tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Are cytotoxic agents beneficial in idiopathic membranous nephropathy? A meta-analysis of the controlled trials.
Authors: T F Imperiale, S Goldfarb, J S Berns
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1995)

The use of cytotoxic agents for the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy is controversial. Although several controlled trials have been published, both the comparison groups and the study findings have varied, resulting in clinical uncertainty. To explore this uncertainty, a meta-analysis of controlled trials of treatment with cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil was performed in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic-range proteinuria. Patients in the control groups received only symptomatic treatment or corticosteroids. Descriptive and quantitative data from each trial were abstracted independently. Outcomes included effects of treatment on renal function and proteinuria, with a complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) defined as the complete or partial resolution of proteinuria without deterioration of renal function. For patients having either any response (CR or PR) or only a CR, both the relative risk (RR) and the number needed to be treated were calculated. The five trials that satisfied criteria for inclusion in the analysis were clinically and statistically homogeneous. There were no placebo-controlled trials that met the criteria for inclusion. Among the 228 patients in these studies, the RR of achieving any response with cytotoxic agents was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 3.2) and the RR for a CR was 4.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2 to 9.3), with respective numbers needed to be treated of 2.9 and 4.7, meaning that between three and five patients would need to be treated with cytotoxic agents to achieve one response. Exclusion of the only nonrandomized trial had no significant effect on the results. Both chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide showed similar beneficial effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Physiologic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure and mask pressure support during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Authors: L Appendini, A Patessio, S Zanaboni, M Carone, B Gukov, C F Donner, A Rossi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

