tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Complications of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent and Insecticide Poisoning. Implications for Respiratory and Critical Care
Authors: Elspeth J. Hulse, James O. J. Davies, A. John Simpson, Alfred M. Sciuto, Michael Eddleston
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<PharmacologyAcute Clinical Presentati...Deaths from OP PoisoningPatterns of Respiratory C...Acute Cholinergic Syndrom...Complications of the Acut...Intermediate Effects of O...Delayed Effects of OP Poi...Importance of Solvents an...Management of OP Nerve Ag...Potential TherapiesConclusionsReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Changes in respiratory drive account for the magnitude of dyspnoea during bronchoconstriction in asthmatics
Authors: S Bellofiore, FL Ricciardolo, N Ciancio, MA Sapienza, A Patane, A Mistretta, GU Maria
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

To evaluate whether the interindividual differences in dyspnoea perceived by asthmatic subjects for the same level of airway narrowing could depend on different changes in respiratory drive, we assessed the relationship between changes in airway calibre, changes in neuromuscular output, and dyspnoea rate during progressive bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine. We studied 18 asymptomatic asthmatic subjects (aged 18-36 yrs; 11 males and 7 females) with normal lung function. Dyspnoea (Borg scale), mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured at baseline and after inhalation of aerosols of doubling concentrations of methacholine (MCh). The progressive bronchoconstriction induced by MCh was associated with a progressive increase both of P0.1 and dyspnoea. Dyspnoea score was linearly related either to the fall in FEV1, or to the increase in P0.1. However, the slope values of the relationship between dyspnoea score and the corresponding percent fall in FEV1 showed a large interindividual variability (0.05-0.32; coefficient of variability (CoV) 43%). By contrast, the slope values of the relationship between dyspnoea score and the corresponding percent increase in P0.1 ranged 0.02-0.05 (CoV = 14%), indicating a more homogeneous response to dyspnoea for the same change in P0.1. At the highest MCh concentration, the dyspnoea score was linearly related to the corresponding change in P0.1 (r = 0.91; p &lt; 0.01), but not to the corresponding percentage fall in FEV1 (r = 0.28). These results show that the interindividual differences in dyspnoea perceived by asthmatic subjects for the same level of airway narrowing are associated with different changes in respiratory drive during bronchoconstriction.
Incidental Finding of Tl-201 Accumulation in an Empyema
Authors: ARIF ENGIN DEMİRÇALI, TARIK BAŜOGLU, İREM BERNAY, MURATHAN SAHİN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

A 47-year-old man with Behçet disease was hospitalized because of abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 3 cm × 3 cm hepatic mass and chest x-ray showed an empyema of the right lung. The patient was placed in a protocol for Tl-201 uptake in hepatic tumors. Surprisingly, Tl-201 accumulation was seen in the inferior lobe of the right lung within the empyema.
Assessment of the worldwide burden of critical illness: the Intensive Care Over Nations (ICON) audit
Authors: Jean-Louis Vincent, John C Marshall, Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva, Bruno François, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, Jeffrey Lipman, Konrad Reinhart, Massimo Antonelli, Peter Pickkers, Hassane Njimi, Edgar Jimenez, Yasser Sakr
Journal: The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2014)
Suppression of Skeletal Muscle Turnover in Cancer Cachexia: Evidence from the Transcriptome in Sequential Human Muscle Biopsies
Authors: Iain J. Gallagher, Nathan A. Stephens, Alisdair J. MacDonald, Richard J.E. Skipworth, Holger Husi, Carolyn A. Greig, James A. Ross, James A. Timmons, Kenneth C.H. Fearon
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: The mechanisms underlying muscle wasting in patients with cancer remain poorly understood, and consequently there remains an unmet clinical need for new biomarkers and treatment strategies. Experimental Design: Microarrays were used to examine the transcriptome in single biopsies from healthy controls (n = 6) and in paired biopsies [pre-resection baseline (weight-loss 7%) and 8 month post-resection follow-up (disease-free/weight-stable for previous 2 months)] from quadriceps muscle of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer (UGIC; n = 12). Results: Before surgery, 1,868 genes were regulated compared with follow-up (false discovery rate, 6%). Ontology analysis showed that regulated genes belonged to both anabolic and catabolic biologic processes with overwhelming downregulation in baseline samples. No literature-derived genes from preclinical cancer cachexia models showed higher expression in baseline muscle. Comparison with healthy control muscle (n = 6) revealed that despite differences in the transcriptome at baseline (941 genes regulated), the muscle of patients at follow-up was similar to control muscle (2 genes regulated). Physical activity (step count per day) did not differ between the baseline and follow-up periods (P = 0.9), indicating that gene expression differences reflected the removal of the cancer rather than altered physical activity levels. Comparative gene expression analysis using exercise training signatures supported this interpretation. Conclusions: Metabolic and protein turnover–related pathways are suppressed in weight-losing patients with UGIC whereas removal of the cancer appears to facilitate a return to a healthy state, independent of changes in the level of physical activity. Clin Cancer Res; 18(10); 2817–27. ©2012 AACR.
Patterns of Electrolyte Excretion in Edema Loss without the Use of Diuretics
Authors: D. ROBERT AXELROD
Journal: Circulation (1962)

