tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian Bombesin Receptors: Nomenclature, Distribution, Pharmacology, Signaling, and Functions in Normal and Disease States
Authors: R. T. Jensen, J. F. Battey, E. R. Spindel, R. V. Benya
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2007)

The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB<sub>1</sub>), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB<sub>2</sub>), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB<sub>3</sub>). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB<sub>3</sub> has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
Glutathione-Deficient Mice Have Increased Sensitivity to Transplacental Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Premature Ovarian Failure and Ovarian Tumorigenesis
Authors: Jinhwan Lim, Gregory W. Lawson, Brooke N. Nakamura, Laura Ortiz, Jin A. Hur, Terrance J. Kavanagh, Ulrike Luderer
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants found in tobacco smoke, air pollution, and grilled foods. Prenatal exposure to BaP causes premature reproductive senescence in mice, and other PAHs are transplacental ovarian carcinogens. Glutathione (GSH) is critical for detoxification of the reactive metabolites of PAHs. Therefore, we hypothesized that mice that are genetically deficient in GSH synthesis, due to deletion of the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, have increased destruction of oogonia, premature ovarian failure, and ovarian tumorigenesis after transplacental BaP exposure compared with Gclm(+/+) females. Gclm(+/-) female and male mice were mated, and dams were treated with 0, 2, or 10 mg/kg/d BaP in sesame oil by gavage from gestational days 7 to 16. Compared with oil-treated F1 females of the same genotype, Gclm(-/-) prenatally BaP-treated females had significantly greater decrements in offspring production than Gclm(+/+) BaP-treated females. Similarly, we observed significant BaP dose × Gclm genotype interactions on ovarian follicle counts and ovarian tumor multiplicity at 7.5 months of age, with Gclm(-/-) females having greater decrements in follicle numbers and more ovarian tumors in response to prenatal BaP exposure than Gclm(+/+) females. The ovarian tumors were positive for the epithelial marker cytokeratin. Our results show that prenatal exposure of females to BaP causes premature ovarian failure and ovarian tumorigenesis and that embryonic GSH deficiency due to deletion of Gclm increases sensitivity to these transplacental ovarian effects of BaP.
Sports injuries in children and adolescents.
Authors: L J Micheli, J D Klein
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

In recent years, we have witnessed both an increase in the participation of children and adolescents in organized sports and an increased emphasis on the fitness and skills of these young athletes.These trends have been paralleled by an increase in the number of sports-related injuries in this patient population.Many of these youngsters train in a single sports discipline, and it is this type of repetitive training which has generated new patterns of injury.Young athletes, as with all athletes involved in organized sports, are subject to two basic types of injuries.Acute injuries are the result of single-impact macrotrauma.Overuse injuries, previously rare in this age group, are due to the repetitive microtrauma of athletic training and are presenting in far greater numbers than ever before.Children, it seems, are not only susceptible to overuse injuries, but may in fact be at increased risk as compared with their adult 1,2 counterparts
Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation: Should Perinatal Solid Cancer Become a Matter of Concern?
Authors: Maria Valeria Corrias, Sandro Dallorso, Riccardo Haupt, Irene Martini, Fabio Morandi, Barbara Carlini, Vito Pistoia, Alberto Garaventa
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)
Comparison of the Results of the Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults With Standard-Risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With the Programa Español de Tratamiento en Hematología Pediatric-Based Protocol ALL-96
Authors: Josep-María Ribera, Albert Oriol, Miguel-Angel Sanz, Mar Tormo, Pascual Fernández-Abellán, Eloy del Potro, Eugenia Abella, Javier Bueno, Ricardo Parody, Pilar Bastida, Carlos Grande, Inmaculada Heras, Concepción Bethencourt, Evarist Feliu, Juan-José Ortega
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

