tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A comparison of clinical officers with medical doctors on outcomes of caesarean section in the developing world: meta-analysis of controlled studies
Authors: A. Wilson, D. Lissauer, S. Thangaratinam, K. S. Khan, C. MacArthur, A. Coomarasamy
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<b>Objective</b> To review the effectiveness and safety of clinical officers (healthcare providers trained to perform tasks usually undertaken by doctors) carrying out caesarean section in developing countries compared with doctors. <b>Design</b> Systematic review with meta-analysis. <b>Data sources</b> Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, BioMed Central, the Reproductive Health Library, and the Science Citation Index (inception-2010) without language restriction. <b>Study selection</b> Controlled studies. <b>Data extraction</b> Information was extracted from each selected article on study characteristics, quality, and outcome data. Two independent reviewers extracted data. <b>Results</b> Six non-randomised controlled studies (16 018 women) evaluated the effectiveness of clinical officers carrying out caesarean section. Meta-analysis found no significant differences between the clinical officers and doctors for maternal death (odds ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 2.75; P=0.24) or for perinatal death (1.31, 0.87 to 1.95; P=0.19). The results were heterogeneous, with some studies reporting a higher incidence of both outcomes with clinical officers. Clinical officers were associated with a higher incidence of wound infection (1.58, 1.01 to 2.47; P=0.05) and wound dehiscence (1.89, 1.21 to 2.95; P=0.005). Two studies accounted for confounding factors. <b>Conclusion</b> Clinical officers and doctors did not differ significantly in key outcomes for caesarean section, but the conclusions are tentative owing to the non-randomised nature of the studies. The increase in wound infection and dehiscence may highlight a particular training need for clinical officers.
An Alternative Transcript of the Rat Renin Gene Can Result in a Truncated Prorenin That Is Transported Into Adrenal Mitochondria
Authors: Susanne Clausmeyer, Raphaela Stürzebecher, Jörg Peters
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —Characterization of the local renin-angiotensin system in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa indicated a dual targeting of renin both to the secretory pathway and mitochondria. To investigate the transport of renin into mitochondria, we constructed a series of amino-terminal deletion variants of preprorenin. One of these variants, lacking the complete signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum and 10 amino acids of the profragment, was transported efficiently into isolated mitochondria. The transport was further shown to be dependent on mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis. Analysis of adrenal RNA revealed the existence of 2 renin transcripts. While one of the transcripts corresponds to the known full-length transcript, the other one lacks exon 1; instead, exon 2 is preceded by a domain of 80 nucleotides originating from intron 1. This domain, as well as the following region of intron 1 being excised, shows all essential sequence elements defining an additional, so-far-unknown exon. The second mRNA possibly derives from an additional transcription start in intron 1 and an alternative splicing process. Translation of this mRNA could result in a truncated prorenin representing a cytosolic form of renin, which is required for transport into mitochondria. This truncated prorenin corresponds exactly to the deletion variant being imported into mitochondria in vitro.
Interleukin 1 potentiates the lethal effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin in mice.
Authors: A Waage, T Espevik
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Human rIL-1 alpha and human rIL-1 beta were examined for their ability to potentiate the lethal and hypothermic effects of mouse rTNF-alpha in mice. The LD50 of rTNF-alpha was 1.5 micrograms/mouse, whereas the LD50 of rTNF-alpha was reduced to 0.4 micrograms/mouse and 0.5 micrograms/mouse when rTNF-alpha was administered in combination with a nonlethal dose of rIL-1 alpha or rIL-1 beta, respectively. A similar rTNF-alpha enhancing effect of the rIL-1 was observed on the temperature response. The results show that the rIL-1 markedly potentiate the effects of rTNF-alpha on lethality and temperature in mice, and support our suggestion that TNF-alpha and IL-1 may have synergistic lethal effect in human septic shock.