To assess physiologic effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during noninvasive pressure support ventilation (PSV) in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we measured in seven patients the breathing pattern, lung mechanics, diaphragmatic effort (PTPdi), and arterial blood gases under four conditions: (1) spontaneous breathing (SB); (2) CPAP; (3) PSV of 10 cm H2O; and (4) PSV plus PEEP (PEEP + PSV). CPAP and PEEP were set between 80 and 90% of dynamic intrinsic PEEP (PEEPidyn) measured during SB and PSV, respectively. PEEPidyn was obtained (1) from the decrease in pleural pressure (delta Ppl) preceding inspiration, and (2) subtracting the fall in gastric pressure (delta Pga) caused by relaxation of the abdominal muscles from the delta Ppl decrease. Abdominal muscle activity made PEEPidyn overestimated in almost all instances (p < 0.0001). PSV increased minute ventilation, improved gas exchange, and decreased PTPdi. PEEP added to PSV, likewise CPAP compared with SB, further significantly decreased the diaphragmatic effort (PTPdi went from 322 +/- 111 to 203 +/- 63 cm H2O.s) by counterbalancing PEEPidyn, which went from 5.4 +/- 4.0 to 3.1 +/- 2.3 cm H2O. These data support the use of low levels of PEEP (80 to 90% of PEEPidyn) to treat acute exacerbation of COPD by means of mask PSV.
Evaluating the Place of Interleukin-2 in the Management of Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer (MRCC) in the Era of Targeted Therapy
Authors: M. Evans, S. Chow, V. Galvis, R. Leach, E. Keene, A. Spencer-Shaw, A. Shablak, J. Shanks, F. Thistlethwaite, R. Hawkins
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate in rat intestinal preconditioning: involvement of nitric oxide
Authors: A Sola
Journal: Gut (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND AND AIMS</h3> Inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by nitric oxide (NO) in intestinal preconditioning could modify the rate of formation of glycolytic intermediates. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (F16BP) is a glycolytic intermediate that protects tissue from ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We evaluated if F16BP may be endogenously accumulated as a consequence of GAPDH inhibition by NO during intestinal preconditioning in rats. <h3>METHODS</h3> We assessed: (1) effect of preconditioning on F16BP content; (2) effect of NO on GAPDH activity before and during sustained ischaemia; and (3) protective effect of F16BP in control, ischaemic, and preconditioned animals with or without administration of<i>N</i>-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), NO donor, or F16BP. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Preconditioned rats showed a significant transient decrease in GAPDH activity and also maintained basal F16BP levels longer than ischaemic rats.l-NAME administration to preconditioned rats reversed these effects. F16BP administration to ischaemic rats decreased protein release in the perfusate. Administration of F16BP to l-NAME treated rats attenuated the harmful effect of l-NAME. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Our study indicates that F16BP may be endogenously accumulated in preconditioned rats as a consequence of inhibition of GAPDH by NO, and this may contribute to the protection observed in intestinal preconditioning.
<i>IGH</i>@ Translocations Are Prevalent in Teenagers and Young Adults With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Are Associated With a Poor Outcome
Authors: Lisa J. Russell, Amir Enshaei, Lisa Jones, Amy Erhorn, Dino Masic, Helen Bentley, Karl S. Laczko, Adele K. Fielding, Anthony H. Goldstone, Nicholas Goulden, Christopher D. Mitchell, Rachel Wade, Ajay Vora, Anthony V. Moorman, Christine J. Harrison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Purpose To determine the prevalence and prognostic association of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH@) translocations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Patients and Methods The cohort comprised 3,269 patients treated on either the UKALL2003 trial for children and adolescents (1 to 24 years old) or the UKALLXII trial for adolescents and adults (15 to 59 years old). High-throughput fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to detect IGH@ translocations. Results We identified IGH@ translocations in 5% of patients with ALL (159 of 3,269 patients), in patients with both B-cell (148 of 2,863 patients) and T-cell (11 of 408 patients) disease. Multiple partner genes were identified including CRLF2 (n = 35), five members of the CEPB gene family (n = 17), and ID4 (n = 11). The level of the IGH@-positive clone varied and indicated that some IGH@ translocations were primary events, whereas others were secondary aberrations often associated with other established aberrations. The age profile of patients with IGH@ translocations was distinctive, with a median age of 16 years and peak incidence of 11% among 20- to 24-year-old patients. Among patients with B-cell precursor ALL who were Philadelphia chromosome negative, those with an IGH@ translocation had an inferior overall survival compared with other patients (UKALL2003: hazard ratio, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.34 to 4.18; P = .003; UKALLXII: hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.47; P = .002). However, this adverse effect was not independent of age or minimal residual disease status and did not seem to be driven by an increased risk of relapse. Conclusion IGH@ translocations define a genetic feature that is frequent among adolescents and young adults with ALL. Although associated with an adverse outcome in adults, it is not an independent prognostic factor in children and adolescents.
Vasoactive effect of endothelin-1 on rat liver in vivo
Authors: Shigetoshi Okumura, Yoshiyuki Takei, Sunao Kawano, Kouichi Nagano, Eiji Masuda, Moritaka Goto, Shingo Tsuji, Tomoki Michida, Sheng-Song Chen, Toru Kashiwagi, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Takenobu Kamada, Nobuhiro Sato
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of endothelin-1 in modulating hepatic microcirculation and liver damage. Rats were infused with endothelin-1 at doses ranging from 30 to 1,000 pmol/kg over 1 min through an indwelling cannula placed in the portal vein. In control rats, saline solution was infused at the same rate. Alterations in hepatic microcirculation were measured with an in vivo microscopy system. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity, an indicator of hepatic damage, was measured 1 hr after endothelin-1 infusion. Immediately after infusion of endothelin-1, we noted a rapid increase in portal pressure, which remained increased for up to 30 min after endothelin-1 infusion. In contrast, systemic blood pressure remained unchanged, even at 1,000 pmol/kg of endothelin-1. Sinusoidal width was reduced and sinusoidal erythrocyte velocity was diminished in a dose-dependent manner. Oxygen saturation of blood in sinusoids was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching values around 40% of control with 1,000 pmol/kg endothelin-1. The degree of decrease in oxygen saturation of blood in sinusoids had an excellent correlation with the calculated blood flow in the liver tissue. Serum lactate dehydrogenase levels were three to four times control values when endothelin-1 was administered at 1,000 pmol/kg. Thus endothelin-1 decreased hepatic tissue oxygenation associated with sinusoidal vasoconstriction. At high concentrations of endothelin-1, this decrease results in hepatocellular damage.
Protocollagen Proline Hydroxylase Activity in Rat Heart During Experimental Cardiac Hypertrophy
Authors: SEPPO LINDY, HEIKKI TURTO, JOUNI UITTO
Journal: Circulation Research (1972)

