tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Secondhand smoke is associated with more frequent hospitalizations in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: S. Christy Sadreameli, Michelle N. Eakin, Kayin T. Robinson, Rachel O. Alade, John J. Strouse
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2015)

Tobacco smoke exposure has been associated with more frequent hospitalizations in children with sickle cell disease (SCD), but previous studies have not quantified the exposure by objective methods. We enrolled 50 children and young adults with SCD in a retrospective and prospective cohort study and quantified tobacco smoke exposure by objective (salivary cotinine) and survey measures. We used a multivariable negative binomial regression model to evaluate the association between salivary cotinine and hospital admissions. Forty-five percent (22/49) of participants had significant elevation of salivary cotinine (≥ 0.5 ng/ml). The incidence risk ratio (IRR) for hospital admission for those with elevated cotinine was 3.7 (95% CI 1.8-8). Those exposed to secondhand smoke but not primary smokers (cotinine between 0.5 and 10 ng/ml) had a similarly increased risk of hospitalization [IRR 4.3 (95% CI 1.8-10)]. We show that an objective measure of tobacco smoke exposure, salivary cotinine, is strongly associated with the rate of hospital admissions in children and young adults with SCD. This association underscores the importance of screening for tobacco smoke exposure in people with SCD. Further investigation is warranted to determine the mechanisms of and to evaluate interventions to decrease tobacco smoke exposure.
Review of<i>Textbook of Stroke Medicine, 2nd ed</i>
Authors: Mehari Gebreyohanns
Journal: JAMA Neurology (2015)

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Simultaneous Biatrial High-Density (510–512 Electrodes) Epicardial Mapping of Persistent and Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients
Authors: Seungyup Lee, Jayakumar Sahadevan, Celeen M. Khrestian, Ivan Cakulev, Alan Markowitz, Albert L. Waldo
Journal: Circulation (2015)

Background— The mechanism(s) of persistent and long-standing persistent (LSP) atrial fibrillation (AF) is/are poorly understood. We performed high-density, simultaneous, biatrial, epicardial mapping of persistent and LSP AF in patients undergoing open heart surgery (1) to test the hypothesis that persistent and LSP AF are due to ≥1 drivers, either focal or reentrant, and (2) to characterize associated atrial activation. Methods and Results— Twelve patients with persistent and LSP AF (1 month to 9 years duration) were studied at open heart surgery. During AF, electrograms were recorded from both atria simultaneously for 1 to 5 minutes from 510 to 512 epicardial electrodes with ECG lead II. Thirty-two consecutive seconds of activation sequence maps were produced per patient. During AF, multiple foci (QS unipolar atrial electrograms) of different cycle lengths (mean, 175±18 ms) were present in both atria in 11 of 12 patients. Foci (2–4 per patient, duration 5–32 s) were either sustained or intermittent, were predominantly found in the lateral left atrial free wall, and likely acted as drivers. Random and nonrandom breakthrough activation sites (initial r or R in unipolar atrial electrograms) were also found. In 1 of 12 patients, only breakthrough sites were found. All wave fronts emanated from foci and breakthrough sites, and largely either collided or merged with each other at variable sites. Repetitive focal QS activation occasionally generated repetitive wannabe reentrant activation in 5 of 12 patients. No actual reentry was found. Conclusions— During persistent and LSP AF in 12 patients, wave fronts emanating from foci and breakthrough sites maintained AF. No reentry was demonstrated.
The Potential Utility of HPV Genotyping in Screening and Clinical Management
Authors: Philip E Castle
Journal: Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2008)

Detection of specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, or HPV genotyping, may be useful for differentiating between those women who are carcinogenic HPV-positive at lower and higher risk for cervical precancer and cancer. Considerable evidence already exists that the absolute risk for cervical precancer and cancer varies considerably among specific HPV genotypes, and that detection of HPV-16 and -18 may have clinical usefulness, especially among women who tested positive for carcinogenic HPV and have negative cytology. Detection of persistent carcinogenic HPV is strongly associated with cervical precancer and cancer and strongly predicts its development, and might be used to monitor the outcomes of HPV infections. However, several practical considerations must be addressed before HPV genotyping can be used in screening and clinical management.
Increased therapeutic index of weekly doxorubicin in the therapy of non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective, randomized study.
Authors: M Valdivieso, M A Burgess, M S Ewer, B Mackay, S Wallace, R S Benjamin, M K Ali, G P Bodey, E J Freireich
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (1984)

One hundred patients with non-small cell lung cancer were entered into a randomized evaluation of two schedules of doxorubicin combined with ftorafur, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin (FACP). Doxorubicin was given either weekly at 20 mg/m2, or every three weeks (standard) at 60 mg/m2. Fifty-two patients were randomized to the FACP/weekly doxorubicin arm and 48 patients to the FACP/standard doxorubicin arm. The FACP/weekly doxorubicin regimen was associated with higher complete and partial remission rates (31% versus 19%), longer response duration (median, 33 versus 21 weeks), and longer survival duration for responders (median, 58 versus 50 weeks). These differences were not significant. Less neutropenia (p = 0.01) and less infectious morbidity (p = 0.05) were observed in the FACP/weekly doxorubicin arm. Twenty-eight patients underwent 35 endomyocardial biopsies to assess doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Sixteen biopsies were performed in 12 patients receiving cumulative doxorubicin doses ranging from 250 to 1,190 mg/m2 within the FACP/weekly doxorubicin arm. Nineteen biopsies were performed in 16 patients receiving cumulative doxorubicin doses ranging from 250 to 540 mg/m2 within the FACP/standard doxorubicin regimen. The FACP/weekly doxorubicin regimen was associated with significantly lower cardiotoxicity scores (p = 0.01). This study indicates that weekly administered doxorubicin is as effective and less cardiotoxic than the standard schedule.
Protective effect of HLA-DRB1*13 alleles during specific phases in the development of ACPA-positive RA
Authors: Jurgen van Heemst, Aase H Hensvold, Xia Jiang, Hanna van Steenbergen, Lars Klareskog, Tom W J Huizinga, Annette van der Helm-van Mil, Anca I Catrina, René E M Toes, Karin Lundberg, Diane van der Woude
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Objective</h3> Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*13 alleles are associated with protection from anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is, however, unknown at which phase of disease development (seroconversion, ACPA maturation, disease onset or outcome) these alleles are most important. We therefore examined the effect of HLA-DRB1*13 on: ACPA presence (systemic autoimmunity associated with RA) in individuals with and without RA, on ACPA characteristics and on clinical outcome measures. <h3>Methods</h3> The effect of HLA-DRB1*13 on ACPA presence in subjects with or without RA (non-RA) was assessed in the Swedish twin registry (n=10 748). ACPA characteristics were studied in patients with ACPA-positive RA from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of RA (EIRA, n=1224) and the Dutch Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic (EAC, n=441). Disease activity at inclusion and disease outcome (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD)-free sustained remission and radiographic progression) was assessed in patients with RA from the EAC. <h3>Results</h3> HLA-DRB1*13 is associated with protection from ACPA-positive RA (prevalence 16% vs 28% in ACPA-negative non-RA), but not with significant protection from ACPA in individuals without RA (prevalence: 22%, p value 0.09). HLA-DRB1*13 is associated with lower ACPA-levels (EIRA: 447 U/ml versus 691 U/ml, p value= 0.0002) and decreased citrullinated epitope recognition (EIRA: p&lt;0.0001). No association between HLA-DRB1*13 and disease activity or outcome was found. <h3>Conclusions</h3> These data indicate that HLA-DRB1*13 mainly affects the onset of ACPA-positive RA in ACPA-positive non-RA individuals. In RA, HLA-DRB1*13 influences ACPA characteristics but not the disease course. This implies that therapeutic strategies aimed at emulating the HLA-DBR1*13 protective effect may be most effective in ACPA-positive healthy individuals at risk for RA.
Effectiveness of an advanced hemostatic pad combined with harmonic scalpel in thyroid surgery. A prospective study
Authors: Roberto Ruggiero, Ludovico Docimo, Salvatore Tolone, Maurizio De Palma, Mario Musella, Angela Pezzolla, Adelmo Gubitosi, Domenico Parmeggiani, Raffaele Pirozzi, Simona Gili, Simona Parisi, Antonio D'Alessandro, Giovanni Docimo
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2015)
Morbidity and Mortality of Radical Cystectomy (1971–78 and 1978–85)
Authors: W F Hendry
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1986)

The mortality after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion has been reduced from 11% in 53 patients operated on during 1971-78, to 2.5% in a similar group of 120 patients operated on during 1978-85. Amongst the latter, mortality varied from 0 amongst 32 non-irradiated patients, to 1 (3%) of 33 after planned preoperative radiotherapy and 2 (3.6%) of 55 after previous radical radiotherapy. The improvement in results appears to be due to a number of factors including routine intensive care in the early postoperative phase, with epidural analgesia, and meticulous attention to haemostasis and the technical details of construction of the ileal conduit.
The evidence needed to make surgery a global health priority
Authors: Ruairí Brugha, Leon Bijlmakers, Eric Borgstein, John Kachimba
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2015)

In their policy analysis, Yusra Ribhi Shawar and colleagues (August, 2015)1Shawar YR Shiffman J Spiegel DA Generation of political priority for global surgery: a qualitative policy analysis.Lancet Glob Health. 2015; 3: e487-e495Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (71) Google Scholar outline the complex responses needed to make surgery a global health priority, highlighting as a major challenge that “consensus needs to be reached on solutions”. Professional interests might have forestalled consensus on the need to train and supervise non-surgeons to deliver surgical services in places where surgeons cannot be retained.2Hoyler M Hagander L Gillies R et al.Surgical care by non-surgeons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Lancet. 2015; 385: S42Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar However, sceptics are right to call, and donors to wait, for evidence on the feasibility, safety, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes of such models. Clinical Officer Surgical Training in Africa (COST-Africa), a cluster randomised controlled trial funded by the European Community under its Framework Programme, has been training clinical officers to undertake essential elective and emergency surgery at district hospitals in Malawi and Zambia. It is implementing a complex intervention, embedded in these countries' health systems, which combines training, supervision, and quality assurance systems. It has extended the focus from caesarean sections to training clinical officers to undertake a broader range of procedures including hernia and hydrocele repairs.3Wilson A Lissauer D Thangaratinam S et al.A comparison of clinical officers with medical doctors on outcomes of caesarean sections in the developing world: a meta-analysis of controlled studies.BMJ. 2011; 342: d2600Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar COST-Africa aims to publish the study design and protocols in late 2015, followed by the results of the Malawi trial. Research papers, some using explanatory mixed methods, will provide evidence on the cost-effectiveness, feasibility, health systems obstacles, and enablers; and lessons for rolling out a quality-assured, district-level safe-surgery service model in low-income countries. Such is the evidence needed for positioning surgery as a public health problem and for mobilising national and global policy support and resources for tackling this global health priority. We declare no competing interests.
Interleukin-10: Biomarker or pathologic cytokine in fulminant myocarditis?**Editorials published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiologyreflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of JACCor the American College of Cardiology.
Authors: Kirk U. Knowlton, Toshitaka Yajima
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
The medical response to multisite terrorist attacks in Paris
Authors: Martin Hirsch, Pierre Carli, Rémy Nizard, Bruno Riou, Barouyr Baroudjian, Thierry Baubet, Vibol Chhor, Charlotte Chollet-Xemard, Nicolas Dantchev, Nadia Fleury, Jean-Paul Fontaine, Youri Yordanov, Maurice Raphael, Catherine Paugam Burtz, Antoine Lafont
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
Lung cancer and mesothelioma screening with low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) in 1,000 asbestos-exposed workers: An Alpe-Adria Thoracic Oncology Multidisciplinary group study (ATOM 002)
Authors: O. Belvedere, F. Grossi, S. Meduri, F. Barbone, T. Zanin, G. Pignata, V. De Pangher, G. Pilati, A. Follador, G. Fasola
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

7048 Background: LDCT is more sensitive than chest radiography (CXR) for detection of early stage lung cancer in heavy smokers. However, little is known about LDCT screening in asbestos-exposed subjects. To address this issue, we have designed a prospective, nonrandomized trial to evaluate baseline and annual repeat screening with LDCT in 1,000 asymptomatic asbestos-exposed workers. Here, we report the results of the baseline screening. Methods: Eligibility criteria include: exposure to asbestos, age 40 to 75 yrs, no prior cancer or severe concomitant conditions, no chest CT scan in the last 2 yrs. After written informed consent, eligible subjects undergo a structured interview, CXR and LDCT. Subjects with negative baseline exams undergo annual repeat LDCT. Subjects with positive baseline exams undergo high resolution CT (HRCT) and additional diagnostic workup. Results: Between February 2002 and October 2003, 1007 volunteers have been enrolled. Subject characteristics: median age, 59 yrs; males, 97%; smoking history, 66%; former or current shipyard workers, 78%; median asbestos exposure time, 30 yrs. The following data refer to 943 participants. On LDCT, 619 non calcified nodules (NCN) have been identified in 41% of participants. CXR detected 43 nodules. Pleural abnormalities have been detected in 42% and 69% of participants by CXR and LDCT, respectively. So far, six cases of stage I lung cancer have been diagnosed and treated with radical surgery: 3 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, 1 carcinosarcoma, 2 adenocarcinomas. In addition, one malignant pleural mesothelioma and one thymic carcinoid have been identified. Conclusions: LDCT seems to be useful for the early detection of lung cancer also in asbestos-exposed subjects. Annual repeat LDCT screening may provide information on the natural history and evolution of asbestos-related pleural abnormalities. Study supported by Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, and Provincia di Gorizia. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Intelligence, competitive altruism, and “clever silliness” may underlie bias in academe
Authors: Guy Madison, Edward Dutton, Charlotta Stern
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2017)

Abstract Why is social bias and its depressing effects on low-status or low-performing groups exaggerated? We show that the higher intelligence of academics has at best a very weak effect on reducing their bias, facilitates superficially justifying their biases, and may make them better at understanding the benefits of social conformity in general and competitive altruism specifically. We foresee a surge in research examining these mechanisms and recommend, meanwhile, reviving and better observing scientific ideals.
Current and future biomarkers in allergic asthma
Authors: U. M. Zissler, J. Esser-von Bieren, C. A. Jakwerth, A. M. Chaker, C. B. Schmidt-Weber
Journal: Allergy (2015)

Diagnosis early in life, sensitization, asthma endotypes, monitoring of disease and treatment progression are key motivations for the exploration of biomarkers for allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. The number of genes related to allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma increases steadily; however, prognostic genes have not yet entered clinical application. We hypothesize that the combination of multiple genes may generate biomarkers with prognostic potential. The current review attempts to group more than 161 different potential biomarkers involved in respiratory inflammation to pave the way for future classifiers. The potential biomarkers are categorized into either epithelial or infiltrate-derived or mixed origin, epithelial biomarkers. Furthermore, surface markers were grouped into cell-type-specific categories. The current literature provides multiple biomarkers for potential asthma endotypes that are related to T-cell phenotypes such as Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and Tregs and their lead cytokines. Eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma endotypes are also classified by epithelium-derived CCL-26 and osteopontin, respectively. There are currently about 20 epithelium-derived biomarkers exclusively derived from epithelium, which are likely to innovate biomarker panels as they are easy to sample. This article systematically reviews and categorizes genes and collects current evidence that may promote these biomarkers to become part of allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma classifiers with high prognostic value.
Annual Medical Expenditure and Productivity Loss Among Colorectal, Female Breast, and Prostate Cancer Survivors in the United States
Authors: Zhiyuan Zheng, K. Robin Yabroff, Gery P. Guy, Xuesong Han, Chunyu Li, Matthew P. Banegas, Donatus U. Ekwueme, Ahmedin Jemal
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

There are limited nationally representative estimates of the annual economic burden among survivors of the three most prevalent cancers (colorectal, female breast, and prostate) in both nonelderly and elderly populations in the United States. The 2008 to 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data were used to identify colorectal (n = 540), female breast (n = 1568), and prostate (n = 1170) cancer survivors and individuals without a cancer history (n = 109 423). Excess economic burden attributable to cancer included per-person excess annual medical expenditures and productivity losses (employment disability, missed work days, and days stayed in bed). All analyses were stratified by cancer site and age (nonelderly: 18–64 years vs elderly: ≥65 years). Multivariable analyses controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, number of comorbidities, and geographic region. All statistical tests were two-sided. Compared with individuals without a cancer history, cancer survivors experienced annual excess medical expenditures (for the nonelderly population, colorectal: $8647, 95% confidence interval [CI] = $4932 to $13 974, P < .001; breast: $5119, 95% CI = $3439 to $7158, P < .001; prostate: $3586, 95% CI = $1792 to $6076, P < .001; for the elderly population, colorectal: $4913, 95% CI = $2768 to $7470, P < .001; breast: $2288, 95% CI = $814 to $3995, P = .002; prostate: $3524, 95% CI = $1539 to $5909, P < .001). Nonelderly colorectal and breast cancer survivors experienced statistically significant annual excess employment disability (13.6%, P < .001, and 4.8%, P = .001) and productivity loss at work (7.2 days, P < .001, and 3.3 days, P = .002) and at home (4.5 days, P < .001, and 3.3 days, P = .003). In contrast, elderly survivors of all three cancer sites had comparable productivity losses as those without a cancer history. Colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer survivors experienced statistically significantly higher economic burden compared with individuals without a cancer history; however, excess economic burden varies by cancer site and age. Targeted efforts will be important in reducing the economic burden of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer.