tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Home Office rules will cut postgraduate training applications from migrants by 2000 next year
Authors: Adrian O’Dowd
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Graduates from some UK medical schools consistently perform better than others in postgraduate medical exams, says a study published this week.The authors say that their finding supports the introduction of a national licensing examination for doctors.The study retrospectively analysed the performance from 2003 to 2005 of 5827 doctors from 19 UK medical schools in one or more of the three examinations required for membership of the Royal College of Physicians.This is an international postgraduate assessment that is important for career progression and is attempted by about 30% of all UK medical graduates.The research group looked at performance in parts 1 and 2 of the written examination, which are multiple choice assessments, and in part 2 of the practical examination of clinical assessment skills (PACES), which uses real and simulated patients to test clinical examination and communication skills.A further analysis involved data on performance in the part 1 examination over a much longer timeframe, from 1989 to 2002.The results showed that graduates from Oxford, Cambridge, and Newcastle upon Tyne performed significantly better than average in part 1 and part 2 of the written examination (BMC Medicine 2008;6:5).Those from Liverpool, Dundee, Belfast, and Aberdeen showed significantly below average performance.Ninety one per cent of Oxford students, 76% from Cambridge, and 67% from Newcastle passed part 1 at their first attempt, whereas the figures were 32% for Liverpool, 38% for Dundee, 37% for Belfast, and 41% for Aberdeen.The overall relation between medical school and exam performance was highly significant (χ 2 =300, df=6, P<0.001).About 60% of the variance between medical schools was explained by differences in pre-admission qualifications (according to number of points gained, but not subjects taken, in A level examinations or in the Scottish highers).However, the remaining portion of the variance was still significant. Doctors from different schools vary in later postgraduate examsUK NEWS BMA advises GPs on longer opening hours, p 351 World NEWS Inquiry finds scientists collaborated with Nazis, p 353 bmj.comCharity is set up to improve adolescents' health care newS
Heterogeneity of growth potential of adult rat hepatocytesin vitro
Authors: Chise Tateno, Kaori Takai-Kajihara, Chihiro Yamasaki, Hajime Sato, Katsutoshi Yoshizato
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Nearly pure populations of small hepatocytes (SHs), parenchymal hepatocytes (PHs), and nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) were prepared from the adult rat, and cocultures of hepatocytes and NPCs were reconstituted from them first to obtain the direct evidence that NPCs promote the growth of hepatocytes and second to compare the growth potential between SHs and PHs. SHs and PHs underwent multiple divisions when cocultured with NPCs, whereas neither SHs nor PHs formed colonies at 10 days when cultured alone. Stellate cells in the NPCs were shown to be responsible for this growth promotion. SHs showed a higher growth capacity than PHs. To clearly show the relationship between the growth potential and the size of hepatocytes, SHs and PHs were further fractionated by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter, because the size distribution of SHs and PHs was half overlapped. SHs produced 2 cell populations, SH-R2 and SH-R3. The former showed a greater extent of granularity and autofluorescence than the latter. In contrast, PHs produced only 1 population (PH-R2), which corresponded to the SH-R2. The size of hepatocytes of SH-R3 was smaller (17.1 +/- 0.2 microm) than those of SH-R2 (22.6 +/- 0.5 microm) and PH-R2 (24.1 +/- 0.1 microm) and there was not a significant overlap in the size distribution between the 2 groups. The hepatocytes of SH-R3 were highly replicative and 4 or 5 times higher in their growth potential than those of SH-R2 and PH-R2. We concluded that the growth potential of hepatocytes is heterogeneous and is correlated with their size and the extent of their granularity and autofluorescence.
Thrombolysis during Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Bernd W. Böttiger, Hans-Richard Arntz, Douglas A. Chamberlain, Erich Bluhmki, Ann Belmans, Thierry Danays, Pierre A. Carli, Jennifer A. Adgey, Christoph Bode, Volker Wenzel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Approximately 70% of persons who have an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have underlying acute myocardial infarction or pulmonary embolism. Therefore, thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation may improve survival.
