tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism
Authors: T. Alp Ikizler, Noel J. Cano, Harold Franch, Denis Fouque, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Martin K. Kuhlmann, Peter Stenvinkel, Pieter TerWee, Daniel Teta, Angela Yee-Moon Wang, Christoph Wanner
Journal: Kidney International (2013)
Ultrasound for enthesitis: handle with care!: Figure 1
Authors: Peter Mandl, Dora S Niedermayer, Peter V Balint
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

Enthesitis, the inflammation involving the insertion of tendons, ligaments and joint capsule is a characteristic sign and hallmark of several rheumatic diseases in both adult and paediatric patients. The change in the perception of enthesitis (ie, its growing significance as a clinicopathological entity) is best reflected in the new European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for psoriatic arthritis, which recommend antitumour necrosis factor therapy for patients with active enthesitis and/or dactylitis and insufficient response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or local steroid injections.1 It is also one of three entry criteria (the other two being arthritis and dactylitis) for the new Assessment of SpondyloArthritis Society classification criteria for peripheral spondylarthritis.2 Broadly, enthesitis can be evaluated either clinically or by one of several imaging modalities that have been validated to various extents for the assessment thereof.

A recent systematic literature review that examined the US definition of enthesitis found large variability in the definitions utilised to outline enthesitis.3 Indeed, the appropriate definition of enthesitis and of its components remains an issue that is crucial for the evaluation of enthesitis with any given imaging modality. As of yet, we have no single examining modality that is capable of evaluating all of these components.

