tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Complications of Chicken-pox
Authors: C. E. Rotem
Journal: BMJ (1961)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Lake deoxygenation is of growing concern because it threatens ecosystem services delivery. Complete deoxygenation, anoxia, is projected to prolong and expand in lakes, promoting the production or release of nutrients, greenhouse gases and metals from water column and the sediments. Accumulation of these compounds cannot be easily predicted thus hindering our capacity to forecast the ecological consequences of global changes on aquatic ecosystems. Here, we used lakes Arendsee and Mendota monitoring data to develop a novel metric, anoxic age, characterizing lake hypolimnetic anoxia. Anoxic age explained, as a single predictor, 44% to 58% of the variation for ammonium, soluble reactive phosphorus and a dissolved organic matter fluorophore. Anoxic age could be modelled using only two oxygen profiles and lake bathymetry, making it an easily applicable tool to interpret and extrapolate biogeochemical data. This novel metric thus has the potential to transform widely available oxygen profiles into an ecologically meaningful variable. <h3>Scientific Significance Statement</h3> Oxygen depletion in deep water layers of lakes is of growing concern as it expands due to eutrophication and climate change. Anoxia is deleterious to benthic invertebrates and fishes, enables the production of potent greenhouse gases and releases stored phosphorus from sediments, among others. However, quantitatively forecasting the consequences of anoxia remains a challenge. Here, we developed a novel metric, anoxic age, which may be derived from oxygen profiles to predict end-of-summer concentration of various water chemical parameters. We argue that all by-products of anaerobic microbial metabolism should be related to anoxic age as they are released or processed continuously during anoxia. We believe that anoxic age can be used to predict the ecological consequences of temporally and spatially growing anoxia.
Thermal Effects and Blood Pressure Response during Postdilution Hemodiafiltration and Hemodialysis
Authors: FRANK M. VAN DER SANDE, JEROEN P. KOOMAN, CONSTANTIJN J. KONINGS, KAREL M.L. LEUNISSEN
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2001)

Abstract. It has been suggested that the incidence of hypotensive episodes is less with hemodiafiltration (HDF) than with hemodialysis (HD). The aim of the present study was to assess the BP response during HD and postdilution HDF in relation to the thermal effects of these different treatment modalities by manipulating the dialysate temperature (Td) during HD and the amount of replacement fluid during HDF. In 12 patients, energy transfer rate (in watts) and maximal decline in mean arterial pressure during HD at Td 37.5°C, HD at Td 35.5°C, and postdilution HDF with amounts of replacement fluids infused at room temperature of 1 L/h and 2.5 L/h, respectively, were assessed. All measurements were done twice in each patient. Energy transfer rate was comparable between HD 35.5°C (-26.61 ± 5.33) and HDF 2.5 L/h (-25.25 ± 7.91) and was significantly more negative compared with HD 37.5°C (-3.53 ± 6.44) and HDF 1 L/h (-15.88 ± 6.94). The maximum decline in mean arterial pressure was significantly higher during HD 37.5°C (-25.6 ± 13.5) than during HD 35.5°C (-15.1 ± 13.8) and HDF 2.5 L/h (-19.2 ± 17.7), whereas there was no significant difference with HDF 1 L/h (-23.0 ± 14.0). In conclusion, thermal effects during postdilution HDF are dependent on the amount of replacement fluid. Also during HDF, the BP response is strongly related to thermal effects. The use of postdilution HDF with low or intermediate amounts of replacement fluids infused at room temperature seems to have no advantage in preventing hemodynamic instability, compared with HD 35.5°C.
Attenuation of early and late phase allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects by a 5-lipoxygenase activating protein antagonist, BAYx 1005
Authors: A. L. Hamilton, R. M. Watson, G. Wyile, P. M. O'Byrne
Journal: Thorax (1997)