Body mass index, abdominal fatness and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and non-linear dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies
Authors: D. Aune, D.C. Greenwood, D.S.M. Chan, R. Vieira, A.R. Vieira, D.A. Navarro Rosenblatt, J.E. Cade, V.J. Burley, T. Norat
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2011)
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Geoffrey Rake
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms. With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence. The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.
A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice
Authors: Tobias Eckle, Almut Grenz, Stefanie Laucher, Holger K. Eltzschig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Although acute lung injury contributes significantly to critical illness, resolution often occurs spontaneously via activation of incompletely understood pathways. We recently found that mechanical ventilation of mice increases the level of pulmonary adenosine, and that mice deficient for extracellular adenosine generation show increased pulmonary edema and inflammation after ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Here, we profiled the response to VILI in mice with genetic deletions of each of the 4 adenosine receptors (ARs) and found that deletion of the A2BAR gene was specifically associated with reduced survival time and increased pulmonary albumin leakage after injury. In WT mice, treatment with an A2BAR-selective antagonist resulted in enhanced pulmonary inflammation, edema, and attenuated gas exchange, while an A2BAR agonist attenuated VILI. In bone marrow–chimeric A2BAR mice, although the pulmonary inflammatory response involved A2BAR signaling from bone marrow–derived cells, A2BARs located on the lung tissue attenuated VILI-induced albumin leakage and pulmonary edema. Furthermore, measurement of alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) demonstrated that A2BAR signaling enhanced amiloride-sensitive fluid transport and elevation of pulmonary cAMP levels following VILI, suggesting that A2BAR agonist treatment protects by drying out the lungs. Similar enhancement of pulmonary cAMP and AFC were also observed after β-adrenergic stimulation, a pathway known to promote AFC. Taken together, these studies reveal a role for A2BAR signaling in attenuating VILI and implicate this receptor as a potential therapeutic target during acute lung injury.
CD34 expression on long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells changes during developmental stages
Authors: Sahoko Matsuoka, Yasuhiro Ebihara, Ming-jiang Xu, Takefumi Ishii, Daisuke Sugiyama, Hiroshi Yoshino, Takahiro Ueda, Atsushi Manabe, Ryuhei Tanaka, Yasuo Ikeda, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Kohichiro Tsuji
Journal: Blood (2001)
Comprehensive Multigene Phylogenies of Excavate Protists Reveal the Evolutionary Positions of “Primitive” Eukaryotes
Authors: Alastair G. B. Simpson, Yuji Inagaki, Andrew J. Roger
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Many of the protists thought to represent the deepest branches on the eukaryotic tree are assigned to a loose assemblage called the "excavates." This includes the mitochondrion-lacking diplomonads and parabasalids (e.g., Giardia and Trichomonas) and the jakobids (e.g., Reclinomonas). We report the first multigene phylogenetic analyses to include a comprehensive sampling of excavate groups (six nuclear-encoded protein-coding genes, nine of the 10 recognized excavate groups). Excavates coalesce into three clades with relatively strong maximum likelihood bootstrap support. Only the phylogenetic position of Malawimonas is uncertain. Diplomonads, parabasalids, and the free-living amitochondriate protist Carpediemonas are closely related to each other. Two other amitochondriate excavates, oxymonads and Trimastix, form the second monophyletic group. The third group is comprised of Euglenozoa (e.g., trypanosomes), Heterolobosea, and jakobids. Unexpectedly, jakobids appear to be specifically related to Heterolobosea. This tree topology calls into question the concept of Discicristata as a supergroup of eukaryotes united by discoidal mitochondrial cristae and makes it implausible that jakobids represent an independent early-diverging eukaryotic lineage. The close jakobids-Heterolobosea-Euglenozoa connection demands complex evolutionary scenarios to explain the transition between the presumed ancestral bacterial-type mitochondrial RNA polymerase found in jakobids and the phage-type protein in other eukaryotic lineages, including Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea.
Oncogenesis Following Delivery of a Nonprimate Lentiviral Gene Therapy Vector to Fetal and Neonatal Mice
Authors: Mike Themis, Simon N. Waddington, Manfred Schmidt, Christof von Kalle, Yoahe Wang, Faisal Al-Allaf, Lisa G. Gregory, Megha Nivsarkar, Matthew Themis, Maxine V. Holder, Suzanne M.K. Buckley, Niraja Dighe, Alaine T. Ruthe, Ajay Mistry, Brian Bigger, Ahad Rahim, Tuan H. Nguyen, Didier Trono, Adrian J. Thrasher, Charles Coutelle
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Gene therapy by use of integrating vectors carrying therapeutic transgene sequences offers the potential for a permanent cure of genetic diseases by stable vector insertion into the patients' chromosomes. However, three cases of T cell lymphoproliferative disease have been identified almost 3 years after retrovirus gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immune deficiency. In two of these cases vector insertion into the LMO2 locus was implicated in leukemogenesis, demonstrating that a more profound understanding is required of the genetic and molecular effects imposed on the host by vector integration or transgene expression. In vivo models to test for retro- and lentiviral vector safety prior to clinical application are therefore needed. Here we present a high incidence of lentiviral vector-associated tumorigenesis following in utero and neonatal gene transfer in mice. This system may provide a highly sensitive model to investigate integrating vector safety prior to clinical application.
Injuries among male and female World Cup alpine skiers
Authors: T W Flørenes, T Bere, L Nordsletten, S Heir, R Bahr
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

Background: Limited knowledge exists on injuries among professional alpine skiers. Objective: To describe the risk of injury and the injury pattern among competitive World Cup alpine skiers during the competitive season. Methods: Retrospective interviews were performed with all World Cup athletes from 10 nations at the end of the 2006–7 and 2007–8 winter seasons, and all acute injuries occurring during the 4.5-month competitive season were recorded. If the athlete was not present, their coaches or medical personnel were interviewed. Results: A total of 191 acute injuries were recorded among 521 World Cup alpine skiers. As many as 86 injuries (45%) occurred during World Cup/World Ski Championship competitions, corresponding to an injury rate of 9.8 injuries per 1000 runs (95% CI 7.8 to 11.9). The injury rate was found to increase with increasing speed (slalom 4.9 injuries per 1000 runs, 95% CI 2.5 to 7.4—giant slalom 9.2, 5.1 to 13.3—super-G 11.0, 5.2 to 16.8—downhill 17.2, 11.6 to 22.7). The most frequently injured body part was the knee, with 68 injuries (36%), and 37 of these were severe. The overall injury rate was higher in males than in females, but not for knee injuries. Conclusions : The risk of injury among World Cup athletes in alpine skiing is even higher than previously reported. The knee is the most commonly injured body part and with many severe injuries. Injury rate increased with a higher speed and was higher among males than in females.
Response of acute cerebral lupus in childhood to pulse methylprednisolone in reduced dosage.
Authors: O Hanmer, D Saltissi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1986)

Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in a reduced dose of 10 mg/kg on three consecutive days was successfully used in the treatment of a 9 year old girl with acute cerebral lupus in coma. It is recommended for further evaluation in children with severe primary central nervous system (CNS) disease.
Differential induction of H-2K versus H-2D class I major histocompatibility antigens by recombinant gamma interferon. Lack of Kk augmentation in a leukemia virus-induced tumor is due to a cis-dominant effect.
Authors: W R Green, R F Rich, C Beadling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

T-T tumor hybrids were constructed between the AKR SL3 thymoma and an H-2-distinguishable thymoma cell line. Hybrids were stimulated with IFN-gamma to determine whether the differential augmentation of H-2D vs. H-2K class I antigen expression by AKR SL3 in response to IFN-gamma was due to effects cis or trans to the noninducible Kk gene. For each of a large number of hybrids tested, the expression of H-2Db, Kb, and Dk, but not Kk, was substantially enhanced by murine rIFN-gamma. These results suggested that the lack of induction of the Kk gene was due to an alteration cis to Kk rather than to the presence or absence of K region-specific, trans-acting negative or positive factors, respectively.
Rapidly-growing squamous cell carcinoma shortly after treatment with ingenol mebutate for actinic keratoses: report of two cases
Authors: J.A. Moreno Romero, A. Campoy, N. Perez, F. Garcia, R. Grimalt
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are defined as cutaneous areas of atypical squamous transformation that are regarded as an early step in the continuum of alterations leading from normal skin to invasive and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). AKs are classified as precancerous lesions by some authors and in situ SCC by others. The rate of evolution of a given AK to an invasive SCC has been estimated as 0·075–0·096% per lesion per year. These rates are similar to those estimated for gynaecological intraepithelial neoplasia. We describe two cases of SCC with rapid onset that developed after the application of ingenol mebutate gel for the treatment of AKs.
Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit.
Authors: J P Cooke, A H Singer, P Tsao, P Zera, R A Rowan, M E Billingham
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic administration of L-arginine, the precursor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), normalizes endothelium-dependent relaxation and decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic animals. Male rabbits were fed (a) normal rabbit chow; (b) 1% cholesterol diet; or (c) 1% cholesterol diet supplemented by 2.25% L-arginine HCl in drinking water. Arginine supplementation doubled plasma arginine levels without affecting serum cholesterol values. After 10 wk, the thoracic aorta was harvested for studies of vascular reactivity and histomorphometry. Endothelium-dependent relaxations (to acetylcholine and calcium ionophore A23187) were significantly impaired in thoracic aortae from animals fed a 1% cholesterol diet. By contrast, vessels from hypercholesterolemic animals receiving L-arginine supplementation exhibited significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxations. Responses to norepinephrine or nitroglycerin were not affected by either dietary intervention. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a reduction in lesion surface area and intimal thickness in thoracic aortae from arginine-supplemented animals compared to those from untreated hypercholesterolemic rabbits. This is the first study to demonstrate that supplementation of dietary L-arginine, the EDRF precursor, improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. More importantly, we have shown that this improvement in EDRF activity is associated with a reduction in atherogenesis.
Arguments against long-term conservative treatment of oesophageal strictures due to corrosive burns
Authors: J. Imre, M. Kopp
Journal: Thorax (1972)

Thirty-two patients are presented with late complications after a corrosive burn of the oesophagus. From this group of 32 cases 11 had fistulae and mediastinal abscesses after perforation of the gullet; 11 patients developed a tight peptic stricture in the narrowed oesophagus due to traction-type hiatal hernia as a result of the longitudinal contraction of the fibrotic oesophagus; cancer developed in the corrosive stricture in 10 patients, inoperable in five. Arguments against long-term conservative treatment of narrowed and fibrotic oesophageal strictures are presented. Early operation gives final relief from dysphagia and prevents late complications. The risk of intrathoracic oesophageal replacement with a segment of bowel/colon or jejunum in uncomplicated cases is 2·4% in our series of 42 cases.
