tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Healthy sexual lifestyle should be emphasised when negative results of HIV tests are given
Authors: E. Curless
Journal: BMJ (1996)

compared with targets in the Health of the Nation3 a smaller proportion of the fifth of the population in the study that had the highest saturated fat intake smoked cigarettes (14.4% v 20%, the British target for 2000) and this fifth of the population was the only one to derive more than 35% of total food energy from fat (the Brit- ish target for 2005).Mean alcohol consumption was low in all the groups, at below 14 units a week, whereas the Health of the Nation's target for 2005 is to reduce the proportion of adult men drinking 21 units a week to 18% (taking 1 unit as 8.5 g alcohol4).Furthermore, only one group failed to achieve the British target of eating five servings of vegetables and fruit a day.Regardless of the representativeness of the American health professionals, the reported mean serum cholesterol concentration of the groups was remarkably consistent at 5.2-5.3mmol/l.
A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)
Authors: C C Bleul, R C Fuhlbrigge, J M Casasnovas, A Aiuti, T A Springer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

Chemotactic factors are postulated to direct emigration of lymphocytes from the blood stream into sites of inflammation. Members of a family of chemotactic cytokines, termed chemokines, have been shown to attract lymphocytes but efficacy, i.e., the maximal percentage of attracted cells, has been low. We have identified a highly efficacious lymphocyte chemotactic activity in the supernatants of the murine bone marrow stroma cell line MS-5 which attracts 10-fold more lymphocytes in vitro than currently described lymphocyte chemoattractants. Purification of this chemotactic activity revealed identity to stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). SDF-1 acts on lymphocytes and monocytes but not neutrophils in vitro and is both a highly efficacious and highly potent mononuclear cell attractant in vivo. In addition, SDF-1 induces intracellular actin polymerization in lymphocytes, a process that is thought to be a prerequisite for cell motility. Since SDF-1 is expressed constitutively in a broad range of tissues it may have a role in immune surveillance and in basal extravasation of lymphocytes and monocytes rather than in inflammation.
The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal
Authors: M Rudwaleit, R Landewe, D van der Heijde, J Listing, J Brandt, J Braun, R Burgos-Vargas, E Collantes-Estevez, J Davis, B Dijkmans, M Dougados, P Emery, I E van der Horst-Bruinsma, R Inman, M A Khan, M Leirisalo-Repo, S van der Linden, W P Maksymowych, H Mielants, I Olivieri, R Sturrock, K de Vlam, J Sieper
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

<h3>Objective:</h3> Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is characterised by a lack of definitive radiographic sacroiliitis and is considered an early stage of ankylosing spondylitis. The objective of this study was to develop candidate classification criteria for axial SpA that include patients with but also without radiographic sacroiliitis. <h3>Methods:</h3> Seventy-one patients with possible axial SpA, most of whom were lacking definite radiographic sacroiliitis, were reviewed as "paper patients" by 20 experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS). Unequivocally classifiable patients were identified based on the aggregate expert opinion in conjunction with the expert-reported level of certainty of their judgement. Draft criteria for axial SpA were formulated and tested using classifiable patients. <h3>Results:</h3> Active sacroiliitis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (odds ratio 45, 95% CI 5.3 to 383; p&lt;0.001) was strongly associated with the classification of axial SpA. The knowledge of MRI findings led to a change in the classification of 21.1% of patients. According to the first set of candidate criteria (sensitivity 97.1%; specificity 94.7%) a patient with chronic back pain is classified as axial SpA in the presence of sacroiliitis by MRI or <i>x</i> rays in conjunction with one SpA feature or, if sacroilitiis is absent, in the presence of at least three SpA features. In a second set of candidate criteria, inflammatory back pain is obligatory in the clinical arm (sensitivity 86.1%; specificity 94.7%). <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The ASAS group has developed candidate criteria for the classification of axial SpA that include patients without radiographic sacroiliitis. The candidate criteria need to be validated in an independent international study.
Ascorbic acid and total vitamin C concentrations in plasma, gastric juice, and gastrointestinal mucosa: effects of gastritis and oral supplementation.
Authors: A J Waring, I M Drake, C J Schorah, K L White, D A Lynch, A T Axon, M F Dixon
Journal: Gut (1996)