Cardiac hypertrophy was produced in rats by constricting the abdominal aorta subdiaphragmatically. The weight of the left ventricle was significantly elevated 2 days after aortic constriction and was 19% higher than in shamoperated animals at 11 days. The activity of protocollagen proline hydroxylase (PPH), an enzyme participating in collagen biosynthesis, and the hydroxyproline content of the heart muscle were determined. PPH activity was increased at 2 days after aortic constriction and declined thereafter, being still above the control level at 11 days. The hydroxyproline content of the left ventricle was significantly increased at 11 days in hypertrophied heart muscle compared to controls. The present results suggest that in cardiac hypertrophy an early connective tissue activation occurs. Later, this leads to connective tissue accumulation. The increased collagen content may give support to the cardiac muscle contracting against systolic overload.
The impact of HIV and AIDS on Africa's economic development
Authors: S. Dixon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The macroeconomic effects of HIV/AIDS in Africa are substantial, and policies for dealing with them may be controversial—one is whether expensive antiretroviral drugs should be targeted at economically productive groups of people. The authors review the evidence and consider how economic theory can contribute to our response to the pandemic

Three million people died from AIDS in 2001, making it the world's fourth biggest cause of death, after heart disease, stroke, and acute lower respiratory infection.1 Over 70% of the world's 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS are in Africa (table 1). Besides the human cost, HIV/AIDS is having profound effects on Africa's economic development and hence its ability to cope with the pandemic. While the impact of HIV/AIDS on people has been well documented, it has been much more difficult to observe the pandemic's effects on the African economy as a whole or to assess how it might affect Africa's future development. Nevertheless we need to understand these broader economic effects to form effective policy responses.

#### Summary points

Economic research helps to estimate the effects of HIV/AIDS on the African economy and the cost effectiveness of prevention and treatment programmes

Economic theory predicts that HIV/AIDS reduces labour supply and productivity, reduces exports, and increases imports

The pandemic has already reduced average national economic growth rates by 2-4% a year across Africa

Prevention and treatment programmes and economic measures such as targeted training in skills needed in key industries will limit the economic effects of HIV/AIDS

View this table:

Table 1. 
Numbers of people (millions) worldwide living with HIV or AIDS in 20011



We used economic theory to predict what happens to economies faced with rapidly increasing mortality and …
Biological characteristics of a new human glioma cell line transformed into A2B5+ stem cells
Authors: Yanyan Li, Hangzhou Wang, Ting Sun, Jinming Chen, Lingchuan Guo, Haitao Shen, Ziwei Du, Youxin Zhou
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2015)

