tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Porosity of Autonomy: Social and Biological Constitution of the Patient in Biomedicine
Authors: Jonathan Beever, Nicolae Morar
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2016)

The nature and role of the patient in biomedicine comprise issues central to bioethical inquiry. Given its developmental history grounded firmly in a backlash against 20th-century cases of egregious human subjects abuse, contemporary medical bioethics has come to rely on a fundamental assumption: the unit of care (and the unit of value) is the autonomous self-directing patient. In this article we examine first the structure of the feminist social critique of autonomy. Then we show that a parallel argument can be made against relational autonomy as well, demonstrating how this second concept of autonomy fails to take sufficiently into account an array of biological determinants, particularly those from microbial biology. Finally, in light of this biological critique, we question whether or to what extent any relevant and meaningful view of autonomy can be recovered in the contemporary landscape of bioethics.
Corrections to “Prevalence of proteinuria in Mexico: A conjunctive consolidation approach with other cardiovascular risk factors: The Mexican Health Survey 2000. Kidney Int 68(Supp 97):S112-119, 2005”
Authors: Martin Rosas, Fause Attie, Gustavo Pastelin, Agustin Lara, Oscar Velazquez, Roberto Tapia-Conyer, Jesus Martinez-Reding, Arturo Mendez, Antonio Lorenzo-Negrete, Jaime Herrera-Acosta
Journal: Kidney International (2005)
Book Review | New Books May 2004 Toxicogenomics
Authors: CR Tomlinson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Out damned spot!Out, I say! -William Shakespeare, Macbeth Or put another way, so many spots, yet so little space.Like the computer chip, the microarray chip represents a relentless striving toward cramming ever-increasing information (be it integrated circuits, DNA sequences, or proteins) onto an evershrinking area.The goals are greater complexity and miniaturization.Although the microarray industry will probably never approach the impact that computers have had, the innovative uses of microarrays in nearly all aspects of biologic, pharmaceutical, and medical research make it a force to be reckoned with both scientifically and economically.The microarray chip, like the computer chip, invokes a daunting, sometimes overwhelming amount of data.Thus, microarray experiments must be properly designed and carried out to reduce costs and limit misleading and statistically insignificant data.This book by Richard Simon and his colleagues at the National Cancer Institute will help keep costs and lousy data minimal.It covers essentially three major topics: how to design microarray experiments, how to carry out microarray experiments, and how to analyze microarray data.The book is intended for scientists who wish to learn more about the design and analysis of microarray experiments and for computational scientists who want to learn what functional genomics is all about.It is also appropriate for graduate students interested in newer technologies.Its most positive aspect is the emphasis on experimental design, essential to a genomics experiment-a facet that is barely touched on and more often ignored by other books.Careful design helps minimize false positives, and when scanning the results of 30,000 genes per time point and/or dosage, extraneous data can become an issue.For nonmolecular biologists, the authors admirably describe how benchtop techniques are carried out for different microarray platforms.
Abstract 17812: Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reclassification
Authors: Vikas Veeranna, Sandip K Zalawadiya, Chirag Bavishi, Sidakpal Panaich, Luis Afonso
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. In this study, we assessed whether CIMT reclassifies individuals in a populati...
Blue Cross to reward doctors for satisfied patients
Authors: Fred Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Blue Cross of California, one of the United States's largest health maintenance organisations, with 2.2 million members, has become the first commercial health maintenance organisation to pay bonuses to its 20000 doctors on the basis of patients' satisfaction and other quality standards, instead of only rewarding doctors who cut costs.

In the past, most health maintenance organisations paid bonuses to doctors who were able to keep medical costs down compared with their peers.

