tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS
Authors: JOHN J. CONGER, HERBERT S. GASKILL, DONALD D. GLAD, ROBERT V. RAINEY, WILLIAM L. SAWREY, EUGENE S. TURRELL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1957)

While it has been demonstrated that accident and non-accident subjects in the present population of young airmen differ significantly from one another; and while psychological measures can be used to predict accident status for this population with a high degree of success, much more work remains to be done before a clear understanding of the psychodynamic relationships existing between the structure and functioning of the individual and his accident susceptibility can be achieved. It also remains to be shown whether the psychological differences which are related to accident susceptibility in this particular population would also prove discriminating with other, differently composed populations.
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator in carcinomatous pleural fluid
Authors: H Ishikawa, H Satoh, S Hasegawa, T Yazawa, T Naito, YT Yamashita, M Ohtsuka, T Ogata, H Kamma
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) is known to be secreted by malignant cells during proliferation and migration, and is associated with tumour cell invasion and metastasis. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether u-PA is significantly increased in carcinomatous pleural fluids compared to those due to other aetiologies, and to identify the cells in the pleural space that are involved in its accumulation. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we quantified u-PA in the pleural fluid specimens of 40 patients with carcinomatous pleuritis, 18 with tuberculosis, 18 with parapneumonic pleuritis and 11 with congestive heart failure (CHF). The level of u-PA was elevated in carcinomatous pleural fluid compared with the level in transudative pleural fluid from patients with CHF (p&lt;0.0001). The levels of u-PA were not statistically different between patients with cancer and tuberculosis, or between patients with cancer and pneumonia. The levels of u-PA in patients who did not respond to chemical pleurodesis were significantly higher than those who had complete response (p=0.0001). In immunocytochemical and immunoblotting studies, cancer cells in pleural fluids as well as mesothelial cells contained u-PA. u-PA was detected in the culture supernatants of viable pleural cells in the majority of patients with carcinomatous pleuritis. Our results suggest that local release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by viable cells, including cancer cells and mesothelial cells, may affect the levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in pleural fluids.
Grounded theory, mixed methods, and action research
Authors: L. Lingard, M. Albert, W. Levinson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

These commonly used methods are appropriate for particular research questions and contexts

Qualitative research includes a variety of methodological approaches with different disciplinary origins and tools. This article discusses three commonly used approaches: grounded theory, mixed methods, and action research. It provides background for those who will encounter these methodologies in their reading rather than instructions for carrying out such research. We describe the appropriate uses, key characteristics, and features of rigour of each approach.

Grounded theory was developed by Glaser and Strauss.[1] Its main thrust is to generate theories regarding social phenomena: that is, to develop higher level understanding that is “grounded” in, or derived from, a systematic analysis of data. Grounded theory is appropriate when the study of social interactions or experiences aims to explain a process, not to test or verify an existing theory. Researchers approach the question with disciplinary interests, background assumptions (sometimes called “sensitising concepts”[2]) and an acquaintance with the literature in the domain, but they neither develop nor test hypotheses. Rather, the theory emerges through a close and careful analysis of the data. 

Key features of grounded theory are its iterative study design, theoretical (purposive) sampling, and system of analysis.[3] An iterative study design entails cycles of simultaneous data collection and analysis, where analysis informs the next cycle of data collection. In a study of the experience of caring for a dying family member, for instance, preliminary analysis of interviews with family care providers may suggesta theme of “care burdens,” and this theme could be refined by interviewing participants who are at variouspoints in the care trajectory, who might offer different perspectives. Analysis of the subsequent phase of data collection will lead to further adaptations of the data collection process to refine and complicate the emerging theory of care burdens. In keeping with this …
Interleukin-1 β-induced Id2 gene expression is mediated by Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: X ZHU, Y LIN, M BACANAMWO, L CHANG, R CHAI, I MASSUD, J ZHANG, M GARCIABARRIO, W THOMPSON, Y CHEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2007)

