tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Team physician challenges in 2013: dealing with media and travelling across state borders
Authors: David E Olson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

In the modern world it is imperative to understand the social and legal aspects of caring for the athlete. Two recent BJSM articles1 ,2 highlight important aspects of team physician practice. Confidentiality and protection of athletes medical information is increasingly challenging in the era of social media, which allows rapid dissemination of individuals’ personal details from a variety of sources.1 Additionally, as physicians travel both domestically and internationally to cover events, it is important to consider legal and social aspects of caring for the athlete. These may include: licensing issues, malpractice coverage, access to care at outside institutions and prescribing medications, including narcotics. As healthcare evolves in the USA and across the world, it is important for the team physician to be updated on the latest policies and factors, which may prevent them from providing necessary care in a timely fashion. Thus, these two articles1 ,2 are both timely, and should serve as a discussion point for further examination of these topics in other …
Differential effects of central angiotensin II and substance P on sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rats. Implications for cardiovascular adaptation to behavioral responses.
Authors: T Unger, H Becker, M Petty, G Demmert, B Schneider, D Ganten, R E Lang
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

The centrally induced effects of angiotensin II and substance P on the cardiovascular system and on neuronal efferent activity of the splanchnic, renal, and adrenal nerves were investigated in chronically instrumented conscious rats. The pressor responses to substance P injected into the lateral brain ventricle were accompanied by marked and short latency increases in heart rate, cardiac output, splanchnic, renal, and adrenal nerve activity, and a rise in plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline. Behaviorally, an arousal-type reaction was observed. In contrast, the pressor responses to intracerebroventricular angiotensin II were associated with initial decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, splanchnic, renal, and adrenal nerve activity, and a fall in plasma noradrenaline at the time of the maximal blood pressure increase. In some but not all animals, a second blood pressure peak associated with increases in heart rate and splanchnic nerve activity was observed after several minutes. Incomplete chronic sinoaortic baroreceptor deafferentiation prevented the angiotensin II-induced fall in heart rate but not the initial fall in splanchnic nerve activity. The decreases in splanchnic nerve activity also occurred in diabetes insipidus rats and persisted in Long Evans rats after vascular vasopressin receptor blockade with d(CH2)5AVP, despite marked reductions of the pressor responses in both groups. Peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin or ganglion blockade with hexamethonium inhibited the central angiotensin II pressor responses only in combination with vasopressin receptor blockade. On the other hand, either sympatholytic drug, alone, abolished the pressor responses in the diabetes insipidus rats. This indicates that in intact conscious rats the central pressor effects of angiotensin II are initiated by vasopressin release but become dependent on the sympathetic nervous system when vasopressin is absent or not effective. When rats were allowed to drink in response to angiotensin II, a further sharp rise in blood pressure occurred, together with increases in heart rate and splanchnic nerve activity. The results demonstrate fundamental differences in the mechanisms by which central pressor peptides can influence cardiovascular and autonomic function. It is conceivable that the distinct sympathetic response patterns to central angiotensin II and substance P receptor stimulation form part of a specific cardiovascular adjustment to the individual behavioral reactions, such as drinking, as in the case of angiotensin II, or arousal within the central processing of pain, as in the case of substance P.
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the lungs of children who had died from sudden infant death syndrome and other causes.
Authors: T Tschernig, W J Kleemann, R Pabst
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is well characterised in rabbits and rats. In humans, however, it does not seem to be present in the healthy adult lung, although it can develop after certain microbial stimulation. METHODS--In the present study a consecutive series of lungs from 88 children who had died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 34 control cases of comparable age were examined for the presence of BALT. RESULTS--BALT was present in 36.4% of the patients who had died of SIDS and in 44.1% of the control cases. The probability of finding BALT increased with age, with similar kinetics in both groups. CONCLUSIONS--Future studies need to define when and at what rate BALT disappears as children get older. In young children BALT may act as an entry site for antigens to initiate an immune response, as is well documented for the gut-associated lymphoid system.
