tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE SELECTIVE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF GENTIAN VIOLET
Authors: John W. Churchman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1912)

During the course of an experimental study of bacteriuria, specimens of urine thought to contain Bacillus prodigiosus which had been injected into the circulation became contaminated with Bacillus subtilis.In an effort to rid them of this contamination, the effect on the two organisms of a number of common dyes was studied and a striking selective power possessed by gentian violet was brought to light.It is the purpose of this paper to record the original observations and to report an extension of the study to other bacteria.In my first experiments the dye was applied directly to the organisms, and its effect was noted after transplanting the stained bacteria to agar.Five drops of a saturated aqueous solution of gentian violet 1 were added to a forty-eight hour broth culture of the organism to be tested.The mixture was shaken well and allowed to stand for one hour.Transplants were then made to agar, a control inoculation of unstained organisms being made at the same time upon agar in a second tube.After twenty-four hours' incubation at 37 ° C. a striking selective property of the dye had asserted itself.When Bacillus prodigiosus was the organism used, no difference was observed between the tu~be inoculated with the stained, and that inoculated with the unstained organisms; growth was equally luxuriant in ,both (figure I ).In the case of Bacillus subtilis, however, the results were quite different, for the stained subtilis failed to grow (figure 2).
Fecal Microbiome and Volatile Organic Compound Metabolome in Obese Humans With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Maitreyi Raman, Iftikhar Ahmed, Patrick M. Gillevet, Chris S. Probert, Norman M. Ratcliffe, Steve Smith, Rosemary Greenwood, Masoumeh Sikaroodi, Victor Lam, Pam Crotty, Jennifer Bailey, Robert P. Myers, Kevin P. Rioux
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2013)
Overlooking metacognitive experience
Authors: Joëlle Proust
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Peter Carruthers correctly claims that metacognition in humans may involve self-directed interpretations (i.e., may use the conceptual interpretative resources of mindreading). He fails to show, however, that metacognition cannot rely exclusively on subjective experience. Focusing on self-directed mindreading can only bypass evolutionary considerations and obscure important functional differences.
Influence of the Rate of Coronary Plasma Flow on the Extraction of Rb <sup>86</sup> from Coronary Blood
Authors: W. D. LOVE, G. E. BURCH
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

To determine whether myocardial uptake of Rb 86 can be used as a useful index of coronary plasma flow, the extraction of Rb 86 from arterial plasma during one passage through the myocardium of dogs was measured at varying rates of flow. At rates of flow which are encountered in man, changes in the rates of flow and uptake of isotope by the myocardium paralleled each other closely. Rb 86 uptake is a useful index of coronary blood flow in dogs.
The Clinical Significance of Aurora-A/STK15/BTAK Expression in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Eiji Tanaka, Yosuke Hashimoto, Tetsuo Ito, Tomoyuki Okumura, Takatsugu Kan, Go Watanabe, Masayuki Imamura, Johji Inazawa, Yutaka Shimada
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Aurora-A/STK15/BTAK (Aurora-A) encodes a Serine/Threonine kinase associated with chromosomal distribution, and its up-regulation induces chromosomal instability thereby leading to aneuploidy and cell transformation in several types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of Aurora-A in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Experimental Design: The expression levels of Aurora-A mRNA were compared in 33 ESCC tissues with that in corresponding normal esophageal epithelium by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and the distribution patterns and expression levels of Aurora-A protein were immunohistochemically investigated in the ESCC tumors of 142 patients. The results were then separately compared with the clinicopathologic findings of the patients, and the expression of Aurora-A was examined in nine ESCC cell lines and a normal esophageal epithelial cell line using Western blot analysis. Results: The up-regulation of Aurora-A mRNA was found in 30% (10 of 33) of the tumors by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and protein up-regulation was found in 53% (75 of 142) of the patients by immunohistochemistry. mRNA and protein up-regulation of Aurora-A were correlated with distant lymph node metastasis (P = 0.05 and P = 0.04, respectively), and patients with Aurora-A mRNA or protein up-regulation had a poorer prognosis (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0009, respectively). Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that up-regulation of the Aurora-A protein was an independent prognostic factor. In addition, Aurora-A expression in all ESCC cell lines was higher than that in a normal esophageal epithelial cell line. Conclusions: The up-regulation of Aurora-A expression may reflect the malignant behavior of ESCC and may prove useful information as a prognostic factor for ESCC patients.
Development of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Chung-Mau Lo, James Tak-Kwan Fung, George Ka-Kit Lau, Chi-Leung Liu, Siu-Tim Cheung, Ching-Lung Lai, Sheung-Tat Fan, John Wong
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have a defective HBV-specific immune response, and the spontaneous development of antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) after liver transplantation has not been observed. We report the spontaneous production of anti-HBs in 21 of 50 (42%) patients receiving lamivudine monoprophylaxis after liver transplantation. Seroconversion to anti-HBs status (>10 mIU/mL) was found at a median of 8 days (range, 1 to 43 days) after transplantation. In each case, serial serum samples showed a >100% increase in antibody titer as compared with that of day 7 after transplantation in the absence of any blood product transfusion. The anti-HBs titer increased to a maximum within 3 months, and the peak titer was <100 mIU/mL in 10 patients, 100 to 1000 mIU/mL in 5 patients, and >1,000 mIU/mL in 6 patients. In 12 patients, anti-HBs disappeared from serum at a median of 201 days (range, 24 to 414 days), whereas the other 9 patients remained positive for anti-HBs at a median of 221 days (range, 94 to 1,025 days) after transplantation. Patients in whom anti-HBs in serum developed had a more rapid clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (log rank test, P =.011). Using logistic regression analysis, the only predictor of anti-HBs production was an HBV-immune donor (odds ratio, 18.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.2 to 112.4; P =.001). In conclusion, patients who undergo liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B using lamivudine prophylaxis may develop anti-HBs spontaneously. The antibody is likely to be of donor origin, suggesting the possibility of adoptive immunity transfer through a liver graft.
Procollagen II C propeptide level in the synovial fluid as a predictor of radiographic progression in early knee osteoarthritis
Authors: S Sugiyama
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