Antibiotics as Part of the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition
Authors: Indi Trehan, Hayley S. Goldbach, Lacey N. LaGrone, Guthrie J. Meuli, Richard J. Wang, Kenneth M. Maleta, Mark J. Manary
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Severe acute malnutrition contributes to 1 million deaths among children annually. Adding routine antibiotic agents to nutritional therapy may increase recovery rates and decrease mortality among children with severe acute malnutrition treated in the community.In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned Malawian children, 6 to 59 months of age, with severe acute malnutrition to receive amoxicillin, cefdinir, or placebo for 7 days in addition to ready-to-use therapeutic food for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition. The primary outcomes were the rate of nutritional recovery and the mortality rate.A total of 2767 children with severe acute malnutrition were enrolled. In the amoxicillin, cefdinir, and placebo groups, 88.7%, 90.9%, and 85.1% of the children recovered, respectively (relative risk of treatment failure with placebo vs. amoxicillin, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.68; relative risk with placebo vs. cefdinir, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.11). The mortality rates for the three groups were 4.8%, 4.1%, and 7.4%, respectively (relative risk of death with placebo vs. amoxicillin, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.24; relative risk with placebo vs. cefdinir, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.64). Among children who recovered, the rate of weight gain was increased among those who received antibiotics. No interaction between type of severe acute malnutrition and intervention group was observed for either the rate of nutritional recovery or the mortality rate.The addition of antibiotics to therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition was associated with a significant improvement in recovery and mortality rates. (Funded by the Hickey Family Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01000298.).
The relationship between exposure to fragrance materials and persistent light reaction in the photosensitivity dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome
Authors: H.A. ADDO, J. FERGUSON, B.E. JOHNSON, W. FRAIN-BELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Contact allergic sensitivity to allergens such as plants of the Compositae family is a feature of the chronic skin reaction seen in the photosensitivity dermatitis with actinic reticuloid syndrome. In fifty patients with this syndrome an increased incidence of contact allergic sensitivity to some common fragrance materials was demonstrated. Evidence is also presented, both by in vitro and in vivo studies, which indicates that a phototoxic mechanism is involved. The relevance of continued exposure to common allergens and their involvement in photosensitization mechanisms is discussed in an attempt to explain the state of 'persistent light reaction'.
Enhanced Antitumor Therapy by Inhibition of p21waf1 in Human Malignant Mesothelioma
Authors: Raffaella Lazzarini, Simona Moretti, Sara Orecchia, Pier-Giacomo Betta, Antonio Procopio, Alfonso Catalano
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: The p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor was frequently expressed in human malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) tissues as well as cell lines. Recent data indicate that p21 keeps tumor cells alive after DNA damage, favoring a survival advantage. In this study, we assessed the possibility of p21 suppression as a therapeutic target for MPM. Experimental Design: We established two different MPM-derived (from H28 and H2052 cells) subclones using vector-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Then, chemosensitivity against low doses of antineoplastic DNA-damaging agents was investigated by colony formation assays, and furthermore, the type of cell response induced by these drugs was analyzed. To examine the effect of p21 shRNA on chemosensitivity in vivo, tumor formation assays in nude mice were done. Results: In colony formation assay, the IC50 of doxorubicin was 33 ± 3.0 nmol/L in p21 shRNA-transfected cells with respect to 125 ± 10 nmol/L of control vector–transfected cells. This enhancement of growth inhibition was achieved by converting a senescence-like growth arrest to apoptosis in response to doxorubicin, etoposide, and CPT11. In the in vivo assays, CPT11 and loss-of-expression of p21 in combination led to considerable suppression of tumor growth associated with a substantially enhanced apoptotic response, whereas CPT11 alone was ineffective at inducing these responses. Conclusions: These results indicated that p21 might play an important role in chemosensitivity to anticancer agents, and the suppression of its expression might be a potential therapeutic target for MPM.
Church-Based Health Promotion Interventions: Evidence and Lessons Learned
Authors: Marci Kramish Campbell, Marlyn Allicock Hudson, Ken Resnicow, Natasha Blakeney, Amy Paxton, Monica Baskin
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2006)

Church-based health promotion (CBHP) interventions can reach broad populations and have great potential for reducing health disparities. From a socioecological perspective, churches and other religious organizations can influence members' behaviors at multiple levels of change. Formative research is essential to determine appropriate strategies and messages for diverse groups and denominations. A collaborative partnership approach utilizing principles of community-based participatory research, and involving churches in program design and delivery, is essential for recruitment, participation, and sustainability. For African Americans, health interventions that incorporate spiritual and cultural contextualization have been effective. Evidence indicates that CBHP programs have produced significant impacts on a variety of health behaviors. Key elements of CBHP are described with illustrations from the authors' research projects.
A Communication Strategy and Brochure for Relatives of Patients Dying in the ICU
Authors: Alexandre Lautrette, Michael Darmon, Bruno Megarbane, Luc Marie Joly, Sylvie Chevret, Christophe Adrie, Didier Barnoud, Gérard Bleichner, Cédric Bruel, Gérald Choukroun, J. Randall Curtis, Fabienne Fieux, Richard Galliot, Maité Garrouste-Orgeas, Hugues Georges, Dany Goldgran-Toledano, Mercé Jourdain, Georges Loubert, Jean Reignier, Fayçal Saidi, Bertrand Souweine, François Vincent, Nancy Kentish Barnes, Frédéric Pochard, Benoit Schlemmer, Elie Azoulay
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

There is a need for close communication with relatives of patients dying in the intensive care unit (ICU). We evaluated a format that included a proactive end-of-life conference and a brochure to see whether it could lessen the effects of bereavement.
A multilocus genetic risk score for coronary heart disease: case-control and prospective cohort analyses
Authors: Samuli Ripatti, Emmi Tikkanen, Marju Orho-Melander, Aki S Havulinna, Kaisa Silander, Amitabh Sharma, Candace Guiducci, Markus Perola, Antti Jula, Juha Sinisalo, Marja-Liisa Lokki, Markku S Nieminen, Olle Melander, Veikko Salomaa, Leena Peltonen, Sekar Kathiresan
Journal: The Lancet (2010)
Fast Facts: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 2nd ed
Authors: M. Ferrante
Journal: Gut (2007)

Edited by David S Rampton, Fergus Shanahan. Abingdon: Health Press Limited, 2006, £15.00 (softcover), pp 134. ISBN 1-903734-55-X

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two major chronic relapsing and remitting disorders: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both diseases often affect relatively young patients and may have great influence on the rest of their lives. Despite recent progress in medical therapy, the majority of patients with Crohn’s disease will eventually develop complications, including fistulas or strictures, necessitating surgery. Approximately 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis will have to undergo a proctocolectomy for …
Influence of Caffeine on Frequency of Hypoglycemia Detected by Continuous Interstitial Glucose Monitoring System in Patients With Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tristan Richardson, Peter Thomas, Jacqueline Ryder, David Kerr
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of caffeine (in doses equivalent to normal daily ingestion) on rates and severity of hypoglycemia in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes to determine the relationship between caffeine, autonomic function, and hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using a double-blinded randomized study, we investigated the effect of caffeine versus placebo in 19 patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose sensing technology and simultaneous assessment of autonomic function using Holter monitoring. RESULTS—Caffeine reduced the duration of nocturnal hypoglycemia with a mean duration of 49 minutes (range 0–235) versus 132 (0–468) minutes (P = 0.035). The reduction in duration of nighttime hypoglycemia was due to a decline in the number of episodes of moderate hypoglycemia at the expense of mild hypoglycemic episodes (P = 0.04). There was no overall correlation between reduced heart rate variability (a marker of autonomic dysfunction) and hypoglycemic events (rs = 0.12, P = 0.62). CONCLUSIONS—Our results suggest that caffeine is associated with a significant reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia. The reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia was not linked to the concomitant rise in parasympathetic activity associated with caffeine.
Suicide, Mental Disorders, and the US Military
Authors: Charles C. Engel
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Clawing through Evolution: Toxin Diversification and Convergence in the Ancient Lineage Chilopoda (Centipedes)
Authors: Eivind A.B. Undheim, Alun Jones, Karl R. Clauser, John W. Holland, Sandy S. Pineda, Glenn F. King, Bryan G. Fry
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2014)

Despite the staggering diversity of venomous animals, there seems to be remarkable convergence in regard to the types of proteins used as toxin scaffolds. However, our understanding of this fascinating area of evolution has been hampered by the narrow taxonomical range studied, with entire groups of venomous animals remaining almost completely unstudied. One such group is centipedes, class Chilopoda, which emerged about 440 Ma and may represent the oldest terrestrial venomous lineage next to scorpions. Here, we provide the first comprehensive insight into the chilopod “venome” and its evolution, which has revealed novel and convergent toxin recruitments as well as entirely new toxin families among both high- and low molecular weight venom components. The ancient evolutionary history of centipedes is also apparent from the differences between the Scolopendromorpha and Scutigeromorpha venoms, which diverged over 430 Ma, and appear to employ substantially different venom strategies. The presence of a wide range of novel proteins and peptides in centipede venoms highlights these animals as a rich source of novel bioactive molecules. Understanding the evolutionary processes behind these ancient venom systems will not only broaden our understanding of which traits make proteins and peptides amenable to neofunctionalization but it may also aid in directing bioprospecting efforts.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Raghavaiah Kanakamedala