Ursodeoxycholic acid–induced changes of plasma and urinary bile acids in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Adolf Stiehl, Gerda Rudolph, Richard Raedsch, Bernd Moller, Ulrich Hopf, Erich Lotterer, Johannes Bircher, Ulrich Fölsch, Jürgen Klaus, Richard Endele, Martin Senn
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis may lead to relief of pruritus and improvement of biochemical liver tests. The changes in serum and urinary bile acids induced by ursodeoxycholic acid treatment were studied. After 29 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (750 to 1,000 mg/day) for 6 to 12 mo because of an increase in ursodeoxycholic acid, total plasma bile acids increased from 30.5 ± 6 μmol/L (mean ± S.E.M.) to 52.7 ± 11.7 μmol/L (p &lt; 0.01). The increase in total plasma bile acids correlated significantly with concentrations of plasma bile acid before treatment (p &lt; 0.01). The concentrations of endogenous bile acids decreased, mainly because of a decrease of cholic acid. During treatment, glycine conjugation increased and taurine conjugation decreased, whereas sulfation and glucuronidation of bile acids were unchanged. In 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in stages III and IV, urinary excretion of bile acids was also studied. After treatment, ursodeoxycholic acid and its 3-β isomer and C-1-hydroxylated and C-6-hydroxylated derivatives were also excreted. During treatment, urinary excretion of endogenous bile acids decreased. The increase of ursodeoxycholic acid and the decrease of endogenous bile acids may both be related to the improvement of biochemical liver tests in precirrhotic stages of the disease. In cirrhosis, endogenous bile acids in plasma remained high and changes in liver tests were small. (Hepatology 1990;12:492-497).
Periodicity in the growth and shedding of hair
Authors: M. COURTOIS, G. LOUSSOUARN, S. HOURSEAU, J. F. GROLLIER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Ten men, with or without alopecia, were observed for a period of between 8 and 14 years using phototrichograms on a precisely located zone on the vertex of the scalp. Among the various parameters observed, we chose the percentage of hairs in telogen as the criterion for assessment of hair shedding. Mathematical analysis of the variations in this telogen percentage was carried out for each individual subject and for the whole group, as represented by the population mean (or the 'average subject'). This analysis demonstrated the existence of overall annual periodicity, manifested by a maximal proportion of telogen hairs at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Some subjects also exhibited a periodicity approximately corresponding to two annual peaks. In those subjects with a very low proportion of hairs in telogen, no periodicity was demonstrated. In another group of subjects, it has been shown that the variations in telogen percentage reflect those observed in hair shedding, assessed in a standardized manner. Periodicity of the telogen percentage, and hence of hair fall, is not independent of climatic factors (sunshine hours), and these must be taken into account when assessing the treatment or prevention of hair loss.
THE ABSORPTION OF SPECIFIC AGGLUTININS IN HOMOLOGOUS SERUM FED TO CALVES DURING THE EARLY HOURS OF LIFE
Authors: Theobald Smith, Ralph B. Little
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

The administration of cow serum by feeding may replace colostrum. The agglutinins towards Bacillus abortus in it are absorbed during the first hours of life in relatively large amounts when compared with those naturally appearing in ordinary milk. It seems probable that colostrum is the most efficient transporting agent of the antibodies. Experiments are under way to put these conclusions on a quantitative basis with special reference to the age of the calf during which the absorption of homologous antibodies is still possible.
Regression after Open Valvotomy of Infundibular Stenosis Accompanying Severe Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis
Authors: MARY ALLEN ENGLE, GEORGE R. HOLSWADE, HENRY P. GOLDBERG, DANIEL S. LUKAS, FRANK GLENN
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Three patients operated upon under hypothermia for severe valvular pulmonic stenosis had right ventricular pressures in excess of 100 mm. Hg after open valvotomy. The residual obstruction, localized by pressure measurements to the subvalvular region, appeared to be due to greatly hypertrophied musculature in the outflow tract of the ventricle. Infundibular resection was not attempted. Electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy gradually disappeared, and cardiac catheterization about 1 year after surgery showed normal or nearly normal right ventricular pressures. Postoperative improvement is attributed to regression of hypertrophy of the right ventricle consequent to relief of obstruction at the valve.