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and water losses were studied in patients while they lost all of their edema. The fluid which was excreted was hypotonic to body fluids, but did not change the osmotic concentration of the fluid that remained. Since the fluid excreted did not have the same composition as the edema fluid in the body, the interpretation of the results is that there is an internal redistribution and osmotic inactivation of a portion of the ions of the edema fluid of the body, and that the kidney is not the sole mechanism involved in the formation or loss of edema. Relating sodium loss to weight loss revealed two patterns; one group lost approximately 100 mEq. of sodium per kilogram of weight loss, and the other group lost less than 50 mEq. of sodium per kilogram. There is an indication that this difference is related to liver function.
Psychological factors associated with use of home nebulized therapy for COPD
Authors: CM Bosley, ZM Corden, PJ Rees, GM Cochrane
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

This study examined the relationship between adherence to domiciliary nebulized therapy and psychological factors; patient attitudes, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Ninety three patients aged 45-77 yrs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and using domiciliary nebulizers were recruited from a hospital database. They completed the St George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ)-1 and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and attended a semistructured interview. Their usual nebulizers were replaced by Dataloggers, which record the date, time and duration of each treatment, to use for 4 weeks. The SGRQ was then repeated (SGRQ-2). Eighty two patients completed the study. Fifty six percent were poorly adherent; taking less than 70% of the dose prescribed (or less than 60% on regimens of &gt; or = 5 times daily). The total scores on the SGRQ-2 were negatively correlated with percentage adherence. Multiple regression analysis showed that the SGRQ-2 total score was associated with percentage adherence, depression score, feeling supported by clinic staff, and patients feeling that they tried to ignore their chest disease. Patients who report poor quality of life are more likely to be depressed, feel unsupported by clinic staff and be poorly adherent to treatment. Increased levels of clinic support, with the addition of psychological treatments, may be of benefit to some patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Panitumumab versus cetuximab in patients with chemotherapy-refractory wild-type KRAS exon 2 metastatic colorectal cancer (ASPECCT): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority phase 3 study
Authors: Timothy J Price, Marc Peeters, Tae Won Kim, Jin Li, Stefano Cascinu, Paul Ruff, Atilli Satya Suresh, Anne Thomas, Sergei Tjulandin, Kathy Zhang, Swaminathan Murugappan, Roger Sidhu
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
Evaluation of three oral dosages of ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and emesis associated with cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin chemotherapy.
Authors: G Fraschini, A Ciociola, L Esparza, D Templeton, F A Holmes, R S Walters, G N Hortobagyi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1991)

