tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The expanding role of interventional radiology in head and neck surgery
Authors: Stephen Broomfield, Iain Bruce, Andrew Birzgalis, Amit Herwadkar
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2009)

Interventional radiology is defined by the Society of Interventional Radiology as ‘the delivery of minimally invasive, targeted treatments, performed using imaging for guidance’. Although the principles of angiography for diagnosis have existed since the 1920s, and today remain a well-established modality for the diagnosis of many common conditions, it was not until the 1960s that the American Charles Dotter, and other pioneers, extended these techniques from diagnosis to treatment.1 Their foresight, together with ever-increasing technological capability, allowed the use of transluminal angioplasty for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and led Dotter to say, in 1964, that ‘it should be evident that the vascular catheter can be more than a tool for passive means for diagnostic observations: used with imagination it can become an important surgical instrument’.2,3 Thus, interventional radiology as a specialty was born. Work on the cerebral vasculature began in the 1970s, largely for neurosurgical conditions. It is perhaps not surprising that the initial, and still best known, uses of interventional radiology were for the highly accessible vascular system, and for the type of non-vascular conditions that offered poor surgical access, such as in neurosurgery. More recently, interventional radiology techniques have been applied to head and neck cancer patients, initially with the use of detachable balloon occlusion in patients with laryngeal cancer and impending carotid artery rupture. From this, the range of applications of interventional radiology in the extra-cranial head and neck has continued to evolve and expand. These applications include line placement, foreign body removal, placement of feeding tubes (primary gastrostomy, gastrojejunostomy or jejunostomy tubes), and oesophageal or bronchial dilatation and stenting. The main focus of this review is on the vascular applications of interventional radiology in the head and neck, which can be divided into three main categories: management of acute haemorrhage (e.g. epistaxis, carotid blowout); management of vascular lesions (e.g. tumours, arterio-venous malformations); and venous sampling.
Repair of Bicuspid Aortic Valves in Patients With Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Gébrine El Khoury, Jean-Louis Vanoverschelde, David Glineur, Frédéric Pierard, Robert R. Verhelst, Jean Rubay, Jean-Christophe Funken, Christine Watremez, Parla Astarci, Valérie Lacroix, Alain Poncelet, Philippe Noirhomme
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— Bicuspid aortic valve regurgitation can be caused by a defect in the valve itself or by dysfunction of one or more components of the aortic root complex. A successful repair thus requires correction of all aspects of the problem simultaneously. We review our experience addressing both the valve and the aortic root when correcting bicuspid valve regurgitation. Methods and Results— Between 1996 and 2004, we treated 68 patients for aortic regurgitation. Thirty patients had isolated aortic regurgitation, and 38 had an associated ascending aortic aneurysm. All patients were treated using a standardized and integrated surgical technique, which included resection of the median raphe or leaflet plication, subcommissural annuloplasty, reinforcement of the leaflet free edge, and sinotubular junction plication. In the 38 patients with proximal aortic dilatation, reimplantation or remodeling of the aortic root was performed. Immediate postoperative echocardiography showed grade ≤1 aortic regurgitation in all patients. Three patients nonetheless needed an early re-operation because of recurrent regurgitation. No hospital mortality was observed. At a mean follow-up of 34 months after surgery, all patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 1 or 2. Two patients needed a re-operation (23 and 92 months, respectively). Echocardiographic follow-up showed no progression of the regurgitation in 58 surviving patients. Four patients progressed to grade 2 regurgitation. Conclusion— Our data indicate that regurgitant bicuspid aortic valves, whether alone or in association with a proximal aortic dilatation, can be repaired successfully provided that both the valve and the aortic root problems are treated simultaneously.
The variability of the hepatitis B virus genome: statistical analysis and biological implications.
Authors: I J Lauder, H J Lin, J Y Lau, T S Siu, C L Lai
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1993)

A statistical analysis of the nucleotide sequence variability in 14 published hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes was carried out using parametric and nonparametric methods. A parametric statistical model revealed that the different regions of the genome differed significantly in their variability. The conclusion was supported by a nonparametric kernel-density model of the HBV genome. Genes S, C, and P, region X, the precore region, and the pre-S2/pre-S1 regions were ranked in order of increasing variability. In many instances, conserved regions of the genome identified with sequences of known function in HBV biology. However, other characterized regions (such as pre-S) showed much variability despite the involvement of their encoded peptides in specific functions. Point mutations that may result in the formation of stop codons and amino acid changes may affect the clinical picture of HBV infection and may be reflected in atypical serological patterns.
The development of gut microbiota in critically ill extremely low birth weight infants assessed with 16S rRNA gene based sequencing
Authors: Tiina Drell, Irja Lutsar, Jelena Štšepetova, Ülle Parm, Tuuli Metsvaht, Mari-Liis Ilmoja, Jaak Simm, Epp Sepp
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