Objective Id2 (inhibitor of DNA-binding 2), a member of the helix–loop–helix family of transcription regulators, plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent reports have documented that Id2 is up-regulated during vascular lesion formation and overexpression of Id2 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, the transcriptional regulation of Id2 gene expression in VSMC remains unexplored.
S4 Evaluation of TB peer educators--essential partners in metropolitan TB control
Authors: J. Hall, S. Bethell, S. Helleren, A. Story, M. Lipman
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> One in six of all notified tuberculosis (TB) cases in London are among homeless people, problem drug and alcohol users and prisoners (hard-to-reach). These groups are at high risk of delayed diagnosis, infectious and drug resistant TB and poor treatment outcomes. The Berlin Declaration (2007) stated that affected communities are essential partners in TB control. While initiatives involving hard-to-reach communities in HIV control have proven effective, evidence to support their contribution to TB control activities is lacking. We aimed to improve service access and uptake of TB screening among hard-to-reach groups by harnessing the authentic voice and experience of former TB patients from these affected communities. <h3>Method</h3> Seven former TB patients with a history of homelessness and drug/alcohol dependence were recruited and trained as peer educators to work alongside TB clinics and a mobile x-ray screening service. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate their impact on service access and screening uptake. <h3>Results</h3> Peers recruited 3200 hard-to-reach clients at 101 screening sessions resulting in 45 hospital referrals between May 2009 and February 2010. Following TB peer training of homeless shelter hostel workers, screening uptake increased from 44% to 75%. Subsequent structured interviews with service users highlighted the importance of peer educators in raising TB awareness and promoting service access. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our evaluation demonstrated that trained peer educators can improve service access and TB screening uptake in the short and medium term in hard-to-reach groups. The success of this approach argues for greater peer educator involvement in strategies to control metropolitan TB.
Tracheal epithelial damage alters the effects of luminal histamine on blood flow and tracer flux in anaesthetized sheep
Authors: UM Wells, Z Hanafi, JG Widdicombe
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Epithelial damage greatly increases the flux of a low molecular weight tracer 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) from tracheal lumen to venous-blood in anaesthetized sheep. We have now investigated whether epithelial damage induced by the detergent, Triton X-100, alters the effects of luminal histamine on blood flow and 99mTc-DTPA flux. The cervical trachea was filled with Krebs-Henseleit solution containing 99mTc-DTPA. Tracheal arterial flow was measured and tracheal venous blood collected. The lumen was exposed to 100 microM histamine on two occasions (Hist 1 and Hist 2) for 15 min. In six out of 11 sheep, the lumen was also exposed to 0.2% Triton X-100 between Hist 1 and Hist 2. Triton X-100 increased the baseline 99mTc-DTPA permeability coefficient from -5.3 x 10(-7) to -400 +/- 130 x 10(-7) cm.s-1. After epithelial damage, Hist 2 produced significantly greater changes in arterial and venous flows than Hist 1 (n = 5) (0-5 min: Hist 1 Q1a = +6.4 +/- 0.8%, Q1v = +6.2 +/- 6.2%; Hist 2 Q1a = +36.7 +/- 12.2%, Q1v = +35.4 +/- 8.8%). Similar changes did not occur in the controls. Venous 99mTc-DTPA concentration during Hist 2 after epithelial damage (0-5 min -37.7 +/- 6.9%) was significantly different from Hist 1 (+5.2 +/- 7.0%). Thus, after epithelial damage, luminal histamine produces more rapid and larger changes in blood flow and a greater reduction in venous 99mTc-DTPA concentration.
Lestaurtinib Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Chemotherapy in Murine Xenograft Models of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Radhika Iyer, Audrey E. Evans, Xiaoxue Qi, Ruth Ho, Jane E. Minturn, Huaqing Zhao, Naomi Balamuth, John M. Maris, Garrett M. Brodeur
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Neuroblastoma, a common pediatric tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is characterized by clinical heterogeneity. The Trk family neurotrophin receptors play an important role in this behavior. Expression of TrkA is associated with favorable clinical features and outcome, whereas TrkB expression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. We wanted to determine if the Trk-selective inhibitor lestaurtinib had therapeutic efficacy in a preclinical neuroblastoma model.We performed intervention trials of lestaurtinib alone or in combination with other agents in TrkB-overexpressing neuroblastoma xenograft models.Lestaurtinib alone significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to vehicle-treated animals [P = 0.0004 for tumor size and P = 0.011 for event-free survival (EFS)]. Lestaurtinib also enhanced the antitumor efficacy of the combinations of topotecan plus cyclophosphamide (P < 0.0001 for size and P < 0.0001 for EFS) or irinotecan plus temozolomide (P = 0.011 for size and P = 0.012 for EFS). There was no additive benefit of combining either 13-cis-retinoic acid or fenretinide with lestaurtinib compared to lestaurtinib alone. There was dramatic growth inhibition combining lestaurtinib with bevacizumab (P < 0.0001), but this combination had substantial systemic toxicity.We show that lestaurtinib can inhibit the growth of neuroblastoma both in vitro and in vivo and can substantially enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy, presumably by inhibition of the Trk/brain-derived neurotrophic factor autocrine survival pathway. It may also enhance the efficacy of selected biological agents, but further testing is required to rule out unanticipated toxicities. Our data support the incorporation of Trk inhibitors, such as lestaurtinib, in clinical trials of neuroblastoma or other tumors relying on Trk signaling pathways for survival.
The pathological status of exercise dependence
Authors: D. Bamber
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

This study was concerned with the concept of exercise dependence. Levels of psychological morbidity, personality profiles, and exercise beliefs were compared among subjects screened for exercise dependence and eating disorders.Adult female exercisers were allocated on the basis of questionnaire screening to one of the following groups: primary exercise dependence (n = 43); secondary exercise dependence, where there was the coincidence of exercise dependence and an eating disorder (n = 27); eating disorder (n =14); control, where there was no evidence of either exercise dependence or eating disorder (n = 110). Questionnaire assessment was undertaken of psychological morbidity, self esteem, weight and body shape dissatisfaction, personality, and exercise beliefs.Aside from a higher incidence of reported menstrual abnormalities, the primary exercise dependence group was largely indistinguishable from the controls. In stark contrast, the secondary exercise dependence group reported higher levels of psychological morbidity, neuroticism, dispositional addictiveness, and impulsiveness, lower self esteem, greater concern with body shape and weight, as well as with the social, psychological, and aesthetic costs of not exercising than the controls, but differed little from the eating disorder group.In the absence of an eating disorder, women identified as being exercise dependent do not exhibit the sorts of personality characteristics and levels of psychological distress that warrant the construction of primary exercise dependence as a widespread pathology.
A prospective controlled study of interferon-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C in patients on methadone maintenance
Authors: Stefan Mauss, Florian Berger, Joerg Goelz, Bernhard Jacob, Günther Schmutz
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

We examined the feasibility of hepatitis C treatment in patients on opioid maintenance. One hundred patients with chronic hepatitis C, 50 on methadone maintenance, and 50 with no intravenous drug use or opioid maintenance for at least 5 years were prospectively matched for sex, age, hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype and HCV RNA. The primary end point was undetectable HCV RNA at 24 weeks posttreatment. Treatment with peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 μg/kg per week) and ribavirin (1000-1200 mg /day) was initiated for 24 weeks (HCV genotype 2, 3) or 48 weeks (HCV genotype 1, 4). Within the first 8 weeks of therapy, discontinuation due to noncompliance or patient request was observed in 22% (11/50) in the methadone group versus 4% (2/50) in the control group ( P = .02). After 8 weeks, there was no significant difference in discontinuation due to noncompliance or patient request (4/39 [10%] vs. 4/48 [8%]). There was no difference in discontinuation of therapy because of viral failure or adverse events (10/50 methadone vs. 6/50 control, P = .41). At the end of treatment, 50% (25/50) in the methadone group and 76% (38/50) in the control group had undetectable HCV RNA ( P = .01). Sustained viral response was 42% (21/50) in the methadone group and 56% (28/50) in the control group ( P = .16). No serious psychiatric event occurred in either group. In conclusion , peginterferon and ribavirin seem reasonably safe and sufficiently effective in patients on methadone maintenance. Patients discontinuing therapy due to noncompliance or request did so early, thereby limiting the cost of an unsuccessful approach to treatment. (Hepatology 2004;40:120-124.)
Local Actions of Endogenous Angiotensin II in Injured Glomeruli
Authors: Ji Ma, Taiji Matsusaka, Haichun Yang, Hiroshi Kawachi, Fujio Shimizu, Yoshitaka Isaka, Enyu Imai, Valentina Kon, Iekuni Ichikawa
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

