tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE CARDIAC OUTPUT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ANEMIA AS MEASURED BY THE TECHNIQUE OF RIGHT ATRIAL CATHETERIZATION 1
Authors: E. S. Brannon, A. J. Merrill, J. V. Warren, E. A. Stead
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1945)

Many patients with circulatory failure either from hemorrhage or heart failure have anemia.In these patients, the cardiac output may be within normal limits and yet the circulation may be in- adequate.The question immediately arises as to what is the effect of anemia on the requirements of the tissues of the body for blood.Before it can be determined whether a given patient with ane- mia has an adequate circulation, it is necessary to know how anemia per se affects the cardiovascular system and what level of cardiac output should be expected for a given hemoglobin con- centration.Studies on the circulation were, therefore, carried out on patients with chronic anemia in whom the picture was not complicated by shock and by the marked decrease in total blood volume which are so often present in the acute anemia produced by hemorrhage.
BARRx for total Barrett’s eradication - the new super weapon?
Authors: T. Rösch
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

In this issue of Endoscopy, several pilot series appear to show the value of radiofrequency ablation (BARRx, HALO) in treating Barrett's esophagus [1] [2] [3] [4], mostly with neoplastic changes, with the clear aim of total Barrett's eradication. Initially, only circumferential ablation devices were used, later supplemented by a focal ablation device. Eradication rates of both Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated neoplasia (if flat/invisible) are very high in the articles in this issue, with almost no complications. These reports follow an initial large series from the USA, which reported the treatment of nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus, with a complete eradication rate of only 70 % initially [5]; later, with the help of focal ablation, a 98 % ablation rate of Barrett's epithelium was reached [6]. Another large US registry series including only cases with high-grade dysplasia (HGIN) achieved a high eradication rate for HGIN (90 %), with only moderate results for eradicating all Barrett's mucosa (54 %), but again only using the balloon device [7]. Other recent papers were either small or used BARRx only in special situations [8] [9].
How to treat Guyon's canal syndrome? Results from the European HANDGUIDE study: a multidisciplinary treatment guideline
Authors: P Hoogvliet, J H Coert, J Fridén, B M A Huisstede
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background Although Guyon's canal syndrome is not highly prevalent, a considerable knowledge of anatomy is needed to localise and treat the pathology. Data on the effectiveness of interventions for this disorder are lacking. Objective To achieve consensus on a multidisciplinary treatment guideline for this disorder based on experts’ opinions. Methods A European Delphi consensus strategy was initiated. In total, 35 experts (hand surgeons/hand therapists selected by the national member associations of their European federations and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation physicians) participated in the Delphi consensus strategy. Each Delphi round consisted of a questionnaire, an analysis and a feedback report. Results After three Delphi rounds, consensus was achieved on the description, symptoms and diagnosis of Guyon's canal syndrome. The experts agreed that patients with this disorder should always receive instructions and that these instructions should be combined with another form of treatment. Instructions combined with splinting or with surgery were considered as suitable treatment options. Details on the use of instructions, splinting and surgery were described. Main factors for selecting one of the aforementioned treatment options were identified: severity and duration of the syndrome and previous treatments given. A relation between the severity/duration and choice of therapy was indicated by the experts and reported in the guideline. Conclusions Although this disorder is less prevalent and not easy to diagnose, this guideline may contribute to better insight into and treatment of Guyon's canal syndrome.
Reply: Subclinical Interstitial Lung Disease: No Place for Crackles?
Authors: Tracy J. Doyle, Gary M. Hunninghake, Ivan O. Rosas
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

From the Authors:

We thank Professors Cottin and Cordier for their thoughtful response to our perspective of subclinical interstitial lung disease (ILD) (1). We agree with the authors that the physical exam is an important skill to be taught and refined and not to be supplanted by more complex physiologic testing but rather supplemented by it. However, the only data addressing the significance of crackles in subclinical ILD that we are aware of is what we have previously shown in individuals with subclinical rheumatoid arthritis–associated ILD (RA-ILD) (2). In this study, we found a statistically significant difference in the percentage of subjects having audible crackles on physical exam when comparing those with subclinical RA-ILD (24%) to those with only RA (4.7%, P = 0.02) or to those with clinically significant RA-ILD (100%, P < 0.001). We did not include physical exam in our diagnostic algorithm as it is unclear if these findings can be extrapolated to other groups affected with subclinical ILD. Despite the above, we agree with Cottin and Cordier that the presence of crackles could improve the assessment of populations at risk of developing subclinical ILD.

