tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Conventional Blood Glucose Monitoring as an Indicator of Integrated Glucose Values Using a Continuous Subcutaneous Sensor
Authors: Samara R. Zavalkoff, Constantin Polychronakos
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—To use a portable continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to evaluate how well the customary intermittent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) correlates with integrated values during the surrounding time periods in ambulatory patients with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In the study, 18 young patients with type 1 diabetes were monitored with CGMS for up to 72 h, during which they continued to perform the four standard SMBG tests (preprandial and bedtime). Correlations were examined between each of the four standard SMBG tests and the mean CGMS values from defined periods that preceded and followed. We also tested how well a low bedtime SMBG predicted nocturnal hypoglycemia. RESULTS—Strong correlations were found between 1) SMBG at breakfast and the mean CGMS value for the preceding 8 h (r = 0.7514), 2) SMBG at dinner and the CGMS from lunch to dinner (r = 0.7538), 3) SMBG at bedtime and the CGMS from dinner to bedtime (r = 0.8145), and 4) SMBG at bedtime and the CGMS from bedtime to breakfast (r = 0.6463). The remaining correlations were weak and not statistically significant. These correlations seem independent of insulin-delivery method as virtually identical results were obtained when data from patients on conventional versus intensive regimes were separately analyzed. A bedtime SMBG &amp;lt;7 mmol/l did not predict nocturnal hypoglycemia (defined as at least one CGMS value &amp;lt;3). CONCLUSIONS—The breakfast and dinnertime SMBG values are good indicators of integrated glucose values in the time period preceding them, while the bedtime test correlates well with the integrated values both preceding and following it. This information should aid in the meaningful use of SMBG to evaluate glycemic control and make insulin dose adjustments.
Increased Interleukin-4, Interleukin-5, and Interferon-γ in Airway CD4<sup>+</sup>and CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells in Atopic Asthma
Authors: Sang-Heon Cho, Luminita A. Stanciu, Stephen T. Holgate, Sebastian L. Johnston
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Increased Th2 cytokine production in asthma is widely accepted, but excess production by asthmatic human airway CD4(+) T cells has not been demonstrated, nor has a relationship with disease severity. The importance of airway CD8(+) T cell type 1 and type 2 cytokine production in asthma is unknown. We investigated frequencies of IFN-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) blood and sputum T cells from normal subjects and subjects with asthma and compared between cell subsets, subject groups, and body compartments with and without in vitro stimulation and investigated relationships between cytokine production and asthma severity. Production of IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma by unstimulated sputum CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was increased in subjects with asthma and related to disease severity, more for CD8(+) than for CD4(+) T cells. Frequencies of sputum CD8(+) T cells producing type 1 and type 2 cytokines were similar to those of CD4(+) T cells. In vitro stimulation polarized peripheral blood cytokine production toward IFN-gamma production, significantly more in subjects with asthma than in normal subjects. These data demonstrate increased type 1 and 2 cytokine production in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in sputum and relate production to disease severity. Findings in blood did not reflect those in airways.
Authors’ response to the letter: Liver resection for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and macrovascular invasion, multiple tumours or portal hypertension by Zhong<i>et al</i>
Authors: Jordi Bruix, Gregory Gores, Vincenzo Mazzaferro
Journal: Gut (2014)

We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the controversial issues surrounding treatment options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In the field of surgery or interventional radiology it is common to emphasise technical feasibility and early morbidity/mortality rather than medium/long-term survival. Expanding life expectancy of the patients in comparison with that offered by other treatments, or even no treatment, is the goal of therapy. In our review1 and in practice guidelines2 ,3 the recommendations were based on robust data from prospective studies, preferably randomised, in the target population that had the option of being investigated. In the setting of surgical resection there are now several studies showing that presence of vascular invasion, multifocal disease and portal hypertension are associated with a …
Insulin resistance aggravates atherosclerosis by reducing vascular smooth muscle cell survival and increasing CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis
Authors: Sergio Martínez-Hervás, Ángela Vinué, Laura Núñez, Irene Andrés-Blasco, Laura Piqueras, José Tomás Real, Juan Francisco Ascaso, Deborah Jane Burks, María Jesús Sanz, Herminia González-Navarro
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