Epidemiological evidence suggests that high dietary ascorbic acid reduces gastric cancer risk. It may do this by either reducing N-nitroso compound formation in gastric juice, or by scavenging reactive oxygen species in gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to discover if potential ascorbic acid protection might be increased by supplementation. Thirty two patients were supplemented with ascorbic acid, 500 mg twice daily for two weeks. Gastric juice, plasma, and upper gastrointestinal biopsy ascorbate concentrations were measured and compared with values in 48 unsupplemented patients. It was found that ascorbic acid and total vitamin C concentrations were considerably higher in biopsy specimens from oesophagus, body, antrum, duodenum, and rectum, compared with values in plasma or gastric juice. Plasma and mucosal concentrations were unaffected by the presence of chronic gastritis but gastric juice concentrations were substantially lower in patients with chronic gastritis than in patients with normal histological assessment (p &lt; 0.01). Patients receiving ascorbic acid supplements had higher ascorbic acid concentrations in plasma (p &lt; 0.001), gastric juice (p &lt; 0.001), and at all biopsy sites in the upper gastrointestinal tract (p &lt; 0.05). Gastric juice ascorbic acid and total vitamin C concentrations in gastritic patients, however, were still less after supplementation than in normal subjects (p &lt; 0.01). These data suggest that high ascorbic acid intake could reduce gastric cancer risk, but its protective effect might be greater if gastritis is treated (for example, by Helicobacter pylori eradication).
INI1 Induces Interferon Signaling and Spindle Checkpoint in Rhabdoid Tumors
Authors: Alexei Morozov, Seung Jae Lee, Zhi-Kai Zhang, Velasco Cimica, David Zagzag, Ganjam V. Kalpana
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Rhabdoid tumors are rare but aggressive pediatric malignancies characterized by biallelic loss of INI1/hSNF5. Reintroduction of INI1 causes cell arrest and senescence in rhabdoid cells. Our purpose was to identify INI1-downstream genes and to determine their functional and therapeutic significance for rhabdoid tumors. Experimental Design: INI1 downstream targets in rhabdoid cells were identified using a cDNA microarray analysis and the expression of selected INI1 targets was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, Western analysis, and/or immunohistochemical analysis of rhabdoid cells and primary rhabdoid tumors. To determine the functional significance of downstream targets, activated targets of INI1 were induced and repressed targets of INI1 were knocked down (by using RNA interference) in rhabdoid cells, in the absence of INI1. Consequence of altered expression of INI1 downstream targets for rhabdoid cell survival, cell cycle, and apoptosis was assessed. Results: Microarray studies indicated that INI1 activated IFN-stimulated genes at early time points and senescence markers at late time points and repressed mitotic genes such as Polo like kinase 1 (PLK1), selectively in rhabdoid cells. Treatment of rhabdoid cells with recombinant IFNs resulted in induction of IFN-stimulated genes, G1 arrest, and flat cell formation. PLK1 was overexpressed in primary human and mouse rhabdoid tumors. RNA interference–mediated knock down of PLK1 in rhabdoid cells resulted in mitotic arrest, aberrant nuclear division, decreased survival, and induction of apoptosis. Conclusions: Targeting downstream effectors of INI1 such as IFN pathway and mitotic genes leads to antiproliferative effects in rhabdoid cells. IFN treatment and down-modulation of PLK1 constitute potential novel therapeutic strategies for rhabdoid tumors.
Histones from Dying Renal Cells Aggravate Kidney Injury via TLR2 and TLR4
Authors: Ramanjaneyulu Allam, Christina Rebecca Scherbaum, Murthy Narayana Darisipudi, Shrikant R. Mulay, Holger Hägele, Julia Lichtnekert, Jan Henrik Hagemann, Khader Valli Rupanagudi, Mi Ryu, Claudia Schwarzenberger, Bernd Hohenstein, Christian Hugo, Bernd Uhl, Christoph A. Reichel, Fritz Krombach, Marc Monestier, Helen Liapis, Kristin Moreth, Liliana Schaefer, Hans-Joachim Anders
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2012)

