tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Acute lung injury associated with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatinum combined chemotherapy
Authors: R. Trisolini, L. Lazzari Agli, D. Tassinari, D. Rondelli, A. Cancellieri, M. Patelli, F. Falcone, V. Poletti
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Diarrhoea, T-CD4+ lymphopenia and bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates developed in a male 60 yrs of age, who was treated with oxaliplatinum and 5-fluorouracil for unresectable rectum carcinoma. The findings from transbronchial lung biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were consistent with an organizing diffuse alveolar damage pattern. Once extensive microbiological studies proved negative, corticosteroids were given and a complete remission of clinical and radiological abnormalities was achieved. It is concluded that the aforementioned pathological manifestations were due to chemotherapy and included a pulmonary adverse reaction, a feature never previously associated with oxaliplatinum and 5-fluorouracil regimens.
An open-label study of zoledronic acid (Aclasta 5 mg iv) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: G P R Clunie, A Ginawi, P O'Conner, P W Bearcroft, S J Garber, S Bhagat, A Grainger, J S H Gaston
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Spinal lesions in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) include osteitis and spondylodiscitis—bone lesions characterised by high signal on T2w fat-suppressed or STIR magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.1 Pamidronate treats osteitis and improves spinal symptoms in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-refractory AS,2 but treatment gains are modest. Zoledronic acid ( Aclasta/Reclast ; ZA) is more ‘potent’ than pamidronate,3 but it is unknown whether ZA improves osteitis in AS. We evaluated whether ZA reduces osteitis lesions in AS using an MR index of spinal osteitis4 previously shown to correlate with, and be responsive to treatment of, AS disease activity measures.5

Patients with AS (modified New York criteria,6 >18 years old, Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) ≥4.15, anti-tumour necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα)-naive) were recruited based on having osteitis in two or more discovertebral units (DVUs; SPARCC definition …
HIV Transmission and Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: A. Kenneth Fuller
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To The Editor.</h3> —The recent editorial entitled "Facing the Complex Issues of Pediatric AIDS: A Public Health Perspective" by Drs Osterholm and MacDonald<sup>1</sup>poses several unanswered questions, including "How do we deal with potential HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] transmission associated with child sexual abuse?" We recommend including questions about child-molesting behavior and potential as part of the routine evaluation and counseling of adolescents and adults who are seropositive for HIV. Physicians can then intervene prospectively and prevent needless infection and death of youngsters. Child sexual abuse is a serious, albeit often ignored, public health problem that is on the increase. Physicians tend to overlook or deny child sexual abuse, although 5% to 60% of adults recall sexual victimization during childhood.<sup>2</sup>At least 250 000 cases of child sexual abuse are reported annually<sup>3</sup>; however, most sexually abusive acts are never reported. Recent research indicates that a single child
The contribution of L3T4+ T cells to lymphoproliferation and autoantibody production in MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Authors: T J Santoro, J P Portanova, B L Kotzin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

The current study examines the role of the L3T4 T cell subset in the development of lupus-like autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation in lpr-bearing mice. Chronic treatment of MRL-lpr/lpr mice with anti-L3T4 antibody beginning at 4 wk old was found to markedly decrease the production of IgG anti-DNA and antihistone antibodies, while having no effect on IgM autoantibodies. A dramatic reduction in splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy was also observed coincident with a decrease in the percentage and total number of Thy-1+, B220+ cells. Together, the data suggest an important role for L3T4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of disease in lpr mice and provide further evidence that a requirement for the L3T4 subset may be a common feature of murine autoimmunity.
Paralytic Polio and After
Authors: W. R. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1963)

This volume abstracts the literature on drug therapy published during the year under review.It is divided into two portions: the first, entitled " Drug Therapy," gives the therapeutic and prophylactic uses to whis h drugs have been put during the year; the second, entitled " Precautions," supplies in quickly readable form the toxic actualities and potentialities of drugs in current use.Not all available drugs are discussed in the latter section, which is perhaps not surprising, as the A merican Drug Index for 1962 requires 831 closely packed pages merely to list them, but few important ones are omitted.The editor has been successful in describing in concise and simple language the essential features of each piece of work reviewed.The abstracts are almost entirely confined to the medical literature of the English-speaking world, with American literature, perhaps rightly, receiving pride of place by a long way.Nevertheless, a precis has been made of nearly 500 articles by some 900 authors from over 100 journals.As the editor must have perused and dis- carded many more papers as being of little worth one is left astounded by his industry.DERRICK DUNLOP.
An anomaly of insulin removal in perfused livers of obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice.
Authors: C Karakash, F Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, B Jeanrenaud
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice have the interesting feature of being hyperinsulinemic, thus having some characteristics in common with human maturity-onset diabetics. As the cause of hyperinsulinemia in these mice is not established, and as the liver is known to play a role in determining the amount of hormone that reaches the periphery, it was hypothesized that an anomaly in the hepatic handling of insulin might prevail in obese-hyperglycemic mice. Immunoreactive insulin was therefore measured in the perfusate before and after a single passage through perfused livers of lean and ob/ob mice, permitting. It was found that the removal of insulin by livers of lean mice increased with increasing concentrations of the hormone in the portal vein. The removal process had a limited capacity, however, and as a consequence the percentage of hormone removed by the liver actually decreased when portal insulin concentrations increased. Insulin removal by livers of ob/ob mice had qualitatively the same characteristics but was considerably less efficient than in normal livers. Due to this, more insulin was found in the perfusate leaving the liver of ob/9b mice than in that of controls, at any insulin concentration tested. These observations suggest that in obese-hyperglycemic mice more of the hormone may reach the periphery and thus contribute to hyperinsulinemia. The present study further suggests that the anomaly of insulin removal observed in perfused livers of ob/ob mice might be secondary to hyperinsulinemia, since it was partly corrected upon artificially decreasing the circulating levels of insulin (e.g. via a fast, anti-insulin serum, or streptozotocin treatment) before perfusion. The characteristics of hepatic insulin removal reported in this study, as well as the differences observed between livers of lean and ob/ob mice, may reflect changes in membrane insulin receptors and/or in processes responsible for the degradation of the horomone.
Fever in children in the tropics.
Authors: J. P. Stanfield
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Fever in a child in the tropics fills a mother with fear; so often she has seen it the herald of death, or of fits, or of slow, lingering illness and handicap. She knows that fever replaces health and happiness in her child by fretfulness, misery, burning heat, and screaming (partly no doubt the result of throbbing headache). Her fear is justified. Mortality and morbidity from infection in children in tropical regions is still extremely high, partly owing to as yet poorly developed control of environment and medical care and partly owing to the background of malnutrition still so frequent in many areas. The mother knows, too, that fever responds to the application of modern medicine. Many diseases are as yet not so affected, and for them traditional remedies still may hold some answer. Fever and its accompaniments, how ever, need the help of a doctor and hospital. The purpose of this paper is to stress some of the difficulties which fever presents among children in the tropics, though many are common to those of temperate zones. No attempt is made to provide a glossary of all causes of fever in the tropics, reference to which can be found in many excellent textbooks of tropical medicine.
Posture and nocturnal asthma.
Authors: B Mossberg, K Larsson
Journal: Thorax (1990)

1 2 2 1 of Population Censuses and Surveys, we calculate that in the last 10 years the ratio of the number of deaths from tuberculosis per 100 notifications in the 15-29 age group is 0 75.In other words, one death apparently results from 140 notified cases.On the basis of the figures of Drs Springett and Sutherland for the increased numbers of notifications which are likely to result from discontinuing BCG, the table above shows an estimate of the number of "preventable" deaths in the 15-29 age group which may result in the next 30 years.The possible increase in mortality is obviously another important factor which should be borne in mind when we are considering discontinuation of routine BCG vaccination.
The Capgras Syndrome and Its Psychopathology
Authors: B. FRANK VOGEL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

Five case reports indicate that the Capgras syndrome, a condition in which the patient believes that a person closely related to him is actually an impostor, is far less rare than has been commonly accepted. The author discusses the psychodynamics, suggests that the syndrome itself is a massive defense system against disintegrative intrapsychic conflicts, and examines the clear-cut ego defense mechanisms employed.
Reversible male infertility under treatment with an anti-TNFα agent: a case report
Authors: Lukas M Wildi, Boulos Haraoui
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

More than a decade of use of the anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents in rheumatology has confirmed their acceptable safety profile and very few new rare side effects have emerged. However, TNFα, a pleiotropic cytokine, is important to many physiological functions and its suppression may lead to unexpected consequences. We describe here a rare case of reversible oligoasthenozoospermia in a young patient.

This case concerns a 35-year-old father of a healthy 4-year-old child who was successfully treated for 3 years with adalimumab, a monoclonal human antibody against TNFα, 40 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The therapy …
Clinical and Pathologic Findings in Two New Allelic Murine Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: CAROLE VOGLER, SHARON HOMAN, ALETHA PUNG, CONSTANCE THORPE, JANE BARKER, EDWARD H. BIRKENMEIER, POORNIMA UPADHYA
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1999)

Abstract. Patients with inherited cystic kidney diseases have progressive cystic dilation of nephrons with concomitant loss of functional renal parenchyma and renal failure. Animal models of inherited cystic kidney disease are useful for study of the pathogenesis and molecular basis of cystic renal diseases. This article describes the clinical and pathologic features in two spontaneously occurring murine models of inherited polycystic kidney disease due to independent allelic mutations on mouse chromosome 8. The mutations, designated kat and kat2J , affect a chromosomal segment homologous to a region of human chromosome 4q35; the altered gene has not yet been identified. An allelism test showed that the mutations are at the same locus. The phenotype, inherited as an autosomal recessive, is more severe in kat2J/kat2J mice. Their kidneys are morphologically normal at birth, but by 3 mo of age, cysts affect all levels of the nephron. Adult males have testicular hypoplasia and they are sterile. A few of the oldest kat2J/kat2J mice have focal portal bile duct proliferation and dilation. kat2J/kat2J mice develop anemia and uremia and die before 1 yr of age. In kat/kat mice, the renal cystic disease progresses more slowly but is morphologically similar to that of kat2J/kat2J mice. The progressive cystic transformation of the kidneys in these allelic murine models resembles that seen in humans with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Molecular-genetic imaging: current and future perspectives
Authors: Ronald G. Blasberg, Juri Gelovani Tjuvajev
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Medical imaging has undergone a revolution in the past decade. This is largely due to improved technology involving all the major imaging modalities: MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), ultrasound, and optical imaging. These advances and improvements in technology are being rapidly translated into the clinic and have established new standards of medical practice. Cancer imaging was identified as one of six “extraordinary scientific opportunities” by the National Cancer Institute in 1997–1998, and the institute’s subsequent funding initiatives have provided a major stimulus for further developments. A major target of these initiatives has been development of and support for molecular imaging.

Molecular-genetic imaging provides visualization in space and time of normal as well as abnormal cellular processes at a molecular or genetic level. Needless to say, current gamma camera, PET, MRI, and optical technologies do not visualize individual cells, much less molecules. Perhaps the most exciting aspect of this emerging new field are the novel imaging paradigms being developed — paradigms that image molecular-genetic processes rather than anatomy. These paradigms can be successful within the inherent spatial-resolution limits of existing imaging systems, provided that the volume element, or voxel, of the tissue (cells) is relatively homogenous. This review will focus primarily on radionuclide imaging, although many of the principles described are directly applicable to optical and MRI technology as well. A more extensive discussion of these issues was recently published (1).

Molecular imaging has its roots in molecular biology and cell biology as well as in imaging technology. Three different noninvasive, in vivo imaging technologies have developed more or less in parallel: (a) MRI (2–6); (b) nuclear imaging (quantitative autoradiography, gamma camera, and PET) (7–11); and (c) optical imaging of small animals (12–14). The convergence of these disciplines is at the heart of the molecular imaging success story and constitutes the wellspring for further advances in the field. The development of versatile and sensitive assays that do not require tissue samples will be of considerable value for monitoring of molecular-genetic and cellular processes in animal models of human disease, as well as for studies in human subjects. Noninvasive imaging of molecular-genetic and cellular processes will complement established ex vivo molecular-biological assays that require tissue sampling; it also provides a spatial as well as a temporal dimension to our understanding of various diseases.
Chest Injuries in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: B. J. Bickford
Journal: Thorax (1962)

Serious injuries of the chest in the early years of life are relatively uncommon in clinical prac- tice and appear to have received only scanty attention in the surgical literature.The present study was undertaken in order to obtain some facts about the incidence and nature of such injuries in Liverpool, and the results proved both interesting and surprising. THE MATERIAL STUDIEDA search was made through the case records of the Liverpool Thoracic Surgical Centre, which was established during World War II in 1940.Until the end of 1960 there had been 17,552 admissions, but only 423 were the result of trauma.Of these, 268 were admitted before the end of 1945 and were for the most part war injuries of various kinds, including the late results of battle casualties.There were thus 155 civilian injuries and, of these, taking 18 years of age as the arbitrary end of adolescence, 16 come within the terms of reference of this study.This is approximately 12% of the total cases of civilian thoracic trauma admitted to the centre.One of the children included in this series was, however, an air-raid casualty.
Clinical significance of phenotypic features of blasts in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Kiyoyuki Ogata, Kyoko Nakamura, Norio Yokose, Hideto Tamura, Mikiko Tachibana, Osamu Taniguchi, Rika Iwakiri, Tatsuyuki Hayashi, Hisashi Sakamaki, Yoshiro Murai, Kaoru Tohyama, Shigeru Tomoyasu, Yasunobu Nonaka, Mayumi Mori, Kazuo Dan, Yataro Yoshida
Journal: Blood (2002)
Two Distinct Pathways Leading to Nuclear Apoptosis
Authors: Santos A. Susin, Eric Daugas, Luigi Ravagnan, Kumiko Samejima, Naoufal Zamzami, Markus Loeffler, Paola Costantini, Karine F. Ferri, Theano Irinopoulou, Marie-Christine Prévost, Greg Brothers, Tak W. Mak, Josef Penninger, William C. Earnshaw, Guido Kroemer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Apaf-1−/− or caspase-3−/− cells treated with a variety of apoptosis inducers manifest apoptosis-associated alterations including the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to nuclei, large scale DNA fragmentation, and initial chromatin condensation (stage I). However, when compared with normal control cells, Apaf-1−/− or caspase-3−/− cells fail to exhibit oligonucleosomal chromatin digestion and a more advanced pattern of chromatin condensation (stage II). Microinjection of such cells with recombinant AIF only causes peripheral chromatin condensation (stage I), whereas microinjection with activated caspase-3 or its downstream target caspase-activated DNAse (CAD) causes a more pronounced type of chromatin condensation (stage II). Similarly, when added to purified HeLa nuclei, AIF causes stage I chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation, whereas CAD induces stage II chromatin condensation and oligonucleosomal DNA degradation. Furthermore, in a cell-free system, concomitant neutralization of AIF and CAD is required to suppress the nuclear DNA loss caused by cytoplasmic extracts from apoptotic wild-type cells. In contrast, AIF depletion alone suffices to suppress the nuclear DNA loss contained in extracts from apoptotic Apaf-1−/− or caspase-3−/− cells. As a result, at least two redundant parallel pathways may lead to chromatin processing during apoptosis. One of these pathways involves Apaf-1 and caspases, as well as CAD, and leads to oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and advanced chromatin condensation. The other pathway, which is caspase-independent, involves AIF and leads to large-scale DNA fragmentation and peripheral chromatin condensation.
How to dose infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis: new data on a serious issue
Authors: R. F van Vollenhoven
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

> “Never go to excess, but let moderation be your guide” Cicero 
> 
> “Too much of a good thing is wonderful” Mae West 

The approval of the monoclonal anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody, infliximab, for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 1999, occurring almost simultaneously with that of etanercept, marked an important event in the history of rheumatology. The possibility of providing good disease control to patients with the disease, while preventing structural damage, increased dramatically, and rheumatology would never be the same.

From the time of its first approval, a peculiar feature of infliximab was uncertainty about optimal dosing. The original observations made at the Kennedy Institute in London with the antibody then known as cA2, later as “avakine”, and later still as infliximab, suggested that 1 mg/kg was too little to provide meaningful responses. On the other hand, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and even 20 mg/kg were found to have beneficial effects in RA.1–4 The single pivotal phase III clinical trial carried out with infliximab, the ATTRACT study, tested four possible combinations of dosage and dosing interval: 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, every 4 or every 8 weeks.4 5 It should perhaps be noted that in that trial each of these dosage/frequency combinations was preceded by the—now standard—“loading” regimen of three infliximab infusions given over 6 weeks (at 0, 2, and 6 weeks). There is, to the best of my knowledge, no clear pharmacological rationale for such a loading dose, but it certainly has made it more difficult accurately to assess and interpret the results with the various dosage/frequency combinations. For example, the 24-week results in the ATTRACT trial were very similar for the four different infliximab dosage/frequency groups (and, of course, much better than placebo); but was this evidence that each of these options was …
Unexpected prolonged presentation of influenza antigens promotes CD4 T cell memory generation
Authors: Dawn M. Jelley-Gibbs, Deborah M. Brown, John P. Dibble, Laura Haynes, Sheri M. Eaton, Susan L. Swain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2005)

The kinetics of presentation of influenza virus–derived antigens (Ags), resulting in CD4 T cell effector and memory generation, remains undefined. Naive influenza-specific CD4 T cells were transferred into mice at various times after influenza infection to determine the duration and impact of virus-derived Ag presentation. Ag-specific T cell responses were generated even when the donor T cells were transferred 3–4 wk after viral clearance. Transfer of naive CD4 T cells during early phases of infection resulted in a robust expansion of highly differentiated effectors, which then contracted to a small number of memory T cells. Importantly, T cell transfer during later phases of infection resulted in a modest expansion of effectors with intermediate phenotypes, which were capable of persisting as memory with high efficiency. Thus, distinct stages of pathogen-derived Ag presentation may provide a mechanism by which T cell heterogeneity is generated and diverse memory subsets are maintained.