BACKGROUND: The cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced airway responses. The effects of pretreatment with BAYx 1005, an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis via antagonism of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses has been evaluated. METHODS: Eight atopic subjects with mild asthma participated in a two period, double blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial. Subjects were selected on the basis of a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of &gt; 70% predicted, a methacholine provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) of &lt; 32 mg/ ml, a documented allergen-induced early response (EAR, &gt; 15% fall in FEV1 0-1 hour after allergen inhalation) and late response (LAR, &gt; 15% fall in FEV1 3-7 hours after allergen inhalation), and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (at least a doubling dose reduction in the methacholine PC20 30 hours after allergen inhalation). During the treatment periods subjects received BAYx 1005 (500 mg twice daily) or placebo for 3.5 days; treatment periods were separated by at least two weeks. On the third day of treatment, two hours after administration of medication, subjects performed an allergen inhalation challenge and FEV1 was measured for seven hours. RESULTS: Treatment with BAYx 1005 attenuated the magnitude of both the allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses. The mean (SE) maximal fall in FEV1 during the EAR was 26.6 (3.3)% during placebo treatment and 11.4 (3.3)% during treatment with BAYx 1005 (mean difference 15.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.4 to 21.00) with a mean protection afforded by BAYx 1005 of 57.1%. The mean (SE) maximal fall in FEV1 during the LAR was 19.8 (5.7)% during placebo treatment and 10.7 (4.4)% during BAYx 1005 treatment (mean difference 9.2 (95% CI 1.4 to 17.0) with a mean protection afforded by BAYx 1005 of 46.0%. The area under the time response curve (AUC0-3) was also reduced after treatment with BAYx 1005 compared with placebo by 86.5%.h (mean difference 26.3 (95% CI 17.1 to 38.5)) and the AUC3-7 by 59.6%.h (mean difference 26.9 (95% CI-3.8 to 57.6)). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that antagonism of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein can attenuate allergen-induced bronchoconstrictor responses and support an important role for the cysteinyl leukotrienes in mediating these asthmatic responses.
Phase III Study of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Prinomastat in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Donald Bissett, Ken J. O’Byrne, J. von Pawel, Ulrich Gatzemeier, Allan Price, Marianne Nicolson, Richard Mercier, Elva Mazabel, Carol Penning, Min H. Zhang, Mary A. Collier, Frances A. Shepherd
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular proteins and facilitate tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This trial was undertaken to determine the effect of prinomastat, an inhibitor of selected MMPs, on the survival of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), when given in combination with gemcitabine-cisplatin chemotherapy.Chemotherapy-naive patients were randomly assigned to receive prinomastat 15 mg or placebo twice daily orally continuously, in combination with gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 days 1 and 8 plus cisplatin 75 mg/m2 day 1, every 21 days for up to six cycles. The planned sample size was 420 patients.Study results at an interim analysis and lack of efficacy in another phase III trial prompted early closure of this study. There were 362 patients randomized (181 on prinomastat and 181 on placebo). One hundred thirty-four patients had stage IIIB disease with T4 primary tumor, 193 had stage IV disease, and 34 had recurrent disease (one enrolled patient was ineligible with stage IIIA disease). Overall response rates for the two treatment arms were similar (27% for prinomastat v 26% for placebo; P = .81). There was no difference in overall survival or time to progression; for prinomastat versus placebo patients, the median overall survival times were 11.5 versus 10.8 months (P = .82), 1-year survival rates were 43% v 38% (P = .45), and progression-free survival times were 6.1 v 5.5 months (P = .11), respectively. The toxicities of prinomastat were arthralgia, stiffness, and joint swelling. Treatment interruption was required in 38% of prinomastat patients and 12% of placebo patients.Prinomastat does not improve the outcome of chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, multilobated type, expressing membrane differentiation antigens of precursor T-lymphocytes
Authors: S.C.J. PUTTE, H.J. SCHUURMAN, J. TOONSTRA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Monoclonal antibodies to human T-cell membrane antigens were used to evaluate the immunological phenotype of the tumour cells in two cases of a recently described cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of ‘multilobated’ type. In one case the distinctive abnormal blast cells expressed positivity for OKT6, anti-HTA1, OKT4 and Leu–3a, and showed binding capacity for peanut agglutinin (PNA). These are properties normally displayed by immature cortical thymocytes. The antigen expression of the abnormal blast cells in the other case was OKT3, Leu-1, OKT4, Leu–3a in the absence of PNA-binding; these properties bear more resemblance to more mature T-inducer/helper cells. When combined with consideration of the morphological aspects we suggest that in both cases the abnormal cells represented precursor T-lymphocytes.
Expiratory chest radiographs do not improve visibility of small apical pneumothoraces by enhanced contrast
Authors: FM Schramel, RP Golding, CD Haakman, TG Sutedja, KA de Jong, PE Postmus
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

