tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nutrition: Prospects for the 1990s
Authors: Nevin S. Scrimshaw
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (1990)

For many decades there has been adequate information for the elimination of acute dietary deficiency diseases. Scurvy, beri-beri, and pellagra, once serious scourges, are now seen only rarely. The severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition, kwashiorkor and marasmus, have also decreased greatly. Nonetheless, mild to moderate forms of protein-energy deficiency, exacerbated by infection, continue to impair growth and development in a majority of the low-income pre-school age populations of most developing countries. Deficiencies of iron, iodine, and vitamin A are still widespread in developing countries. Fortunately, the success of the WHO/UNICEF "Child Survival and Development Revolution" in persuading most developing countries to introduce expanded programs of immunization, growth monitoring, and appropriate feeding of young children, control of diarrheal disease, and specific campaigns against avitaminosis A, iodine deficiency disorders, and the functional consequences of iron deficiency, will accelerate the decline of acute deficiency diseases in the developing world. Diets are changing among the more affluent in these countries, however, and it is time for them to stress dietary goals for the health of rich and poor alike. For the first time there is enough information regarding dietary risk factors for chronic disease to provide an opportunity in the 1990s to accelerate the dietary changes that have already brought significant health benefits to some populations in North America and Europe. The changes, which include a lower dietary intake of fat, particularly saturated fat, less salt, and more green and yellow vegetable and whole grain cereals, can be expected to influence favorably morbidity from cardiovascular diseases and some kinds of cancer. For maximum benefit, these measures need to be combined with the avoidance of obesity, reasonable physical activity, abstention from, or moderate use of, alcohol, and avoidance of tobacco in any form. Since there is already considerable momentum toward these changes in North America and some European countries, the 1990s are likely to see substantial further progress in the reduction of chronic diseases known to be influenced by diet.
A Longitudinal Biomarker for the Extent of Skin Disease in Patients With Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Lisa M. Rice, Jessica Ziemek, Eric A. Stratton, Sarah R. McLaughlin, Cristina M. Padilla, Allison L. Mathes, Romy B. Christmann, Giuseppina Stifano, Jeffrey L. Browning, Michael L. Whitfield, Robert F. Spiera, Jessica K. Gordon, Robert W. Simms, Yuqing Zhang, Robert Lafyatis
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2015)

To define a pharmacodynamic biomarker based on gene expression in skin that would provide a biologic measure of the extent of disease in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) and could be used to monitor skin disease longitudinally. Skin biopsy specimens obtained from a cohort of patients with dcSSc (including longitudinal specimens) were analyzed by microarray. Expression of genes correlating with the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS) were examined for change over time using a NanoString platform, and a generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to define and validate longitudinally measured pharmacodynamic biomarkers composed of multiple genes. Microarray analysis of genes parsed to include only those correlating with the MRSS revealed prominent clusters of profibrotic/transforming growth factor β-regulated, interferon-regulated/proteasome, macrophage, and vascular marker genes. Using genes changing longitudinally with the MRSS, we defined 2 multigene pharmacodynamic biomarkers. The first was defined mathematically by applying a GEE to longitudinal samples. This modeling method selected cross-sectional THBS1 and longitudinal THBS1 and MS4A4A. The second model was based on a weighted selection of genes, including additional genes that changed statistically significantly over time: CTGF, CD163, CCL2, and WIF1. In an independent validation data set, biomarker levels calculated using both models correlated highly with the MRSS. Skin gene expression can be used effectively to monitor changes in SSc skin disease over time. We implemented 2 relatively simple models on a NanoString platform permitting highly reproducible assays that can be applied directly to samples from patients or collected as part of clinical trials.
Radiological outcome in rheumatoid arthritis is predicted by presence of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide before and at disease onset, and by IgA-RF at disease onset
Authors: E Berglin
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and osteoporosis are strongly associated because of common risk factors such as age, decreased activity and tobacco use. The use of corticosteroids further exacerbates bone destruction. <b>Objective:</b> To assess if COPD patients have an increased risk for vertebral fractures. <b>Methods:</b> We compared lateral chest radiographs of COPD patients to healthy controls for the rate and risk factors associated with non-traumatic vertebral fractures. All patients with a diagnosis of COPD at our center during 2009-2015 were identified. 1465 patients were screened and randomly age matched to patients without known pulmonary disease. For the COPD patients, additional clinical variables were collected including age, gender, BMI, lung function, Charlson morbidity index, and mortality. Patients without a quality lateral radiograph were excluded. The semi-quantitative technique, described by Genant et al, was used to assess the presence and severity of vertebral fracture. <b>Results:</b> 1,051 COPD patients were compared to healthy patients (n=624) that had quality lateral chest radiographs. Overall fracture rate was 8.8% vs. 6.1% for the COPD and control group, respectively (p=0.049). Age-adjusted logistic regression for fracture revealed significantly increased risk for the COPD group vs. the control, 1.71 (1.12- 2.5, p=0.015). Moreover, an increased mortality rate was significantly associated with fractures compared to those without fractures 54.7% vs. 38.7% (p=0.013). <b>Discussion and Conclusions:</b> COPD patients are at greater risk for osteoporotic vertebral fractures that occur at a younger age. Association of fracture rate with the severity of lung disease may explain the increased risk of mortality.
TREATMENT OF PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS WITH AZATHIOPRINE
Authors: G. A. HUNTER, I. J. FORBES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Journal Article TREATMENT OF PITYRIASIS RUBRA PILARIS WITH AZATHIOPRINE Get access G. A. HUNTER, G. A. HUNTER North Adelaide Medical Centre, North Adelaide, South Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar I. J. FORBES I. J. FORBES North Adelaide Medical Centre, North Adelaide, South Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 87, Issue 1, 1 July 1972, Pages 42–45, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb05096.x Published: 01 July 1972 Article history Accepted: 24 February 1972 Published: 01 July 1972
NETs Are a Source of Citrullinated Autoantigens and Stimulate Inflammatory Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ritika Khandpur, Carmelo Carmona-Rivera, Anuradha Vivekanandan-Giri, Alison Gizinski, Srilakshmi Yalavarthi, Jason S. Knight, Sean Friday, Sam Li, Rajiv M. Patel, Venkataraman Subramanian, Paul Thompson, Pojen Chen, David A. Fox, Subramaniam Pennathur, Mariana J. Kaplan
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

Neutrophil NETs may contribute to pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of S-Nitrosothiols
Authors: Neil Hogg
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2002)

S-nitrosothiols are biological metabolites of nitric oxide. It has often been suggested that they represent a more stable metabolite of nitric oxide that can either be stored, or transported, although the evidence for this is sparse. There are many unanswered questions concerning how S-nitrosothiols are formed, how they are metabolized and how they elicit biological responses. These questions are highlighted by the fact that the known chemistry of nitric oxide, thiols, and S-nitrosothiols cannot serve to explain their proposed biological activities. This review attempts to highlight the gulf between our chemical understanding of S-nitrosothiols and the proposed biological activities of these compounds with respect to guanylyl cyclase–independent nitric oxide bioactivity and also the control of vascular tone.
ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS’ FORMATION IN STABLE ANGINA IS AFFECTED BY INFLAMMATION OF PERICORONARY ADIPOSE TISSUE, BUT ONLY AMONG OVERWEIGHT PATIENTS
Authors: Mazurek Tomasz, Kobylecka Malgorzata, Wilimski Radoslaw, Kochman Janusz, Filipiak Krzysztof, Krolicki Leszek, Opolski Grzegorz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Sports injuries: population based representative data on incidence, diagnosis, sequelae, and high risk groups
Authors: S Schneider, B Seither, S Tönges, H Schmitt
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

Objective: To generate national representative data on the incidence, diagnosis, severity, and nature of medically treated sports injuries and to identify high risk groups. Methods: The first national health survey for the Federal Republic of Germany, conducted in the format of a standardised, written, cross sectional survey in the period October 1997 to March 1999, gathered data on the incidence of accident and injury and information on social demographics, injury related disability/time off work, and injury location/setting. The net sample comprised 7124 people aged 18–79. Results: 3.1% of adult Germans said they sustained a sports injury during the previous year, corresponding to an annual injury rate of 5.6% among those engaging in regular recreational physical activity and ranking sports injuries as the second most common type of accident. About 62% of all sports injuries result in time taken off work. The period of occupational disability is 14 days or less in around two thirds of these cases. The occupational disability rate after occupational and traffic accidents is much higher by comparison. Dislocations, distortions, and/or torn ligaments make up 60% of all sports injuries, followed by fractures (18%), contusions, surface wounds, or open wounds (12%). Three out of four sports injury casualties are male. The incidence declines noticeably in higher age groups. Conclusions: Future injury prevention measures should focus on the high risk group of young male recreational athletes. The data indicate that the fear of damage to health and injury, believed to be significant internal psychological barriers to participation in sports, is largely unwarranted for the female population and/or older age groups. Sporting injuries are a marginal phenomenon among the female population and mobile seniors actively engaged in sports.
US psychologists banned from participating in national security interrogations
Authors: Michael McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The American Psychological Association’s Council of Representatives has voted to prohibit psychologists from participating in national security interrogations. The measure was passed by a vote of 156-1, with seven abstentions and one recusal, on 7 August during the association’s 123rd annual convention in Toronto, Canada.1

The vote came after the release of a scathing report in July,2 which concluded that association officials had colluded with officials in the Central Intelligence Agency and the US Department of Defense to align its ethics policies with the policies of the George W Bush Administration on the definition of torture.3 In doing so, the association had allowed psychologists to participate …
MHC class II antigen-bearing dendritic cells in pulmonary tissues of the rat. Regulation of antigen presentation activity by endogenous macrophage populations.
Authors: P G Holt, M A Schon-Hegrad, J Oliver
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Collagenase digestion of tissue slices from perfused, lavaged SPF rat lung released approximately 10(8) viable mononuclear cells per gram tissue, which comprised 35% T lymphocytes and up to 26% macrophages. A subset of these cells that were Ia+, surface Ig-, nonadherent, FcR- and of ultra low density (putative dendritic cells [DC]), presented protein antigen to immune T cells in vitro, and this function was inhibited by the presence of low numbers of endogenous adherent, FcR+ cells (putative macrophages). APCs were also identified in digests from tracheal epithelium, and were shown to bind antigen in immunogenic form as a result of natural (inhalation) exposure in vivo. Immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections revealed populations of strongly Ia+ cells with prominent DC-like morphology within the alveolar septal walls and the tracheal epithelium; in both areas, they were closely associated with pleiomorphic cells that expressed macrophage surface markers. We accordingly postulate that interactions between Ia+ antigen-presenting DCs and endogenous tissue macrophages play an important role in regulating T cell activity in the respiratory tract.
THE EXTENSION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON TO THE MOUSE AND SOME ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE SINGLE-INJECTION REACTION
Authors: William F. Arndt, Howard A. Schneider
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

The localized Shwartzman reaction has been demonstrated in a highly inbred mouse strain (BSVS). This reaction was produced with marked regularity in these mice by administration of relatively small doses of bacterial endotoxin or other Shwartzman-active agents. It is considered the equivalent of the phenomenon described in the rabbit inasmuch as it has conformed to all the operational and histopathological aspects of the classical reaction that have been tested, including elicitation by various endotoxins, heterologous preparation and provocation, inhibition by anticoagulants, and provocation by antigen-antibody complexes. A reaction similar to the above but differing in its manner of production was also investigated and has been termed the single-injection Shwartzman reaction. This phenomenon was identical with the normal Shwartzman reaction in all ways except for the fact that it was elicited with but a single intradermal injection of bacterial endotoxin. In investigating the lesion it has been demonstrated that inapparent in the gross, but elicitible infection of the lungs with a Gram-negative microflora was uniformly associated with single-injection reactivity. Because of this constant association it has been suggested that a causal relationship exists between the infected state and the skin reaction, not on the basis of known immunological events but on the basis of the Shwartzman mechanism in which the lung flora, demonstrably excited by the preparative injection, appears to mediate natural "endogenous" provocation of the lesion at the prepared skin sites.
Neural crest origin of the endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas
Authors: A. G. E. Pearse, Julia M. Polak
Journal: Gut (1971)

A method of labelling known to be appropriate for the demonstration of endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells was found to label the cells of the neural crest in the chick embryo after as little as 72 hours9 development. The method depends on the production, from an exogenous precursor, of an amine which is stored in specific granules and which is convertible by treatment with hot formaldehyde vapour into a fluorescent derivative. The whole technique is described as APUD-FIF. The application of APUD-FIF to mouse embryos shows that at the 7-8 somite stage (eight days) labelled neural crest cells migrate in large masses in a ventrad direction. At around the ninth day they colonize the developing foregut and its derivatives, including pharynx, stomach, duodenum, ultimobranchial body, and pancreas. In subsequent stages of development (up to 12 days) the cells are seen in comparatively large numbers in the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. Complete proof that these early APUD cells, which demonstrably arise from the neural crest, are the precursors of all the endocrine polypeptide cells of the adult pancreas, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine, is not at present available. Notwithstanding a great deal of earlier evidence to the contrary, the premise seems likely to be true.
Genetic Influences on the Outcome of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Farshad Abedi, Sanjeewa Wickremasinghe, Andrea J. Richardson, Amirul F.M. Islam, Robyn H. Guymer, Paul N. Baird
Journal: Ophthalmology (2013)
Association of the Dysbindin Gene With Bipolar Affective Disorder
Authors: Gerome Breen, Diana Prata, Sarah Osborne, Janet Munro, Maggie Sinclair, Tao Li, Susan Staddon, David Dempster, Ricardo Sainz, Barbara Arroyo, Robert W. Kerwin, David St. Clair, David Collier
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

Objective: In the study of bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia, there is some evidence suggesting a phenotypic and genetic overlap between the two disorders. A possible link between bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia remains arguable, however. The authors hypothesized that dysbindin, which is a probable susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, was associated with bipolar affective disorder and tested this hypothesis using a case-control design study. Method: Participants included 213 patients with bipolar I disorder and 197 comparison subjects. In each subject, 10 polymorphisms in the dysbindin gene were genotyped and assessed. Results: Two polymorphisms showed individual genotypic association with bipolar I disorder. Multiple marker haplotypes were more strongly associated, with the rarer of the two common haplotypes being overrepresented in the patients with bipolar affective disorder. A similar finding was reported in patients with schizophrenia in a previous study. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the human dysbindin gene may play a role in the susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder, which underscores a potentially important area of etiological overlap with schizophrenia. The existence of shared genetic risk factors will, in time, lead to changes in the current nosology of major psychoses.
Anatomic Variability in Coronary Arterial Distribution With Regard to the Arterial Switch Procedure
Authors: Parwis Massoudy, Ahmet Baltalarli, Marc R. de Leval, Andrew Cook, Ulrich Neudorf, Graham Derrick, Karen P. McCarthy, Robert H. Anderson
Journal: Circulation (2002)

We investigated the coronary arterial origins and course and the position of the great arteries in hearts with discordant ventriculoarterial connections. At the same time, we sought to evaluate the practicality of alphanumeric classifications in accounting for surgically relevant features of the coronary arteries.We studied 200 postmortem hearts, noting the patterns of coronary arterial branching, the vertical and horizontal location of the arterial orifices within the aortic sinuses, the course of the proximal coronary arteries in relation to the aortic wall, and the relations of the great arteries and their respective commissures. All hearts examined had concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connections. We found 7 of the 8 predicted patterns for sinusal origin of the 3 major coronary arteries and identified 5 different positions of the arterial trunks relative to each other. A correlation was found between less frequent relationships of the arterial trunks and unusual patterns of coronary arterial branching, as well as with mismatch between the valvar commissures.The surgically relevant features of the coronary arteries in hearts with discordant ventriculoarterial connections are best described rather than classified. Correlations exist between certain, less frequent relations of the great arteries and unusual patterns of branching of the coronary arteries. The presence of unusual great arterial positions should alert the surgeon to potentially complicated arrangements of the origin and distribution of the coronary arteries.
Risk Factors for the Rapid Increase in Risk of Acute Coronary Events in Patients With New‐Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Ängla Mantel, Marie Holmqvist, Fredrik Nyberg, Göran Tornling, Thomas Frisell, Lars Alfredsson, Johan Askling
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2015)

Objective To investigate risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in patients with new‐onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We performed a nested case–control study of patients with incident RA included in the Epidemiological Investigation of RA study. Cases with ACS were identified using Swedish national health registers and matched with up to 5 controls without ACS, based on incidence density–based sampling. Information on potential exposures (clinical disease activity, serologic features, genetic markers, comorbidities, pharmacotherapies, and sick leave) was collected from medical charts and register‐based sources. Results We identified 138 cases and 624 controls. Smoking, history of myocardial infarction, and &gt;50 days of sick leave the year following RA onset were associated with an increased risk of ACS. Area under the curve measurements of C‐reactive protein level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and global health in the upper tertile during the first year and the complete followup period were both strongly associated with an increased risk of ACS. Treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs did not alter the ACS risk, nor did the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) or shared epitope alleles, whereas high anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) levels were borderline significantly associated with ACS risk. Conclusion In this study of risk factors for ACS in incident RA, clinical markers of inflammatory activity, disease activity, and total number of days of sick leave and disability pension during the first year following RA onset were identified as ACS risk factors. We found no association with RF, which was previously linked to cardiovascular disease risk in RA, but there was a borderline significant association with high ACPA levels.