tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sample sizes of studies on diagnostic accuracy: literature survey
Authors: Lucas M Bachmann, Milo A Puhan, Gerben ter Riet, Patrick M Bossuyt
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To determine sample sizes in studies on diagnostic accuracy and the proportion of studies that report calculations of sample size. <b>Design</b> Literature survey. <b>Data sources</b> All issues of eight leading journals published in 2002. <b>Methods</b> Sample sizes, number of subgroup analyses, and how often studies reported calculations of sample size were extracted. <b>Results</b> 43 of 8999 articles were non-screening studies on diagnostic accuracy. The median sample size was 118 (interquartile range 71-350) and the median prevalence of the target condition was 43% (27-61%). The median number of patients with the target condition—needed to calculate a test9s sensitivity—was 49 (28-91). The median number of patients without the target condition—needed to determine a test9s specificity—was 76 (27-209). Two of the 43 studies (5%) reported a priori calculations of sample size. Twenty articles (47%) reported results for patient subgroups. The number of subgroups ranged from two to 19 (median four). No studies reported that sample size was calculated on the basis of preplanned analyses of subgroups. <b>Conclusion</b> Few studies on diagnostic accuracy report considerations of sample size. The number of participants in most studies on diagnostic accuracy is probably too small to analyse variability of measures of accuracy across patient subgroups.
Liquid Bandage (2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate) as a Temporary Wound Barrier in Clear Corneal Cataract Surgery
Authors: Seth W. Meskin, David C. Ritterband, Daniel E. Shapiro, Jaroslaw Kusmierczyk, Susan S. Schneider, John A. Seedor, Richard S. Koplin
Journal: Ophthalmology (2005)
SEPTICAEMIA OF UNCOMMON ORIGIN
Authors: D. I. Gracey
Journal: BMJ (1930)

A--1-1,1DICALL JOURYAL lIn p)ractice, 1 founid that to 1kep the blood at a proper t*emperature by addoi,g wi-a<u wvater to tle b)asin in 'whieh tlhe fla;k w-tas immeredill*ld aid s,tirring coiitiiuiallv was tiriiig to the nuiirses anid time-wivasting, necessitatinig the services of tw-o lpei)le at least, soImlet'iihnes more, since one becamie tiredt of holding the halo.Keynes2 in his excellenit l10l0lTg phll gives ilo Voery specifi(lirectionis oni this poiit, t'X-Nee)t that " the flask may bel stood in a basini Gf warni wa .tter to keep it at b)o(ly toiiil)emeature."Iinasimuclih as, later oil, he svs that in certain eases-for exalilple, secidrv amienia, whlere thllere is a p)lethora of fluids- a hailf to three-quarters of ani lhouL miuiist be occuipied in ivinl" 500 cein. of blood '" (with wlicih I eiitirely agree) -that is, forty-eight to sev-enity-two minuites for 800 C.Cml.Hi a, )a(l case-aily-onie who hias liad experienice of blood wa-rnIongio, iln this \a-av will realize the extr eme irksomeniess Of kee1;iiig the basin at the-right temiiperatuire for over an honlle, not to mnenitioni the shlifting of the flask, W itih the risk of biunipinig it againist the b,asin-difficulties inlcreased en0ormiously in a lprivate lo01se.Oswald Robeltsoll,3 ini the classical report on " Wouniid sllhockl andi Haemorrhiae,'' caomllmeliltilig Onl thlis poinit, re'iiarks, " the bottle is restoppered anid pl-aced in a glass Jlar conitainiing water at a temiii)er,ature of 1060-1070 F. (41 C(.).If thie water is mlaintainled at this temper a- tulme, anjd the bottle is occasionally agitated, the blood lbecolmes warm in a few-mliniutes."'Tr-ue enough, but
Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: A position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013
Authors: Rajiv Jalan, Javier Fernandez, Reiner Wiest, Bernd Schnabl, Richard Moreau, Paolo Angeli, Vanessa Stadlbauer, Thierry Gustot, Mauro Bernardi, Rafael Canton, Agustin Albillos, Frank Lammert, Alexander Wilmer, Rajeshwar Mookerjee, Jordi Vila, Rita Garcia-Martinez, Julia Wendon, José Such, Juan Cordoba, Arun Sanyal, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, Vicente Arroyo, Andrew Burroughs, Pere Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

