tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Preparation of highly stable diclofenac potassium pellet with microcrystalline cellulose by extrusion–spheronization
Authors: Yueqi Wang, Hao Huang, Chungang Zhang, Yilin Tang, Jinzhuo Li, Xing Tang, Cuifang Cai
Journal: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2013)

The main purpose of this study is to prepare highly stable diclofenac potassium (DP) pellet with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by extrusion–spheronization. Using MCC, DP pellets were prepared and the stability was investigated. Related compounds of DP pellets were analyzed by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). After stability test of 60 °C/75% RH for 10 d, the values of two main related compounds were 0.94% and 2.17%, respectively. Compatibility tests show that instability of DP was mainly caused by MCC. To improve the stability of DP in presence of MCC, different kinds of stabilizers were investigated. Upon addition of 1.5% (w/w) sodium hydroxide, the primary related compound of pellets was reduced to be 0.159% after stability test of 60 °C/75% RH for 50 d. This study demonstrated that MCC induced decomposition of DP upon exposure to moisture could be prohibited by addition of sodium hydroxide. The mechanisms were discussed and residual hydroxyl free radicals in excipients were responsible for decomposition of DP. Finally, this formulation of DP is highly stable with sustained-release behavior.
Trade Policy and Public Health
Authors: Sharon Friel, Libby Hattersley, Ruth Townsend
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2014)

Twenty-first-century trade policy is complex and affects society and population health in direct and indirect ways. Without doubt, trade policy influences the distribution of power, money, and resources between and within countries, which in turn affects the natural environment; people's daily living conditions; and the local availability, quality, affordability, and desirability of products (e.g., food, tobacco, alcohol, and health care); it also affects individuals' enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. In this article, we provide an overview of the modern global trade environment, illustrate the pathways between trade and health, and explore the emerging twenty-first-century trade policy landscape and its implications for health and health equity. We conclude with a call for more interdisciplinary research that embraces complexity theory and systems science as well as the political economy of health and that includes monitoring and evaluation of the impact of trade agreements on health.
Predictors of Antidepressant Use Among Older Adults: Have They Changed Over Time?
Authors: Dan G Blazer, Celia F Hybels, Gerda G Fillenbaum, Carl F Pieper
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2005)

Antidepressant use increased substantially among older adults with the introduction of the new-generation medications such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The authors analyzed data from two follow-up intervals-1986-1987 to 1989-1990 (interval 1) and 1992-1993 to 1996-1997 (interval 2)-from a community-based cohort of 4,162 older adults to determine predictors of future antidepressant use.Information on antidepressant use, demographic and health characteristics, and categories of depressive symptoms-positive affect, negative affect, somatic complaints, and interpersonal problems-were obtained. Logistic regression was used to control simultaneously for multiple variables predicting antidepressant use during the two intervals. Repeated-measures logistic regression (with generalized estimating equations) was employed to model the probability of antidepressant use, with adjustment for the effect of time.Prior antidepressant use and white race were strong predictors of future use during both intervals. Negative affect was the only additional significant predictor of use during interval 1. In contrast, low positive affect scores, cognitive impairment, and poorer health were additional significant predictors during interval 2. In a repeated-measures model, race, prior antidepressant use, poor health, low positive affect scores, and somatic complaints varied as predictors over time. Negative affect and cognitive impairment were consistent predictors over time.The predictors of antidepressant use by older adults changed over time, with health-related measures of quality of life, such as positive affect, health status, and somatic complaints, becoming more prominent as predictors of use.
Assessment of disease activity in muscular dystrophies by noninvasive imaging
Authors: Katie K. Maguire, Leland Lim, Sedona Speedy, Thomas A. Rando
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Muscular dystrophies are a class of disorders that cause progressive muscle wasting. A major hurdle for discovering treatments for the muscular dystrophies is a lack of reliable assays to monitor disease progression in animal models. We have developed a novel mouse model to assess disease activity noninvasively in mice with muscular dystrophies. These mice express an inducible luciferase reporter gene in muscle stem cells. In dystrophic mice, muscle stem cells activate and proliferate in response to muscle degeneration, resulting in an increase in the level of luciferase expression, which can be monitored by noninvasive, bioluminescence imaging. We applied this noninvasive imaging to assess disease activity in a mouse model of the human disease limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B), caused by a mutation in the dysferlin gene. We monitored the natural history and disease progression in these dysferlin-deficient mice up to 18 months of age and were able to detect disease activity prior to the appearance of any overt disease manifestation by histopathological analyses. Disease activity was reflected by changes in luciferase activity over time, and disease burden was reflected by cumulative luciferase activity, which paralleled disease progression as determined by histopathological analysis. The ability to monitor disease activity noninvasively in mouse models of muscular dystrophy will be invaluable for the assessment of disease progression and the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
Influenza but not pneumococcal vaccination protects against all-cause mortality in patients with COPD
Authors: S Schembri, S Morant, J H Winter, T M MacDonald
Journal: Thorax (2009)