Objective: An increasing number of studies that are using high-throughput molecular methods are rapidly extending our knowledge of gut microbial colonization in preterm infants whose immaturity and requirement for extensive treatment may result in altered colonization process. We aimed to describe the profile of gut microbiota in 50 extremely low birth weight (<1200 g) critically ill infants at three different time points during the first two months of life by using 16S rRNA gene specific sequencing. Patients and Methods: Stool samples were collected at the age of one week, one month and two months. Bacterial community profiling was done using universal amplification of 16S rRNA gene and 454 pyrosequencing. Results: The diversity of gut microbiota in preterm neonates in the first week of life was low but increased significantly over two months. The gut microbiota was dominated by facultative anaerobic bacteria (Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae) and lacked colonization with bacteria known to provide resistance against pathogens (Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus) throughout the study. Colonization of Escherichia coli and uncultured Veillionella was positively correlated with maturity. Infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis had significantly higher bacterial diversity than those without. Conclusions: High prevalence and abundance of potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaceae with low prevalence and abundance of colonization resistance providing taxa bifidobacteria, Bacteroides and lactobacilli may lead to high infection risk via microbial translocation from the gut. Additionally, our data suggest that maternal chorioamnionitis may have an effect on the diversity of infants' gut microbiota; however, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated.
Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review
Authors: Thaminda Liyanage, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Vivekanand Jha, Bruce Neal, Halle Marie Patrice, Ikechi Okpechi, Ming-hui Zhao, Jicheng Lv, Amit X Garg, John Knight, Anthony Rodgers, Martin Gallagher, Sradha Kotwal, Alan Cass, Vlado Perkovic
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
A Microscale Human Liver Platform that Supports the Hepatic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum and vivax
Authors: Sandra March, Shengyong Ng, Soundarapandian Velmurugan, Ani Galstian, Jing Shan, David J. Logan, Anne E. Carpenter, David Thomas, B. Kim Lee Sim, Maria M. Mota, Stephen L. Hoffman, Sangeeta N. Bhatia
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
Antibiotics in biliary disease: the relative importance of antibiotic concentrations in the bile and serum.
Authors: M R Keighley, R B Drysdale, A H Quoraishi, D W Burdon, J Alexander-Willians
Journal: Gut (1976)

A randomised controlled trial has been performed in 150 patients undergoing biliary operations to determine whether an antibiotic which is excreted almost entirely in bile (rifamide) is to be preferred to one having satisfactory serum levels only (gentamicin). Patients were allocated to one of three groups: 50 received gentamicin, 50 received rifamide, and there were 50 controls who received no antibiotic cover. In the absence of duct obstruction, rifamide achieved extremely high bile levels but low serum concentrations. However, in jaundiced patients, both the bile and the serum concentrations of rifamide were too low to be of therapeutic value. The incidence of postoperative sepsis was not reduced by rifamide compared with controls. In contrast, gentamicin achieved adequate serum concentrations in 88% of patients. Despire poor bile levels, gentamicin was associated with a significant reduction of wound infection from 22% to 6% and septicaemia from 14% to 2% compared with controls. To reduce the septic complications of biliary operations, adequate serum levels of an effective antimicrobial are more important than an antibiotic, which is excreted almost entirely into the bile.
CD147 silencing inhibits lactate transport and reduces malignant potential of pancreatic cancer cells in in vivo and in vitro models
Authors: W Schneiderhan, M Scheler, K-H Holzmann, M Marx, J E Gschwend, M Bucholz, T M Gress, T Seufferlein, G Adler, F Oswald
Journal: Gut (2009)

<h3>Background:</h3> CD147 (basigin, EMMPRIN) is a multifunctional, highly conserved glycoprotein enriched in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) which is associated with poor prognosis in many malignancies. The role of CD147 in pancreatic cancer, however, remains elusive. <h3>Methods and Results:</h3> Silencing of CD147 by RNA interference (RNAi) reduced the proliferation rate of MiaPaCa2 and Panc1 cells. CD147 is required for the function and expression of the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 that are expressed in human PDAC cells as demonstrated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) as well as immunohistology. MCT1 and MCT4 are the natural transporters of lactate, and MiaPaCa2 cells exhibited a high rate of lactate production, which is characteristic for the Warburg effect, an early hallmark of cancer that confers a significant growth advantage. Further induction of lactate production by sodium azide in MiaPaCa2 cells increased MCT1 as well as MCT4 expression. CD147 silencing inhibited the expression and function of MCT1 and MCT4 and resulted in an increased intracellular lactate concentration. Addition of exogenous lactate inhibited cancer cell growth in a dose-dependent fashion. In vivo, knock-down of CD147 in MiaPaCa2 cells by inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated CD147 silencing reduced invasiveness through the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos (CAM assay) and inhibited tumourigenicity in a xenograft model in nude mice. <h3>Conclusion</h3> : The function of CD147 as an ancillary protein that is required to sustain the expression and function of MCT1 and MCT4 is involved in the association of CD147 expression with the malignant potential of pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg effect.
PRESENT DAY CONCEPTS IN NURSING SERVICE ADMINISTRATION IN HOSPITALS FOR THE MENTALLY ILL
Authors: GRANVILLE L. JONES, ANGIE F. WALDRUM
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