Bacterial infections are very common and represent one of the most important reasons of progression of liver failure, development of liver-related complications, and mortality in patients with cirrhosis. In fact, bacterial infections may be a triggering factor for the occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding, hypervolemic hyponatremia, hepatic encephalopathy, kidney failure, and development of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Moreover, infections are a very common cause of repeated hospitalizations, impaired health-related quality of life, and increased healthcare costs in cirrhosis. Bacterial infections develop as a consequence of immune dysfunction that occurs progressively during the course of cirrhosis. In a significant proportion of patients, infections are caused by gram-negative bacteria from intestinal origin, yet gram-positive bacteria are a frequent cause of infection, particularly in hospitalized patients. In recent years, infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming an important clinical problem in many countries.The reduction of the negative clinical impact of infections in patients with cirrhosis may be achieved by a combination of prophylactic measures, such as administration of antibiotics, to reduce the occurrence of infections in high-risk groups together with early identification and management of infection once it has developed. Investigation on the mechanisms of altered gut microflora, translocation of bacteria, and immune dysfunction may help develop more effective and safe methods of prevention compared to those that are currently available. Moreover, research on biomarkers of early infection may be useful in early diagnosis and treatment of infections.The current manuscript reports an in-depth review and a position statement on bacterial infections in cirrhosis.
DNA methylation-based biomarkers for early detection of non-small cell lung cancer: an update
Authors: Paul P Anglim, Todd A Alonzo, Ite A Laird-Offringa
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2008)

Abstract Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer in the United States. This disease is clinically divided into two sub-types, small cell lung cancer, (10–15% of lung cancer cases), and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; 85–90% of cases). Early detection of NSCLC, which is the more common and less aggressive of the two sub-types, has the highest potential for saving lives. As yet, no routine screening method that enables early detection exists, and this is a key factor in the high mortality rate of this disease. Imaging and cytology-based screening strategies have been employed for early detection, and while some are sensitive, none have been demonstrated to reduce lung cancer mortality. However, mortality might be reduced by developing specific molecular markers that can complement imaging techniques. DNA methylation has emerged as a highly promising biomarker and is being actively studied in multiple cancers. The analysis of DNA methylation-based biomarkers is rapidly advancing, and a large number of potential biomarkers have been identified. Here we present a detailed review of the literature, focusing on DNA methylation-based markers developed using primary NSCLC tissue. Viable markers for clinical diagnosis must be detectable in 'remote media' such as blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, or even exhaled breath condensate. We discuss progress on their detection in such media and the sensitivity and specificity of the molecular marker panels identified to date. Lastly, we look to future advancements that will be made possible with the interrogation of the epigenome.
High prevalence of undetected heart failure in long‐term care residents: findings from the Heart Failure in Care Homes (HFinCH) study
Authors: Helen C. Hancock, Helen Close, James M. Mason, Jerry J. Murphy, Ahmet Fuat, Raj Singh, Esther Wood, Mark de Belder, Gill Brennan, Nehal Hussain, Nitin Kumar, Doug Wilson, A. Pali S. Hungin
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
Ovarian Ablation or Suppression in Premenopausal Early Breast Cancer: Results From the International Adjuvant Breast Cancer Ovarian Ablation or Suppression Randomized Trial
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

