tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bayesian refinement of association signals for 14 loci in 3 common diseases
Authors: Julian B Maller, Gilean McVean, Jake Byrnes, Damjan Vukcevic, Kimmo Palin, Zhan Su, Joanna M M Howson, Adam Auton, Simon Myers, Andrew Morris, Matti Pirinen, Matthew A Brown, Paul R Burton, Mark J Caulfield, Alastair Compston, Martin Farrall, Alistair S Hall, Andrew T Hattersley, Adrian V S Hill, Christopher G Mathew, Marcus Pembrey, Jack Satsangi, Michael R Stratton, Jane Worthington, Nick Craddock, Matthew Hurles, Willem Ouwehand, Miles Parkes, Nazneen Rahman, Audrey Duncanson, John A Todd, Dominic P Kwiatkowski, Nilesh J Samani, Stephen C L Gough, Mark I McCarthy, Panagiotis Deloukas, Peter Donnelly
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Taurine Intestinal Absorption and Renal Excretion Test in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Marie Merheb, Rose T. Daher, Mona Nasrallah, Ramzi Sabra, Fuad N. Ziyadeh, Kassem Barada
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

There is evidence that diabetes is characterized by taurine deficiency (1–4), which has been linked to diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy (5–7). Taurine is involved in neuronal modulation, osmoregulation (8), and protection against oxidative stress (9). Its plasma levels are maintained within a normal range through protein intake, and de novo synthesis is limited by the activity of hepatic cysteinesulphinic acid decarboxylase, which is low in humans. Taurine depletion can occur rapidly (10), possibly leading to retinal, cardiac, neural, immune, and hemostatic dysfunction (4,11–14).

The reasons for taurine deficiency in diabetes remain unclear. A decrease in the overall body pool (1,2) and/or internal redistribution between the intra- and extracellular compartments are possibilities. The former can be secondary to decreased oral intake, poor intestinal absorption, renal wasting, or a combination of factors.

In diabetic rats, intestinal absorption of taurine is reduced (K.B., Camille Nassar, unpublished data), while urinary taurine excretion is enhanced (15). Kidney loss in uncontrolled diabetes is aggravated by severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis (4). Data are lacking, however, on urinary excretion and pharmacokinetics of taurine absorption in human diabetes with mild-to-moderate hyperglycemia. This pilot study was therefore conducted in patients with moderately impaired glucose control and in matched nondiabetic subjects to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of taurine absorption following an oral load and to elucidate the mechanism of taurine deficiency in diabetes.

A total of 16 subjects were enrolled in the study: 6 patients with type 2 diabetes, 2 with type 1 diabetes, and 8 healthy subjects; subjects were pair-matched for age, sex, and BMI. …
A population-based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients
Authors: F.J. Moloney, H. Comber, P. O'Lorcain, P. O'Kelly, P.J. Conlon, G.M. Murphy
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article A population‐based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients Get access F.J. Moloney, F.J. Moloney Departments of Dermatology and Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland Fergal J. Moloney. E‐mail: fergalmoloney@eircom.net Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Comber, H. Comber National Cancer Registry, Cork, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. O'Lorcain, P. O'Lorcain National Cancer Registry, Cork, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. O'Kelly, P. O'Kelly Departments of Dermatology and Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.J. Conlon, P.J. Conlon Departments of Dermatology and Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G.M. Murphy G.M. Murphy Departments of Dermatology and Nephrology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 154, Issue 3, 1 March 2006, Pages 498–504, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07021.x Published: 01 March 2006 Article history Accepted: 22 August 2005 Published: 01 March 2006
Translating Koch’s Postulates to Identify Matrix Metalloproteinase Roles in Postmyocardial Infarction Remodeling
Authors: Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer, Lisandra E. de Castro Brás, Yu-Fang Jin, Merry L. Lindsey
Journal: Circulation Research (2014)

The first matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was described in 1962; and since the 1990s, cardiovascular research has focused on understanding how MMPs regulate many aspects of cardiovascular pathology from atherosclerosis formation to myocardial infarction and stroke. Although much information has been gleaned by these past reports, to a large degree MMP cardiovascular biology remains observational, with few studies homing in on cause and effect relationships. Koch's postulates were first developed in the 19th century as a way to establish microorganism function and were modified in the 20th century to include methods to establish molecular causality. In this review, we outline the concept for establishing a similar approach to determine causality in terms of MMP functions. We use left ventricular remodeling postmyocardial infarction as an example, but this approach will have broad applicability across both the cardiovascular and the MMP fields.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare associated with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
Authors: PE Baugnee, LM Delaunois
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