ABSTRACT. A previous study showed that exogenous angiotensin II (AngII) induces proliferation of glomerular cells through systemic actions of AngII. In the present study, the authors examined the mode of actions of endogenous AngII in injured kidneys that were made deficient in AT1 by using in vivo transfection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN). Thy-1 nephritis was induced in rats by injection of mAb 1-22-3. Four days later, glomerular transfection was performed by unilateral whole-kidney electroporation after AT1 AS-ODN delivery through the left renal artery (n = 7). The expression of renal AT1 was assessed by autoradiography. The effect of the AS-ODN transfection was assessed 3 d later and compared with transfection with control ODN (n = 6), systemically administered pharmacologic AT1 antagonist losartan (n = 5) as well as untreated Thy-1 animals (n = 5). Fluorescence-labeled AS-ODN was found transfected in almost all glomeruli and localized primarily to the mesangium. Compared with the contralateral untransfected kidney in both normal and Thy-1 rats, AS-ODN suppressed cortical AT1 expression by some 70%. The AS-ODN transfected kidneys of Thy-1 rats had significantly lower glomerular mesangial cell proliferation (7.38 ± 0.68 cells/glomerulus) and extracellular matrix accumulation (0.262 ± 0.009) than kidneys transfected with control ODN (10.94 ± 0.51 cells/glomerulus and 0.342 ± 0.031), contralateral untransfected kidneys (9.56 ± 1.01 cells/glomerulus and 0.371 ± 0.011), or kidneys that were exposed to Thy-1 alone (10.45 ± 1.06 cells/glomerulus and 0.359 ± 0.013). There were no significant differences in systolic BP among groups. In glomeruli, immunohistochemistry detected no difference in AT2 receptor expression, number of ED1-positive macrophages or number of apoptotic cells among groups. Thus, in renal injury induced by Thy-1 nephritis, selective suppression of mesangial AT1 expression by AS-ODN significantly reduced mesangial cell proliferation and matrix. These data provide in vivo evidence that injured glomeruli are sensitive to local tissue actions of AngII, which promote proliferation and matrix accumulation within the glomerulus.
Pressure Increase Due to Hydrostatic Pressure of Perfluorocarbon
Authors: Robert M. Kacmarek, Arthur S. Slutsky
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

With great interest we read the recent article by Kacmarek and colleagues (1). In the trial reported therein, the authors conclude that partial liquid ventilation (PLV) results in a greater number of serious adverse effects and does not improve outcome compared with conventional ventilation in patients with severe ARDS. As one of the reasons for a higher complication rate, the authors suggest the high peak alveolar pressure due to the additional hydrostatic pressure exerted by the perfluorocarbon (PFC), which has to be added to the measured airway pressure. It is obvious that a measurement of the hydrostatic pressure is associated with technical difficulties, though it is possible to estimate it. In this study the PFC was instilled to the carina in the supine position. Therefore, the maximal hydrostatic pressure (cm H2O) can be calculated by multiplying the distance between the liquid surface and the deepest point in the thorax, the dorsovisceral pleura (in cm), and the specific density of the PFC, which is 1.92. To evaluate the effective additional hydrostatic pressure, we measured 40 patients, ages between 18 and 60 yr, median 44.6 12.8 yr, 60% male sex, who had a thoracic CT in the supine position. On the Diagnostic Workstation (Diagnostic DICOM 3.0 Workstation; Agfa-Gevaert Group, Morstel, Belgium), the distance between the level of the carina and the lowest point of the dorsovisceral pleura was measured with the on-screen tool. The median distance retrieved was 7.5 cm 1.2 cm. Using these findings for estimating the actual resulting airway pressure, the distance was multiplied by 1.92. Therefore in the “low-dose” group, the hydrostatic pressure of 14.4 2.36 cm H2O has to be added to the measured plateau pressure as well as to the measured PEEP. Following this estimation, the median plateau pressure would be as high as 45.8 cm H2O with a PEEP of 28.7 cm H2O. These excessively high pressures could explain the higher rate of adverse effects in the “low-dose” group. For the “high-dose” group the resulting pressure would even exceed these findings. As is known from the literature (2), increased airway pressures lead to a worse outcome. Therefore, to avoid barotrauma to the lung during PLV, which probably contributes to a worse outcome, the measured pressure levels during PLV should have been significantly reduced. Therefore, the conclusion based on the findings of this study should be reconsidered.
Tumor-Specific Cellular Cytotoxicity to Human Sarcomas: Evidence for a Cell-Mediated Host Immune Response to a Common Sarcoma Cell-Surface Antigen
Authors: Alfred M. Cohen, Alfred S. Ketcham, Donald L. Morton
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Journal Article Tumor-Specific Cellular Cytotoxicity to Human Sarcomas: Evidence for a Cell-Mediated Host Immune Response to a Common Sarcoma Cell-Surface Antigen Get access Alfred M. Cohen, M.D., Alfred M. Cohen, M.D. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alfred S. Ketcham, M.D., Alfred S. Ketcham, M.D. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Donald L. Morton, M.D. Donald L. Morton, M.D. Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,4Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 50, Issue 3, March 1973, Pages 585–589, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/50.3.585 Published: 01 March 1973 Article history Received: 08 June 1972 Accepted: 30 October 1972 Published: 01 March 1973
Year-to-year variability in haemoglobin mass response to two altitude training camps
Authors: Blake D McLean, David Buttifant, Christopher J Gore, Kevin White, Justin Kemp
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

To quantify the year-to-year variability of altitude-induced changes in haemoglobin mass (Hb(mass)) in elite team-sport athletes.12 Australian-Footballers completed a 19-day (ALT1) and 18-day (ALT2) moderate altitude (∼2100 m), training camp separated by 12 months. An additional 20 participants completed only one of the two training camps (ALT1 additional n=9, ALT2 additional n=11). Total Hb(mass) was assessed using carbon monoxide rebreathing before (PRE), after (POST₁) and 4 weeks after each camp. The typical error of Hb(mass) for the pooled data of all 32 participants was 2.6%. A contemporary statistics analysis was used with the smallest worthwhile change set to 2% for Hb(mass).POST₁ Hb(mass) was very likely increased in ALT1 (3.6 ± 1.6%, n=19; mean ± ∼90 CL) as well as ALT2 (4.4 ± 1.3%, n=23) with an individual responsiveness of 1.3% and 2.2%, respectively. There was a small correlation between ALT1 and ALT2 (R=0.21, p=0.59) for a change in Hb(mass), but a moderately inverse relationship between the change in Hb(mass) and initial relative Hb(mass) (g/kg (R=-0.51, p=0.04)).Two preseason moderate altitude camps 1 year apart yielded a similar (4%) mean increase in Hb(mass) of elite footballers, with an individual responsiveness of approximately half the group mean effect, indicating that most players gained benefit. Nevertheless, the same individuals generally did not change their Hb(mass) consistently from year to year. Thus, a 'responder' or 'non-responder' to altitude for Hb(mass) does not appear to be a fixed trait.