In AKI, dying renal cells release intracellular molecules that stimulate immune cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, which trigger leukocyte recruitment and renal inflammation. Whether the release of histones, specifically, from dying cells contributes to the inflammation of AKI is unknown. In this study, we found that dying tubular epithelial cells released histones into the extracellular space, which directly interacted with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 (TLR2) and TLR4 to induce MyD88, NF-κB, and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling. Extracellular histones also had directly toxic effects on renal endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, direct injection of histones into the renal arteries of mice demonstrated that histones induce leukocyte recruitment, microvascular vascular leakage, renal inflammation, and structural features of AKI in a TLR2/TLR4-dependent manner. Antihistone IgG, which neutralizes the immunostimulatory effects of histones, suppressed intrarenal inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and tubular cell necrosis and improved excretory renal function. In summary, the release of histones from dying cells aggravates AKI via both its direct toxicity to renal cells and its proinflammatory effects. Because the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells requires TLR2 and TLR4, these results support the concept that renal damage triggers an innate immune response, which contributes to the pathogenesis of AKI.
Examining Intracellular Organelle Function Using Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Dmitry B. Zorov, Evgeny Kobrinsky, Magdalena Juhaszova, Steven J. Sollott
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Fluorescence microscopy imaging has become one of the most useful techniques to assess the activity of individual cells, subcellular trafficking of signals to and between organelles, and to appreciate how organelle function is regulated. The past 2 decades have seen a tremendous advance in the rational design and development in the nature and selectivity of probes to serve as reporters of the intracellular environment in live cells. These probes range from small organic fluorescent molecules to fluorescent biomolecules and photoproteins ingeniously engineered to follow signaling traffic, sense ionic and nonionic second messengers, and report various kinase activities. These probes, together with recent advances in imaging technology, have enabled significantly enhanced spatial and temporal resolution. This review summarizes some of these developments and their applications to assess intracellular organelle function.
SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED EPILEPTIFORM ATTACKS IN DOGS, IN RELATION TO FLUID BALANCE AND KIDNEY FUNCTION
Authors: FREDERICK M. ALLEN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

1. The so-called epilepsy which occurs spontaneously in dogs follows a distinct and plainly recognizable pattern. Various predisposing and exciting causes are discussed. 2. The water intoxication discovered by Rowntree is characterized by precisely the same pattern of convulsions. It is readily distinguished from other forms of convulsions, such as occur in rabies, uremia or strychnine poisoning. 3. Dogs with spontaneous "epilepsy" are invariably subject to convulsions with administration of smaller quantities of water than normal dogs. Certain other dogs, which remain free from spontaneous attacks during many months of observation, exhibit a similar subnormal tolerance of water, which may possibly represent a latent or sub-threshold stage of "epilepsy." These animals are free from obvious renal abnormalities, and with water administration they pass large volumes of pale urine, so that the sensitiveness is not due to urinary suppression such as Rowntree produced with pituitary extract. 4. Chronic susceptibility to water intoxication and also to spontaneous epileptiform seizures can apparently be produced by suitable kidney resections together with repeated overdosage with water. It is still not certain whether this result can be obtained in all dogs or whether some undetectable individual predisposition plays a part. Although water elimination is known to be retarded after sufficient reductions of kidney tissue, the abundant polyuria in water tests seems to rule out this superficial explanation of the convulsions. The occult character of the relation with water balance or tissue hydration seems comparable with that in human epilepsy. 5. The name of epilepsy, applied by veterinarians to the canine disorder, seems justified by a number of features, including the ability to elicit seizures by water administration on the same basis as used by some writers for the diagnosis of latent epilepsy in patients. Attention is called particularly to the neglected opportunities for experimental study of the disease in dogs. 6. The apparent success in producing chronic idiopathic epilepsy for the first time experimentally is sufficiently important to deserve confirmation with a sufficient number of animals to test the influence of individual or accidental factors.
Clinical and Biomarker Changes in Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Randall J. Bateman, Chengjie Xiong, Tammie L.S. Benzinger, Anne M. Fagan, Alison Goate, Nick C. Fox, Daniel S. Marcus, Nigel J. Cairns, Xianyun Xie, Tyler M. Blazey, David M. Holtzman, Anna Santacruz, Virginia Buckles, Angela Oliver, Krista Moulder, Paul S. Aisen, Bernardino Ghetti, William E. Klunk, Eric McDade, Ralph N. Martins, Colin L. Masters, Richard Mayeux, John M. Ringman, Martin N. Rossor, Peter R. Schofield, Reisa A. Sperling, Stephen Salloway, John C. Morris
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