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Charles B. Clark, MD (241:801, 1979), describes symptoms and treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome. He mentions seven tests in diagnosing and localizing compression of the ulnar nerve. He states: "In my experience, these tests are more reliable than electrical studies, which include nerve conduction times and electromyography." The tests he briefly describes are useful in diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome; however, they are not absolutely conclusive of the diagnosis. Nerve root compression and thoracic outlet syndrome involving C8-T1 segments can mimic some of the symptoms and signs he described in the article. These need to be excluded before submitting the patient for surgery. This can be done only by doing motor and sensory nerve conduction studies at various segments of the ulnar nerve (above, across, and below the elbow), F-wave latency and conduction velocity on both sides (if necessary), and electromyography. In addition, nerve conduction velocity studies and
Silencing PinX1 Compromises Telomere Length Maintenance As Well As Tumorigenicity in Telomerase-Positive Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Bin Zhang, Yun Xiu Bai, Hang Hang Ma, Feng Feng, Rui Jin, Zhi Long Wang, Jian Lin, Shi Peng Sun, Pingxun Yang, Xiao Xiong Wang, Pei Tang Huang, Cui Fen Huang, Ying Peng, Yang Chao Chen, Hsiang-fu Kung, Jun Jian Huang
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The nucleolar protein PinX1 has been proposed to be a putative tumor suppressor due to its binding to and inhibition of the catalytic activity of telomerase, an enzyme that is highly expressed in most human cancers in which it counteracts telomere shortening–induced senescence to confer cancer cell immortalization. However, the role of PinX1 in telomere regulation, as well as in cancer, is still poorly understood. In this study, we showed that the PinX1 protein is constitutively expressed in various human cells regardless of their telomerase activity and malignant status. Most interestingly, we found that silencing PinX1 expression by a potent short hairpin RNA construct led to a robust telomere length shortening and growth inhibition in telomerase-positive but not in telomerase-negative human cancer cells. We further showed that silencing PinX1 significantly reduced the endogenous association of telomerase with the Pot1-containing telomeric protein complex, and therefore, could account for the phenotypic telomere shortening in the affected telomerase-positive cancer cells. Our results thus reveal a novel positive role for PinX1 in telomerase/telomere regulations and suggest that the constitutive expression of PinX1 attributes to telomere maintenance by telomerase and tumorigenicity in cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):75–83]
Prospective assessment of risk factors for recurrent stroke during childhood-a 5-year follow-up study
Authors: Ronald Sträter, Sabine Becker, Arnold von Eckardstein, Achim Heinecke, Sven Gutsche, Ralf Junker, Karin Kurnik, Rosemarie Schobess, Ulrike Nowak-Göttl
Journal: The Lancet (2002)
Angiotensin II Stimulates MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase Activity in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Duan-Fang Liao, Jennifer L. Duff, Guenter Daum, Steven L. Pelech, Bradford C. Berk
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Both angiotensin II (Ang II) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) rapidly increase intracellular Ca 2+ and activate protein kinase C (PKC) and MAP kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, Ang II causes cell hypertrophy, whereas PDGF causes hyperplasia. These findings indicate that VSMCs are a good model for studying the relationship between cell growth and the MAP kinase pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of Raf in activation of 42- and 44-kD MAP kinases. Western blot analysis showed that c-Raf-1 was the predominant Raf isozyme in cultured rat aortic VSMCs. In response to Ang II, there was translocation of Raf to the membrane, which occurred significantly earlier than MAP kinase activation, suggesting that Raf activation precedes MAP kinase activation. Translocation of Raf to the membrane resulted in association with H-Ras as shown by c-Raf-1 coprecipitation with anti-Ras antibodies. Western blot analysis of H-Ras immunoprecipitates revealed c-Raf-1, but c- mos , MEK (MAP kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) kinase-1 (MEKK-1), and Raf-B were not present. MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) activity was assayed in c-Raf-1 and H-Ras immunoprecipitates by MAP kinase kinase–dependent phosphorylation of catalytically inactive 42-kD MAP kinase. In Ras immunoprecipitates, MAPKKK activity was stimulated approximately threefold by both Ang II and PDGF, with a peak at 5 minutes. Downregulation of PKC by 24-hour exposure to phorbol ester significantly inhibited Ang II–stimulated and PDGF-stimulated MAPKKK activity (≈80% decrease) and Raf translocation (≈90% decrease), suggesting that a phorbol-responsive PKC is upstream from MAPKKK and Raf. In contrast, Ang II (but not PDGF) stimulation of MAP kinase was unaffected by PKC downregulation or pharmacological PKC inhibition. These findings demonstrate for the first time that Ang II stimulation of MAP kinase may occur via a pathway independent of c-Raf-1 and of the phorbol-responsive PKC isozymes. The differing effects of Ang II and PDGF on VSMC growth may be a consequence of specific signal transduction events, as demonstrated here for activation of MAP kinase.