<h3>Background:</h3> Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are recommended in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A recent study from Tayside found a reduced risk of all-cause mortality with vaccination in patients with COPD. The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database was used to test this hypothesis in a different data source. <h3>Methods:</h3> The THIN database was searched for patients with COPD. Vaccination status against <i>Pneumococcus</i> and the annual influenza vaccination status were determined. Mortality rates were calculated in the periods December to March and April to November. Relative risks for the effect of vaccination on all-cause mortality were estimated by Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, year and serious co-morbidities. <h3>Results:</h3> 177 120 patients with COPD (mean age 65 years) were identified, with a mean follow-up of 6.8 years between 1988 and 2006. Vaccination rates against influenza rose from &lt;30% before 1995 to &gt;70% in 2005 in patients aged 60 years or more. The cumulative vaccination rate against pneumonia rose from almost zero to 70% in patients aged 70 years or more over the same period. For all-cause mortality the adjusted relative risks associated with influenza vaccination were 0.59 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.61) during the influenza season and 0.97 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.00) outside the season in patients not vaccinated against pneumonia, and 0.30 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.32) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.11), respectively, in patients vaccinated against pneumonia. The relative risk associated with pneumococcal vaccination was &gt;1 at all times of the year. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Influenza but not pneumococcal vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in COPD.
EANO guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of anaplastic gliomas and glioblastoma
Authors: Michael Weller, Martin van den Bent, Kirsten Hopkins, Jörg C Tonn, Roger Stupp, Andrea Falini, Elizabeth Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal, Didier Frappaz, Roger Henriksson, Carmen Balana, Olivier Chinot, Zvi Ram, Guido Reifenberger, Riccardo Soffietti, Wolfgang Wick
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)
Estimating Effectiveness of Cardiac Arrest Interventions
Authors: Terence D. Valenzuela, Denise J. Roe, Shan Cretin, Daniel W. Spaite, Mary P. Larsen
Journal: Circulation (1997)

The study objective was to develop a simple, generalizable predictive model for survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.Logistic regression analysis of two retrospective series (n=205 and n=1667, respectively) of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests was performed on data sets from a Southwestern city (population, 415,000; area, 406 km2) and a Northwestern county (population, 1,038,000; area, 1399 km2). Both are served by similar two-tiered emergency response systems. All arrests were witnessed and occurred before the arrival of emergency responders, and the initial cardiac rhythm observed was ventricular fibrillation. The main outcome measure was survival to hospital discharge. Patient age, initiation of CPR by bystanders, interval from collapse to CPR, interval from collapse to defibrillation, bystander CPR/collapse-to-CPR interval interaction, and collapse-to-CPR/collapse-to-defibrillation interval interaction were significantly associated with survival. There was not a significant difference between observed survival rates at the two sites after control for significant predictors. A simplified predictive model retaining only collapse to CPR and collapse to defibrillation intervals performed comparably to the more complicated explanatory model.The effectiveness of prehospital interventions for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest may be estimated from their influence on collapse to CPR and collapse to defibrillation intervals. A model derived from combined data from two geographically distinct populations did not identify site as a predictor of survival if clinically relevant predictor variables were controlled for. This model can be generalized to other US populations and used to project the local effectiveness of interventions to improve cardiac arrest survival.
Treatment of Sore Throat
Authors: S. Du Bose Ravenel
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  In his excellent article outlining a management strategy for sore throat, Komaroff (239:1429, 1978) appropriately emphasizes a point that has been the subject of differing opinion in his discussion of why one should bother to treat streptococcal pharyngitis when it is present. In regard to what effect treatment with penicillin has on the relief of symptoms, Komaroff states, Treatment may slightly acceleraterelief of symptomsif begun within 24 hours of symptom onset, but probably does not alter the clinical course in most cases. He cites a paper by Brumfitt and Slater1in support of this statement. Their study assessed the duration of several manifestations of febrile sore throat in patients with positive cultures for β-hemolytic group AStreptococcus, comparing those treated with penicillin and aspirin gargle against those treated with aspirin gargle alone. Among the patients with positive streptococcal cultures not receiving penicillin, only 16% had
Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Jennifer R. Grandis, Jennifer A. Pietenpol, Joel S. Greenberger, Richard A. Pelroy, Suresh Mohla
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm arising in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Nearly two thirds of patients present with advanced (stage III and IV) disease. Fifty percent of HNSCC patients die of their disease, and 5% of HNSCC patients per year will develop additional second primary tumors. Currently used therapeutic modalities (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy) have been associated with rather modest improvements in patient survival. The Head and Neck Cancer: Research and Therapeutic Opportunities Workshop (held in Washington, DC, May 24–26, 2004) was organized by the Division of Cancer Biology at the National Cancer Institute to identify research areas and directions that will advance understanding of HNSCC biology and accelerate clinical translation. The primary goal of the workshop was to identify the barriers that impede basic science discovery and the translation of these developments to the clinical setting. Over a 2.5-day period, experts in both HNSCC and other cancer-related fields met to identify and prioritize the key areas for future research. The overall consensus was that HNSCC is a relatively understudied malignancy and that investigations that focus on the biology of this tumor have the potential to impact significantly on the prevention and treatment of epithelial malignancies. The chief objective is to communicate these research goals to the cancer biology community and encourage more interest in HNSCC as a tumor model to test translational research hypotheses.
Molecular Evolution of the Yap/Yorkie Proto-Oncogene and Elucidation of Its Core Transcriptional Program
Authors: Aissam Ikmi, Bjoern Gaertner, Christopher Seidel, Mansi Srivastava, Julia Zeitlinger, Matthew C. Gibson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Throughout Metazoa, developmental processes are controlled by a surprisingly limited number of conserved signaling pathways. Precisely how these signaling cassettes were assembled in early animal evolution remains poorly understood, as do the molecular transitions that potentiated the acquisition of their myriad developmental functions. Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the proto-oncogene yes-associated protein (Yap)/Yorkie, a key effector of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. Based on heterologous functional analysis of evolutionarily distant Yap/Yorkie orthologs, we demonstrate that a structurally distinct interaction interface between Yap/Yorkie and its partner TEAD/Scalloped became fixed in the eumetazoan common ancestor. We then combine transcriptional profiling of tissues expressing phylogenetically diverse forms of Yap/Yorkie with ChIP-seq validation to identify a common downstream gene expression program underlying the control of tissue growth in Drosophila. Intriguingly, a subset of the newly identified Yorkie target genes are also induced by Yap in mammalian tissues, thus revealing a conserved Yap-dependent gene expression signature likely to mediate organ size control throughout bilaterian animals. Combined, these experiments provide new mechanistic insights while revealing the ancient evolutionary history of Hippo signaling.
Can hospital transfusion committees change transfusion practice?
Authors: F. Torella, S. L Haynes, J. Bennett, D. Sewell, C. N McCollum
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

Blood and blood products are commonly over-used in hospital practice. We investigated whether the introduction of a red-cell transfusion trigger (haemoglobin <8 g dL–1) influenced transfusion practice in surgery. Coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs, n=400), total hip replacements (n=107), colectomies (n=85) and transurethral prostatectomies (TURPs, n=158) were reviewed over two periods of six months, before and after the introduction of the policy by the local hospital transfusion committee. After introduction of the policy, the proportion of patients transfused fell from 57% to 45% with CABGs (P=0.02) and from 52% to 26% with hip replacements (P=0.006); for colectomies and TURPs there was no change. Hospital stay did not increase in any of the groups. In the second period, haemoglobin concentration on discharge was lower after total hip replacement, by a mean (95% CI) of 0.7 (0.3–1.2) g dL–1 (P=0.002) and after colectomy, by a mean of 0.6 (0.1–1.1) g dL–1 (P=0.03). Although other factors cannot be excluded, we suggest that the reductions in red-cell transfusion were in large part attributable to the new transfusion policy.
Smear tests were not on trial but should have been
Authors: C M. Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In February three women were declared victims of medical negligence because their smear abnormalities were missed at the Kent and Canterbury Hospital.1

This raises some serious questions. Did the judge understand how reliably the smear test performs under day to day conditions—that for every 90 000 slides reviewed several hundred will be reallocated a new category? Did he know that borderline cases and inadequate samples are not included in quality assurance tests in the United Kingdom because they cannot be agreed on? The rate of interobserver agreement …
THE INFLUENCE OF TIME, PLACE, AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY ON DERMATOLOGICAL PRACTICE
Authors: TWISTON DAVIES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1941)

Journal Article THE INFLUENCE OF TIME, PLACE, AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY ON DERMATOLOGICAL PRACTICE Get access TWISTON DAVIES TWISTON DAVIES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 53, Issue 11, 1 November 1941, Pages 319–322, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1941.tb10487.x Published: 01 November 1941
Physiological Growth Synergizes With Pathological Genes in Experimental Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Faisal Syed, Amy Odley, Harvey S. Hahn, Eric W. Brunskill, Roy A. Lynch, Yehia Marreez, Atsushi Sanbe, Jeffrey Robbins, Gerald W. Dorn
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Hundreds of signaling molecules have been assigned critical roles in the pathogenesis of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure based on cardiac phenotypes from alpha-myosin heavy chain-directed overexpression mice. Because permanent ventricular transgene expression in this system begins during a period of rapid physiological neonatal growth, resulting phenotypes are the combined consequences of transgene effects and normal trophic influences. We used temporally-defined forced gene expression to investigate synergy between postnatal physiological cardiac growth and two functionally divergent cardiomyopathic genes. Phenotype development was compared various times after neonatal (age 2 to 3 days) and adult (age 8 weeks) expression. Proapoptotic Nix caused ventricular dilation and severe contractile depression in neonates, but not adults. Myocardial apoptosis was minimal in adults, but was widespread in neonates, until it spontaneously resolved in adulthood. Unlike normal postnatal cardiac growth, concurrent left ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy did not synergize with Nix expression to cause cardiomyopathy or myocardial apoptosis. Prohypertrophic Galphaq likewise caused eccentric hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction, and pathological gene expression in neonates, but not adults. Thus, normal postnatal cardiac growth can be an essential cofactor in development of genetic cardiomyopathies, and may confound the interpretation of conventional alpha-MHC transgenic phenotypes.
Improvement of Glycemic Control by 1 Year of Insulin Therapy Leads to a Sustained Decrease in sE-Selectin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Leena Ryysy, Hannele Yki-Järvinen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—To examine whether and how improvement of glycemic control by long-term insulin therapy decreases endothelial activation as measured by serum levels of the soluble adhesion molecules sE-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and whether the drug used to lower blood glucose in addition to insulin influences such a response. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Circulating adhesion molecules were measured before and after 3 and 12 months of therapy in 81 patients with type 2 diabetes and 41 subjects without diabetes. The patients were treated with bedtime administration of NPH insulin combined with either glibenclamide (n = 19), metformin (n = 17), glibenclamide and metformin (n = 17), or morning administration of NPH insulin (n = 23). RESULTS—Before insulin therapy, serum sE-selectin level was 71% higher in the patients with type 2 diabetes (77 ± 4 ng/ml) than in the normal subjects (45 ± 3 ng/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas levels of sVCAM-1 were comparable (420 ± 25 vs. 400 ± 11 ng/ml, respectively). Glycemic control in all patients improved as judged from a decrease in HbA1c from 9.7 ± 0.2 to 7.6 ± 0.1% (P &amp;lt; 0.001). sE-selectin decreased to 67 ± 4 ng/ml by 3 months (P &amp;lt; 0.001 vs. 0 months) and then remained unchanged until 12 months (70 ± 4 ng/ml, P &amp;lt; 0.001 vs. 0 months). sVCAM-1 levels at 12 months was similar to those at 0 months (416 ± 25 ng/ml). The change in glycemic control, measured by HbA1c, but not in other parameters, was correlated with the change of sE-selectin (r = 0.41, P &amp;lt; 0.001) within the patients with type 2 diabetes. The decreases in sE-selectin were not different between the various treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS—We conclude that improvement in glycemic control by administration of insulin alone or insulin combined with either glibenclamide, metformin, or both agents induces a sustained decrease in sE-selectin, the magnitude of which seems to be dependent on the degree of improvement in glycemia. These data suggest that sE-selectin might provide a marker of effects of treatment of chronic hyperglycemia on endothelial activation.
Both thermal and non-thermal stress protect against caerulein induced pancreatitis and prevent trypsinogen activation in the pancreas
Authors: J-L Frossard, L Bhagat, H S Lee, A J Hietaranta, V P Singh, A M Song, M L Steer, A K Saluja
Journal: Gut (2002)

Background and aim: Recent studies have indicated that prior thermal stress causes upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in the pancreas and protects against secretagogue induced pancreatitis. The mechanisms responsible for the protective effect are not known. Similarly, the effects of prior non-thermal stress on HSP70 expression and pancreatitis are not known. The current studies were designed to specifically address these issues. Methods: In the current studies pancreatitis was induced by administration of a supramaximally stimulating dose of caerulein 12 hours after thermal stress and 24 hours after non-thermal (that is, β adrenergic stimulation) stress. Results: Both thermal and non-thermal stresses caused pancreatic HSP70 levels to rise and resulted in increased expression of HSP70 in acinar cells. Both forms of stresses protected against caerulein induced pancreatitis and prevented the early intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen which occurs in this model of pancreatitis. Conclusions: These results suggest that both thermal and non-thermal stresses protect against pancreatitis by preventing intrapancreatic digestive enzyme activation and that HSP70 may mediate this protective effect.