tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of plasma and intraluminal amino acid profiles in man after meals containing a protein hydrolysate and equivalent amino acid mixture.
Authors: J E Hegarty, P D Fairclough, K J Moriarty, M L Clark, M J Kelly, A M Dawson
Journal: Gut (1982)

Plasma and intraluminal amino acid profiles were compared in normal subjects 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes after meals containing either a peptide-rich protein hydrolysate (H) or an equivalent free amino acid mixture (AA) as the nitrogen source. Except for asparagine (30 minutes) and glutamine (30 and 60 minutes), which were absorbed to a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater extent from the peptide mixture, there were no significant differences in the plasma increments of the remaining 13 amino acids at any time interval after the meals. Positive correlations (p less than 0.01 or less) between the amino acid composition of the hydrolysate and amino acid meals and both (1) the post-prandial increments in the individual plasma amino acids and (2) the residual intraluminal amino acid content suggested that the amino acid composition of ingested protein, rather than specialised free amino acid and peptide transport systems, dictated the pattern of amino acid absorption. The studies provide no evidence that peptides rather than free amino acids are the ideal nitrogen source in elemental diets.
On ventriloquism, audiovisual neurons, neonates, and the senses
Authors: Monique Radeau, Cécile Colin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

The analogy between the rules that subtend ventriloquism and bimodal neurons responding suggests a possible neural mechanism for audiovisual interactions in spatial scene analysis. Perinatal data, such as those on synesthesia, sensory deprivation, and sensory surstimulation, as well as neuroanatomical evidence for transitory intersensory connections in the brain support the view that audition and vision are bound together at birth.
Self-Management: An Approach to Patients with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: C M Peterson, S E Forhan, R L Jones
Journal: Diabetes Care (1980)

Patients have been shown to be able to monitor their blood glucose and administer insulin to optimize and normalize blood glucose levels. There are now three reflectance meters available whose measurements correlate well with laboratory measurement of blood glucose, with a correlation coefficient between 0.92 and 0.97. A stepwise approach toward blood glucose control has been found to be most valuable. The initial phase of the program involves patients performing blood glucose measurements before and 1 h after each meal, in addition to times when patients feel hypo- or hyperglycemic. This phase of the program demonstrates the vagaries of glucose control and emphasizes to the patients the dichotomy between symptoms and actual glucose levels. The patient is also taught during this period the risk factors associated with hyperglycemia that may contribute to vascular disease in the future. Subsequently, insulin is adjusted so that patients are given an insulin regimen that will coordinate peaks of insulin with peaks of blood glucose associated with a meal pattern. Patients are taught by health professionals and in a group setting to calibrate insulin calories and exercise depending on blood glucose readings. Such a program is received enthusiastically by patients and physicians. The major disadvantage lies in the cost of the meter and the reagent strips. Nevertheless, such programs may be cost effective because of the avoidance of diabetes-related hospitalizations.
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule–1 Is Induced on Vascular Endothelia and Medial Smooth Muscle Cells in Experimental Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: Abbas Ardehali, Hillel Laks, Davis C. Drinkwater, Eli Ziv, Thomas A. Drake
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is the major cause of late death among heart transplant recipients. The pathogenesis of CAV is poorly understood.To better characterize CAV, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of vascular lesions in a previously described murine model of CAV. The B10.A strain hearts were transplanted heterotopically into B10.BR strain recipients. The cardiac allografts were harvested from 1 to 2 months after implantation. The majority of epicardial and intramyocardial coronary arteries in explanted hearts had developed intimal thickening. The cellular infiltrate of the intimal thickening, major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression were studied with the use of immunohistochemistry. In experimental CAV in mice, the cellular infiltrate of expanded intima consisted of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells. A substantial number of macrophages and T lymphocytes within the expanded intima expressed MHC class II antigen, a marker of cellular activation. The vessel wall cells also appeared to be activated due to their expression of endothelium-leukocyte adhesion molecules. The vascular endothelium of cardiac allografts displayed ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and unmatched MHC antigen (MHC class I in this model) upregulation. The medial smooth muscle cells also expressed VCAM-1 and unmatched MHC antigen.These findings suggest that (1) the cellular infiltrate of the expanded intima in experimental CAV is similar to that of human CAV, (2) experimental CAV is a local immune-mediated process requiring active participation of donor vessel wall cells and recipient mononuclear cells, and (3) coexpression of adhesion molecules and unmatched MHC antigen identifies endothelial cells as immune targets for activated host mononuclear cells. Furthermore, the presence of both VCAM-1 and unmatched MHC antigen supports a central role for medial smooth muscle cells as allogeneic immune stimulator.
Lung function in adults with cystic fibrosis at altitude: impact on air travel
Authors: R. Fischer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

Current guidelines for air travel state that patients with chronic respiratory diseases are required to use oxygen if their in-flight arterial oxygen tensions (Pa,O2) drop below 6.6 kPa. This recommendation may not be strictly applicable to cystic fibrosis patients, who may tolerate lower Pa,O2 for several hours without clinical symptoms. Lung function, symptoms, blood gas levels and signs of pulmonary hypertension were studied in 36 cystic fibrosis patients at altitudes of 530 m and, after 7 h, 2,650 m. A hypoxia inhalation test (inspiratory oxygen fraction 0.15) was performed at low altitude in order to predict high-altitude hypoxaemia. Median Pa,O2 dropped from 9.8 kPa at low altitude to 7.0 kPa at high altitude. Mild exercise at a workload of 30 W further decreased Pa,O2. Two-thirds of all patients exhibited Pa,O2 of <6.6 kPa during exercise and, except for one patient, were asymptomatic. Patients were significantly less obstructed at an altitude of 2,650 m. Low forced expiratory volume in one second at baseline was associated with a low Pa,O2 at altitude. It is concluded that cystic fibrosis patients with baseline arterial oxygen tensions of >8.0 kPa safely tolerate an altitude of 2,650 m for several hours under resting conditions. The risk assessment of low in-flight oxygenation should encompass the whole clinical situation of cystic fibrosis patients, with special attention being paid to the presence of severe airway obstruction.
Attachment procedures for mechanical manipulation of isolated cardiac myocytes: a challenge
Authors: D. Garnier
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

The Frank-Starling mechanism is one of the most fundamental properties of cardiac muscle for exerting intrinsic control over contractile force on a beat to beat basis. According to this law, the systolic contractile force depends on the preceding diastolic blood loading. In other words stretching the ventricular muscle induces an increase in contractility. In multicellular preparations the mechanisms that underlie the length-force relationship in the myocardium have been the subject of considerable discussion and controversy.1-7
Asthma and Tuberculosis in Relation to "Climate Allergens."
Authors: W. S. Van Leeuwen
Journal: BMJ (1927)

hTDup BJ=TsM Governmenits as meaninig that by supplying free quiniine they could discharge their whole duty regarding malaria.He leaiied towards the preventive methods described by-Dr.Hackett, but he agreed witli Colonel Jamesthat there was perhaps too great a tendency to a(lopt mechanically far every country a measure w,lhich had anywhere produce(d good results.For malaria prevention there was no fixed rule; each district required individual consideration.At a place he visited near Astrakhani prophylactic quinine was tho only measure applicable to local circumstances.Angora was nearly abandoned as the Turkish capital on account of malaria; quinine alone was ineffective, but when this was couipled with well conisidered drainage the diseaso was controlled, and anopheles became rare.In Anatolia it was the experience of local doctors that apparent resistance to quinine often disappeared when an ascaris infection had been eradicated.In his view the cases of so-called spring malaria were nearly always relapses of atutumn infections.In Turkey he had acted on this belief as regards his personal prophylactic measures, omllitting all precautionis up to the end of May even in districts where malaria was endemic, and he had no reason to regret his action.Dr. P. H. MAN-SoN-BAHR (Londoii)-gave his experience witlh plasmochin and its comnpound with quinine-in the treatment of malaria.He conside'red that this new drug, from its actioni onl the gaimetocytes of tertian and subtertiain para- sites, would have-conisidier able bearing on the prophylax is of malaria ini the future.All who had used it were agreed as to the phieno-menal rapidity of its action UpOnl tlho crescents of subtertiann malaria, wlhiclh disappeared from the circulation within three days after the exhibition of 0.24 gram of plasmochini.He quoted a striking illustra._tivo case in wlicll the compound was successfully employed after full doses of quinine had proved unavailing, and in which disintegration of the gametocytes was observed microscopically.The drug was well tolerated, and if it wero possible to treat a malaria-stricken population daily with small doses, the transmission of infection through the anopheles would soon cease fromn destruction in the blood stream of the gametocytes.Under the present systeni of quinine prophylaxis the formation --of.gametocytes in peripheral blood was rather encouraged than, the reverse.
A randomized multicenter phase II study comparing capecitabine with irinotecan or cisplatin in metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction
Authors: M. Moehler, S. Kanzler, M. Geissler, J. Raedle, M.P. Ebert, S. Daum, D. Flieger, T. Seufferlein, P.R. Galle, T. Hoehler
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Erythropoietin Induces Lymph Node Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Tumor Metastasis
Authors: Ae Sin Lee, Duk Hoon Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Yu Jin Jung, Kyung Pyo Kang, Sik Lee, Sung Kwang Park, Jae Yong Kwak, Sang Yong Lee, Suk Tae Lim, Mi Jung Sung, Suk Ran Yoon, Won Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Cancer therapy often produces anemia, which is treated with erthropoietin (EPO) to stimulate erythrocyte production. However, concerns have recently arisen that EPO treatment may promote later tumor metastasis and mortality. The mechanisms underlying such effects are unknown, but it is clear that EPO has pleiotropic effects in cell types other than hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigated how EPO affects lymphangiogenesis and lymph node tumor metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer and melanoma. In these models, EPO increased lymph node lymphangiogenesis and lymph node tumor metastasis in a manner associated with increased migration, capillary-like tube formation, and dose- and time-dependent proliferation of human lymphatic endothelial cells. EPO increased sprouting of these cells in a thoracic duct lymphatic ring assay. These effects were abrogated by cotreatment with specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinase, under conditions in which EPO increased Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Intraperitoneal administration of EPO stimulated peritoneal lymphangiogenesis, and systemic treatment of EPO increased infiltration of CD11b(+) macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Finally, EPO increased VEGF-C expression in lymph node-derived CD11b(+) macrophages as well as in bone marrow-derived macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results establish that EPO exerts a powerful lymphangiogenic function and can drive both lymph node lymphangiogenesis and nodal metastasis in tumor-bearing animals.
Inferring the quality of hospital treatment for COPD by mortality; caution is needed
Authors: M D L Morgan
Journal: Thorax (2013)

COPD is one of the top five killer conditions in the developed and the developing world. In the UK it is currently ranked number four but set to rise to number three in the rankings of years of life lost behind stroke and ischaemic heart disease.1 The natural history of COPD is characterised by progressive decline in airway function accompanied by the unpredictable occurrences of exacerbations. The importance of exacerbations in the natural history of the condition is now understood and embedded in recent clinical guidelines.2 Some exacerbations will result in a hospital admission and we know that the need for hospital admission signals a poor prognosis. Half of all patients admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD will die within 4 years.3 Those patients who are admitted to hospital are also associated with increased risk with previous audit studies showing an in-hospital mortality rate of 7.4%.4 It is logical to think that improvements in hospital care of patients admitted with acute exacerbation would result in a reduction of mortality and that this would be some reflection on the quality of the service provided to the patient. In other circumstances, the use of the hospital mortality rate as a reflection of service quality would seem an excellent proxy. No one would doubt that improved survival after acute myocardial infarction or lower than average mortality rates for elective surgery would be a measure of the quality of service provided by the hospital. Walker et al have examined whether the mortality within 30 days of admission to hospital for an acute exacerbation of COPD can be used …
The Master Settlement Agreement with the Tobacco Industry and Cigarette Advertising in Magazines
Authors: Charles King, Michael Siegel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

In 1998, the attorneys general of 46 states signed a Master Settlement Agreement with the four largest tobacco companies in the United States. The agreement prohibits tobacco advertising that targets people younger than 18 years of age.We analyzed the trends in expenditures for advertising for 15 specific brands of cigarettes and the exposure of young people to cigarette advertising in 38 magazines between 1995 and 2000. We defined cigarette brands as "youth" brands if they were smoked by more than 5 percent of the smokers in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in 1998; all others were considered to be "adult" brands. We classified magazines as youth-oriented magazines if at least 15 percent of their readers or at least 2 million of their readers were 12 to 17 years old. "Reach," a standard measure of exposure to advertising, was defined as the number of young persons who read at least one issue of a magazine containing an advertisement for a particular brand of cigarette during a given year.In 2000 dollars, the overall advertising expenditures for the 15 brands of cigarettes in the 38 magazines were $238.2 million in 1995, $219.3 million in 1998, $291.1 million in 1999, and $216.9 million in 2000. Expenditures for youth brands in youth-oriented magazines were $56.4 million in 1995, $58.5 million in 1998, $67.4 million in 1999, and $59.6 million in 2000. Expenditures for adult brands in youth-oriented magazines were $72.2 million, $82.3 million, $108.6 million, and $67.6 million, respectively. In 2000, magazine advertisements for youth brands of cigarettes reached more than 80 percent of young people in the United States an average of 17 times each.The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry appears to have had little effect on cigarette advertising in magazines and on the exposure of young people to these advertisements.
Effects of positive inotropic stimulation on postischemic myocardium with graded dysfunction
Authors: H Hoffmeister
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

To investigate the effects of moderate prolonged and of maximum short-term positive inotropic stimulation of postischemic myocardium as a function of the severity of stunning.Stunned isolated rat hearts (n = 116) after 30 min and 45 min of ischemia were stimulated with dopamine to raise systolic function (double product) back to control levels. In the isovolumetrically beating hearts, left ventricular developed pressure, double product, dp/dtmax, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were determined during steady-state conditions. After maximum stimulation the contractile reserve was examined. Measurements of adenine nucleotides (n = 47) and electron microscopy (n = 9) were made.30 min ischemia resulted in moderate postischemic dysfunction (LVP 81 +/- 3%; P < 0.05). After 45 min ischemia, function was more severely reduced (LVP 66 +/- 5%; P < 0.01). Coronary flow tended to be lower after ischemia. Myocardial oxygen consumption was not reduced in parallel with the dysfunction. Adenine nucleotides were gradually reduced after ischemia (ATP: 2.5 +/- 0.2 and 1.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.2 mumol/gww; P < 0.01). Contractile reserve also decreased in relation to the previous ischemic injury (after 45 min ischemia max. LVP 105 +/- 10% vs. max. LVP 152 +/- 8% in controls, P < 0.01). Prolonged stimulation did not result in further reduction in adenine nucleotides and function.Contractile reserve is decreased in postischemic myocardium in parallel with the previous ischemic burden. Depending on the degree of contractile dysfunction a disturbed function-flow-oxygen consumption relation is present. Prolonged stimulation of stunned myocardium with dopamine back to the control level of function has no harmful short-term effects, indicating sufficient mitochondrial energy generation.
Tolerance of spironolactone
Authors: BRONWYN R. HUGHES, W.J. CUNLIFFE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

A survey of 54 patients taking spironolactone for hirsutes or acne showed that side-effects occurred in 91%; in 80% of patients, these were related to the anti-androgenic mechanism of the drug (menstrual disturbances, and breast enlargement and tenderness). The concomitant use of a contraceptive pill gave a lower incidence of menstrual abnormalities. Only seven patients (13%) had to stop the drug. In a further eight patients, a reduction in dose to between 125 and 175 mg daily achieved a compromise of controlling the disease and the side-effects. Side-effects tended to occur early and so regular review during the initial 3 months of treatment is advised. Two patients in our study developed 'chloasma'--a previously unreported complication of spironolactone. This was the only side-effect which occurred late in treatment.54 patients, aged 21-51, treated with 200 mg/day spironolactone for hirsutism and/or acne, were studied to determine the kinds and severity of side effects and the ameliorating effect of oral contraceptive on the side effects. Spironolactone is used to treat hirsutism and acne because of its antiandrogenic effects, brought about through suppression of gonadal androgen production by blocking cytochrome P450 and by competitive inhibition of dihydrotestosterone at the skin androgen receptor. 24 of the patients were treated for hirsutism, 21 for acne, 8 for both, and 1 for seborrhea. Side effects were menstrual disturbances (72%), dry skin (39%), and a chloasma-like pigmentation disorder of the face (2 patients). Among the 23 patients taking an oral contraceptive, gynecologic side effects of spironolactone were diminished. The acne patients improved within 3 months of treatment, but the hirsutism patients did not improve until after 4 months. Pregnancy is contraindicated in patients taking spironolactone because of the risk of feminization of a male fetus.
Aid after disasters
Authors: Mark van Ommeren, Shekhar Saxena, Benedetto Saraceno
Journal: BMJ (2005)

reasons for immediate implementation.However, urgency is not an excuse for bad science.Animal experiments should be conducted to understand further the host destination and integration of transplanted cells, and the risks of neoplasia arising in cells implanted into new environments. 1The ethics of transferring human stem cells into animal hosts in order to develop new therapies for debilitating disorders must be considered as part of the wider stem cell ethical debate. 11ommercial companies are springing up around the world with all the fervour of a new "biological dotcom" era, but with selective memory loss for the fact that unrealistically high expectations burst that bubble.We can only hope that any corporate failure to make immediate financial success out of stem cell research does not drag down a promising technology.Stem cell therapy needs to be nurtured safely and methodically to provide real benefit to patients in the future.
Pneumocephalus – a possible cause of post-spinal surgery confusion
Authors: Bhoresh Dhamija, Amar Saxena
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2011)

Lumbar decompression for acute and chronic degenerative spinal pathology is one of the most common procedures performed by spinal surgeons, neurosurgeons and some orthopaedic surgeons. It is associated with several recognized complications, however, the presence of intracranial air (pneumocephalus) postoperatively is generally not a recognized feature.

To the authors' knowledge there have been no previous reports of pneumocephalus arising secondary to lumbar decompression.
Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Cut-off Levels to Rule out Pulmonary Embolism: A Prospective Outcome Study
Authors: Marc Righini, Paul den Exter, Josien van ES, Franck Verschuren, Alexandre Ghuisen, Olivier Rutschman, Thibault Schotté, Olivier Sanchez, Morgan Jaffrelot, Meissa Karre, Pascal Peudepiece, Jeannot Schmidt, Alessandra Principe, Anja A van Houten, Marije Ten Wolde, Renée A Douma, Germa Hazelaar, Petra MG Erkens, Klaas Van Kralingen, Marco Grootenboers, Marc F Durian, Whitney Cheung, Henri Bounameaux, Menno V. Huisman, Pieter W. Kamphuisen, Gregoire Le Gal
Journal: Blood (2013)