tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Deiodinases
Authors: P. R. Larsen, M. J. Berry
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1995)

Selenocysteine has been identified in the active center of types 1 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases, two important enzymes regulating the formation and degradation of the active thyroid hormone, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3). Selenium is thus required for such complex processes as normal growth, brain development, and metamorphosis, all of which are thyroid hormone dependent. Structural and functional analyses of the type 1 deiodinase mRNA allowed identification of the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element, a stem-loop structure in the 3′ untranslated region of the mRNA. SECIS elements with conserved sequence and structural features are also present in the 3′ untranslated regions of the mRNAs encoding selenoprotein P and the glutathione peroxidase family of selenoproteins. These elements are necessary and sufficient for directing selenocysteine incorporation into the deiodinases and the other mammalian selenoproteins.
Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines
Authors: Bente Klarlund Pedersen, Anders Dyhr Toft
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

Objectives —To review results on exercise induced changes in the immune system following strenuous and moderate exercise. Methods —A literature search over the past 15 years was conducted using Medline and selected papers. Results —After intense long term exercise, the immune system is characterised by concomitant impairment of the cellular immune system and increased inflammation. Thus low concentrations of lymphocytes, suppressed natural immunity, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation, and suppressed levels of secretory IgA in saliva are found simultaneously with high levels of circulating proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinological and metabolic factors. The clinical consequences of the exercise induced immune changes have not formally been identified, but the exercise effect on lymphocyte dynamics and immune function may be linked to the exercise effects on resistance to infections and malignancy and the cytokine response may be linked to muscle damage or muscle cell growth. Conclusions —Moderate exercise across the life span seems to increase resistance to upper respiratory tract infections, whereas repeated strenuous exercise suppresses immune function. It is premature to offer advice on nutrition to athletes in order to alter the exercise induced immunosuppression found after exercise.
Improving Efficacy of Diabetes Management Using Treatment Algorithms in a Mainly Hispanic Population
Authors: Etta L. Fanning, Beatrice J. Selwyn, Anne C. Larme, Ralph A. DeFronzo
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—To compare clinical outcomes obtained using treatment algorithms versus standard “usual care” to treat patients with type 2 diabetes in a community setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—An observational group comparison was implemented in three community-based clinics in San Antonio, Texas: 1) a community clinic following treatment algorithms (CC-TA), 2) university clinic following treatment algorithms (UC-TA), and 3) a community clinic following standard “usual care” practices (CC-SC). Three hundred fifty-eight recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (90% Mexican American, from low-income neighborhoods) who were consecutively identified at the three clinics were recruited. Following medical and laboratory evaluation, participants were started on treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and followed for 12 months. RESULTS—Decrements in HbA1c at 12 months in the CC-TA and UC-TA were 3.1 and 3.3%, respectively, compared to 1.3% in the CC-SC (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Corresponding decrements in fasting plasma glucose at 12 months were 94 and 99 mg/dl, respectively, versus 38 mg/dl in CC-SC (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides at 12 months were greater in both algorithm-managed clinics compared to standard care–managed clinics (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). In algorithm-managed clinics, there were 30% more documented eye exams and 24% more documented foot exams than in standard care–managed patients. CONCLUSIONS—Adherence to the treatment algorithms improved metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients to a greater extent than standard care practices. These results have important clinical implications for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients.
THE COMPARATIVE RESISTANCE OF BACTERIA AND HUMAN TISSUE CELLS TO CERTAIN COMMON ANTISEPTICS
Authors: Robert A. Lambert
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

The comparative resistance of bacteria and human tissue cells to antiseptics and other chemicals may be easily tested by tissue cultures under conditions which approximate those found in the living body. A comparative study shows that while human cells (connective tissue and wandering cells) are highly resistant to many antiseptics, they are in general more easily killed than bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Of the antiseptics tested, which include mercuric chloride, iodine, potassium mercuric iodide, phenol, tricresol, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorites (Dakin's solution), argyrol, and alcohol, the one which approaches most closely the ideal disinfectant is iodine, which kills bacteria in strengths that do not seriously injure connective tissue cells or wandering cells.
Thrower’s fracture of the humerus with radial nerve palsy: an unfamiliar softball injury
Authors: P Curtin, C Taylor, J Rice
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

A fracture of the normal humerus in a healthy young adult most commonly results from significant direct trauma. Throwing sports have become increasingly popular outside of North America and bring with them a novel injury mechanism for clinicians. A 21 year old woman sustained a "thrower’s fracture" of the distal humerus and radial nerve palsy while throwing a softball. She was treated by internal fixation. Her fracture united, and radial nerve neurapraxia resolved after 8 weeks. Clinicians should be aware of this entity so that prodromal symptoms can be recognised early and thrower’s fractures are not investigated unnecessarily.
Multiple Clonal Abnormalities in the Bronchial Epithelium of Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: I.-W. Park, I. I. Wistuba, A. Maitra, S. Milchgrub, A. K. Virmani, J. D. Minna, A. F. Gazdar
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