Demonstration of small apical pneumothoraces is supposed to be facilitated by expiratory chest radiographs. This study aimed to analyse the assumed enhancement of visual contrast on expiratory chest radiographs in patients with small apical pneumothoraces. Optical densities (OD) were obtained with a densitometer (X-rite 3001) on 54 paired inspiratory and expiratory chest radiographs of 22 consecutive patients with small apical pneumothoraces. The ODs were measured: at the intervertebral space between the first and second thoracic vertebrae (Area 1); at the peripheral part of the affected lung parenchyma (Area 2); and at the adjacent intrapleural space (Area 3). Excellent correlations of OD of each area were obtained between paired inspiratory and expiratory chest radiographs. The ODs of all areas on expiratory chest radiographs were significantly higher than on inspiratory chest radiographs. Contrast between pulmonary parenchyma and intrapleural air in inspiratory and expiratory films did not differ significantly. Expiratory chest radiographs do not improve visibility of small apical pneumothoraces by enhanced contrast between pulmonary parenchyma and intrapleural air. Expiratory chest radiographs show equally increased OD in the area of lung tissue and intrapleural air, caused by increased extrapulmonary tissue density during expiration, resulting in increased radiation exposure monitored by the ionization chambers of standard radiological equipment. If expiratory chest radiographs are really improving the visibility of apical pneumothoraces, there must be other reasons than contrast enhancement to explain this.
Early-Stage Progress on Glioma Vaccines
Authors: V. Brower
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

A n experimental vaccine for glioblastoma patients showed promise in a recent Phase II study. The peptidebased immunotherapy vaccine, CDX-110, also known as rindopepimut, is designed to mobilize the immune system to attack only malignant cells which express a mutant protein, EGFRvIII, which fuels the unchecked growth of cancer cells. Only 30% of glioblastoma patients carry this mutation. Forty-three of the 65 patients (66%) enrolled in the study were progression-free at 8.5 months from diagnosis, or 5.5 months from start of vaccination, compared to a progression-free rate in matched historical controls of 53% ( Journal of Clinical Oncology preprint, Oct. 4, 2010). Although the results should only be considered preliminary — since they are from Phase I and II trials, which are not controlled, and not designed to detect survival benefi ts — they have made some researchers optimistic about the future of vaccines for glioblastoma. “These results, together with preclinical vaccine data, are exciting for a disease with a very bad prognosis,” said James Rutka, M.D., Ph.D., president of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and chair of neurosurgery at the University of Toronto, who was not involved in the study. “The trial indicates that the immune system can be induced to recognize a cancer-specifi c antigen, cross the blood-brain barrier, and mount a signifi cant enough immune response to affect mortality.”
Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement
Authors: Annemie M. Schols, Ivone M. Ferreira, Frits M. Franssen, Harry R. Gosker, Wim Janssens, Maurizio Muscaritoli, Christophe Pison, Maureen Rutten-van Mölken, Frode Slinde, Michael C. Steiner, Ruzena Tkacova, Sally J. Singh
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Nutrition and metabolism have been the topic of extensive scientific research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but clinical awareness of the impact dietary habits, nutritional status and nutritional interventions may have on COPD incidence, progression and outcome is limited. A multidisciplinary Task Force was created by the European Respiratory Society to deliver a summary of the evidence and description of current practice in nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD, and to provide directions for future research. Task Force members conducted focused reviews of the literature on relevant topics, advised by a methodologist. It is well established that nutritional status, and in particular abnormal body composition, is an important independent determinant of COPD outcome. The Task Force identified different metabolic phenotypes of COPD as a basis for nutritional risk profile assessment that is useful in clinical trial design and patient counselling. Nutritional intervention is probably effective in undernourished patients and probably most when combined with an exercise programme. Providing evidence of cost-effectiveness of nutritional intervention is required to support reimbursement and thus increase access to nutritional intervention. Overall, the evidence indicates that a well-balanced diet is beneficial to all COPD patients, not only for its potential pulmonary benefits, but also for its proven benefits in metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
Oxygen free radical production mediated by cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaethylene, in rat hepatocytes
Authors: Urs A. Boelsterli, Armin Wolf, Christian Göldlin
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Cocaine ethyl ester ("cocaethylene") is a cocaine metabolite formed by hepatic carboxylesterases in the presence of ethanol. In the human liver, this pharmacologically active cocaine analog may reach concentrations similar to those of cocaine. To further investigate the intrinsic hepatotoxic potential of cocaethylene and to compare its effects with the known hepatocyte-damaging effects of cocaine, primary short-term cultures of hepatocytes derived from phenobarbital-pretreated rats were exposed to cocaine or cocaethylene (10 to 1000 mumol/L). Both drugs caused time- and concentration-dependent release of lactate dehydrogenase into the extracellular medium in a congruent pattern. Spontaneous hydrolysis of cocaethylene was negligible at pH 7.4, and the rate of 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate (SKF-525A) and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride-sensitive enzymatic degradation in hepatocyte cultures was similar to that of cocaine (half-time, approximately 3 hr). Furthermore, both cocaine and cocaethylene induced massive NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species production in hepatic microsomal suspensions and in homogenates of cultured hepatocytes, as directly demonstrated by superoxide dismutase- and catalase-sensitive luminol chemiluminescence. The integrated photon emission and the maximal slopes of the luminol chemiluminescence displayed similar concentration-response curves for cocaine and cocaethylene. These data suggest that reactive oxygen species, generated during the interaction of cocaine and cocaethylene with cytochrome P-450, may be the common mediators of hepatotoxicity induced by these compounds. Moreover, they indicate that the potential for cocaethylene to induce acute lethal cell injury in hepatocytes through oxidative mechanisms is similar to that of its parent compound, cocaine.
A Road Map to Comprehensive Androgen Receptor Axis Targeting for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Nicholas Mitsiades
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Gonadal androgen suppression (castration via orchiectomy or gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues) suppresses circulating testosterone levels but does not achieve adequate androgen ablation within the prostate cancer microenvironment because it does not address adrenal and intratumoral steroid contributions. These residual extragonadal sources of androgens allow prostate cancer cells to survive, adapt, and evolve into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The persistent significance of the androgen receptor (AR) axis in CRPC was recently validated by the clinical efficacy of androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) and novel, second-generation AR antagonists (enzalutamide). The appreciation that conventional therapeutic approaches achieve a suboptimal ablation of intratumoral androgens and AR axis signaling output opens transformative therapeutic opportunities. A treatment paradigm of comprehensive AR axis targeting at multiple levels (androgen synthesis, metabolism, and action) and at all relevant sites (gonadal, adrenal, intratumoral) simultaneously at the time of initiation of endocrine therapy (instead of the current approach of sequentially adding one agent at a time and only after disease progression) deserves examination in clinical trials to explore whether maximal first-line AR axis suppression via combination therapy can achieve maximal induction of cancer cell apoptosis (before they have the chance to adapt and evolve into CRPC) and thus, improve patient outcomes. Cancer Res; 73(15); 4599-605. ©2013 AACR.
Long survival in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Muhammad S. Shurafa, Ananda S. Prasad, Donald L. Rucknagel, Yuet Wai Kan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1982)

