tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2012)

Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women.Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons).The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.Cancer Research UK.
It is time to inhibit Pavlovian conditioning
Authors: John Limber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Despite a promising introduction, Domjan et al.'s target article fails to capitalize on the concept of information intrinsic to control theory. The authors limit their application of feed-forward models to simple nondynamic cases. Their applications to social behavior are stimulus-occasioned responses. Agents might as well be dogfood! The notion of “conditioning” is generalized without warrant to explain virtually any acquired predictive capability.
Present and future breast cancer management—bench to bedside and back: a positioning paper of academia, regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry
Authors: R. Bartsch, S. Frings, M. Marty, A. Awada, A.S. Berghoff, P. Conte, S. Dickin, H. Enzmann, M. Gnant, M. Hasmann, H.R. Hendriks, A. Llombart, C. Massacesi, G. von Minckwitz, F. Penault-Llorca, M. Scaltriti, Y. Yarden, H. Zwierzina, C.C. Zielinski
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
GP facilitators and HIV infection: Heterosexual infection less common than other routes
Authors: B Davis, L Grun, E Murray, B Guthrie, F Stinton, G Reilly, S Barton, H Lempp, E Rink, S Singh, M King, K Bashir
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - Peter Saunders rightly draws attention to the fact that an increasing proportion of newly diagnosed HIV infections in Britain is attributable to heterosexual intercourse; his statement that this is now the commonest mode of spread in Scotland merits comment.1 Since 1985 the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit has maintained a register, based on laboratory reporting, of all people known to be infected with HIV in Scotland. As it is based on voluntary testing this register cannot be seen as an indication of incidence or prevalence, but it remains the most reliable source of data on HIV infection in Scotland and is used in resource allocation under the AIDS (Control) Act and in official predictions of the course of the HIV epidemic. The table shows the distribution of newly diagnosed HIV infections by probable category of transmission and by year of specimen (since 1985) according to the Scottish HIV register. View this table: Distribution of newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection in Scotland by category of transmission. Values are numbers (percentages) of cases Overall, the decreasing predominance of injecting drug use as a category of transmission and the increasing predominance of heterosexual transmission are clearly apparent, but in only one year (1992) has heterosexual intercourse been the commonest mode of spread. In 1993 sexual intercourse between men accounted for the highest proportion of cases, followed by injecting drug use. 1. ↵1. Saunders P .GP facilitators and HIV infection.BMJ1994;308: 2–3(1 January.) [OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] # Shared care better for GPs and specialists {#article-title-3} EDITOR, - We agree with Peter Saunders about the importance of general practitioners providing more of the care for HIV positive patients,1 but facilitators are not the only means of achieving this. The departments of primary health care and genitourinary medicine at University College London Medical School have collaborated in setting up a formal shared care protocol … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DSaunders%26rft.auinit1%253DP%26rft.volume%253D308%26rft.issue%253D6920%26rft.spage%253D2%26rft.epage%253D2%26rft.atitle%253DGP%2Bfacilitators%2Band%2BHIV%2Binfection%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8298347%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=bmj&resid=308/6920/2&atom=%2Fbmj%2F308%2F6927%2F538.2.atom
Ignoring Heterozygous Sites Biases Phylogenomic Estimates of Divergence Times: Implications for the Evolutionary History of Microtus Voles
Authors: Heidi E.L. Lischer, Laurent Excoffier, Gerald Heckel
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of closely related organisms may be difficult because of the presence of unsorted lineages and of a relatively high proportion of heterozygous sites that are usually not handled well by phylogenetic programs. Genomic data may provide enough fixed polymorphisms to resolve phylogenetic trees, but the diploid nature of sequence data remains analytically challenging. Here, we performed a phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) with a focus on the influence of heterozygosity on the estimation of intraspecific divergence times. We used genome-wide sequence information from 15 voles distributed across the European range. We provide a novel approach to integrate heterozygous information in existing phylogenetic programs by repeated random haplotype sampling from sequences with multiple unphased heterozygous sites. We evaluated the impact of the use of full, partial, or no heterozygous information for tree reconstructions on divergence time estimates. All results consistently showed four deep and strongly supported evolutionary lineages in the vole data. These lineages undergoing divergence processes split only at the end or after the last glacial maximum based on calibration with radiocarbon-dated paleontological material. However, the incorporation of information from heterozygous sites had a significant impact on absolute and relative branch length estimations. Ignoring heterozygous information led to an overestimation of divergence times between the evolutionary lineages of M. arvalis. We conclude that the exclusion of heterozygous sites from evolutionary analyses may cause biased and misleading divergence time estimates in closely related taxa.
Fish-Rich Diet, Leptin, and Body Mass
Authors: Mikolaj Winnicki, Virend K. Somers, Valentina Accurso, Bradley G. Phillips, Massimo Puato, Paolo Palatini, Paolo Pauletto
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — Leptin has been implicated in cardiovascular disease. A diet rich in fish has been associated with decreased cardiac and vascular risk. Methods and Results — We examined the relationship between diet and leptin in 2 related homogeneous African tribal populations of Tanzania. One tribe consumes freshwater fish as their main diet component (n=279), and the other tribe consumes a primarily vegetarian diet (n=329). In multivariate analysis, plasma leptin levels were associated with type of diet (F=14.3, P &lt;0.001), independent of age, body mass index, body fat, alcohol consumption, or insulin. Both male (2.5±2 [fish diet] versus 11.2±2.4 [vegetarian diet] ng/mL, P =0.017) and female (5.0±1.9 [fish diet] versus 11.8±1.4 [vegetarian diet] ng/mL, P =0.007) fish eaters had lower plasma leptin levels than did their vegetable diet counterparts, even though body mass index values were virtually identical. Conclusions — A diet rich in fish is associated with lower plasma leptin, independent of body fat. These findings may have implications for understanding the reduced cardiovascular risk in subjects on a high-fish diet.
Early Epithelial Phenotypic Changes Predict Graft Fibrosis
Authors: Alexandre Hertig, Dany Anglicheau, Je[Combining Acute Accent]ro[Combining Circumflex Accent]me Verine, Nicolas Pallet, Maxime Touzot, Pierre-Yves Ancel, Laurent Mesnard, Nicole Brousse, Edith Baugey, Denis Glotz, Christophe Legendre, Eric Rondeau, Yi-Chun Xu-Dubois
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Chronic allograft nephropathy accounts for the loss of approximately 40% of allografts at 10 yr. Currently, no biomarker is available to detect interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in the renal graft at an early stage, when intervention may be beneficial. Because tubular epithelial cells have been shown to exhibit phenotypic changes suggestive of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, we studied whether these changes predict the progression of fibrosis in the allograft. Eighty-three kidney transplant recipients who had undergone a protocol graft biopsy at both 3 and 12 mo after transplantation were enrolled. De novo vimentin expression and translocation of beta-catenin into the cytoplasm of tubular cells were detected on the first biopsy by immunohistochemistry. Patients with expression of these markers in >or=10% of tubules at 3 mo had a higher interstitial fibrosis score at 1 yr and a greater progression of this score between 3 and 12 mo. The intensity of these phenotypic changes positively and significantly correlated with the progression of fibrosis, and multivariate analysis showed that their presence was an independent risk factor for this progression. In addition, the presence of early phenotypic changes was associated with poorer graft function 18 mo after transplantation. In conclusion, early phenotypic changes indicative of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition predict the progression toward interstitial fibrosis in human renal allografts.
Relation between ventricular and myocyte remodeling with the development and regression of supraventricular tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.
Authors: F G Spinale, J L Zellner, M Tomita, F A Crawford, M R Zile
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

Chronic supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) causes left ventricular (LV) dilatation and dysfunction. Termination of SVT appears to reduce LV size and improve function. However, changes in myocyte structure and morphology that accompany the development and regression of SVT-induced cardiomyopathy have not been studied. Accordingly, we measured LV function using echocardiography and catheterization in three groups of six pigs each: 3 weeks of atrial pacing (SVT; 240 beats/min), 4-week recovery from SVT (PST), and sham-operated controls. At each of these three end points, isolated myocyte dimensions and nuclear number were measured using fluorescence, and the volume percent of myocytes and myofibrils was computed from tissue sections using stereological techniques. SVT resulted in reduced LV fractional shortening (15 +/- 3% versus 31 +/- 2%, p less than 0.05), increased end-diastolic dimension (5.6 +/- 0.8 versus 3.8 +/- 0.2 cm, p less than 0.05), and no change in mass (2.6 +/- 0.1 versus 2.6 +/- 0.2 g/kg, p = NS) compared with controls. Myocyte length significantly increased with SVT (171 +/- 9 versus 109 +/- 11 microns, p less than 0.05), without significant changes in cell width (28 +/- 2 versus 26 +/- 2 microns). Nuclear number did not change with SVT; however, nuclear area/myocyte area significantly increased compared with controls (9.5 +/- 0.8 versus 8.7 +/- 0.8 x 10(-2), p less than 0.05). The volume percent of myocytes within the ventricular wall and the volume percent of myofibrils within myocytes decreased with SVT compared with controls (72 +/- 3% versus 80 +/- 3% and 45 +/- 5% versus 63 +/- 4%, respectively, p less than 0.05), with no change in total myocyte volume (54.2 +/- 2.7 versus 54.3 +/- 1.8 microns3 x 10(12)). In the PST group, LV fractional shortening returned to control values; however, there was persistent dilatation (end-diastolic dimension: 4.2 +/- 0.1 cm, p less than 0.05), and LV hypertrophy developed (3.3 +/- 0.3 g/kg, p less than 0.05). Increased myocyte length (158 +/- 5 microns, p less than 0.05) and width (33 +/- 2 microns, p less than 0.05) were observed in the PST group. The volume percent of myocytes and myofibrils returned to control values, with total myocyte volume significantly increased in the PST group compared with the control and SVT groups (74.5 +/- 2.6 microns3 x 10(12), p less than 0.05). In addition, the number of nuclei per myocyte in the PST group significantly increased from control values (5.1 +/- 0.1 versus 4.0 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Assessing Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Ian M. Thompson, Donna Pauler Ankerst, Chen Chi, Phyllis J. Goodman, Catherine M. Tangen, M. Scott Lucia, Ziding Feng, Howard L. Parnes, Charles A. Coltman
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2006)

Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is the primary method used to diagnose prostate cancer in the United States. Methods to integrate other risk factors associated with prostate cancer into individualized risk prediction are needed. We used prostate biopsy data from men who participated in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) to develop a predictive model of prostate cancer. Methods: We included 5519 men from the placebo group of the PCPT who underwent prostate biopsy, had at least one PSA measurement and a digital rectal examination (DRE) performed during the year before the biopsy, and had at least two PSA measurements performed during the 3 years before the prostate biopsy. Logistic regression was used to model the risk of prostate cancer and high-grade disease associated with age at biopsy, race, family history of prostate cancer, PSA level, PSA velocity, DRE result, and previous prostate biopsy. Risk equations were created from the estimated logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: A total of 1211 (21.9%) men were diagnosed with prostate cancer by prostate biopsy. Variables that predicted prostate cancer included higher PSA level, positive family history of prostate cancer, and abnormal DRE result, whereas a previous negative prostate biopsy was associated with reduced risk. Neither age at biopsy nor PSA velocity contributed independent prognostic information. Higher PSA level, abnormal DRE result, older age at biopsy, and African American race were predictive for high-grade disease (Gleason score ≥7) whereas a previous negative prostate biopsy reduced this risk. Conclusions: This predictive model allows an individualized assessment of prostate cancer risk and risk of high-grade disease for men who undergo a prostate biopsy.
Low Density Lipoprotein Apheresis Improves Regional Myocardial Perfusion in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Extensive Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Wim R.M. Aengevaeren, Abraham A. Kroon, Anton F.H. Stalenhoef, Gerard J.H. Uijen, Tjeerd Van Der Werf
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
The DNA-binding inhibitor Id3 regulates IL-9 production in CD4+ T cells
Authors: Hiroko Nakatsukasa, Dunfang Zhang, Takashi Maruyama, Hua Chen, Kairong Cui, Masaki Ishikawa, Lisa Deng, Peter Zanvit, Eric Tu, Wenwen Jin, Brittany Abbatiello, Nathan Goldberg, Qianming Chen, Lingyun Sun, Keji Zhao, WanJun Chen
Journal: Nature Immunology (2015)
The Effect of Age on Glasgow Coma Scale Score in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kristin Salottolo, A. Stewart Levy, Denetta S. Slone, Charles W. Mains, David Bar-Or
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is used frequently to define the extent of neurologic injury in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Whether age affects the predictive ability of the GCS for severity of TBI (determined by the Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score) remains unknown. <h3>Objective</h3> To investigate the effect of age on the association between the GCS and anatomic TBI severity. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> We examined all patients with a TBI, defined by diagnostic codes 850 to 854 from the<i>International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification</i>, who were admitted to 2 level I trauma centers from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2012. <h3>Exposures</h3> We compared elderly (≥65 years) and younger (18-64 years) adults with TBI. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> We examined differences by age in GCS category (defined by emergency department GCS as severe [3-8], moderate [9-12], or mild [13-15]) at each level of TBI severity (head AIS score, 1 [minor] to 5 [critical]). Cochran-Armitage χ<sup>2</sup>trend tests and stepwise multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used. <h3>Results</h3> During the study period, 6710 patients had a TBI (aged &lt;65 years, 73.17%). Significant differences in GCS category by age occurred at each AIS score (<i>P</i> ≤ .01 for all). In particular, among patients with an AIS score of 5, most of the elderly patients (56.33%) had a mild neurologic deficit (GCS score, 13-15), whereas most of the younger patients (63.28%) had a severe neurologic deficit (GCS score, 3-8). After adjustment, the younger adults had increased odds of presenting with a severe neurologic deficit (GCS score, 3-8) at each of the following AIS scores: 1, 4.2 (95% CI, 1.0-17.6;<i>P</i> = .05); 2, 2.0 (1.0-3.7;<i>P</i> = .04); 3, 2.0 (1.2-3.5;<i>P</i> = .01); 4, 4.6 (2.8-7.5;<i>P</i> &lt; .001); and 5, 3.1 (2.1-4.6;<i>P</i> &lt; .001). The interaction between age and GCS for anatomic TBI severity remained significant after adjustment (estimate, −0.11;<i>P</i> = .005). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Age affects the relationship between the GCS score and anatomic TBI severity. Elderly TBI patients have better GCS scores than younger TBI patients with similar TBI severity. These findings have implications for TBI outcomes research and for protocols and research selection criteria that use the GCS.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: John F. Enders, Lewis W. Kane, Elizabeth P. Maris, Joseph Stokes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

The results of skin tests read at 48 hours on several hundred adults and children in which heat-inactivated mumps virus was the antigen have been presented and discussed. They can be summarized as follows:- Of 89 persons tested before the onset of mumps, 89 per cent exhibited erythematous reactions 10 mm. or less in diameter and 95 per cent, reactions 15 mm. or less in diameter. Of 40 persons tested during the first 5 days of mumps, 95 per cent exhibited reactions 10 mm. or less and 98 per cent reactions 15 mm. or less. Of 480 exposed persons the attack rate of mumps was 46 per cent among 340 with reactions 10 mm. or less and 10 per cent among 240 with reactions greater than 10 mm. The attack rate was only 2 per cent among 161 with reactions exceeding 15 mm. The attack rates in 13 skin-tested groups which were exposed to mumps tended to be inversely proportional to the incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. The incidence of reactions exceeding 10 mm. was approximately twice as high among 529 adults (persons 18 years or older) as it was among 306 children (persons under 18 years). Of 179 adults giving positive histories of mumps, 82 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. In certain groups the correlation between history and positive skin test was as high as 0.9. Of 132 adults giving negative histories, 58 per cent exhibited skin reactions of this magnitude. The proportion of reactions exceeding 10 mm. in a small number of children giving positive histories was 75 per cent. The proportion of reactions less than 10 mm. was 15 per cent. Of 167 adults with positive complement fixation tests, 87 per cent exhibited skin reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 111 adults with negative complement fixation tests, 52 per cent exhibited reactions exceeding 10 mm. Of 43 children with positive complement fixation tests, the skin test reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 70 per cent. The skin reactions exceeded 10 mm. in 29 per cent of 105 children with negative complement fixation tests. In 69 of 72 individuals in whom skin reactions exceeded 10 mm., complement-fixing antibody either appeared in the blood or increased in amount within about 2 weeks after the tests were done. Such antibody responses likewise were observed in 34 of 76 individuals in whom skin reactions were 10 mm. or less. The data summarized up to this point were obtained with virus derived from the infected parotid gland of monkeys. The results of simultaneous tests in 82 individuals employing materials prepared from infected monkey parotid gland and amniotic membrane of chick embryos infected with mumps virus indicated in general that the same individual responded in a similar manner to both antigens. In many instances, however, the membrane material produced weaker reactions. Occasionally an individual failed to react at all to one of these materials but did respond to the other.