tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PET and MRI of the thalamus in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: M S Buchsbaum, T Someya, C Y Teng, L Abel, S Chin, A Najafi, R J Haier, J Wu, W E Bunney
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1996)

This study reports the first paired measurements of glucose metabolism and size of thalamic regions in never-medicated schizophrenic patients using coregistered magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates.Positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and matching MRI scans were obtained in 20 never-medicated patients with schizophrenia and 15 normal volunteers. Methods for thalamic edge finding, statistical testing of shape differences with chi-square maps, and MRI localization of major thalamic subregions were developed.Patients with schizophrenia showed a diminished metabolic rate in the right thalamus, with a loss of the normal pattern of right greater than left asymmetry. Division into anterior/posterior segments revealed that the left anterior and right posterior showed the decrease. Differences were greater for metabolism in the weighted thalamic area (ratexarea) than for rate per unit area, a finding consistent with reported greater decreases in total neuron number than of neuron density in the thalami of schizophrenic patients. The area of the thalamus was smaller in the patients than in the volunteers, and this difference was greatest in the left anterior region.The reduced thalamic activity observed in this study lends further support to the concept of deficits in sensory filtering in schizophrenia.
Effectiveness of Breast Cancer Screening: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Authors: Heidi D. Nelson, Rochelle Fu, Amy Cantor, Miranda Pappas, Monica Daeges, Linda Humphrey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2016)

Background: In 2009, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended biennial mammography screening for women aged 50 to 74 years and selective screening for those aged 40 to 49 years. Purpose: To review studies of the effectiveness of breast cancer screening in average-risk women. Data Sources: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases to 4 June 2015. Study Selection: English-language randomized, controlled trials and observational studies of screening with mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography that reported breast cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, or advanced breast cancer outcomes. Data Extraction: Investigators extracted and confirmed data and dual rated study quality; discrepancies were resolved through consensus. Data Synthesis: Fair-quality evidence from a meta-analysis of mammography trials indicated relative risks (RRs) for breast cancer mortality of 0.92 for women aged 39 to 49 years (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.02) (9 trials; 3 deaths prevented per 10 000 women over 10 years); 0.86 for those aged 50 to 59 years (CI, 0.68 to 0.97) (7 trials; 8 deaths prevented per 10 000 women over 10 years); 0.67 for those aged 60 to 69 years (CI, 0.54 to 0.83) (5 trials; 21 deaths prevented per 10 000 women over 10 years); and 0.80 for those aged 70 to 74 years (CI, 0.51 to 1.28) (3 trials; 13 deaths prevented per 10 000 women over 10 years). Risk reduction was 25% to 31% for women aged 50 to 69 years in observational studies of mammography screening. All-cause mortality was not reduced with screening. Advanced breast cancer was reduced for women aged 50 years or older (RR, 0.62 [CI, 0.46 to 0.83]) (3 trials) but not those aged 39 to 49 years (RR, 0.98 [CI, 0.74 to 1.37]) (4 trials); less evidence supported this outcome. Limitations: Most trials used imaging technologies and treatments that are now outdated, and definitions of advanced breast cancer were heterogeneous. Studies of effectiveness based on risk factors, intervals, or other modalities were unavailable or methodologically limited. Conclusion: Breast cancer mortality is generally reduced with mammography screening, although estimates are not statistically significant at all ages and the magnitudes of effect are small. Advanced cancer is reduced with screening for women aged 50 years or older. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Constipation
Authors: Arnold Wald
Journal: JAMA (2016)

<h3>Importance</h3> Chronic constipation accounts for at least 8 million annual visits to health care providers in the United States and is associated with large expenditures for diagnostic testing and prescription and nonprescription laxatives. <h3>Observations</h3> Strong evidence for efficacy has been established for stimulant and osmotic laxatives, new intestinal secretogogues, and peripherally restricted μ-opiate receptor antagonists, the latter a major advance in the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC). An algorithm provided to evaluate chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) that is refractory to available laxatives focuses on the importance of defecation disorders and biofeedback therapies. When used appropriately, available stimulant laxatives such as senna and bisacodyl are both safe and effective when used long-term. There is a paucity of (and a strong desire for) studies that compare inexpensive laxatives with newer agents that work by other mechanisms. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The choice of treatment for CIC and OIC should be based on cost as well as efficacy. The small subgroup of patients who do not respond to currently available laxatives requires further evaluation at experienced centers that are capable of performing studies of defecation and colonic transit.
US president endorses “moonshot” effort to cure cancer
Authors: Michael McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2016)