Substantial survival benefits exist for patients with early-stage breast cancer who undergo treatment with single-modality tamoxifen, ovarian ablation or suppression, or chemotherapy. To determine whether additional benefits exist with combined treatment, the Adjuvant Breast Cancer (ABC) Trials were undertaken. The ABC Ovarian Ablation or Suppression Trial randomly assigned pre- and perimenopausal patients with early-stage breast cancer who were receiving prolonged (5 years) tamoxifen treatment with or without chemotherapy to ovarian ablation or suppression (by oophorectomy, ovarian irradiation, or treatment with luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonist) versus no ovarian ablation or suppression. Trial endpoints included relapse-free and overall survival. Hazard ratios (HRs) were derived from Cox models, and all statistical tests were two-sided. Between 1993 and 2000, 2144 (1063 ovarian ablation or suppression, 1081 no ovarian ablation or suppression) patients were randomly assigned. A total of 942 (89%) received ovarian ablation or suppression as allocated. Overall, no evidence of a benefit for ovarian ablation or suppression was observed for relapse-free survival (relapse in the ovarian ablation/suppression versus no ovarian ablation/suppression group, 290 events versus 306 events, HR = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81 to 1.12; P = .56) or overall survival (death from any cause in the ovarian ablation or suppression versus no ovarian ablation/suppression group, 215 events versus 230 events, HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.13; P = .44), nor were differences seen after adjustment for age, nodal status, or estrogen receptor (ER) status. Overall, no added effect of ovarian ablation or suppression was seen on relapse-free survival or overall survival of premenopausal women who were treated for early-stage breast cancer. However, the role of ovarian ablation or suppression in young (<40 years) women with ER-positive tumors, especially those not receiving chemotherapy, requires further study.
Rising Rates of All Types of Diabetes in South Asian and Non-South Asian Children and Young People Aged 0–29 Years in West Yorkshire, U.K., 1991–2006
Authors: Katie L. Harron, Richard G. Feltbower, Patricia A. McKinney, H. Jonathan Bodansky, Fiona M. Campbell, Roger C. Parslow
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

To investigate incidence trends of all diabetes types in all children and young people and in the south Asian subpopulation.Annual incidence per 100,000 and time trends (1991-2006) were analyzed for 2,889 individuals aged 0-29 years diagnosed with diabetes while resident in West Yorkshire, U.K.Diagnoses comprised type 1 (83%), type 2 (12%), maturity-onset diabetes of the young (0.7%), "J"-type/other (0.1%), and uncertain/unclassified (4%). There was a lower incidence of type 1 and a threefold excess of type 2 in south Asians compared with non-south Asians. Type 1 incidence leveled out and type 2 increased after the first south Asian case of type 2 was diagnosed in 1999. Type 2 and unclassified diabetes incidence rose in all population subgroups.The burden of diabetes increased over time for both ethnic groups, with a significant excess of type 2 diabetes in south Asians. The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes in south Asians attenuated as type 2 diabetes increased after 1999.
Diaphragmatic angiogenic growth factor mRNA responses to increased ventilation caused by hypoxia and hypercapnia
Authors: N.M. Siafakas, M. Jordan, H. Wagner, E.C. Breen, H. Benoit, P.D. Wagner
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

This study investigates the effect of increased ventilation on the expression of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) in the diaphragm of intact, awake, spontaneously breathing rats, compared with responses in paralysed, mechanically-ventilated animals at similar blood gas and ventilatory levels. Four groups of intact, rats were studied in a body box, each group breathing one of four gases: room air, 12% oxygen (O 2 ), 5% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), or 12% O 2 +5% CO 2 for 1 h. Another 4 groups of paralysed, mechanically-ventilated animals were matched for arterial blood gas and ventilatory level. The results showed that VEGF mRNA abundance was increased three-fold and that of bFGF 1.5-fold when 12% O 2 +5% CO 2 were breathed, but TGF-β 1 did not change. A significant linear relationship of VEGF and bFGF mRNA to minute ventilation was observed in awake animals (r0.98, p&lt;0.02 and r=0.87, p&lt;0.03, respectively). The paralysed, mechanically-ventilated animals showed no mRNA increases for any probe. Systemic hypoxia had no additional effect on VEGF or bFGF levels in the diaphragm. It was concluded that messenger ribonucleic acid for vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in the diaphragm rises significantly as a result of active ventilation and not due to blood gas/pH changes or to passive muscle shortening per se .
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: Bianca Blom, Hergen Spits
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2005)