The new glioma cell line SHG-139 was established and its phenotype, tumorigenicity, pathological characteristics, derived stem cells SHG139S were studied. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess expressions in the patient and mouse tumor tissues, SHG-139 and SHG-139S. Primary SHG-139 culture was performed, cell proliferation, cell cycle and genetic characteristics were assessed. MiRNA (Micro RNA) and LncRNA (Long non-coding RNA) microarray was performed. We found that the glioma tissue was positive for A2B5 (Glial precursors ganglioside), GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein), S-100 (Acid calcium bingding protein), VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGFR (Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) and negative for Ki-67 (Nuclcar- associated antigen). SHG-139 proliferated significantly within 24h; its total number of chromosomes was 68; ratios of SHG-139 and SHG-139S cells in G1 phase were highest. SHG-139 cells were positive for A2B5, GalC (Galactocerebrosides), GFAP, S-100 and Vimentin, while SHG-139S cells were positive for A2B5, Nestin, and NG2 (Neuron-glia antigen2), and negative for Vimentin and IDHR132H (Isocitrate dehydrogenase); cells rarely stained for CD133 (Cluster of differentiation133). SHG-139 intracranial xenografts expressed GFAP, but no overt oligodendroglioma was observed. In SHG-139S xenografts, GFAP and S-100 were expressed, while CD133 was not detected; a few A2B5+ cells were found at tumor edges, and typical oligodendroglioma were obtained. In addition, SHG-139S xenograft tumors were more aggressive than those of SHG-139. Anti-mouse CD31 (Cluster of differentiation31) staining revealed murine vessels at the border between xenograft tumor and normal brain tissue; Anti-human CD34 (Cluster of differentiation34) staining was negative. Biochip technology of SHG139S showed several miRNA and lncRNA were differently expressed in SHG139 and SHG139S. SHG-139 was an astroglioma cell line which yielded stem cells SHG-139S. SHG-139S cells constituted an A2B5+/CD133− GSC subgroup.
Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect
Authors: Christine H. Attenhofer Jost, Heidi M. Connolly, Gordon K. Danielson, Kent R. Bailey, Hartzell V. Schaff, Win-Kuang Shen, Carole A. Warnes, James B. Seward, Francisco J. Puga, A. Jamil Tajik
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) differs from secundum atrial septal defect by its atrial septal location and its association with anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC). Data on long-term outcome after surgical repair are limited.We reviewed outcomes of 115 patients (mean age+/-SD 34+/-23 years) with SVASD who had repair from 1972 through 1996. APVC was present in 112 patients (97%). Early mortality was 0.9%. Complete follow-up was obtained for 108 patients (95%) at 144+/-99 months. Symptomatic improvement was noted in 83 patients (77%), and deterioration was noted in 17 patients (16%). At follow-up, 7 (6%) of 108 patients had sinus node dysfunction, a permanent pacemaker, or both, and 15 (14%) of 108 patients had atrial fibrillation. Older age at repair was predictive of postoperative atrial fibrillation (P=0.033). No reoperations were required during follow-up. Survival was not different from expected for an age- and sex-matched population. Clinical improvement was more common with older age at surgery (P=0.014). Older age at repair (P=0.008) and preoperative New York Heart Association class III or IV (P=0.038) were independent predictors of late mortality.Operation for SVASD is associated with low morbidity and mortality, and postoperative subjective clinical improvement occurs irrespective of age at surgery. Postoperative atrial fibrillation appears to be related to older age at operation. SVASD repair achieves survival similar to that of a matched population and should be considered whenever repair may impact survival or symptoms.
Prognostic variables in oligodendroglial tumors: a single-institution study of 95 cases
Authors: David Scheie, Torstein R. Meling, Milada Cvancarova, Kari Skullerud, Sverre Mørk, Knut Lote, Tor J. Eide, Eirik Helseth, Klaus Beiske
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2011)

We analyzed the relationships among clinical variables, histology, 1p/19q status, and outcome in 95 patients with oligodendroglial tumors. The study enrolled adult patients who underwent first-time surgery for a supratentorial oligodendroglial tumor at Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet. Tumors were: 27 oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade II; 32 oligoastrocytomas, WHO grade II; 16 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade III; 14 anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, WHO grade III; and 6 glioblastomas with a major oligodendroglial component, WHO grade IV. The clinical files were reviewed. Three neuropathologists evaluated the histological slides independently. Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis for 1p and 19q was performed by PCR. Favorable prognostic factors from univariate analyses included seizures as presenting symptom, female sex, location in the frontal lobe, low WHO grade, classic histology, absence of gemistocytic cells, and combined 1p/19q loss. Solitary 19q loss was a negative prognostic marker. 1p/19q status was of prognostic significance in both tumors with classic and nonclassic oligodendroglial histology. In the multivariate analysis, WHO grade II (P< .001), frontal tumor location (P= .002), and combined 1p/19q loss (P< .001) remained favorable prognostic variables. Our results suggest that tumor location, WHO grade, and 1p/19q status are important independent variables associated with survival in oligodendroglial tumors. The study suggests that solitary 19q loss is a negative prognostic variable and that 1p/19q loss is associated with prolonged survival also in oligodendroglial tumors without classic histology.
Effect of Low-Dose Insulin Treatment on Body Weight and Physical Development in Children and Adolescents at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Erinn T. Rhodes, Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, David D. Cuthbertson, Henry A. Feldman, David S. Ludwig
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Insulin's role in body weight regulation is controversial. We evaluated the effect of parenteral insulin on body weight and physical development in children and adolescents at risk for type 1 diabetes.We performed a secondary analysis of the parenteral arm of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Diabetes (DPT-1), a randomized controlled trial of low-dose parenteral insulin (human ultralente insulin at 0.25 units x kg(-1) x day(-1)) in subjects with a >50% 5-year risk of diabetes. Analysis was limited to 100 subjects (55 intervention, 45 closely monitored) aged <19 years at randomization whose weight was followed for at least 2 years by study end after excluding subjects who were noncompliant within 2 years or developed diabetes within 36 months of randomization.Subjects ranged in age from 4.07 to 18.98 years. There were no significant differences at randomization between subjects in each group with respect to sex, age, weight, height, BMI, Tanner stage, or glucose tolerance. We found no differences over 2 years between the intervention and closely monitored groups in the change in weight (median 6.8 vs. 6.0 kg, P = 0.65), height (median 10.7 vs. 10.1 cm, P = 0.66), BMI (median 0.9 vs. 1.0 kg/m2, P = 0.79), or Tanner stage (median 0 vs. 0, P = 0.35). Multiple regression showed no effect of insulin on change in weight (P = 0.53) or BMI (P = 0.95) over 2 years after adjustment for relevant covariates.Low-dose insulin treatment for 2 years did not affect the weight, BMI, or physical development of nondiabetic children and adolescents.
The Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec Given in Variable Once-Daily Dosing Intervals Compared With Insulin Glargine and Insulin Degludec Dosed at the Same Time Daily
Authors: Luigi Meneghini, Stephen L. Atkin, Stephen C.L. Gough, Itamar Raz, Lawrence Blonde, Marina Shestakova, Stephen Bain, Thue Johansen, Kamilla Begtrup, Kåre I. Birkeland
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

