tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Joanne W.Y. Yau, Sophie L. Rogers, Ryo Kawasaki, Ecosse L. Lamoureux, Jonathan W. Kowalski, Toke Bek, Shih-Jen Chen, Jacqueline M. Dekker, Astrid Fletcher, Jakob Grauslund, Steven Haffner, Richard F. Hamman, M. Kamran Ikram, Takamasa Kayama, Barbara E.K. Klein, Ronald Klein, Sannapaneni Krishnaiah, Korapat Mayurasakorn, Joseph P. O’Hare, Trevor J. Orchard, Massimo Porta, Mohan Rema, Monique S. Roy, Tarun Sharma, Jonathan Shaw, Hugh Taylor, James M. Tielsch, Rohit Varma, Jie Jin Wang, Ningli Wang, Sheila West, Liang Xu, Miho Yasuda, Xinzhi Zhang, Paul Mitchell, Tien Y. Wong
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

To examine the global prevalence and major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) among people with diabetes.A pooled analysis using individual participant data from population-based studies around the world was performed. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all population-based studies in general populations or individuals with diabetes who had ascertained DR from retinal photographs. Studies provided data for DR end points, including any DR, proliferative DR, diabetic macular edema, and VTDR, and also major systemic risk factors. Pooled prevalence estimates were directly age-standardized to the 2010 World Diabetes Population aged 20-79 years.A total of 35 studies (1980-2008) provided data from 22,896 individuals with diabetes. The overall prevalence was 34.6% (95% CI 34.5-34.8) for any DR, 6.96% (6.87-7.04) for proliferative DR, 6.81% (6.74-6.89) for diabetic macular edema, and 10.2% (10.1-10.3) for VTDR. All DR prevalence end points increased with diabetes duration, hemoglobin A(1c), and blood pressure levels and were higher in people with type 1 compared with type 2 diabetes.There are approximately 93 million people with DR, 17 million with proliferative DR, 21 million with diabetic macular edema, and 28 million with VTDR worldwide. Longer diabetes duration and poorer glycemic and blood pressure control are strongly associated with DR. These data highlight the substantial worldwide public health burden of DR and the importance of modifiable risk factors in its occurrence. This study is limited by data pooled from studies at different time points, with different methodologies and population characteristics.
Lung cancer * 1: Prevention of lung cancer
Authors: G E Goodman
Journal: Thorax (2002)

Cancer of the lung causes more deaths from cancer worldwide than at any other site. The environmental, genetic, and dietary risk factors are discussed and progress in chemoprevention is reviewed. A better understanding of the molecular events that occur during carcinogenesis has opened up new areas of research in cancer prevention and a number of biochemical markers of high risk individuals have been identified. It is predicted that greater success in chemoprevention will be achieved in the next decade than in the last.
CHECK (Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee): similarities and differences with the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: J Wesseling, J Dekker, W B van den Berg, S M A Bierma-Zeinstra, M Boers, H A Cats, P Deckers, K J Gorter, P H T G Heuts, W K H A Hilberdink, M Kloppenburg, R G H H Nelissen, F G J Oosterveld, J C M Oostveen, L D Roorda, M A Viergever, S ten Wolde, F P J G Lafeber, J W J Bijlsma
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

Objective: To describe the osteoarthritis study population of CHECK (Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee) in comparison with relevant selections of the study population of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) based on clinical status and radiographic parameters. Methods: In The Netherlands a prospective 10-year follow-up study was initiated by the Dutch Arthritis Association on participants with early osteoarthritis-related complaints of hip and/or knee: CHECK. In parallel in the USA an observational 4-year follow-up study, the OAI, was started by the National Institutes of Health, on patients with or at risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. For comparison with CHECK, the entire cohort and a subgroup of individuals excluding those with exclusively hip pain were compared with relevant subpopulations of the OAI. Results: At baseline, CHECK included 1002 participants with in general similar characteristics as described for the OAI. However, significantly fewer individuals in CHECK had radiographic knee osteoarthritis at baseline when compared with the OAI (p&lt;0.001). In contrast, at baseline, the CHECK cohort reported higher scores on pain, stiffness and functional disability (Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index) when compared with the OAI (all p&lt;0.001). These differences were supported by physical health status in contrast to mental health (Short Form 36/12) was at baseline significantly worse for the CHECK participants (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Although both cohorts focus on the early phase of osteoarthritis, they differ significantly with respect to structural (radiographic) and clinical (health status) characteristics, CHECK expectedly representing participants in an even earlier phase of disease.