A previously healthy woman aged 53 years presented with cough, night sweats and weakness. Chest roentgenogram revealed a reticulonodular infiltrate of the right upper lung. Multiple sputum cultures were positive for Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, with no immunodeficiency disease. Fibreoptic endoscopy showed multiple tracheal cartilaginous knobs from a tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. The infiltrate improved after chest physiotherapy, but sputum cultures remained positive. Despite its low incidence, tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica can be associated with atypical mycobacterial disease.
Non-small-cell lung cancer with multiple paraneoplastic syndromes
Authors: I Monsieur, M Meysman, M Noppen, J de Greve, O Delhove, B Velckeniers, D Jacobvitz, W Vincken
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

We describe the case of a patient with multiple paraneoplastic syndromes, six in total, associated with a non-small-cell cancer of the lung. In this single patient we found hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, erythema annulare centrifugum, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), and ectopic andrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and calcitonin production.
Rheumatoid arthritis in blacks in South Africa.
Authors: G M Mody, O L Meyers
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

The spectrum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied in a group of 52 blacks who attended a rheumatology unit in Cape Town, South Africa. The mean age of the patients was 44.6 years, and the female to male ratio was 3.7:1. Significant radiographic changes were frequently noted, and the mean Larsen scores were 34.9 for the hands, 19.6 for the feet, and 6.6 for the wrists. About two thirds of the patients had received an immunomodulatory drug and 20 (38%) had had one or more surgical procedures for their RA. Anaemia was the commonest extra-articular manifestation, and although the other extra-articular features were uncommon, a variety of features had been detected during the course of the disease. Earlier studies on blacks in Africa suggested that RA was a mild disease; our findings, however, are in agreement with the more recent surveys, which suggest that severe disease is not uncommon.
Positive Directional Selection in the Proline-Rich Antigen (PRA) Gene Among the Human Pathogenic Fungi Coccidioides immitis, C. posadasii and Their Closest Relatives
Authors: H. Johannesson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

In this study, we investigate the possibility of selection acting on the proline-rich antigen (PRA) gene in natural populations of the two human pathogens, Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, and three of their close relatives, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Chrysosporium queenslandicum, and Uncinocarpus reesii. We addressed the following questions: Is diversifying selection acting on PRA in the pathogenic species as a result of avoidance of the host's immune system, and has adaptation to a pathogenic life style lead to positive directional selection and increased rate of evolution in PRA between the species? For these purposes, we amplified and sequenced from 40 individuals belonging to the five species, the entire coding region of the PRA gene, as well as partial sequences from the coding region of each of the three housekeeping genes glyderaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase A, and hexokinase A. We used likelihood-based methods to compare models of different types of selective pressure among codons to analyze the mode of evolution of the genes and found that the PRA gene evolves under positive selection, but the investigated parts of the housekeeping genes evolve primarily under purifying selection. We found a very low level of intraspecific variability and no evidence of diversifying selection, suggesting that the increased rate of evolution in the PRA gene is not a result of avoidance of the host's immune system. Neither did likelihood-based analyses suggest that selection was stronger on the branch separating pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. Instead, we suggest that positive selection act on PRA as a consequence of spore cell–wall morphogenesis unique to each species.
Subgroup Analyses in Reporting of Phase III Clinical Trials in Solid Tumors
Authors: Sheng Zhang, Fei Liang, Wenfeng Li, Xichun Hu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