However, healthcare industry watchdogs were sceptical of the move, which comes amid congressional debate over the patients' bill of rights. Dr Sidney Wolfe, director of the health research group of Public Citizen (a Washington based, non-profit making consumers group), said that he doubted if Blue Cross of California's policy change was more than cosmetic.
Action of Elatericin A on Human Leukemic and Normal Lymphocytes&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Batya Shohat, Simon Gitter, David Lavie
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1967)

Elatericin A produced morphological changes in vitro in human lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia and lymphosarcoma patients. A fivefold concentration of this substance was required to produce similar changes in human lymphocytes from normal controls. Urethan, nitrogen mustard, Leukeran, Endoxan, Bayer E-39, and aminopterin failed to produce visible morphological changes in lymphocytes in vitro. Absorption of elatericin A by the lymphocytes and its active metabolization and detoxification within the lymphocytes were demonstrated. Low temperature and the presence of iodoacetate inhibited absorption. Incubation of lymphocytes with elatericin A provided a rapid test for chronic lymphatic leukemia.
Assessment of Industrial Bladder Cancer Hazards From Experimental Data
Authors: A Munn
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1969)

In the assessment of industrial bladder cancer hazards, the ultimate question is not whether a specific compound is or is not carcinogenic, but whether the manufacture or use of a specific compound presents a carcinogenic hazard to the workmen making it or using it in the conditions of exposure. Thus the significance of carcinogenic activity may be modified both by those physicochemical properties of a compound influencing the ease with which it is absorbed into the body, and by those circumstances of its industrial use determining the extent to which it contaminates the working environment. Experimental techniques that demonstrate carcinogenicity, or freedom therefrom, require critical appraisal for conclusions to be drawn, which may be validly extrapolated to the industrial context.
Maintenance antipsychotic therapy: is the cure worse than the disease?
Authors: G Gardos, J O Cole
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1976)

The serious long-term complications of maintenance antipsychotic therapy led the authors to undertake a critical review of outpatient withdrawal studies. Key findings included the following: 1) for a least 40% of outpatient schizophrenics, drugs seem to be essential for survival in the community; 2) the majority of patients who relapse after drug withdrawal recompensate fairly rapidly upon reinstitution of antipsychotic drug therapy; 3) placebo survivors seem to function as well as drug survivors--thus the benefit of maintenance drug therapy appears to be prevention of relapse; and 4) some cases of early relapse after drug withdrawal may be due to dyskinesia rather than psychotic decompensation. The authors urge clinicians to evaluate each patient on maintenance antipsychotic therapy in terms of feasibility of drug withdrawal and offer practical guidelines for withdrawal and subsequent management.
Screening for Depression in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement
Authors: Albert L. Siu
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2016)

Description: Update of the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents. Methods: The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the benefits and harms of screening; the accuracy of primary care–feasible screening tests; and the benefits and harms of treatment with psychotherapy, medications, and collaborative care models in patients aged 7 to 18 years. Population: This recommendation applies to children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger who do not have a diagnosis of MDD. Recommendation: The USPSTF recommends screening for MDD in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Screening should be implemented with adequate systems in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and appropriate follow-up. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for MDD in children aged 11 years or younger. (I statement)
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Pattern of Regressing Canine Venereal Lymphoma After Cyclophosphamide Treatment
Authors: Pablo Hernández-Jáurequi, Amador González-Angulo, Guillermo de la Vega
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1973)

Canine venereal lymphoma was studied light microscopically, histochemically, and ultrastructurally. Tumors from 8 dogs of both sexes were treated by 2 cycles of cyclophosphamide. Light microscopy revealed that necrosis reached a peak at the end of the second cycle and disappeared 60 days after the second cycle, whereas cellularity was decreased during both cycles. Cell vacuolation increased during both cycles, and mitosis increased during the first cycle but decreased after the second cycle. The neoplasms were studied histochemically to localize acid phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH). levels of acid phosphatase increased, and those of SDH and IDH decreased. But levels of LDH and G-6-PDH did not change as compared with control levels. Electron microscopy revealed dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. Autophagic vacuoles, myelin figures, and lysosomes were in neoplastic cells, and mitochondria were degraded and deformed. female dogs still had their tumors after treatment, whereas male dogs did not. The findings agree with the concept that, since estrogens stabilize lysosomal membranes, the mechanism whereby lysosomes destroy neoplastic cells no longer operates. Whether the direct cytotoxic effect of cyclophosphamide on lymphoid tissue is through activation of the drug cannot yet be elucidated.
Rarity of adenomatous polyps in ulcerative colitis and its implications for colonic carcinogenesis
Authors: Shomron Ben-Horin, Ziv Izhaki, Ola Haj-Natur, Shlomo Segev, Rami Eliakim, Benjamin Avidan
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

