tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV and TB: excluding those without active disease and timing of concurrent therapy
Authors: R. Weston
Journal: Thorax (2010)

The WHO recommends the use of isoniazid preventive treatment for patients with HIV who do not have active tuberculosis (TB). Screening of patients with HIV for TB remains essential in order to enable early diagnosis and safe initiation of treatment. As the authors state, no guidelines exist as to when and how screening should occur for those patients with HIV to exclude active TB. Patients with HIV infection were enrolled in this trial from clinics in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Symptoms of patients who were culture positive for mycobacteria in sputum, urine, stool, blood …
Lung cancer in Japanese chromate workers.
Authors: Y Ohsaki, S Abe, K Kimura, Y Tsuneta, H Mikami, M Murao
Journal: Thorax (1978)

We have treated ten patients with lung cancer among workers in a chromate factory between 1972 and 1976. Four further cases were also found through death certificates and medical records. Most were smokers and all were men. The average duration of exposure to chromate was 24 years (range 10 to 36). The cell type in our ten patients was squamous in seven and small anaplastic type in three. The primary sites were all in large bronchi. The incidence (person per year) calculated from the number of employees, duration of factory activity, number of cancer patients, and shortest duration of labour period among the patients was 657.9 per 100,000 compared to 13.3 per 100,000 in Japan as a whole.
Exercises versus arthroscopic decompression in patients with subacromial impingement: a randomised, controlled study in 90 cases with a one year follow up
Authors: J P Haahr
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

To compare the effect of graded physiotherapeutic training of the rotator cuff versus arthroscopic subacromial decompression in patients with subacromial impingement.Randomised controlled trial with 12 months' follow up in a hospital setting. Ninety consecutive patients aged 18 to 55 years were enrolled. Symptom duration was between six months and three years. All fulfilled a set of diagnostic criteria for rotator cuff disease, including a positive impingement sign. Patients were randomised either to arthroscopic subacromial decompression, or to physiotherapy with exercises aiming at strengthening the stabilisers and decompressors of the shoulder. Outcome was shoulder function as measured by the Constant score and a pain and dysfunction score. "Intention to treat" analysis was used, with comparison of means and control of confounding variables by general equation estimation analysis.Of 90 patients enrolled, 84 completed follow up (41 in the surgery group, 43 in the training group). The mean Constant score at baseline was 34.8 in the training group and 33.7 in the surgery group. After 12 months the mean scores improved to 57.0 and 52.7, respectively, the difference being non-significant. No group differences in mean pain and dysfunction score improvement were found.Surgical treatment of rotator cuff syndrome with subacromial impingement was not superior to physiotherapy with training. Further studies are needed to qualify treatment choice decisions, and it is recommended that samples are stratified according to disability level.
DNA transposons and the role of recombination in mutation accumulation in Daphnia pulex
Authors: Sarah Schaack, Eunjin Choi, Michael Lynch, Ellen J Pritham
Journal: Genome biology (2010)

We identify DNA transposons from the completed draft genome sequence of Daphnia pulex, a cyclically parthenogenetic, aquatic microcrustacean of the class Branchiopoda. In addition, we experimentally quantify the abundance of six DNA transposon families in mutation-accumulation lines in which sex is either promoted or prohibited in order to better understand the role of recombination in transposon proliferation.We identified 55 families belonging to 10 of the known superfamilies of DNA transposons in the genome of D. pulex. DNA transposons constitute approximately 0.7% of the genome. We characterized each family and, in many cases, identified elements capable of activity in the genome. Based on assays of six putatively active element families in mutation-accumulation lines, we compared DNA transposon abundance in lines where sex was either promoted or prohibited. We find the major difference in abundance in sexuals relative to asexuals in lab-reared lines is explained by independent assortment of heterozygotes in lineages where sex has occurred.Our examination of the duality of sex as a mechanism for both the spread and elimination of DNA transposons in the genome reveals that independent assortment of chromosomes leads to significant copy loss in lineages undergoing sex. Although this advantage may offset the so-called 'two fold cost of sex' in the short-term, if insertions become homozygous at specific loci due to recombination, the advantage of sex may be decreased over long time periods. Given these results, we discuss the potential effects of sex on the dynamics of DNA transposons in natural populations of D. pulex.
A Transfer Function Analysis of Coronary and Renal Circulation Calculated from Upstream and Downstream Indicator-Dilution Curves
Authors: CRAIG M. COULAM, HOMER R. WARNER, EARL H. WOOD, JAMES B. BASSINGTHWAIGHTE
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