We assessed the antiemetic efficacy and safety of three different oral doses of ondansetron (GR 38032F), a novel serotonin type-3 receptor antagonist, in three consecutive series of 20 breast cancer patients receiving cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for the first time. Patients received oral doses of 8 mg, 4 mg, or 1 mg of ondansetron three times daily for 2 days, with the first dose given 30 minutes before the cyclophosphamide infusion. We then evaluated the efficacy of a conventional antiemetic regimen of intravenous lorazepam, metoclopramide, and diphenhydramine given before chemotherapy and 10 mg prochlorperazine given orally twice on study day 1 and three times on study day 2 in a fourth series of 20 patients with comparable characteristics. The number of emetic episodes, assessment of nausea and appetite, and adverse events were recorded throughout the 2-day study period. Pretreatment and posttreatment clinical laboratory data were also collected. No emesis was observed during the 2-day study period in 17 (85%), 13 (65%), and 11 (55%) patients treated with 8-mg, 4-mg, and 1-mg ondansetron doses, respectively, and in seven (35%) patients who received conventional therapy. The incidence and intensity of nausea were lower with increasing doses of ondansetron and were lower than in the conventional group. Ondansetron-related side effects were generally mild and reversible and did not appear to increase in a dose-dependent manner. These effects included headache, stomach cramps, diarrhea, fatigue, and elevated serum transaminase concentrations. One patient who received three 1 mg doses of ondansetron experienced tremors and muscle twitching. Oral ondansetron is an effective and safe antiemetic for patients receiving noncisplatin cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, and its antiemetic activity appears to be dose-related.
The Role of Lymphocyte Subsets in Accelerated Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic–Rat Insulin Promoter–B7-1 (NOD-RIP-B7-1) Mice
Authors: F. Susan Wong, Irene Visintin, Li Wen, Jennifer Granata, Richard Flavell, Charles A. Janeway
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

B7-1 transgene expression on the pancreatic islets in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice leads to accelerated diabetes, with &amp;gt;50% of animals developing diabetes before 12 wk of age. The expression of B7-1 directly on the pancreatic β cells, which do not normally express costimulator molecules, converts the cells into effective antigen-presenting cells leading to an intensified autoimmune attack. The pancreatic islet infiltrate in diabetic mice consists of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, and B cells, similar to diabetic nontransgenic NOD mice. To elucidate the relative importance of each of the subsets of cells, the NOD–rat insulin promoter (RIP)-B7-1 animals were crossed with NOD.β2microglobulin −/− mice which lack major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and are deficient in peripheral CD8 T cells, NOD.CD4 −/− mice which lack T cells expressing CD4, and NOD.μMT −/− mice which lack B220-positive B cells. These experiments showed that both CD4 and CD8 T cells were necessary for the accelerated onset of diabetes, but that B cells, which are needed for diabetes to occur in normal NOD mice, are not required. It is possible that B lymphocytes play an important role in the provision of costimulation in NOD mice which is unnecessary in the NOD-RIP-B7-1 transgenic mice.
Effect of delaying prophylaxis against CMV in D+/R− solid organ transplant recipients in the development of CMV-specific cellular immunity and occurrence of late CMV disease
Authors: R. San-Juan, D. Navarro, A. García-Reyne, M. Montejo, P. Muñoz, J. Carratala, O. Len, J. Fortun, B. Muñoz-Cobo, E. Gimenez, A. Eworo, N. Sabe, Y. Meije, P. Martín-Davila, A. Andres, J. Delgado, C. Jimenez, P. Amat, M. Fernández-Ruiz, F. López-Medrano, C. Lumbreras, J.M. Aguado
Journal: Journal of Infection (2015)
IQ Decline During Childhood and Adult Psychotic Symptoms in a Community Sample: A 19-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: W S Kremen, S L Buka, L J Seidman, J M Goldstein, D Koren, M T Tsuang
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

