tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
RJR Nabisco's Cartoon Camel Promotes Camel Cigarettes to Children
Authors: Joseph R. DiFranza
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To determine if RJR Nabisco's cartoon-theme advertising is more effective in promoting Camel cigarettes to children or to adults. To determine if children see, remember, and are influenced by cigarette advertising.Use of four standard marketing measures to compare the effects of Camel's Old Joe cartoon advertising on children and adults.High school students, grades 9 through 12, from five regions of the United States, and adults, aged 21 years and over, from Massachusetts.Recognition of Camel's Old Joe cartoon character, product and brand name recall, brand preference, appeal of advertising themes.Children were more likely to report prior exposure to the Old Joe cartoon character (97.7% vs 72.2%; P less than .0001). Children were better able to identify the type of product being advertised (97.5% vs 67.0%; P less than .0001) and the the Camel cigarette brand name (93.6% vs 57.7%; P less than .0001). Children also found the Camel cigarette advertisements more appealing (P less than .0001). Camel's share of the illegal children's cigarette market segment has increased from 0.5% to 32.8%, representing sales estimated at $476 million per year.Old Joe Camel cartoon advertisements are far more successful at marketing Camel cigarettes to children than to adults. This finding is consistent with tobacco industry documents that indicate that a major function of tobacco advertising is to promote and maintain tobacco addiction among children.
Hebb's accomplishments misunderstood
Authors: Michael Hucka, Mark Weaver, Stephen Kaplan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Amit's efforts to provide stronger theoretical and empirical support for Hebb's cell-assembly concept is admirable, but we have serious reservations about the perspective presented in the target article. For Hebb, the cell assembly was a building block; by contrast, the framework proposed here eschews the need to fit the assembly into a broader picture of its function.
Transplantation with survivin‐engineered mesenchymal stem cells results in better prognosis in a rat model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Lin Fan, Chaogui Lin, Shuangmu Zhuo, Lianglong Chen, Nan Liu, Yukun Luo, Jun Fang, Zhengrong Huang, Yunling Lin, Jianxin Chen
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
Blocking Lactate Export by Inhibiting the Myc Target MCT1 Disables Glycolysis and Glutathione Synthesis
Authors: Joanne R. Doherty, Chunying Yang, Kristen E.N. Scott, Michael D. Cameron, Mohammad Fallahi, Weimin Li, Mark A. Hall, Antonio L. Amelio, Jitendra K. Mishra, Fangzheng Li, Mariola Tortosa, Heide Marika Genau, Robert J. Rounbehler, Yunqi Lu, Chi V. Dang, K. Ganesh Kumar, Andrew A. Butler, Thomas D. Bannister, Andrea T. Hooper, Keziban Unsal-Kacmaz, William R. Roush, John L. Cleveland
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Myc oncoproteins induce genes driving aerobic glycolysis, including lactate dehydrogenase-A that generates lactate. Here, we report that Myc controls transcription of the lactate transporter SLC16A1/MCT1 and that elevated MCT1 levels are manifest in premalignant and neoplastic Eμ-Myc transgenic B cells and in human malignancies with MYC or MYCN involvement. Notably, disrupting MCT1 function leads to an accumulation of intracellular lactate that rapidly disables tumor cell growth and glycolysis, provoking marked alterations in glycolytic intermediates, reductions in glucose transport, and in levels of ATP, NADPH, and ultimately, glutathione (GSH). Reductions in GSH then lead to increases in hydrogen peroxide, mitochondrial damage, and ultimately, cell death. Finally, forcing glycolysis by metformin treatment augments this response and the efficacy of MCT1 inhibitors, suggesting an attractive combination therapy for MYC/MCT1-expressing malignancies.
Interobserver variability in visual evaluation of thoracic CT scans and comparison with automatic computer measurements of CT lung density
Authors: Mathilde M.W. Wille, Laura H. Thomsen, Jens Petersen, Saher B. Shaker, Asger Dirksen, Jesper H. Pedersen
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Introduction – Emphysema is defined by pathology, but is most precisely evaluated in vivo by computed tomography (CT).

Aims – were to determine the reproducibility of visual evaluation of emphysema, i.e. the observer variability, and furthermore to compare the visual evaluations to automatic CT lung density measurements, i.e. densitometry.

Methods – In a pilot study 60 CT scans were selected from a sample of 3980 CT scans from The Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST). The amount of emphysema in these scans was scored independently by two observers, who were blinded regarding clinical information.

The lung was segmented automatically by in-house developed computer software, and the percentage of pixels below -950 HU was used as a surrogate marker for emphysema.

The observer variability, as well as the correlation with the lung density measurements, was analysed using Spearman's rank correlation.

Results – Spearman's correlation coefficient between the two observers was r = 0.85, p < 0.001. However, the combined observations for both observers had a correlation with the CT lung density measurements of r = 0.25, p = 0.05.

Conclusions – We found a high degree of interobserver consistency in emphysema grading. However, the agreement with the CT lung density measurement was poor, indicating that the two types of evaluation represent different aspects of emphysema. Most likely, they should be seen as complementary rather than competitive evaluations. Future comparison with physiological tests might elucidate the reason for differences and demonstrate the usefulness of these evaluations.
Effects of 100% Oxygen on Performance of Professional Soccer Players
Authors: F. David Winter
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Supplemental oxygen is currently widely utilized in conjunction with athletic competition. To assess the utility of this practice, 12 professional soccer players performed two bouts of exhaustive exercise separated by 5 minutes of rest ("recovery period"). During the recovery period, the subjects breathed either room air or 100% oxygen, assigned by randomized, double-blind design. The entire procedure was repeated on each subject using the opposite gas. The administration of enriched oxygen during the recovery period had no effect on plasma lactate levels or on performance during the second period of exercise. The subjects were unable to identify which gas they received. In conclusion, data from this study indicate that using 100% oxygen applied for short periods offers no advantage on recovery from exhaustive exercise or on subsequent exercise performance. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:227-229)
Application in Europe of a urine-based rapid diagnostic test for confirmation of Schistosoma mansoni infection in migrants from endemic areas
Authors: S L Becker, H Marti, S Zimmermann, D Vidacek, M Herrmann, J Utzinger, P A Schnabel, R M Bohle
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2015)

In February 2015, a male patient from Eritrea with persistent abdominal pain and rectal bleeding was diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni infection upon examination of a rectal biopsy. In May 2015, repeated stool microscopy identified S. mansoni infection in another Eritrean patient with abdominal pain and considerable eosinophilia (34%). Use of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) tests on urine confirmed S. mansoni infection in both patients. Wider application of non-invasive POC-CCA urine tests will improve schistosomiasis diagnosis and clinical management in migrants.
PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Kenneth Goodner, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1937)

Immunological and immunochemical fractionation of Type I antipneumococcus horse and rabbit sera have demonstrated the existence of several forms of immune protein, each fraction behaving as a type specific antibody, but differing from the others in chemical and immunological properties.
Endpoints in Adjuvant Treatment Trials: A Systematic Review of the Literature in Colon Cancer and Proposed Definitions for Future Trials
Authors: C. J. A. Punt, M. Buyse, C.-H. Kohne, P. Hohenberger, R. Labianca, H. J. Schmoll, L. Pahlman, A. Sobrero, J.-Y. Douillard
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

Disease-free survival is increasingly being used as the primary endpoint of most trials testing adjuvant treatments in cancer. Other frequently used endpoints include overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and time to recurrence. These endpoints are often defined differently in different trials in the same type of cancer, leading to a lack of comparability among trials. In this Commentary, we used adjuvant studies in colon cancer as a model to address this issue. In a systematic review of the literature, we identified 52 studies of adjuvant treatment in colon cancer published in 1997–2006 that used eight other endpoints in addition to overall survival. Both the definition of these endpoints and the starting point for measuring time to the events that constituted these endpoints varied widely. A panel of experts on clinical research on colorectal cancer then reached consensus on the definition of each endpoint. Disease-free survival—defined as the time from randomization to any event, irrespective of cause—was considered to be the most informative endpoint for assessing the effect of treatment and therefore the most relevant to clinical practice. The proposed guidelines may add to the quality and cross-comparability of future studies of adjuvant treatments for cancer.
Mn-porphyrin Conjugated Au Nanoshells Encapsulating Doxorubicin for Potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Light Triggered Synergistic Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Lijia Jing, Xiaolong Liang, Xiaoda Li, Li Lin, Yongbo Yang, Xueli Yue, Zhifei Dai
Journal: Theranostics (2014)

A theranostic agent was successfully fabricated by the formation of Au nanoshell around poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles entrapping doxorubicin, followed by linking a Mn-porphyrin derivative on the Au shell surface through polyethylene glycol. The resulted agent exhibited excellent colloidal stability and long blood circulation time due to introducing polyethylene glycol. The grafting Mn-porphyrin onto the nanoparticle surface endowed a greatly improved relaxivity (r1 value of 22.18 mM(-1)s(-1) of Mn(3+)), favorable for accurate cancer diagnosing and locating the tumor site to guide the external near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for photothermal ablation of tumors. The in vitro experiments confirmed that the agent exhibited an efficient photohyperthermia and a light triggered and stepwise release behavior of doxorubicin due to the high NIR light absorption coefficient of Au nanoshell. The in vivo experiments showed that the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy through such theranostic agent offered a synergistically improved therapeutic outcome compared with either therapy alone, making it a promising approach for cancer therapy. Therefore, such theranostic agent can be developed as a smart and promising nanosystemplatform that integrates multiple capabilities for both effective contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and synergistic therapy.
Abnormal Functional Activation and Maturation of Fronto-Striato-Temporal and Cerebellar Regions During Sustained Attention in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Clodagh M. Murphy, Anastasia Christakou, Eileen M. Daly, Christine Ecker, Vincent Giampietro, Michael Brammer, Anna B. Smith, Patrick Johnston, Dene M. Robertson, Declan G. Murphy, Katya Rubia
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

Sustained attention problems are common in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may have significant implications for the diagnosis and management of ASD and associated comorbidities. Furthermore, ASD has been associated with atypical structural brain development. The authors used functional MRI to investigate the functional brain maturation of attention between childhood and adulthood in people with ASD.Using a parametrically modulated sustained attention/vigilance task, the authors examined brain activation and its linear correlation with age between childhood and adulthood in 46 healthy male adolescents and adults (ages 11-35 years) with ASD and 44 age- and IQ-matched typically developing comparison subjects.Relative to the comparison group, the ASD group had significantly poorer task performance and significantly lower activation in inferior prefrontal cortical, medial prefrontal cortical, striato-thalamic, and lateral cerebellar regions. A conjunction analysis of this analysis with group differences in brain-age correlations showed that the comparison group, but not the ASD group, had significantly progressively increased activation with age in these regions between childhood and adulthood, suggesting abnormal functional brain maturation in ASD. Several regions that showed both abnormal activation and functional maturation were associated with poorer task performance and clinical measures of ASD and inattention.The results provide first evidence that abnormalities in sustained attention networks in individuals with ASD are associated with underlying abnormalities in the functional brain maturation of these networks between late childhood and adulthood.
Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: clinical features, response to medications and malignancy‐associated risk factors in a specific tertiary‐care‐centre cohort
Authors: F. Galimberti, Y. Li, A.P. Fernandez
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (CADM) is a subset of dermatomyositis (DM) characterized by the typical DM cutaneous manifestations but without myositis. There is a relative paucity of characterized cases of CADM in the peer-reviewed medical literature.To characterize the clinical features, response to medications and malignancy-associated risk factors of patients with CADM with available baseline data seen at a single tertiary-care centre.A retrospective review was undertaken of 44 patients with CADM with available clinical and serological data prior to onset of treatment.Patients with CADM comprised 18% of all patients with DM with baseline data available at our institution. Although the majority of patients showed improvement with the first prescribed treatment, most required additional medications to control their CADM. Six of 44 patients had an associated malignancy. Photosensitivity and periungual erythema were found to be associated with absence of malignancy (P = 0·03 and P = 0·02, respectively). Patients with malignancy-associated CADM were found to be more likely to have a cutaneous response with the first prescribed treatment than patients without malignancy (P = 0·04).CADM represents a significant subset of the DM population. As with classic DM, the cutaneous manifestations of CADM often represent a therapeutic challenge. A subset of patients with CADM has underlying malignancies, and these may differ from those typically associated with classic DM. Differences in serological abnormalities, cutaneous manifestations and response to first treatment among patients with CADM with and without malignancy were found, and suggest distinct pathophysiologies among CADM subsets. Characterization of this cohort expands the knowledge about this unique DM subset.
Alterations Associated with Androgen Receptor Gene Activation in Salivary Duct Carcinoma of Both Sexes: Potential Therapeutic Ramifications
Authors: Yoshitsugu Mitani, Pulivarthi H. Rao, Sankar N. Maity, Yu-Chen Lee, Renata Ferrarotto, Julian C. Post, Lisa Licitra, Scott M. Lippman, Merrill S. Kies, Randal S. Weber, Carlos Caulin, Sue-Hwa Lin, Adel K. El-Naggar
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

To investigate the molecular events associated with the activation of androgen receptor (AR) as a potential therapeutic target in patients with salivary duct carcinoma (SDC).Comprehensive molecular and expression analysis of the AR gene in 35 tumor specimens (20 males and 15 females) and cell lines derived from SDC using Western blotting and RT-PCR, FISH analysis, and DNA sequencing was conducted. In vitro and in vivo animal studies were also performed.AR expression was detected in 70% of the tumors and was mainly nuclear and homogenous in both male and female SDCs, although variable cytoplasmic and/or nuclear localization was also found. We report the identification of ligand-independent AR splice variants, mutations, and extra AR gene copy in primary untreated SDC tumors. In contrast to prostate cancer, no AR gene amplification was observed. In vitro knockdown of AR in a female derived SDC cell line revealed marked growth inhibition in culture and in vivo androgen-independent tumor growth.Our study provides new detailed information on the molecular and structural alterations associated with AR gene activation in SDC and sheds more light on the putative functional role of AR in SDC cells. On the basis of these data, we propose that patients with SDC (male and female) can be stratified for hormone-based therapy in future clinical trials.
Hypoxia induces a functionally significant and translationally efficient neuronal NO synthase mRNA variant
Authors: Michael E. Ward, Mourad Toporsian, Jeremy A. Scott, Hwee Teoh, Vasanthi Govindaraju, Adrian Quan, Avraham D. Wener, Guilin Wang, Si′n C. Bevan, Derek C. Newton, Philip A. Marsden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

We tested the hypothesis that induction of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) impairs vascular smooth muscle contractility after hypoxia. nNOS protein was increased in aorta, mesenteric arterioles, pulmonary arteries, brain, and diaphragm from rats exposed to 8% O2 for 48 hours and in human aortic SMCs after hypoxic incubation (1% O2). Ca2+-dependent NO synthase activity was increased in endothelium-denuded aortic segments from hypoxia-exposed rats. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester enhanced the contractile responses of endothelium-denuded aortic rings and mesenteric arterioles from hypoxia-exposed but not normoxic rats (P < 0.05). The hypoxia-inducible mRNA transcript expressed by human cells was found to contain a novel 5′-untranslated region, consistent with activation of transcription in the genomic region contiguous with exon 2. Translational efficiency of this transcript is markedly increased compared with previously described human nNOS mRNAs. Transgenic mice possessing a lacZ reporter construct under control of these genomic sequences demonstrated expression of the construct after exposure to hypoxia (8% O2, 48 hours) in the aorta, mesenteric arterioles, renal papilla, and brain. These results reveal a novel human nNOS promoter that confers the ability to rapidly upregulate nNOS expression in response to hypoxia with a functionally significant effect on vascular smooth muscle contraction.
Periodontal Changes in Children and Adolescents With Diabetes
Authors: Evanthia Lalla, Bin Cheng, Shantanu Lal, Sid Tucker, Ellen Greenberg, Robin Goland, Ira B. Lamster
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the level of oral disease in children and adolescents with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Dental caries and periodontal disease were clinically assessed in 182 children and adolescents (6–18 years of age) with diabetes and 160 nondiabetic control subjects. RESULTS—There were no differences between case and control subjects with respect to dental caries. Children with diabetes had significantly higher plaque and gingival inflammation levels compared with control subjects. The number of teeth with evidence of attachment loss (the hallmark of periodontal disease) was significantly greater in children with diabetes (5.79 ± 5.34 vs. 1.53 ± 3.05 in control subjects, unadjusted P &amp;lt; 0.001). When controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, gingival bleeding, and frequency of dental visits, diabetes remained a highly significant correlate of periodontitis, especially in the 12- to 18-year-old subgroup. In the case group, BMI was significantly correlated with destruction of connective tissue attachment and bone, but duration of diabetes and mean HbA1c were not. CONCLUSIONS—Our findings suggest that periodontal destruction can start very early in life in diabetes and becomes more prominent as children become adolescents. Programs designed to promote periodontal disease prevention and treatment should be provided to young patients with diabetes.
Cost-effective infertility care
Authors: N. Gleicher
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2000)

Cost-effective healthcare has become a principal paradigm in all areas of medicine. In order to establish cost-effective care, clinical outcomes under various cost conditions have to be examined. Such a process cannot be static since it has to consider ever evolving treatments and outcome results. In infertility, the evaluation of cost-effective care should be simpler than in most other areas of medicine since treatment end-points are easily defined. Nevertheless, the field is lagging in the establishment of cost-effective treatment algorithms. In this review, an effort is made to define the current state of the art of cost effective infertility care, to suggest steps that can be taken to drive the process forward and to encourage the introduction of even limited processes to further the concept of outcome-dependent cost assessment within a practice setting. The limited availability of resources mandates their judicious use throughout medicine. In a field like infertility, by many (rightly or wrongly) perceived as ‘elective’, the judicious use of resources seems even more necessary since it would permit the treatment of larger patient populations than have currently access to care without further expense to third-party payments.
Multicenter phase II study of oral capecitabine (Xeloda“) in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing after treatment with a taxane-containing therapy
Authors: P. Reichardt, G. von Minckwitz, P.C. Thuss-Patience, W. Jonat, H. Kölbl, F. Jänicke, D.G. Kieback, W. Kuhn, A.E. Schindler, S. Mohrmann, M. Kaufmann, H.J. Lück
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2003)