Despite ample research on the dysplasia to carcinoma risk in ulcerative colitis, there are scant data on the prevalence of adenomatous polyps in this population.The number and histology of all polyps detected at colonoscopies of ulcerative colitis patients aged > 50 during 2006 - 2012 were compared with similarly aged controls undergoing screening colonoscopy.There were 206 patients with ulcerative colitis and 624 controls included in the study (mean age 61.7 ± 8.7 vs. 60.8 ± 6.1, respectively; P = 0.15). Adenomatous polyps were detected in only 13/206 colonoscopies for ulcerative colitis compared with 162 /624 controls (6.3 % vs. 25.9 %, respectively; odds ratio [OR] 0.19, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.1 - 0.34; P < 0.0001). When also considering all prior colonoscopies performed over 7.7 ± 4.6 years of follow-up (mean 4.1 ± 2.9 colonoscopies/patient, range 1 - 15, total 832 colonoscopies), the risk of ever finding an adenoma in ulcerative colitis patients was still significantly lower compared with controls (14.1 % vs. 25.9 %, respectively; OR 0.47, 95 %CI 0.3 - 0.72; P = 0.0005). On multivariable analysis, adenomas were positively associated with advanced age (OR 1.07/year, 95 %CI 1.03 - 1.1; P < 0.0001) and with increasing body mass index (BMI; OR 1.06/kg/m(2), 95 %CI 1.01 - 1.1; P = 0.01) and negatively associated with having ulcerative colitis (OR 0.15, 95 %CI 0.09 - 0.44; P = 0.0005). Among 115 Crohn's disease patients aged > 50 years, the rate of ever-adenomas in small-bowel Crohn's disease was similar to the controls (P = 0.8) and not influenced by 5-aminosalicylic acid use, whereas patients with colonic Crohn's disease had a significantly lower rate of adenomas compared with the controls (3.9 % vs. 25.9 %; P = 0.002).Unlike patients with small-bowel Crohn's disease, patients with ulcerative colitis or with colonic Crohn's disease seldom develop sporadic adenomatous polyps. These data may provide novel clues to a possible role for colonic immune activation in restricting the adenoma to carcinoma sequence while propagating the dysplasia to carcinoma pathway.
Angiogenesis- and Hypoxia-Associated Proteins as Early Indicators of the Outcome in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Given First-Line Bevacizumab-Based Therapy
Authors: Siu W. Lam, Nienke M. Nota, Agnes Jager, Monique M.E.M. Bos, Joan van den Bosch, Ankie M.T. van der Velden, Johanneke E.A. Portielje, Aafke H. Honkoop, Harm van Tinteren, Epie Boven
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2016)

We examined whether pretreatment levels of angiogenesis- or hypoxia-related proteins and their changes after one cycle of first-line bevacizumab-based therapy were associated with response, PFS, or OS in patients with metastatic breast cancer.We included 181 patients enrolled in the phase II ATX trial evaluating first-line paclitaxel and bevacizumab without or with capecitabine (NTR1348). Plasma samples were analyzed for VEGF-A, soluble VEGFR2 (sVEGFR2), angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), soluble TIE2 (sTIE2), IL6, IL8, and carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9). Baseline serum CA15-3 was documented. HR was adjusted for confounding factors. Where appropriate, an optimal cut-off value defining a high and a low group was determined with Martingale residuals.At baseline, multiple proteins were significantly associated with PFS (ANG2, IL6, IL8, CA9, CA15-3) and OS (ANG2, sTIE2, IL6, IL8, CA9, CA15-3). After one cycle, VEGF-A, ANG2, sTIE2, and IL8 significantly decreased, while sVEGFR2 and CA9 significantly increased. The relative change in sVEGFR2 (P= 0.01) and IL8 (P= 0.001) was associated with response. Defining optimal cut-off, patients with a high CA9 rise (>2.9%) had better PFS (HR 0.45) and OS (HR 0.54) than those with low/no rise.Multiple angiogenesis- or hypoxia-related proteins were prognostic for PFS and OS. Molecular agents targeting these proteins might be beneficial in patients with high levels. Changes in IL8 or sVEGFR2 levels at second cycle appear predictive for response. Changes in CA9 levels during bevacizumab-based therapy for prediction of PFS and OS merit further study.
The Vaccine Adjuvant Chitosan Promotes Cellular Immunity via DNA Sensor cGAS-STING-Dependent Induction of Type I Interferons
Authors: Elizabeth. C. Carroll, Lei Jin, Andres Mori, Natalia Muñoz-Wolf, Ewa Oleszycka, Hannah B.T. Moran, Samira Mansouri, Craig P. McEntee, Eimear Lambe, Else Marie Agger, Peter Andersen, Colm Cunningham, Paul Hertzog, Katherine A. Fitzgerald, Andrew G. Bowie, Ed C. Lavelle
Journal: Immunity (2016)
Immunologic Studies of Human Breast Cancer. I. Serum Reactivity Against a Lymphoid Cell Line (Belev) Derived From a Breast Cancer Patient as Detected by Complement-Fixation Test&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;3&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: S. P. Chan, R. D. Maca, P. H. Levine, R. C. Ting
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1971)

Sera from patients with breast cancer and other types of tumors were examined for complement-fixing antibodies to antigens associated with the human Belev cell line, a continuous culture established from the pleural effusion obtained from a female with breast cancer. Of the breast cancer patients, 45% gave positive serologic results against Belev antigen(s) as compared to 13% of patients with other breast diseases and 5% of normal controls. Sixteen percent of sera from patients with other forms of carcinoma demonstrated reactivity against Belev antigen preparations. Low reactivity of all sera against an antigen prepared from 3 human lymphoid cell lines containing at least 12 major histocompatibility antigens, and from antigen preparations of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes was observed. The tenfold increase of reactivity in sera of breast cancer patients over ,the normal population against the Belev antigen(s), coupled with the low reactivity of these sera against the control antigen preparations, suggests that the antibodies detected may be reacting against tumor-associated antigens of the Belev cells.
Precedent Subset Analysis: Safety and Disease Control with Vintafolide Monotherapy Following Discontinuation of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (Pld)
Authors: D. Wydra, S.A. Ghamande, N. Gabrail, E. Nowara, M. Bidzinski, S. Depasquale, R. Clark, R.T. Penson
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
NKp46+ natural killer cells attenuate metabolism‐induced hepatic fibrosis by regulating macrophage activation in mice
Authors: Annie‐Carole Tosello‐Trampont, Peter Krueger, Sowmya Narayanan, Susan G. Landes, Norbert Leitinger, Young S. Hahn
Journal: Hepatology (2015)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) affects 3%‐5% of the U.S. population, having severe clinical complications to the development of fibrosis and end‐stage liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A critical cause of NASH is chronic systemic inflammation promoted by innate immune cells, such as liver macrophages (Mϕ) and natural killer (NK) cells. However, little is known about how the crosstalk between Mϕ and NK cells contributes to regulate NASH progression to fibrosis. In this report, we demonstrate that NKp46 + cells play an important role in preventing NASH progression to fibrosis by regulating M1/M2 polarization of liver Mϕ. Using a murine model of NASH, we demonstrate that DX5 + NKp46 + NK cells are increased during disease and play a role in polarizing Mϕ toward M1‐like phenotypes. This NK's immunoregulatory function depends on the production of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), but not by granzyme‐mediated cytolytic activity. Notably, depletion of NKp46 + cells promotes the development of fibrosis with increased expression of profibrogenic genes as well as skewed M2 Mϕ phenotypes in hepatic tissues. Conclusions: NK cell‐derived IFN‐γ may be essential for maintaining a balanced inflammatory environment that promotes tissue integrity and limiting NASH progression to fibrosis. (H epatology 2016;63:799–812)
Color Atlas of Dermatology.
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

