tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS: THE ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN AND CHLORIDES AS COMPARED WITH THAT OF PHENOLSULPHONEPHTHALEIN
Authors: J. Harold Austin, A. B. Eisenbrey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

1. Uranium and cantharidin, in the smallest doses capable of producing a distinct nephritis, tend to increase the elimination of nitrogen, probably by stimulating tissue katabolism. 2. Uranium, cantharidin, and potassium chromate, in larger doses, impair the power of the kidney to eliminate nitrogen; but this may not be evident unless the animal is on a high nitrogen diet, and the impairment, when due to potassium chromate, may not persist more than a day. 3. Small doses of uranium and of cantharidin cause a transient increase of chloride elimination which corresponds in a general way to the excess of diuresis. 4. Large doses of uranium and of chromate cause a fall, usually transient, in the chloride elimination. The chloride elimination may, however, be diminished forty per cent. for twenty-four hours without evidences of intoxication (vomiting). 5. The anatomic appearance of the kidney varies somewhat with the poison used and greatly with the period of survival after administration of the poison, but bears no definite relation to the nitrogen, chloride, or phenolsulphonephthalein elimination; marked anatomic alteration is compatible with normal elimination of all these substances and with freedom from symptoms of intoxication (vomiting). 6. The decrease in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein, which occurs in uranium, chromate, and cantharidin nephritides, and which, in a general way, is proportional to the dose of the poison, bears no constant relation to the changes in the nitrogen or chloride elimination. 7. A marked decrease in the elimination of the phenolsulphonephthalein occurs synchronously, as a rule, with the onset of the symptoms of intoxication (vomiting), and therefore the phenolsulphonephthalein test would seem to be a better indicator of the ability of the kidney to eliminate the toxic substance responsible for the symptoms of renal insufficiency than are either the anatomic changes or the elimination of total nitrogen or of chlorides.
Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Men With Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Matthew R. Cooperberg, Janet E. Cowan, Joan F. Hilton, Adam C. Reese, Harras B. Zaid, Sima P. Porten, Katsuto Shinohara, Maxwell V. Meng, Kirsten L. Greene, Peter R. Carroll
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Active surveillance (AS) is an option for the initial management of early-stage prostate cancer. Current risk stratification schema identify patients with low-risk disease who are presumed to be most suitable for AS. However, some men with higher risk disease also elect AS; outcomes for such men have not been widely reported.Men managed with AS at University of California, San Francisco, were classified as low- or intermediate-risk based on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason grade, extent of biopsy involvement, and T stage. Clinical and demographic characteristics, and progression in terms of Gleason score, PSA kinetics, and active treatment were compared between men with low- and intermediate-risk tumors.Compared to men with low-risk tumors, those with intermediate-risk tumors were older (mean, 64.9 v 62.3 years) with higher mean PSA values (10.9 v 5.1 ng/mL), and more tumor involvement (mean, 20.4% v 15.3% positive biopsy cores; all P < .01). Within 4 years of the first positive biopsy, the clinical risk group did not differ in terms of the proportions experiencing progression-free survival, (low [54%] v intermediate [61%]; log-rank P = .22) or the proportions who underwent active treatment (low [30%] v intermediate [35%]; log-rank P = .88). Among men undergoing surgery, none were node positive and none had biochemical recurrence within 3 years.Selected men with intermediate-risk features be appropriate candidates for AS, and are not necessarily more likely to progress. AS for these men may provide an opportunity to further reduce overtreatment of disease that is unlikely to progress to advanced cancer.
Association of Sickle Cell Trait With Chronic Kidney Disease and Albuminuria in African Americans
Authors: Rakhi P. Naik, Vimal K. Derebail, Morgan E. Grams, Nora Franceschini, Paul L. Auer, Gina M. Peloso, Bessie A. Young, Guillaume Lettre, Carmen A. Peralta, Ronit Katz, Hyacinth I. Hyacinth, Rakale C. Quarells, Megan L. Grove, Alexander G. Bick, Pierre Fontanillas, Stephen S. Rich, Joshua D. Smith, Eric Boerwinkle, Wayne D. Rosamond, Kaoru Ito, Sophie Lanzkron, Josef Coresh, Adolfo Correa, Gloria E. Sarto, Nigel S. Key, David R. Jacobs, Sekar Kathiresan, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Abhijit V. Kshirsagar, James G. Wilson, Alexander P. Reiner
Journal: JAMA (2014)

The association between sickle cell trait (SCT) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain.
Microcirculatory Effects of Emulsified Fat Infusions
Authors: P.-I. BRåNEMARK, J. LINDSTRöM
Journal: Circulation Research (1964)