We agree with Cottin and Cordier that the identification of subjects with subclinical ILD may come with increased psychological and financial burdens and with a risk of additional radiation exposure. As outlined in our perspective, we believe that future research into subclinical ILD can be structured to minimize these risks while maximizing the benefit of early identification. Longitudinal studies will be crucial in determining which subset of patients with subclinical ILD will go on to develop clinically significant ILD and which individuals may have reversible causes, such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis; it is in this population that a work-up for subclinical ILD would be most justified. More sensitive noninvasive metrics to assess subclinical ILD, such as clinical predictive modeling and biomarker and genetic assays, can also work to reduce the indiscriminate use of imaging. Additionally, an improved understanding of subclinical ILD will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of ILD and the development of more effective treatments targeted at earlier stages of disease. Our hope is that efforts targeted at early identification will ultimately have a positive impact on the morbidity and mortality of ILD.
Hyponatremia and Ultramarathon Running
Authors: R. Tyler Frizzell
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Two ultramarathon runners were hospitalized with hyponatremic encephalopathy after completing 80 and 100 km (50 and 62 miles), respectively, of the 1983 American Medical Joggers Association ultramarathon race in Chicago. The two runners consumed such large quantities of free water during the race that apparent water intoxication developed. Both recovered satisfactorily after treatment with intravenous saline. The hyponatremia was caused primarily by increased intake and retention of dilute fluids and contributed to by excessive sweat sodium loss. A possible explanation for the postrace onset of symptoms might be the sudden absorption of fluid in the gastrointestinal tract after exercise ceased, with subsequent further dilution of the plasma sodium. Hyponatremia, which has not been commonly associated with exercise, should be considered as a possible consequence of ultraendurance events. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:772-774)
T‐helper 1 cells induce alveolitis but do not lead to pulmonary fibrosis in mice
Authors: K. Irifune, A. Yokoyama, N. Kohno, K. Sakai, K. Hiwada
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

T‐helper (Th)1 cells have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Continued low-level exposure to the antigens may induce chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis with lung fibrosis. Although such exposure may activate Th1 cells in the lung, it is not known whether activation of Th1 cells <i>per se</i> can lead to pulmonary fibrosis. To determine this, the lung pathology induced by Th1 clones was investigated. Mice (BALB/c) were injected intraperitoneally with Th1 clones 1–4 times. Each injection was performed 4 days apart and was followed by repeated exposure to aerosolised ovalbumin (OVA) once a day for 5 days. The number of macrophages and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) increased as the number of Th1 transfers increased. The number of neutrophils also increased but peaked in the second transfer and then decreased following further transfers. Increased cell infiltration, thickness of alveolar walls and number of type II cells in the lung occurred. However, histological findings showed no evidence of fibrosis and hydroxyproline levels did not increase. Findings of histology and BALF were ameliorated 2 weeks after the discontinuation of OVA exposure, indicating the reversibility of the Th1-induced pathology. In conclusion, adoptive transfer of T‐helper 1 cells results in reversible alveolitis but does not lead to pulmonary fibrosis.
Misuse of Opioid Medication
Authors: Daniel P. Alford, Edward H. Livingston
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Misuse of Opioid MedicationA bout 100 million Americans have chronic pain and some may be treated with opioid medications.Opioid medications include codeine, morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl, among others.These medications can help some people and harm others.In the United States, opioid medications are the second most common drug abused after marijuana.Opioid medication misuse is defined as use of an opioid medication different than the way in which it was prescribed (for example, in higher doses) or for reasons other than why it was prescribed (for example, to get high).
A comprehensive review of lenalidomide therapy for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: T.E. Witzig, G.S. Nowakowski, T.M. Habermann, A. Goy, F.J. Hernandez-Ilizaliturri, A. Chiappella, U. Vitolo, N. Fowler, M.S. Czuczman
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Expression of Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain B in Cardiac Vessels of Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ulrike Wetzel, Gudrun Lutsch, Hannelore Haase, Ursula Ganten, Ingo Morano
Journal: Circulation Research (1998)

Abstract —We investigated expression of the 5′-spliced isoform of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC-B) in smooth muscle cells of cardiac vessels of the left ventricle of normotensive (Wistar-Kyoto) and spontaneously hypertensive rats of the stroke-prone strain by immunofluorescence microscopy. In parallel, liver and bladder were studied for characterization of the nature of vessels expressing SM-MHC-B and for semiquantitative evaluation of its abundance. Smooth muscle cells were detected by staining with a monoclonal antibody specific for α-smooth muscle actin. Abundance of the SM-MHC-B isoform in these cells was evaluated by using an antibody raised against the seven–amino acid insert at the 25K/50K junction of the myosin head (a25K/50K) that specifically recognized SM-MHC-B. In the ventricle, a25K/50K immunoreactivity was observed in smooth muscle cells of precapillary arterioles but not in larger vessels or aorta. The a25K/50K immunoresponse of those vessels with the highest expression level of SM-MHC-B closely resembled the signal observed in the smooth muscle layer of urinary bladder known to preferentially express SM-MHC-B. Interestingly, in left ventricles of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, there was a significantly reduced fraction of a25K/50K-positive precapillary arterioles compared with normotensive control rats.
Serotonin Increases Susceptibility to Pulmonary Hypertension in <i>BMPR2</i> -Deficient Mice
Authors: Lu Long, Margaret R. MacLean, Trina K. Jeffery, Ian Morecroft, Xudong Yang, Nung Rudarakanchana, Mark Southwood, Victoria James, Richard C. Trembath, Nicholas W. Morrell
Journal: Circulation Research (2006)

Heterozygous germline mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein type II (BMPR-II) receptor underlie the majority (&gt;70%) of cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), and dysfunction of BMP signaling has been implicated in other forms of PAH. The reduced disease gene penetrance in FPAH indicates that other genetic and/or environmental factors may also be required for the clinical manifestation of disease. Of these, the serotonin pathway has been implicated as a major factor in PAH pathogenesis. We investigated the pulmonary circulation of mice deficient in BMPR-II ( BMPR2 +/− mice) and show that pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular morphometry of BMPR2 +/− mice were similar to wild-type littermate controls under normoxic or chronic hypoxic (2- to 3-week) conditions. However, chronic infusion of serotonin caused increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary artery remodeling in BMPR2 +/− mice compared with wild-type littermates, an effect that was exaggerated under hypoxic conditions. In addition, pulmonary, but not systemic, resistance arteries from BMPR2 +/− mice exhibited increased contractile responses to serotonin mediated by both 5-HT 2 and 5-HT 1 receptors. Furthermore, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from BMPR2 +/− mice exhibited a heightened DNA synthesis and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in response to serotonin compared with wild-type cells. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that serotonin inhibits BMP signaling via Smad proteins and the expression of BMP responsive genes. These findings provide the first evidence for an interaction between BMPR-II-mediated signaling and the serotonin pathway, perturbation of which may be critical to the pathogenesis of PAH.
Long-term effect of early treatment with interferon beta-1b after a first clinical event suggestive of multiple sclerosis: 5-year active treatment extension of the phase 3 BENEFIT trial
Authors: Ludwig Kappos, Mark S Freedman, Chris H Polman, Gilles Edan, Hans-Peter Hartung, David H Miller, Xavier Montalbán, Frederik Barkhof, Ernst-Wilhelm Radü, Carola Metzig, Lars Bauer, Vivian Lanius, Rupert Sandbrink, Christoph Pohl
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2009)
Who Wins the Competition
Authors: Eberhard Schlatter
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is essential to the normal function of all living cells. Numerous hereditary and clinical disorders directly result from dysregulation of the body Ca2+ balance. In human, 99% of total body Ca2+ resides in the skeleton, and 1% is distributed in the soft tissues and
The Renin-Angiotensin System as a Risk Factor and Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular and Renal Disease
Authors: Massimo Volpe, Carmine Savoia, Paola De Paolis, Beata Ostrowska, David Tarasi, Speranza Rubattu
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

ABSTRACT. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important homeostatic role in BP regulation, water and salt balance, and tissue growth control under physiologic conditions. On the other hand, a pivotal involvement of the RAS in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal disease is extensively supported by both basic and clinical evidence. In particular, it is today recognized that angiotensin II (AngII), the biologic effector of the RAS, may prompt a number of relevant structural and functional abnormalities through the activation of a complex of cellular effects mostly mediated via its binding with the AT1 subtype receptors. The key role of these AngII-linked mechanisms of disease is strongly corroborated by large interventional studies. In fact, pharmacologic interference with RAS activity, by both preventing AngII formation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or antagonizing its binding to cell membrane receptors by selective antagonists, is associated with highly beneficial outcomes in major disease conditions (hypertension, diabetes, renal failure, heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, and others). This article briefly reviews the current views on the biologic organization of RAS evidence supporting a pathogenic role of the RAS activity in promoting cardiac, vascular, and renal disease, and finally provides the basis for considering inhibition of RAS activity a major target for therapeutic interventions in these conditions. E-mail: [email protected]
Somatic inactivation of Nf1 in hematopoietic cells results in a progressive myeloproliferative disorder
Authors: Doan T. Le, Namie Kong, Yuan Zhu, Jennifer O. Lauchle, Abigail Aiyigari, Benjamin S. Braun, Endi Wang, Scott C. Kogan, Michelle M. Le Beau, Luis Parada, Kevin M. Shannon
Journal: Blood (2004)
The Influence of Iron Status on Iodine Utilization and Thyroid Function
Authors: Michael B. Zimmermann
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2006)