DEFINITIONS and INTRODUCTIONS: Definitions and Introduction. CUTANEOUS PRIMARY LESIONS and SECONDARY CHANGES: Macules, Papules, Lesions and Plaques, Nodules and Tumours of the Skin, Vesicles and Bullae, Pustular Lesions, Erosions, Erythema And/Or Telangiectasia, Purpura, Ulcers, Urticarial Lesions, Atrophic And/Or Sclerotic Lesions. CONFIGURATIONS: Annular Lesions, Linear Lesions, Gyrate or Serpiginous Lesions, Grouped or Herpetiform Lesions, Reticulated or Netlike Lesions. DISTRIBUTIONS and REGIONAL PREDILECTIONS: Generalized Disorders, Disorders with a Photodistribution, Intertriginous and Genital Problems, Lesions on the Hands and Feet, Nail Disorders, Hair and Scalp Disorders, Oral Lesions. APPENDIX I: GENODERMATOSES. APPENDIX II: CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS. APPENDIX III: CUTANEOUS CHANGES ASSOCIATED with HIV INFECTION. APPENDIX IV: CUTANEOUS MALIGNANCIES.
Synergistic Activation of ERα by Estrogen and Prolactin in Breast Cancer Cells Requires Tyrosyl Phosphorylation of PAK1
Authors: Peter Oladimeji, Rebekah Skerl, Courtney Rusch, Maria Diakonova
Journal: Cancer Research (2016)

Abstract Serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is activated by estrogen and plays an important role in breast cancer. However, the integration of PAK1 into the estrogen response is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the hormone-induced activation of estrogen receptor (ERα, ESR1). We show that estrogen activated PAK1 through both the ERα and GPER1 membrane receptors. Estrogen-dependent activation of PAK1 required the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by Etk/Bmx and protein kinase A (PKA) within an assembled signaling complex comprising pTyr-PAK1, Etk/Bmx, the heterotrimer G-protein subunits Gβ1, Gγ2, and/or Gγ5, PAK-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (βPIX, ARHGEF7), and PKA. Moreover, the PKA RIIβ subunit is a direct target of PAK1, and thus in response to estrogen, the activated pTyr-PAK1 complex reciprocally potentiated PKA activity, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. We also demonstrate that PKA phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to estrogen, but pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to prolactin (PRL), implying that maximal ERα phosphorylation is achieved when cells are exposed to both PRL and estrogen. Furthermore, S305-ERα activation led to enhanced phosphorylation of Ser118-ERα and promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth. Together, these data strongly support a critical interplay between PRL and estrogen via PAK1 and suggest that ligand-independent activation of ERα through PRL/PAK1 may impart resistance to anti-estrogen therapies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2600–11. ©2016 AACR.
Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein as Selectable Marker of Retroviral-Mediated Gene Transfer in Immature Hematopoietic Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Marti F.A. Bierhuizen, Yvonne Westerman, Trudi P. Visser, Wati Dimjati, Albertus W. Wognum, Gerard Wagemaker
Journal: Blood (1997)
Supplementation of diabetic rats with leucine, zinc, and chromium: Effects on lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid oxidative stress
Authors: Hassan Sadri, Saeed Kolahian, Razi Jafari Joozani, Mehdi Mirani
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background:  Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to increasing oxidative stress, resulting in various late diabetic complications including pulmonary distress.   Objectives:  This experiment was designed to study the effects of leucine (L), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr) supplementation on pulmonary oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in type 2 diabetic rats.   Methods:  Seventy-seven adult male rats were randomly assigned into the following groups: 1) control; 2) diabetic; 3) diabetic + NPH insulin; 4) diabetic + glibenclamide; 5) diabetic + L; 6) diabetic + Zn; 7) diabetic + Cr; 8) diabetic + L + Zn; 9) diabetic + Zn + Cr; 10) diabetic + L + Cr; 11) diabetic + L + Zn + Cr. Rats were fed normal chow (control), or high-fat diet for 2 weeks and then injected with a streptozotocin intraperitoneally. L, Zn, Cr, and glibenclamide were added to drinking water and NPH insulin was subcutaneously injected during the 4 weeks of treatment period. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue.   Results:  Supplementation of diabetic rats with L, Zn, and Cr, alone and in combination, significantly ( P    Conclusions: The results show that L, Zn, and Cr supplementation of rats with type 2 diabetes may ameliorate oxidative stress and improve antioxidant capacity in pulmonary system.
Indian medical colleges to get single entrance exam
Authors: Cheryl Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2016)

India’s health ministry has taken the next step towards the introduction of a single common entrance examination for graduate and postgraduate medical degrees in all colleges in India.1 2

JP Nadda, the union health minister, approved the proposal made by the Medical Council of India for an amendment to the Indian Medical Council Act 1956. When passed, the amendment will let the council conduct a national common medical entrance test that will apply to …