The order and magnitude of pathologic processes in Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, partly because the disease develops over many years. Autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has a predictable age at onset and provides an opportunity to determine the sequence and magnitude of pathologic changes that culminate in symptomatic disease.
Are American College of Rheumatology 50% response criteria superior to 20% criteria in distinguishing active aggressive treatment in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials reported since 1997? A meta-analysis of discriminant capacities
Authors: C P Chung, J L Thompson, G G Koch, I Amara, V Strand, T Pincus
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2006)

To carry out a meta-analysis designed to compare the discriminant capacities of American College of Rheumatology 50% (ACR50) with 20% (ACR20) responses in clinical trials on rheumatoid arthritis reported after 1997 and to analyse whether ACR50 can be as informative as ACR20 in distinguishing active from control treatments in more recent trials.Clinical trials on rheumatoid arthritis reported since 1997 were identified, which included aggressive combinations of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids, as well as powerful new agents-leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab, abatacept, tacrolimus and rituximab. A meta-analysis of ACR20 compared with ACR50 responses for 21 clinical trials was carried out on differences in proportions of responders for active and control treatments and corresponding odds ratios (ORs).In all but one clinical trial on rheumatoid arthritis published since 1997 with data available on ACR20 and ACR50, more than 50% of patients who were ACR20 responders among those randomised to active treatment were also ACR50 responders. This phenomenon was seen for control groups in 38% of trials, many of which included treatment with methotrexate. A meta-analysis of the clinical trials indicated a slight advantage to ACR50 for quantifying treatment comparisons, not significant for differences in proportions but significant for ORs.ACR20 and ACR50 seem to be similar in distinguishing active from control treatments in clinical trials on rheumatoid arthritis reported since 1997. As ACR50 represents a considerably stronger clinical response, ACR50 may be a preferred end point for contemporary clinical trials on rheumatoid arthritis.
Genetic influences on brain structure
Authors: Paul M. Thompson, Tyrone D. Cannon, Katherine L. Narr, Theo van Erp, Veli-Pekka Poutanen, Matti Huttunen, Jouko Lönnqvist, Carl-Gustaf Standertskjöld-Nordenstam, Jaakko Kaprio, Mohammad Khaledy, Rajneesh Dail, Chris I. Zoumalan, Arthur W. Toga
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2001)
Cocaine-Induced Acute Hepatitis and Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Authors: Francesc Balaguer, Javier Fernández, Miguel Lozano, Rosa Miquel, Antoni Mas
Journal: JAMA (2005)

To the Editor: Cocaine abuse has been separately associated with acute hepatitis and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA); however, we are not aware of prior case reports of their simultaneous occurrence.
What's hot the other lot got
Authors: Benjamin Prudon
Journal: Thorax (2014)

Obtaining sputum samples from paediatric cystic fibrosis patients for targeted microbiological therapy is difficult. The cough swab is often used, which involves a cotton-wool swab held in the back of the pharynx and the patient asked to cough. An increasingly used alternative technique is the cough plate, which involves patients coughing directly onto a culture plate. A recent study ( Arch Dis Child 2013;98:768–71) has compared the two techniques. Both techniques to collect specimens were conducted in a randomised order at assessments. In total, 95 non-expectorating patients (mean age 9 years) took part, with 324 sets of cough plates and cough swabs produced. Pathogens were isolated in 18% of cough swabs compared with 8% of cough plates. Agreement between the two specimen types occurred in only 6% of cases. A similar spectrum of pathogens was produced from both techniques. Although most (84%) patients preferred the non-invasive nature of the cough plates, they appear less effective for isolating bacterial pathogens from non-expectorating patients.