Clinical examination may aid in the detection of enthesitis when palpation is used to trigger pain or tenderness. However, it only allows the detection of soft tissue swelling, including tendon thickening and accompanying bursitis, two key features of enthesitis, while failing to provide information on typical bony changes, ie, bone erosions, enthesophytes and calcifications. Clinical evaluation has been shown to underestimate enthesitis involvement compared with imaging modalities.3,–,6 Contrary to clinical evaluation, conventional radiography is useful for assessing bony changes, as described …
Conjunctival Melanomas Harbor <i>BRAF</i> and <i>NRAS</i> Mutations and Copy Number Changes Similar to Cutaneous and Mucosal Melanomas
Authors: Klaus G. Griewank, Henrike Westekemper, Rajmohan Murali, Monika Mach, Bastian Schilling, Thomas Wiesner, Tobias Schimming, Elisabeth Livingstone, Antje Sucker, Florian Grabellus, Claudia Metz, Daniela Süsskind, Uwe Hillen, Michael R. Speicher, Scott E. Woodman, Klaus-Peter Steuhl, Dirk Schadendorf
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Conjunctival melanoma is a rare but potentially deadly tumor of the eye. Despite effective local therapies, recurrence and metastasis remain frequent. Once the tumor has metastasized, treatment options are limited and the prognosis is poor. To date, little is known of the genetic alterations in conjunctival melanomas.We conducted genetic analysis of 78 conjunctival melanomas, to our knowledge the largest cohort reported to date. An oncogene hotspot array was run on 38 samples, screening for a panel of known cancer-relevant mutations. Thirty tumors were analyzed for genome-wide copy number alterations (CNA) using array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Sanger sequencing of selected target mutations was conducted in all samples.BRAF mutations were identified in 23 of 78 (29%) tumors. NRAS mutations, previously not recognized as relevant in conjunctival melanoma, were detected in 14 of 78 (18%) tumors. We found CNAs affecting various chromosomes distributed across the genome in a pattern reminiscent of cutaneous and mucosal melanoma but differing markedly from uveal melanoma.The presence of NRAS or BRAF mutations in a mutually exclusive pattern in roughly half (47%) of conjunctival melanomas and the pattern of CNAs argue for conjunctival melanoma being closely related to cutaneous and mucosal melanoma but entirely distinct from uveal melanoma. Patients with metastatic conjunctival melanoma should be considered for therapeutic modalities available for metastatic cutaneous and mucosal melanoma including clinical trials of novel agents.
Baseline comorbidity levels in biologic and standard DMARD treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a national patient register
Authors: K Hyrich
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Objective:</b> To describe the occurrence of baseline comorbidity in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis starting treatment with biological agents. Such data are necessary to interpret the reported occurrence of adverse events following treatment. <b>Methods:</b> Baseline comorbidity was recorded in a large national cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis newly starting biological agents. The distribution of the number and types of comorbidities is presented. <b>Results:</b> In all, 7818 patients treated with biological agents (infliximab 3332, etanercept 3302, adalimumab 1059, anakinra 132) were included in the analysis. Comorbidity was common, with 58% of patients having at least one comorbid condition and 25% having more than one. The most frequent comorbid conditions were hypertension, depression, peptic ulcer disease, and respiratory disease. <b>Conclusions:</b> In routine use, patients treated with biological agents have high levels of baseline comorbidity, which should influence the interpretation of reported adverse events.
PMO-028 The potential of soup and savoury drinks for oral hydration in short bowel syndrome with jejunostomy: Abstract PMO-028 Table 1
Authors: P Turner
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and a jejunostomy are required to drink unpalatable electrolyte solutions. This is because the jejunal mucosa is permeable to sodium (Na) and whenever fluids containing &lt;90 mmol/l Na are present in the lumen, water and Na are lost by diffusion leading to massive stoma losses. Patients are advised to consume 1000 mls of a glucose/saline electrolyte solution with &gt;90 mmol/l Na while restricting other fluids to around 500 mls/day.<sup>1</sup> Electrolyte solutions are unpalatable and compliance is often poor. Although glucose is a significant component of these solutions due to coupled absorption of glucose, Na and water, a high Na content is of primary importance as there is considerable passive diffusion of Na and water across concentration gradients between the jejunal lumen and plasma.<sup>2</sup> Soups and meat extracts are high in Na but appear to be a relatively unused resource in SBS. This may be because health professionals are unaware of their Na content. A survey of such products was carried out to see if their Na content was high enough to replace some or all of the usual electrolyte drinks. <h3>Methods</h3> Manufacturers UK websites were accessed to obtain the Na and fibre content of four brands of tinned soups (Heinz, Baxter9s, Campbell9s and Sainsbury9s), four brands of instant cup soup (Bachelor9s, Tesco, Campbell9s and Ainsley Harriott) and one brand of meat extract (Bovril). <h3>Results</h3> Results were obtained for 57 samples of tinned soup, 48 samples of cup soup and two meat extracts. Na content of soups reconstituted as per manufactures recommendations. Na concentrations of beef and chicken extracts were 96 and 156 mmol/l respectively when made up as 12 g in 250 mls water. Mean fibre content for tinned soup and cup soup was 0.65 g and 0.6 g per 100 ml respectively (range 0–3.3 g/100 ml). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The majority of products investigated contain &gt;90 mmol/l Na and are suitable for consumption by patients with jejunostomies. Patients can be advised to check food labels for products containing &gt;0.21 g Na/100 ml (91 mmol/l). Fibre content of soup is relatively low however patients can be advised to seek lowest fibre varieties if this is an issue. In conclusion, soups or meat extracts could be considered as a partial replacement for electrolyte drinks where compliance is poor, provided there is careful initial monitoring of fluid balance and biochemistry. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Nightingale J,</b> Woodward JM; On behalf of the Small Bowel and Nutrition Committee of the BSG 2006. Guidelines for management of patients with a short bowel. http://www.gut.bmjjournals.com 2. <b>Fordtran JS,</b><i>et al.</i> The mechanisms of sodium absorption in the human small intestine. <i>J Clin Invest</i> 1968;<b>47</b>:884.
A modified cannula for sampling pancreatic juice in the dog.
Authors: A N Fawcett
Journal: Gut (1970)

3 Diagram illustrating the position of the cannula and the sites ofanastomosis.Acute experiments in animals to obtain pure and total collections of pancreatic juice by securing a cannula in the main pancreatic duct are of limited value as pancreatic function may be altered by the anaesthetic agents or by the operative procedures and tests can- not be repeated in the same dog.Intubation of the pancreatic duct through a duodenal cannula in chronic fistula dogs may be difficult and, owing to the anatomy of the duct systems, it is difficult to ensure
Choosing between the EORTC QLQ-C30 and FACT-G for measuring health-related quality of life in cancer clinical research: issues, evidence and recommendations
Authors: T. Luckett, M.T. King, P.N. Butow, M. Oguchi, N. Rankin, M.A. Price, N.A. Hackl, G. Heading
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)