BACKGROUND: Several molecular changes, including loss of heterozygosity (i.e., deletion of one copy of allelic DNA sequences) and alterations in microsatellite DNA, have been detected early in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, even in histologically normal epithelium. In the bronchial epithelium of patients with lung cancer, we have determined the frequency, size, and patterns of molecularly abnormal clonal patches. METHODS: We studied formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 16 surgically resected lung carcinomas (five squamous cell carcinomas, four small-cell carcinomas, six adenocarcinomas, and one large-cell carcinoma). From each carcinoma, we microdissected foci (each containing about 200 cells) of tumor tissue and equivalent samples of histologically normal and abnormal epithelium. Furthermore, multiple discontinuous foci of bronchial epithelium were analyzed from methanol-fixed samples from three additional patients with lung cancer (two with squamous cell carcinoma and one with adenocarcinoma). We used two-step polymerase chain reaction-based assays involving 12 microsatellite markers at seven chromosomal regions frequently deleted in lung cancer. RESULTS: Two hundred eighteen foci of nonmalignant bronchial epithelium (195 of histologically normal or slightly abnormal epithelium and 23 of dysplastic epithelium) were studied from the 19 surgically resected lobectomy specimens. Thirteen (68%) of the 19 specimens had at least one focus of bronchial epithelium with molecular changes. At least one molecular abnormality was detected in 32% of the 195 histologically normal or slightly abnormal foci and in 52% of the 23 dysplastic foci. Extrapolating from our two-dimensional analyses, we estimate that most clonal patches contain approximately 90 000 cells. Although, in a given individual, tumors appeared homogeneous with respect to molecular changes, the clonally altered patches of mildly abnormal epithelium were heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that multiple small clonal or subclonal patches containing molecular abnormalities are present in normal or slightly abnormal bronchial epithelium of patients with lung cancer.
Combined Immunodeficiency Associated with<i>DOCK8</i>Mutations
Authors: Qian Zhang, Jeremiah C. Davis, Ian T. Lamborn, Alexandra F. Freeman, Huie Jing, Amanda J. Favreau, Helen F. Matthews, Joie Davis, Maria L. Turner, Gulbu Uzel, Steven M. Holland, Helen C. Su
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Recurrent sinopulmonary and cutaneous viral infections with elevated serum levels of IgE are features of some variants of combined immunodeficiency. The genetic causes of these variants are unknown.We collected longitudinal clinical data on 11 patients from eight families who had recurrent sinopulmonary and cutaneous viral infections. We performed comparative genomic hybridization arrays and targeted gene sequencing. Variants with predicted loss-of-expression mutations were confirmed by means of a quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay and immunoblotting. We evaluated the number and function of lymphocytes with the use of in vitro assays and flow cytometry.Patients had recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonias; recurrent Staphylococcus aureus skin infections with otitis externa; recurrent, severe herpes simplex virus or herpes zoster infections; extensive and persistent infections with molluscum contagiosum; and human papillomavirus infections. Most patients had severe atopy with anaphylaxis; several had squamous-cell carcinomas, and one had T-cell lymphoma-leukemia. Elevated serum IgE levels, hypereosinophilia, low numbers of T cells and B cells, low serum IgM levels, and variable IgG antibody responses were common. Expansion in vitro of activated CD8 T cells was impaired. Novel homozygous or compound heterozygous deletions and point mutations in the gene encoding the dedicator of cytokinesis 8 protein (DOCK8) led to the absence of DOCK8 protein in lymphocytes.Autosomal recessive DOCK8 deficiency is associated with a novel variant of combined immunodeficiency.
Incidence of Interval Colorectal Cancer Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Undergoing Regular Colonoscopic Surveillance
Authors: Erik Mooiweer, Andrea E. van der Meulen-de Jong, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, C. Janneke van der Woude, Ad A. van Bodegraven, Jeroen M. Jansen, Nofel Mahmmod, Willemijn Kremer, Peter D. Siersema, Bas Oldenburg
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2015)
Abstract 3589: Ultrasound Lung Comets for Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea: Comparison With Plasma Cardiac Peptides
Authors: Luna Gargani, Gino Soldati, Francesca Frassi, Marco Agrusta, Paola Tesorio, Gaetano Mottola, Eugenio Picano
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background: Differentiating cardiac from non-cardiac causes of dyspnea, in patients admitted to the hospital with acute shortness of breath, is still a clinical challenge. Ultrasound lung comets (U...
Molecular Evolution within and between Self-Incompatibility Specificities
Authors: V. Castric, J. S. Bechsgaard, S. Grenier, R. Noureddine, M. H. Schierup, X. Vekemans
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Genes under multiallelic balancing selection have sharply contrasted evolutionary dynamics across timescales, with much longer coalescence time among functionally distinct allelic lines but much shorter coalescence time among gene copies within allelic lines as compared with the genomic background. In this paper, we combine theoretical and empirical approaches to investigate patterns of molecular evolution within and between self-incompatibility (SI) specificities. We first use numerical simulations to investigate coalescence times within allelic lines in a subdivided population for a sporophytic SI system. We then report on a comprehensive analysis of nucleotide polymorphism among gene copies within five distinct allelic lines in the closely related Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis lyrata. In line with our model predictions, we find that the observed level of polymorphism among gene copies was generally low but differed among allelic lines. The data provide compelling direct evidence for recombination and/or gene conversion not only within the two most recessive allelic lines but also between two closely related but distinct allelic lines, suggesting that recombination at the Arabidopsis SI locus is possible in the absence of large sequence divergence among haplotypes. We observed shared polymorphic sites between the two species in one allelic line and strikingly similar haplotypes in another allelic line. We discuss whether convergent evolution may have led to this pattern and suggest that these observations are consistent with ongoing or very recent introgression, as previously documented.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor May Contribute to Increased Vascular Permeability in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: DAVID R. THICKETT, LYNNE ARMSTRONG, SUSAN J. CHRISTIE, ANN B. MILLAR
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

The development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is a characteristic feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) would play an important role in this process. Plasma VEGF was measured in 40 patients with ARDS, 28 at-risk patients, 14 normal control subjects, and 9 ventilated control subjects. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) supernatant VEGF was measured in 21 patients with ARDS and 12 at-risk patients, respectively. The functional importance of VEGF as a mediator of endothelial permeability was assessed by measuring albumin flux across human pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers. Plasma VEGF was significantly elevated in patients with ARDS compared with at-risk patients, normal control subjects, and ventilated control subjects (p = 0.01, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.002, respectively). PBM from patients with ARDS produced significantly more VEGF in vitro than at-risk patients (p = 0.05). Albumin flux across human pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers was significantly increased following the addition of plasma from patients with ARDS compared with plasma from normal control subjects (p = 0.008). When VEGF activity in plasma was neutralized by the addition of a soluble VEGF inhibitor, the albumin flux induced by ARDS plasma was reduced by 48%. We conclude that VEGF makes a significant contribution to the endothelial cell permeability-inducing activity in plasma from patients with ARDS, and may play an important role in the development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in ARDS.
Experimental autoimmune peripheral neuritis induced in BALB/c mice by myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones.
Authors: S Abromson-Leeman, R Bronson, M E Dorf
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

In vivo adoptive transfer of CD4+ T helper cell type 1 clones reactive with autologous myelin basic protein (MBP) may initiate an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Although MBP is also a component of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, previous studies have failed to demonstrate inflammation in the PNS induced by MBP-reactive T cells. Here, we report on two MBP-specific T cell clones that preferentially initiate inflammatory and demyelinating peripheral neuritis when adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients. The MBP epitope recognized by these clones spans the junction of exons 6 and 7 and, therefore, is present in the 21- and 18.5-kD but not the 14- and 17-kD MBP isoforms, in which exon 5 is spliced to exon 7. The data suggest that MBP may be processed and presented differently in the central nervous system and PNS, and they provide evidence for MBP as a potential target for autoimmune reactions in the PNS.
Dexamethasone Upregulates 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 in BEAS-2B Cells
Authors: Satoshi Suzuki, Kaori Koyama, Andrew Darnel, Hironori Ishibashi, Seiichi Kobayashi, Hiroshi Kubo, Takashi Suzuki, Hironobu Sasano, Zygmund S. Krozowski
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

The actions of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids are in part determined by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2). We examined whether carbenoxolone, a potent inhibitor of 11beta-HSD, would potentiate the inhibitory action of dexamethasone on interleukin-8 release from BEAS-2B cells, and whether prolonged treatment with dexamethasone at therapeutic doses would upregulate 11beta-HSD2 in the cells. We found that carbenoxolone increased the potency of dexamethasone almost 10-fold. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed that BEAS-2B cells expressed 11beta-HSD2, but not 11beta-HSD1. An enzyme activity assay of the cell homogenate demonstrated only NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity. The Km value for cortisol in intact BEAS-2B cells was estimated to be 42 nM. When the cells were incubated with dexamethasone for up to 72 hours at increasing concentrations (10(-9) to 10(-5) M), there were considerable increases in mRNA and protein levels of 11beta-HSD2. Prolonged treatment with dexamethasone also increased the enzyme activity of 11beta-HSD in the cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with complete inhibition by RU38486. These results suggest that bronchial epithelial cells possess an autoregulatory system for glucocorticoids in the control of their own bioactive levels by inducing the expression of 11beta-HSD2, and that 11beta-HSD2 in the bronchial epithelium may play a role in the local regulation of inhaled glucocorticoid actions.
Bronchial reactivity and airflow obstruction in rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: W U Hassan, N P Keaney, C D Holland, C A Kelly
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

OBJECTIVES--To investigate the prevalence of airways obstruction and bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine in rheumatoid arthritis patients and unselected controls. The control population consisted of patients attending the rheumatology department for minor degenerative joint problems. METHODS--One hundred patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [72 (72%) women, 28 (28%) men; mean (SD) age 58 (10) years] and fifty controls [30 (60%) women, 20 (40%) men; mean (SD) age 56 (9) years] were studied. Detailed medical, smoking and drug histories were taken; skin prick tests were performed to assess atopy and chest and hand radiographs were performed. Spirometry, flow volume loops and gas transfer factor measurement were performed to detect airflow obstruction and methacholine inhalation tests were carried out to assess bronchial reactivity. RESULTS--There was no significant difference between rheumatoid arthritis patients and the controls in age, sex, smoking status and atopy on skin prick testing (p &lt; 0.05). A significantly higher number of patients with RA had a history of wheeze compared with the controls (18% v 4%, p &lt; 0.05). FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75%, FEF25%, FEF50% and FEF75% were all significantly lower in the rheumatoid arthritis group (p &lt; 0.05). A significantly higher number of patients with RA compared with controls showed bronchial reactivity to inhaled methacholine [55 (55%) v 8 (16%), p &lt; 0.05]. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25-75%, FEF25%, FEF50% and FEF75% were all significantly lower among the patients with RA achieving PD20 FEV1 to inhaled methacholine (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION--In unselected rheumatoid arthritis patients both airflow obstruction and bronchial reactivity are significantly increased compared with controls.
The place of surgery in Crohn's disease.
Authors: J A Williams
Journal: Gut (1971)

Progress reportThe place of surgery in Crohn's disease In the early years after the recognition of regional enteritis by Crohn and his colleagues1, surgical treatment was considered curative and excision of the affected bowel the ideal treatment.During the next 10 years the high recur- rence rate after surgery worried physicians and disillusioned surgeons and so Crohn's disease came to be regarded as something of a surgical enigma2.The surgeon encounters Crohn's disease either as an acute emergency (often when the diagnosis has not been made before operation) or as a pre- meditated operation after the patient's condition has been carefully evaluated.The proportion of patients presenting as emergencies varies depending on whether the unit with the major interest in the disease is surgical or medical.In reports from surgical units approximately 20% of the patients reported have presented as acute emergencies3'4, whereas from medical units the proportion has been less than 10%5'6'7. Acute IleitisThe clinical picture is often similar or identical to that of acute appendicitis and because of the dangers of neglecting acute appendicitis it is sometimes unsafe to make a confident preoperative diagnosis.The condition is usually diagnosed at laparotomy on the appearance of a thickened, inflamed terminal ileum.Views on the correct management vary; the conservative view8'9"10'1' is that nothing further should be done and the abdomen should be closed9""1'12'13.The results, however, do not support this conservative view.From centres with a large experience with acute ileitis a total of 93 patients were reported, 83 of whom had appendicectomy performed.Only two patients went on to develop fistula"'4 "i.Studies of patients who have developed faecal fistulae after appendicectomy have shown that the majority arise from the adjacent terminal ileum3"14' '5" and it seems reasonable to assume that when a fistula occurs it is usually because of the laparotomy rather than the fact that the appendix was removed.Is acute ileitis always due to Crohn's disease?Some patients initially diagnosed as having acute ileitis undoubtedly progress to the typical chronic Crohn's disease with recurrence and the characteristic histological features.However, it appears that over 90% of patients diagnosed as acute ileitis at laparotomy never manifest the signs of chronic Crohn's disease15.The typical findings of Crohn's disease may be absent, there may be no oedema of the mesentery and histological examination of excised appendices and regional nodes may not show the histological features of chronic Crohn's disease3.An interesting epidemiological study was reported among British troops in Port Said in 1956 which suggested that acute ileitis might be due to a bacterial or viral infection'7.As there is no way at laparotomy to distinguish the patients in whom the 739 on July 17, 2023 by guest.