tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE VISCOUS METAMORPHOSIS OF THE BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: J. Homer Wright, George R. Minot
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1917)

From the experiments above described it is evident that the viscous metamorphosis of the blood platelets in shed blood is intimately associated with the early stages of coagulation and that the presence of calcium is a very important element, though perhaps not absolutely necessary. No constant differences in this phenomenon could be detected with platelets or coagulating elements from the blood of normal or diseased individuals or from man or rabbits. All the substances, with the exception of egg white, causing this phenomenon were derived from the blood either during the alteration of fibrinogen or after it had been acted on by thrombin. It seems that the substances or mixtures capable of producing the metamorphosis are especially those associated with the early stages of coagulation or capable in the test-tube of forming or liberating that active coagulating element known as thrombin. The substance in serum that is capable of metamorphosing platelets seems to be attached to the globulin fraction rather than the albumin fraction and is destroyed by heat at temperatures which destroy prothrombin, thrombin, and serozyme, and precipitate fibrinogen. The reaction is not caused by pure thrombin or a mixture of pure thrombin and calcium, though substances causing the metamorphosis are intimately related to thrombin. The metamorphosis seems to be caused by serozyme-like substances as shown both by the fact that barium sulfate absorbs the power of serum to cause the reaction and that a serozyme-like substance is probably to be recognized in all the substances or mixtures, including egg white, causing this change in the platelets, except perhaps when thrombin and fibrinogen are reacting. It is to be noted that in serozyme are contained antithrombin, calcium, and potential thrombin, and that a combination of these isolated factors mixed together occasionally allowed the viscous metamorphosis to occur and not infrequently an abortive metamorphosis. The pseudo- or abortive metamorphosis caused by the mixture of pure thrombin, antithrombin, and calcium may be interpreted on the supposition of a close approximation but not a real reproduction of the colloidal state known as serozyme. That such a reaction is related to real viscous metamorphosis is suggested, because it sometimes occurred with the above mixture and when thrombin and heavily oxalated plasmas were reacting, rather than a real metamorphosis. Simple agglutination of the platelets may occur independently of a viscous metamorphosis, though an agglutination of platelets is to be considered an integral part of the viscous metamorphosis phenomenon. The inconstant results seen with the cephalin-treated sera are probably due to the fact that exactly the same mixtures were not obtained. The results with cephalin-soaked and platelet-soaked sera and with dilutions of sera suggest that the reaction of viscous metamorphosis of the platelets is quantitative.
Dried plasma spots in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: IP-10 release assay on filter paper
Authors: Martine G. Aabye, Irene Latorre, Jessica Diaz, Jose Maldonado, Irene Mialdea, Jesper Eugen-Olsen, Pernille Ravn, Jose Dominguez, Morten Ruhwald
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Interferon (IFN)-γ release assays (IGRAs) are probably the most accurate tests for the detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but IGRAs are labour intensive and the transport of samples over longer distances is difficult. IFN-γ-induced protein (IP)-10 is expressed at 100-fold higher levels than IFN-γ, and IP-10 release assays have comparable performance to IGRAs. The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic potential of a novel IP-10 release assay based on dried plasma spots (DPS). The presence of IP-10 and IFN-γ was determined in plasma and in DPS by ELISA. Diagnostic algorithms for plasma and DPS tests for IP-10 were developed on a training cohort comprising 60 tuberculosis (TB) patients and 59 healthy controls. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in a validation cohort comprising 78 TB patients and 98 healthy controls. Plasma was measured in Spain and DPS samples were sent to Denmark using the conventional postal service for analysis. IP-10 was readily detectable in both plasma and DPS, and correlation was excellent (r 2 = 0.95). QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-TB) and IP-10 in DPS and plasma rendered comparable sensitivity (78%, 82% and 84%, respectively), specificity (100%, 97% and 97%, respectively) and indeterminate rates (p&gt;0.55). The DPS-based IP-10 test has comparable diagnostic accuracy to the QFT-TB and samples can be sent via conventional mail over long distances for analysis without affecting the results.
Pancreatic GP2-specific autoantibodies are markers of crohn's disease
Authors: P. Pavlidis, M. G. Mytilinaiou, D. Roggenbuck, K. Conrad, A. Forbes, D. P. Bogdanos
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein (GP2) has been recognised recently as the antigenic target of Crohn9s disease (CD) specific antipancreatic antibodies. The diagnostic value of IgA and IgG class anti-GP2 antibodies has been studied in a small cohort of German IBD patients. The clinical significance of these antibodies remains elusive. The study aim was to assess the prevalence of anti-GP2 antibodies and their association with clinical parameters in a large cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 242 IBD patients including 150 with CD and 92 with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) from a tertiary referral centre in London, UK (University College Hospital) were tested for IgA and IgG anti-GP2 and ASCA antibodies using commercially available ELISA (GA Generic Assays, Germany). Assessment of antipancreatic antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence was based on commercially available pancreas tissue sections (GA Generic Assays). <h3>Results</h3> IgA or IgG anti-GP2 antibodies were present in 49 (32.6%) CD and 11 (12%) UC patients (p&lt;0.01). Anti-GP2 antibody titres were significantly higher in patients with CD compared to UC (p&lt;0.01). Among the 49 anti-GP2 positive CD patients, 24 had IgG alone, 5 IgA alone and 20 IgA and IgG anti-GP2 antibodies. CD patients with positive pancreatic autoantibody tests demonstrated higher concentrations of IgG anti-GP2 antibodies compared to seronegative cases. Among the 99 CD and 13 UC ASCA positive sera, 38 (38%) and 2 (15%) were positive for anti-GP2. Among the 51 ASCA seronegative CD sera, 11 (21.5%) were positive for IgA or IgG anti-GP2. Reactivity for both ASCA and GP2 was found in 38 (25.3%) of CD and in only 2 (2.2%) of UC patients (x<sup>2</sup>=22.2, p&lt;0.01). There was no correlation of anti-GP2 and ASCA titres. Patients with CD who tested positive for anti-GP2 were more likely to have extensive or small bowel disease (x<sup>2</sup>=8.16, p&lt;0.01, OR 4.06) and less likely to have penetrating disease (x<sup>2</sup>=6.18, p=0.02, OR 3.96). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Anti-GP2 antibodies are highly specific for Crohn9s disease and their testing could be of clinical value as their presence significantly relates to extensive, ileal involving and non-fistulating disease.
Adolescents as Victims of Family Violence
Authors: Yank D. Coble
Journal: JAMA (1993)