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Wide versus narrow excision margins for high-risk, primary cutaneous melanomas: long-term follow-up of survival in a randomised trial
Authors: Andrew J Hayes, Lauren Maynard, Gillian Coombes, Julia Newton-Bishop, Michael Timmons, Martin Cook, Jeffrey Theaker, Judith M Bliss, J Meirion Thomas
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2016)

The necessary margin of excision for cutaneous melanomas greater than 2 mm in thickness is controversial. At a median follow-up of 5 years, findings from our previously published randomised trial of narrow (1 cm) versus wide (3 cm) excision margins in patients with thick cutaneous melanomas showed that narrow margins were associated with an increased frequency of locoregional relapse, but no significant difference in overall survival was apparent. We now report a long-term survival analysis of that trial.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of "Myogranules" in Child With Hypotonia and Muscle Weakness
Authors: P E CONEN, E G MURPHY, W L DONOHUE
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Adenovirus-Mediated Transfer of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Augments Thrombolysis in Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator–Deficient and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1–Overexpressing Mice
Authors: Peter Carmeliet, Jean-Marie Stassen, Ilse Van Vlaenderen, Robert S. Meidell, Désiré Collen, Robert D. Gerard
Journal: Blood (1997)
ON THE MECHANISMS OF THE PHARMACOPHORIC EFFECT OF HALOGENATION
Authors: MAYNARD B. CHENOWETH, LESLIE P. McCARTY
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (1963)

Halogenation modifies the pharmacological properties and uses of a host of compounds. This is accomplished at the molecular level by different mechanisms, several of which are understood. Even when the mechanism by which the halogen exerts its influence is poorly (or not at all) understood, the halogen can often be replaced by other substituents which sometimes are equivalent spatially on electronically, but sometimes it is equally well replaced by groups which seem quite different. Although there are a few cases where the halogen per se is essential, in most cases halogenation is merely the most economic on expedient means to achieve a given electronic or stenic influence.
Remembering the Pioneers of Topical Agents
Authors: Walter H. C. Burgdorf, Gerd Plewig, Leonard J. Hoenig
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2016)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Dermatology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Dermatology journal
The in vivo effect of thymic factor (thymostimulin) administration on circulating immune complexes and serum lysozyme levels in untreated Hodgkin's disease patients.
Authors: A Velardi, F Spinozzi, P Rambotti, A Tabilio, A Losito, I Zampi, C Cernetti, M F Martelli, F Grignani, S Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1983)

The in vivo effect of a calf thymus extract, thymostimulin, on the levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and serum lysozyme was evaluated in 32 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease. Using the platelet aggregation test for detecting CICs, 12 patients (37%) had positive titers before thymostimulin treatment; 3 patients (10%) remained positive following therapy. Serum levels of Clq-binding immune complexes were evaluated (greater than 24.5 micrograms/ml) in 8 patients prior to thymostimulin therapy (mean value: 42.3 micrograms/ml); 3 patients continued to have elevated levels after treatment. Serum lysozyme levels for Hodgkin's patients was similar to control values (10.6 vs. 8.3 micrograms/ml); however, the Hodgkin's patients with initially elevated CICs had a lower serum lysozyme level than patients with initially normal CICs (12.9 vs. 7.3, p less than 0.02). Thymostimulin increased serum lysozyme levels in the Hodgkin's patients in whom the CICs were initially elevated (7.3 vs. 10.4 micrograms/ml, p less than 0.05). These data suggest that thymostimulin exerts an effect on the nonspecific immune system of Hodgkin's disease patients.
Glutamate imaging (GluCEST) lateralizes epileptic foci in nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kathryn Adamiak Davis, Ravi Prakash Reddy Nanga, Sandhitsu Das, Stephanie H. Chen, Peter N. Hadar, John R. Pollard, Timothy H. Lucas, Russell T. Shinohara, Brian Litt, Hari Hariharan, Mark A. Elliott, John A. Detre, Ravinder Reddy
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2015)

Noninvasive glutamate brain imaging (GluCEST) can localize seizure foci to one hemisphere in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Three views of genetics: the enthusiast, the visionary, and the sceptic
Authors: J Burn, G Duff, N Holtzman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The government's plan to boost genetics is welcome news to John Burn , director of the Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne

The government's portrayal last week of the United Kingdom as “genetics valley” is a shot in the arm for its geneticists. Here was the ailing NHS being described by the health secretary as “uniquely placed to maximise the health benefits of the genetics advances.” And along with the rhetoric came a pledge of £30m ($42m) to double the number of specialist geneticists and extend their services (see p 1018).