IUD and Endocarditis
Authors: C. GLENN COBBS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Letters1 March 1973IUD and EndocarditisC. GLENN COBBS, M.D.C. GLENN COBBS, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-3-451_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Patients with damaged heart valves risk endocarditis when bacteremia occurs. We have recently treated a woman with valvular heart disease who developed endocarditis after endometritis that followed placement of an intrauterine contraceptive device. Underlying endocardial disease may be a relative contraindication to this method of birth control.A 22-year-old black woman, para 1-0-1, was admitted on 5 July 1972, complaining of fever of 5 days' duration. At the time of an uneventful delivery 7 months earlier the patient had had a grade 3/6 mitral insufficiency murmur. There was no history of prior acute rheumatic fever. One month...References1. EICKHOFFKLEINDALY TJK: Neonatal septis and other infections due to group B beta hemolytic streptococci. N Engl J Med 271:1221-1228, 1964 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. MEEKER C: Current concepts, use of drugs and intrauterine devices for birth control. N Engl J Med 280:1058-1060, 1969 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Division of Infectious Diseases The Medical Center School of Medicine The University of Alabama in Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByEndocarditis following IUD insertion in a patient with tetralogy of FallotContraception and Pregnancy Planning in Women With Congenital Heart DiseaseRISKS FOR AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITISContraceptive use in the chronically ill adolescent female: Part IInfective endocarditis in obstetric and gynecologic practiceINFECTIVE ENDOCARDITISENDOCARDITIS AND THE INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICEEstablishment of Intravascular InfectionProphylactic Antibiotics in GynecologyAntibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis after normal delivery--is it necessary?Bacteremia or pelvic infection—A consequence of gynecologic biopsies?Case 15-1979Pelvic inflammatory diseaseInfective endocarditis as a result of medical progress 1 March 1973Volume 78, Issue 3Page: 451-451KeywordsBacteremiaCardiovascular therapyContraceptivesEndocarditisFemale contraceptionFeversHeartIntrauterine devicesMitral insufficiencyRheumatic fever Issue Published: 1 March 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Three Biomarkers Identified from Serum Proteomic Analysis for the Detection of Early Stage Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Zhen Zhang, Robert C. Bast, Yinhua Yu, Jinong Li, Lori J. Sokoll, Alex J. Rai, Jason M. Rosenzweig, Bonnie Cameron, Young Y. Wang, Xiao-Ying Meng, Andrew Berchuck, Carolien van Haaften-Day, Neville F. Hacker, Henk W. A. de Bruijn, Ate G. J. van der Zee, Ian J. Jacobs, Eric T. Fung, Daniel W. Chan
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Early detection remains the most promising approach to improve long-term survival of patients with ovarian cancer. In a five-center case-control study, serum proteomic expressions were analyzed on 153 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, 42 with other ovarian cancers, 166 with benign pelvic masses, and 142 healthy women. Data from patients with early stage ovarian cancer and healthy women at two centers were analyzed independently and the results cross-validated to discover potential biomarkers. The results were validated using the samples from two of the remaining centers. After protein identification, biomarkers for which an immunoassay was available were tested on samples from the fifth center, which included 41 healthy women, 41 patients with ovarian cancer, and 20 each with breast, colon, and prostate cancers. Three biomarkers were identified as follows: (a) apolipoprotein A1 (down-regulated in cancer); (b) a truncated form of transthyretin (down-regulated); and (c) a cleavage fragment of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 (up-regulated). In independent validation to detect early stage invasive epithelial ovarian cancer from healthy controls, the sensitivity of a multivariate model combining the three biomarkers and CA125 [74% (95% CI, 52–90%)] was higher than that of CA125 alone [65% (95% CI, 43–84%)] at a matched specificity of 97% (95% CI, 89–100%). When compared at a fixed sensitivity of 83% (95% CI, 61–95%), the specificity of the model [94% (95% CI, 85–98%)] was significantly better than that of CA125 alone [52% (95% CI, 39–65%)]. These biomarkers demonstrated the potential to improve the detection of early stage ovarian cancer.