AimsInsulin resistance (IR) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Life-threatening acute events are mainly due to rupture of unstable plaques, and the role of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in this process in IR, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome (T2DM/MetS) has not been fully addressed. Therefore, the role of VSMC survival in the generation of unstable plaques in T2DM/MetS and the involvement of inflammatory mediators was investigated.
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Regression After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Claus Rödel, Peter Martus, Thomas Papadoupolos, Laszlo Füzesi, Martin Klimpfinger, Rainer Fietkau, Torsten Liersch, Werner Hohenberger, Rudolf Raab, Rolf Sauer, Christian Wittekind
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

We assessed the impact of tumor regression grading (TRG) and its value in correlation to established prognostic factors in a cohort of rectal carcinoma patients treated by preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT).TRG was evaluated on surgical specimens of 385 patients treated within the preoperative CRT arm of the CAO/ARO/AIO-94 trial: 50.4 Gy was delivered, fluorouracil was given in the first and fifth week, and surgery was performed 6 weeks thereafter. TRG was determined by the amount of viable tumor versus fibrosis, ranging from TRG 4 when no viable tumor cells were detected, to TRG 0 when fibrosis was completely absent. TRG 3 was defined as regression more than 50% with fibrosis outgrowing the tumor mass, TRG 2 was defined as regression less than 50%, and TRG 1 was defined basically as a morphologically unaltered tumor mass. We performed an initially unplanned, hypothesis-generating analysis with respect to the prognostic value of this TRG system.TRG 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 was found in 10.4%, 52.2%, 13.8%, 15.3%, and 8.3% of the resected specimens, respectively. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) after CRT and curative resection was 86% for TRG 4, 75% for grouped TRG 2 + 3, and 63% for grouped TRG 0 + 1 (P = .006). On multivariate analysis, the pathologic T category and the nodal status after CRT were the most important independent prognostic factors for DFS.In this exploratory analysis, complete (TRG 4) and intermediate pathologic response (TRG 2 + 3) suggested improved DFS after preoperative CRT. TRG assessment should be implemented in pathologic evaluation and prospectively validated in further studies.
Surgical versus Nonsurgical Therapy for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: James N. Weinstein, Tor D. Tosteson, Jon D. Lurie, Anna N.A. Tosteson, Emily Blood, Brett Hanscom, Harry Herkowitz, Frank Cammisa, Todd Albert, Scott D. Boden, Alan Hilibrand, Harley Goldberg, Sigurd Berven, Howard An
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Surgery for spinal stenosis is widely performed, but its effectiveness as compared with nonsurgical treatment has not been shown in controlled trials.
Routine OGTT screening for CFRD - no thanks
Authors: Martin Walshaw
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2009)

With improvements in therapy and the organization of care, people with CF alive today can expect to survive, on average, well into their fourth decade.1 Indeed, it is anticipated that most of those born since the millennium may survive into their sixth decade,2 and already the majority of CF people in the Western world have reached adulthood. However, this improvement in survival has brought with it an increasing incidence of complications, either from the condition itself or as an unforeseen consequence of treatment. Such complications now include osteoporosis,3 gall stones,4 secondary biliary cirrhosis with subsequent portal hypertension and varices,5 kidney stones,6 and acute and chronic renal failure as a consequence of repeated nephrotoxic drug therapy (mainly aminoglycosides).7,8 In addition, women may wish to bear children, which complicate their management, and since nearly all men are infertile sperm harvesting and in vitro fertilization9 may be necessary. A good example of one such temporally‐related complication is that of glucose intolerance,10 which in its extreme form may fulfil the diagnostic criteria used in non‐CF patients for diabetes mellitus. Such people may then be labelled as suffering from CF‐related diabetes (CFRD).11 This is unusual before the age of 10 years,12 but increases with age such that at least 25% of the CF population will suffer from significant glucose intolerance by the age of 25 years.13
Treatment of Advanced Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder With Continuous-Infusion Gallium Nitrate
Authors: Paul A. Seligman, E. David Crawford
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1991)