No wonder Professor Burn, director of the Northern Genetics Service, at Newcastle University, is positive. After 27 years in the field, he shares the view that the NHS offers unique opportunities to conduct clinical research and develop comprehensive services. He also welcomes what he describes as “the endorsement of clinical geneticists as the leaders in the move to bring genetics out of specialised centres into everyday practice.”

Behind closed doors in genetic circles, there has been an unproductive and at times acrimonious dispute about professional boundaries. The genetics revolution has seen molecular geneticists, public health physicians, primary care doctors, physicians, and surgeons rapidly moving into erstwhile specialist geneticist “territory.”

While some have railed, Professor Burn has adopted what he calls the Dodge City principle. “If you have a rifle and a horse, you get a badge to join the posse.” Whatever his methods—and I suspect drive, charm, and guile are there somewhere—he has clearly been successful in capturing the enthusiasm and skills of different specialists to build up his multidisciplinary genetics unit.

While discussions continue about who takes the whip hand, it is evident that concerted action is needed. As genetic testing for rare inherited diseases is extended—and there is a prospect of DNA profiling before drug treatment and …
Abstract P5-12-04: De-escalating doses of letrozole in post menopausal women at high risk for breast cancer
Authors: Ana Maria Lopez, Hsiao Hui Sherry Chow, Denise Frank, Sandhya Puthi, Judy Boughey, Paul Hsu, Jose Guillen, Marjorie Perloff, Michelle Ley, Julie E Lang
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract Background: Although breast cancer (BC) may occur at any age, its prevalence is greater postmenopause. Greater than 75 % of postmenopausal BCs are hormone dependent. Aromatase inhibitors suppress postmenopausal estrogen biosynthesis. Letrozole has demonstrated efficacy against BC in the adjuvant and metastatic setting at the treatment dose of 2.5 mg daily. Its potential role in BC prevention has been inferred from reductions in contralateral BCs. Its side effect profile, similar to other AIs, includes exacerbation of menopausal symptoms that negatively impact quality of life (QOL) and may result in discontinuation of the drug. Both anastrazole and exemestane have been demonstrated to reduce BC in high-risk women. Hypothesis: Lower and intermittent doses of letrozole effectively suppress estrogen in the high-risk postmenopausal woman and provide a better side effect profile. Methods: A randomized, double-blind study comparing the impact of varying letrozole doses (2.5 mg daily, 2.5 mg MWF, 1.0 mg MWF, or 0.25 mg MWF) on estrogen suppression and side effects--lipids, bone resorption, menopause, and QOL-- was conducted. Participants randomized to intermittent dosing received placebo on nontreatment days. Results: 112 participants were enrolled at 2 clinical sites. Mean patient age was 62.8 years, and average BMI was 29.8. Analysis of available data after 24 weeks of therapy revealed statistically significant increase in triglycerides (N=94): 114.67±48.39 to 125.79±54.31 (p&amp;lt;0.01); vasomotor symptoms (N=95): 2.25±1.26 to 2.74±1.67 (p&amp;lt;0.01); and C-telopeptide (N=75): 0.39±0.23 to 0.55±0.28 (p&amp;lt;0.0001). Statistically significant decrease in estradiol (N=68): 5.57±5.19 to 1.26±1.41 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) and estrone (N=68): 22.39±13.02 to 1.64±2.66 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) were observed. No differences in QOL (SF 36) were noted after letrozole treatment. P-values were derived from paired t-test (signed rank test) for the difference between baseline and after 24 weeks of study drug. Conclusions: De-escalating doses of letrozole suppress postmenopausal estrogen effectively and result in statistically significant increases in triglycerides, C-telopeptide and vasomotor symptoms without impact on QOL. Presentation will include unblinded intervention arm outcomes. Citation Format: Ana Maria Lopez, Hsiao Hui Sherry Chow, Denise Frank, Sandhya Puthi, Judy Boughey, Paul Hsu, Jose Guillen, Marjorie Perloff, Michelle Ley, Julie E Lang. De-escalating doses of letrozole in post menopausal women at high risk for breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-12-04.
Nodal involvement and impact of adequate staging in older patients with resectable colon cancer: A population-based analysis.
Authors: Hadi Khan, Ponnandai Sadasivan Somasundar, Adam J. Olszewski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

424 Background: The variation in nodal involvement between age groups has not been thoroughly studied in colon cancer, but it may affect strategies for extent of resection in geriatric patients (pts). The objective of our study was to compare nodal involvement in resectable colon cancer pts, with a focus on surgical staging practices in the elderly. Methods: We extracted data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry on 183,055 pts diagnosed with stage I-III colon adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2010. Proportions of pts undergoing colon resection, pts with adequate staging with ≥12 lymph nodes examined (LNE, n=99,308), and with node-positive (N+) cancers were compared in age groups using chi-squared test. Relative risk (RR) of N+ cancer was compared in a multivariable log-linear model, and relative survival in a flexible parametric model, reporting excess hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: While the rates of colon resection were similar in all age groups, older pts were significantly less likely to have ≥12 LNE (P&lt;0.0001; Table). When adequately staged, older pts had a significantly lower proportion of N+ cancers (P&lt;0.0001), even after adjusting for multiple other variables. Survival was better in pts with ≥12 LNE, with no significant difference in the benefit between the age groups (P=0.25 for interaction). Conclusions: When adequately staged, older pts are less likely to have N+ colon cancer, which may help them avoid the recommendation for adjuvant chemotherapy. Since the survival benefit of ≥12 LNE is similar in every age group, the guidelines for extent of resection and pathological examination should be diligently adhered to in all pts undergoing curative surgery, regardless of age. [Table: see text]
Involvement of tubular sodium in the formation of dopamine in the human renal cortex.
Authors: P Soares-da-Silva, M Pestana, M H Fernandes
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1993)

This study has examined the influence of sodium (0, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mM) and ouabain (100, 500, and 1,000 microM), an inhibitor of the enzyme Na(+)-K+ ATPase, on the synthesis of dopamine in slices of human renal cortex loaded with exogenous L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The deamination of newly formed dopamine into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was also examined. The formation of dopamine and its deamination to DOPAC in slices and homogenates of human renal cortex closely depended on the concentration of L-DOPA added to the medium; in homogenates of renal cortex, the production of dopamine was found to be 74% of that occurring in the renal medulla. Decarboxylation of L-DOPA was found saturable at 1,000 microM L-DOPA, which had Vmax and Km values for L-amino acid decarboxylase activity of, respectively, 5.8 +/- 0.6 nmol/mg of protein per hour and 62 +/- 8 microM. The accumulation of newly formed dopamine and DOPAC in kidney slices loaded with L-DOPA (50 and 100 microM) was found to be partially dependent on the concentration of sodium in the medium; at 0 mM sodium, the synthesis of dopamine from L-DOPA was found to be half of that occurring at 160 mM sodium. A similar picture could be observed for DOPAC. The fractional rate of accumulation (k; mM sodium-1) at 50 and 100 microM L-DOPA was, respectively, 0.0016 +/- 0.0002 and 0.0016 +/- 0.0005 for dopamine and 0.0018 +/- 0.0002 and 0.0021 +/- 0.0005 for DOPAC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assisted dying bill is defeated in House of Commons by 330 to 118 votes
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The United Kingdom’s House of Commons has rejected a private member’s bill that would have given terminally ill people in England and Wales the right to a doctor’s help in ending their lives.

After an impassioned debate, MPs voted by 330 to 118 against a second reading for the Assisted Dying (No 2) Bill, introduced by the Labour MP Rob Marris.

The bill was almost identical to the Assisted Dying Bill, which made it through to committee stage in the House of Lords before running out of time in the last parliament. Largely based on a similar law in the state of Oregon, it would have allowed terminally ill people who were deemed to have less than six months to live the right to …
Abstract 12531: High Left Atrial Volume Impairs Survival in End Stage Renal Disease: Results From a Prospective Cohort of 575 Patients
Authors: Ali Motabar, Waqas Aftab, Juliana Gazallo, Shuja Rasool, Padmini Varadarajan, Ramdas G Pai
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background: Left atrial volume index (LAVI) is a predictor of poor prognosis in a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) have high rates of cardiovascular...