Asian Americans: Diabetes Prevalence Across U.S. and World Health Organization Weight Classifications
Authors: Reena Oza-Frank, Mohammed K. Ali, Viola Vaccarino, K.M. Venkat Narayan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE To compare diabetes prevalence among Asian Americans by World Health Organization and U.S. BMI classifications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data on Asian American adults (n = 7,414) from the National Health Interview Survey for 1997–2005 were analyzed. Diabetes prevalence was estimated across weight and ethnic group strata. RESULTS Regardless of BMI classification, Asian Indians and Filipinos had the highest prevalence of overweight (34–47 and 35–47%, respectively, compared with 20–38% in Chinese; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Asian Indians also had the highest ethnic-specific diabetes prevalence (ranging from 6–7% among the normal weight to 19–33% among the obese) compared with non-Hispanic whites: odds ratio (95% CI) for Asian Indians 2.0 (1.5–2.6), adjusted for age and sex, and 3.1 (2.4–4.0) with additional adjustment for BMI. CONCLUSIONS Asian Indian ethnicity, but not other Asian ethnicities, was strongly associated with diabetes. Weight classification as a marker of diabetes risk may need to accommodate differences across Asian subgroups.
Multiple Skeletal Lesions in a 7-Year-Old Girl
Authors: E. Mark Levinsohn
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>History</h3> A 7-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital complaining of pain and swelling in her right knee of four to six weeks' duration that was unrelated to trauma. Symptoms began spontaneously and became progressively worse. The pain was relieved by aspirin. Her health had otherwise been good. Results of physical examination were normal with the exception of the distal end of the right thigh, which was swollen, warm, and tender. Results of routine laboratory studies were normal except for an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level of 346 IU/dL at 37 °C (normal, 13 to 20 IU/dL at 37 °C). Plain roentgenograms of the distal half of the right femur were obtained (Fig 1). Chest roentgenograms, chest computed tomographic (CT) studies, technetium Tc 99m medronate bone scan (Fig 2), a complete radiological skeletal survey, and a CT scan at the level of both lesser trochanters were obtained (Fig
L-4F, an Apolipoprotein A-1 Mimetic, Dramatically Improves Vasodilation in Hypercholesterolemia and Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Jingsong Ou, Zhijun Ou, Deron W. Jones, Sandra Holzhauer, Ossama A. Hatoum, Allan W. Ackerman, Dorothee W. Weihrauch, David D. Gutterman, Karen Guice, Keith T. Oldham, Cheryl A. Hillery, Kirkwood A. Pritchard
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Hypercholesterolemia and sickle cell disease (SCD) impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation by dissimilar mechanisms. Hypercholesterolemia impairs vasodilation by a low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–dependent mechanism. SCD has been characterized as a chronic state of inflammation in which xanthine oxidase (XO) from ischemic tissues increases vascular superoxide anion (O 2 · − ) generation. Recent reports indicate that apolipoprotein (apo) A-1 mimetics inhibit atherosclerosis in LDL receptor–null ( Ldlr −/− ) mice fed Western diets. Here we hypothesize that L-4F, an apoA-1 mimetic, preserves vasodilation in hypercholesterolemia and SCD by decreasing mechanisms that increase O 2 · − generation. Methods and Results— Arterioles were isolated from hypercholesterolemic Ldlr −/− mice and from SCD mice that were treated with either saline or L-4F (1 mg/kg per day). Vasodilation in response to acetylcholine was determined by videomicroscopy. Effects of L-4F on LDL-induced increases in endothelium-dependent O 2 · − generation were determined on arterial segments via the hydroethidine assay and on stimulated endothelial cell cultures via superoxide dismutase–inhibitable ferricytochrome c reduction. Effects of L-4F on XO bound to pulmonary arterioles and content in livers of SCD mice were determined by immunofluorescence. Hypercholesterolemia impaired vasodilation in Ldlr −/− mice, which L-4F dramatically improved. L-4F inhibited LDL-induced increases in O 2 · − in arterial segments and in stimulated cultures. SCD impaired vasodilation, increased XO bound to pulmonary endothelium, and decreased liver XO content. L-4F dramatically improved vasodilation, decreased XO bound to pulmonary endothelium, and increased liver XO content compared with levels in untreated SCD mice. Conclusions— These data show that L-4F protects endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemia and SCD. Our findings suggest that L-4F restores vascular endothelial function in diverse models of disease and may be applicable to treating a variety of vascular diseases.
