tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The role of nebulised budesonide in the treatment of exacerbations of COPD
Authors: H. Gunen, S. S. Hacievliyagil, O. Yetkin, G. Gulbas, L. C. Mutlu, E. In
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The present study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that nebulised budesonide (NB) might be an alternative to systemic corticosteroids (SC) in the treatment of patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD). Patients hospitalised with ECOPD (n = 159) were randomised into three groups. Group 1 received only standard bronchodilator treatment (SBDT), group 2 received SC (40 mg prednisolone) plus SBDT, and group 3 received NB (1,500 μg q.i.d. ) plus SBDT. Improvement during 10-day hospitalisation was compared with exacerbation and rehospitalisation rates after discharge. While mean± sd age was 64.1±8.9 yrs (female/male = 0.1), mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) at admission was found to be 37.2±12.2% predicted. Arterial blood gases and spirograms recovered faster in groups 2 and 3. While improvements in arterial oxygen tension ( P a,O 2 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC) in group 2, and improvements in P a,O 2 , FVC and FEV 1 in group 3, became significant at 24-h control, the first significant improvement in group 1 appeared in arterial oxygen saturation at 72-h control. The mean improvement of P a,O 2 after 10 days was 1.20 and 1.06 kPa (9 and 8 mmHg) higher in group 2 and 3, respectively, than in group 1. Blood glucose exhibited an upward trend only in group 2. The study demonstrates that nebulised budesonide may be an effective and safe alternative to systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Activation of Stat3 in Primary Tumors from High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients Is Associated with Elevated Levels of Activated Src and Survivin Expression
Authors: Nills Diaz, Susan Minton, Charles Cox, Tammy Bowman, Tanya Gritsko, Roy Garcia, Ibrahim Eweis, Marek Wloch, Sandy Livingston, Ed Seijo, Alan Cantor, Ji-Hyun Lee, Craig A. Beam, Daniel Sullivan, Richard Jove, Carlos A. Muro-Cacho
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) protein has been observed in a wide variety of tumors, including breast cancer, and contributes to oncogenesis at least in part by prevention of apoptosis. In a study of 45 patients with high-risk breast cancer enrolled in a phase II neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial with docetaxel and doxorubicin, we evaluated the levels of Stat3 activation and potentially associated molecular biomarkers in invasive breast carcinoma compared with matched nonneoplastic tissues. Experimental Design: Using immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we quantified the levels of phospho-Stat3 (pY-Stat3), phospho-Src (pY-Src), epidermal growth factor receptor, HER2/neu, Ki-67, estrogen receptor, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, and apoptosis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from invasive carcinomas and their paired nonneoplastic parenchyma. The levels of molecular biomarkers in nonneoplastic and tumor tissues were analyzed as continuous variables for statistically significant correlations. Results: Levels of activated pY-Stat3 and pY-Src measured by immunohistochemistry were significantly higher in invasive carcinoma than in nonneoplastic tissue (P &amp;lt; 0.001). In tumors, elevated levels of pY-Stat3 correlated with those of pY-Src and Survivin. Levels of pY-Stat3 were higher in partial pathologic responders than in complete pathologic responders. In partial pathologic responders, pY-Stat3 levels correlated with Survivin expression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest important roles for elevated activities of Stat3 and Src, as well as Survivin expression, in malignant progression of breast cancer. Furthermore, elevated Stat3 activity correlates inversely with complete pathologic response. These findings suggest that specific Stat3 or Src inhibitors could offer clinical benefits to patients with breast cancer.
The problem of tobacco smoking
Authors: Richard Edwards
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Cigarette smoking is the single biggest avoidable cause of death and disability in developed countries. Smoking is now increasing rapidly throughout the developing world and is one of the biggest threats to current and future world health. For most smokers, quitting smoking is the single most important thing they can do to improve their health. Encouraging smoking cessation is one of the most effective and cost effective things that doctors and other health professionals can do to improve health and prolong their patients' lives. This series will explore the reasons why smokers smoke, how to help them to quit, and how to reduce the prevalence of smoking more generally.



Stages of worldwide tobacco epidemic. Adapted from Lopez et al. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tobacco Control 1994;3: 242-7 



Cigarette smoking first became a mass phenomenon in the United Kingdom and other more affluent countries in the early 20th century after the introduction of cheap, mass produced, manufactured cigarettes. Typically, a “smoking epidemic” in a population develops in four stages: a rise and then decline in smoking prevalence, followed two to three decades later by a similar trend in smoking related diseases. Usually, the uptake and consequent adverse effects of smoking occur earlier and to a greater degree among men.

In the United Kingdom there are about 13 million smokers, and worldwide an estimated 1.2 billion. Half of these smokers will die prematurely of a disease caused by their smoking, losing an average of eight years of life; this currently represents four million smokers each year worldwide. Deaths from smoking are projected to increase to more than 10 million a year by 2030, by which time 70% of deaths will be in developing countries.



Prevalence of smoking of manufactured cigarettes in Great Britain. Data from Tobacco …
Celebrating the ACP Centennial: From the <i>Annals</i> Archive—Alcohol and Diabetes
Authors: Deborah Cotton
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

Editorials20 October 2015Celebrating the ACP Centennial: From the Annals Archive—Alcohol and DiabetesDeborah Cotton, MD, MPHDeborah Cotton, MD, MPHSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M15-1747 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail During the 2015 centennial year of the American College of Physicians, publisher of Annals of Internal Medicine, Annals editors will link an article in each issue with an earlier paper from our archives addressing the same disease or clinical question. We hope our readers find this interesting and we welcome comments, especially from physicians who were practicing at the time of publication of the original paper who might offer insight into the impact of the earlier paper on their knowledge or practice.In this issue, Gepner and colleagues (1) present findings from a 2-year randomized, controlled trial that found a ...References1. Gepner Y, Golan R, Harman-Boehm I, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Shelef I, et al. Effects of initiating moderate alcohol intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes. A 2-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:569-79. doi:10.7326/M14-1650 LinkGoogle Scholar2. Strouse S, Soskin S, Vidgoff B. Beer in the diabetic diet. Ann Intern Med. 1935;8:1028-32. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-8-9-1028 LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoBEER IN THE DIABETIC DIET SOLOMON STROUSE , SAMUEL SOSKIN , and BEN VIDGOFF Effects of Initiating Moderate Alcohol Intake on Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Yftach Gepner , Rachel Golan , Ilana Harman-Boehm , Yaakov Henkin , Dan Schwarzfuchs , Ilan Shelef , Ronen Durst , Julia Kovsan , Arkady Bolotin , Eran Leitersdorf , Shoshana Shpitzen , Shai Balag , Elad Shemesh , Shula Witkow , Osnat Tangi-Rosental , Yoash Chassidim , Idit F. Liberty , Benjamin Sarusi , Sivan Ben-Avraham , Anders Helander , Uta Ceglarek , Michael Stumvoll , Matthias Blüher , Joachim Thiery , Assaf Rudich , Meir J. Stampfer , and Iris Shai Metrics 20 October 2015Volume 163, Issue 8Page: 639KeywordsAlcoholsArchivesBeerDietExcretionGlucoseInsulinSafetyType 2 diabetesWine ePublished: 20 October 2015 Issue Published: 20 October 2015 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2015 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Urinary Levels Of Phytoestrogens Are Inversely Associated With Wheezing, Asthma, and Atopy
Authors: Juan-Carlos Cardet, Christina Johns, Jessica Rabe Savage
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)

Previous in vitro studies support an immunomodulatory effect for some phytoestrogens, but human evidence is limited. We were interested in examining the relationship between these seed- and legume-derived antioxidants and markers of asthma and allergy. Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2010. Urinary phytoestrogen levels and a history of wheezing and asthma, total IgE levels, and atopy were obtained from 10,708 subjects. Atopy was defined as having ≥1 positive specific IgE level (≥0.35 kU/L) to an aeroallergen. Logistic and linear regression were used to determine associations between phytoestrogen levels and outcomes, adjusting for creatinine, age, sex, ethnicity, and poverty index ratio. Urinary levels of daidzein, O-DMA, enterodiol, and enterolactone were inversely associated with wheezing (e.g. OR for third vs. first tertile of O-DMA, 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.92; P=0.004 for trend). In a model including all phytoestrogens, only enterolactone was independently associated with reduced risk of wheezing (OR for third vs. first tertile 0.76, 95% CI 0.70-0.83). Enterolactone was also inversely associated with asthma (OR for third vs. first tertile 0.77; P=0.01 for trend). The odds of atopy significantly decreased with increasing daidzein levels (OR for third vs. first tertile 0.68, 95% CI 0.52-0.90; P=0.01 for trend). O-DMA and daidzein were associated with lower levels of total IgE (P=0.01). In this large, nationally representative sample, increased urinary phytoestrogen levels were inversely associated with markers of asthma and allergy. Increased consumption of phytoestrogens may help prevent or treat asthma and allergic disease.
The first 10 years' experience of restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.
Authors: P Setti-Carraro, J K Ritchie, K H Wilkinson, R J Nicholls, P R Hawley
Journal: Gut (1994)

Between 1976 and 1985, 110 patients had restorative proctocolectomy or proctectomy for ulcerative colitis and 103 were followed up until death or February 1992. There was one postoperative and one late death related to surgery. The cumulative probability of pouch failure was 12% at five years: half of the failures occurred within one year. The commonest reasons were perianal/pelvic sepsis and probable Crohn's disease. The cumulative probability of readmission, excluding that for ileostomy closure, was 68% at five years. There were 152 operations carried out during readmissions. These included 44 laparotomies. Function was assessed in 80 patients at a mean of 99.3 months after ileostomy closure. For 66 patients with spontaneous evacuation, average minimum diurnal frequency was 3.8, maximum 4.9, with 35 evacuating at night. One patient experienced major continence problems, 30 had minor leaks, and 49 were completely continent. Postoperatively, five patients gave birth to nine babies, four had renal stones, two myasthenia gravis, and two severe anaemia: seven had pre or postoperative thyroid dysfunction.
Regional pulse wave velocities in hypertensive and normotensive humans
Authors: C T Ting, M S Chang, S P Wang, B N Chiang, F C Yin
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

Journal Article Regional pulse wave velocities in hypertensive and normotensive humans Get access C T Ting, C T Ting Correspondence to: Dr Yin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M S Chang, M S Chang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S P Wang, S P Wang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B N Chiang, B N Chiang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frank C P Yin Frank C P Yin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 24, Issue 11, November 1990, Pages 865–872, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/24.11.865 Published: 01 November 1990 Article history Received: 03 January 1990 Accepted: 11 June 1990 Published: 01 November 1990
Smoking, Alcohol, and Neuromuscular and Physical Function of Older Women
Authors: Heidi D. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the associations of current and lifetime smoking and alcohol use with physical function in an older population. <h3>Design.</h3> —Survey. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Four clinic centers in the United States. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 9704 community-dwelling, ambulatory white women 65 years or older recruited from four areas of the United States. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Twelve performance tests of muscle strength, agility and coordination, gait and balance, and self-reported functional status. <h3>Results.</h3> —Compared with women who never smoked, current smokers had significantly poorer function on all of the performance measures except grip strength after adjusting for age, history of stroke, body mass index, clinic site, physical activity, and alcohol use (<i>P</i>&lt;.05). This decrease in function was 50% to 100% as great as that associated with a 5-year increase in age, and most measures worsened with increasing numbers of pack-years. Compared with current moderate drinkers, nondrinkers had significantly poorer function on all of the performance measures except tandem walk (<i>P</i>&lt;.05). Evaluation of a dose effect with alcohol was limited by the small number of heavy drinkers in the study. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —In this population, women who currently smoke are weaker and have poorer balance and poorer performance on measures of integrated physical function than nonsmokers. Smoking is associated with a decline in physical function. Current moderate drinkers have better physical function compared with nondrinkers, but associations of function with heavy drinkers could not be assessed. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:1825-1831)
Tranilast is more effective on restenotic lesion than de novo lesion for prevention of restenosis
Authors: S. Matsui, H. Tamai, K. Katou, H. Hayakawa, T. Yamakawa, K. Kanmatsuse, K. Haze, T. Aizawa, N. Nakanishi, S. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, S. Takase, H. Nishikawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Anomalous Origin of the Left Circumflex Coronary Artery
Authors: HARRY L. PAGE, H. JURGEN ENGEL, W. BARTON CAMPBELL, CLARENCE S. THOMAS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

Anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery from the proximal right coronary artery or right sinus of Valsalva was recognized in 20 of 2996 patients undergoing selective coronary arteriography (0.67%). The relative frequency of this anomaly demands a high level of anticipation during the performance of selective coronary arteriography to assure that an adequate study has been obtained. Failure to recognize and properly demonstrate the anomaly can be hazardous to patient management. Two angiographic signs have proved reliable in recognizing the anomalous artery before its selective demonstration. These signs are a profile view of the artery behind the aortic root during left ventriculography (the "aortic root sign") and recognition of absent arterial inflow to a significant area of the posterior lateral left ventricle during selective injections of the main left coronary artery (the "sign of non-perfused myocardium"). These angiographic signs are described and the clinical implications of proper demonstration of the anomalous circumflex coronary artery are discussed.
The clinical utility of the Revised European-American Lymphoma (R.E.A.L.) Classification: Preliminary results of a prospective study in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from a single centre
Authors: J.W. Sweetenham, P.F.M. Smartt, B.S. Wilkins, J.C. Pellatt, J.L. Smith, A. Ramsay, J.M.A. Whitehouse
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)
Ventricular Performance Modified by Elastic Properties of Outflow System
Authors: Peter F. Salisbury, Cecil E. Cross, P. Andre Rieben
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