To investigate the prognostic value of procollagen type II carboxy-terminal propeptide (PIICP) level in synovial fluid in relation to early tibiofemoral joint osteoarthritis (OA).Data were collected on 172 women (age 40 to 59 years) who had knee pain and tibiofemoral joint OA in the early stage. Standing semiflexed knee radiographs were obtained by fluoroscopy at baseline and at four year follow up and a computerised, magnification corrected measurement system was applied to measurement of minimal joint space width in the tibiofemoral compartment. Synovial fluid sampling was performed at baseline and at the four year follow up. Levels of PIICP in the synovial fluid were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The outcome measures were assessed by radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN) in the tibiofemoral joints over four years. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the relation between radiographic JSN and synovial fluid level of PIICP.The number of women available at both baseline and at four year follow up was 110. The average of radiographic JSN over four years was 0.53 mm (range 0.00-2.01). Body mass index showed a slightly positive association with baseline PIICP level. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age and body mass index, radiographic JSN over four years had a direct positive correlation with baseline PIICP level (r=0.395; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.231 to 0.529; p<0.001).In a four year prospective study of women, quantification of synovial fluid PIICP was able to predict subsequent radiographic progression in early tibiofemoral joint OA.
High prevalence of serrated polyposis syndrome in FIT-based colorectal cancer screening programmes: Table 1
Authors: Leticia Moreira, Maria Pellisé, Sabela Carballal, Xavier Bessa, Teresa Ocaña, Anna Serradesanferm, Jaume Grau, Francesc Macià, Montserrat Andreu, Antoni Castells, Francesc Balaguer
Journal: Gut (2012)

Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a recently recognised high risk condition for colorectal cancer (CRC) characterised by the presence of large and/or multiple serrated polyps in the colon.1 ,2 The prevalence of SPS has been previously estimated out of CRC endoscopy-based screening programmes on average risk individuals; in this setting, the prevalence ranged from 0.033% (1/3000 sigmoidoscopies)3 to 0.055% (1/1818 colonoscopies).4 However, Biswas et al 5 recently published a higher prevalence based on a guaiac faecal  occult blood testing (gFOBT) CRC screening programme in the UK (NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme). In this programme, between April 2010 and January 2012, 5/755 (0.66%) patients attended for index screening colonoscopy after a positive gFOBT met the WHO criteria for SPS, which represented a 20-fold increase …
Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA to Monitor Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Sarah-Jane Dawson, Dana W.Y. Tsui, Muhammed Murtaza, Heather Biggs, Oscar M. Rueda, Suet-Feung Chin, Mark J. Dunning, Davina Gale, Tim Forshew, Betania Mahler-Araujo, Sabrina Rajan, Sean Humphray, Jennifer Becq, David Halsall, Matthew Wallis, David Bentley, Carlos Caldas, Nitzan Rosenfeld
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

