant therapy (hormone or radiation) were excluded. Results: Between 2002 and 2010, 644 patients underwent RP, of whom 95 had EPE and were eligible per above. The median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range 44-74), and pre-RP PSA 6.1 (1.8-25.4). At a median PSA follow-up of 64 months (range 13.3-136.5), 38 patients had experienced PSA relapse at a median of 18 months post-RP (1.2-129.8), of whom 28 had involved surgical margins. For the entire population, PSA relapse at 5 years was 39.2% (95% CI, 38.1-40.3%). Factors associated with PSA relapse included pre- and post-RP PSA and Gleason score (GS), and margin status. Subset evaluation by RP Gleason score and margin status is demonstrated in the table. Conclusions: Within the present study, all patients with EPE appear to have elevated rates of PSA relapse within 5 years of RP. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether the low-risk group may be safely observed following margin-negative RP. Low-grade EPE cases with involved margin and/or higher-risk Gleason score patients with any EPE/margin involvement have high rates of early PSA relapse, and should be recommended early post-operative (adjuvant) therapy in order to optimize PSA control. [Table: see text]
Osteomyelitis complicating regional enteritis.
Authors: M J Goldstein, K Nasr, H C Singer, J G Anderson, J B Kirsner
Journal: Gut (1969)

While intraabdominal abscesses are a recognized complication of regional enteritis, the involvement of adjacent bony structures by such abscesses has not been described.We are therefore reporting two cases of regional enteritis complicated by contiguous osteomyelitis.CASE REPORTS SUMMARY Two cases of osteomyelitis complicating regional enteritis are described.
Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Systemic Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: D. Mauri, N. Pavlidis, J. P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2005)

Background: Interest in the use of preoperative systemic treatment in the management of breast cancer has increased because such neoadjuvant therapy appears to reduce the extent of local surgery required. We compared the clinical end points of patients with breast cancer treated preoperatively with systemic therapy (neoadjuvant therapy) and of those treated postoperatively with the same regimen (adjuvant therapy) in a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Methods: We evaluated nine randomized studies, including a total of 3946 patients with breast cancer, that compared neoadjuvant therapy with adjuvant therapy regardless of what additional surgery and/or radiation treatment was used. Fixed and random effects methods were used to combine data. Primary outcomes were death, disease progression, distant disease recurrence, and loco-regional disease recurrence. Secondary outcomes were local response and conservative local treatment. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: We found no statistically or clinically significant difference between neoadjuvant therapy and adjuvant therapy arms associated with death (summary risk ratio [RR] = 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90 to 1.12), disease progression (summary RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.07), or distant disease recurrence (summary RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.06). However, neoadjuvant therapy was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of loco-regional disease recurrences (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.43), compared with adjuvant therapy, especially in trials where more patients in the neoadjuvant, than the adjuvant, arm received radiation therapy without surgery (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.10). Across trials, we observed heterogeneity in the rates of complete clinical response (range = 7%–65%; P for heterogeneity of <.001), pathologic response (range = 4%–29%; P for heterogeneity of <.001), and adoption of conservative local treatment (range = 28%–89% in neoadjuvant arms, P for heterogeneity of <.001). Conclusions: Neoadjuvant therapy was apparently equivalent to adjuvant therapy in terms of survival and overall disease progression. Neoadjuvant therapy, compared with adjuvant therapy, was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of loco-regional recurrence when radiotherapy without surgery was adopted.
Lower Risk for Tardive Dyskinesia Associated With Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review of 1-Year Studies
Authors: Christoph U Correll, Stefan Leucht, John M Kane
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: Based on lower rates of acute extrapyramidal side effects associated with second-generation antipsychotics, compared to first-generation antipsychotics, and based on preliminary data, second-generation antipsychotics are expected to cause less tardive dyskinesia than first-generation antipsychotics. This hypothesis was examined in a systematic review of studies involving open or controlled treatment with any second-generation antipsychotic. METHOD: Studies of treatment with second-generation antipsychotics lasting ≥1 year and reporting on new cases of tardive dyskinesia or dyskinesia were systematically reviewed. RESULTS: In 11 studies, 2,769 patients received treatment with risperidone (five studies, N=1,235), olanzapine (two studies, N=610), quetiapine (two studies, N=386), amisulpride (one study, N=331), or ziprasidone (one study, N=207) for a weighted mean and median duration of 263 and 306 days, respectively. Study designs were double blind and randomized (N=3); open-label extensions of double-blind, randomized trials (N=4); and open label (N=4). Of the four trials that had a comparator (all involving adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders), three used haloperidol (N=408) and one used placebo (N=71). Studied populations included children (N=77), adults (N=1,419), adults and elderly persons (N=794), and exclusively patients age 54 years or older (N=479). The weighted mean annual incidence of tardive dyskinesia for second-generation antipsychotics was 0% in the children, 0.8% (range=0.0%–1.5%) in the adults, 6.8% in the mixed adult and elderly population, and 5.3% (range=0.0%–13.4%) in the patients age 54 years and older, compared to 5.4% (range=4.1%–7.4%) in adults treated with haloperidol. CONCLUSIONS: Results from 11 long-term studies support the idea that second-generation antipsychotics have a reduced risk for tardive dyskinesia, compared to first-generation antipsychotics, although the doses of haloperidol used in the comparator studies were relatively high. More carefully designed studies, ideally lasting beyond 1 year and comparing the effects of different second-generation antipsychotics in patients who have never taken first-generation antipsychotics, are needed to estimate the true risk. It would not appear premature for clinicians to consider these findings in making long-term treatment decisions.
Can extent of high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus predict the presence of adenocarcinoma at oesophagectomy?
Authors: M S Dar
Journal: Gut (2003)

Optimal management of Barrett's oesophagus complicated by high grade dysplasia is controversial. Recently, the extent of high grade dysplasia was described as a predictor of subsequent development of cancer in patients undergoing continued surveillance. However, there is no universal agreement on the definition of extent of high grade dysplasia.To determine if extent of high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus is a predictor of the presence of adenocarcinoma at the time of oesophagectomy.Forty two patients with Barrett's oesophagus and high grade dysplasia who underwent oesophagectomy between 1985 and 1999 were identified from a prospective database. All pathological specimens, including preoperative endoscopic biopsies and post-oesophagectomy sections, were reviewed in a blinded fashion by one expert gastrointestinal pathologist to determine the extent of high grade dysplasia. The extent of high grade dysplasia was defined using two different criteria, one from the Cleveland Clinic and one from the Mayo Clinic.Twenty four of 42 patients (57%) had unsuspected cancer at the time of oesophagectomy. Using the Cleveland Clinic definition, 10 of 21 (48%) patients with focal high grade dysplasia had carcinoma compared with 14 of 21 patients (67%) with diffuse high grade dysplasia (p=0.35). Using the Mayo Clinic definition, adenocarcinoma was found in five of seven (72%) patients with focal high grade dysplasia compared with 19 of 35 (54%) with diffuse high grade dysplasia (p=0.68).The extent of high grade dysplasia, regardless of how it is defined, does not predict the presence of unsuspected adenocarcinoma at oesophagectomy. There is no evidence as yet that the extent of high grade dysplasia can be used as a basis for decision making in these patients.
Antitumor effect of the nucleoside analogs 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine on human hepatoma HepG2 cells
Authors: Ivo Graziadei, Thomas Kelly, Michael Schirmer, Francoise H. Geisen, Wolfgang Vogel, Günther Konwalinka
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Thyrocalcitonin, EGTA, and Urinary Electrolyte Excretion*
Authors: Howard Rasmussen, Constantine Anast, Claude Arnaud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

The infusion of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) into thyroparathyroidectomized rats, given either no exogenous parathyroid hormone or a constant infusion of this hormone, leads to a transient phosphaturia and a decreased excretion of urinary magnesium, calcium, and hydroxyproline without a change in glomerular filtration rate. The changes in phosphate excretion may be due to a direct effect of the hormone upon renal tubular function or they may be a consequence of the fall in plasma calcium brought about by the action of TCT upon bone. In support of this latter alternative is the fact that the infusion of sodium ethylenebis-oxyethylenenitrilotetraäcetic acid (EGTA, a specific chelator of calcium) also leads to phosphaturia presumably as a consequence of hypocalcemia. However, EGTA infusion leads to enhanced urinary hydroxyproline excretion and sustained phosphaturia. These latter observations are interpreted to mean that alterations in the local ionic environment of osteolytic cells lead to changes in their activity and constitute a local regulatory system whose activity is modulated by the hormones, thyrocalcitonin and parathyroid hormone.
Dermoscopic rainbow pattern in non-Kaposi sarcoma lesions
Authors: F. Vázquez-López, B. García-García, M. Rajadhyaksha, A.A. Marghoob
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Journal Article Dermoscopic rainbow pattern in non‐Kaposi sarcoma lesions Get access F. Vázquez‐López, F. Vázquez‐López Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. García‐García, B. García‐García Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Rajadhyaksha, M. Rajadhyaksha Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, U.S.A. E‐mail: fvlopez@telecable.es Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.A. Marghoob A.A. Marghoob Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, U.S.A. E‐mail: fvlopez@telecable.es Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 161, Issue 2, 1 August 2009, Pages 474–475, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09225.x Published: 01 August 2009