Research Priorities to Improve the Management of Acute Malnutrition in Infants Aged Less Than Six Months (MAMI)
Authors: Chloe Angood, Marie McGrath, Sagar Mehta, Martha Mwangome, Mary Lung’aho, Dominique Roberfroid, Abigail Perry, Caroline Wilkinson, Anne-Dominique Israel, Cecile Bizouerne, Rukhsana Haider, Andrew Seal, James A. Berkley, Marko Kerac
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2015)

Points• Worldwide, 8.5 million infants aged less than 6 months (<6m) are acutely malnourished.For the first time, 2013 WHO Malnutrition Guidelines describe their treatment, but on the basis of "very low quality" evidence, per WHO.More and better research is urgently needed.• To prioritise the many possible research questions on infant <6m malnutrition, we used the systematic, transparent, well-established Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) approach.Sixty-four experts scored 60 research questions on the basis of their answerability, likelihood of intervention efficacy, effectiveness, deliverability, sustainability, impact on disease burden, and impact on equity.• "How should infant <6m SAM be defined?" was the top-scoring research question; that this and other basic questions are still needed highlights paucity of evidence on this topic.
Radiation Dose to Patients From Cardiac Diagnostic Imaging
Authors: Andrew J. Einstein, Kevin W. Moser, Randall C. Thompson, Manuel D. Cerqueira, Milena J. Henzlova
Journal: Circulation (2007)

T he volume of cardiac diagnostic procedures involving the use of ionizing radiation has increased rapidly in recent years.Whereas in 1990, fewer than 3 million nuclear cardiology studies were performed in the United States, by 2002 this figure more than tripled to 9.9 million. 1Cardiac computed tomographic (CT) volume doubled between 2002 and 2003, to 485 000 cases, 2 and has continued to grow since then.The volume of procedures performed in cardiac catheterization labs increased from 2.45 million in 1993 to 3.85 million in 2002. 3he powerful diagnostic and risk-stratification data provided by these procedures play a central role in clinical cardiology and have contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease.Nevertheless, performance of any diagnostic test requires a careful assessment of the risks and benefits of the test and optimization of protocols to minimize risks to patients, staff members, and the public.Procedures that utilize ionizing radiation should be performed in accordance with the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) philosophy.Thus, physicians ordering and performing cardiac imaging should be very familiar with the dosage of radiation from cardiac diagnostic tests and ways in which dose can be minimized.In this report we discuss the measurement of radiation and the dosimetry of commonly performed cardiac diagnostic imaging tests, including nuclear scintigraphy, CT for calcium scoring and coronary angiography (CTCA), and conventional coronary angiography (CCA).For each modality, we address the terminology and methodology used to quantify radiation received by patients, doses to patients with typical protocols, and dose-reduction techniques. General Terminology Used in Quantifying RadiationBiological effects of ionizing radiation can be classified as deterministic or stochastic.Deterministic effects such as skin injuries and cataract formation occur predictably when dose exceeds a certain threshold, whereas stochastic effects such as cancer incidence and germ cell mutations occur with a probability that increases with dose.Numerous quantities and units are used to measure radiation, some of which are summarized in Table I in the online-only Data Supplement. 4Some ambiguity exists in the terminology used in the literature, confounded by multiple sets of units and changing nomenclature between guidelines.This nomenclature includes both general terms to describe quantities of radiation and specific terminology applicable to particular types of radiation sources or imaging modalities.
OPTIMAL NUMBER OF VIEWS IN 360° SPECT IMAGING
Authors: Z. J. Cao, L. E. Holder, C. C. Chen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

This study examined SPECT-reconstructed image quality as a function of the number of views, and determined the minimum number of views necessary to remove aliasing artifacts in 360Â° SPECT. Methods: Computer simulation was performed using a two-dimensional Shepp-Logan head phantom and a high-resolution parallel-beam collimator with and without photon attenuation. Results: In 360Â° SPECT, aliasingartifactswere reducedby chang ing the number of views from an even number 16 to its neighboring odd numbers 15 or 17, from 32 to 31 or 33 and from 64 to 63 or 65. Image quality of 15 or 17 views, 31 or 33 views and 63 or 65 views was similar to that of 32, 64 and 128 views, respectively. Conclusion: Replacingan even numberof viewsby its neighboring odd numbers in 360Â°SPECT significantly decreased aliasing arti facts. Thirty-one or 33 views are sufficient to remove most of the aliasing artifacts in 360Â° SPECT with a matrix of 64 x 64 pixels. This method can be applied to fast 360Â°SPECT since fewer views are
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Loci for Paclitaxel-Induced Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy in CALGB 40101
Authors: R. Michael Baldwin, Kouros Owzar, Hitoshi Zembutsu, Aparna Chhibber, Michiaki Kubo, Chen Jiang, Dorothy Watson, Rachel J. Eclov, Joel Mefford, Howard L. McLeod, Paula N. Friedman, Clifford A. Hudis, Eric P. Winer, Eric M. Jorgenson, John S. Witte, Lawrence N. Shulman, Yusuke Nakamura, Mark J. Ratain, Deanna L. Kroetz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Sensory peripheral neuropathy is a common and sometimes debilitating toxicity associated with paclitaxel therapy. This study aims to identify genetic risk factors for the development of this toxicity. Experimental Design: A prospective pharmacogenetic analysis of patients with primary breast cancer, randomized to the paclitaxel arm of CALGB 40101, was used to identify genetic predictors of the onset and severity of sensory peripheral neuropathy. A genome-wide association study in 855 subjects of European ancestry was conducted and findings were replicated in additional European (n = 154) and African American (n = 117) subjects. Results: A single nucleotide polymorphism in FGD4 was associated with the onset of sensory peripheral neuropathy in the discovery cohort [rs10771973; HR, 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30–1.91; P = 2.6 × 10−6] and in a European (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.06–2.80; P = 0.013) and African American (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.13–3.28; P = 6.7 × 10−3) replication cohort. There is also evidence that markers in additional genes, including EPHA5 (rs7349683) and FZD3 (rs10771973), were associated with the onset or severity of paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: A genome-wide association study has identified novel genetic markers of paclitaxel-induced sensory peripheral neuropathy, including a common polymorphism in FGD4, a congenital peripheral neuropathy gene. These findings suggest that genetic variation may contribute to variation in development of this toxicity. Validation of these findings may allow for the identification of patients at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy and inform the use of an alternative to paclitaxel and/or the clinical management of this toxicity. Clin Cancer Res; 18(18); 5099–109. ©2012 AACR.
The Medicalization of Everyday Life
Authors: A. M. Clarfield
Journal: BMJ (2012)

“Psychiatry is medicalization, through and through. Whatever aspect of psychiatry psychiatrists claim is not medicalization, is not medicalization only if it deals with proven disease, in which case it belongs to neurology, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, or neurosurgery, not psychiatry.” The psychiatrist Thomas Szasz makes this claim in this collection of essays, the first of which was published in 1973. The book (the title plays on Freud’s The Psychopathology of Everyday Life ) is misnamed, however, because it deals almost only with psychiatric illness. Szasz is one of the proponents of the widespread so called anti-psychiatry movement, along with R D Laing, Michel Foucault, and Franco Basaglia. His other books include The Myth of Mental Illness (1960) …
930 ANALYSIS OF GENOTYPE 1 HCV ADAPTATION TO HOST IL28B POLYMORPHISM - EVIDENCE FOR VIRAL INNATE IMMUNE ESCAPE PATTERNS
Authors: A.J. Thompson, P.J. Clark, K. Patel, H.L. Tillmann, T.J. Urban, K.V. Shianna, D.B. Goldstein, J.G. McHutchison, A.J. Muir, I. James, M. Lucas, S. Gaudieri
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Computer-Aided Assessment of Spinal Inflammation on Magnetic Resonance Images in Patients With Spondyloarthritis
Authors: James F. Griffith, Defeng Wang, Lin Shi, David K. W. Yeung, Ryan Lee, Tam Lai Shan
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2015)

Objective To evaluate a computer‐aided approach to the assessment of spinal inflammation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in spondyloarthritis as compared to visual assessment. Methods Following institutional ethics approval, 32 patients (mean ± SD age 35.3 ± 10.2 years) with active ankylosing spondylitis underwent treatment with methotrexate and infliximab for 30 weeks. Spinal MRI examination (T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted fat‐suppressed, and postcontrast T1‐weighted fat‐suppressed sagittal sequences using a 1.5T MRI system) was performed at baseline and at 30 weeks. Following manual identification of the vertebral corners, vertebral body segmentation was performed using a deformable model that automatically isolated the 4 vertebral corner areas, allowing automatic measurement of the relative mean corner intensity of each vertebral corner before and after treatment. Quantitative computer‐aided assessment of spinal inflammation was compared with a semiquantitative visual assessment of spinal inflammation (the Berlin method). Results Computer‐aided quantification was quick and highly reliable, and it identified increases in vertebral corner edema or enhancement that were significantly decreased following treatment ( P &lt; 0.5). For computer‐aided analysis, there was excellent inter‐ and intrarater correlation of both corner edema and enhancement (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] &gt;0.99), and the correlations were better than those for visual analysis (ICCs 0.83–0.96). For computer‐aided analysis, the standardized response mean was 1.67 for corner edema and 1.64 for enhancement, as compared to 1.20 and 1.18, respectively, for visual analysis. Computer‐aided quantification of MRI data correlated better (r = 0.50–0.53, P &lt; 0.01) with clinical features of spinal disease activity pre‐ and posttreatment than did visual analysis of spinal inflammation (r = 0.37–0.43, P &gt; 0.02). Conclusion Computer‐aided assessment of spinal inflammation in spondyloarthritis is quick, reliable, and sensitive and correlates better with clinical disease activity than does visual assessment by the Berlin method.
What’s in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water
Authors: Susan D. Richardson, David M. DeMarini, Manolis Kogevinas, Pilar Fernandez, Esther Marco, Carolina Lourencetti, Clara Ballesté, Dick Heederik, Kees Meliefste, A. Bruce McKague, Ricard Marcos, Laia Font-Ribera, Joan O. Grimalt, Cristina M. Villanueva
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Swimming pool disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been linked to human health effects, including asthma and bladder cancer, but no studies have provided a comprehensive identification of DBPs in the water and related that to mutagenicity.We performed a comprehensive identification of DBPs and disinfectant species in waters from public swimming pools in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that disinfect with either chlorine or bromine and we determined the mutagenicity of the waters to compare with the analytical results.We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to measure trihalomethanes in water, GC with electron capture detection for air, low- and high-resolution GC/MS to comprehensively identify DBPs, photometry to measure disinfectant species (free chlorine, monochloroamine, dichloramine, and trichloramine) in the waters, and an ion chromatography method to measure trichloramine in air. We assessed mutagenicity with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay.We identified > 100 DBPs, including many nitrogen-containing DBPs that were likely formed from nitrogen-containing precursors from human inputs, such as urine, sweat, and skin cells. Many DBPs were new and have not been reported previously in either swimming pool or drinking waters. Bromoform levels were greater in brominated than in chlorinated pool waters, but we also identified many brominated DBPs in the chlorinated waters. The pool waters were mutagenic at levels similar to that of drinking water (approximately 1,200 revertants/L-equivalents in strain TA100-S9 mix).This study identified many new DBPs not identified previously in swimming pool or drinking water and found that swimming pool waters are as mutagenic as typical drinking waters.