tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HIV Prevention Among Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Intervening Upon Contexts of Heightened HIV Risk
Authors: Steffanie A. Strathdee, Wendee M. Wechsberg, Deanna L. Kerrigan, Thomas L. Patterson
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2013)

Women's vulnerability to HIV infection is influenced by contextual factors in the risk environment that operate at multiple levels (i.e., physical, social, economic, policy). We present three case studies that illustrate combination approaches to HIV prevention among women who are at heightened risk for infection, especially sex workers, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Lessons learned from these case studies are consistent with international literature promoting interventions that combine sexual risk reduction, condom promotion, and improved access to sexually transmitted infection (STI) treatment in the context of structural interventions, including policy change and empowerment of sex workers to reduce their vulnerability to HIV/STIs. We suggest avenues for future research and new intervention targets as well as a more nuanced approach to understanding the structural and social vulnerability of women to HIV infection in these settings.
Glucose Control, Self-Care Behaviors, and the Presence of the Chronic Care Model in Primary Care Clinics
Authors: Michael L. Parchman, Jacqueline A. Pugh, Chen-Pin Wang, Raquel L. Romero
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between A1C and the extent to which care delivered to patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care clinics is consistent with the chronic care model (CCM), after controlling for self-care behaviors.This was a cross-sectional, observational study of care provided to 618 patients with type 2 diabetes across 20 small, autonomous primary care clinics in South Texas. Subjects completed an exit survey. The medical record was abstracted for A1C values. Clinicians completed the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC) survey, a validated measure of the extent to which care delivered is consistent with the CCM.There was a significant relationship between ACIC score and A1C, but this relationship varied according to self-care behavior for exercise and was strongest for those who did not adhere to exercise recommendations: for every 1-point increase in ACIC score, A1C was 0.144% lower (P < 0.001). The relationship between ACIC score and A1C for those who adhered to their diet was similar to that for those who did not, after adjusting for exercise, but the overall level of control was better for those who adhered to their diet.Characteristics of the primary care clinic where one receives care are an important predictor of glucose control. If resources for implementing the CCM are limited, one might want to focus on clinics with low ACIC scores that serve a population of patients who are sedentary because this population may be likely to realize the most benefit from improved glucose control.
Immunological functions of the pulmonary epithelium
Authors: AB Thompson, RA Robbins, DJ Romberger, JH Sisson, None Spurzem, H Teschler, SI Rennard
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

The mature pulmonary epithelium forms a continuous lining to the airspace. Recent data suggest that this specialized epithelium may also contribute to host defence via interactions with inflammatory cells. Pulmonary epithelial cells can serve as part of the local immune system, providing structures and functions crucial for the maintenance of normal pulmonary function. This article will briefly review the morphology and development of the pulmonary epithelial cells, their function with regard to host defence, alterations of the pulmonary epithelium associated with airway diseases, and potential therapeutic implications for the treatment of respiratory diseases.
Alterations of Chromosome Arms 1p and 19q as Predictors of Survival in Oligodendrogliomas, Astrocytomas, and Mixed Oligoastrocytomas
Authors: Justin S. Smith, Arie Perry, Thomas J. Borell, Hyun K. Lee, Judith O’Fallon, Sandra M. Hosek, David Kimmel, Allan Yates, Peter C. Burger, Bernd W. Scheithauer, Robert B. Jenkins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2000)

PURPOSE: A recent report suggests that alterations of chromosome arms 1p and 19q are associated with chemotherapeutic response and overall survival in anaplastic oligodendroglioma patients treated with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine chemotherapy. We set out to further clarify the diagnostic and prognostic implications of these alterations in a broader set of diffuse gliomas, including astrocytic neoplasms and low-grade oligodendrogliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals from DNA probes mapping to 1p and 19q common deletion regions were enumerated in 162 diffuse gliomas (79 astrocytomas, 52 oligodendrogliomas, and 31 mixed oligoastrocytomas), collected as part of an ongoing prospective investigation of CNS tumors. RESULTS: The oligodendroglial phenotype was highly associated with loss of 1p (P = .0002), loss of 19q (P &lt; .0001), and combined loss of 1p and 19q (P &lt; .0001). Combined loss of 1p and 19q was identified as a univariate predictor of prolonged overall survival among patients with pure oligodendroglioma (log-rank, P = .03) and remained a significant predictor after adjusting for the effects of patient age and tumor grade (P &lt; .01). This favorable association was not evident in patients with astrocytoma or mixed oligoastrocytoma. CONCLUSION: Combined loss of 1p and 19q is a statistically significant predictor of prolonged survival in patients with pure oligodendroglioma, independent of tumor grade. Given the lack of this association in patients with astrocytic neoplasms and the previously demonstrated chemosensitivity of oligodendrogliomas, a combined approach of histologic and genotypic assessment could potentially improve existing strategies for patient stratification and management.
Leonard Desmond de Launay
Authors: P. de Launay
Journal: BMJ (2003)

General practitioner who showed that shingles was caused by reactivation of the chickenpox virus Edgar Hope Simpson was one of the outstanding general practitioner researchers of the 20th century.In addition to working full time in family practice he charted precisely the pattern of the common diseases that he saw clinically.In 1940 his wife gave him Wensleydale general practitioner William Pickles' then new book Epidemiology in Country Practice.Hope-Simpson modelled his approach on this, and he exchanged visits with Pickles.Eventually he surpassed even Pickles' work.The bulk of his interest was in infectious diseases.He was self taught and without any formal epidemiological or research training, but he learnt fast.He established a small epidemiological research unit around his practice in 1946 and chaired a Medical Research Council committee.He started to write papers, particularly on chickenpox and herpes zoster, in the 1940s and 1950s, which were published in the Lancet and the BMJ, and he produced a series of publications of which many professors would be proud.Chickenpox and shingles were known to be related, but how?Experts at the time were suggesting that two different viruses existed.Hope-Simpson increasingly believed there was only one, but how to prove it?In the end, he took his small team of research colleagues to the Island of Yell in the Shetlands in 1953 and literally followed up every known case in a much closed community.He was empowered by local islanders' memories for occurrences and dates.By 1962, new microbiological techniques enabled him to prove his point.Only a great intellect could have conceived this possibility-that, remarkably, a virus could commonly lie dormant in the human body, for years, indeed decades, and then reappear in another form.Only an
Glycemic Control and Critical Illness
Authors: Ravindra L. Mehta
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

The pathophysiology, consequences, and management of hyperglycemia during critical illness is an important clinical issue. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia in this setting is associated with a variety of adverse events, including mortality. The kidneys have a major role in glucose and insulin metabolism, and emerging evidence suggests that they both are actively involved in the development, maintenance, and resolution of hyperglycemia. The development of acute kidney injury is also a risk in this setting. This article discusses potential approaches for efficient and effective management of hyperglycemia.
A Late Effect on the Cervical Spine in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: W. Martel, J. F. Holt, W. D. Robinson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1962)

Adults with advanced ankylosing spondylitis will occasionally exhibit a dramatic resorption of bone from the anterior surface of the cervical spine.This may be confused with the vertebral growth dis- turbances of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and an erroneous inference may be drawn that in these cases ankylosing spondylitis must necessarily have begun in childhood (Wilkinson and Bywaters, 1958).It seems pertinent to call attention to this finding to emphasize that it may be acquired in adulthood and is not a "growth disturbance".Case Reports Case 1, a 43-year-old male, first noted stiffness and pain in the back with radiation down both thighs in 1939.These symptoms gradually progressed and he developed arthritis of both hips for which he was admitted to the University Hospital in 1944.Physical examination showed moderate rigidity and kyphosis of the dorso- lumbar spine and limitation of motion in both hips.Chest expansion was reduced.Neck motion was
Small vessel vasculitis and relapsing panniculitis in tumour necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)
Authors: P Lamprecht
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Case reports:</b> A 66 year old female patient had relapsing fever and non-suppurative panniculitis suggestive of enigmatic "Weber-Christian disease" (WCD). Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies with specificity for human leucocyte elastase (HLE-ANCA) were detected. A biopsy showed small vessel vasculitis and panniculitis. A 53 year old man had recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, erythematous rash, and myalgia. Fever attacks had stopped a few years ago. A biopsy showed panniculitis and fasciitis. In both patients mutations (R92Q, T50M) of the tumour necrosis factor receptor super family (TNFRSF) 1A gene were disclosed. Mutations of the TNFRSF 1A gene are the cause of tumour necrosis factor receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). Both patients responded favourably to treatment with the human soluble p75 TNFα receptor fusion protein etanercept (2×25 mg subcutaneously/week). <b>Discussion:</b> Small vessel vasculitis and panniculitis have not been reported in TRAPS so far. The cases underline the importance of TNFα regulation in inflammatory processes including vasculitis. Genetically determined causes of fever may account for some cases of WCD.
Proopiomelanocortin Processing in the Pituitary, Central Nervous System, and Peripheral Tissues
Authors: A. IAN SMITH, JOHN W. FUNDER
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1988)