<i>BRCA1</i>-Associated Breast Cancers Present Differently From <i>BRCA2</i>-Associated and Familial Cases: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Dutch MRISC Screening Study
Authors: Adriana J. Rijnsburger, Inge-Marie Obdeijn, Reinoutje Kaas, Madeleine M.A. Tilanus-Linthorst, Carla Boetes, Claudette E. Loo, Martin N.J.M. Wasser, Elisabeth Bergers, Theo Kok, Sara H. Muller, Hans Peterse, Rob A.E.M. Tollenaar, Nicoline Hoogerbrugge, Sybren Meijer, Carina C.M. Bartels, Caroline Seynaeve, Maartje J. Hooning, Mieke Kriege, Paul I. M. Schmitz, Jan C. Oosterwijk, Harry J. de Koning, Emiel J.T. Rutgers, Jan G.M. Klijn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

The Dutch MRI Screening Study on early detection of hereditary breast cancer started in 1999. We evaluated the long-term results including separate analyses of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and first results on survival.Women with higher than 15% cumulative lifetime risk (CLTR) of breast cancer were screened with biannual clinical breast examination and annual mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Participants were divided into subgroups: carriers of a gene mutation (50% to 85% CLTR) and two familial groups with high (30% to 50% CLTR) or moderate risk (15% to 30% CLTR).Our update contains 2,157 eligible women including 599 mutation carriers (median follow-up of 4.9 years from entry) with 97 primary breast cancers detected (median follow-up of 5.0 years from diagnosis). MRI sensitivity was superior to that of mammography for invasive cancer (77.4% v 35.5%; P<.00005), but not for ductal carcinoma in situ. Results in the BRCA1 group were worse compared to the BRCA2, the high-, and the moderate-risk groups, respectively, for mammography sensitivity (25.0% v 61.5%, 45.5%, 46.7%), tumor size at diagnosis≤1 cm (21.4% v 61.5%, 40.9%, 63.6%), proportion of DCIS (6.5% v 18.8%, 14.8%, 31.3%) and interval cancers (32.3% v 6.3%, 3.7%, 6.3%), and age at diagnosis younger than 30 years (9.7% v 0%). Cumulative distant metastasis-free and overall survival at 6 years in all 42 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with invasive breast cancer were 83.9% (95% CI, 64.1% to 93.3%) and 92.7% (95% CI, 79.0% to 97.6%), respectively, and 100% in the familial groups (n=43).Screening results were somewhat worse in BRCA1 mutation carriers, but 6-year survival was high in all risk groups.
(33) Crohn's disease
Authors: S.E. Thomas, R.E. Church, C.D. Holdsworth
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Journal Article (33) Crohn's disease Get access S.E. Thomas, Drs, S.E. Thomas, Drs Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.E. Church, R.E. Church Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.D. Holdsworth C.D. Holdsworth Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 115, Issue s30, 1 July 1986, Pages 80–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb07728.x Published: 01 July 1986
GA<sup>2</sup>LEN skin test study III: Minimum battery of test inhalent allergens needed in epidemiological studies in patients
Authors: P.‐J. Bousquet, G. Burbach, L. M. Heinzerling, G. Edenharter, C. Bachert, C. Bindslev‐Jensen, S. Bonini, L. Bousquet‐Rouanet, P. Demoly, M. Bresciani, A. Bruno, M. Gjomarkaj, G. W. Canonica, U. Darsow, S. Durham, W. J. Fokkens, S. Giavi, C. Gramiccioni, N. G. Papadopoulos, T. Haahtela, M. L. Kowalski, P. Magyar, G. Muraközi, M. Orosz, C. Röhnelt, G. Stingl, A. Todo‐Bom, E. Von Mutius, A. Wiesner, S. Wöhrl, J. Bousquet, T. Zuberbier
Journal: Allergy (2009)

The number of allergens to be tested in order to identify sensitized patients is important in order to have the most cost-effective approach in epidemiological studies.To define the minimal number and the type of skin prick test (SPT) allergens required to identify a patient as sensitized using results of the new Pan-European GA(2)LEN skin prick test study.In a large Pan-European multicenter (17 centers in 14 countries) patient based study, a standardized panel of 18 allergens has been prick tested using a standardized procedure. Conditional approach allowed to determine the allergens selection.Among the 3034 patients involved, 1996 (68.2%) were sensitized to at least one allergen. Overall, eight allergens (grass pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, birch pollen, cat dander, Artemisia, olive pollen, Blatella and Alternaria) allowed to identified more than 95% of sensitized subjects. However, differences were observed between countries, two allergens being sufficient for Switzerland (grass pollen and cat dander) as opposed to nine for France (grass pollen, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, olive pollen, cat dander, Blatella, cypress, dog dander, alder and [Artemisia or Alternaria]). According to country, up to 13 allergens were needed to identify all sensitized subjects.Eight to ten allergens allowed the identification of the majority of sensitized subjects. For clinical care of individual patients, the whole battery of 18 allergens is needed to appropriately assess sensitization across Europe.