Teaching about Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: J. F. Goodwin
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MEDICL JOU degrees of severity.It is easy to understand how the possession of a reading facility by many can become the misunderstood educational problem of a few.Educationalists, psychologists, and physicians tend to have a different approach, and to display uneven therapeutic endeavour.Few of the affected children will blossom into a Hans Christian Andersen, but many will benefit by sympathetic training.
AMSSM: increasingly valuable for primary care sports and exercise medicine physicians
Authors: Karim M Khan, Babette M Pluim
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) is a jewel in the global primary care sports and exercise medicine crown. In a very competitive market for their society dollars, US primary care physicians vote overwhelmingly for AMSSM, giving it a landslide victory. Membership is (almost) universal because of the benefits such as education and research support combined with networking opportunities. Conference attendance climbs year over year. Quality sponsors such as Donjoy (DJO) add substantial value (eg, travelling fellowship programme). Membership is available for less than the price of a kid's phone (US$400). The organisation serves as a role model, a ‘success story’. And as health reform rolls though the USA, the support of AMSSM has never been more critical for sports physicians (ominous background music…, see ‘Chris Madden’ below).



1.  Strength in numbers: AMSSM is a nationwide sports and exercise medicine interest group exclusively dedicated to US primary care sports physicians. No need to get primary care on the agenda—primary care sports and exercise medicine is the agenda . As the medical landscape transforms in the USA, shared wisdom becomes ever-more critical. What changes are coming via the Centre for Medicare/Medicaid …
Phase I study of biweekly oxaliplatin, gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced upper gastrointestinal malignancies
Authors: B.R. Tan, W.S. Brenner, J. Picus, S. Marsh, F. Gao, C. Fournier, P.M. Fracasso, J. James, J.L. Yen-Revollo, H.L. Mcleod
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2008)
Integrative Survival-Based Molecular Profiling of Human Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Timothy R. Donahue, Linh M. Tran, Reginald Hill, Yunfeng Li, Anne Kovochich, Joseph H. Calvopina, Sanjeet G. Patel, Nanping Wu, Antreas Hindoyan, James J. Farrell, Xinmin Li, David W. Dawson, Hong Wu
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

To carry out an integrative profile of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) to identify prognosis-significant genes and their related pathways.
