tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A: Physiological and Biochemical Processing
Authors: R Blomhoff, M H Green, K R Norum
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1992)

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 VITAMIN A INTAKE AND INTESTINAL ABSORPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Absorption of Carotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Absorption of Retinyl Esters    . . ........ 39 Esterification of Retinol in Enterocytes  .. ........ 39 TISSUE UPTAKE OF CHYLOMICRON REMNANT RETINYL ESTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 HANDLING OF CHYLOMICRON REMNANT RETINYL ESTERS B Y THE LIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 PARACRINE TRANS FER OF RETINOL TO STELLATE CELLS IN THE LIVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 STORAGE OF RETINYL ESTERS IN STELLATE CELLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 RETINOL MOBILIZATION FROM STELLATE CELLS . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . 42 TURNOVER AND RECYCLIN G O F PLASMA RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 43 PLASMA RETINOL HOMEOSTASIS . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 INTERCELLULAR TRANSPORT OF VITAMIN A IN VARIOUS TISSUES . . . . . . . . . . 46 CELLULAR UPTAKE OF RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells....   .. . .   . .   . . . . .. .. ........ . . .. 47 Hepatocytes and Liver Stellate Cells     . .   ... . ..... 48 Blood-Testis and Blood-Brain Barriers      .. .   . . .. .. 48 Placental Brush Border Membranes   . .   49 Keratinocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 INTRACELLULAR METABOLISM OF RETINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Esterification of Retinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Activation of Retinol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Catabolism of Retinol .     . . . . ......... . .   ... ..... . ... .... 52 CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Growth Factors and Regulation of Cell Growth
Authors: H N Antoniades, A J Owen
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1982)

A new class of polypeptide hormones known collectively as growth factors has been identified. These polypeptides are able to stimulate DNA synthesis and mitosis of cells cultured in vitro. Growth factors have been isolated from several sources, including platelets, submaxillary glands, pituitary, brain, and medium conditioned by cells grown in vitro. Growth factors appear to behave like classic polypeptide hormones. In the cases of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor, specific cell membrane receptors have been studied in detail and partially purified. Platelet-derived growth factor and somatomedin-C interact synergistically and apparently, sequentially to promote cell proliferation in vitro. These studies suggest that cell proliferation is controlled by a synergistic interaction among several growth factors and, perhaps, other hormones. Several in vivo roles for growth factors and a role for tumor-cell-derived growth factors in neoplasia have been suggested.
Antibiotic Duration After Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Acute Complicated Appendicitis
Authors: Charles C. van Rossem, Marc H. F. Schreinemacher, Anna A. W. van Geloven, Willem A. Bemelman
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2015)

Optimal duration of antibiotic treatment to reduce infectious complications after an appendectomy for acute complicated appendicitis remains unclear.To investigate the effect of antibiotic duration on infectious complications after laparoscopic appendectomy for acute complicated appendicitis.National multicenter prospective, observational, surgical resident-led cohort study conducted in June and July 2014. This study involved academic teaching hospitals (n = 8), community teaching hospitals (n = 38), and community nonteaching hospitals (n = 16), and all consecutive patients (n = 1975) who underwent surgery for suspected acute appendicitis.Patients treated laparoscopically for whom the antibiotic regimens were prolonged postoperatively because of complicated appendicitis.Receiving either 3 or 5 days of antibiotic treatment as planned and additional variables were explored as risk factors for infectious complications using regression analyses.A total of 1975 patients were included in 62 participating Dutch hospitals; 1901 (96.3%) of these underwent an appendectomy for acute appendicitis and laparoscopy was used in 74.4% of these patients (n = 1415). In 415 laparoscopically treated patients, antibiotic treatment was continued for more than 24 hours because of acute complicated appendicitis (29.3%). The prescribed antibiotic duration varied between 2 and 6 days in all of these patients. In 123 patients (29.6%), the length of treatment was adjusted. A shorter duration of antibiotic treatment (3 days instead of 5) had no significant effect on any infectious complication (odds ratio [OR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.38-2.32; P = .88) or on intra-abdominal abscess development (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.34-2.35; P = .81). Perforation of the appendix was the only independent risk factor for the development of an infectious complication (OR, 4.90; 95% CI, 1.41-17.06; P = .01) and intra-abdominal abscess (OR, 7.46; 95% CI, 1.65-33.66; P = .009) in multivariable regression analysis.Lengthening of postoperative antibiotic treatment to 5 days was not associated with a reduction in infectious complications. Further restriction of antibiotic treatment can be considered in nonperforated complicated appendicitis.
Thirst and Its Disorders
Authors: B Andersson, M Rundgren
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1982)

Fortunately most of us live under conditions where we are not forced to stay without water for so long that thirst becomes unendurable. In reality, our need for water is usually satisfied by anticipated and habitual, not thirst­ motivated, drinking occurring in the absence of any real water deficit. Nevertheless, an efficient thirst mechanism and appropriate regulation of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) secretion are indispensable for optimal water balance, the maintenance of which has very high homeostatic priority. During seVere dehydration the craving for water becomes excruciating and constitutes one of the most urgent needs experienced by man, as evi­ denced by the harrowing introspective descriptions of tormenting thirst quoted in Wolf's admirable monograph (1). Published more than two decades ago, that book remains an inestimable source of knowledge about thirst in man and the regulation of water intake in mammals. A valuable, up-to-date complement is Fitzsimons' recent monograph (2). In addition, the regulation of water intake, and the closely related regulation of ADH secretion, have in the last few years been subjects of extensive reviews (3-6). Therefore, this brief survey of thirst and its disorders may seem superfiuous. However, our aim is to condense the multiplex information presently avail­ able on the physiology and pathophysiology of thirst into a succinct, easily comprehensible view of the subject, and to discuss briefly some controver­ sies in the area.
Understanding depression and suicide in college athletes: emerging concepts and future directions
Authors: Ashwin L Rao, Eugene S Hong
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2015)

<h3></h3> <b>Background:</b> The 2018 revisions to the Common Rule that were effective in January 2019 introduced a new category of informed consent: broad consent. <b>Methods:</b> Investigators and institutional review board (IRB) members need to understand (1) what broad consent is, (2) the role of broad consent under the revised Common Rule, (3) how and when broad consent can be used, (4) exempt research categories that relate to broad consent, and (5) the scope of limited IRB review as it relates to broad consent. <b>Results:</b> Under the prior regulations, researchers had two consent options: obtain study-specific informed consent or request the IRB to waive the requirement to obtain informed consent. The revision to the Common Rule introduced the third option of broad consent, but its applicability is limited. Broad consent can only be used to obtain an individual9s consent for the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. The regulatory authority for broad consent is at 45 CFR §46.116(d). None of the required elements of broad consent can be omitted or altered because each element is considered essential. Broad consent shares many of the requirements for study-specific informed consent, but several elements are unique: a description of the types of secondary research that may be conducted; statements describing the private information or biospecimens that might be used in research, whether sharing of the information or biospecimens might occur, and the types of institutions or researchers that might conduct research with the information or biospecimens; information on how long the information or biospecimens may be stored, maintained, and used; a statement that subjects will or will not be informed of the details of any subsequent research; a statement that research results will or will not be disclosed to subjects; and contact information for obtaining answers to questions about the subjects’ rights regarding storage and use of information or biospecimens and whom to contact regarding research-related harm. <b>Conclusion:</b> Broad consent provides flexibility that did not exist prior to the revision, giving researchers the option to obtain broad consent for the storage, maintenance, and secondary research use of identifiable private information or identifiable biospecimens. With an understanding of the regulations, an investigator can plan how best to organize his or her research plan and decide whether to obtain study-specific informed consent, to apply for a waiver of consent, or to obtain broad consent.
Memory or amnesia: the dilemma of stem cell therapy in muscular dystrophies
Authors: Marco Sandri
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Muscular dystrophies are monogenetic diseases that are often characterized by the degeneration of both cardiac and skeletal muscle. Gene therapy to correct the mutated gene has shown promise in both animal models and clinical trials; however, current gene delivery strategies are limited to the introduction of the corrected gene into only one tissue. Strategies to target multiple striated muscle types would provide a much-needed improvement for the treatment of muscular dystrophies. In this issue of the JCI, Quattrocelli and colleagues demonstrate that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a myogenic propensity are able to engraft into both cardiac and skeletal muscles. The authors also identified a novel pool of mesodermal iPSC-derived progenitors (MiPs). Moreover, the authors show that these MiPs are amenable to gene correction and can restore function in murine dystrophic models. Together, the results of this study provide an important advance in improving gene delivery to treat patients with muscular dystrophy.
Assessment Of Minimal Residual Disease In Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia In Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
Authors: Francis Lacombe, Kaoutar Allou, Christine Arnoulet, Lydia Campos, Adrienne de Labarthe, Florent Dumezy, Jean Feuillard, Franck Genevieve, Estelle Guerin, Julien Guy, Hélène Jouault, Pascale Lepelley, Marc Maynadie, Francoise Solly, Orianne Wagner Ballon, Claude Preudhomme, Andre Baruchel, Herve Dombret, Norbert Ifrah, Marie C. Béné, PharmSciD
Journal: Blood (2013)
Unique Tumor-Specific Antigens
Authors: H Schreiber, P L Ward, D A Rowley, H J Stauss
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1988)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Momentary Predictors of Insulin Restriction Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Eating Disorder Symptomatology
Authors: Rhonda M. Merwin, Natalia O. Dmitrieva, Lisa K. Honeycutt, Ashley A. Moskovich, James D. Lane, Nancy L. Zucker, Richard S. Surwit, Mark Feinglos, Jennifer Kuo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

OBJECTIVE Individuals with type 1 diabetes who restrict insulin to control weight are at high risk for diabetes-related complications and premature death. However, little is known about this behavior or how to effectively intervene. The aim of the current study was to identify predictors of insulin restriction in the natural environment that might inform new treatment directions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eighty-three adults with type 1 diabetes and a range of eating disorder symptomatology completed 3 days of ecological momentary assessment. Participants reported emotions, eating, and insulin dosing throughout the day using their cellular telephone. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effects of heightened negative affect (e.g., anxiety) before eating and characteristics of the eating episode (e.g., eating a large amount of food) on the risk of insulin restriction. RESULTS Individuals who reported greater-than-average negative affect (general negative affect and negative affect specifically about diabetes) during the study period were more likely to restrict insulin. Momentary increases in anxiety/nervousness and guilt/disgust with self before eating (relative to an individual’s typical level) further increased the odds of restricting insulin at the upcoming meal. Insulin restriction was more likely when individuals reported that they broke a dietary rule (e.g., “no desserts”). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that insulin restriction might be decreased by helping patients with type 1 diabetes respond effectively to heightened negative affect (e.g., anxiety, guilt) and encouraging patients to take a less rigid, punitive approach to diabetes management.
Telomere shortening in enterocytes of patients with uncontrolled acute intestinal graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Sebastian Hummel, Mónica S. Ventura Ferreira, Daniel Heudobler, Elisabeth Huber, Dirk Fahrenkamp, Felix Gremse, Karin Schmid, Gerhard Müller-Newen, Patrick Ziegler, Edgar Jost, Maria A. Blasco, Tim H. Brümmendorf, Ernst Holler, Fabian Beier
Journal: Blood (2015)
Cellular mechanism of reentry induced by a strong electrical stimulus Implications for fibrillation and defibrillation
Authors: H Karagueuzian
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

The objective of this review article is to describe the graded response hypothesis of reentry induced by a strong single electrical stimulus in the normal canine ventricular myocardium. It is shown that the graded responses (subthreshold depolarization during phase 3 of the action potential) induced at a site distant (S2) from the regular S1–S1 pacing site, propagate slowly over short distances (∼5 mm) and initiate a regenerative action potentials in recovered cells near the S1 site. Activation wave then blocks near the S2 site (unidirectional block) but reenters when the S2 site recovers it excitability. Super strong S2 currents do not induce reentry (upper limit of vulnerability). Since similar activation sequence and properties are shown to exist in intact canine hearts during induction of ventricular fibrillation with a similar S2 stimulus, the graded response hypothesis may have relevance to vulnerability to fibrillation. Furthermore, since the upper limit of vulnerability is closely related to defibrillation threshold, the graded response hypothesis might also be relevant to defibrillation mechanism. Other proposed mechanisms of fibrillation and defibrillation (critical point hypothesis, the progressive depolarization hypothesis and the hypothesis of phase singularity of defibrillation failure) are also discussed in this review paper and compared to the graded response hypothesis.
Discount pharmacies in India will reduce financial burden on patients
Authors: Cheryl Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Two pharmacy units that will dispense drugs for heart diseases and cancer at highly discounted rates have been inaugurated at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).1

At these Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT) pharmacies, patients will soon be able to purchase about 186 cardiovascular drugs, 148 types of …
Transcriptome-Wide Differential Gene Expression in<i>Bicyclus anynana</i>Butterflies: Female Vision-Related Genes Are More Plastic
Authors: Aide Macias-Muñoz, Gilbert Smith, Antónia Monteiro, Adriana D. Briscoe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2015)

Vision is energetically costly to maintain. Consequently, over time many cave-adapted species downregulate the expression of vision genes or even lose their eyes and associated eye genes entirely. Alternatively, organisms that live in fluctuating environments, with different requirements for vision at different times, may evolve phenotypic plasticity for expression of vision genes. Here, we use a global transcriptomic and candidate gene approach to compare gene expression in the heads of a polyphenic butterfly. Bicyclus anynana have two seasonal forms that display sexual dimorphism and plasticity in eye morphology, and female-specific plasticity in opsin gene expression. Nonchoosy dry season females downregulate opsin expression, consistent with the high physiological cost of vision. To identify other genes associated with sexually dimorphic and seasonally plastic differences in vision, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from whole head tissues. We identified two eye development genes (klarsicht and warts homologs) and an eye pigment biosynthesis gene (henna) differentially expressed between seasonal forms. By comparing sex-specific expression across seasonal forms, we found that klarsicht, warts, henna, and another eye development gene (domeless) were plastic in a female-specific manner. In a male-only analysis, white (w) was differentially expressed between seasonal forms. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed that warts and white are expressed in eyes only, whereas klarsicht, henna and domeless are expressed in both eyes and brain. We find that differential expression of eye development and eye pigment genes is associated with divergent eye phenotypes in B. anynana seasonal forms, and that there is a larger effect of season on female vision-related genes.
Anabolic Steroids in the Athlete
Authors: R H Strauss, C E Yesalis
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1991)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Beyond ‘Clinical’?: Four-Dimensional Medical Education
Authors: Steve Iliffe, Anthony Zwi
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1994)

Medical education is in crisis. Undergraduates experience an excessive burden of information, develop attitudes to learning that are based on passive acquisition of knowledge than on curiosity and exploration, and suffer from progressive disenchantment with medicine. There is also a serious problem of providing adequate clinical experience for medical students at existing teaching sites, largely because of reduction in bed numbers, increased patient throughput and clinical specialization. This problem was identified over a decade ago in London but has not been solved by the merger of medical schools. A recent survey in one London teaching hospital showed underemployment of students and limited patient contact. A review of clinical clerkships in an Australian medical school revealed that one-third of teachers were perceived as unconcerned, discouraging, derogatory or hostile, and only one-half were rated as effective educators. One consequence has been the development of a wide-ranging debate on changing medical education. Traditionalists have diminishing room for manoeuvre in defence of existing educational practices, as cautious bodies like the General Medical Council (GMC) opt for fundamental reform.
Radioligand Binding Studies of Adrenergic Receptors: New Insights into Molecular and Physiological Regulation
Authors: B B Hoffman, R J Lefkowitz
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (1980)

The advent of direct radioligand binding studies has altered the entire complexion of the experimental approach to the study of adrenergic recep­ tors. The first successful direct binding studies of ,8-adrenergic receptors were reported in 1974 (1-3) and those of a.-adrenergic receptors only in 1976 (4-6). Nonetheless, the application of these methods over the past several years has led to rapid progress in a number of areas. In this article we review some of the highlights of this progress. It has not been our goal to be encyclopedic or all-encompassing. Rather, we have deliberately se­ lected several areas for more extensive coverage. These choices have been, obviously, subjective ones. In general we have focused on studies that provide new insights into factors that appear to regulate the function of the adrenergic receptors, either at a physiological or biochemical level. Only material related to a.and ,8-adrenergic receptors published through the end of 1978 has been systematically considered. Several radioligand antagonists have bee n widely used to study the ,8adrenergic receptors in a variety of tissue systems. These are (-) PH]
18F-FDG PET/CT focal, but not osteolytic, lesions predict the progression of smoldering myeloma to active disease
Authors: E Zamagni, C Nanni, F Gay, A Pezzi, F Patriarca, M Bellò, I Rambaldi, P Tacchetti, J Hillengass, B Gamberi, L Pantani, V Magarotto, A Versari, M Offidani, B Zannetti, F Carobolante, M Balma, P Musto, M Rensi, K Mancuso, A Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss, S Chauviè, S Rocchi, N Fard, G Marzocchi, G Storto, P Ghedini, A Palumbo, S Fanti, M Cavo
Journal: Leukemia (2015)