The goal of this study was to examine cognitive antecedents of psychosis by determining whether variability in IQ during childhood was predictive of psychotic symptoms in adulthood.Deviant responder analyses were used to examine prospectively the relationship of IQ at ages 4 and 7 to psychotic symptoms at age 23 in 547 offspring from a community sample (National Collaborative Perinatal Project) that was unselected for psychiatric illness. The authors compared three hypotheses: that 1) low IQ, 2) large IQ fluctuations regardless of direction, or 3) large IQ declines would predict the presence of adult psychotic symptoms.The 10% of individuals with substantially larger than expected IQ declines from age 4 to 7 had a rate of psychotic, but not other psychiatric, symptoms at age 23 that was nearly seven times as high as the rate for other persons. Parental socioeconomic status and IQ at age 7 also predicted adult psychotic symptoms. However, when IQ at age 7, IQ decline between ages 4 and 7, and socioeconomic status were all included in a logistic regression analysis, only IQ decline remained significant.There is an increased likelihood of developing psychotic symptoms in adulthood for a subgroup of individuals with substantially greater than expected IQ declines during childhood. IQ decline is specific for psychotic symptoms, but follow-up assessment when the study participants are further into the age of risk will be necessary to determine specificity for schizophrenia. The authors discuss the implications of this early cognitive downturn for a neurodevelopmental view of schizophrenia.
Prognostic value of lymphovascular space invasion determined with hematoxylin–eosin staining in early stage cervical carcinoma: results of a multivariate analysis
Authors: P. Morice, P. Piovesan, A. Rey, D. Atallah, C. Haie-Meder, P. Pautier, L. Sideris, C. Pomel, P. Duvillard, D. Castaigne
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2003)
T cell costimulation by B7/BB1 induces CD8 T cell-dependent tumor rejection: an important role of B7/BB1 in the induction, recruitment, and effector function of antitumor T cells.
Authors: L Ramarathinam, M Castle, Y Wu, Y Liu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

A successful antitumor T cell immune response involves induction, recruitment, and effector function of T cells. While B7/BB1 is known as a major costimulatory molecule in the induction of T cell responses, its role in T cell recruitment and effector function is still unclear. In this study, we show that introducing a major costimulatory molecule B7/BB1 into a major histocompatibility complex class II-negative tumor cell line, J558, results in a drastic reduction of its tumorigenicity. The tumor rejection depends on CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells. However, unlike the previous reports on melanoma cell lines, B7/BB1-transfected J558 cells fail to induce cross-protection against parental J558 cells. The B7/BB1-transfected (J558-B7), but not untransfected J558 cells (J558-Neo) induce a CD8 T cell-dominant inflammatory response, and the T cells isolated from the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are polyclonal in terms of their T cell receptor V beta usage. Most surprisingly, the freshly prepared TIL have a potent, CD8 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity on tumor cells without any in vitro stimulation. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity can be blocked by anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Interestingly, the CTL lyse J558-B7 about 10- to 80-fold more efficiently than untransfected J558-Neo cells. This preferential lysis cannot be attributed to recognition of B7/BB1-derived antigen by the T cells. This finding, together with the lack of the cross-protection between the J558-B7 and J558-Neo, suggests that B7/BB1 can also function at the effector phase of CTL responses. This notion is confirmed by our findings that the lysis of J558-B7 can be blocked by anti-B7 mAbs. Taken together, our results indicate that not only can the B7/BB1 molecule function as a costimulatory molecule at the initiation of immune response, it can also play a major role in T cell recruitment and effector function. This conclusion has significant implications for immunotherapy of tumors.
Characteristics of language impairment in Parkinson’s disease and its influencing factors
Authors: Lin Liu, Xiao-Guang Luo, Chui-Liang Dy, Yan Ren, Yu Feng, Hong-Mei Yu, Hong Shang, Zhi-Yi He
Journal: Translational Neurodegeneration (2015)

Language impairment is relatively common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but not all PD patients are susceptible to language problems. In this study, we identified among a sample of PD patients those pre-disposed to language impairment, describe their clinical profiles, and consider factors that may precipitate language disability in these patients.A cross-sectional cohort of 31 PD patients and 20 controls were administered the Chinese version of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) to assess language abilities, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to determine cognitive status. PD patients were then apportioned to a language-impaired PD (LI-PD) group or a PD group with no language impairment (NLI-PD). Performance on the WAB and MoCA was investigated for correlation with the aphasia quotient deterioration rate (AQDR).The PD patients scored significantly lower on most of the WAB subtests than did the controls. The aphasia quotient, cortical quotient, and spontaneous speech and naming subtests of the WAB were significantly different between LI-PD and NLI-PD groups. The AQDR scores significantly and positively correlated with age at onset and motor function deterioration.A subset group was susceptible to language dysfunction, a major deficit in spontaneous speech. Once established, dysphasia progression is closely associated with age at onset and motor disability progression.
Etiological overlap between obsessive‐compulsive disorder and anorexia nervosa: a longitudinal cohort, multigenerational family and twin study
Authors: Martin Cederlöf, Laura M. Thornton, Jessica Baker, Paul Lichtenstein, Henrik Larsson, Christian Rück, Cynthia M. Bulik, David Mataix‐Cols
Journal: World Psychiatry (2015)

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) often co‐occurs with anorexia nervosa (AN), a comorbid profile that complicates the clinical management of both conditions. This population‐based study aimed to examine patterns of comorbidity, longitudinal risks, shared familial risks and shared genetic factors between OCD and AN at the population level. Participants were individuals with a diagnosis of OCD (N=19,814) or AN (N=8,462) in the Swedish National Patient Register between January 1992 and December 2009; their first‐, second‐ and third‐degree relatives; and population‐matched (1:10 ratio) unaffected comparison individuals and their relatives. Female twins from the population‐based Swedish Twin Register (N=8,550) were also included. Females with OCD had a 16‐fold increased risk of having a comorbid diagnosis of AN, whereas males with OCD had a 37‐fold increased risk. Longitudinal analyses showed that individuals first diagnosed with OCD had an increased risk for a later diagnosis of AN (risk ratio, RR=3.6), whereas individuals first diagnosed with AN had an even greater risk for a later diagnosis of OCD (RR=9.6). These longitudinal risks were about twice as high for males than for females. First‐ and second‐degree relatives of probands with OCD had an increased risk for AN, and the magnitude of this risk tended to increase with the degree of genetic relatedness. Bivariate twin models revealed a moderate but significant degree of genetic overlap between self‐reported OCD and AN diagnoses (r a =0.52, 95% CI: 0.26‐0.81), but most of the genetic variance was disorder‐specific. The moderately high genetic correlation supports the idea that this frequently observed comorbid pattern is at least in part due to shared genetic factors, though disorder‐specific factors are more important. These results have implications for current gene‐searching efforts and for clinical practice.
Altered expression of cardiac K+ channel genes during sub-acute and healing phases of myocardial infarction
Authors: T Kiyosue
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

See article by Yao et al. [2] ( pages 132 -145) in thisK currents in rat ventricular myocytes that survived 3 issue.days after experimental MI (sub-acute phase).In cells probably isolated from the border zone, the transient outward (I ), delayed rectifier (I ) and inward rectifier to K
The Psychiatrist as Physician
Authors: Arnold M. Ludwig
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THIS IS a time for reappraisal and reconceptualization for psychiatrists. Critics deny the concept of mental illness, question the special expertise of psychiatrists for treating emotional disorders, protest against the practices of involuntary commitment and behavior modification, cite the failures of the community mental health movement, argue against the expanded role of psychiatrists in social and forensic issues, accuse the profession of not being responsive enough to problems of poverty, minority groups, and social inequities, and even doubt the legitimacy of psychiatry as a medical specialty, indicating that its scope encompasses only mental disorders of unknown cause. These attacks cannot be simply dismissed as unreasonable, irrational, and prejudicial attitudes of critics; they are symptomatic of the particular vulnerability of modern-day psychiatry to such charges. It is not my purpose to engage in polemics with this cadre of critics who, as Socratic gadflies, often force constructive appraisal or to indict psychiatry