tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pheromone Evolution, Reproductive Genes, and Comparative Transcriptomics in Mediterranean Earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae)
Authors: Marta Novo, Ana Riesgo, Antoni Fernández-Guerra, Gonzalo Giribet
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

Animals inhabiting cryptic environments are often subjected to morphological stasis due to the lack of obvious agents driving selection, and hence chemical cues may be important drivers of sexual selection and individual recognition. Here, we provide a comparative analysis of de novo-assembled transcriptomes in two Mediterranean earthworm species with the objective to detect pheromone proteins and other reproductive genes that could be involved in cryptic speciation processes, as recently characterized in other earthworm species. cDNA libraries of unspecific tissue of Hormogaster samnitica and three different tissues of H. elisae were sequenced in an Illumina Genome Analyzer II or Hi-Seq. Two pheromones, Attractin and Temptin were detected in all tissue samples and both species. Attractin resulted in a reliable marker for phylogenetic inference. Temptin contained multiple paralogs and was slightly overexpressed in the digestive tissue, suggesting that these pheromones could be released with the casts. Genes involved in sexual determination and fertilization were highly expressed in reproductive tissue. This is thus the first detailed analysis of the molecular machinery of sexual reproduction in earthworms.
Modulatory effects of alveolar macrophages on CD4+ T‐cell IL‐5 responses correlate with IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐12 production
Authors: C. Tang, J.m Rolland, C. Ward, X. Li, R. Bish, F. Thien, E.H. Walters
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Increasing evidence suggests that the pattern of T-cell cytokine production can be modulated by antigen presenting cell (APC)-derived factors during the cell interactions. Recently, it has been shown that alveolar macrophages (AMs) from atopic asthmatics (AA) but not atopic nonasthmatics (AN) enhance interleukin (IL)-5 production by CD4+ T-cells. The present study compared AM production of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-12, as well as their associated functional capacity to influence IL-5 production by allergen-specific CD4+ T-cells in 10 AA, 10 AN, and nine nonatopic control subjects (C). AMs from AA showed a relatively high production of IL-1beta and IL-6 (p&lt;0.05) and a relatively low secretion of IL-12 compared to C, whereas AMs from AN and C behaved similarly. This study confirmed previous findings that co-culture with AMs augments IL-5 production from allergen-stimulated CD4+ T-cells only in AA and not in nonasthmatics even if they are atopic. On the other hand, stimulation with allergen alone did not enhance IL-5 production by CD4+ T-cells in either AA nor AN. AM-induced changes in CD4+ T-cell IL-5 production upon allergen stimulation significantly correlated with their ability to produce IL-1beta (r=0.59, p&lt;0.01), IL-6 (r=0.56, p&lt;0.01), and inversely with IL-12 (r=-64, p=0.002) in all atopic subjects, and even more closely with the ratio of IL-12/IL-1beta (r=-0.75, p&lt;0.001) and IL-12/IL-6 production (r=-0.81, p&lt;0.001) in these subjects. These findings suggest that the role of alveolar macrophages from atopic asthmatics in enhancing interleukin-5 production by allergen-specific CD4+ T-cells is due, at least partly, to their aberrant production of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and particularly of interleukin-12.
The effects of short term lipid infusion on plasma and hepatic bile lipids in humans
Authors: R Pakula, F M Konikoff, A M Moser, F Greif, A Tietz, T Gilat, M Rubin
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND Patients on parenteral nutrition have an increased incidence of gall bladder sludge and gallstone disease, thought to be related to bile stasis. Intravenous lipid emulsions, especially those containing medium chain triglycerides, have also been shown to have a lithogenic effect on the composition of bile in the gall bladder. AIMS To determine whether lipid infusion influences hepatic bile composition in patients with an indwelling T tube following cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. METHODS In eight patients undergoing the above surgical procedure, the time at which effects of the interrupted enterohepatic circulation were minimal was determined. Twenty two cholesterol gallstone patients with bile fistula were then randomised to receive an infusion of a lipid emulsion containing either long chain triglycerides or a mixture of long and medium chain triglycerides. RESULTS Lipid infusion resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of triglycerides and phospholipids. Both lipid emulsions caused an increase in hepatic biliary cholesterol level and cholesterol saturation index, but this effect was more pronounced with medium chain triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of biliary phospholipids showed a significant enrichment of linoleic acid by both lipid infusions. CONCLUSIONS Infusion of triglycerides causes lithogenic changes in hepatic bile composition in humans, the lithogenic effect of infusion of medium chain triglycerides being more pronounced than that of long chain triglycerides. This effect, coupled with gall bladder stasis, may be responsible for the increased risk of biliary sludge and gallstone formation in patients on long term lipid infusion.
Electron microscopy of chlorphentermine lung
Authors: P. Smith, D. Heath, P. S. Hasleton
Journal: Thorax (1973)

<b>Smith, P., Heath, D., and Hasleton, P. S. (1973).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>28</b>, 559-566. <b>Electron microscopy of chlorphentermine lung.</b> Electron microscopy of lung tissue from rats treated with chlorphentermine shows an intense hyperplasia in the alveolar walls of granular pneumocytes which remain attached and do not migrate into the alveolar spaces. Numerous `foam cells9 are found free in the alveoli and are histiocytes which have ingested osmiophilic lamellar bodies. Similar laminated inclusions are found in granular pneumocytes, membranous pneumocytes, bronchiolar Clara cells, pulmonary macrophages, and endothelial cells of pulmonary capillaries. The intra-alveolar debris is rich in osmiophilic lamellar bodies with associated phospholipid lattices. The appearances are those of a toxic alveolitis. Further studies of chronic toxicity are suggested to ascertain if this acute lesion progresses to fibrosing alveolitis.
Multicellular origin of fibrosarcomas in mice induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene.
Authors: A L Reddy, P J Fialkow
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

The cellular origin of tumors induced by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was studied in mice with X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism. Because only one of the two X-chromosomes is active in XX somatic cells, a female heterozygous at the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) locus for the usual Pgk-1b gene and the variant Pgk-1a has two populations of cells, in the cells of one population, Pgk-1b is active and B-type enzyme is synthesized, whereas in cells of the other population, A-type enzyme is produced. Both enzyme types are found in normal tissues from these mosaic mice. A tumor developing from a single cell exhibits only one of the two PGK enzyme types, whereas a tumor with a multicellular origin expresses both enzymes (i.e., it has a double-enzyme phenotype). Five fibrosarcomas developing at the site of injection of 0.2 or 2.0 mg of MCA were analyzed. 36 of 38 fragments from the five tumors had double-enzyme PGK phenotypes. One piece from each of two tumors showed a single-enzyme phenotype. Histological, cell culture, and cloning studies indicate that the double-enzyme phenotypes reflect the presence of both types of malignant cells and not admixture of normal with neoplastic elements in the specimens tested for PGK. The results suggest strongly that these fibrosarcomas have a multicellular origin.
Serum bactericidal activity in non cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in patients with pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation
Authors: Deborah Whitters, Timothy Wells, Robert Stockley
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Background:  Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( PA) colonisation is commonly encountered and problematic in patients with nonCF bronchiectasis. Inhibitory factors in the serum of patients with CF and chronic PA infection which impair phagocytosis of PA have previously been identified with IgG2 proposed to act as a blocking antibody.We have investigated this concept further in patients with non CF bronchiectasis.   Methods:  Stable state serum and sputum collected from 11 patients with non CF bronchiectasis colonised with PA. 33 morphological strains of PA identified from this group.Control serum was obtained from healthy individuals for comparison.Stationary phase bacterial cultures were prepared and 10μL innoculum added to 90μL of healthy control and patient serum and incubated at 37°C.At 3 time intervals (45,90,180 mins) the serum/innoculum mixture underwent serial dilution and a miles+misra plate prepared for each strain at every time point at 4 dilutions.This was incubated overnight at 37°C and colonies analysed to observe the serum killing trend.   Results:  Serum from 2 patients was demonstrated to have blocking activity against 4 strains of PA isolated from these patients.   Conclusion:  The concept of blocking activity in the serum of patients with non CF bronchiectasis may provide some explanation for the mechanism of establishment of PA colonisation in the airways of some patients and requires further investigation.
Is It All in the Genes… ?
Authors: Thomas F. Lüscher, Georg Noll
Journal: Circulation (1999)

itric oxide (NO), the molecule of the year in 1995 and theme of the Nobel Prize in 1998, started its career as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) almost 20 years ago. 1 An unusual observation in the rabbit aorta, ie, the unexpected relaxation to acetylcholine only in preparations with endothelium, stimulated the scientific community because of its obvious physiological and clinical potential. 2The search for its identity left us with the surprising result that the answer was NO. 3 This chemically unstable free radical and ancient mediator was fascinating not only because of its short half-life but also because it was the active component of all nitrovasodilators.Shortly thereafter, the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was cloned and its substrate L-arginine identified. 4,5Thus, almost 100 years after the introduction of nitroglycerin in the treatment of angina pectoris, the endogenous nitrate was discovered, which, like its pharmacological counterpart, stimulated cGMP in vascular smooth muscle to cause vasodilatation.
AN EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSES IN OLD AGE
Authors: W. S. WILLIAMS, E. GARTLY JACO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

1. Recent and more refined epidemiologic data indicate that the incidence of functional pychoses in the elderly population is much higher than earlier studies have indicated. 2. Analysis of the epidemiologic data indicates that there is a close relationship between certain social factors and the incidence of mental illness in later life. 3. Evidence presented here and in previous research reports which are cited are interpreted to suggest that "social aging" is at least as significant as physical aging in the occurrence of mental illness in later life. 4. The concept of "forced dependency" is suggested to describe the attempts of society to relegate its independent and autonomous elderly members to a secondary status. "Role obsolescence" is suggested as describing the characteristic fate of the elderly person who has outlived his mode of usefulness to self and others. The reaction to this obsolescent dependent state with its loss of personal identity is suggested as a major source of behavior pathology in the aged individual. 5. The conclusion seems to be warranted that a functional illness characterized by depressed mood is as typical or more typical of mental illness in this age period than is an illness characterized by a chronic brain syndrome. The possibility of a functional form of senility in addition to the more commonly recognized organic pathology might also be considered in investigating the psychiatric disorders of the aged.
Effects of N-acetylcysteine on tissue oxygenation in patients with multiple organ failure and evidence of tissue hypoxia
Authors: AG Agusti, B Togores, J Ibanez, JM Raurich, A Maimo, J Bergada, P Marse, R Jorda
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Covert tissue hypoxia, particularly of the splanchnic region, appears important in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure (MOF). This investigation evaluates the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) upon several measures of tissue oxygenation in 10 patients with severe MOF and evidence of splanchnic hypoxia (as suggested by a pathologically low value (&lt; 7.32) of the pH of the gastric mucosa (pHi)). Patients were studied following a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Measurements included pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics, cardiac output by thermodilution, arterial and mixed venous blood gas values, blood lactate concentration, whole-body oxygen uptake by analysis of the expired gases, and pHi by tonometry. A complete set of measurements was obtained before and 45 min after the infusion of NAC (150 mg.kg-1 in 250 mL of saline) and, also, before and 45 min after the infusion of an equivalent volume of saline. NAC increased the cardiac index and vasodilated the systemic circulation (p &lt; 0.01). However, O2 delivery to the tissues did not increase because the arterial oxygen content fell after NAC (p &lt; 0.01). Mean O2 extraction or lactate concentration did not change after NAC, and pHi fell slightly (from 7.11 +/- 0.21 to 7.07 +/- 0.21; p &lt; 0.05). The infusion of saline did not modify any variable significantly. The O2 extraction fraction increased exponentially in those patients with reduced O2 transport to the tissues. These results argue against a beneficial effect of N-acetylcysteine upon tissue oxygenation in patients with severe multiple organ failure and evidence of splanchnic hypoxia. Furthermore, they suggest that the mechanisms controlling the extraction of oxygen by the peripheral tissues in these patients were not impaired.
Prevention of Radiation Injury: Predictability and Preventability of Complications of Radiation Therapy
Authors: J R Stewart, F A Gibbs
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1982)

Postpartum depression (PPD) is common, disabling, and treatable. The strongest risk factor is a history of mood or anxiety disorder, especially having active symptoms during pregnancy. As PPD is one of the most common complications of childbirth, it is ...Read More
Violence and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: A A Stone
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1984)

Note: This publication comments on the article by O. Devinsky and D. Bear discussing the positive benefits of neurosurgical intervention to control violence in temporal lobe epilepsy. Devinsky, O., & Bear, D.M. (1984, May). Varieties of Aggressive Behavior in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(5), 651-656. (VioLit Record Number 10500) Epilepsy Biological Factors Neurological Factors Neuropsychological Factors Violence Causes Aggression Causes Adult Aggression Adult Violence Adult Offender 04-01
Potent anti-tumor effects of a dual specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing apoptin in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Li Xiao, Liu Yan, Wen Zhongmei, Li Chang, Lu Huijun, Tian Mingyao, Jin Kuoshi, Sun Lili, Gao Pegn, Yang Encheng, Xu Xiaohong, Kan Shifu, Wang Zhuoyue, Wang Yuhang, Jin Ningyi
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Abstract Background Oncolytic virotherapy is an attractive drug platform of cancer gene therapy, but efficacy and specificity are important prerequisites for success of such strategies. Previous studies determined that Apoptin is a p53 independent, bcl-2 insensitive apoptotic protein with the ability to specifically induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Here, we generated a conditional replication-competent adenovirus (CRCA), designated Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin, and investigated the effectiveness of the CRCA a gene therapy agent for further clinical trials. Results The observation that infection with Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin significantly inhibited growth of the melanoma cells, protecting normal human epidermal melanocytes from growth inhibition confirmed cancer cell selective adenoviral replication, growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction of this therapeutic approach. The in vivo assays performed by using C57BL/6 mice containing established primary or metastatic tumors expanded the in vitro studies. When treated with Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin, the subcutaneous primary tumor volume reduction was not only observed in intratumoral injection group but in systemic delivery mice. In the lung metastasis model, Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin effectively suppressed pulmonary metastatic lesions. Furthermore, treatment of primary and metastatic models with Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin increased mice survival. Conclusions These data further reinforce the previously research showing that an adenovirus expressing Apoptin is more effective and advocate the potential applications of Ad-hTERT-E1a-Apoptin in the treatment of neoplastic diseases in future clinical trials.
Stem cells as vectors for antitumour therapy
Authors: M. R Loebinger, S. M Janes
Journal: Thorax (2010)

Recent research suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to migrate specifically to tumours and their metastases throughout the body. This has led to considerable excitement about the possibility of modifying these cells to express anticancer molecules and using them as specific targeted anticancer agents. However, there are concerns that systemically delivered MSCs may have non-desirable effects, and there are also many unanswered questions including the mechanism of tumour homing. This review investigates the different MSC-delivered anticancer agents, addresses the questions and concerns, and tries to place this potential therapy in future cancer management.
A Resident Group Process Training Seminar
Authors: ROGER W. SHERMAN, ARTHUR M. HILDRETH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The authors describe a useful teaching tool in a psychiatric residency, an ongoing group process seminar. In it residents learn to recognize and deal with the forces of competition, scapegoating, dependency, and helpless rage at the administration. Studying these forces makes it possible to understand and effectively counter similar processes in other groups such as inpatient wards.
Characterisation and impact of reported and unreported exacerbations: results from ATTAIN
Authors: Paul W. Jones, Rosa Lamarca, Ferran Chuecos, Dave Singh, Alvar Agustí, Eric D. Bateman, Gonzalo de Miquel, Cynthia Caracta, Esther Garcia Gil
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The frequency and impact of exacerbations identified using healthcare resource utilisation (HCRU) or the EXAcerbations of Chronic pulmonary disease Tool (EXACT) were compared prospectively in a 24-week, phase III trial (ATTAIN). Patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease received twice-daily aclidinium 200 μg, aclidinium 400 μg or placebo. All HCRU events were reported to physicians. “EXACT-identified” events were categorised as “EXACT-reported” (detected by EXACT and reported to the physician) and “EXACT-unreported” (detected but not reported). Health status was measured using the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Annualised EXACT-identified event rates were higher in all study arms (placebo 1.39, aclidinium 200 μg 1.00 and aclidinium 400 μg 0.98 per patient per year) versus HCRU (placebo 0.60, aclidinium 200 μg 0.43 and aclidinium 400 μg 0.40 per patient per year). Concordance between methods was low (kappa 0.16). Aclidinium reduced EXACT-identified events (rate ratio versus placebo: aclidinium 200 μg 0.72 and aclidinium 400 μg 0.71; both p&lt;0.05); HCRU events were similarly reduced. At week 24, SGRQ scores improved (-6.6 versus baseline) in patients with no event during weeks 1–12; improvements were significantly smaller in patients with HCRU events (-3.4; p=0.036) or EXACT-unreported events (-3.0; p=0.002). Unreported events were more frequent than reported events. Both had similar negative impact on health status. Aclidinium reduced the frequency of both types of event.
Comparison of fibulin-3 and mesothelin as markers in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Jenette Creaney, Ian M Dick, Tarek M Meniawy, Su Lyn Leong, Justine S Leon, Yvonne Demelker, Amanda Segal, A W (Bill) Musk, Y C Gary Lee, Steven J Skates, Anna K Nowak, Bruce W S Robinson
Journal: Thorax (2014)

Pleural malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a deadly tumour predominantly associated with asbestos exposure. A reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker for MM will significantly enhance clinical care and is an area of intense research. Soluble mesothelin is the most studied and an FDA-approved biomarker for MM. A recent report showed promising results using fibulin-3 as a new diagnostic marker. The aim of this study was to compare the utility of fibulin-3 versus mesothelin, singly or in combination.Fibulin-3 and soluble mesothelin were determined by ELISA in the plasma and pleural fluid of 153 patients presenting with a pleural effusion including 82 with MM, 36 with non-MM malignant effusions and 35 with benign effusions. Biomarker concentrations were determined in the plasma of an additional 49 cases with benign asbestos-related disease.Mesothelin provides better diagnostic accuracy than fibulin-3 for MM whether measured in plasma or pleural effusion: area under the curve (AUC) for plasma was 0.822 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.87) compared with 0.671 (0.61 to 0.73), respectively, and for pleural fluid AUC was 0.815 (0.74 to 0.87) compared with 0.588 (0.51 to 0.67), respectively. Effusion fibulin-3 was an independent significant prognostic factor for survival in MM patients; HR 2.08 (1.14 to 3.82), p=0.017. MM patients with effusion fibulin-3 levels below the median survived significantly longer than those with levels above the median (14.1 vs 7.9 months, p=0.012). Mesothelin and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were not significant prognostic markers.Soluble mesothelin is a superior diagnostic biomarker for MM compared with fibulin-3, whereas fibulin-3 provides superior prognostic information compared with mesothelin.