tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Maintaining skin integrity in the aged: a systematic review
Authors: J. Kottner, A. Lichterfeld, U. Blume-Peytavi
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Ageing is associated with structural and functional changes of the skin that result in increased vulnerability. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize empirical evidence about the efficacy and effectiveness of basic skin care interventions for maintaining skin integrity in the aged. The databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL (1990-2012), Scopus, SCI (February 2013) and reference lists were searched. Inclusion criteria were primary intervention studies using skin care products in physiologically aged skin (lower age limit 50 years). Study and sample characteristics, interventions and outcomes were extracted. The methodological quality was assessed and a level of evidence was assigned. From 1535 screened articles 188 were read in full text. From these, 33 articles were included reporting results on treating dry skin conditions, and preventing incontinence-associated dermatitis and superficial ulcerations. Most studies had lower levels of evidence of 3 or 4. Skin-cleansing products containing syndets or amphoteric surfactants compared with standard soap and water washing improved skin dryness and demonstrated skin-protecting effects. Moisturizers containing humectants consistently showed statistically significant improvements in skin dryness. Skin barrier products containing occlusives reduced the occurrence of skin injuries compared with standard or no treatment. Owing to methodological limitations the current evidence base for basic skin care in the aged is weak. Using low-irritating cleansing products and humectant- or occlusive-containing moisturizers seems to be the best strategy for maintaining the skin barrier function and integrity. We know little about the effects of cleansing regimens and about the benefits of moisturizers when compared with each other.
The Physiologic Explanation of the Changes in the Coronary Circulation Precipitated by Aortic-Coronary Sinus Anastomosis12
Authors: Alvin A. Bakst, Jaime Costas—Durieux, Harry Goldberg, Charles P. Bailey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1954)

Retrograde blood flow and oxygen content of blood from the distal cut end of the ligated left circumflex coronary artery in normal dogs *
Epinephrine Exerts Anticoagulant Effects during Human Endotoxemia
Authors: Tom van der Poll, Marcel Levi, Mieke Dentener, Patty M. Jansen, Susette M. Coyle, Carla C. Braxton, Wim A. Buurman, C. Erik Hack, Jan W. ten Cate, Stephen F. Lowry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

To determine the effect of a physiologically relevant elevation in the plasma concentrations of epinephrine on the activation of the hemostatic mechanism during endotoxemia, 17 healthy men were studied after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 2 ng/kg), while receiving a continuous infusion of epinephrine (30 ng/kg/min) started either 3 h (n = 5) or 24 h (n = 6) before LPS injection, or an infusion of normal saline (n = 6). Activation of the coagulation system (plasma concentrations of thrombin–antithrombin III complexes and prothrombin fragment F1+2) was significantly attenuated in the groups treated with epinephrine when compared with subjects injected with LPS only (P &amp;lt;0.05). Epinephrine enhanced LPS-induced activation of fibrinolysis (plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasmin-α2–antiplasmin complexes; P &amp;lt;0.05), but did not influence inhibition of fibrinolysis (plasminogen activator inhibitor type I). In subjects infused with epinephrine, the ratio of maximal activation of coagulation and maximal activation of fibrinolysis was reduced by &amp;gt;50%. Hence, epinephrine exerts antithrombotic effects during endotoxemia by concurrent inhibition of coagulation, and stimulation of fibrinolysis. Epinephrine, whether endogenously produced or administered as a component of treatment, may limit the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation during systemic infection.
Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. 2. Effect of ethanol on ATP and ATPase activities in guinea-pig jejunum.
Authors: N Krasner, H A Carmichael, R I Russell, G G Thompson, K M Cochran
Journal: Gut (1976)

After the exposure of isolated segments of guinea-pig jejunum to 2% ethanol for one hour, a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) in the adenosine triphosphate content (ATP) was observed when compared with levels found in segments perfused with Krebs9 solution. However, no alteration was noted in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The chronic administration of 50% ethanol in a dose of 2-5 g/kg for two weeks did not affect either the ATP content or ATPase activity in jejunal mucosa.
Evolutionary Genomics of Nuclear Receptors: From Twenty-Five Ancestral Genes to Derived Endocrine Systems
Authors: Stéphanie Bertrand, Frédéric G. Brunet, Hector Escriva, Gilles Parmentier, Vincent Laudet, Marc Robinson-Rechavi
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Bilaterian animals are notably characterized by complex endocrine systems. The receptors for many steroids, retinoids, and other hormones belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors, which are transcription factors regulating many aspects of development and homeostasis. Despite a diversity of regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles, nuclear receptors share a common protein organization. To obtain the broad picture of bilaterian nuclear hormone receptor evolution, we have characterized the complete set of nuclear receptor genes from nine animal genome sequences and analyzed it in a phylogenetic framework. In addition, expressed sequence tags from key lineages with no available genome sequence were also searched. This allows us to date the evolutionary events that led from an ancestral nuclear receptor gene, in an early metazoan, to present day diversity. We show that there were ∼25 nuclear receptor genes in Urbilateria, the ancestor of bilaterians, at which point the fundamental diversity of the subfamily was already established. Surprisingly, differential gene loss played an important role in the evolution of different nuclear receptor sets in bilaterian lineages. The nuclear receptor distribution was also shaped by periods of gene duplication, essentially in vertebrates, as well as a lineage-specific duplication burst in nematodes. Our results imply that the genes for major receptors such as steroid receptors or thyroid hormone receptors were present in Urbilateria.
Effect of Prostaglandin and Seminal Fluid on Human Chorioamniotic Membranes
Authors: J. Patrick Lavery
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Coitus during pregnancy has long been thought to be associated with adverse obstetric outcome. One critical problem in this connection is membrane rupture leading to preterm delivery. We studied 220 human chorioamniotic membranes and evaluated their tensile strength after exposure to human seminal fluid and specific prostaglandins. It was concluded that the biochemical constituents of seminal fluid do not have an adverse effect on the strength of human chorionic membranes. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;245:2425-2427)
Detection of identical Hodgkin–Reed Sternberg cell specific immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease of mixed cellularity subtype at primary diagnosis and in relapse two and a half years later
Authors: A. Jox, T. Zander, M. Kornacker, H. Kanzler, R. Küppers, V. Diehl, J. Wolf
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1998)
Early and late results of pericardiectomy in 118 cases of constrictive pericarditis.
Authors: V V Bashi, S John, E Ravikumar, P S Jairaj, K Shyamsunder, S Krishnaswami
Journal: Thorax (1988)

The medical records of 118 patients (86 male, 32 female, age 10-50 (mean 27) years) who underwent pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, from 1954 to 1985 were reviewed. All had appreciable pericardial constriction. Preoperatively 97 of the 118 were in class III or IV of the New York Heart Association classification and 100 had peripheral oedema or ascites. Tuberculosis was proved as the cause in 72 patients. Pericardiectomy was accomplished through a standard anterolateral thoracotomy (107 cases), median sternotomy (3 cases), or bilateral thoracotomy (8 cases). Postoperatively an apparent low cardiac output state was seen in 34 patients, 12 of whom died. Hospital mortality in the last 12 years was 11%. Mortality was higher in NYHA class III and IV patients. The improved surgical results recently may be related to increased use of inotropic support and prolonged ventilation. At follow up there were 72 patients in whom functional capacity could be assessed; 63 were in class I or II. The poor results of pericardiectomy in some patients are likely to be related to advanced preoperative disability and early pericardiectomy is therefore recommended.
Cardiac neural crest: the holy grail of cardiac abnormalities?
Authors: M van den Hoff
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

See article by Conway et al. [1] (pages 314–328) in this issue. 

In this issue of Cardiovascular Research the group of Conway presents convincing data showing that the phenotype of the Splotch Sp2H mouse is the result of a decrease in the absolute numbers of pre-migratory cardiac neural crest cells rather than to a malfunctioning of the cardiac neural crest cells. These observations touch upon the important question of whether the quality, i.e. neural crest origin or merely the quantity of the mesenchyme is important for proper outflow tract (OFT) septation [1].

During early development neural folds are formed along the anteroposterior-axis in the ectoderm. Upon fusion the folds give rise to the neural tube. During the process of neural tube formation, cells detach at the border of the neural and epidermal ectoderm, i.e. at the dorsal aspect of the forming neural tube. These cells are referred to as neural crest cells. Neural crest cells migrate along defined pathways throughout the body. Upon arrival at their destination, they differentiate into various cell types, among which melanocytes, peripheral neurons and their supporting cells, and skeletal elements. The neural crest cells are formed along the entire cranio–caudal axis of the body and can be divided into two major populations the cranial and truncal neural crest cells. The cranial neural crest extends from the diencephalon up to somite pair 5, and the truncal neural crest from somite pair 6 to the caudal end of the neural tube. The truncal neural crest is involved in sympathetic innervation of the heart, whereas the cranial neural crest is associated with parasympathetic innervation of the heart. The part of the cranial neural crest that extends from the mid-otic placode (or cleft between pharyngeal arch 2 and 3) to the level of somite pair 3 (or … 

* Corresponding author. University of Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-20-566-5378; fax: +31-20-697-6177 m.j.vandenhoff{at}amc.uva.nl
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Secreted from Prostate Stromal Cells Mediates Tumor-Stromal Cell Interactions of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Manabu Kawada, Hiroyuki Inoue, Tohru Masuda, Daishiro Ikeda
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Prostate cancer shows high expression of type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) and prostate stromal cells (PrSC) produce IGF-I. Although high plasma level of IGF-I is a risk factor of prostate cancer, the significance of the prostate stromal IGF-I in the regulation of prostate cancer remains elusive. Here we show that the stromal IGF-I certainly regulates the development of prostate cancer. Coinoculation of PrSC increased the growth of human prostate cancer LNCaP and DU-145 tumors in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The conditioned medium of PrSC, as well as IGF-I, induced phosphorylation of IGF-IR and increased the growth of LNCaP and DU-145 cells. PrSC, but not LNCaP and DU-145 cells, secreted significant amounts of IGF-I. Coculture with PrSC increased the growth of DU-145 cells in vitro but the pretreatment of PrSC with small interfering RNA of IGF-I did not enhance it. Furthermore, various chemical inhibitors consisting of 79 compounds with ∼60 different targets led to the finding that only IGF-IR inhibitor suppressed the PrSC-induced growth enhancement of DU-145 cells. Thus, these results show that the prostate stromal IGF-I mediates tumor-stromal cell interactions of prostate cancer to accelerate tumor growth, supporting the idea that the IGF-I signaling is a valuable target for the treatment of prostate cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4419-25)
Adenosine myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in women compared with men
Authors: Daniel S Berman, Xingping Kang, Sean W Hayes, John D Friedman, Ishac Cohen, Aiden Abidov, Leslee J Shaw, Aman M Amanullah, Guido Germano, Rory Hachamovitch
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis of bronchopulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma.
Authors: P J Hanson, J N Harcourt-Webster, B G Gazzard, J V Collins
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Kaposi's sarcoma of the lung patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome is often indistinguishable by clinical and radiographic criteria from opportunistic pneumonia. Pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma and pneumonia may frequently be present in the same patient. Previous observers have commented on the repeated failure to establish a diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma of the lung by fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Thirteen fibreoptic bronchoscopies were performed in a series of 11 patients with thoracic manifestations of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma was identified in transbronchial or bronchial biopsy specimens in four patients. This diagnostic yield is comparable to that obtained only by open lung biopsy procedures in previous reports. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy may contribute to the correct management of the patient and facilitate an accurate prognosis by differentiating between opportunistic pneumonia and pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma.
A molecular phylogeny for the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup and the problem of polymorphism data
Authors: A. Caccone, E. N. Moriyama, J. M. Gleason, L. Nigro, J. R. Powell
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

Drosophila melanogaster belongs to a closely related group of eight species collectively known as the melanogaster subgroup; all are native to sub-Saharan Africa and islands off the east coast of Africa. The phylogenetic relationships of most species in this subgroup have been well documented; however, the three most closely related species, D. simulans, D. sechellia, and D. mauritiana, have remained problematic from a phylogenetic standpoint as no data set has unambiguously resolved them. We present new DNA sequence data on the nullo and Serendipity-alpha genes and combine them with all available nuclear DNA sequence data; the total data encompass 12 genes and the ITS of rDNA. A methodological problem arose because nine of the genes had information on intraspecific polymorphisms in at least one species. We explored the effect of inclusion/exclusion of polymorphic sites and found that it had very little effect on phylogenetic inferences, due largely to the fact that 82% of polymorphisms are autapomorphies (unique to one species). We have also reanalyzed our previous DNA-DNA hybridization data with a bootstrap procedure. The combined sequence data set and the DNA-DNA hybridization data strongly support the sister status of the two island species, D. sechellia and D. mauritiana. This at least partially resolves what had been a paradox of parallel evolution in these two species.
Molecular Evolution of the Lens Crystallin Superfamily: Evidence for a Retained Ancestral Function in N Crystallins?
Authors: C. J. Weadick, B. S.W. Chang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Within the vertebrate eye, betagamma crystallins are extremely stable lens proteins that are uniquely adapted to increase refractory power while maintaining transparency. Unlike alpha crystallins, which are well-characterized, multifunctional proteins that have important functions both in and out of the lens, betagamma lens crystallins are a diverse group of proteins with no clear ancestral or contemporary nonlens role. We carried out phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses of the betagamma-crystallin superfamily in order to study the evolutionary history of the gamma N crystallins, a recently discovered, biochemically atypical family suggested to possess a divergent or ancestral function. By including nonlens, betagamma-motif-containing sequences in our analysis as outgroups, we confirmed the phylogenetic position of the gamma N family as sister to other gamma crystallins. Using maximum likelihood codon models to estimate lineage-specific nonsynonymous-to-synonymous rate ratios revealed strong positive selection in all of the early lineages within the betagamma family, with the striking exception of the lineage leading to the gamma N crystallins which was characterized by strong purifying selection. Branch-site analysis, used to identify candidate sites involved in functional divergence between gamma N crystallins and its sister clade containing all other gamma crystallins, identified several positively selected changes at sites of known functional importance in the betagamma crystallin protein structure. Further analyses of a fish-specific gamma N crystallin gene duplication revealed a more recent episode of positive selection in only one of the two descendant lineages (gamma N2). Finally, from the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, we isolated complete gamma N1 and gamma N2 coding sequence data from cDNA and partial coding sequence data from genomic DNA in order to confirm the presence of a novel gamma N2 intron, discovered through data mining of two pufferfish genomes. We conclude that the function of the gamma N family likely resembles the ancestral vertebrate betagamma crystallin more than other betagamma families. Furthermore, owing to the presence of an additional intron in some fish gamma N2 crystallins, and the inferred action of positive selection following the fish-specific gamma N duplication, we suggest that further study of fish gamma N crystallins will be critical in further elucidating possible ancestral functions of gamma N crystallins and any nonstructural role they may have.
Pharmacogenetic testing affects choice of therapy among women considering tamoxifen treatment
Authors: Wendy Lorizio, Hope Rugo, Mary S Beattie, Simone Tchu, Teri Melese, Michelle Melisko, Alan HB Wu, H Jeffrey Lawrence, Michele Nikoloff, Elad Ziv
Journal: Genome Medicine (2011)

Pharmacogenetic testing holds major promise in allowing physicians to tailor therapy to patients based on genotype. However, there is little data on the impact of pharmacogenetic test results on patient and clinician choice of therapy. CYP2D6 testing among tamoxifen users offers a potential test case of the use of pharmacogenetic testing in the clinic. We evaluated the effect of CYP2D6 testing in clinical practice to determine whether genotype results affected choice of hormone therapy in a prospective cohort study.Women planning to take or currently taking tamoxifen were considered eligible. Participants were enrolled in an informational session that reviewed the results of studies of CYP2D6 genotype on breast cancer recurrence. CYP2D6 genotyping was offered to participants using the AmpliChip CYP450 Test. Women were classified as either poor, intermediate, extensive or ultra-rapid metabolizers. Results were provided to clinicians without specific treatment recommendations. Follow-up was performed with a structured phone interview 3 to 6 months after testing to evaluate changes in medication.A total of 245 women were tested and 235 completed the follow-up survey. Six of 13 (46%) women classified as poor metabolizers reported changing treatment compared with 11 of 218 (5%) classified as intermediate, extensive or ultra-rapid metabolizers (P < 0.001). There was no difference in treatment choices between women classified as intermediate and extensive metabolizers. In multi-variate models that adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, educational status, method of referral into the study, prior knowledge of CYP2D6 testing, the patients' CYP2D6 genotype was the only significant factor that predicted a change in therapy (odds ratio 22.8; 95% confidence interval 5.2 to 98.8). Genetic testing did not affect use of co-medications that interact with CYP2D6.CYP2D6 genotype testing led to changes in therapy among poor metabolizers, even in the absence of definitive data that an alternative medicine improved outcomes. Pharmacogenetic testing can affect choice of therapy, even in the absence of definitive data on clinical impact.
Communication about the ending of anticancer treatment and transition to palliative care
Authors: T. Morita, T. Akechi, M. Ikenaga, Y. Kizawa, H. Kohara, T. Mukaiyama, T. Nakaho, N. Nakashima, Y. Shima, T. Matsubara, M. Fujimori, Y. Uchitomi
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)
Bcl-2 Acts in a Proangiogenic Signaling Pathway through Nuclear Factor-κB and CXC Chemokines
Authors: Elisabeta Karl, Kristy Warner, Benjamin Zeitlin, Tomoatsu Kaneko, Lindsey Wurtzel, Taocong Jin, Jia Chang, Shaomeng Wang, Cun-Yu Wang, Robert M. Strieter, Gabriel Nunez, Peter J. Polverini, Jacques E. Nör
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces expression of Bcl-2 in tumor-associated microvascular endothelial cells. We have previously reported that up-regulated Bcl-2 expression in microvascular endothelial cells is sufficient to enhance intratumoral angiogenesis and to accelerate tumor growth. We initially attributed these results to Bcl-2–mediated endothelial cell survival. However, in recent experiments, we observed that conditioned medium from Bcl-2–transduced human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC-Bcl-2) is sufficient to induce potent neovascularization in the rat corneal assay, whereas conditioned medium from empty vector controls (HDMEC-LXSN) does not induce angiogenesis. These results cannot be attributed to the role of Bcl-2 in cell survival. To understand this unexpected observation, we did gene expression arrays that revealed that the expression of the proangiogenic chemokines interleukin-8 (CXCL8) and growth-related oncogene-α (CXCL1) is significantly higher in HDMEC exposed to VEGF and in HDMEC-Bcl-2 than in controls. Inhibition of Bcl-2 expression with small interfering RNA-Bcl-2, or the inhibition of Bcl-2 function with small molecule inhibitor BL-193, down-regulated CXCL8 and CXCL1 expression and caused marked decrease in the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells without affecting cell viability. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is highly activated in HDMEC exposed to VEGF and HDMEC-Bcl-2 cells, and genetic and chemical approaches to block the activity of NF-κB down-regulated CXCL8 and CXCL1 expression levels. These results reveal a novel function for Bcl-2 as a proangiogenic signaling molecule and suggest a role for this pathway in tumor angiogenesis.
Idiopathic acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Authors: K. J. Breen, K. W. Perkins, S. P. Mistilis, R. Shearman
Journal: Gut (1970)

A maternal survivor of idiopathic fatty liver, with the characteristic histological appearance on liver biopsy, is reported. Profound hypoglycaemia was the major complication in this patient and it is suggested that more attention should be given to the blood glucose in this disease. The consideration of future pregnancy in this patient is discussed.