Direct Myocardial Effects of Levosimendan in Humans With Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Michael M. Givertz, Costa Andreou, Chester H. Conrad, Wilson S. Colucci
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Enthusiasm for the development of Ca2+ sensitizers as inotropic agents for heart failure has been tempered by reports of impaired relaxation. Levosimendan, which increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity via Ca2+-dependent binding to troponin C, exerts positive inotropic and lusitropic effects in failing human myocardium in vitro. We sought to determine the direct effects of levosimendan on failing human myocardium in vivo, and in particular whether levosimendan exerts heart rate-dependent effects on systolic or diastolic function.Ten patients with left ventricular dysfunction caused by nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 27+/-2%) were instrumented with an infusion catheter in the left main coronary artery, a high-fidelity micromanometer-tipped catheter in the left ventricle, and a bipolar pacing wire in the right atrium. Inotropic (peak +dP/dt) and lusitropic (Tau) responses were assessed during continuous intracoronary drug infusion in sinus rhythm followed by atrial pacing at 20, 40, and 60 beats per minute above the sinus rate. Under control conditions (intracoronary 5% dextrose in water), atrial-pacing tachycardia decreased Tau by 13% (P<0.05), but did not increase +dP/dt. Intracoronary levosimendan (3.75 and 12.5 microg/min for 15 minutes each) increased +dP/dt dose-dependently and decreased Tau over a range of heart rates, but did not alter the slope of the force-frequency or relaxation-frequency relationship.Myocardial calcium sensitization with levosimendan exerts mild inotropic and lusitropic effects in humans with left ventricular dysfunction, but does not alter the force-frequency or relaxation-frequency relationship.
Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) affecting the breast: report of two cases and review of published reports.
Authors: R J McKendry, M Guindi, D P Hill
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

The breast is an infrequently recognised site of primary giant cell arteritis. Two cases of giant cell arteritis affecting the breast are described and 11 previously described cases are reviewed. All cases presented with single or multiple breast masses, leading to a diagnosis before biopsy of suspected breast carcinoma. Symptoms similar to those of polymyalgia rheumatica occurred in about half of these patients, though the significance of these symptoms was only appreciated in retrospect. Clinical or pathological evidence of giant cell arteritis outside the breast (temporal artery, thyroid artery) was noted in a minority of cases. Seven patients received corticosteroid treatment, and all patients recovered without complications. Two patients had an adenocarcinoma of the breast contiguous with the giant cell arteritis. Giant cell arteritis affecting the breast may be underrecognised and should be considered in older women with polymyalgia rheumatica-like symptoms and tender breast mass(es).
Fall of Blood Pressure after Pyelolithotomy
Authors: J. T. R. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1948)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with a characteristic profile of physical and neurobehavioral abnormalities. These phenotypical features are highly variable among affected individuals, which leads to difficulties in developing and evaluating treatments as well as in determining accurate prognosis. The current investigation employed data from FORWARD, a clinic-based natural history study of FXS, to identify subtypes by applying latent class analysis (LCA). A pediatric cross-sectional sample of 1,072 males and 338 females was subjected to LCA to identify neurobehavioral classes (groups). Input consisted of multiple categorical and continuous cognitive and behavioral variables, including co-occurring behavioral conditions, sleep and sensory problems, measures of autistic behavior (SCQ, SRS-2), and scores on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist revised for FXS (ABC<sub>FX</sub>). Clinically relevant class solutions were further delineated by identifying predictors using stepwise logistic regressions and pairwise comparisons. Following this, classes were characterized in terms of key demographic, genetic, and clinical parameters. LCA fit parameters supported 2- to 6-class models, which showed good correspondence between patterns of co-occurring conditions and scores on standardized measures. The 5-class solution yielded the most clinically meaningful characterization of groups with unique cognitive and behavioral profiles. The “Mild” class (31%) included patients with attention problems and anxiety but few other major behavioral challenges as reflected by scale scores. Most individuals in the “Severe” class (9%) exhibited multiple co-occurring conditions and high mean scale scores on behavioral measures. Three “Moderate” classes were identified: a “Moderate Behavior” class (32%), a “Social Impairment” class (7%), and a “Disruptive Behavior” class (20%). All classes displayed distinctive SRS-2, SCQ, and ABC<sub>FX</sub> profiles, which reflected their degree of non-overlap as estimated by pairwise effect sizes. Groups differed with regard to sex, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder diagnosis, and medication use. These findings support the notion that, it is possible to identify behavioral subtypes in children with FXS, reflecting both overall level of severity and specific areas of impairment. These subtypes have implications for clinical management and therapeutic development and assessment. Future studies are needed to determine the stability of these group profiles and their relationship with other aspects of the FXS phenotype.