Severity features of acute pulmonary emboli include shock, acute right …
Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 Impairs Arterial Neointima Formation After Vascular Injury in Mice
Authors: H. R. Lijnen, P. Soloway, D. Collen
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —The hypothesis that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) plays a role in neointima formation was tested with the use of a vascular injury model in wild-type (TIMP-1 +/+ ) and TIMP-1–deficient (TIMP-1 −/− ) mice. The neointimal area at 1 to 3 weeks after electric injury of the femoral artery was significantly higher in TIMP-1 −/− as compared with TIMP-1 +/+ mice (0.012±0.0015 versus 0.0033±0.0008 mm 2 at 1 week, P &lt;0.005). The medial areas were comparable, resulting in intima/media ratios that were significantly larger in TIMP-1 −/− as compared with TIMP-1 +/+ arteries (1.2±0.22 versus 0.39±0.08 at 1 week, P &lt;0.005). Nuclear cell counts in cross-sectional areas of the intima of the injured region were higher in TIMP-1 −/− as compared with TIMP-1 +/+ arteries (138±15 versus 69±8 at 1 week, P &lt;0.005). Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that α-actin–positive smooth muscle cells (SMCs) at 2 weeks after injury were more abundant in the intima of TIMP-1 −/− arteries than in that of TIMP-1 +/+ arteries, whereas after 3 weeks the intimal cell population consisted mainly of SMCs in both genotypes. In in vitro scrape-wounding assays, SMCs of TIMP-1 −/− mice migrated faster than those of TIMP-1 +/+ mice. Zymography of arterial extracts revealed a higher active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–2 level at 1 to 3 weeks after injury in TIMP-1 −/− arteries, whereas active MMP-9 was only detected in TIMP-1 −/− arteries at 1 week after injury. These data are compatible with a role of TIMP-1 in the impairment of SMC migration and neointima formation after vascular injury, as a result of inhibition of MMP activity.
Induction of HLA-DC/DS (LEU 10) antigen expression by human precursor B cell lines.
Authors: C Y Wang, A Al-Katib, C L Lane, B Koziner, S M Fu
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

The expression of HLA-DC/DS antigen detected by the monoclonal antibody Leu 10 was studied in three human precursor and pre-B cell lines (Josh 7, Reh, and Nalm 12). Flow cytometric analysis showed that none of these cell lines stained for the HLA-DC/DS antigen. In the presence of 1.6 X 10(-9) M of 12-O-tetradecanoylporbol-13-acetate (TPA), expression of this antigen was detected. The expression was completed after 168 h of incubation. Iodination of cell surface, immunoprecipitation by Leu 10 antibody, and two-dimensional gel analysis revealed that TPA-treated Josh 7 cells synthesized and expressed a 29,34 kD bimolecular complex with both alpha and beta chains different from those of HLA-DR antigen. Quantitative absorption experiments with cell lysates indicated a greater than 25-fold increase in HLA-DC/DS antigen in TPA-treated cells. With the induction of HLA-DC/DS antigen expression, there are concomitant decreases in the expression of the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) and the enzymatic activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. No appreciable changes in HLA-DR and Ig expression were observed. There was also no change in HLA-SB expression as detected by antibody ILR-1. However, DNA synthesis was markedly inhibited by TPA treatment. These results indicate that precursor and pre-B cell lines can be induced to mature in vitro. They also suggest that the expression of HLA-DC/DS antigen which precedes the expression of membrane Ig and follows the HLA-DR expression is relevant to human B cell development and cell interaction.