The requirement to inject current basal insulin analogs at a fixed time each day may complicate adherence and compromise glycemic control. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of varying the daily injection time of insulin degludec (IDeg), an ultra-long-acting basal insulin.This 26-week, open-label, treat-to-target trial enrolled adults (≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes who were either insulin naïve and receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) (HbA(1c) = 7-11%) or previously on basal insulin ± OAD(s) (HbA(1c) = 7-10%). Participants were randomized to 1) once-daily (OD) IDeg in a prespecified dosing schedule, creating 8-40-h intervals between injections (IDeg OD Flex; n = 229); 2) once-daily IDeg at the main evening meal (IDeg OD; n = 228); or 3) once-daily insulin glargine at the same time each day (IGlar OD; n = 230). The primary outcome was noninferiority of IDeg OD Flex to IGlar OD in HbA(1c) reduction after 26 weeks.After 26 weeks, IDeg OD Flex, IDeg OD, and IGlar OD improved HbA(1c) by 1.28, 1.07, and 1.26% points, respectively (estimated treatment difference [IDeg OD Flex - IGlar OD]: 0.04% points [-0.12 to 0.20], confirming noninferiority). No statistically significant differences in overall or nocturnal hypoglycemia were found between IDeg OD Flex and IGlar OD. Comparable glycemic control and rates of hypoglycemia were seen with IDeg OD Flex and IDeg OD. Adverse event profiles were similar across groups.The use of extreme dosing intervals of 8-40 h demonstrates that the daily injection time of IDeg can be varied without compromising glycemic control or safety.
A STUDY OF THE DEMENTIA PRÆCOX GROUP IN THE LIGHT OF CERTAIN CASES SHOWING ANOMALIES OR SCLEROSES IN PARTICULAR BRAIN-REGIONS
Authors: E. E. Southard
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1910)

Object of the analysis.Exclusion from prior consideration of cases of coarse cerebral atrophy.Exclusion of cases showing focal destructive arteriosclerotic lesions.Provisional grouping of fourteen cases A STUDY OF DEMENTIA P1tECOX E. E
Mesorectal Fascia Instead of Circumferential Resection Margin in Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer
Authors: Bengt Glimelius, Regina Beets-Tan, Lennart Blomqvist, Gina Brown, Iris Nagtegaal, Lars Påhlman, Phil Quirke, Vincenzo Valentini, Cornelis van de Velde
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Mesorectal Fascia Instead of Circumferential Resection Margin in Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer