tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic evaluation of splenic enlargement in athletes with acute infectious mononucleosis
Authors: R G Hosey, V Kriss, T L Uhl, J DiFiori, S Hecht, D Y Wen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2008)

Objective: To quantitatively assess the degree and rate of splenic enlargement and the time required for regression of splenic enlargement in collegiate athletes diagnosed with acute infectious mononucleosis (IM). Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Academic Medical Center(s) outpatient sports medicine clinic. Study participants: Volunteer Division I University athletes. Interventions: A limited abdominal ultrasound was performed on each participant by a licensed and experienced ultrasonographer. Splenic measurements were taken to assess maximum splenic length. Athletes who were subsequently diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis (clinical illness and a positive monospot) underwent serial splenic ultrasounds and physical exams (weekly) until resolution of clinical symptoms and splenic enlargement (as determined by ultrasound measurements). Main outcome measures: Per cent enlargement of spleen size (length) from baseline. Time (in days) from onset of clinical illness to maximum splenic length. Time (in days) required for resolution of splenic enlargement. Results: 20 subjects were diagnosed with acute IM during a 5 year time period. Maximum splenic length increased a mean of 33.6% (SD 19.9%) from baseline values. Peak splenic enlargement was reached a mean of 12.3 (SD 5.1) days from onset of clinical illness. A linear model demonstrated that spleen size decreases approximately 1% per day after reaching peak splenic enlargement. Conclusions: The majority of athletes with IM experience a moderate degree of splenomegaly. Peak splenic enlargement occurs within 2 weeks from the time of symptom onset in most cases, but may extend to 3.5 weeks. The rate of splenic enlargement appears to be predictable for an individual who develops IM. Ultrasonographic data further show that splenomegaly associated with acute IM infection resolves within 4–6 weeks of symptom onset in the majority of cases.
THE RELATION OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, ACID DEATH-POINT, AND DISSOLUTION OF THE ORGANISM
Authors: Frederick T. Lord, Robert N. Nye
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

1. In the growth and death of the pneumococcus in fluid media containing 1 per cent glucose the production of acid is the most important bactericidal factor. 2. 1 per cent glucose bouillon cultures of the pneumococcus allowed to grow and die out usually reach a final acidity of a pH of about 5.1. 3. At a hydrogen ion concentration of about 5.1 or higher, the pneumococcus does not survive longer than a few hours. 4. In hydrogen ion concentrations of about 6.8 to 7.4 the pneumococcus may live for at least many days. 5. In the intervening hydrogen ion concentrations, between 6.8 and 5.1, the pneumococcus is usually killed with a rapidity which bears a direct relation to the hydrogen ion concentration; i.e., the greater the acidity the more rapid is the death. 6. Cloudy suspensions of washed pneumococci in hydrogen ion concentrations varying from 8.0 to 4.0 show, after incubation, dissolution of organisms in lower hydrogen ion concentrations than about 5.0. This dissolution is most marked at about 5.0 to 6.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Maintains Stored Calcium Through a Nonclustering Orai1 Mechanism But Evokes Clustering If the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Stressed by Store Depletion
Authors: Lynn McKeown, Nicholas K. Moss, Paul Turner, Jing Li, Nikki Heath, Dermot Burke, David O'Regan, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Karen E. Porter, David J. Beech
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Rationale: Calcium entry through Orai1 channels drives vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neointimal hyperplasia. The channels are activated by the important growth factor platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Channel activation is suggested to depend on store depletion, which redistributes and clusters stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), which then coclusters and activates Orai1. Objective: To determine the relevance of STIM1 and Orai1 redistribution in PDGF responses. Methods and Results: Vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured from human saphenous vein. STIM1 and Orai1 were tagged with green and red fluorescent proteins to track them in live cells. Under basal conditions, the proteins were mobile but mostly independent of each other. Inhibition of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase led to store depletion and dramatic redistribution of STIM1 and Orai1 into coclusters. PDGF did not evoke redistribution, even though it caused calcium release and Orai1-mediated calcium entry in the same time period. After chemical blockade of Orai1-mediated calcium entry, however, PDGF caused redistribution. Similarly, mutagenic disruption of calcium flux through Orai1 caused PDGF to evoke redistribution, showing that calcium flux through the wild-type channels had been filling the stores. Acidification of the extracellular medium to pH 6.4 caused inhibition of Orai1-mediated calcium entry and conferred capability for PDGF to evoke complete redistribution and coclustering. Conclusions: The data suggest that PDGF has a nonclustering mechanism by which to activate Orai1 channels and maintain calcium stores replete. Redistribution and clustering become important, however, when the endoplasmic reticulum stress signal of store depletion arises, for example when acidosis inhibits Orai1 channels.
Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Muscle Atrophy in CKD—A Potential Treatment Strategy
Authors: Li Hu, Janet D. Klein, Faten Hassounah, Hui Cai, Cong Zhang, Ping Xu, Xiaonan H. Wang
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