The lymphocytes, T, B, and NK cells, and a proportion of dendritic cells (DCs) have a common developmental origin. Lymphocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells via common lymphocyte and various lineage-restricted precursors. This review discusses the current knowledge of human lymphocyte development and the phenotypes and functions of the rare intermediate populations that together form the pathways of development into T, B, and NK cells and DCs. Clearly, development of hematopoietic cells is supported by cytokines. The studies of patients with genetic deficiencies in cytokine receptors that are discussed here have illuminated the importance of cytokines in lymphoid development. Lineage decisions are under control of transcription factors, and studies performed in the past decade have provided insight into transcriptional control of human lymphoid development, the results of which are summarized and discussed in this review.
Reliability of stabilised commercial dynamometers for measuring hip abduction strength: a pilot study
Authors: P Click Fenter, J W Bellew, T A Pitts, R E Kay
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Background: Reliable quantification of hip abductor strength in a clinical setting is challenging. Objectives: To examine the intrarater and interrater reliability of three commonly used commercial dynamometers in the measurement of hip abduction. Methods: Supine gravity minimised measures of unilateral hip abduction strength were recorded in 10 women (mean (SD) age 23.5 (1.9) years) using three different commercially available dynameters. Measurements were repeated over a three day period with a different device used on each day. Results: Intrarater reliability ranged from 0.880 to 0.958 across the three devices, and measures of interrater reliability ranged from 0.899 to 0.948. Conclusion: Commercially available dynamometers can be used to quantify hip abduction strength with good to excellent reliability. A previously undescribed method of quantifying hip abduction strength in a clinical setting using readily available instrumentation is presented.
Diagnosing Erdheim–Chester disease
Authors: Giulio Cavalli, Alvise Berti, Corrado Campochiaro, Lorenzo Dagna
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

Although we generally agree with Juanos-Iborra et al 1 who noted that some of the most common manifestations of Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) at time of onset (such as skeletal, constitutional or even neurological symptoms) may lack adequate specificity for a timely and prompt diagnosis, it is conceivable that the same manifestations, if unexplained, may often lead to …
Gastroenterology services in the UK. The burden of disease, and the organisation and delivery of services for gastrointestinal and liver disorders: a review of the evidence
Authors: J. Williams, S. Roberts, F. Ali, W.-Y. Cheung, D. Cohen, G. Demery, A. Edwards, M. Greer, M. Hellier, H. Hutchings, B. Ip, M. Longo, I. Russell, H. Snooks, J. Williams
Journal: Gut (2007)

The year before the year of publication is given, where the study period was not specified; `ranges of prevalence refer to prevalence rates obtained using different criteria for diagnosing
NEPH2 Is Located at the Glomerular Slit Diaphragm, Interacts with Nephrin and Is Cleaved from Podocytes by Metalloproteinases
Authors: Peter Gerke, Lorenz Sellin, Oliver Kretz, Daniel Petraschka, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Thomas Benzing, Gerd Walz
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

The NEPH family comprises three transmembrane proteins of the Ig superfamily interacting with the glomerular slit diaphragm proteins podocin and ZO-1. NEPH1 binds to nephrin, another component of the slit diaphragm, and loss of either partner causes heavy proteinuria. NEPH2, which is strongly conserved among a large number of species, is also expressed in the kidney; however, its function is unknown. The authors raised NEPH2 antisera to demonstrate NEPH2 expression in a variety of mouse tissues, including the kidney and a podocyte cell line. The authors localized the expression of NEPH2 to the glomerular slit diaphragm by electron microscopy and show NEPH2 homodimerization and specific interactions with the extracellular domain of nephrin in vitro and in vivo. NEPH1, however, failed to interact with NEPH2. The authors detected immunoreactive NEPH2 in urine of healthy subjects, suggesting that the extracellular domain is cleaved under physiologic conditions. These findings were confirmed in vitro in podocyte cell culture. Shedding is increased by tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and diminished by GM6001, an inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Overexpression experiments indicate an involvement of the MT1-matrix metalloproteinase. The results suggest a role for NEPH2 in the organization and/or maintenance of the glomerular slit diaphragm that may differ from the functions of NEPH1 and nephrin.
Adjuvant chemotherapy for elderly patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer ≥4 cm in size: an SEER–Medicare analysis
Authors: J. Malhotra, G. Mhango, J.E. Gomez, C. Smith, M.D. Galsky, G.M. Strauss, J.P. Wisnivesky
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Translational Control of Entrainment and Synchrony of the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock by mTOR/4E-BP1 Signaling
Authors: Ruifeng Cao, Barry Robinson, Haiyan Xu, Christos Gkogkas, Arkady Khoutorsky, Tommy Alain, Akiko Yanagiya, Tatiana Nevarko, Andrew C. Liu, Shimon Amir, Nahum Sonenberg
Journal: Neuron (2013)
Neuronal activity regulates extracellular tau in vivo
Authors: Kaoru Yamada, Jerrah K. Holth, Fan Liao, Floy R. Stewart, Thomas E. Mahan, Hong Jiang, John R. Cirrito, Tirth K. Patel, Katja Hochgräfe, Eva-Maria Mandelkow, David M. Holtzman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

Tau is primarily a cytoplasmic protein that stabilizes microtubules. However, it is also found in the extracellular space of the brain at appreciable concentrations. Although its presence there may be relevant to the intercellular spread of tau pathology, the cellular mechanisms regulating tau release into the extracellular space are not well understood. To test this in the context of neuronal networks in vivo, we used in vivo microdialysis. Increasing neuronal activity rapidly increased the steady-state levels of extracellular tau in vivo. Importantly, presynaptic glutamate release is sufficient to drive tau release. Although tau release occurred within hours in response to neuronal activity, the elimination rate of tau from the extracellular compartment and the brain is slow (half-life of ∼11 d). The in vivo results provide one mechanism underlying neuronal tau release and may link trans-synaptic spread of tau pathology with synaptic activity itself.
Prognostic Significance of AKT/mTOR and MAPK Pathways and Antitumor Effect of mTOR Inhibitor in NF1-Related and Sporadic Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
Authors: Makoto Endo, Hidetaka Yamamoto, Nokitaka Setsu, Kenichi Kohashi, Yusuke Takahashi, Takeaki Ishii, Kei-ichiro Iida, Yoshihiro Matsumoto, Michiyuki Hakozaki, Mikiko Aoki, Hiroshi Iwasaki, Yoh Dobashi, Kenichi Nishiyama, Yukihide Iwamoto, Yoshinao Oda
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma with poor prognosis. MPNSTs occur frequently in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), in which NF1 gene deficiency leads to Ras hyperactivation. Ras activation causes the subsequent activation of the AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways and regulates cellular functions. However, the activation profiles of the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways in MPNSTs are poorly understood. The purposes of this study are to examine the correlation between the activation of these pathways and clinicopathologic or prognostic factors and to identify candidate target molecules in MPNST. Moreover, we assessed the antitumor effects of the inhibitor of candidate target.Immunohistochemistry was conducted to evaluate the activation profiles of AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways using 135 tumor specimens. Immunohistochemical expressions were confirmed by Western blotting. Then, an in vitro study was conducted to examine the antitumor effect of the mTOR inhibitor on MPNST cell lines.Phosphorylated-AKT (p-AKT), p-mTOR, p-S6RP, p-p70S6K, p-4E-BP1, p-MEK1/2, and p-ERK1/2 expressions were positive in 58.2%, 47.3%, 53.8%, 57.1%, 62.6%, 93.4%, and 81.3% of primary MPNSTs, respectively. Positivity for each factor showed no difference between NF1-related and sporadic MPNSTs. Univariate prognostic analysis revealed that p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-S6RP expressions were associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, activation of each p-mTOR and p-S6RP was an independent poor prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. mTOR inhibition by Everolimus showed antitumor activity on MPNST cell lines in vitro.mTOR inhibition is a potential treatment option for both NF1-related and sporadic MPNSTs.