Journal Article Treatment of Advanced Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder With Continuous-Infusion Gallium Nitrate Get access Paul A. Seligman, Paul A. Seligman Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. David Crawford E. David Crawford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 83, Issue 21, 6 November 1991, Pages 1582–1584, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/83.21.1582 Published: 06 November 1991 Article history Received: 12 June 1991 Revision received: 15 August 1991 Accepted: 21 August 1991 Published: 06 November 1991
Clonality, activated antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T cells, and development of autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGFβRII mice
Authors: Kazuhito Kawata, Guo-Xiang Yang, Yugo Ando, Hajime Tanaka, Weici Zhang, Yoshimasa Kobayashi, Koichi Tsuneyama, Patrick S.C. Leung, Zhe-Xiong Lian, William M. Ridgway, Aftab A. Ansari, Xiao-Song He, M. Eric Gershwin
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

There are several murine models described with features similar to human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Among these models, the one which has the closest serologic features to PBC is a mouse with a T-cell-restricted expression of the dominant negative transforming growth factor β receptor type II (dnTGFβRII). Our work has demonstrated that CD8 + T cells from dnTGFβRII mice transfer autoimmune cholangitis to Rag1 −/− recipients. However, it remained unclear whether the autoimmune cholangitis was secondary to an intrinsic function within CD8 + T cells or due to the abnormal TGFβR environment within which CD8 + T cells were generated. To address this mechanistic issue, we used our dnTGFβRII, OT-I/Rag1 −/− , OT-II/Rag1 −/− mice and in addition generated OT-I/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− , and OT-II/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− mice in which the entire T-cell repertoire was replaced with ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8 + or CD4 + T cells, respectively. Importantly, neither the parental OT-I/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− mice and/or OT-II/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− mice developed cholangitis. However, adoptive transfer demonstrated that only transfer of CD8 + T cells from dnTGFβRII mice but not CD8 + T cells from OT-I/Rag1 −/− mice or from OT-I/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− mice transferred disease. These data were not secondary to an absence of CD4 + T cell help since a combination of CD8 + T cells from OT-I/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− and CD4 + T cells from OT II/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− or CD8 + T cells from OT-I/dnTGFβRII/Rag1 −/− with CD4 + T cells from OT-II/Rag1 −/− mice failed to transfer disease. Conclusion : Defective TGFβRII signaling, in addition to clonal CD8 + T cells that target biliary cells, are required for induction of autoimmune cholangitis. (Hepatology 2013;53:1094–1104)
Subtypes of antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis before and after orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Elizabeth B. Haagsma, Michael Manns, Reinhild Klein, Joris Grond, Johannes R. Huizenga, Maarten J. H. Slooff, Karl-Hermann Meyer Zum Büschenfelde, Peter A. Berg, Chris H. Gips
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