More than 20 yr ago, in an elegant series of pulsechase studies, Steiner and Oyer (1) demonstrated that insulin is synthesized in pancreatic islet cells as part of a larger molecule, proinsulin. Since that time, the concept that bioactive peptides are derived from larger precursors has become firmly established (2–4). Over the same period, the definitive structures of the majority of precursors of biologically active peptides have been fully characterized, both by classical protein sequence studies and more recently by recombinant DNA techniques (for reviews see Refs. 4–6). To yield biologically active products, precursors commonly undergo a series of highly organized posttranslational events, including selective proteolytic cleavage and other enzymatic modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, α-amidation, acetylation) which take place within specific membrane-bounded compartments. A number of precursor polypeptides contain within their structure amino acid sequences which have quite diverse biological actions depending on the extent of processing. Second, different precursor molecules can contain identical or very similar sequences. A striking example of both these phenomena is found in the family of prohormones which are processed to yield the opioid peptides, POMC, proenkephalin A (proenkephalin), and proenkephalin B (prodynorphin) (for reviews see Refs. 6–8). A third common feature of precursor processing, and again one described for all three opioid prohormones, is that of tissue-specific differences in their patterns of maturation. Proenkephalin in the brain is largely processed to the pentapeptide enkephalins (9), whereas in the adrenal the majority of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity appears to be of higher molecular weight (4–10 K) (9). Similarly, prodynorphin in the hypothalamus and pituitary neural lobe is processed to smaller forms, principally dynorphin 1-8 and dynorphin 1-17 (10), while in the anterior pituitary larger immunoreactive forms (4–6 K) predominate. These tissue-specific patterns of precursor processing perhaps reflect quite distinct neurotransmitter (central nervous system) and endocrine/paracrine (peripheral tissue) physiological roles for these peptides.
Response of T cells from HCV reinfected grafts after LTX resembles that of T cells from peripheral blood in acute hepatitis C
Authors: CA Schirren, MC Jung, T Worzfeld, M Mamin, JT Gerlach, N Grüner, RM Hoffmann, HM Diepolder, R Zachoval, M Houghton, GR Pape
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Improving the Management of Warfarin May Be Easier Than We Think
Authors: Adam J. Rose
Journal: Circulation (2012)

P erformance variation is easy to find-all one needs to do is to look for it.We have long known that some nations achieve better control of hypertension than others, 1 some hospitals have shorter door-to-balloon times than others, 2 and some cardiac surgeons have better risk-adjusted mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery than others. 3In fact, it is difficult to recall an instance when performance was found not to vary.Given that performance variation is ubiquitous, it is no longer shocking to find it; the more interesting question is why performance varies so much.The answer to this question would likely be a key step along the pathway to improving performance.
Multiple Anxiety Disorder Comorbidity in Patients With Mood Spectrum Disorders With Psychotic Features
Authors: Giovanni B. Cassano, Stefano Pini, Marco Saettoni, Liliana Dell’Osso
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

The authors investigated frequencies and clinical correlates of multiple associations of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and social phobia in patients with severe mood disorders.Subjects were 77 consecutively hospitalized adults with psychotic symptoms and with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, major depression, or schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. Principal diagnosis and comorbidity were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Patient Version.Of the entire cohort, 33.8% had a single anxiety disorder and 14.3% had two or three comorbid diagnoses. Patients with multiple comorbidity had significantly higher scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and SCL-90 and abused stimulants more frequently than did those without anxiety disorders.Multiple associations of panic disorder, OCD, and social phobia are not rare among patients with affective psychoses and are likely to be associated with more severe psychopathology than is found in patients without anxiety disorders.
Gene expression profiling for molecular staging of cutaneous melanoma in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Pedram Gerami, Robert W. Cook, Maria C. Russell, Jeff Wilkinson, Rodabe N. Amaria, Rene Gonzalez, Stephen Lyle, Gilchrist L. Jackson, Anthony J. Greisinger, Clare E. Johnson, Kristen M. Oelschlager, John F. Stone, Derek J. Maetzold, Laura K. Ferris, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Chelsea Cooper, Roxana Obregon, Keith A. Delman, David Lawson
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2015)
TAS-102 monotherapy for pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
Authors: Takayuki Yoshino, Nobuyuki Mizunuma, Kentaro Yamazaki, Tomohiro Nishina, Yoshito Komatsu, Hideo Baba, Akihito Tsuji, Kensei Yamaguchi, Kei Muro, Naotoshi Sugimoto, Yasushi Tsuji, Toshikazu Moriwaki, Taito Esaki, Chikuma Hamada, Takanori Tanase, Atsushi Ohtsu
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2012)
Derivation and Validation of a Prediction Score for Major Coronary Heart Disease Events in a U.K. Type 2 Diabetic Population
Authors: Peter T. Donnan, Louise Donnelly, John P. New, Andrew D. Morris
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

OBJECTIVE—To derive and validate an absolute risk algorithm for major coronary heart disease (CHD) events in the U.K. population with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A population cohort with type 2 diabetes was constructed in Tayside, Scotland, U.K., and longitudinally followed-up to June 2004. Participants were all people with type 2 diabetes registered with general practices and the Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside, Scotland, database (97% sensitive) with no previous CHD event and with complete measurements (n = 4,569). The main outcome measure was risk of CHD defined as fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or CHD death, derived from the Weibull accelerated failure-time model. Validation of the algorithm was performed on an independent dataset from Salford, England, U.K. RESULTS—There were a total of 243 subjects (5.3%) with a fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or CHD death over the follow-up period from 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2004 (maximum follow-up 9.5 years). The final Weibull model included the significant predictors of age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, smoking (current, past, never), sex, systolic blood pressure, treated hypertension, total cholesterol, and height. Assessment of discrimination and calibration in the Salford validation dataset demonstrated a good fit (c = 0.71 [95% CI 0.63–0.79]). CONCLUSIONS—This study provides the first validated, population-derived model for prediction of absolute risk of CHD in people with type 2 diabetes. It provides a useful additional decision aid for the clinician treating type 2 diabetes by indicating appropriate early action to decrease the risk of adverse outcomes.
The Spectrum of Intermediate Syndrome Following Acute Organophosphate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study from Sri Lanka
Authors: Pradeepa Jayawardane, Andrew H Dawson, Vajira Weerasinghe, Lakshman Karalliedde, Nicholas A Buckley, Nimal Senanayake
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Intermediate syndrome (IMS) is a major cause of death from respiratory failure following acute organophosphate poisoning. The objective of this study was to determine repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) predictors of IMS that would assist in patient management and clinical research.Seventy-eight consenting symptomatic patients with organophosphate poisoning were assessed prospectively with daily physical examination and RNS. RNS was done on the right and left median and ulnar nerves at 1, 3, 10, 15, 20, and 30 Hz. The study was conducted as a prospective observational cohort study in the Central Province, Sri Lanka. IMS was diagnosed in ten out of 78 patients using a priori clinical diagnostic criteria, and five of them developed respiratory failure. All ten patients showed progressive RNS changes correlating with the severity of IMS. A decrement-increment was observed at intermediate and high frequencies preceding the onset of clinical signs of IMS. As the patient developed clinical signs of IMS, decrement-increment was progressively noted at low and intermediate frequencies and a combination of decrement-increment and repetitive fade or severe decrement was noted at high frequencies. Severe decrement preceded respiratory failure in four patients. Thirty patients developed forme fruste IMS with less severe weakness not progressing to respiratory failure whose RNS was characterized by decrement-increment or a combination of decrement-increment and repetitive fade but never severe decrements.Characteristic changes in RNS, preceding the development of IMS, help to identify a subgroup of patients at high risk of developing respiratory failure. The forme fruste IMS with the characteristic early changes on RNS indicates that IMS is a spectrum disorder. RNS changes are objective and precede the diagnosis and complications of IMS. Thus they may be useful in clinical management and research.
Two novel, severe asthma phenotypes identified during childhood using a clustering approach
Authors: Jocelyne Just, Rahele Gouvis-Echraghi, Sarah Rouve, Stephanie Wanin, David Moreau, Isabella Annesi-Maesano
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Unsupervised cluster analysis has already been used to identify severe phenotypes of childhood asthma, but without taking into account inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to define independent homogeneous phenotypic clusters of severe asthma in a cohort of asthmatic children. Cluster analysis was applied to 19 variables from 315 children enrolled in the Trousseau Asthma Program in Paris, France. Three independent clusters of asthma were identified. Cluster 1, asthma with severe exacerbations and multiple allergies: 103 children had more sensitisations to inhaled allergens and food allergens, more blood eosinophils and basophils, more uncontrolled asthma despite high doses of inhaled corticosteroid and more hospitalisations for exacerbation. Cluster 2, severe asthma with bronchial obstruction: 72 children were significantly older, had the highest body mass index, a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s, more pronounced blood neutrophils and significantly higher levels of all classes of immunoglobulin (Ig), except IgE. Cluster 3, mild asthma: 140 children did not show statistically significant features. These results could lead to improved management of severe asthma in children by optimising treatment strategies, i.e. anti-allergic drugs, such as anti-IgE for children with the allergic phenotype, and anti-neutrophil drugs, such as macrolides for those with the obstructive phenotype.