The management of metastatic breast cancer requires monitoring of the tumor burden to determine the response to treatment, and improved biomarkers are needed. Biomarkers such as cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and circulating tumor cells have been widely studied. However, circulating cell-free DNA carrying tumor-specific alterations (circulating tumor DNA) has not been extensively investigated or compared with other circulating biomarkers in breast cancer.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Advanced Lung Disease
Authors: Selim M. Arcasoy, Jason D. Christie, Victor A. Ferrari, Martin St. John Sutton, David A. Zisman, Nancy P. Blumenthal, Alberto Pochettino, Robert M. Kotloff
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Doppler echocardiography is commonly used to estimate systolic pulmonary artery pressure and to diagnose pulmonary hypertension, but data relating to its utility in patients with advanced lung disease are limited. In a cohort study of 374 lung transplant candidates, the performance characteristics of echocardiography compared with right heart catheterization in the determination of systolic pulmonary artery pressure and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension were investigated. The prevalence of pulmonary hypertension was 25% in the study population. Estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by echocardiography was possible in 166 patients (44%). The correlation between systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimated by echocardiography and measured by cardiac catheterization was good (r = 0.69, p < 0.0001). However, 52% of pressure estimations were found to be inaccurate (more than 10 mm Hg difference compared with measured pressure), and 48% of patients were misclassified as having pulmonary hypertension by echocardiography. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimation for diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension were 85%, 55%, 52%, and 87%, respectively. In conclusion, despite a statistically significant correlation with directly measured values, estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by echocardiography is frequently inaccurate in patients with advanced lung disease and leads to considerable overdiagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.
TCT-252 Impact of pre-diabetic status on coronary atherosclerosis: a multi-vessel angioscopic study
Authors: Osamu Kurihara, Masanori Yamamoto, Chikao Ibuki, Toru Inami, Nakahisa Kimata, Nobuaki Kobayashi, Kyoichi Mizuno, Ryo Munakata, Daisuke Murakami, Takayoshi Ohba, Yoshihiko Seino, Tetsurou Shimura, Masamichi Takano, Seiji Kano
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Experimental Helicobacter pylori infection in humans: a multifaceted challenge
Authors: P Michetti
Journal: Gut (2004)

Is there a scientific rationale for the use of an infection challenge model for Helicobacter pylori vaccine development in humans?

Challenge experiments have been an important method of studying the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases and of evaluating initial efficacy of vaccines before large scale field tests are conducted.1,2 In challenge experiments, infections are deliberately induced under carefully controlled and monitored conditions to healthy research volunteers. Induced infections are usually either self limiting or can be fully treated within a short period of time. Because physicians should be dedicated to alleviating disease and avoiding harm to patients, this type of experiment may cause uncomfortable symptoms and evoke serious moral concerns. It should be appreciated however that clinical research commonly involves risks to subjects that are not outweighed by medical benefits but are justified by the potential to acquire new knowledge.3 In that regard, infection inducing challenges are not necessarily more ethically problematic than phase I trials aimed at determining maximum tolerated doses of medications. Like any clinical research, challenge experiments should be conducted by competent investigators according to sound protocols that incorporate appropriate safeguards to ensure the safety of volunteers. Because these experiments may provide valuable information that might not be otherwise obtained, lead to novel therapies, or speed up vaccine development that will ultimately spare morbidity or death from infectious diseases and reduce exposure of large groups in field trials, challenge experiments may be justified.4 However, the scientific rationale should be carefully examined for any given pathogen and model. When such a rationale exists, then the question of risks and discomforts should be addressed.

Twenty years after the first culture of Helicobacter pylori there are still many gaps in our knowledge of this worldwide infection. In particular, little information is available regarding the precise mode …
A Meeting at Autopsy
Authors: Nia Sathiamoorthi
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2015)