Antimitochondrial antibodies are markers for primary biliary cirrhosis and probably reflect a specific defect in immunoregulation underlying this disease. Antimitochondrial antibodies and their primary biliary cirrhosis-specific subtypes were tested before and up to 6 years after orthotopic liver transplantation. Sera from 31 consecutive patients were tested, 15 patients had primary biliary cirrhosis and 16 non-primary biliary cirrhosis. Antimitochondrial antibodies were investigated under code by immunofluorescence, and primary biliary cirrhosis-specific subtypes were determined by radioimmunoassay (anti-p62, anti-p48) and complement fixation test (anti-M2, anti-M4, anti-M8). Before orthotopic liver transplantation, antimitochondrial antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence in 13 of 15 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Of these patients, 12 were positive for anti-p62 and 8 for anti-p48. Ten patients were positive for anti-M2, 4 patients for anti-M4 and 7 patients for anti-M8. Two primary biliary cirrhosis patients and all non-primary biliary cirrhosis patients were negative with all tests. One month after orthotopic liver transplantation, antimitochondrial antibodies titers declined or became negative by antimitochondrial antibodies immunofluorescence, 3 patients became negative by radioimmunoassay for anti-p62 and 1 for anti-p48. With complement fixation test, 4 patients became negative for anti-M2, 2 for anti-M4 and 4 for anti-M8. Antimitochondrial antibody titer reduction observed 1 month after orthotopic liver transplantation remained unchanged in most sera during the following years. A rise was observed in two patients after 4 and 5 years. We conclude that antimitochondrial antibodies titers detected by immunofluorescence and their primary biliary cirrhosis-specific subtypes decline after orthotopic liver transplantation or become negative. Subtypes after orthotopic liver transplantation are the same as before. Antimitochondrial antibody titer height does not influence long-term results. A recurrence of primary biliary cirrhosis was not observed in our primary biliary cirrhosis patients after orthotopic liver transplantation. Disappearance of antimitochondrial antibodies may be either due to prednisolone treatment or to a cure of the disease by orthotopic liver transplantation.
A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: François Chappuis, Suman Rijal, Alonso Soto, Joris Menten, Marleen Boelaert
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To compare the performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. <b>Data sources</b> Medline, citation tracking, January 1986 to December 2004. <b>Selection criteria</b> Original studies evaluating the direct agglutination test or the rK39 dipstick with clinical visceral leishmaniasis as target condition; adequate reference classification; and absolute numbers of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative observations available or derivable from the data presented. <b>Results</b> 30 studies evaluating the direct agglutination test and 13 studies evaluating the rK39 dipstick met the inclusion criteria. The combined sensitivity estimates of the direct agglutination test and the rK39 dipstick were 94.8% (95% confidence interval 92.7% to 96.4%) and 93.9% (87.7% to 97.1%), respectively. Sensitivity seemed higher and more homogenous in the studies carried out in South Asia. Specificity estimates were influenced by the type of controls. In phase III studies carried out on patients with clinically suspected disease, the estimated specificity of the direct agglutination test was 85.9% (72.3% to 93.4%) and of the rK39 dipstick was 90.6% (66.8% to 97.9%). <b>Conclusion</b> The diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and the rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis is good to excellent and seem comparable.
Heat shock protein 90 inhibitors attenuate inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis
Authors: Julio Madrigal-Matute, Oscar López-Franco, Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio, Begoña Muñoz-García, Priscila Ramos-Mozo, Luis Ortega, Jesus Egido, Jose Luis Martín-Ventura
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

AimsHeat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a ubiquitous chaperone involved in the folding, activation, and assembly of many proteins. HSP90 inhibitors [17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldamycin (17-AAG)/17-dimethyl aminothylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin hydrochloride (17-DMAG)] bind to and inactivate HSP90, increasing the heat shock response and suppressing different signalling pathways. We aim to investigate the effect of HSP90 inhibitors in the modulation of inflammatory responses during atherogenesis.
Intestinal Npt2b Plays a Major Role in Phosphate Absorption and Homeostasis
Authors: Yves Sabbagh, Stephen P. O'Brien, Wenping Song, Joseph H. Boulanger, Adam Stockmann, Cynthia Arbeeny, Susan C. Schiavi
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Intestinal phosphate absorption occurs through both a paracellular mechanism involving tight junctions and an active transcellular mechanism involving the type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter NPT2b (SLC34a2). To define the contribution of NPT2b to total intestinal phosphate absorption, we generated an inducible conditional knockout mouse, Npt2b(-/-) (Npt2b(fl/fl):Cre(+/-)). Npt2b(-/-) animals had increased fecal phosphate excretion and hypophosphaturia, but serum phosphate remained unchanged. Decreased urinary phosphate excretion correlated with reduced serum levels of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23 and increased protein expression of the renal phosphate transporter Npt2a. These results demonstrate that the absence of Npt2b triggers compensatory renal mechanisms to maintain phosphate homeostasis. In animals fed a low phosphate diet followed by acute administration of a phosphate bolus, Npt2b(-/-) animals absorbed approximately 50% less phosphate than wild-type animals, confirming a major role of this transporter in phosphate regulation. In vitro analysis of active phosphate transport in ileum segments isolated from wild-type or Npt2b(-/-) mice demonstrated that Npt2b contributes to >90% of total active phosphate absorption. In summary, Npt2b is largely responsible for intestinal phosphate absorption and contributes to the maintenance of systemic phosphate homeostasis.
Evolution of the frequency (frq) clock locus in Ascomycete fungi
Authors: M. T. Lewis, J. F. Feldman
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

The frequency (frq) locus of Neurospora crassa plays a key role in the organization of circadian rhythms. Similar timing systems have been found in nearly all eukaryotes as well as some prokaryotes; thus, frq may be an excellent gene with which to conduct evolutionary studies. To investigate, we used the cloned frq locus from ascomycete fungi representing two classical taxonomic classes and three orders to examine two open questions in ascomycete evolution. Class Pyrenomycetidae is represented by several species of Neurospora, Sordaria fimicola, and Chromocrea spinulosa; class Loculoascomycetidae is represented by the marine fungus Leptosphaeria australiensis. Generation of detailed restriction maps of homologs from the Neurospora species allows analysis of evolutionary relationships among these closely related species. A maximum-parsimony tree based on these restriction data suggests that Neurospora tetrasperma groups more closely with Neurospora sitophila than with Neurospora crassa using the homothallic species Neurospora galapagosensis as an outgroup. A maximum-parsimony tree derived using amino acid sequences from Neurospora crassa, Sordaria fimicola, Chromocrea spinulosa, and Leptosphaeria australiensis surprisingly suggests that Leptosphaeria austral should be classified within Pyrenomycetes rather than in a separate class. This suggestion is based on the observations that Leptosphaeria groups with Chromocrea on an evolutionary tree, is more closely related to Neurospora and Sordaria than is Chromocrea, and shares a conserved intron with Chromocrea. Together, these data show that frq is a useful gene with which to conduct evolutionary studies.
Measurement of Cerebral Hemispheric Blood Flow by Intracarotid Injection of Hydrogen Gas: VALIDATION OF THE METHOD IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Yukito Shinohara, John S. Meyer, Akira Kitamura, Masanaru Toyoda, Tisuke Ryu
Journal: Circulation Research (1969)

To develop a reliable method for measuring hemispheric blood flow and metabolism in man, the clearance of hydrogen was measured in the cerebral lateral sinus blood of macaque monkeys after intracarotid injection. Hydrogen is an inert gas and its clearance from cerebral venous blood depends solely on arterial inflow, and since it is highly diffusible, rapid equilibrium is maintained between brain tissue and its capillary-venous blood. Cerebral venous clearance curves for hydrogen appeared to provide accurate and reproducible measures of cerebral blood flow. A bolus of 0.2 to 0.3 ml of saline saturated with hydrogen was injected rapidly into the internal carotid artery. Electrodes placed on the cortex showed that the bolus was almost exclusively distributed to the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Blood flow of each hemisphere was calculated by Meier and Zierler's formula based on the Stewart-Hamilton principle, as well as by compartmental analysis. The values obtained for hemispheric blood flow were in good agreement with average cerebral blood flow measured by inhalation of hydrogen using the Fick principle. Values for hemispheric blood flow were the same whether the intracarotid injection of hydrogen was rapid or slow.
Rapid and specific conversion of precursor interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) to an active IL-1 species by human mast cell chymase.
Authors: H Mizutani, N Schechter, G Lazarus, R A Black, T S Kupper
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

Secretory granules of human dermal mast cells contain a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase called chymase. In this study, we demonstrate that the inactive cytokine, 31 kD interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), can be converted rapidly to an 18 kD biologically active species by human mast cell chymase. The product formed is three amino acids longer at the amino terminus than the mature IL-1 beta produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and has comparable biological activity. Because chymase is a secretory granule constituent, it is likely to be released into the surrounding tissue when mast cells degranulate. It is also known that non-bone marrow derived cells resident in skin (keratinocytes, fibroblasts) produce but do not process 31 kD IL-1 beta. In this context, chymase may be a potent activator of locally produced 31 kD IL-1 beta. Mast cells lie in close apposition to blood vessels in dermis; therefore, chymase mediated conversion of 31 kD IL-1 beta might be expected to have a critical role in the initiation of the inflammatory response in skin.