tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Thymic selection and adaptability of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in transgenic mice expressing a viral protein in the thymus.
Authors: M G von Herrath, J Dockter, M Nerenberg, J E Gairin, M B Oldstone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Upon primary challenge with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), H-2d (BALB/cByJ) mice mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to a single immunodominant domain of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) but no detectable response to the viral glycoprotein (GP). To manipulate this CTL response, the viral NP gene was expressed in the thymus and peripheral T lymphocytes using the murine Thy1.2 promoter. As a result, such Thy1.2-NP (H-2d) transgenic (tg) mice deleted their high-affinity anti-LCMV-NP CTL, but generated equal numbers of lower-affinity NP CTL. Further, they made an alternative anti-LCMV-GP CTL response that is not normally found in non-tg mice indicating a hierarchial control of the CTL response. Unlike the H-2d mice, H-2b (C57Bl/6J) mice normally mount a CTL response to both LCMV-GP and -NP. When the LCMV-NP was expressed using the Thy1.2 promoter in these H-2b mice, the LCMV-NP-specific CTL response was completely aborted and no CTL to new, alternative viral epitopes were generated. Dilutions of H-2b or H-2d NP peptides indicated that 3-4 logs less H-2b NP peptide was required to sensitize syngeneic target cells for CTL-specific lysis, suggesting that the differing affinities of H-2b and H-2d major histocompatibility complex molecules for their peptides likely account for the total removal of NP CTL in the H-2b mice but only partial removal in H-2d mice made to express thymic NP. Thymic grafting experiments done with thymi from newborn Thy1.2-NP tg mice show that selection processes studied in this model are of central (thymic) origin and are not caused by Thy1.2-positive LCMV-NP-expressing T lymphocytes in the periphery.
The Origins and Current Status of Behavioral Activation Treatments for Depression
Authors: Sona Dimidjian, Manuel Barrera, Christopher Martell, Ricardo F. Muñoz, Peter M. Lewinsohn
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2011)

The past decade has witnessed a resurgence of interest in behavioral interventions for depression. This contemporary work is grounded in the work of Lewinsohn and colleagues, which laid a foundation for future clinical practice and science. This review thus summarizes the origins of a behavioral model of depression and the behavioral activation (BA) approach to the treatment and prevention of depression. We highlight the formative initial work by Lewinsohn and colleagues, the evolution of this work, and related contemporary research initiatives, such as that led by Jacobson and colleagues. We examine the diverse ways in which BA has been investigated over time and its emerging application to a broad range of populations and problems. We close with reflections on important directions for future inquiry.
The Effect of Epoetin Beta (Recombinant Human Erythropoietin) on the Need for Transfusion in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Rolf F. Maier, Michael Obladen, Paul Scigalla, Otwin Linderkamp, Gabriel Duc, Gertrud Hieronimi, Henry L. Halliday, Hans T. Versmold, Guy Moriette, Gerhard Jorch, Gaston Verellen, Ben A. Semmekrot, E. Ludwig Grauel, Barbara M. Holland, Charles Wardrop
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Anemia of prematurity is characterized by low reticulocyte counts and inadequate erythropoietin response, for which many very-low-birth-weight infants receive multiple blood transfusions. We investigated whether early treatment of such infants with recombinant human erythropoietin would reduce their need for transfusions.
Treatment of chronic erosive gastritis with prednisolone.
Authors: M J Farthing, P D Fairclough, J E Hegarty, E T Swarbrick, A M Dawson
Journal: Gut (1981)

Short-term oral prednisolone was successfully used in the treatment of four patients with chronic erosive gastritis which had failed to respond to conventional therapies. Symptomatic improvement occurred in all patients during the first week of treatment. Gastroduodenoscopy after two weeks showed that the erosions had healed. Remission has continued in these four patients for two, seven, eight, and nine months without maintenance therapy. This limited uncontrolled study suggests the corticosteroids may be of benefit in patients with chronic erosive gastritis who fail to respond to conventional treatment.
Carotid Stenting and Angioplasty
Authors: Michael A. Bettmann, Barry T. Katzen, Jack Whisnant, Michael Brant-Zawadzki, Joseph P. Broderick, Anthony J. Furlan, Linda A. Hershey, Virginia Howard, Richard Kuntz, Chris M. Loftus, William Pearce, Anne Roberts, Gary Roubin
Journal: Circulation (1998)
Cerebral Ischemia Enhances Polyamine Oxidation: Identification of Enzymatically Formed 3-Aminopropanal as an Endogenous Mediator of Neuronal and Glial Cell Death
Authors: Svetlana Ivanova, Galina I. Botchkina, Yousef Al-Abed, Malcolm Meistrell, Franak Batliwalla, Janet M. Dubinsky, Constantino Iadecola, Haichao Wang, Peter K. Gregersen, John W. Eaton, Kevin J. Tracey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

To elucidate endogenous mechanisms underlying cerebral damage during ischemia, brain polyamine oxidase activity was measured in rats subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Brain polyamine oxidase activity was increased significantly within 2 h after the onset of ischemia in brain homogenates (15.8 ± 0.9 nmol/h/mg protein) as compared with homogenates prepared from the normally perfused contralateral side (7.4 ± 0.5 nmol/h/mg protein) (P &amp;lt;0.05). The major catabolic products of polyamine oxidase are putrescine and 3-aminopropanal. Although 3-aminopropanal is a potent cytotoxin, essential information was previously lacking on whether 3-aminopropanal is produced during cerebral ischemia. We now report that 3-aminopropanal accumulates in the ischemic brain within 2 h after permanent forebrain ischemia in rats. Cytotoxic levels of 3-aminopropanal are achieved before the onset of significant cerebral cell damage, and increase in a time-dependent manner with spreading neuronal and glial cell death. Glial cell cultures exposed to 3-aminopropanal undergo apoptosis (LD50 = 160 μM), whereas neurons are killed by necrotic mechanisms (LD50 = 90 μM). The tetrapeptide caspase 1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK) prevents 3-aminopropanal–mediated apoptosis in glial cells. Finally, treatment of rats with two structurally distinct inhibitors of polyamine oxidase (aminoguanidine and chloroquine) attenuates brain polyamine oxidase activity, prevents the production of 3-aminopropanal, and significantly protects against the development of ischemic brain damage in vivo. Considered together, these results indicate that polyamine oxidase–derived 3-aminopropanal is a mediator of the brain damaging sequelae of cerebral ischemia, which can be therapeutically modulated.
Traumatic Perforation of the Bladder
Authors: W. F. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1949)

An unusual case of traumatic rupture of the bladder in a man suffering from schistosomiasis in South Central Africa is described below.CASE HISTORY A male African, judged to be about 65-70 years of age, was brought in dead to the Gwelo Native Hospital on July 2, 1948.
Endovascular Stent Grafting Versus Open Surgical Operation in Patients With Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Harald Teufelsbauer, Alexander M. Prusa, Klaus Wolff, Peter Polterauer, Josif Nanobashvili, Manfred Prager, Thomas Hölzenbein, Siegfried Thurnher, Johannes Lammer, Michael Schemper, Georg Kretschmer, Ihor Huk
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— Although transfemoral endovascular aneurysm management (TEAM) of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is widely performed, open graft replacement is still considered the standard of care. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clear indications for TEAM can be established in patients with significant comorbidities without investigating differences in relative procedure efficacy or durability. Methods and Results— A propensity score–based analysis of 454 consecutive patients treated electively for AAA from January 1995 through December 2000 was performed. Of those 454 patients, 248 received open surgery and 206 received TEAM. In-hospital mortality rates (MRs) were compared. After adjusting for propensity scores, a Cox proportional hazard model (COX) was employed to test the influence of the respective treatment on postoperative 900-day survival estimates (SEs). Several potential preoperative risk factors were used as covariates. The MR of all patients was 3.7%. Explorative analysis demonstrated that patients treated by TEAM presented with significantly more risk factors. In American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV patients, a significant difference in MR was detected (4.7% for TEAM versus 19.2% for open surgery; P &lt;0.02). After adjusting for the propensity to receive TEAM or open surgery, a regression analysis of survival based on COX revealed predictive influences of impaired kidney ( P &lt;0.047) or pulmonary function ( P &lt;0.001), increased age ( P &lt;0.05), and selection of treatment modality ( P &lt;0.002) on SE. Conclusions— TEAM represents a less invasive procedure for AAA therapy in patients with significant preoperative risk factors. Especially in geriatric patients with multiple morbidities, TEAM offers a method of therapy with acceptable MRs and SEs, making active treatment possible in otherwise incurable patients.
Role of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression and in the Response of Human Smooth Muscle Cells to Viral Infection
Authors: Edith Speir, Tomoko Shibutani, Zu-Xi Yu, Victor Ferrans, Stephen E. Epstein
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Because cytomegalovirus (CMV) may contribute to restenosis and atherosclerosis and because smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are involved in these disease processes, we examined CMV-SMC interactions. Using confocal microscopy to identify a redox-sensitive fluorescent marker, we found that CMV infection of SMCs generates intracellular reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). CMV also activated nuclear factor κB (NFκB), a cellular transcription factor, as demonstrated by increased NFκB binding to DNA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay). Antioxidants inhibited activation, suggesting a role of ROIs in CMV-induced NFκB activation. By using antioxidants to assess the role of ROIs in modulating virally mediated effects, we also found that CMV-induced ROIs (1) are critical to the transactivation of the viral major immediate promoter (MIEP) by its immediate-early protein IE72 (determined by cotransfection of an IE72 expression vector and a reporter gene downstream from the MIEP) and (2) are necessary for IE72 expression (determined by immunocytochemistry) and viral replication (determined by viral titer assay on indicator cells) following CMV infection of SMCs. Because ROIs, through activation of NFκB, can also induce expression of cellular genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, the ROI response to CMV infection may also represent a parallel survival mechanism that has evolved in the host cell to protect against viral infection. We conclude that CMV induces intracellular ROI generation within minutes after infection of SMCs and then uses these ROIs to facilitate its own gene expression and replication. Conversely, antioxidants inhibit CMV immediate-early gene expression and viral replication.
Abstract 13447: Risk of Subsequent Cardiovascular Events Following a Respiratory Viral Infection
Authors: Stacey Knight, Russell R Miller, Tami L Bair, Benjamin D Horne, Bert K Lopansri, Jeffrey L Anderson, Joseph B Muhlestein, John F Carlquist
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background: Studies have found that respiratory viral infections (RVI) can trigger acute cardiovascular (CV) events. These studies are based on self-reported symptoms and outdated antibody testing. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk of subsequent CV events in subjects with confirmed RVI based on molecular polymerase chain reaction or direct immunofluorescence assay. Methods: We studied Intermountain Healthcare patients from Jan 2007 to Dec 2013 tested for RVI with either positive (cases, n=9397) or negative (controls, n=27011) results. RVI included influenza A (seasonal or H1N1) or B, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus. A second control group (n=33210) seen for routine general medical examination were 1:5 matched using sex, age at visit (±5 yrs), time of presentation (±1 month), and history of CV disease to 6642 cases. All cohorts were followed for 90 days to determine subsequent CV events (including CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations with combined outcome of any CV event. Results: A total of 130 (1.4%) positive RVI cases had a subsequent CV event compared to 617 (2.3%) of the negative RVI controls. About half of the events were CV death (49% &amp; 48% for positive and negative RVI, respectively), followed by non-fatal strokes (34% &amp; 34%) and non-fatal MI (18% &amp; 19%). After adjusting for age, Intermountain mortality risk score, history of CV disease, presence of pneumonia, tobacco use, heart rate, respiratory rate, BMI, and patient type (ED, outpatient or inpatient), positive RVI cases were less likely compared to negative RVI controls to have a subsequent CV event (OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.77; p&lt;0.0001). After similar adjustments, positive RVI cases had the same risk of a CV event as compared to matched general healthy controls (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 0.70, 2.41; p=0.41). Conclusion: Our study based on modern testing for RVI found positive RVI cases were at decreased risk of CV events within 90 days compared to negative RVI controls and similar risk as the general healthy controls. The decreased risk for the positive RVI may be due to the infection prompting changes in care that influence the 90 day CV outcomes.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a therapeutic target in COPD?
Authors: A. H. Remels, H. R. Gosker, P. Schrauwen, R. C. Langen, A. M. Schols
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Extrapulmonary pathology significantly impairs clinical outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are implicated in the regulation of several hallmarks of systemic COPD pathology, including cachexia, decreased oxidative muscle metabolism, oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Recently, expression of PPARs and related cofactors was shown to be reduced in peripheral skeletal muscle of patients with moderate-to-severe COPD and muscle weakness. The current authors hypothesise that impaired peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling may underlie some of the muscular disturbances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proposed mechanisms will be outlined in the present article, as well as the therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulation in the treatment of skeletal muscle dysfunction.
Diagnostic accuracy of scapular physical examination tests for shoulder disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Alexis A Wright, Craig A Wassinger, Mason Frank, Lori A Michener, Eric J Hegedus
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

To systematically review and critique the evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of physical examination tests for the scapula in patients with shoulder disorders.A systematic, computerised literature search of PubMED, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library databases (from database inception through January 2012) using keywords related to diagnostic accuracy of physical examination tests of the scapula. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool was used to critique the quality of each paper.Eight articles met the inclusion criteria; three were considered to be of high quality. Of the three high-quality studies, two were in reference to a 'diagnosis' of shoulder pain. Only one high-quality article referenced specific shoulder pathology of acromioclavicular dislocation with reported sensitivity of 71% and 41% for the scapular dyskinesis and SICK scapula test, respectively.Overall, no physical examination test of the scapula was found to be useful in differentially diagnosing pathologies of the shoulder.
A Mimic of Tumor Rejection Antigen-Associated Carbohydrates Mediates an Antitumor Cellular Response
Authors: Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi, Ping Luo, Fariba Jousheghany, Marta Torres-Quiñones, Gina Cunto-Amesty, Cecile Artaud, Thomas Kieber-Emmons
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are typically perceived as inadequate targets for generating tumor-specific cellular responses. Lectin profile reactivity and crystallographic studies demonstrate that MHC class I molecules can present to the immune system posttranslationally modified cytosolic peptides carrying O-β-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Here we report that a peptide surrogate of GlcNAc can facilitate an in vivo tumor-specific cellular response to established Meth A tumors that display native O-GlcNAc glycoproteins on the tumor cell surface. Peptide immunization of tumor-bearing mice had a moderate effect on tumor regression. Inclusion of interleukin 12 in the immunization regimen stimulated complete elimination of tumor cells in all of the mice tested, whereas interleukin 12 administration alone afforded no tumor growth inhibition. Adoptive transfer of immune T cells into tumor-bearing nude mice indicates a role for CD8+ T cells in tumor regression. This work postulates that peptide mimetics of glycosylated tumor rejection antigens might be further developed for immune therapy of cancer.
Secukinumab retreatment-as-needed versus fixed-interval maintenance regimen for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: A randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial (SCULPTURE)
Authors: Ulrich Mrowietz, Craig L. Leonardi, Giampiero Girolomoni, Darryl Toth, Akimichi Morita, Shyamal A. Balki, Jacek C. Szepietowski, Pascaline Regnault, Helen Thurston, Charis Papavassilis
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2015)
Diagnostic accuracy of forceps biopsy versus polypectomy for gastric polyps: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: S M Muehldorfer
Journal: Gut (2002)

Aims: To determine whether an adequate histological diagnosis of gastric polyps can be attained on the basis of forceps biopsy. Patients and methods: In a prospective multicentre study, 194 patients with 222 endoscopically removable gastric polyps (≥5 mm) underwent forceps biopsy and complete polypectomy. Patients with fundic gland polyps and polyposis syndrome were not included. Specimens were evaluated by primary and reference pathologists, and the complication rate of gastric polypectomy was also determined. Results: Of the 222 polyps, histological examination of the polypectomy specimens revealed tumour-like lesions in 77% (10% focal foveolar hyperplasia, 59% hyperplastic polyps, 4% inflammatory fibroid polyps, 4% other polyps) and neoplasia in 19% (10% tubular adenoma, 2% tubulovillous adenoma, 1% high grade intraepithelial neoplasia, 6% adenocarcinoma). When biopsy results were compared, complete agreement was found in 124 cases (55.8%) and, in an additional 77 cases (34.7%), the clinically important differentiation between tumour-like lesions and neoplasia was possible. However, relevant differences were found by the reference pathologist in six cases (2.7%), the most common reason being failure of biopsy to reveal foci of carcinoma in hyperplastic polyps. Bleeding was observed after polypectomy in 16 patients (7.2%), in 15 of whom it was managed conservatively. Conclusions: We recommend complete removal by an experienced endoscopist of all epithelial gastric polyps larger than 5 mm after thorough individualised risk-benefit analysis.
GENETICS OF SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
Authors: Matt van de Rijn, Jonathan A. Fletcher
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2006)

Sarcomas form a highly diverse group of rare tumors that are derived from connective tissue. More than 100 different malignant and benign soft tissue neoplasms can be recognized by histologic examination. Few diagnostic markers exist, and the cell of origin for many soft tissue tumors is unknown. The accurate diagnosis of many of these tumors therefore remains a challenge. The study of sarcomas has yielded many insights that can be applied to other neoplasms such as carcinoma. For example, the success of the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor with Imatinib has led to an increased effort to find targeted therapies for other malignancies. Here we describe the known molecular changes in a number of sarcomas and focus on novel scientific approaches that can be expected to lead to improved diagnosis, prognostication, and therapy of sarcoma.
Physical properties of the skin in the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Authors: R Grahame, P Beighton
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

Although hyperextensibility of the skin is a prominent feature of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), there have been few objective measurements ofthe physical properties ofthe skin in this condition.The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of certain measurements and to discuss their significance in the light of present theories of the nature of the basic defect in the EDS. Description of the SyndromeThe skin may be stretched for several centimetres, and on release it springs back to resume its former contour (Fig. 1).In the past this feature has permitted affected individuals to earn their living as Fig. l.-Skin hyperextensibility, pea planus, and typical scars over the kneea and shins.
Proton-Beam Radiation Therapy and Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With CNS Tumors
Authors: F. Daniel Armstrong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

tion, TX) in 142 children with CNS tumors who were treated with proton-beam radiotherapy. During a 3-year period, HRQoL, as reportedbybothchildrenandparents,improvedtolevelsclosetothose reported for healthy children, and above those reported for children with other chronic illnesses. The authors also found that poorer HRQoL was associated with poorer performance on measures of intellectual function, adding more evidence for the association between neurocognitive late effects and HRQoL. This study 17 provides support for the possibility that reducing neurotoxicity and associated late neurocognitive effects will result in better long-term HRQoL. There are caveats to this observation. The study did not assess the trends in HRQoL for children treated with CRTusingmoreconventionalphoton-beamradiotherapy,soaheadto-headcomparisonofbenefitisnotpossible.Inaddition,assessment ofneurocognitivefunctionwasnotperformedinasystematicmanner for the population, so the association between neurocognitive function and HRQoL remains speculative. Nonetheless, after decades of seeing the HRQoL of children treated for CNS tumors adversely affected, these results can only be viewed as positive. As with any report of first-in-the-field findings, there are always aspects that could be improved on in subsequent studies. Notable amongtheseisthattheonlychildrenabletoparticipateinthestudyby Kuhlthau et al 17 were those who lived in the area close to the proton
Regulation and Tuning of Smooth Muscle Myosin
Authors: H. LEE SWEENEY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

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