Adolescents experience maltreatment at rates equal to or exceeding those of younger children. Recent increases in reported cases of maltreatment have occurred disproportionately among older children and adolescents. However, adolescents are less likely to be reported to child protective services and are more likely to be perceived as responsible for their maltreatment. Adolescent girls are reported as victims more often than boys, especially in sexual abuse. However, boys may be less likely to be identified or reported and often are abused by nonfamily members. Parents of adolescent victims have higher average income and educational levels and are less likely to have a parental history of abuse than parents of younger children. A wide range of serious adolescent risk behaviors is associated with maltreatment. These include increased risk of premature sexual activity, unintended pregnancy, emotional disorders, suicide attempts, eating disorders, alcohol and other drug abuse, and delinquent behavior. Incarcerated youth, homeless or runaway youth, and youth who victimize siblings or assault parents have been shown to have high rates of prior maltreatment. Signs of maltreatment are often ambiguous for adolescents. Screening questions have been effective in prompting self-disclosure of abuse. Adolescents also experience problems in the child welfare system that offers fewer and less appropriate services for this age group. Recommendations are made regarding screening of adolescents for maltreatment, the development of better services for adolescents, research on parenting to prevent maltreatment, and training of school staff to identify and refer victims of maltreatment.  (JAMA. 1993;270:1850-1856)
Myometrial zonal differentiation and uterine junctional zone hyperplasia in the non-pregnant uterus
Authors: J J Brosens, F G Barker, N M de Souza
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1998)

Human non-gravid myometrium differentiates in response to ovarian sex steroids into a subendometrial layer or junctional zone and an outer myometrial layer. Compared to the outer myometrial layer, the junctional zone myocytes are characterized by higher cellular density and lower cytoplasmic-nuclear ratio. These structural differences allow in-vivo visualization of the myometrial zonal anatomy by T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The human myometrium is also functionally polarized. Video-vaginosonography studies have shown that propagated myometrial contractions in the non-pregnant uterus originate only from the junctional zone and that the frequency and orientation of these contraction waves are dependent on the phase of the menstrual cycle. The mechanisms underlying zonal myometrial differentiation are not known, but growing evidence suggests that ovarian hormone action may be mediated through cytokines and uterotonins locally released by the basal endometrial layer and endometrio-myometrial T-lymphocytes. Irregular thickening of the junctional zone due to inordinate proliferation of the inner myometrium, junctional zone hyperplasia, is a common MR finding in women suffering from menstrual dysfunction. Preliminary data suggest that junctional zone hyperplasia is further characterized by loss of normal inner myometrial function. Although irregular thickening of the junctional zone has been associated with diffuse uterine adenomyosis, the precise relationship between subendometrial smooth muscle proliferation and myometrial invasion by endometrial glands and stroma remains to be established.
Determinants of Left Ventricular Early-Diastolic Lengthening Velocity
Authors: Anders Opdahl, Espen W. Remme, Thomas Helle-Valle, Erik Lyseggen, Trond Vartdal, Eirik Pettersen, Thor Edvardsen, Otto A. Smiseth
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Peak early-diastolic mitral annulus velocity (e′) by tissue Doppler imaging has been introduced as a clinical marker of diastolic function. This study investigates whether lengthening load (early-diastolic load) and restoring forces are determinants of e′ in addition to rate of left ventricular (LV) relaxation. Methods and Results— In 10 anesthetized dogs, we measured e′ by sonomicrometry and tissue Doppler imaging during baseline, volume loading, caval constriction, dobutamine infusion, and occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Relaxation was measured as the time constant (τ) of LV pressure decay by micromanometer. Lengthening load was measured as LV transmural pressure at mitral valve opening (LVP MVO ). Restoring forces were quantified by 2 different indices: (1) As the difference between minimum and unstressed LV diameter (L min −L 0 ) and (2) as the estimated fully relaxed LV transmural pressure (FRP Est ) at minimum diameter. In the overall analysis, a strong association was observed between e′ and LVP MVO (β=0.49; P &lt;0.001), which indicates an independent effect of lengthening load, as well as between e′ and L min −L 0 (β=−0.38; P &lt;0.002) and between e′ and FRP Est (β=−0.31; P &lt;0.002), consistent with an independent contribution of restoring forces. A direct effect of rate of relaxation on e′ was observed in a separate analysis of baseline, dobutamine, and ischemia when postextrasystolic beats were included (β=−0.06, P &lt;0.01). Conclusions— The present study indicates that in the nonfailing ventricle, in addition to LV relaxation, restoring forces and lengthening load are important determinants of early-diastolic lengthening velocity.
Some Remarks about Psychophysiological Aspects of Aggressive Behaviour
Authors: P. Visser
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1972)

Aggressive behaviour is discussed in the sense of agonistic behaviour, i. e. directed against other individuals, and its dependency is stressed on the interpretative activities of the CNS. According to the many experimental results it is shown that both the different limbic brain structures, and the isocortical specific projection systems are involved in the formation of the inputs and the outputs which can be discerned in the complex patterns of offensive and defensive behaviour. Study of these in terms of physiological, biochemical and psychological nature is insisted upon.
The End of Compulsory Vaccination
Authors: C. K. Millard
Journal: BMJ (1948)