Effective therapeutic strategies to treat CKD-induced muscle atrophy are urgently needed. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES) may be effective in preventing muscle atrophy, because LFES is an acupuncture technique that mimics resistance exercise by inducing muscle contraction. To test this hypothesis, we treated 5/6-nephrectomized mice (CKD mice) and control mice with LFES for 15 days. LFES prevented soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle weight loss and loss of hind-limb muscle grip in CKD mice. LFES countered the CKD-induced decline in the IGF-1 signaling pathway and led to increases in markers of protein synthesis and myogenesis and improvement in muscle protein metabolism. In control mice, we observed an acute response phase immediately after LFES, during which the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6) increased. Expression of the M1 macrophage marker IL-1β also increased acutely, but expression of the M2 marker arginase-1 increased 2 days after initiation of LFES, paralleling the change in IGF-1. In muscle cross-sections of LFES-treated mice, arginase-1 colocalized with IGF-1. Additionally, expression of microRNA-1 and -206, which inhibits IGF-1 translation, decreased in the acute response phase after LFES and increased at a later phase. We conclude that LFES ameliorates CKD-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by upregulation of the IGF-1 signaling pathway, which improves protein metabolism and promotes myogenesis. The upregulation of IGF-1 may be mediated by decreased expression of microRNA-1 and -206 and/or activation of M2 macrophages.
Defining 5S rRNA Structure Space: Point Mutation Data Can Be Used to Predict the Phenotype of Multichange Variants
Authors: Madhavi Nayar, George E. Fox
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

A portion of the 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure space in the vicinity of the Vibrio proteolyticus 5S rRNA sequence is explored in detail with the intention of establishing principles that will allow a priori prediction of which sequences would be valid members of a particular RNA structure space. Four hundred and one sequence variants differing from the V. proteolyticus 5S rRNA wild-type sequence in 1–7 positions were characterized using an in vivo assay system. Most significantly, it was found that in general, the phenotypic effects of single changes were independent of the phenotypic effect of a second change. As a result, it was possible to use the new data in conjunction with results from prior studies of the same RNA to develop “truth tables” to predict which multiple change variants would be functional and which would be nonfunctional. The actual phenotype of 93.8% of the multichange variants studied was consistent with the predictions made using truth tables thereby providing for perhaps the first time an upper limit estimate of how frequent unexpected interactions are. It was also observed that single changes at positions involved in secondary structure were no more likely to be invalid than changes in other regions. In particular, internal changes in long standard stems were in fact almost always tolerated. Changes at positions that were hypervariable in the context of an alignment of related sequences were, as expected, usually found to be valid. However, the potential validity of changes that were idiosyncratic to a single lineage of related sequences when placed in the V. proteolyticus 5S rRNA context was unpredictable.
Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Prevention of Readmission to Hospital for Asthma
Authors: LUCIE BLAIS, PIERRE ERNST, JEAN-FRANÇOIS BOIVIN, SAMY SUISSA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Despite the proven efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in reducing airway inflammation and their increasing use for the treatment of asthma since the mid 1980s, hospitalization for asthma has been increasing in frequency in several countries. Only few studies, reporting contradictory results, have investigated the role of inhaled corticosteroids in the prevention of hospitalizations for asthma. Using a cohort of 2,059 hospitalized asthmatic patients between 5 and 54 yr of age, we estimated the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in preventing a readmission to hospital for asthma as a function of the duration of therapy. The cohort was selected from the databases of Saskatchewan Health from 1977 to 1993. The rate ratio (RR) of a readmission for asthma varied with duration of regular therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. During the first 15 d of regular therapy, users of inhaled corticosteroids were as likely as nonusers of these medications to be readmitted for asthma with a RR of 1.2 (95% CI: 0.8–1.8). Subjects treated regularly with inhaled corticosteroids for at least 16 d and as long as 6 mo were 40% less likely to be readmitted for asthma (RR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9), while after 6 mo of regular treatment the protective effect disappeared (RR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.7–2.4). We conclude that regular therapy with inhaled corticosteroids can substantially reduce the risk of a readmission for asthma after only 15 d of use. Confounding by severity appears as the most likely explanation for the disappearance of the beneficial effect after 6 mo of regular therapy.
Genetics of aspirin induced asthma
Authors: M. Sanak
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Aspirin induced asthma (AIA) is more common in women than in men.The first symptoms of the disease are often a viral respiratory infection which is followed by a prolonged and perennial rhinitis. 1Nasal congestion, anosmia, and rhinorrhoea are accompanied by nasal polyps which are found on physical examination in about half the patients.Within a few years bronchial asthma develops, characterised by aspirin intolerance.Aspirin precipitates life threatening attacks of asthma accompanied by rhinorrhoea, conjunctive congestion, and facial and neck flushing.The trait of aspirin sensitivity, despite avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to which patients usually have cross sensitivity, frequently remains for the patient's lifetime.
Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of sacral stress fracture
Authors: T Featherstone
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

Low back and buttock pain in athletes can be a source of frustration for the athlete and a diagnostic dilemma for the doctor. Sacral stress fractures have been increasingly recognised as a potential cause of these symptoms. As plain radiographs are often normal and the radiation load of an isotope bone scan is substantial, the alternative use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of a sacral stress fracture is highlighted in this case report.
Mechanism of DNA resection during intrachromosomal recombination and immunoglobulin class switching
Authors: Anne Bothmer, Philipp C. Rommel, Anna Gazumyan, Federica Polato, Colleen R. Reczek, Matthias F. Muellenbeck, Sonja Schaetzlein, Winfried Edelmann, Phang-Lang Chen, Robert M. Brosh, Rafael Casellas, Thomas Ludwig, Richard Baer, André Nussenzweig, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Davide F. Robbiani
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2012)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are byproducts of normal cellular metabolism and obligate intermediates in antigen receptor diversification reactions. These lesions are potentially dangerous because they can lead to deletion of genetic material or chromosome translocation. The chromatin-binding protein 53BP1 and the histone variant H2AX are required for efficient class switch (CSR) and V(D)J recombination in part because they protect DNA ends from resection and thereby favor nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we examine the mechanism of DNA end resection in primary B cells. We find that resection depends on both CtBP-interacting protein (CtIP, Rbbp8) and exonuclease 1 (Exo1). Inhibition of CtIP partially rescues the CSR defect in 53BP1- and H2AX-deficient lymphocytes, as does interference with the RecQ helicases Bloom (Blm) and Werner (Wrn). We conclude that CtIP, Exo1, and RecQ helicases contribute to the metabolism of DNA ends during DSB repair in B lymphocytes and that minimizing resection favors efficient CSR.
Cerebral Damage Before and After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: G OLIVETTI
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Cerebral Damage Before and After Cardiac Surgery Get access G OLIVETTI G OLIVETTI Parma, Italy Edited by A Willner. (Pp 280; £90.50.) Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1993. ISBN 0-7923-1928-1. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 12, December 1994, Page 1876, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.12.1876 Published: 01 December 1994
Regulation of Endocytic Recycling of KCNQ1/KCNE1 Potassium Channels
Authors: Guiscard Seebohm, Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm, Ria Birkin, Ghislaine Dell, Cecilia Bucci, Maria R. Spinosa, Ravshan Baltaev, Andreas F. Mack, Ganna Korniychuk, Amit Choudhury, David Marks, Richard E. Pagano, Bernard Attali, Arne Pfeufer, Robert S. Kass, Michael C. Sanguinetti, Jeremy M. Tavare, Florian Lang
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Stress-dependent regulation of cardiac action potential duration is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is accompanied by an increased magnitude of the slow outward potassium ion current, I Ks . KCNQ1 and KCNE1 subunits coassemble to form the I Ks channel. Mutations in either subunit cause long QT syndrome, an inherited cardiac arrhythmia associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Here we demonstrate that exocytosis of KCNQ1 proteins to the plasma membrane requires the small GTPase RAB11, whereas endocytosis is dependent on RAB5. We further demonstrate that RAB-dependent KCNQ1/KCNE1 exocytosis is enhanced by the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, and requires phosphorylation and activation of phosphoinositide 3-phosphate 5-kinase and the generation of PI(3,5)P 2 . Identification of KCNQ1/KCNE1 recycling and its modulation by serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1-phosphoinositide 3-phosphate 5-kinase -PI(3,5)P 2 provides a mechanistic insight into stress-induced acceleration of cardiac repolarization.
C4d Deposition without Rejection Correlates with Reduced Early Scarring in ABO-Incompatible Renal Allografts
Authors: Mark Haas, Dorry L. Segev, Lorraine C. Racusen, Serena M. Bagnasco, Jayme E. Locke, Daniel S. Warren, Christopher E. Simpkins, Diane Lepley, Karen E. King, Edward S. Kraus, Robert A. Montgomery
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries is a specific marker for the presence of antidonor antibodies in renal transplant recipients and is usually associated with antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in conventional allografts. In ABO-incompatible grafts, however, peritubular capillary C4d is often present on protocol biopsies lacking histologic features of AMR; the significance of C4d in this setting remains unclear. For addressing this, data from 33 patients who received ABO-incompatible renal allografts (after desensitization) were retrospectively reviewed. Protocol biopsies were performed at 1 and/or 3 and 6 mo after transplantation in each recipient and at 12 mo in 28 recipients. Twenty-one patients (group A) had strong, diffuse peritubular capillary C4d staining without histologic evidence of AMR or cellular rejection on their initial protocol biopsies. The remaining 12 patients (group B) had negative or weak, focal peritubular capillary C4d staining. Three grafts (two in group B) were lost but not as a result of AMR. Excluding these three patients, serum creatinine levels were similar in the two groups at 6 and 12 mo after transplantation and at last follow-up; however, recipients in group A developed significantly fewer overall chronic changes, as scored by the sum of Banff chronic indices, than group B during the first year after transplantation. These results suggest that diffuse peritubular capillary C4d deposition without rejection is associated with a lower risk for scarring in ABO-incompatible renal allografts; the generalizability of these results to conventional allografts remains unknown.
Health Care Affordability and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Utilization by Adults with Diabetes
Authors: José A. Pagán, Jesús Tanguma
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been growing rapidly in the U.S. in recent years. The proportion of adults reporting the use of at least one CAM therapy during the previous year increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.1% in 1997 (1). Data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) revealed that close to two-thirds of U.S. adults had used at least one CAM therapy during the previous year (2). A recent study using 2002 NHIS data showed that about one-half of all adults with diabetes were CAM users (3).

The main reasons for the rising popularity of CAM range from the actual/perceived inadequacies of conventional treatments to the desire for more autonomy in treatment decisions (3,4). Interestingly, CAM use is rising while at the same time conventional medicine has become less affordable (5). The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation between the affordability of conventional health care and the use of CAM by adults with diabetes.

The 2002 NHIS is a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. The survey includes demographic, socioeconomic, health, and health care utilization information on a sample of 31,044 adults. The 2002 NHIS included a CAM supplement with detailed information on the use of 17 CAM therapies (6). Our final sample included 2,142 adults who had been told by …
Sodium Fluoride for Osteoporosis—Some Unanswered Questions
Authors: David J. Baylink
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Physicians can now deal satisfactorily with many diseases within every disease category, including metabolic diseases and even some neoplastic diseases. One metabolic disease about which many physicians feel singularly insecure with respect to treatment is osteoporosis. This is not to say that research progress has not been made in the treatment of osteoporosis, and perhaps the most productive institution in this regard is the Mayo Clinic. Recent studies from this and other laboratories indicate that osteoporosis can be arrested, at least temporarily, by a number of agents. Some of these may even produce a sustained, modest increase in calcium balance. None of them, however, has as yet been shown to reduce bone pain or to decrease fracture frequency. Such claims have been made only about one agent—sodium fluoride (NaF), usually in combination with calcium and vitamin D, a regimen pioneered by the Mayo Clinic group. However, adamant denials of any
Most CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients can undergo prolonged clonal expansion.
Authors: E Langhoff, J McElrath, H J Bos, J Pruett, A Granelli-Piperno, Z A Cohn, R M Steinman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

We have addressed the capacity of HIV-1 infection to alter the growth of primary CD4+ T cells, but at the clonal level. Single T cells were expanded in the presence of PHA, IL-2, and small numbers of accessory dendritic cells. We report two new findings. First, T cells from seropositive individuals, even those with AIDS and markedly reduced CD4+ counts, exhibit a normal cloning efficiency, and proliferative capacity. This result is in contrast to two prior reports of a low cloning efficiency in CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected patients. Second, when we added high doses of exogenous HIV-1 to T cell clones from control subjects, we observed infection but not cytotoxicity or loss of CD4+ cells, following addition of virus stocks at days 0, 3, and/or 7 of clonal growth. The same HIV-1 isolates markedly reduced CD4+ T cells in bulk mononuclear cultures. When tested at day 11, HIV-1 mRNA was expressed in some cells of exogenously infected clones by in situ hybridization; when tested at day 18, several clones could transactivate a TAT-sensitive cell line. These findings suggest that the loss of CD4+ T cells in infected individuals is not the inevitable result of the activation of latent infection, or spread of a productive infection, during clonal growth.