This review aims to assist cancer clinical researchers in choosing between the two most widely used measures of cancer-specific health-related quality of life: the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G).Information on QLQ-C30 and FACT-G content, scale structure, accessibility and availability was collated from websites and manuals. A systematic review was undertaken to identify all articles reporting on psychometric properties and information to assist interpretability. Evidence for reliability, validity and responsiveness was rated using a standardised checklist. Instrument properties were compared and contrasted to inform recommendations.Psychometric evidence does not recommend one questionnaire over the other in general. However, there are important differences between the scale structure, social domains and tone that inform choice for any particular study.Where research objectives are concerned with the impact of a specific tumour type, treatment or symptom, choice should be guided by the availability, content, scale structure and psychometric properties of relevant European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer versus Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy modules. Because the FACT-G combines symptoms and concerns within each scale, individual items should always be reviewed within the context of specific research objectives. Where these issues are indecisive, researchers are encouraged to use an algorithm at the end of the current article.
Histological localization of plasminogen activator and proteolytic activity in the human stomach and duodenum
Authors: P. Eras, P. Harpel, S. J. Winawer
Journal: Gut (1970)

Plasminogen activator activity has been localized in gastric and duodenal tissue using a histological technique. This activity could be separated from proteolytic activity by incorporating ∈-aminocaproic acid into the fibrin substrate or by heat treatment. Plasminogen activator activity was found in relation to mucosal and submucosal blood vessels in the tissues studied. Proteolytic activity was identified in the surface epithelium, the gastric antral and fundal glands, and in the antral submucosal fat. Proximal duodenal tissue contained proteolytic activity in relation to Brunner9s glands.
Immunokinetics in severe pneumonia due to influenza virus and bacteria coinfection in mice
Authors: M. Seki, K. Yanagihara, Y. Higashiyama, Y. Fukuda, Y. Kaneko, H. Ohno, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Hirakata, K. Tomono, J. Kadota, T. Tashiro, S. Kohno
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

Coinfections of bacteria and influenza are a major cause of excessive mortality during influenza epidemics. However, the mechanism of the synergy between influenza virus and bacteria are poorly understood. In this study, mice were inoculated with influenza virus, followed 2 days later by inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae . The kinetics of viral titres, bacterial numbers and the immune response (cytokine and chemokine production) were also analysed. Short-term survival correlated with pathological changes in the lungs of infected mice. Influenza virus or S. pneumoniae infection alone induced moderate pneumonia; however, severe bronchopneumonia with massive haemorrhage in coinfected mice, which caused death of these mice ∼2 days after inoculation with S. pneumoniae , was noted. Intrapulmonary levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, type‐1 T‐helper cell cytokines and Toll-like receptors, and the related mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling molecules (phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ‐1 and ‐2, p38 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase), were increased in coinfected mice. These results suggest that immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, through Toll-like receptors/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, play important roles in the pathology of coinfection caused by influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae .
<i>In Vivo</i> Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using [68Ga]-Labeled Bombesin Analog BAY86-7548
Authors: Esa Kähkönen, Ivan Jambor, Jukka Kemppainen, Kaisa Lehtiö, Tove J. Grönroos, Anna Kuisma, Pauliina Luoto, Henri J. Sipilä, Tuula Tolvanen, Kalle Alanen, Jonna Silén, Markku Kallajoki, Anne Roivainen, Niklaus Schäfer, Roger Schibli, Martina Dragic, Anass Johayem, Ray Valencia, Sandra Borkowski, Heikki Minn
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose: A novel [68Ga]-labeled DOTA-4-amino-1-carboxymethyl-piperidine-D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2 peptide (BAY86-7548) having high affinity to bombesin receptor subtype II to detect primary and metastatic prostate carcinoma using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was synthesized and evaluated for prostate cancer. Experimental Design: In this first human study with BAY86-7548, 14 men scheduled for radical prostatectomy (n = 11) or with biochemical recurrence after surgery or hormonal therapy (n = 3) were enrolled. The patients received an intravenous injection of BAY86-7548 followed by over 60-minute dynamic imaging of prostate gland (n = 10) and/or subsequent whole-body imaging (n = 14). The visual assessment of PET/CT images included evaluation of intraprostatic (12 subsextants) and pelvic nodal uptake of BAY86-7548 in 11 surgical patients and detection of potential metastatic foci in all patients. In patients with biochemical recurrence, results were compared with those of either [11C]-acetate (n = 2) or [18F]-fluoromethylcholine (n = 1) PET/CT. Results: We found a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88%, 81% and 83%, respectively, for detection of primary PCa and sensitivity of 70% for metastatic lymph nodes using histology as gold standard. BAY86-7548 correctly detected local recurrence in prostate bed and showed nodal relapse in accordance with [11C]-acetate PET/CT in 2 patients with biochemical relapse. In the third hormone refractory patient, BAY86-7548 failed to show multiple bone metastases evident on [18F]-fluoromethylcholine PET/CT. Conclusion: BAY86-7548 PET/CT is a promising molecular imaging technique for detecting intraprostatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 19(19); 5434–43. ©2013 AACR.
Effect of HPV-Associated p16<sup>INK4A</sup> Expression on Response to Radiotherapy and Survival in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Pernille Lassen, Jesper G. Eriksen, Stephen Hamilton-Dutoit, Trine Tramm, Jan Alsner, Jens Overgaard
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