Abstract Ten patients with sickle cell anemia surviving beyond the age of 40 were compared to 11 subjects with sickle cell anemia who died before that age. Hematologic and biochemical data as well as clinical and physical parameters of the two groups were compared. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to the degree of anemia, severity of hemolysis, or hemoglobin A 2 levels. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups with respect to fetal hemoglobin, red cell zinc, and secondary sexual characteristics. Although the long survivors had fewer crises per year than the short survivors, the long‐term complications such as leg ulcer, congestive heart failure, and aseptic necrosis of the hip were more common in the older patients. Cerebrovascular accidents were the cause of death in 9/11 short survivors and are absent in the long survivors. The α/β chain synthesis ratio was normal in the long‐survivor group and α gene mapping in five subjects in that group revealed the genotype αα/αα in four and — α/αα in one. The older patients as a group had higher red cell zinc values. The secondary sexual characteristics were also better developed in the older subjects. The overall significance of zinc status and of a higher HbF on longevity of sickle cell anemia patients remains unknown.
Accelerated metacarpal bone mineral density loss is associated with radiographic progressive hand osteoarthritis
Authors: M. Guler-Yuksel, J. Bijsterbosch, C. F. Allaart, I. Meulenbelt, H. M. Kroon, I. Watt, W. F. Lems, M. Kloppenburg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

To study the association between metacarpal bone mineral density (BMD) loss and progressive hand osteoarthritis (OA) over 2 years.Using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading scale and the Osteoarthritis Research Society International Atlas, standardised hand radiographs of 181 patients with primary OA at multiple sites (mean age 60 years, 80% women, mean body mass index 27 kg/m(2)) were assessed for hand OA at baseline (KL ≥ 2 in two or more hand joints) and progressive hand OA over 2 years (≥ 1 point increase in total osteophyte and joint space narrowing score in patients with hand OA at baseline). Changes in BMD were measured over 2 years in metacarpals 2-4 by digital x-ray radiogrammetry. Accelerated BMD loss was defined as loss of >3 mg/cm(2)/year. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between BMD loss and progressive hand OA.The baseline prevalence of hand OA was 68% and, after 2 years, 32% of these patients had progressive hand OA. Accelerated BMD loss was present in 79% of the patients with progressive hand OA compared with 60% and 57% of the patients with non-progressive hand OA and no hand OA, respectively. BMD loss was independently associated with progressive hand OA compared with non-progressive hand OA with a RR (95% CI) of 2.1 (1.1 to 4.3).Accelerated metacarpal BMD loss is associated with progressive hand OA over a period of 2 years; knowledge of common mechanisms may lead to development of therapeutic interventions for hand OA.
APHONIA AND HOARSENESS
Authors: C. A. S. Ridout
Journal: BMJ (1929)

PRoposE to niake somiie observations on aphonia and hoarseniess ari-sing acutely.All of us are familiar with the suddeni aphoniia in a child or adult wlho has contracted a commlllloni cold associated with larynigitis; or with the croupy hoar'seniess, sometimiies maniifested iistead, wlliclc genlerally yields to simple remedies.Now and again, however, espe- ciall-in certain epidemics of so-called in:fluenza, we come across cases niot so simlple in type which are associated with considerable oedema of the fauces and phairynx.In some of these cases oedemia sprea(ds to' the ai-ytenioids, which
Adult diagnosis of Swyer-James-MacLeod syndrome: Retrospective analysis of four cases
Authors: Hadice Selimoglu Sen, Mahsuk Taylan, Ozlem Abakay, Cengizhan Sezgi, Mehmet Guli Cetincakmak
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background 

Swyer-James-MacLeod Syndrome (SJMS) is characterized by hypoplasia and/or agenesis of the pulmonary arteries showing a characteristic radiological pattern, such as translucent or hyperlucent unilateral lung. The diagnose is in childhood mostly, but sometimes delays until adulthood. This study examines the clinical and imaging spectrum of 4 patients that diagnosed as SJMS in adulthood.

Cases 

Table 1 shows the clinical and imaging data of the patients.

View this table:

Table 1. Clinical, radiological and pulmonary function profile of 4 patients with Swyer-James-Macleod syndrome in adults





Discussion 

Unilateral bronchiolitis obliterans with hyperinflation is quite rare, with a prevalence of 0.01%. The disease is often with dyspnea, decreased exercise tolerance, cough, haemoptysis and recurrent pulmonary infections. SJMS is characterized by unilateral hyperlucency in chest radiography. Computerized tomography (CT) provides useful additional information.

Conclusion 

SJMS may be confused with asthma or pulmonary embolism due to similar symptoms and may result in inappropriate therapy. There are small numbers of patients diagnosed in adulthood.