A method has been developed for computing the distribution of blood transit times (transfer function) from indicator-dilution curves recorded from upstream (aorta) and downstream (pulmonary artery, renal vein and coronary sinus) circulatory sites in mongrel dogs. The method employs a Fourier series transformation of the upstream and downstream curves and yields a time-domain transfer function which is independent of recirculating dye particles. Discontinuities, created in the upstream and downstream indicator curves by the termination of sampling (120 sec postinjection), are removed by a tail terminating procedure which employs normal and lagged normal density distributions. The transfer functions computed for the trans-renal and trans-coronary circulations and their relationship to the systemic circulation dispersion patterns are shown under control conditions (pentobarbital anesthesia) and during intra-aortic infusion of angiotensin, acetylcholine and adenosine triphosphate. These distribution patterns reflect the response of the vascular system to the drugs and demonstrate, to a limited extent, the role which different vascular beds have in the cardiovascular mixing process.
Decoding Rich Spatial Information with High Temporal Resolution
Authors: Mark G. Stokes, Michael J. Wolff, Eelke Spaak
Journal: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (2015)

New research suggests that magnetoencephalography (MEG) contains rich spatial information for decoding neural states. Even small differences in the angle of neighbouring dipoles generate subtle, but statistically separable field patterns. This implies MEG (and electroencephalography: EEG) is ideal for decoding neural states with high-temporal resolution in the human brain.
International Prevalence, Recognition, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Outpatients With Atherothrombosis
Authors: Deepak L. Bhatt, P. Gabriel Steg, E. Magnus Ohman, Alan T. Hirsch, Yasuo Ikeda, Jean Louis Mas, Shinya Goto, Chiau Suong Liau, Alain J. Richard, Joachim Röther, Peter W.F. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Atherothrombosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality around the globe. To date, no single international database has characterized the atherosclerosis risk factor profile or treatment intensity of individuals with atherothrombosis.To determine whether atherosclerosis risk factor prevalence and treatment would demonstrate comparable patterns in many countries around the world.The Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry collected data on atherosclerosis risk factors and treatment. A total of 67,888 patients aged 45 years or older from 5473 physician practices in 44 countries had either established arterial disease (coronary artery disease [CAD], n = 40,258; cerebrovascular disease, n = 18,843; peripheral arterial disease, n = 8273) or 3 or more risk factors for atherothrombosis (n = 12,389) between 2003 and 2004.Baseline prevalence of atherosclerosis risk factors, medication use, and degree of risk factor control.Atherothrombotic patients throughout the world had similar risk factor profiles: a high proportion with hypertension (81.8%), hypercholesterolemia (72.4%), and diabetes (44.3%). The prevalence of overweight (39.8%), obesity (26.6%), and morbid obesity (3.6%) were similar in most geographic locales, but was highest in North America (overweight: 37.1%, obese: 36.5%, and morbidly obese: 5.8%; P<.001 vs other regions). Patients were generally undertreated with statins (69.4% overall; range: 56.4% for cerebrovascular disease to 76.2% for CAD), antiplatelet agents (78.6% overall; range: 53.9% for > or =3 risk factors to 85.6% for CAD), and other evidence-based risk reduction therapies. Current tobacco use in patients with established vascular disease was substantial (14.4%). Undertreated hypertension (50.0% with elevated blood pressure at baseline), undiagnosed hyperglycemia (4.9%), and impaired fasting glucose (36.5% in those not known to be diabetic) were common. Among those with symptomatic atherothrombosis, 15.9% had symptomatic polyvascular disease.This large, international, contemporary database shows that classic cardiovascular risk factors are consistent and common but are largely undertreated and undercontrolled in many regions of the world.
Sensitization by Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid of Rat Mammary Carcinoma to Anthracycline: A Role for Tumor Vascularization
Authors: Séverine Colas, Karine Mahéo, Fabrice Denis, Caroline Goupille, Claude Hoinard, Pascal Champeroux, François Tranquart, Philippe Bougnoux
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: To investigate whether dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a peroxidizable polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids, sensitizes rat mammary tumors to anthracyclines and whether its action interferes with tumor vascularization, a critical determinant of tumor growth. Experimental Design: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated by N-methylnitrosourea to develop mammary tumors and then assigned to a control group (n = 18), receiving a supplementation of palm oil, or to a DHA group (n = 54), supplemented with a microalgae-produced oil (DHASCO, 1.5 g/d). The DHA group was equally subdivided into three subgroups with addition of different amounts of α-tocopherol. Epirubicin was injected weekly during 6 weeks after the largest tumor reached 1.5 cm2, and subsequent changes in the tumor surface were evaluated. Tumor vascularization was assessed by power Doppler sonography before and during chemotherapy. Results: DHA and α-tocopherol were readily absorbed and incorporated into rat tissues. Epirubicin induced a 45% mammary tumor regression in the DHA-supplemented group, whereas no tumor regression was observed in the control group. In the DHA group, before chemotherapy was initiated, tumor vascular density was 43% lower than in the control group and remained lower during chemotherapy. Enhancement of epirubicin efficacy by DHA was abolished in a dose-dependent manner by α-tocopherol, and the same trend was observed for DHA-induced reduction in tumor vascular density. Conclusions: Dietary DHA supplementation led to a reduction in tumor vascularization before the enhancement of any response to anthracyclines, suggesting that DHA chemosensitizes mammary tumors through an inhibition of the host vascular response to the tumor.
Immunomodulation of Allergic Disease
Authors: David H. Broide
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2009)

This review focuses on sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) vaccines using cytosine phosphorothioate guanosine (CpG)-allergen conjugates, and anti-IL-5 as novel immunomodulating therapies in allergy. At present, all three approaches are investigational in the United States and require further study to determine their safety and effectiveness. SLIT provides a novel oral route of administering an allergen to induce tolerance to inhaled allergens. Studies of SLIT in allergic rhinitis demonstrate that it reduces symptoms and medication use and is associated with a low incidence of systemic allergic reactions. Initial phase II studies with TLR-9 vaccines conjugated to a ragweed allergen demonstrate that they reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis during the ragweed season. Anti-IL-5 is effective as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. It has not shown benefit in moderate asthmatics with persistent symptoms but may reduce aspects of airway remodeling in asthma.
Comparison of in vitro-specific blood tests with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis before anti-TNF therapy
Authors: J. Sellam, H. Hamdi, C. Roy, G. Baron, M. Lemann, X. Puechal, M. Breban, F. Berenbaum, M. Humbert, K. Weldingh, D. Salmon, P. Ravaud, D. Emilie, X. Mariette
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is detected with the tuberculin skin test (TST) before anti-TNF therapy. We aimed to investigate in vitro blood assays with TB-specific antigens (CFP-10, ESAT-6), in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) for LTBI screening.Sixty-eight IMID patients with (n = 35) or without (n = 33) LTBI according to clinico-radiographic findings or TST results (10 mm cutoff value) underwent cell proliferation assessed by thymidine incorporation and PKH-26 dilution assays, and IFNgamma-release enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays with TB-specific antigens.In vitro blood assays gave higher positive results in patients with LTBI than without (p<0.05), with some variations between tests. Among the 13 patients with LTBI diagnosed independently of TST results, 5 had a negative TST (38.5%) and only 2 a negative blood assays result (15.4%). The 5 LTBI patients with negative TST results all had positive blood assays results. Ten patients without LTBI but with intermediate TST results (6-10 mm) had no different result than patients with TST result </=5 mm (p>0.3) and lower results than those with LTBI (p<0.05) on CFP-10+ESAT-6 ELISPOT and CFP-10 proliferation assays.Anti-TB blood assays are beneficial for LTBI diagnosis in IMID. Compared with TST, they show a better sensitivity, as seen by positive results in 5 patients with certain LTBI and negative TST, and better specificity, as seen by negative results in most patients with intermediate TST as the only criteria of LTBI. In the absence of clinico-radiographic findings for LTBI, blood assays could replace TST for antibiotherapy decision before anti-TNF.
Optimising treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of potential biological markers of response
Authors: P. Emery, T. Dorner
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Following a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the treatment of this chronic disease has improved with the availability of biological agents targeting key molecules. Despite this, initial treatment produces an inadequate response in many patients and guidance on the optimal treatment for these patients is needed. Research in specific patient populations aims to define predictive biomarkers of response to identify those patients most likely to benefit from treatment with specific agents. Although there have been conflicting results from studies of various genetic markers, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) -308 promoter region may play a role in response to specific TNF inhibitors. Microarray analysis of mRNA expression levels has identified unique sets of genes with differentially regulated expression in responders compared with non-responders to the TNF inhibitor infliximab. Of the various protein biomarkers studied, rheumatoid factor and/or anticitrullinated protein autoantibodies may have a future role in predicting response or guiding the order in which to use biological agents. Further research is needed with larger, well-designed studies to clarify the current understanding on the role of biomarkers in predicting treatment response in RA to help guide clinical decision-making. Individualised treatment has the potential to improve the therapeutic outcomes for patients.
Integrating Pain Metrics into Oncology Clinical Trials
Authors: Charles S. Cleeland, Ann O'Mara, Martin Zagari, Carole Baas
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Cancer-related pain is highly prevalent and often severe, and as a result is often one of the defining experiences for patients with malignancy. Patients and patients' families almost always live with the ever-present reality that cancer treatment and progression may be accompanied by pain. For patients nearing the end of life, most fear that their final days will be spent living with the terrible effects of the disease, the most important of which is pain. Despite this, there is far less systematic research on the mechanisms of cancer-related pain or on the development of new agents to reduce or eliminate pain in cancer patients compared with research to combat the disease itself. Further, even when the focus of research is treatment of the tumor, the effects of anticancer treatments on pain are often underreported in publications and other forums. To illustrate the relative drought in the cancer pain control area, there have been no new drugs approved for cancer-related pain in recent years. A number of methodologic and logistical challenges that hinder the ability to assess pain response in clinical trials are discussed in this article. Possible ways to address these challenges are also discussed. Clin Cancer Res; 17(21); 6646–50. ©2011 AACR.
Exploratory Study of Oral Combination Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C
Authors: Fred Poordad, Eric Lawitz, Kris V. Kowdley, Daniel E. Cohen, Thomas Podsadecki, Sara Siggelkow, Michele Heckaman, Lois Larsen, Rajeev Menon, Gennadiy Koev, Rakesh Tripathi, Tami Pilot-Matias, Barry Bernstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

There is a need for interferon-free treatment regimens for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate ABT-450, a potent HCV NS3 protease inhibitor, combined with low-dose ritonavir (ABT-450/r), in addition to ABT-333, a nonnucleoside NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and ribavirin, for the treatment of HCV infection.
<b> <i>PrLZ,</i> </b> a Novel Prostate-Specific and Androgen-Responsive Gene of the TPD52 Family, Amplified in Chromosome 8q21.1 and Overexpressed in Human Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ruoxiang Wang, Jianchun Xu, Outi Saramäki, Tapio Visakorpi, William M. Sutherland, Jianguang Zhou, Buer Sen, So Dug Lim, Nicola Mabjeesh, Mahul Amin, Jin-Tang Dong, John A. Petros, Peter S. Nelson, Fray F. Marshall, Haiyen E. Zhau, Leland W. K. Chung
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract We report a previously unrecognized prostate-specific protein, PrLZ (prostate leucine zipper), a new member of the Tumor Protein D52 (TPD52) family. The gene for PrLZ was localized at chromosome 8q21.1, a locus most frequently amplified in human prostate cancer. Multiple tissue analyses demonstrated PrLZ predominantly in the prostate gland. Although its expression was enhanced by androgens in androgen receptor-expressing cells, PrLZ was detected in all of the human prostate cancer cell lines, regardless of androgen receptor status. Monoclonal anti-PrLZ antibodies were produced and intense immunohistochemical staining of PrLZ was observed in prostate epithelial cells in intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer, whereas lower-level staining was detected in normal and benign epithelial components of the prostate gland. As the only prostate-specific gene identified in the most frequently amplified genomic region in prostate cancer, PrLZ may be the link between chromosome 8q amplification and malignant transformation of the prostate epithelia.
Evidence that glycocalicin circulates in normal plasma.
Authors: B S Coller, E Kalomiris, M Steinberg, L E Scudder
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

By using a combination of a heterologous antiserum to GPIb/glycocalicin and a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody to GPIb/glycocalicin, we were able to develop a sensitive and specific radioimmunoelectrophoretic assay that can distinguish small amounts of glycocalicin from GPIb. Normal plasmas were found to contain glycocalicin, even in samples treated with protease inhibitors and centrifuged extensively to remove platelets and platelet fragments. Confirmation that the plasma antigen had a relative molecular weight similar or identical to glycocalicin was obtained from studies employing gel chromatography and affinity chromatography. An immunoradiometric assay was developed to quantify plasma glycocalicin, and normal plasma was found to contain approximately 1-3 micrograms/ml. The plasma of a patient with severe thrombocytopenia due to aplastic anemia had less than 12.5% of the normal level of glycocalicin, whereas two patients with thrombocytopenia due to diseases of increased platelet destruction (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic-uremic syndrome) had normal levels. Thus, there appears to be ongoing catabolism of platelet GPIb in vivo, and we postulate that the plasma level of glycocalicin reflects a complex function of factors, including platelet count, platelet turnover, and the site of platelet destruction.
Diagnosis of Intersex
Authors: D. I. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1952)

The mean minimum inhibitory concentrations (,tig./ml.) of five antibiotics for twelve strains of Actinomyces israeli were found to be: penicillin 0.06, streptomyEin 23.7, aureomycin 4.2, chloramphenicol 2.8, and terramycin 2.2.The greater part of the technical work connected with the isolation and maintenance of these strains and the performance of the tests was carried out by Miss Pamela M. Waterworth.
Efficacy, Safety, and Biomarkers of Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab, Radiation Therapy, and Fluorouracil in Rectal Cancer: A Multidisciplinary Phase II Study
Authors: Christopher G. Willett, Dan G. Duda, Emmanuelle di Tomaso, Yves Boucher, Marek Ancukiewicz, Dushyant V. Sahani, Johanna Lahdenranta, Daniel C. Chung, Alan J. Fischman, Gregory Y. Lauwers, Paul Shellito, Brian G. Czito, Terence Z. Wong, Erik Paulson, Martin Poleski, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Rex Bentley, Helen X. Chen, Jeffrey W. Clark, Rakesh K. Jain
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

To assess the safety and efficacy of neoadjuvant bevacizumab with standard chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer and explore biomarkers for response.