On Being a Doctor20 October 2015A Meeting at AutopsyNia Sathiamoorthi, BSNia Sathiamoorthi, BSFrom Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/M15-1180 Audio Reading - “A Meeting at Autopsy” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "A Meeting at Autopsy," by N. Sathiamoorthi. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail A day at the gas station ended him up on the pathologist's steel table. A tumor in the liver, they said. Exploded from the fall. He lay nude when I walked in.I wondered how long it would take me to get used to this. Seeing people in their birthday suit, or should I say death suit. Dark, I know. But it's hard to be light and cheery in a place like this.I wanted to touch him. I wanted to feel his blanched, leathery skin and his cold, lifeless body. I suppose what I really wanted to feel was ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Nia Sathiamoorthi, BSAffiliations: From Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota.Corresponding Author: Nia Sathiamoorthi, BS, 3430 Alder Lane, Woodbury, MN 55129; e-mail, sathiamoorthi.saraniya@mayo.edu. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement Audio Reading - “A Meeting at Autopsy” Audio. Michael A. LaCombe, MD, Annals Associate Editor, reads "A Meeting at Autopsy," by N. Sathiamoorthi. Your browser does not support the audio element. Audio player progress bar Step backward in current audio track Play current audio trackPause current audio track Step forward in current audio track Mute current audio trackUnmute current audio track 00:00/ FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 October 2015Volume 163, Issue 8 Page: 644 Keywords Autopsy Falls Fats Forecasting Liver Pathologists Scars Skull Touch Vision ePublished: 20 October 2015 Issue Published: 20 October 2015 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2015 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
P79 Impulse oscillometry for the assessment of lung function deficits associated with preschool wheezing
Authors: U. Banerjee, S. Goldring, J. Kirkby, J. Stocks, J. O. Warner, R. J. Boyle
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Preschool wheezing affects over 1/3 of children, and is associated with lung function deficits. There is a need for a clinical tool to evaluate lung function in preschool children, which is able to detect pathology associated with wheezing. Spirometry is the most common measurement of lung function in school aged children and adults, however spirometry measurements are a challenge in preschool children when conducted outside of specialised labs due to the complexity of the manoeuvres needed. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) is able to measure the resistance and resonant frequency of the lungs from normal breathing, and may be a suitable tool for assessing lung function in preschool children. This study aimed to measure the success rate of IOS for acquiring high quality lung function data in preschool children, and to evaluate the ability of the technique to detect differences between children with and without a history of wheezing. <h3>Methods</h3> We recruited 66 children aged 3–4 years from a hospital paediatric outpatients department. Parents were interviewed about their child9s health using a structured questionnaire. Children underwent allergy skin prick testing and lung function assessment using IOS pre- and post-bronchodilator. Variables recorded were resistance across 5–25 Hz, resonant frequency (Fres), reactance at 5 Hz and the percentage change in resistances across all frequencies post-bronchodilator. <h3>Results</h3> 42 (64%) of 66 children successfully completed lung function assessment using IOS. Younger children were less likely to successfully complete IOS readings (3–3.5 years children 41% success; 3.5–4 years children 71% success; p=0.03). We found a significant increase in Fres in children with a history of wheezing (mean 23.4 Hz wheeze, 19.4 Hz no wheeze; p=0.01). Furthermore, significant differences were found in the Fres of children who had previously been diagnosed with asthma by a doctor compared to non asthmatics (p=0.015); and those with atopy and wheeze compared to those with no atopic wheeze (p=0.015) (Abstract P79 Figure 1). <h3>Discussion</h3> IOS yields high quality lung function data in most children over 3.5 years age. The technique is able to detect group differences related to wheezing tendency in this age group, and may be a useful clinical tool for use in young children over 3.5 years.
Disruption of Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Results in Congenital Heart Defects and Cardiomyopathy Attributable to Early Cardiomyocyte Disorganization
Authors: Helen M. Phillips, Hong Jun Rhee, Jennifer N. Murdoch, Victoria Hildreth, Jonathan D. Peat, Robert H. Anderson, Andrew J. Copp, Bill Chaudhry, Deborah J. Henderson
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

The Drosophila scribble gene regulates apical-basal polarity and is implicated in control of cellular architecture and cell growth control. Mutations in mammalian Scrib ( circletail ; Crc mutant) also result in abnormalities suggestive of roles in planar cell polarity regulation. We show that Crc mutants develop heart malformations and cardiomyopathy attributable to abnormalities in cardiomyocyte organization within the early heart tube. N-Cadherin is lost from the cardiomyocyte cell membrane and cell–cell adhesion is disrupted. This results in abnormalities in heart looping and formation of both the trabeculae and compact myocardium, which ultimately results in cardiac misalignment defects and ventricular noncompaction. Thus, these late abnormalities arise from defects occurring at the earliest stages of heart development. Mislocalization of Vangl2 in Crc/Crc cardiomyocytes suggests Scrib is acting in the planar cell polarity pathway in this tissue. Moreover, double heterozygosity for mutations in both Scrib and Vangl2 can cause cardiac defects similar to those found in homozygous mutants for each gene but without other major defects. We propose that heterozygosity for mutations in different genes in the planar cell polarity pathway may be an important mechanism for congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy in humans.