Purpose Treatment decisions in clinical oncology are guided by results from phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The results of subgroup analyses may be potentially important in individualizing patient care. We investigated the appropriateness of the use and interpretation of subgroup analyses in oncology RCTs on the basis of the CONSORT statement requirements. Methods Phase III RCTs published between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013, were reviewed to identify eligible studies of solid tumor treatments. Information related to the subgroup analyses included prespecification, number, subgroup factors, interaction test use, and claim of subgroup difference. Results A total of 221 publications reporting data on 184,500 patients were analyzed. One hundred eighty-eight (85%) RCTs were reported with subgroup analyses. Of those, 146 (78%) trials were reported with at least six subgroups. For the majority of trials with subgroup analyses (173; 92%), the actual number of subgroup analyses conducted cannot be determined. Only 59 (31%) RCTs were reported with fully prespecified subgroups and only 64 (34%) trials were reported with interaction tests. In addition, 102 (54%) RCTs were reported with claims of subgroup differences. Of those, only 18 claims of RCTs (18%) were based on significant interaction test results. Conclusion The reporting of subgroup analyses in contemporary oncology RCTs is neither uniform nor complete; it requires improvement to ensure consistency and to provide critical information for guiding patient care. Major problems include testing of a large number of subgroups, subgroups without prespecifications, and inadequate use of interaction tests.
The Problem-Oriented Medical System
Authors: H. Kenneth Walker
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE Problem-Oriented Medical Record (POMR) can be used effectively by the practicing physician, medical educator, medical student, and health care administrator. The POMR was presented to the medical community by Lawrence Weed<sup>1</sup>in the sixties and received considerable national attention in the early years of this decade.<sup>2-4</sup>During the past five years, the POMR has steadily grown in use in many areas: private practice, medical schools, hospitals, provision of care by allied health personnel, and computerized medical records.<sup>2,3</sup>The record itself is but a part of what is more accurately described as a systems approach to medicine. This system provides an organizing principle and structure that can be applied to all medical activities and can be translated into medical actions in such a way that all the participants can see where their activities fit into the total picture. Ultimately, the POMR can produce a medical care system
Changes in Diabetes-Related Complications in the United States, 1990–2010
Authors: Edward W. Gregg, Yanfeng Li, Jing Wang, Nilka Rios Burrows, Mohammed K. Ali, Deborah Rolka, Desmond E. Williams, Linda Geiss
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Preventive care for adults with diabetes has improved substantially in recent decades. We examined trends in the incidence of diabetes-related complications in the United States from 1990 through 2010.We used data from the National Health Interview Survey, the National Hospital Discharge Survey, the U.S. Renal Data System, and the U.S. National Vital Statistics System to compare the incidences of lower-extremity amputation, end-stage renal disease, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from hyperglycemic crisis between 1990 and 2010, with age standardized to the U.S. population in the year 2000.Rates of all five complications declined between 1990 and 2010, with the largest relative declines in acute myocardial infarction (-67.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -76.2 to -59.3) and death from hyperglycemic crisis (-64.4%; 95% CI, -68.0 to -60.9), followed by stroke and amputations, which each declined by approximately half (-52.7% and -51.4%, respectively); the smallest decline was in end-stage renal disease (-28.3%; 95% CI, -34.6 to -21.6). The greatest absolute decline was in the number of cases of acute myocardial infarction (95.6 fewer cases per 10,000 persons; 95% CI, 76.6 to 114.6), and the smallest absolute decline was in the number of deaths from hyperglycemic crisis (-2.7; 95% CI, -2.4 to -3.0). Rate reductions were larger among adults with diabetes than among adults without diabetes, leading to a reduction in the relative risk of complications associated with diabetes. When expressed as rates for the overall population, in which a change in prevalence also affects complication rates, there was a decline in rates of acute myocardial infarction and death from hyperglycemic crisis (2.7 and 0.1 fewer cases per 10,000, respectively) but not in rates of amputation, stroke, or end-stage renal disease.Rates of diabetes-related complications have declined substantially in the past two decades, but a large burden of disease persists because of the continued increase in the prevalence of diabetes. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries
Authors: Johan P. Mackenbach, Irina Stirbu, Albert-Jan R. Roskam, Maartje M. Schaap, Gwenn Menvielle, Mall Leinsalu, Anton E. Kunst
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Comparisons among countries can help to identify opportunities for the reduction of inequalities in health. We compared the magnitude of inequalities in mortality and self-assessed health among 22 countries in all parts of Europe.We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies. Deaths were classified according to cause, including common causes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer; causes related to smoking; causes related to alcohol use; and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension. Data on self-assessed health, smoking, and obesity according to education and income were obtained from health or multipurpose surveys. For each country, the association between socioeconomic status and health outcomes was measured with the use of regression-based inequality indexes.In almost all countries, the rates of death and poorer self-assessments of health were substantially higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others. Inequalities in mortality were small in some southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention. The magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health also varied substantially among countries, but in a different pattern.We observed variation across Europe in the magnitude of inequalities in health associated with socioeconomic status. These inequalities might be reduced by improving educational opportunities, income distribution, health-related behavior, or access to health care.
Does microgranular variant morphology of acute promyelocytic leukemia independently predict a less favorable outcome compared with classical M3 APL? A joint study of the North American Intergroup and the PETHEMA Group
Authors: Martin S. Tallman, Haesook T. Kim, Pau Montesinos, Frederick R. Appelbaum, Javier de la Serna, John M. Bennett, Guillermo Deben, Clara D. Bloomfield, Jose Gonzalez, James H. Feusner, Marcos Gonzalez, Robert Gallagher, Jose D. Gonzalez-San Miguel, Richard A. Larson, Gustavo Milone, Elisabeth Paietta, Chelo Rayon, Jacob M. Rowe, Concha Rivas, Charles A. Schiffer, Edo Vellenga, Lois Shepherd, James L. Slack, Peter H. Wiernik, Cheryl L. Willman, Miguel A. Sanz
Journal: Blood (2010)
Craniectomy for Double Optic Neuritis with Microcephaly
Authors: R. S. Miller
Journal: BMJ (1892)

removed from the pelvis and the peritoneal cavity sponged out and flushed with warm water.The wound was closed with silk sutures.The uterus was noticed to be considerably enlarged.At the operation the right kidney was examined and found to have a distinct mesonephron.The patient made an excellent recovery, getting up on the sixteenth day.The movable kidney is kept in place by a pad and belt.DEL BOXALL'S DESCRIPrION OF THE PARTS REvIoVMD.-Thesac occu- pies the outer half of the left Fallopian tube, and is as large as a duck's A. The abdominal orifice of the tube is patent and patulous, easily admitting the point of the uterine sound.The cut utcrine end of the tube is aiso patent.The ovary lies beneatlh the sac.A well-organised band of adhesion 1 inch in length runs from the ovairy to the sac.On the
Infantile Hemangiomas, Retinopathy of Prematurity and Cancer: A Common Pathogenetic Role of the β‐Adrenergic System
Authors: Luca Filippi, Massimo Dal Monte, Giovanni Casini, Marta Daniotti, Federica Sereni, Paola Bagnoli
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2014)

The serendipitous demonstration that the nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist propranolol promotes the regression of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) aroused interest around the involvement of the β-adrenergic system in angiogenic processes. The efficacy of propranolol was related to the β2-AR blockade and the consequent inhibition of the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting the hypothesis that propranolol could also be effective in treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a retinal pathology characterized by VEGF-induced neoangiogenesis. Consequent to the encouraging animal studies, a pilot clinical trial showed that oral propranolol protects newborns from ROP progression, even though this treatment is not sufficiently safe. Further, animal studies clarified the role of β3-ARs in the development of ROP and, together with several preclinical studies demonstrating the key role of the β-adrenergic system in tumor progression, vascularization, and metastasis, prompted us to also investigate the participation of β3-ARs in tumor growth. The aim of this review is to gather the recent findings on the role of the β-adrenergic system in IHs, ROP, and cancer, highlighting the fact that these different pathologies, triggered by different pathogenic noxae, share common pathogenic mechanisms characterized by the presence of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, which may be contrasted by targeting the β-adrenergic system. The mechanisms characterizing the pathogenesis of IHs, ROP, and cancer may also be active during the fetal-neonatal development, and a great contribution to the knowledge on the role of β-ARs in diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia may come from research focusing on the fetal and neonatal period.
Serum Amylase and Lipase
Authors: J. Edward Berk
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Despiteir wide use and established value in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease, the levels of amylase and lipase in the serum are not infallible indices of pancreatic involvement.<sup>1</sup>This has prompted a search for ways and means of improving the methods of assay and enhancing the specificity of these enzymatic determinations. The information gained from the studies that have been made in these areas has not only contributed greatly to our fundamental understanding, but has also helped broaden the applicability of serum amylase and lipase measurements in clinical practice. It is the intent of this report to present some of the more recent advances in our knowledge of serum amylase and lipase which have clinical bearing. Particular emphasis will be placed on the studies conducted in our laboratories over the past few years. <h3>Serum Amylase Laboratory Methods</h3> Two principal techniques are generally employed to measure amylase activity in the
Hormone Replacement Therapy Is Associated With Better Glycemic Control in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Assiamira Ferrara, Andrew J. Karter, Lynn M. Ackerson, Jennifer Y. Liu, Joseph V. Selby
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—In women with diabetes, the changes that accompany menopause may further diminish glycemic control. Little is known about how hormone replacement therapy (HRT) affects glucose metabolism in diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine whether HbA1c levels varied by current HRT among women with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a cohort of 15,435 women with type 2 diabetes who were members of a health maintenance organization, HbA1c and HRT were assessed by reviewing records in the health plan’s computerized laboratory and pharmacy systems. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected by survey. RESULTS—The mean age was 64.7 years (SD ± 8.7). The study cohort comprised 55% non-Hispanic whites, 14% non-Hispanic blacks, 12% Hispanics, 11% Asians, 4% “other” ethnic groups, and 4% with missing ethnicity data. Current HRT was observed in 25% of women. HbA1c levels were significantly lower in women currently using HRT than in women not using HRT (age-adjusted mean ± SE: 7.9 ± 0.03 vs. 8.5 ± 0.02, respectively, P = 0.0001). No differences in HbA1c level were observed between women using unopposed estrogens and women using opposed estrogens. In a Generalized Estimating Equation model, which took into account patient clustering within physician and adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, obesity, hypoglycemic therapy, diabetes duration, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and exercise, HRT remained significantly and independently associated with decreased HbA1c levels (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS—HRT was independently associated with decreased HbA1c level. Clinical trials will be necessary to understand whether HRT may improve glycemic control in women with diabetes.