Changes of flow through minute vessels during hyperlipemia after intravenous infusion of fat emulsion have been analyzed by high resolution vital microscopy of connective tissue in ear chambers and of mesentery in rabbits. The shape of erythrocytes was characteristically changed. Granulocytes often stuck to the endothelium. The velocity of capillary blood flow diminished at first and then reverted fairly quickly to normal. Some chylomicra passed through the capillary walls. No intercorpuscular aggregation, no adhesion of erythrocytes and no adhesion of platelets were observed.
Effects of Metformin Versus Glipizide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jie Hong, Yifei Zhang, Shenghan Lai, Ankang Lv, Qing Su, Yan Dong, Zhiguang Zhou, Weili Tang, Jiajun Zhao, Lianqun Cui, Dajin Zou, Dawang Wang, Hong Li, Chao Liu, Guoting Wu, Jie Shen, Dalong Zhu, Weiqing Wang, Weifeng Shen, Guang Ning
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

The two major classes of antidiabetic drugs, sulfonylureas and metformin, may differentially affect macrovascular complications and mortality in diabetic patients. We compared the long-term effects of glipizide and metformin on the major cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients who had a history of coronary artery disease (CAD).This study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 304 type 2 diabetic patients with CAD, mean age = 63.3 years (range, 36-80 years), were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either glipizide (30 mg daily) or metformin (1.5 g daily) for 3 years. The primary end points were times to the composite of recurrent cardiovascular events, including death from a cardiovascular cause, death from any cause, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or arterial revascularization.At the end of study drug administration, both groups achieved a significant decrease in the level of glycated hemoglobin (7.1% in the glipizide group and 7.0% in the metformin group). At a median follow-up of 5.0 years, 91 participants had developed 103 primary end points. Intention-to-treat analysis showed an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.54 (95% CI 0.30-0.90; P = 0.026) for the composites of cardiovascular events among the patients that received metformin, compared with glipizide. The secondary end points and adverse events were not significantly different between the two groups.Treatment with metformin for 3 years substantially reduced major cardiovascular events in a median follow-up of 5.0 years compared with glipizide. Our results indicated a potential benefit of metformin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients.
Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Complications During Dobutamine-Atropine Stress Echocardiography
Authors: Marcel L. Geleijnse, Boudewijn J. Krenning, Attila Nemes, Bas M. van Dalen, Osama I.I. Soliman, Folkert J. ten Cate, Arend F.L. Schinkel, Eric Boersma, Maarten L. Simoons
Journal: Circulation (2010)
Important predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease
Authors: Hyung Joon Kim, Hyun Woong Lee
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

Prognosis is an essential part of the baseline assessment of any disease. For predicting prognosis of end-stage liver disease, many prognostic models were proposed. Child-Pugh score has been the reference for assessing the prognosis of cirrhosis for about three decades in end-stage liver disease. Despite of several limitations, recent large systematic review showed that Child-Pugh score was still robust predictors and it's components (bilirubin, albumin and prothrombin time) were followed by Child-Pugh score. Recently, Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score emerged as a "modern" alternative to Child-Pugh score. The MELD score has been an important role to accurately predict the severity of liver disease and effectively assess the risk of mortality. Due to several weakness of MELD score, new modified MELD scores (MELD-Na, Delta MELD) have been developed and validated. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the prognostic factors in end-stage liver disease, focusing on the role of Child-Pugh and MELD score. Keywords: Cirrhosis; MELD score; Child score
Primary sclerosing cholangitis in 32 children: Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features, with survival analysis
Authors: Michael Wilschanski, Peter Chait, Judy A. Wade, Lori Davis, Mary Corey, Patrick St. Louis, Anne M. Griffiths, Laurence M. Blendis, Stanley P. Moroz, Linda Scully, Eve A. Roberts
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

The clinical presentation and outcome of 32 children with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are reviewed, the largest North American series. The majority of patients were diagnosed in their second decade (median age: 13 years). Four children presented before the age of 2 years, but none in the neonatal period. Seventeen patients had inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), all with colitis, 14 ulcerative colitis, and 3 Crohn's disease. Eight patients presented with chronic liver disease before clinical onset of IBD. Only 8 of 32 patients were jaundiced at presentation. Fifteen of 32 had a normal serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level at presentation. Nine children presented with features similar to those of autoimmune hepatitis. Cholangiography was performed in all cases and classified by a scoring system specifically developed for pediatric patients. Intrahepatic disease predominated; in only three cases a common bile duct stricture was identified requiring stenting. Findings on the initial liver biopsy were classified according to Ludwig's criteria for staging PSC: there were 15 biopsies in stages 1 to 2 and 17 biopsies stages 3 to 4. HLA class I and II antigens were determined in 27 patients. An increased incidence of HLA B8 and DR2(15) but not DRw52a (DRB3*0101) was found. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) was positive in 10 of 24 patients tested. Survival analysis indicated that a later age at presentation, splenomegaly, and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) at presentation were significant contributors to the prediction of poor outcome (i.e., death or listing for transplantation). Liver transplantation was successfully performed in seven children. Physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion of PSC in any child or young adult presenting with chronic liver disease, especially in the presence of IBD, even with a normal serum alkaline phosphatase level.
Immunoprotein deposition in synovial tissue in Reiter's syndrome.
Authors: A R Baldassare, T D Weiss, C C Tsai, R E Arthur, T L Moore, J Zuckner
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

The aetiology of Reiter's syndrome (RS) is unknown. In order to evaluate the role of immunological mechanisms in this disease we performed synovial biopsies on 12 patients with RS looking for deposition of immunoglobulins and complement components in synovial tissue. By immunofluorescent techniques 11 synovia were found to have immunoprotein deposition. IgM deposition was found around vessels in 8 synovia and in the interstitial tissue in 4. C3 was present perivascularly in 11 cases; in 4 of those there was also staining in the interstitial tissue. No immunoproteins were found in infiltrating or synovial lining cells. The finding of immunoproteins in the synovium of the majority of patients with RS suggests that immunological mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Rituximab Maintenance Compared With Observation After Brief First-Line R-FND Chemoimmunotherapy With Rituximab Consolidation in Patients Age Older Than 60 Years With Advanced Follicular Lymphoma: A Phase III Randomized Study by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi
Authors: Umberto Vitolo, Marco Ladetto, Carola Boccomini, Luca Baldini, Federico De Angelis, Alessandra Tucci, Barbara Botto, Annalisa Chiappella, Annalisa Chiarenza, Antonello Pinto, Amalia De Renzo, Francesco Zaja, Claudia Castellino, Alessia Bari, Isabel Alvarez De Celis, Andrea Evangelista, Guido Parvis, Enrica Gamba, Chiara Lobetti-Bodoni, Giovannino Ciccone, Giuseppe Rossi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of rituximab maintenance in 60- to 75-year-old patients with advanced follicular lymphoma responding to brief first-line chemoimmunotherapy followed by rituximab consolidation. Patients and Methods A total of 234 treatment-naive 60- to 75-year-old patients began chemoimmunotherapy with four monthly courses of rituximab, fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (R-FND) followed by four weekly cycles of rituximab consolidation. Of these, 210 patients completed the planned treatment, and 202 responders were randomly assigned to rituximab maintenance (arm A) for 8 months, once every 2 months for a total of four doses, or to observation (arm B). Results Median ages in arms A and B were 66 and 65 years, respectively. After induction and consolidation therapy, the overall response rate was 86%, with 69% complete remissions (CR). After a 42-month median follow-up from diagnosis, 3-year progression-free survival (PFS; the primary end point) and overall survival (OS) were 66% (95% CI, 59% to 72%) and 89% (95% CI, 85% to 93%), respectively. After randomization, 2-year PFS was 81% for rituximab maintenance versus 69% for observation, with a hazard ratio of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.45 to 1.21; P = .226), although this was not statistically significant. No differences between the two arms were detected for OS. Overall, the regimen was well-tolerated. The most frequent grade 3 to 4 toxicity was neutropenia (25% of treatment courses), with 13 infections. Two toxic deaths (0.8%) occurred during induction treatment. Conclusion A brief R-FND induction plus rituximab consolidation achieved excellent results with high CR and PFS rates, supporting the feasibility of this regimen in patients older than 60 years. A short rituximab maintenance did not achieve a statistically significant PFS improvement over observation.
Effect of iron and protein deficiency on the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat.
Authors: T D Bolin, A E Davis, A G Cummins, V M Duncombe, J D Kelly
Journal: Gut (1977)

The relationship between iron deficiency and protein deficiency and infestation of the rat with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was investigated. There was a significant delay in the expulsion of N. brasiliensis from the small intestine of both iron deficient and protein deficient animals and those with a combined deficiency of iron and protein. Iron repletion returned the time of worm expulsion to normal and this would appear to be related to iron deficiency per se rather than to anaemia. Antibody initiated damage to worms was normal in the control animals and in animals with nutritional deficiencies. This suggests that the defect in worm expulsion occurs either in the cell-mediated immune system or in one of the other mediators of expulsion. Extrapolation to the human situation has important therapeutic implications in that iron and protein deficiency may play an important role in the perpetuation of helminth infestations. Thus, to be successful antihelminth therapy should be accompanied by iron and protein supplementation.
Clinical and radiological features of osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: I D Griffiths, R N Maini, J T Scott
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Symptomatic osteonecrosis occurred in 8 out of 68 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Multiple joints were involved in 3 patients, and weight-bearing joints were most frequently affected. Osteonecrosis tended to occur early in the disease, and the patients had all received corticosteroids. Symptoms tended to occur when the disease had progressed from an active phase into one of clinical and serological quiescence. In weight-bearing joints classical radiological changes were often absent at the onset of symptoms.
Aerobic responses of prepubertal boys to two modes of training
Authors: Craig A Williams, Neil Armstrong, Julian Powell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