Despite significant progress, deficiencies of iron and iodine remain major public health problems affecting > or =30% of the global population. These deficiencies often coexist in children. Recent studies have demonstrated that a high prevalence of iron deficiency among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodized salt programs. These findings argue strongly for improving iron status in areas of overlapping deficiency, not only to combat anemia but also to increase the efficacy of iodine prophylaxis. The dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron may prove to be an effective and sustainable method to accomplish these important goals.
Upping the impact: to (not quite!) infinity and beyond
Authors: Andrew Bush, Ian Pavord
Journal: Thorax (2014)

The year 2014 has been a mixed one for Thorax.Sadly, our Golfing Editor in Chief (EIC) has surrendered his trophy (see Airwaves, September).However, this means he is now able to focus more on the Journal in the brief intervals between Bullingdon club meetings.On a better note, we are very happy to announce our new impact factor of 8.562, which has risen to the highest in Thorax history.Chief credit is to the excellence of the manuscripts you have submitted, the editorial team and reviewers for their skill in picking out the best ones from a rich field of choices and the support of the BMJ team.We are still chasing the Blue Journal but we also still have a good sized gap over the rest of the field.Wherever you are in the world, send us your best manuscripts; we are a truly international journal and take good work from all round the globe.
White Blood Cells in Obesity and Diabetes
Authors: Anna Veronelli, Marco Laneri, Roberto Ranieri, Diana Koprivec, Debora Vardaro, Michele Paganelli, Franco Folli, Antonio E. Pontiroli
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

White blood cell (WBC) count is elevated in obesity (1) and is a risk factor for atherosclerosis (2). An elevated WBC count is present in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (3), and WBC count is associated with macro- and microangiopathic complications in type 2 diabetes (4). In both of these studies, the effect was more marked in obese patients. In morbid obesity, bariatric surgery in many cases (gastric bypass or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding [LAGB]) is able to induce, together with a sustained and durable weight loss, the disappearance of comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes (5,6). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of LAGB and of conventional diet on WBC count in patients with morbid obesity that is simple or complicated by IGT or type 2 diabetes.

According to the protocol approved by the local ethics committee, all patients underwent a full diagnostic evaluation completed by psychological-psychiatric assessment (6). Patients who were suitable for surgery at the end of the …
Repeated glucose stimulation reveals distinct and lasting secretion patterns of individual rat pancreatic B cells.
Authors: E Giordano, D Bosco, V Cirulli, P Meda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

To determine whether pancreatic B cells show a constant secretion pattern during repeated stimulations, we have used a sequential hemolytic plaque assay to monitor their individual insulin release during several successive 30-min incubations in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose. We have found that the total B cell secretion did not vary significantly in these successive glucose stimulations and that, under these conditions, the majority of B cells that were stimulated to release insulin during the first incubation also secreted during the second, third, and, when this was tested, during the fourth incubation. Similarly, most of the B cells that did not release detectable amounts of insulin during the first incubation did not secrete also during the two (or three) subsequent secretion tests. Together, the two groups of B cells that showed a constant secretory pattern, represented approximately 75% of the entire B cell population. The remaining 25% of B cells shifted from a secreting to a non-secreting state, or vice versa, from one incubation to another. These observations were made under three different time frames in which we tested single B cells as well as B cell clusters at rather different intervals. These findings support the existence of distinct B cell subpopulations differing lastingly in their ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
Electronic Cigarettes in Jails
Authors: Kelly C. Young-Wolff, Lori D. Karan, Judith J. Prochaska
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

CrossBar electronic cigarettes, sold in “Corrections Orange,” regular, and menthol varieties, tout being “The ONLY electronic cigarette designed by a jailer specifically for use in correctional facilities.” Transparent packaging is coming soon. Jailcigs ships only to US detention centers declaring exemption from tobacco bans. PrecisionVapor sells electronic cigarettes “designed for institutional use” with plans to produce ‘a top quality cigarette that achieves unparalleled success in jail after jail’ and prisons in all 50 states with calculated sales of $9 per inmate daily or $328,500 for 100 inmates annually.
Quality of Life after PCI with Drug-Eluting Stents or Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: David J. Cohen, Ben Van Hout, Patrick W. Serruys, Friedrich W. Mohr, Carlos Macaya, Peter den Heijer, M.M. Vrakking, Kaijun Wang, Elizabeth M. Mahoney, Salma Audi, Katrin Leadley, Keith D. Dawkins, A. Pieter Kappetein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Previous studies have shown that among patients undergoing multivessel revascularization, coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG), as compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) either by means of balloon angioplasty or with the use of bare-metal stents, results in greater relief from angina and improved quality of life. The effect of PCI with the use of drug-eluting stents on these outcomes is unknown.