The present day concept in nursing service administration is to demonstrate administrative functions that will provide therapeutic and satisfying situations for patients and personnel. Administration is the management or guidance of an organization for the most effective accomplishment of its stated goal. The goal of a nursing service organization is more specifically to give continuous care to the patients; to recognize the physical, emotional and social needs of the patients; to meet these needs insofar as possible; to assist in restoring the patients to their optimum health status. In working toward this goal, nursing must maintain itself internally by recognizing the needs of the individuals who make up a nursing service; it must adapt itself to its environment, and working harmoniously with other services of the parent organization(9). Only through democratic administration can therapeutic and satisfying situations be created for both patients and personnel. Such administration recognizes the worth of each individual. When employees have a part in planning and when they feel respected and accepted, they derive more satisfaction from their work and are better able to respect and accept their patients and co-workers. Skillful delegation of administrative duties at all levels in nursing service is important if the professional nurse is to be utilized effectively in improving the quality of nursing care in our psychiatric hospital. This paper has attempted to emphasize the concept of good management principles, in administering nursing services. If we are to accomplish our patient-centered goals, our administration must be people-centered.
Clinical and Psychological Course of Diabetes From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Kathryn S. Bryden, Robert C. Peveler, Alan Stein, Andrew Neil, Richard A. Mayou, David B. Dunger
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—To determine the clinical and psychological course of diabetes through adolescence and the relationship with glycemic control in young adulthood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A longitudinal cohort study of adolescents recruited from the register of the outpatient pediatric diabetes clinic. A total of 76 individuals (43 male patients, 33 female patients) aged 11–18 years completed baseline assessments, and 65 individuals (86%) were reinterviewed as young adults (20–28 years of age). Longitudinal assessments were made of glycemic control (HbA1c), weight gain (BMI), and development of complications. Adolescents completed self-report questionnaires to assess emotional and behavioral problems as well as self-esteem. As young adults, psychological state was assessed by the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule and the self-report Brief Symptom Inventory. RESULTS—Mean HbA1c levels peaked in late adolescence and were worse in female participants (average 11.1% at 18–19 years of age). The proportion of individuals who were overweight (BMI &amp;gt;25.0 kg/m2) increased during the 8-year period from 21 to 54% in female patients and from 2 to 28% in male patients. Serious diabetes-related events included death in one patient and cognitive impairment in two patients. Individuals in whom diabetic complications developed (25% of male patients and 38% of female patients) had significantly higher mean HbA1c levels than those without complications (difference 1.9%, 95% CI 1.1–2.7, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Behavioral problems at baseline were related to higher mean HbA1c during the subsequent 8 years (β = 0.15, SEM (β) 0.04, P &amp;lt; 0.001, 95% CI 0.07–0.24). CONCLUSIONS—The outcome for this cohort was generally poor. Behavioral problems in adolescence seem to be important in influencing later glycemic control.
Complete metabolic remission of an irresectable mediastinal solitary fibrous tumour with concurrent chemoradiation
Authors: L E G W Vanfleteren, H M U Peulen, D H K V Creytens, N M Smulders, I Utama, D K M de Ruysscher, G P M t. Velde
Journal: Thorax (2009)

Solitary fibrous tumour is a rare mesenchymal tumour of uncertain origin that occurs most frequently in the pleura, although it has also been described in extraserosal sites. The biological behaviour of the tumour is unpredictable. The case history is described of a patient diagnosed with a large symptomatic irresectable mediastinal solitary fibrous tumour who achieved a clinical, radiological and metabolic response after concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
The Pharmacogenomics of Vincristine-Induced Neuropathy
Authors: Stacey L. Berg, D. Williams Parsons
Journal: JAMA Oncology (2015)

