tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CONCERNING THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN PREGNANT ANIMALS
Authors: William deB. MacNider
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1926)

1. The acid-base equilibrium of the blood as indicated by determinations of the reserve alkali of the blood remains constant in non-pregnant animals at different age periods. This statement does not imply that the acid-base balance of such animals at different age periods is a stable balance. 2. In pregnant animals of the same age periods as the control animals there may develop an instability of this equilibrium which is either associated with the occurrence of a renal injury and which may be looked upon as a retention phenomenon, or arises independently of such an injury. In this latter group of animals the disturbance in the equilibrium increases in frequency and is earlier in its appearance in the gestation period as the age of the organism increases. 3. In old and in senile pregnant animals some physiological mechanism other than that of the kidney becomes unable to stabilize the acid-base equilibrium of the blood with the result that as the pregnancy advances this physiological state of the organism (gestation) becomes pathological.
Circulating levels of immune and inflammatory markers and long versus short survival in early-stage lung cancer
Authors: C. Bodelon, M.Y. Polley, T.J. Kemp, A.C. Pesatori, L.M. McShane, N.E. Caporaso, A. Hildesheim, L.A. Pinto, M.T. Landi
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Monoclonal antibody to a triggering structure expressed on rat natural killer cells and adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells.
Authors: W H Chambers, N L Vujanovic, A B DeLeo, M W Olszowy, R B Herberman, J C Hiserodt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

To study the cellular structures involved in NK and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell function, we have produced a panel of mAbs that modulate the cytolytic function of a population of cells with LAK activity that derive from large granular lymphocyte (LGL)/NK cells (adherent LAK [A-LAK] cells). In this report, we describe an mAb (3.2.3; IgG1k) that recognizes a triggering structure that is expressed on rat LGL/NK cells and A-LAK cells. This epitope is also expressed on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). The expression of the epitope identified by mAb 3.2.3 increased progressively on A-LAK cells after culture in the presence of rIL-2. mAb 3.2.3 enhanced the cytolytic activity of NK and A-LAK cells against FcR+ target cells, but not FcR- target cells. However, this effect was not induced by F(ab')2 fragments of 3.2.3. This antibody also induced the release of N-alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzy esteresterase by A-LAK cells. These data suggest that the epitope identified by mAb 3.2.3 is on a triggering structure expressed on rat NK cells and A-LAK cells. The expression of the epitope recognized by mAb 3.2.3 on LGL/NK cells and PMN suggests that this structure may be analogous to that identified by the anti-CD16 (-FcR) mAbs. However, the molecule immunoprecipitated by mAb 3.2.3 was a 60-kD dimer composed of two 30-kD chains. These data suggest that mAb 3.2.3 recognizes a unique triggering structure. As mAb 3.2.3 is the first antibody recognizing a determinant with functional significance, selectively expressed on both rat NK cells and A-LAK cells, it will be a useful tool for the study of NK cell ontogeny and function, and the development of cells with LAK activity from the NK cell compartment.
Adaptation as genetic internalization
Authors: Adolf Heschl
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

In the course of evolution organisms change both their morphology and their physiology in response to ever-changing environmental selection pressures. This process of adaptation leads to an “internalization,” in the sense that external regularities are in some way “imitated” by the living system. Countless examples illustrate the usefulness of this metaphor. However, if we concentrate too much on Shepard's “universal regularities in the world,” we run the risk of overlooking the many more fascinating evolutionary details which alone have made, and still make possible the evolution of diversity on earth. [Shepard]
Personal Belief Exemptions From School Vaccination Requirements
Authors: Douglas S. Diekema
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2013)

Despite the impact vaccination has had on the control and prevention of many infectious diseases, some parents choose not to vaccinate their children. Although there is no federal law requiring vaccination of children in the United States, all states require evidence of vaccination against at least some diseases as a condition of school entry. Which vaccines are required; how many doses are required; whether entry requirements apply to child care, kindergarten, or middle school; and whether exemptions from vaccine requirements will be allowed all differ by state. All but two states allow some kind of personal belief exemption from school vaccination requirements. This article reviews the history of school vaccination requirements and exemptions, the legal status of state vaccination laws and exemptions, the impact of school vaccination requirements and personal belief exemptions on vaccination rates and disease incidence, and strategies for maintaining adequate vaccination rates in states that allow personal belief exemptions.
The transcriptome of the leukemogenic homeoprotein HOXA9 in human hematopoietic cells
Authors: Sheri Tinnell Dorsam, Christina M. Ferrell, Glenn P. Dorsam, Mika Kakefuda Derynck, Ulka Vijapurkar, Daniel Khodabakhsh, Bonnie Pau, Hillary Bernstein, Christopher M. Haqq, Corey Largman, H. Jeffrey Lawrence
Journal: Blood (2003)
Honokiol Suppresses Survival Signals Mediated by Ras-Dependent Phospholipase D Activity in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Avalon Garcia, Yang Zheng, Chen Zhao, Alfredo Toschi, Judy Fan, Natalie Shraibman, H. Alex Brown, Dafna Bar-Sagi, David A. Foster, Jack L. Arbiser
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Elevated phospholipase D (PLD) activity provides a survival signal in several human cancer cell lines and suppresses apoptosis when cells are subjected to the stress of serum withdrawal. Thus, targeting PLD survival signals has potential to suppress survival in cancer cells that depend on PLD for survival. Honokiol is a compound that suppresses tumor growth in mouse models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of honokiol on PLD survival signals and the Ras dependence of these signals. Experimental Design: The effect of honokiol upon PLD activity was examined in human cancer cell lines where PLD activity provides a survival signal. The dependence of PLD survival signals on Ras was investigated, as was the effect of honokiol on Ras activation. Results: We report here that honokiol suppresses PLD activity in human cancer cells where PLD has been shown to suppress apoptosis. PLD activity is commonly elevated in response to the stress of serum withdrawal, and, importantly, the stress-induced increase in PLD activity is selectively suppressed by honokiol. The stress-induced increase in PLD activity was accompanied by increased Ras activation, and the stress-induced increase in PLD activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was dependent on a Ras. The PLD activity was also dependent on the GTPases RalA and ADP ribosylation factor. Importantly, honokiol suppressed Ras activation. Conclusion: The data provided here indicate that honokiol may be a valuable therapeutic reagent for targeting a large number of human cancers that depend on Ras and PLD for their survival.
Signature Genes as a Phylogenomic Tool
Authors: B. E. Dutilh, B. Snel, T. J. G. Ettema, M. A. Huynen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Gene content has been shown to contain a strong phylogenetic signal, yet its usage for phylogenetic questions is hampered by horizontal gene transfer and parallel gene loss and until now required completely sequenced genomes. Here, we introduce an approach that allows the phylogenetic signal in gene content to be applied to any set of sequences, using signature genes for phylogenetic classification. The hundreds of publicly available genomes allow us to identify signature genes at various taxonomic depths, and we show how the presence of signature genes in an unspecified sample can be used to characterize its taxonomic composition. We identify 8,362 signature genes specific for 112 prokaryotic taxa. We show that these signature genes can be used to address phylogenetic questions on the basis of gene content in cases where classic gene content or sequence analyses provide an ambiguous answer, such as for Nanoarchaeum equitans, and even in cases where complete genomes are not available, such as for metagenomics data. Cross-validation experiments leaving out up to 30% of the species show that ∼92% of the signature genes correctly place the species in a related clade. Analyses of metagenomics data sets with the signature gene approach are in good agreement with the previously reported species distributions based on phylogenetic analysis of marker genes. Summarizing, signature genes can complement traditional sequence-based methods in addressing taxonomic questions.
Does Age Affect Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?
Authors: W. T. Longstreth
Journal: JAMA (1990)

We examined the relation between age and outcomes in patients treated for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Seattle, Wash. Considering all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests treated by paramedics over a recent 5-year period, 386 (27%) of 1405 consecutive patients aged 70 years or older were resuscitated and admitted to a hospital vs 474 (29%) of 1624 younger patients; 140 elderly patients (10%) were discharged alive vs 223 younger patients (14%). Of the 140 elderly patients, 112 went home and 28 went to a nursing home. Considering only patients whose initial rhythms were ventricular fibrillation, the percent of patients discharged alive was substantially higher: 120 (24%) of 493 for elderly patients and 194 (30%) of 639 for younger patients. Elderly patients can benefit from attempted resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Longstreth, et al. examined the relationship between age and outcome in patients treated by paramedics for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Seattle, Washington, over a five-year period. Their data suggest that outcome is largely independent of age in patients under 80 years of age. Patients whose initial rhythms were ventricular fibrillation had the highest rate of successful resuscitation and discharge from the hospital. This report and others contradict studies where data does not support recommendations of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients aged 70 years or older. Longstreth, et al. caution against creating a situation where those performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the elderly do not believe it to be beneficial, and their less than maximal resuscitation efforts result in a low success rate.
Compliance With Tamoxifen in Women With Breast Cancer and a <i>BRCA1</i> or <i>BRCA2</i> Mutation
Authors: Steven A. Narod
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

TO THE EDITOR: Tamoxifen, or another type of adjuvant hormonal therapy, is often prescribed to women who are diagnosed with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer, with the goal of preventing local and distal recurrence. Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation may also benefit in that tamoxifen use is associated with a reduction in second primary breast cancer, as well. Recently, Hershman et al showed that, of 8,769 patients with breast cancer who began a course of tamoxifen, only 68% completed 4.5 or more years of use. This report prompted us to ask whether the experience of women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation was similar. From a registry of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers, we identified 461 women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer at least 5 years prior (between 1970 and 2004) and who initiated a course of tamoxifen (n 301, BRCA1; n 160, BRCA2). Women who experienced a recurrence in the first 5 years after initial diagnosis were excluded. The duration of tamoxifen use was derived from a self-completed questionnaire. Two hundred ninety-two women (63%) received tamoxifen for 4.0 or more years, and 238 women (52%) received tamoxifen for 4.5 years or more. The mean duration of tamoxifen use (truncating the maximum use at 5.0 years) was 3.7 years. The proportions of women who received tamoxifen for 4.0 or more years are listed in Table 1. To establish which factors independently predicted the completion of tamoxifen use, we conducted an unconditional logistic regression by using the variables in Table 1. Including variables with a P value of .05 or less for significance, the predictive factors in the final model were postmenopausal at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.66; P .01, v premenopausal); Jewish ethnicity (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.59 to 4.96; P .001, v other white); French-Canadian ethnicity (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.21 to 7.37; P .02, v other white); Polish ethnicity (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.76 to 5.36; P .001, v other white); and a BRCA2 mutation (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.94, v a BRCA1 mutation). On average, premenopausal women took tamoxifen for 3.5 years. In summary, tamoxifen use among women with breast cancer and a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation is suboptimal, and patterns of use are similar to those of noncarriers. The reasons for early termination of tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with hereditary breast cancer are unknown and should be explored further.
HLA DR4 and rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese people.
Authors: H Maeda, T Juji, H Mitsui, H Sonozaki, K Okitsu
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

Eighty-eight Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 104 normal Japanese persons were typed for HLA A, B, C, and DR antigens. The frequency of HLA DR4 was 70.5% in patients compared with 46.1% in normal controls (P less than 0.001). However, a sex difference in the frequency of HLA DR4 in patients was noted. HLA DR4 was found in 80.6% of male patients, which was highly significant compared with controls (P less than 0.0005), while only a borderline increase of 60.5% was found in female patients (P less than 0.05). In addition, the frequency of HLA DR2 was remarkably low in male patients. These suggest the possible heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis in Japanese.
Dynamics of eicosanoids in peripheral blood cells during bronchial provocation in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics
Authors: D Schafer, M Schmid, UC Gode, HW Baenkler
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

The underlying mechanisms of bronchoconstriction in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics (AIAs) are still unknown, but the hypothesis of an altered metabolism of arachidonic acid is generally accepted. So far, no in vitro test for aspirin intolerance is available. The hypothesis that the profile of eicosanoid mediators is changed in AIA-even before aspirin challenge was tested. The release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), peptidoleukotrienes and histamine was measured using competitive enzyme immunoassays in 10 asthmatics with a history of aspirin intolerance, 10 controls and eight aspirin-tolerant asthmatics (ATAs) before and after bronchial provocation with lysine-aspirin. Comparing basal release of eicosanoids before challenge, peptidoleukotrienes were significantly elevated and PGE2 was vastly reduced in AIAs, whereas ATAs had elevated basal peptidoleukotrienes but only slightly reduced basal PGE2. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was not associated with changes in histamine release. After aspirin challenge, there was a massive increase of already elevated peptidoleukotrienes in AIAs, but not in ATAs. Arachidonic acid-induced PGE2 release in AIAs was not significantly changed, whereas it was significantly reduced in ATAs and healthy controls. Histamine release was unaffected by aspirin challenge in all three groups. There is a typically altered profile of eicosanoids in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics which could make in vitro diagnosis of aspirin intolerance possible.
The RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF linear signaling cascade mediates the motile and mitogenic phenotype of thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Rosa Marina Melillo, Maria Domenica Castellone, Valentina Guarino, Valentina De Falco, Anna Maria Cirafici, Giuliana Salvatore, Fiorina Caiazzo, Fulvio Basolo, Riccardo Giannini, Mogens Kruhoffer, Torben Orntoft, Alfredo Fusco, Massimo Santoro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2016)

In Table 4, the units for ApoC-III conc.
Modulation of ischemia/reperfusion-induced microvascular dysfunction by nitric oxide.
Authors: I Kurose, R Wolf, M B Grisham, D N Granger
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and an altered metabolism of endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in the microvascular dysfunction associated with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The objective of this study was to determine whether NO donors can attenuate the reperfusion-induced increase in venular albumin leakage via an effect on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Leukocyte adherence and emigration as well as albumin extravasation were monitored in single postcapillary venules in rat mesentery subjected to 20 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. This I/R protocol elicits significant leukocyte adherence and emigration as well as a profound albumin leakage response. Superfusion of the mesenteric microcirculation with the NO donors sodium nitroprusside, spermine-NO, and SIN1 significantly reduced the I/R-induced leukocyte adherence/emigration and albumin leakage in postcapillary venules, whereas neither spermine nor the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester affected the I/R-induced responses. Platelet-leukocyte aggregation and mast cell degranulation were also observed in the postischemic mesentery, and the responses were also attenuated by the NO donors. Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels in the superior mesenteric vein were significantly reduced by I/R. The results of this study indicate that I/R-induced microvascular dysfunction (albumin leakage) is attenuated by NO and that the protective effect of NO donors may be related to their ability to reduce leukocyte-endothelial cell and leukocyte-platelet interactions and/or mast cell degranulation.
The Mosaic Ancestry of the<i>Drosophila</i>Genetic Reference Panel and the<i>D. melanogaster</i>Reference Genome Reveals a Network of Epistatic Fitness Interactions
Authors: John E. Pool
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

North American populations of Drosophila melanogaster derive from both European and African source populations, but despite their importance for genetic research, patterns of ancestry along their genomes are largely undocumented. Here, I infer geographic ancestry along genomes of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and the D. melanogaster reference genome, which may have implications for reference alignment, association mapping, and population genomic studies in Drosophila. Overall, the proportion of African ancestry was estimated to be 20% for the DGRP and 9% for the reference genome. Combining my estimate of admixture timing with historical records, I provide the first estimate of natural generation time for this species (approximately 15 generations per year). Ancestry levels were found to vary strikingly across the genome, with less African introgression on the X chromosome, in regions of high recombination, and at genes involved in specific processes (e.g., circadian rhythm). An important role for natural selection during the admixture process was further supported by evidence that many unlinked pairs of loci showed a deficiency of Africa–Europe allele combinations between them. Numerous epistatic fitness interactions may therefore exist between African and European genotypes, leading to ongoing selection against incompatible variants. By focusing on hubs in this network of fitness interactions, I identified a set of interacting loci that include genes with roles in sensation and neuropeptide/hormone reception. These findings suggest that admixed D. melanogaster samples could become an important study system for the genetics of early-stage isolation between populations.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Scarring Trachoma
Authors: Victor H. Hu, Helen A. Weiss, Patrick Massae, Paul Courtright, William Makupa, David C.W. Mabey, Robin L. Bailey, Matthew J. Burton
Journal: Ophthalmology (2011)

To characterize the tissue and cellular changes found in trachomatous scarring (TS) and inflammation using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).Two complimentary case-control studies.The first study included 363 cases with TS (without trichiasis), of whom 328 had IVCM assessment, and 363 control subjects, of whom 319 had IVCM assessment. The second study included 34 cases with trachomatous trichiasis (TT), of whom 28 had IVCM assessment, and 33 control subjects, of whom 26 had IVCM assessment.All participants were examined with ×2.5 loupes. The IVCM examination of the upper tarsal conjunctiva was carried out with a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3 with the Rostock Cornea Module (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany).The IVCM images were graded in a masked manner using a previously published grading system evaluating the inflammatory infiltrate density; the presence or absence of dendritiform cells (DCs), tissue edema, and papillae; and the level of subepithelial connective tissue organization.Subjects with clinical scarring had a characteristic appearance on IVCM of well-defined bands and sheets of scar tissue visible. Similar changes were also seen in some clinically normal subjects consistent with subclinical scarring. Scarred subjects had more DCs and an elevated inflammatory infiltrate, even after adjusting for other factors, including the level of clinical inflammation. Cellular activity was usually seen only in or just below the epithelium, rarely being seen deeper than 30 μm from the surface. The presence of tissue edema was strongly associated with the level of clinical inflammation.In vivo confocal microscopy can be quantitatively used to study inflammatory and scarring changes in the conjunctiva. Dendritic cells seem to be closely associated with the scarring process in trachoma and are likely to be an important target in antifibrotic therapies or the development of a chlamydial vaccine. The increased number of inflammatory cells seen in scarred subjects is consistent with the immunopathologic nature of the disease. The localization of cellular activity close to the conjunctival surface supports the view that the epithelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of trachoma.The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.