A subset of head and neck cancers is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Viral infection is closely correlated with expression of p16(INK4A) in these tumors. We evaluated p16(INK4A) as a prognostic marker of treatment response and survival in a well-defined and prospectively collected cohort of patients treated solely with conventional radiotherapy in the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA) 5 trial.Immunohistochemical expression of p16(INK4A) was analyzed in pretreatment paraffin-embedded tumor blocks from 156 patients treated with conventional primary radiotherapy alone. The influence of p16(INK4A) status on locoregional tumor control, disease-specific survival, and overall survival after radiotherapy was evaluated.p16(INK4A) positivity was found in 35 tumors (22%). Tumor-positivity for p16(INK4A) was significantly correlated with improved locoregional tumor control (5-year actuarial values 58% v 28%; P = .0005), improved disease-specific survival (72% v 34%; P = .0006), and improved overall survival (62% v 26%; P = .0003). In multivariate analysis, p16(INK4A) remained a strong independent prognostic factor for locoregional failure (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.64), disease-specific death (HR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.64), and overall death (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.68).Expression of p16(INK4A) has a major impact on treatment response and survival in patients with head and neck cancer treated with conventional radiotherapy.
Carbohydrate Structure Dependent Hemocompatibility of Biomimetic Functional Polymer Brushes on Surfaces
Authors: Kai Yu, Benjamin F. L. Lai, Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Abstract Glycocalyx mimicking glycopolymer brushes presenting mannose, galactose and glucose residues in the pyranose form, similar to those present on cell surfaces, were synthesized on planar substrates (Si wafer, gold chip) and monodispersed polystyrene (PS) particles, and the interaction of blood to these surfaces were studied using various methods with the goal of producing a hemocompatible surface. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and gel analyses showed that the total protein adsorption from plasma was greatly reduced, as low as 24.3 ng/cm 2 from undiluted plasma on the glucose carrying brush. The protein adsorption decreased with increasing grafting density of the brushes. It was also found that the protein adsorption varied with the anticoagulant used for blood collection; much higher amount of protein was adsorbed from heparinzied plasma than citrated plasma. Proteomics protein identification analysis revealed that protein adsorption from plasma depended on the type of sugar residue present on the surface as well as the type of anticoagulant. All the three types of glycopolymer brushes showed similar level of platelet activation as that of buffer control irrespective of the nature of carbohydrate residue. However, the number of adhered platelet and their morphology depended on the type of carbohydrate residue present on the brush. On glucose brush, the extent of platelet adhesion and spreading was significantly lowered compared to other brushes. All the glycopolymer brushes were neutral to blood coagulation as indicated by thromboelastography analysis. The glucose brush gave a slightly longer initial coagulation time suggesting that this surface may be more biocompatible. Our data demonstrate that the structure of carbohydrate residue is an important factor in the design of synthetic blood contacting surface based on glycopolymer.
Cam impingement causes osteoarthritis of the hip: a nationwide prospective cohort study (CHECK)
Authors: Rintje Agricola, Marinus P Heijboer, Sita M A Bierma-Zeinstra, Jan A N Verhaar, Harrie Weinans, Jan H Waarsing
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

Objective To determine the association between cam impingement, which is hip incongruity by a non-spherical femoral head and development of osteoarthritis. Methods A nationwide prospective cohort study of 1002 early symptomatic osteoarthritis patients (CHECK), of which standardised anteroposterior pelvic radiographs were obtained at baseline and at 2 and 5 years follow-up. Asphericity of the femoral head was measured by the α angle. Clinically, decreased internal hip rotation (≤20°) is suggestive of cam impingement. The strength of association between those parameters at baseline and development of incident osteoarthritis (K&amp;L grade 2) or end-stage osteoarthritis (K&amp;L grades 3, 4, or total hip replacement) within 5 years was expressed in OR using generalised estimating equations. Results At baseline, 76% of the included hips had no radiographic signs of osteoarthritis and 24% doubtful osteoarthritis. Within 5 years, 2.76% developed end-stage osteoarthritis. A moderate (α angle &gt;60°) and severe (α angle &gt;83°) cam-type deformity resulted in adjusted OR of 3.67 (95% CI 1.68 to 8.01) and 9.66 (95% CI 4.72 to 19.78), respectively, for end-stage osteoarthritis. The combination of severe cam-type deformity and decreased internal rotation at baseline resulted in an even more pronounced adjusted OR, and in a positive predictive value of 52.6% for end-stage osteoarthritis. For incident osteoarthritis, only a moderate cam-type deformity was predictive OR=2.42 (95% CI 1.15 to 5.06). Conclusions Individuals with both severe cam-type deformity and reduced internal rotation are strongly predisposed to fast progression to end-stage osteoarthritis. As cam impingement might be a modifiable risk factor, early recognition of this condition is important.
Multicenter Phase III Comparison of Cisplatin/S-1 With Cisplatin/Infusional Fluorouracil in Advanced Gastric or Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma Study: The FLAGS Trial
Authors: Jaffer A. Ajani, Wuilbert Rodriguez, Gyorgy Bodoky, Vladimir Moiseyenko, Mikhail Lichinitser, Vera Gorbunova, Ihor Vynnychenko, August Garin, Istvan Lang, Silvia Falcon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose Patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma need more efficacious and safer treatments than established today. S-1, a contemporary oral fluoropyrimidine, can provide that advantage. Patients and Methods This study was conducted in 24 countries and 146 centers. One thousand fifty-three patients were stratified (center, number of metastatic sites, prior adjuvant therapy, and measurable cancer) and randomly assigned. Patients received either S-1 at 50 mg/m 2 divided in two daily doses for 21 days and cisplatin at 75 mg/m 2 intravenously on day 1, repeated every 28 days (527 patients) or infusional fluorouracil at 1,000 mg/m 2 /24 hours for 120 hours and cisplatin at 100 mg/m 2 intravenously on day 1, repeated every 28 days (526 patients). The primary end point was superiority in overall survival (OS) from cisplatin/S-1 compared with cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil in patients with advanced, untreated gastric, or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. The secondary end points were response rate, progression-free survival, time to treatment failure, and safety. Results The median OS was 8.6 months in the cisplatin/S-1 arm and 7.9 months in the cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil arm (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.05; P = .20). Significant safety advantages were observed in the cisplatin/S-1 arm compared with the cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil arm for the rates of grade 3/4 neutropenia (32.3% v 63.6%), complicated neutropenia (5.0% v 14.4%), stomatitis (1.3% v 13.6%), hypokalemia (3.6% v 10.8%), and treatment-related deaths (2.5% v 4.9%; P &lt; .05). Conclusion Cisplatin/S-1 did not prolong OS of patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma compared with cisplatin/infusional fluorouracil, but it did result in a significantly improved safety profile.