The year 1948 will ever be mamorable in the history of vaccination in this country as seeing the end of compulsory vaccination of infants, a measure which has been the subject of such acute and bitter controversy for so many years.Having regard to the great importance attached to universal vaccination of infants as our "first line of defence," and to the firm belief that only by compulsion could this be secured, it is rather surprising that the proposal to abolish compulsion did not arouse more opposition.In the event the opposition was a-most negligible. History of Compulsory VaccinationJenner's great discovery was made just at the end of the eighteenth century, and the practice of vaccination gradually came into favour in the early part of the nineteenth.In 1840 an Act was passed providing for free vaccination by public vaccinators, to be appointed for the purpose by Boards of Guardians, but this was only permissive.It was in 1853 that vaccination of infants was first made compulsory.By an Act passed in that year every parent who refused or neglected to have his child vaccinated within three months of birth was made liable to a fine of 20s. and costs.Thus compulsion was in force (theoretically) for 95 years, but it was only really in operation for part of that time.The Act provided no machinery for enforcing the law, but this omission was remedied to some extent in 1861, when Boards of Guardians were empowered to appoint vaccination officers for the express purpose of instituting legal proceedings against defaulters.Six yeats later, in 1867, a further Act was passed consolidating previous Acts and making the penal clauses more stringent.In the debate on the third reading Sir ThomasChambers, in opposing it, made this prophetic
Micromanaging the Classification of Colon Cancer: The Role of the microRNAome
Authors: Eduardo Vilar, Josep Tabernero, Stephen B. Gruber
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Recent advances in our understanding of the microRNAome (miRNAome) have provided further insights into the molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and shown a potential role for miRNAs in distinguishing molecular subtypes. The mucosa-adenoma-carcinoma model can now integrate miRNAs into the known genetic alterations that drive the progression of colorectal neoplasia.
Leptin Is Associated With Exaggerated Brain Reward and Emotion Responses to Food Images in Adolescent Obesity
Authors: Ania M. Jastreboff, Cheryl Lacadie, Dongju Seo, Jessica Kubat, Michelle A. Van Name, Cosimo Giannini, Mary Savoye, R. Todd Constable, Robert S. Sherwin, Sonia Caprio, Rajita Sinha
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

OBJECTIVE In the U.S., an astonishing 12.5 million children and adolescents are now obese, predisposing 17% of our nation’s youth to metabolic complications of obesity, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Adolescent obesity has tripled over the last three decades in the setting of food advertising directed at children. Obese adults exhibit increased brain responses to food images in motivation-reward pathways. These neural alterations may be attributed to obesity-related metabolic changes, which promote food craving and high-calorie food (HCF) consumption. It is not known whether these metabolic changes affect neural responses in the adolescent brain during a crucial period for establishing healthy eating behaviors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-five obese (BMI 34.4 kg/m2, age 15.7 years) and fifteen lean (BMI 20.96 kg/m2, age 15.5 years) adolescents underwent functional MRI during exposure to HCF, low-calorie food (LCF), and nonfood (NF) visual stimuli 2 h after isocaloric meal consumption. RESULTS Brain responses to HCF relative to NF cues increased in obese versus lean adolescents in striatal-limbic regions (i.e., putamen/caudate, insula, amygdala) (P &amp;lt; 0.05, family-wise error [FWE]), involved in motivation-reward and emotion processing. Higher endogenous leptin levels correlated with increased neural activation to HCF images in all subjects (P &amp;lt; 0.05, FWE). CONCLUSIONS This significant association between higher circulating leptin and hyperresponsiveness of brain motivation-reward regions to HCF images suggests that dysfunctional leptin signaling may contribute to the risk of overconsumption of these foods, thus further predisposing adolescents to the development of obesity and T2D.
Studies on Induced Influenza in Man
Authors: Albert T. Dawkins
Journal: JAMA (1968)

A single double-blind study conducted with 55 volunteers showed clearly that Exp 126 (alpha-methyl-1-adamantanemethylamine hydrochloride, rimantadine hydrochloride), an analogue of amantadine hydrochloride, reduced the occurrence and severity of artificially induced Asian influenza in humans. The infection (or seroconversion) rate in the drug-dosed and placebo-dosed groups was almost 100%, although the increase in serum neutralizing antibody levels was significantly less in the Exp 126-dosed subjects. The infecting influenza virus was recovered only from placebo-dosed controls. Probable untoward reactions from the drug occurred in three volunteers. Two related drugs, amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride are now available for the prevention of Asian influenza.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PREJUDICE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DESEGREGATION
Authors: HAROLD I. LIEF, IAN P. STEVENSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

We began by describing prejudice as a minor psychological symptom, an expression of blurred perceptions and unclear thinking. We mentioned its principal origin in fear and its frequent support by a need to reduce guilt through projecting blame onto others. We emphasized the deep roots of prejudicial thinking within the personality. In the later sections of this article we described a number of factors which can modify the expression of prejudice and its influence on behavior. We pointed out that statements of prejudice and, still more, overt behavior based on prejudice are strongly influenced by groups and by a person's judgment of what the group to which he principally belongs wishes. This section of our paper may make prejudice appear a great deal more plastic than our first sections supposed. We think this apparent inconsistency can be harmonized by distinguishing prejudicial thinking and individual prejudices. Such faults of thinking as overgeneralization and responses to categories rather than to individuals cannot readily be given up, especially when they are sustained by fear and have been practiced for many years. But individual errors of judgment can be corrected by new experiences. People can change their ways of looking at a particular problem, even though it takes much longer for them to change their general habits of approach to any problem. These new ways of looking at a problem may come through new experiences brought about by legislative, judicial or administrative acts. Changes of behavior will follow awareness of new laws or customs; changes of attitudes may come later as the new experiences correct misperceptions and as the changing person seeks to bring his attitudes into line with his conforming behavior.
Comorbid Disease and Cancer: The Need for More Relevant Conceptual Models in Health Services Research
Authors: Jane M. Geraci, Carmen P. Escalante, Jean L. Freeman, James S. Goodwin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Theadverseconsequencesofcomorbidityposeamajor clinical challenge in the care of older cancer patients. While the burden of comorbidity is clearly a major prognostic factor for long-term survival, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Health services research that focuses on specific comorbidities and their effects in a cancer patient’s clinical trajectory can produce new insights into the optimal diagnosis, treatment, and long-term surveillance of cancer patients with comorbid disease. This information can then be used to design interventions that improve prognosis. We propose a conceptual model of comorbidity and cancer that can guide this research. The model illustrates the potential impact of a specific comorbidity at multiple points of a patient’s clinical trajectory, from cancer detection through diagnosis and treatment. Comorbid illness is a significant concern in patients with cancer. 1,2 For example, patients with severe underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are not good candidates for resection of a lung malignancy, and therefore their chance of cure is decreased. 3,4 Similarly, a diagnosis of congestive heart failure precludes some cancer treatments. 5,6 Comorbid disease is also a competing cause of death. This is particularly true for older patients with cancer, who comprise the majority of new cancers diagnosed.
Providing Reliable Medical Information to the Public—Caveat Lector
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1989)

I find the high level of interest of the public in its health to be one of the most gratifying aspects of current times. Informed persons wish to take charge of their lives. Information about diagnosis, treatment, and especially disease prevention and health promotion is avidly sought by the old and young alike. And why shouldn't it be? After all, it has significance for their own lives. It is altogether fitting that the public wishes to be informed about the newest medical research. Since the public pays for the vast majority of medical and scientific research with its tax money, the public, in right, owns the information. <h3>Efforts From Our Journals</h3> Most daily newspapers and many magazines publish articles about medical research. Some of the leading newspapers have routine weekly science coverage or even full sections dedicated to health and medicine. Radio and television stations frequently have 10- to 90-second