Left ventricular and atrial pressures, left ventricular circumference and longitudinal meridional segment length, coronary flow, and cardiac oxygen consumption were measured under conditions which permitted intentional variation of the elasticity of the left ventricular outflow system and comparison of cardiac performance during steady states in which heart rate, stroke work, and stroke volume were identical, but the outflow elastic storage capacity was varied. When ejecting through a rigid (as compared with a distensible) system, the left ventricle generated a larger fraction of the contractile tension under auxotonic conditions (i.e., during the ejection phase), and left ventricular systolic peak pressure was increased. Ejections through rigid tubes proceeded from higher diastolic ventricular pressures and larger external dimensions. The effort of hearts which ejected through rigid outflow conduits was associated with a reduced myocardial oxygen consumption. Studies of left ventricular performance in isolated hearts are physiologically significant only when the experimental arrangement comprises an outflow system with distensibility characteristics similar to that of the arterial tree.
Variance in the Expression of 5-Fluorouracil Pathway Genes in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Elizabeth A. Kidd, Jinsheng Yu, Xia Li, William D. Shannon, Mark A. Watson, Howard L. McLeod
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Although colorectal cancer has the third highest cancer mortality rate, the treatment remains far from optimized with patients showing variable responses to standard treatment. Molecular differences in pharmacologically relevant genes may contribute to the variability in response. This study used Taqman PCR to investigate the expression of 24 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) pathway genes in colorectal cancer using paired nontumor and tumor sample from 52 patients with Dukes' C colon cancer. In comparing tumor versus nonmalignant tissue, 14 of the 24 genes showed significant variation in gene expression. For 11 of these same genes (FPGS, DHFR, GGH, NME1, NME2, RRM2, UMPH2, UNG, UMPS, TP53, and TK1), a significant proportion of the patients showed an over expression of the particular gene in tumor tissue with a tumor-to-nonmalignant (T/N) ratio &amp;gt;1.2, whereas one gene (DPYD) showed the converse with a large number of patients showing a lower expression in the tumor tissue (T/N &amp;lt; 0.8). Multiple gene correlations for the genes of the 5-FU pathway were found with the Spearman rank correlation of &amp;gt;0.6 (all P &amp;gt; 0.001), suggesting possible coregulation mechanisms. Hierarchical clustering analysis created at least three groups of genes, which were consistent with groupings by the other statistical methods. Additionally, the hierarchical clustering showed two distinct groups of patients based on their gene expression. These variations in gene expression could provide valuable insights for optimizing treatment selection for patients with colorectal cancer.
Effect of baseline serum albumin concentration on outcome of resuscitation with albumin or saline in patients in intensive care units: analysis of data from the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) study
Authors: Simon Finfer, Rinaldo Bellomo, Suzanne McEvoy, Sing Kai Lo, John Myburgh, Bruce Neal, Robyn Norton
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether outcomes of resuscitation with albumin or saline in the intensive care unit depend on patients9 baseline serum albumin concentration. <b>Design</b> Analysis of data from a double blind, randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Intensive care units of 16 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. <b>Participants</b> 6045 participants in the saline versus albumin fluid evaluation (SAFE) study. <b>Interventions</b> Fluid resuscitation with 4% albumin or saline in patients with a baseline serum albumin concentration of 25 g/l or less or more than 25 g/l. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Primary outcome was all cause mortality at 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, duration of renal replacement therapy, and duration of mechanical ventilation. <b>Main results</b> The odds ratios for death for albumin compared with saline for patients with a baseline serum albumin concentration of 25 g/l or less and more than 25 g/l were 0.87 and 1.09, respectively (ratio of odds ratios 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.02); P=0.08 for heterogeneity. No significant interaction was found between baseline serum albumin concentration as a continuous variable and the effect of albumin and saline on mortality. No consistent interaction was found between baseline serum albumin concentration and treatment effects on length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay, duration of renal replacement therapy, or duration of mechanical ventilation. <b>Conclusion</b> The outcomes of resuscitation with albumin and saline are similar irrespective of patients9 baseline serum albumin concentration. <b>Trial registration</b>ISRCTN76588266.
Different altered stage correlative expression of high abundance acute-phase proteins in sera of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Yeng Chen, Boon-Kiong Lim, Onn H Hashim
Journal: Journal of Hematology & Oncology (2009)

Abstract Background The general enhanced expression of α 1 -antichymotrypsin (ACT), clusterin (CLU), α 1 -antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin β-chain (HAP), and leucine rich glycoprotein (LRG) in the sera of patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOCa) was recently reported. In the present study, we compared the expression of the serum acute-phase proteins (APPs) in the patients according to their stages of cancer. Results Different altered stage correlative expression of the high abundance serum APPs was demonstrated in sera of the patients studied. While the expression of ACT, HAP and AAT appeared to demonstrate positive correlation with the three initial stages of the cancer, inverse correlation was apparently detected in the expression of LRG and CLU. For patients who were diagnosed with stage IV of the cancer, expression of the serum APPs did not conform to the altered progression changes. Conclusion Our results highlight the potential prognostic significance of selective high abundance serum APPs in patients with EOCa.