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this preliminary study of children with ALL, an inherited polymorphism in the promoter region of CEP72 was associated with increased risk and severity of vincristine-related peripheral neuropathy.If replicated in additional populations, this finding may provide a basis for safer dosing of this widely prescribed anticancer agent.
The Impact of Sex and Smoking Status on the Mutational Spectrum of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene in Non–small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Shinichi Toyooka, Keitaro Matsuo, Hisayuki Shigematsu, Takayuki Kosaka, Masaki Tokumo, Yasushi Yatabe, Syuji Ichihara, Michio Inukai, Hiroshi Suehisa, Junichi Soh, Katsuyuki Kiura, Kwun M. Fong, Huei Lee, Ignacio I. Wistuba, Adi F. Gazdar, Tetsuya Mitsudomi, Hiroshi Date
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene has been reported to be present in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and significantly associated with female sex and never-smoking status. In this study, we extensively investigated the impact of sex and smoking on the EGFR mutation. Experimental Design: We examined EGFR exons 18 to 21 status in 1,467 NSCLC patients by direct sequencing to study the impact of sex and smoking status on the EGFR mutational spectrum. Results: Among 1,467 patients, 197 mutations were found at exon 19, 176 at exon 21, 21 at exon 18, and 24 at exon 20. To examine the independent effect of sex and smoking, the mutational status of each exon was compared between smokers and never smokers in each sex and between males and females stratified by smoking status. In females, exon 19 (P = 0.001) and exon 21 (P &amp;lt; 0.001) mutations were significantly less frequent in ever smokers compared with never smokers. In males, exon 19 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), exon 21 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and exon 18 (P = 0.003) mutations were significantly less frequent in ever smokers compared with never smokers. In analysis stratified by smoking, there was no difference in sex among never smokers. However, exon 19 mutations were significantly less frequent in males compared with females among ever smokers (P = 0.003). In addition, the interactive effect of male sex and ever smoking status significantly decreased the frequency of exon 19 mutations (P = 0.047) when female never smoker was set as a reference. Conclusion: Both sex and smoking status could influence the EGFR mutational spectrum. Our findings suggest that individual EGFR exons may have differing susceptibilities for mutagenesis.
The Calcium-Sensing Receptor Promotes Urinary Acidification to Prevent Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Kirsten Y. Renkema, Ana Velic, Henry B. Dijkman, Sjoerd Verkaart, Annemiete W. van der Kemp, Marta Nowik, Kim Timmermans, Alain Doucet, Carsten A. Wagner, René J. Bindels, Joost G. Hoenderop
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Hypercalciuria increases the risk for urolithiasis, but renal adaptive mechanisms reduce this risk. For example, transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 knockout (TPRV5(-/-)) mice lack kidney stones despite urinary calcium (Ca(2+)) wasting and hyperphosphaturia, perhaps as a result of their significant polyuria and urinary acidification. Here, we investigated the mechanisms linking hypercalciuria with these adaptive mechanisms. Exposure of dissected mouse outer medullary collecting ducts to high (5.0 mM) extracellular Ca(2+) stimulated H(+)-ATPase activity. In TRPV5(-/-) mice, activation of the renal Ca(2+)-sensing receptor promoted H(+)-ATPase-mediated H(+) excretion and downregulation of aquaporin 2, leading to urinary acidification and polyuria, respectively. Gene ablation of the collecting duct-specific B1 subunit of H(+)-ATPase in TRPV5(-/-) mice abolished the enhanced urinary acidification, which resulted in severe tubular precipitations of Ca(2+)-phosphate in the renal medulla. In conclusion, activation of Ca(2+)-sensing receptor by increased luminal Ca(2+) leads to urinary acidification and polyuria. These beneficial adaptations facilitate the excretion of large amounts of soluble Ca(2+), which is crucial to prevent the formation of kidney stones.
The Complex Effects of Heparins on Cancer Progression and Metastasis in Experimental Studies
Authors: Susanne M. Smorenburg, Cornelis J.F. Van Noorden
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2001)

Patients with cancer are frequently treated with anticoagulants, including heparins, to treat or to prevent thrombosis. Recent randomized trials that compared low molecular weight heparin to unfractionated heparin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis have indicated that heparins affect survival of patients with cancer. Experimental studies support the hypothesis that cancer progression can be influenced by heparins, but results of these studies are not conclusive. Heparins are negatively charged polysaccharides that can bind to a wide range of proteins and molecules and affect their activity. As a consequence, heparins have a wide variety of biological activities other than their anticoagulant effects, which may interfere with the malignant process. In the present systematic review, we critically evaluate experimental studies in which heparins have been tested as anti-cancer drugs. All animal studies, published between 1960 and 1999, that report effects of heparins on growth of subcutaneously implanted tumors, spontaneous metastasis or experimentally induced metastasis are reviewed. In addition, we discuss mechanisms by which heparins potentially exert their activity on various steps in cancer progression and malignancy related processes. It is shown that heparins can affect proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells in various ways and that heparins can interfere with adherence of cancer cells to vascular endothelium. Moreover, heparins can affect the immune system and have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on angiogenesis. Because of the wide variety of activities of heparins, it is concluded that the ultimate effect of heparin treatment on cancer progression is uncertain.