To investigate the effects of two contrasting eight week training programmes on the aerobic performance of 39 prepubescent boys (mean age 10.1 years).All boys were volunteer subjects from three city schools and the schools were matched by a health related behaviour questionnaire. All of the boys were assessed as Tanner stage one for genitalia and pubic hair development. Criterion laboratory tests included peak VO2 as assessed by an incremental discontinuous treadmill test to voluntary exhaustion. Submaximal measurements of heart rate, minute ventilation (VE) and VO2 were also recorded during the treadmill test. One of the schools provided the control group (n = 14), and boys from the other schools followed two contrasting training programmes. The first was a sprint interval running programme (n = 12) comprising 10 second and 30 second sprints, and the second a continuous cycle ergometer programme (n = 13) maintaining a heart rate in the range 80-85% of maximum for 20 minutes on a Monark cycle ergometer. After eight weeks training three times a week, the three groups were retested.There were no significant differences in peak VO2 (p>0.05) with training in either of the groups. Neither were there significant changes in any of the submaximal variables VO2, VE, or heart rate (p>0.05).The findings of this study indicate that neither eight week sprint interval running nor continuous cycle ergometer training programmes significantly improve maximal or submaximal indicators of the aerobic performance of prepubertal boys.
Mice Lacking <i>bi-1</i> Gene Show Accelerated Liver Regeneration
Authors: Béatrice Bailly-Maitre, Emilie Bard-Chapeau, Fréderic Luciano, Nathalie Droin, Jean-Marie Bruey, Benjamin Faustin, Christina Kress, Juan M. Zapata, John C. Reed
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The liver has enormous regenerative capacity such that, after partial hepatectomy, hepatocytes rapidly replicate to restore liver mass, thus providing a context for studying in vivo mechanisms of cell growth regulation. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that suppresses cell death. Interestingly, the BI-1 protein has been shown to regulate Ca2+ handling by the ER similar to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Effects on cell cycle entry by Bcl-2 family proteins have been described, prompting us to explore whether bi-1–deficient mice display alterations in the in vivo regulation of cell cycle entry using a model of liver regeneration. Accordingly, we compared bi-1+/+ and bi-1−/− mice subjected to partial hepatectomy with respect to the kinetics of liver regeneration and molecular events associated with hepatocyte proliferation. We found that bi-1 deficiency accelerates liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Regenerating hepatocytes in bi-1−/− mice enter cell cycle faster, as documented by more rapid incorporation of deoxynucleotides, associated with earlier increases in cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, and Cdk4 protein levels, more rapid hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, and faster degradation of p27Kip1. Dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), a substrate of the Ca2+-sensitive phosphatase calcineurin, were also accelerated following partial hepatectomy in BI-1–deficient hepatocytes. These findings therefore reveal additional similarities between BI-1 and Bcl-2 family proteins, showing a role for BI-1 in regulating cell proliferation in vivo, in addition to its previously described actions as a regulator of cell survival. [Cancer Res 2007;67(4):1442–50]
The Entorhinal Cortex in First-Episode Psychotic Disorders: A Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Konasale M.R. Prasad, Anita R. Patel, Srirangam Muddasani, John Sweeney, Matcheri S. Keshavan
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

Neuropathological findings regarding the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia are conflicting. The authors used structural magnetic resonance imaging to examine the entorhinal cortex volumes of healthy subjects and medication-naive patients experiencing their first episode of psychotic illness.The study included 33 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, 11 patients with nonschizophrenic disorders, and 43 matched healthy subjects. All subjects were rated on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and volumetric measurements of the entorhinal cortex were obtained for all subjects. The authors examined differences across the groups as well as clinical correlations of entorhinal cortex volumes adjusted for intracranial volume.A significant diagnosis effect was seen in the left entorhinal cortex: patients with schizophrenia and related disorders and patients with nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders had smaller left entorhinal cortex volumes than healthy subjects. The mean entorhinal cortex volume of patients with schizophrenic disorders did not differ from that of patients with nonschizophrenic psychotic disorders. In patients with schizophrenic disorders, the entorhinal cortex volume positively correlated with severity of delusions. The mean entorhinal cortex volume of patients with nondelusional psychotic disorders was significantly smaller than that of patients with delusional psychotic disorders and healthy subjects.Smaller entorhinal cortex volume in first-episode, neuroleptic-naive psychotic disorders may not be a confound of the effects of illness chronicity or antipsychotic treatment. Entorhinal cortex pathology appears to have a significant association with positive symptoms, specifically delusions. The impairment of functions in which the entorhinal cortex participates-such as novelty detection, associative learning, and processing episodic, recognition, and autobiographical memory-could be responsible for its association with psychotic disorders and delusions.