Retrospective studies have shown that adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with pediatric protocols have better outcomes than similarly aged patients treated with adult protocols, but prospective studies comparing adolescents and young adults using pediatric schedules are scarce. The ALL-96 protocol was addressed to compare the toxicity and results of a pediatric-based protocol in adolescents (age 15-18 years) and young adults (age 19-30 years) with standard-risk (SR) ALL.Adolescents (n = 35) and young adults (n = 46) received a standard five-drug/5-week induction course followed by two cycles of early consolidation, maintenance with monthly reinforcement cycles up to 1 year in continuous complete remission (CR) and 1 year with standard maintenance chemotherapy up to 2 years in CR.Adolescents and young adults were comparable in the main pretreatment ALL characteristics. The CR rate was 98% and. after a median follow-up of 4.2 years, 6-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 61% (95% CI, 51% to 72%) and 69% (95% CI, 59% to 79%), respectively, with no differences between adolescents and young adults. The hematologic toxicity in consolidation and reinforcement cycles was higher in young adults than in adolescents. Slow response to induction therapy was the only parameter associated with poor EFS (34% v 67%) and OS (40% v 76%).The response to the pediatric ALL-96 protocol was identical in adolescents and young adults despite a slight increase in hematologic toxicity observed in adults. This justifies the age-unrestricted use of pediatric regimens to treat patients with SR ALL.
Concurrent PEDF deficiency and Kras mutation induce invasive pancreatic cancer and adipose-rich stroma in mice
Authors: Paul J Grippo, Philip S Fitchev, David J Bentrem, Laleh G Melstrom, Surabhi Dangi-Garimella, Seth B Krantz, Michael J Heiferman, Chuhan Chung, Kevin Adrian, Mona L Cornwell, Jan B Flesche, Sambasiva M Rao, Mark S Talamonti, Hidayatullah G Munshi, Susan E Crawford
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Background and aims</h3> Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a non-inhibitory SERPIN with potent antiangiogenic activity, has been recently implicated in metabolism and adipogenesis, both of which are known to influence pancreatic cancer progression. Increased pancreatic fat in human pancreatic tumour correlates with greater tumour dissemination while PEDF deficiency in mice promotes pancreatic hyperplasia and visceral obesity. Oncogenic Ras, the most common mutation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), has similarly been shown to promote adipogenesis and premalignant lesions. <h3>Methods</h3> In order to determine whether concurrent loss of PEDF is sufficient to promote adipogenesis and tumorigenesis in the pancreas, the authors ablated PEDF in an EL-Kras<sup>G12D</sup> mouse model of non-invasive cystic papillary neoplasms. <h3>Results</h3> EL-Kras<sup>G12D</sup>/PEDF deficient mice developed invasive PDAC associated with enhanced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression and increased peripancreatic fat with adipocyte hypertrophy and intrapancreatic adipocyte infiltration (pancreatic steatosis). In support of increased adipogenesis, the stroma of the pancreas of EL-Kras<sup>G12D</sup>/PEDF deficient mice demonstrated higher tissue levels of two lipid droplet associated proteins, tail-interacting protein 47 (TIP47, perilipin 3) and adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP, Pperilipin 2), while adipose triglyceride lipase, a key factor in lipolysis, was decreased. In patients with PDAC, both tissue and serum levels of PEDF were decreased, stromal TIP47 expression was higher and the tissue VEGF to PEDF ratio was increased (p&lt;0.05). <h3>Conclusions</h3> These data highlight the importance of lipid metabolism in the tumour microenvironment and identify PEDF as a critical negative regulator of both adiposity and tumour invasion in the pancreas.
Redox Imbalance and Biochemical Changes in Cancer
Authors: Tonia C. Jorgenson, Weixiong Zhong, Terry D. Oberley
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract For this article, we explore a hypothesis involving the possible role of reduction/oxidation (redox) state in cancer. We hypothesize that many modifications in cellular macromolecules, observed in cancer progression, may be caused by redox imbalance. Recent biochemical data suggest that human prostate cancer cell lines show a redox imbalance (oxidizing) compared with benign primary prostate epithelial cells; the degree of oxidation varied with aggressive behavior of each cell line. Our recent data suggest that human breast cancer tissues show a redox imbalance (reducing) compared with benign adjacent breast tissues. Accumulating data summarized in this article suggest that redox imbalance may regulate gene expression and alter protein stability by posttranslational modifications, in turn modulating existing cellular programs. Despite significant improvements in cancer therapeutics, resistance occurs, and redox imbalance may play a role in this process. Studies show that some cancer therapeutic agents increase generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antioxidant enzymes, which may alter total antioxidant capacity, cause cellular adaptation, and result in reduced effectiveness of treatment modalities. Approaches involving modulations of intra- and extracellular redox states, in combination with other therapies, may lead to new treatment options, especially for patients who are resistant to standard treatments. Cancer Res; 73(20); 6118–23. ©2013 AACR.
Concurrent rib and pelvic fractures as an indicator of solid abdominal organ injury
Authors: Ammar Al-Hassani, Ibrahim Afifi, Husham Abdelrahman, Ayman El-Menyar, Ammar Almadani, Jan Recicar, Hassan Al-Thani, Kimball Maull, Rifat Latifi
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2013)
Value of nocturnal oxygen saturation as a screening test for sleep apnoea.
Authors: B G Cooper, D Veale, C J Griffiths, G J Gibson
Journal: Thorax (1991)

The sensitivity and specificity of overnight recording of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in routine clinical practice was evaluated in 41 subjects who were being investigated for possible sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. SaO2 was measured with an ear probe oximeter (Biox IIa) and chart recorder during an "acclimatisation" night immediately before a detailed polysomnographic study. The recordings were classified by two observers as positive, negative, or uninterpretable. Twelve of the 41 patients had the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome when defined in terms of an apnoea-hypopnoea index greater than 15 events an hour on the second night. The sensitivity of nocturnal SaO2 on the acclimatisation night when the diagnostic criterion was an apnoea-hypopnoea index of greater than 5, greater than 15, and greater than 25/h was 60%, 75%, and 100% respectively. Corresponding values for specificity were 95%, 86%, and 80%. Oximetry alone therefore allowed recognition of a moderate or severe sleep apnoea syndrome. In routine practice an appreciable number of equivocal results is likely and repeat oximetry or more detailed polysomnography will then be required if clinical suspicion is high.
Transforming growth factor beta 2 inhibits cerebrovascular changes and brain edema formation in the tumor necrosis factor alpha-independent early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis.
Authors: H W Pfister, K Frei, B Ottnad, U Koedel, A Tomasz, A Fontana
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Macrophages and granulocytes seem to play a key role in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) leads to macrophage deactivation, as well as to inhibition of cytokine production and of endothelial granulocyte adhesion. We have investigated the influence of TGF-beta on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), intracranial pressure (ICP), and brain edema formation during the early phase of experimental meningitis. Rats which were inoculated intracisternally with live pneumococci or with pneumococcal cell wall hydrolyzed by the M1 muramidase (PCW-M) developed an increase of rCBF and ICP within 4 h postintracisternal challenge. A single intraperitoneal injection of TGF-beta 2 but not of TGF-beta 2 vehicle-control prevented the changes of rCBF. Furthermore, TGF-beta 2 significantly reduced the increase of ICP in rats inoculated with PCW-M. Likewise, the elevation of brain water content after intracisternal injection of pneumococci or PCW-M was blocked by pretreatment of rats with TGF-beta 2. TGF-beta 1 exhibited similar inhibitory effects in PCW-M-injected rats. The beneficial effects of TGF-beta 2 on the initial phase after pneumococcal inoculation seem to be tumor necrosis factor alpha- (TNF-alpha) independent since (a) intracisternal or intraperitoneal injection of neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibodies did not significantly influence rCBF, ICP, and brain water content in PCW-M-induced meningitis; and (b) TNF-alpha was only occasionally detected at low levels in cerebrospinal fluid at 4 h after PCW-M application.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Management of Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Bacteremia
Authors: Saima Aslam, Florin Vaida, Michele Ritter, Ravindra L. Mehta
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

Hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia is a common clinical problem with several management options. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine cure proportions with systemic antibiotics, antibiotic lock solution, and guidewire exchange. We searched databases and registries; conference proceedings from relevant medical societies; and article reference lists. Data regarding management approach, cure, follow-up, recurrence, complications, and microbiology were abstracted and pooled from 28 selected publications. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated from a mixed effects logistic regression model. In total, 1596 patients with tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia were divided into groups on the basis of treatment with systemic antibiotics (n=697), antibiotic lock solution (n=546), or guidewire exchange (n=353). Antibiotic lock solution and guidewire exchange had similar cure proportions that were superior to systemic antibiotics alone (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.45; P<0.01 for antibiotic lock solution; OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.82 to 4.55; P<0.001 for guidewire exchange versus systemic antibiotics). Cure proportions were highest for coagulase-negative staphylococci followed by gram-negative rods and Staphylococcus aureus. Among S. aureus infections, guidewire exchange led to a higher cure proportion than systemic antibiotics or antibiotic lock solution (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.17 to 9.46; P=0.02; OR, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.79 to 12.46; P=0.002, respectively). Thus, results of this study suggest that tunneled hemodialysis catheter-related bacteremia should be treated with either guidewire exchange or antibiotic lock solution. Future studies should address prospectively whether one strategy is better than the other overall and for specific pathogens.
Comparison of chromosomal and array-based comparative genomic hybridization for the detection of genomic imbalances in primary prostate carcinomas
Authors: Franclim R Ribeiro, Rui Henrique, Merete Hektoen, Marianne Berg, Carmen Jerónimo, Manuel R Teixeira, Ragnhild A Lothe
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2006)

In order to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in prostate cancer, we performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on a series of 46 primary prostate carcinomas using a 1 Mbp whole-genome coverage platform. As chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization (cCGH) data was available for these samples, we compared the sensitivity and overall concordance of the two methodologies, and used the combined information to infer the best of three different aCGH scoring approaches.
Age-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>
Authors: Giovanni Paternostro, Carlo Vignola, Dirk-Uwe Bartsch, Jeff H. Omens, Andrew D. McCulloch, John C. Reed
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Abstract —The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , has served as a valuable model/organism for the study of aging and was the first organism possessing a circulatory system to have its genome completely sequenced. However, little is known about the function of the heartlike organ of flies during the aging process. We have developed methods for studying cardiac function in vivo in adult flies. Using 2 different cardiovascular stress methods (elevated ambient temperature and external electrical pacing), we found that maximal heart rate is significantly and reproducibly reduced with aging in Drosophila , analogous to observations in elderly humans. We also describe for the first time several other aspects of the cardiac physiology of young adult and aging Drosophila , including an age-associated increase in rhythm disturbances. These observations suggest that the study of declining cardiac function in aging flies may serve as a genetically tractable model for genome-wide mutational screening for genes that participate in or protect against cardiac aging and disease.
Sclerotherapy for Bleeding Esophageal Varices
Authors: J Terblanche, P C Bornman, R E Kirsch
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1984)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Correlates of Return to Work for Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Reynard R. Bouknight, Cathy J. Bradley, Zhehui Luo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

To identify correlates of return to work for employed breast cancer survivors.Patients included 416 employed women with newly diagnosed breast cancer identified from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. Patients were interviewed by telephone 12 and 18 months after diagnosis. Correlates of return to work at 12 and 18 months were identified using multivariate logistic regression.More than 80% of patients returned to work during the study period, and 87% reported that their employer was accommodating to their cancer illness and treatment. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, health status, cancer stage, treatment, and job type, heavy lifting on the job (odds ratio = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.99), perceived employer accommodation for cancer illness and treatment (odds ratio = 2.2; 95% CI, 1.03 to 4.8), and perceived employer discrimination because of a cancer diagnosis (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.71) were independently associated with return to work at 12 months after breast cancer diagnosis, and perceived employer accommodation (odds ratio = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.06 to 5.1) was independently associated with return to work at 18 months after breast cancer diagnosis.A high percentage of employed breast cancer patients returned to work after treatment, and workplace accommodations played an important role in their return. In addition, perceived employer discrimination because of cancer was negatively associated with return to work for breast cancer survivors. Employers seem to have a pivotal role in breast cancer patients' successful return to work.
187 ANTIVIRAL THERAPY IN RECURRENT HEPATITIS C: ADVANCED DONOR AGE AND FEMALE RECIPIENT GENDER IDENTIFY NON RESPONDERS AT HIGHER RISK OF GRAFT LOSS
Authors: G. Crespo, Z. Marino, J.A. Carrion, M. García-Retortillo, S. Lens, R. Miquel, J. Bosch, M. Navasa, X. Forns
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in asthmatic and non-asthmatic military conscripts during a non-epidemic period
Authors: R. Juvonen, A. Bloigu, M. Paldanius, A. Peitso, S. Silvennoinen-Kassinen, T. Harju, M. Leinonen, P. Saikku
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2008)
Mumps in the workplace. Further evidence of the changing epidemiology of a childhood vaccine-preventable disease
Authors: K. M. Kaplan
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The first documented mumps outbreak in the workplace took place between August and December of 1987, when 119 cases of mumps occurred among employees at three Chicago futures exchanges and their household contacts. Twenty-one patients developed 23 complications, and nine persons were hospitalized. Total direct and indirect economic costs associated with the outbreak were $120,738; the cost per case was $1473. Only three patients had written documentation of mumps immunization. The outbreak is consistent with the recent changing epidemiology of mumps and the increase in reported cases in the adolescent and young adult populations. Mumps vaccine was licensed in 1967, but its distribution was limited until 1977 when the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee of the US Public Health Service recommended it for universal use. As a result, a cohort of adolescents and young adults under-immunized against mumps and underexposed to disease is now entering the work force. Vaccination of susceptible employees could prevent the substantial health impact of mumps.