tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the national Cleanyourhands campaign to reduce Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and Clostridium difficile infection in hospitals in England and Wales by improved hand hygiene: four year, prospective, ecological, interrupted time series study
Authors: S. P. Stone, C. Fuller, J. Savage, B. Cookson, A. Hayward, B. Cooper, G. Duckworth, S. Michie, M. Murray, A. Jeanes, J. Roberts, L. Teare, A. Charlett
Journal: BMJ (2012)

To evaluate the impact of the Cleanyourhands campaign on rates of hospital procurement of alcohol hand rub and soap, report trends in selected healthcare associated infections, and investigate the association between infections and procurement.Prospective, ecological, interrupted time series study from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2008.187 acute trusts in England and Wales.Installation of bedside alcohol hand rub, materials promoting hand hygiene and institutional engagement, regular hand hygiene audits, rolled out nationally from 1 December 2004.Quarterly (that is, every three months) rates for each trust of hospital procurement of alcohol hand rub and liquid soap; Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (meticillin resistant (MRSA) and meticillin sensitive (MSSA)) and Clostridium difficile infection for each trust. Associations between procurement and infection rates assessed by mixed effect Poisson regression model (which also accounted for effect of bed occupancy, hospital type, and timing of other national interventions targeting these infections).Combined procurement of soap and alcohol hand rub tripled from 21.8 to 59.8 mL per patient bed day; procurement rose in association with each phase of the campaign. Rates fell for MRSA bacteraemia (1.88 to 0.91 cases per 10,000 bed days) and C difficile infection (16.75 to 9.49 cases). MSSA bacteraemia rates did not fall. Increased procurement of soap was independently associated with reduced C difficile infection throughout the study (adjusted incidence rate ratio for 1 mL increase per patient bed day 0.993, 95% confidence interval 0.990 to 0.996; P < 0.0001). Increased procurement of alcohol hand rub was independently associated with reduced MRSA bacteraemia, but only in the last four quarters of the study (0.990, 0.985 to 0.995; P < 0.0001). Publication of the Health Act 2006 was strongly associated with reduced MRSA bacteraemia (0.86, 0.75 to 0.98; P = 0.02) and C difficile infection (0.75, 0.67 to 0.84; P < 0.0001). Trust visits by Department of Health improvement teams were also associated with reduced MRSA bacteraemia (0.91, 0.83 to 0.99; P=0.03) and C difficile infection (0.80, 0.71 to 0.90; P=0.01), for at least two quarters after each visit.The Cleanyourhands campaign was associated with sustained increases in hospital procurement of alcohol rub and soap, which the results suggest has an important role in reducing rates of some healthcare associated infections. National interventions for infection control undertaken in the context of a high profile political drive can reduce selected healthcare associated infections.
One Year of Alendronate after One Year of Parathyroid Hormone (1–84) for Osteoporosis
Authors: Dennis M. Black, John P. Bilezikian, Kristine E. Ensrud, Susan L. Greenspan, Lisa Palermo, Trisha Hue, Thomas F. Lang, Joan A. McGowan, Clifford J. Rosen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Since the use of parathyroid hormone as a treatment for osteoporosis is limited to two years or less, the question of whether antiresorptive therapy should follow parathyroid hormone therapy is important. We previously reported results after the first year of this randomized trial comparing the use of full-length parathyroid hormone (1-84) alone, alendronate alone, or both combined. In the continuation of this trial, we asked whether antiresorptive therapy is required to maintain gains in bone mineral density after one year of therapy with parathyroid hormone (1-84).In the data reported here, women who had received parathyroid hormone (1-84) monotherapy (100 microg daily) in year 1 were randomly reassigned to one additional year with either placebo (60 subjects) or alendronate (59 subjects). Subjects who had received combination therapy in year 1 received alendronate in year 2; those who had received alendronate monotherapy in year 1 continued with alendronate in year 2. Bone mineral density at the spine and hip was assessed with the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography (CT).Over two years, alendronate therapy after parathyroid hormone therapy led to significant increases in bone mineral density in comparison with the results for placebo after parathyroid hormone therapy, a difference particularly evident for bone mineral density in trabecular bone at the spine on quantitative CT (an increase of 31 percent in the parathyroid hormone-alendronate group as compared with 14 percent in the parathyroid hormone-placebo group). During year 2, subjects receiving placebo lost substantial bone mineral density.After one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84), densitometric gains appear to be maintained or increased with alendronate but lost if parathyroid hormone is not followed by an antiresorptive agent. These results have clinical implications for therapeutic choices after the discontinuation of parathyroid hormone.
Response to imatinib in patients who relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: E Olavarria, O G Ottmann, M Deininger, R E Clark, G Bandini, J Byrne, J Lipton, A Vitek, M Michallet, W Siegert, A Ullmann, B Wassmann, D Niederwieser, T Fischer
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
Evolutionary History of the impala Transposon in Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Aurélie Hua-Van, Thierry Langin, Marie-Josée Daboussi
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

Impala is an active DNA transposon family that was first identified in a strain of Fusarium oxysporum pathogenic to melon. The 10 copies present in this strain define three subfamilies that differ by about 20% at the nucleotide level. This high level of polymorphism suggests the existence of an ancestral polymorphism associated with vertical transmission and/or the introduction of some subfamilies by horizontal transfer from another species. To gain insights into the molecular evolution of this family, impala distribution was investigated in strains with various host specificities by Southern blot, PCR, and sequencing. Detection of impala elements in most of the F. oxysporum strains tested indicates that impala is an ancient component of the F. oxysporum genome. Subfamily-specific amplifications and sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed five subfamilies, several of which can be found within the same genome. This supports the hypothesis of an ancestral polymorphism followed by vertical transmission and independent evolution in the host-specific forms. Highly similar elements showing unique features (internal deletions, high rates of CG-to-TA transitions) or being present at the same genomic location were identified in several strains with different host specificities, raising questions about the phylogenetic relationships of these strains. A phylogenetic analysis performed by sequencing a portion of the EF1alpha gene showed in most cases a correlation between the presence of a particular element and a close genetic relationship. All of these data provide important information on the evolutionary origin of this element and reveal its potential as a valuable tool for tracing populations.
RAD001 (everolimus) in combination with weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer with prior resistance to trastuzumab: a multicenter phase I clinical trial.
Authors: R O'Regan, F Andre, M Campone, M Naughton, C Manlius, I Pylvaenaeinen, T Sahmoud, S Hurvitz
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #3119 Background: Resistance to trastuzumab (H) is associated with loss of PTEN and AKT/mTOR activation. Preclinical models demonstrate that RAD001, an oral inhibitor of mTOR (a downstream component of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway), enhances the efficacy of trastuzumab and suggest that RAD001 could reverse resistance to trastuzumab.&amp;#x2028; Methods: Paclitaxel (T, 80 mg/m2) IV was administered over 60 min on D 1, 8 and 15 q4w. Trastuzumab 4 mg/kg loading dose was administered IV over 90 min on Day 1 (if patient (pt) was not already receiving H), followed by weekly 2 mg/kg IV over 30 min. RAD001 was administered as either a daily (5 and 10 mg) or weekly (30, 50 and 70mg) cohorts. Treatment continues until progression or unacceptable toxicity.&amp;#x2028; Results: As of June 9 2007, 22 heavily pretreated pts were enrolled; 6 to the 5mg daily, 6 to the 10mg daily and 10 to the 30mg weekly cohorts. All pts were resistant to H and all patients, except one, received prior taxane. Median number of prior regimens was 6 (range: 1-26). Two DLTs were observed during the first cycle; febrile neutropenia on the daily 5mg arm and confusional state on the weekly 30mg arm. To date, 17 pts were evaluable for efficacy (Table 1). Among the 7 pts who were resistant to both T and H, 5 had PR (4/5 pts and 1/2 on the 5mg daily and 30mg weekly cohorts, respectively) and 2 had SD &amp;gt;16 weeks. Fifteen pts remain on treatment. The most commonly reported AEs are neutropenia and stomatitis. Recruitment continues.&amp;#x2028; Conclusions: RAD001 is well tolerated in combination with weekly TH regimen. Preliminary efficacy shows a high rate of tumor responses in heavily pre-treated pts, including pts resistant to both T and H. Mature results and biomarkers data will be presented.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3119.
Purine nucleoside metabolism in the erythrocytes of patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency.
Authors: R P Agarwal, G W Crabtree, R E Parks, J A Nelson, R Keightley, R Parkman, F S Rosen, R C Stern, S H Polmar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Deficiency of erythrocytic and lymphocytic adenosine deaminase (ADA) occurs in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). SCID with ADA deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. ADA is markedly reduced or undetectable in affected patients (homozygotes), and approximately one-half normal levels are found in individuals heterozygous for ADA deficiency. The metabolism of purine nucleosides was studied in erythrocytes from normal individuals, four ADA-deficiency patients, and two heterozygous individuals. ADA deficiency in intake erythrocytes was confirmed by a very sensitive ammonia-liberation technique. Erythrocytic ADA activity in three heterozygous individuals (0.07,0.08, and 0.14 mumolar units/ml of packed cells) was between that of the four normal controls (0.20-0.37 mumol/ml) and the ADA-deficient patients (no activity). In vitro, adenosine was incorporated principally into IMP in the heterozygous and normal individuals but into the adenosine nucleotides in the ADa-deficient patients. Coformycin (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6,7,8-trihydroimidazo[4,5-4] [1,3] diazepin-8 (R)-ol), a potent inhibitor of ADA, made possible incorporation of adenosine nucleotides in the ADA-deficient patients...
New Tools for Coronary Risk Assessment
Authors: Thomas A. Pearson
Journal: Circulation (2002)

The concept of risk assessment and reduction, introduced initially by the Framingham Heart Study and refined in other models, forms the cornerstone of preventive cardiology. Risk factor assessment determines the therapeutic strategy, because the intensity of preventive intervention is tailored to the patient’s risk of coronary heart disease. The conventional risk factors for coronary heart disease include elevated serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, vascular disease, menopausal status (women only), and age. Aggressive risk factor reduction, formerly used exclusively in secondary prevention, may be pivotal to optimal patient management in high-risk primary prevention. A number of noninvasive imaging modalities have the potential to measure and to monitor atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals and include exercise ECG testing, electron beam computed tomography, magnetic resonance coronary angiography, positron emission tomography, ankle-brachial index, and B-mode ultrasound. Novel serum markers, including C-reactive protein and homocysteine, have the ability to gauge risk in the individual patient. Systemic therapy for risk reduction in primary prevention may be preferable to local therapy (eg, angioplasty and bypass) and may more effectively prevent acute coronary events than these more invasive approaches.
Late-Life Depression and Microstructural Abnormalities in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex White Matter
Authors: Warren D. Taylor, James R. MacFall, Martha E. Payne, Douglas R. McQuoid, James M. Provenzale, David C. Steffens, K. Ranga Rama Krishnan
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether microstructural abnormalities in the white matter of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are associated with late-life depression. METHOD: Seventeen elderly depressed subjects were compared with 16 elderly subjects who were not depressed. Diffusion tensor imaging was used to measure the fractional anisotropy of the white matter in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex's superior and middle frontal gyri bilaterally and in the left occipital lobe as a control region. The authors compared results between groups while controlling for age, sex, and comorbid medical disorders. RESULTS: Even after controlling for age, sex, hypertension, and heart disease, the authors found significantly lower fractional anisotropy values in the right superior frontal gyrus white matter of depressed patients than comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Microstructural changes in the white matter of the right superior frontal gyrus are associated with late-life depression. Further work is needed to determine how these changes contribute to depression outcomes.
The Papanicolaou Smear&lt;subtitle&gt;Medicine's Most Successful Cancer Screening Procedure Is Threatened&lt;/subtitle&gt;
Authors: R. Marshall Austin
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In the first definitive medical journal publication of early results from the use of the cervicovaginal smear of exfoliated cells for the detection of carcinoma of the cervix and uterus, Papanicolaou and Traut<sup>1</sup>stated in 1941 that there were some 26 000 deaths a year in the United States due to cancer of the uterus and that "this rate has remained practically constant during the past twenty-five years."<sup>1</sup>In 1996, deaths from cervical cancer in the United States are estimated to be 4900 per year.<sup>2</sup>Considering the almost 2-fold increase in population during the intervening half century, this is truly a remarkable accomplishment. See also the March 1997 issue of Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine. Much of this progress during the past half century in converting cervical cancer from the No. 1 cancer killer of women in the United States to the No. 8 killer<sup>2</sup>
Intermittent vs Continuous Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for High-Risk Bleeding Ulcers
Authors: Hamita Sachar, Keta Vaidya, Loren Laine
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Current guidelines recommend an intravenous bolus dose of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) followed by continuous PPI infusion after endoscopic therapy in patients with high-risk bleeding ulcers. Substitution of intermittent PPI therapy, if similarly effective as bolus plus continuous-infusion PPI therapy, would decrease the PPI dose, costs, and resource use.
Pulmonary function in status asthmaticus: effect of therapy
Authors: D. C. Stanescu, D. B. Teculescu
Journal: Thorax (1970)

In 11 patients with bronchial asthma, lung volumes, FEV<sub>1·0</sub>, PaO<sub>2</sub>, and lung diffusing capacity (single breath CO method) were measured in status asthmaticus and after recovery. Ventilatory capacity improved following therapy. The improvement was associated with a rise in vital capacity and a fall in residual volume, but the total lung capacity might either decrease, increase or remain unchanged. A decreased value of PaO<sub>2</sub> was found in all patients in status asthmaticus. After treatment PaO<sub>2</sub> increased in all patients. In two of them PaO<sub>2</sub> increased despite the unchanged values of the other parameters of pulmonary function. The improvement of PaO<sub>2</sub> after treatment is considered to be the result of adjustment of perfusion to ventilation. The lung diffusing capacity was below normal values in three patients before treatment. After treatment the diffusing capacity increased in six patients. The diffusion constant, although within the normal range in status asthmaticus, increased after treatment in one and decreased in three other patients. The decreased diffusing capacity in status asthmaticus is the consequence of a reduced effective alveolar volume due to uneven distribution of ventilation. The changes observed in the diffusion constant following corticotherapy are ascribed to a dependence of this constant on the different level of the alveolar volume at which the single breath test is performed.
Child protection in sport
Authors: M Turner, P McCrory
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

All sports authorities need to be aware of the problem of child abuse and have guidelines to ensure that such problems are minimised

In recent times, we have seen widespread publicity given to domestic child abuse in the lay press, and there is every reason to suspect that sport is not immune from this problem. In Australia for example, a well known international cricket umpire was recently jailed for child sex allegations made when he was a schoolteacher. In 2001, a UK based tennis coach was jailed for seven years (with a further five years under licence) for child abuse, and, in America, a number of junior baseball and football coaches have been jailed for similar offences.1

As sports medicine professionals and parents, we have a duty to ensure that children participating in sport do so in an environment that is both enjoyable and safe. The very nature of sporting events means that athletic children are potentially at risk from such activities—sports clothing is often “minimal”, showers and changing rooms are places where adults can mix with children, and children may be entrusted to the care of adults about whom the parents know very little. Organisations need to have procedures in place to prevent paedophiles or other undesirable people becoming involved with officiating, coaching, or supervising children and also have guidelines that enable young people to seek help and/or support on a confidential basis for any issue relating to child protection.

Child protection is not just about protecting children, it is also about ensuring coaches and officials are not the subject of unwarranted or malicious accusations.

In Great Britain, the Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) has been running a child protection programme since January 1997, and all the information provided in this paper relates to the experience gained …
Determination of the Therapeutic Index of Floxuridine by Its Circadian Infusion Pattern
Authors: R. von Roemeling, W. J. M. Hrushesky
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Determination of the Therapeutic Index of Floxuridine by Its Circadian Infusion Pattern Get access Reinhard von Roemeling, Reinhard von Roemeling * Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Veterans Administration Medical Cancer, Albany Medical College of Union UniversityAlbany, NY *Correspondence to : Reinhard von Roemeling, M.D., Division of Medical Oncology, Albany Veterns Administration Medic´al Center (111C), Albany, NY 12208. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William J. M. Hrushesky William J. M. Hrushesky Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Albany Veterans Administration Medical Cancer, Albany Medical College of Union UniversityAlbany, NY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 5, 7 March 1990, Pages 386–393, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.5.386 Published: 07 March 1990 Article history Received: 02 May 1989 Revision received: 26 September 1989 Accepted: 28 November 1989 Published: 07 March 1990
PTU-112 Associations Between Healthcare Resource Utilisation And Health-related Quality Of Life In Cirrhosis
Authors: J Orr, T Homer, L Ternent, L Vale, M Hudson, D Jones
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Cirrhosis is associated with impaired Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) and considerable resource use. The association between healthcare utilisation and HRQoL in cirrhosis has not been previously studied. <h3>Methods</h3> Four HRQoL tools (SF-36v2, CLDQ, PBC-40 and PROMIS-HAQ) and a healthcare utilisation tool were completed by patients with cirrhosis. Associations between resource utilisation and HRQoL were explored; means were compared using unpaired t tests. <h3>Results</h3> 108 patients have been recruited to the study to date with completed tools received from 73. Regular care was required by 29 (40%) with 15 (21%) requiring help with personal care, 12 (16%) with medical care, 18 (25%) with meal preparation and 21 (29%) with housework. All types of care were associated with significantly impaired HRQoL across all domains of all measures tested (p &lt; 0.05). The total number of healthcare consultations (hospital consultations + GP consultations + nurse consultations) was also related to HRQoL with patients who had five or more consultations in a 2 month period showing significant impairment compared to patients with fewer than five consultations. Specifically there was evidence of poorer physical HRQoL with mean SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS): 32.5 ± 9.0 vs 40.6 ± 10.6, p = 0.001 and functional restriction evidenced by PROMIS-HAQ: 42.2 ± 26.9 vs 21.1 ± 25.2, p = 0.001. In addition, patients with more consultations had poorer social HRQoL with SF-36 Social Functioning (SF): 31.3 ± 12.3 vs 40.2 ± 12.8, p = 0.005 and PBC-40 social: 36.3 ± 9.9 vs 30.0 ± 9.7 p = 0.01. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The need for any type of regular care and more frequent consultations with healthcare professionals are associated with poorer HRQoL in cirrhosis. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Immunocytochemistry in Diagnostic Histopathology
Authors: O A N Husain
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Immunocytochemistry conjures up a vision of a series of difficult to handle antibodies of antigens and antibodies of antibodies - all the result of the little myeloma/plasma cell being able to produce but one specific antibody. Such specificity demands profound knowledge of the intricacies of immunotyping and protein specificity, and the two authors of Immunocytochemistry in Diagnostic Histopathology have produced …
New Mutations in SERPING1, the Gene Coding for C1 Inhibitor, in Patients with Hereditary Angioedema in Brazil
Authors: Adriana S. Moreno, Luana Delcaro, Marina M. Dias, Solange R. Valle, Alfeu T. França, Soloni Levy, Persio Roxo, Wilson da Silva Junior, Luisa Karla P. Arruda
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Spirometric thresholds and biased interpretation of test results
Authors: Philip H Quanjer, Sanja Stanojevic, Bruce R Thompson
Journal: Thorax (2014)

In an effort to elucidate what constitutes irreversible airways obstruction (ie, COPD), Bhatt et al 1 used CT-defined emphysema and gas trapping to determine whether a fixed FEV1:FVC ratio or the lower limit of normal (LLN) is a clinically more discriminating index of COPD. There are, however, several methodological limitations that need to be considered when interpreting these results.

1.  The study assumes a paradigm that radiographic signs of emphysema and/or air trapping are specific of COPD. Alterations in pulmonary …