tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Screening Mammography on Breast-Cancer Mortality in Norway
Authors: Mette Kalager, Marvin Zelen, Frøydis Langmark, Hans-Olov Adami
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

A challenge in quantifying the effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality is to provide valid comparison groups. The use of historical control subjects does not take into account chronologic trends associated with advances in breast-cancer awareness and treatment.The Norwegian breast-cancer screening program was started in 1996 and expanded geographically during the subsequent 9 years. Women between the ages of 50 and 69 years were offered screening mammography every 2 years. We compared the incidence-based rates of death from breast cancer in four groups: two groups of women who from 1996 through 2005 were living in counties with screening (screening group) or without screening (nonscreening group); and two historical-comparison groups that from 1986 through 1995 mirrored the current groups.We analyzed data from 40,075 women with breast cancer. The rate of death was reduced by 7.2 deaths per 100,000 person-years in the screening group as compared with the historical screening group (rate ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.81) and by 4.8 deaths per 100,000 person-years in the nonscreening group as compared with the historical nonscreening group (rate ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.93; P<0.001 for both comparisons), for a relative reduction in mortality of 10% in the screening group (P=0.13). Thus, the difference in the reduction in mortality between the current and historical groups that could be attributed to screening alone was 2.4 deaths per 100,000 person-years, or a third of the total reduction of 7.2 deaths.The availability of screening mammography was associated with a reduction in the rate of death from breast cancer, but the screening itself accounted for only about a third of the total reduction. (Funded by the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Research Council of Norway.)
Outcomes from second-line therapy in long-term responders to first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clear-cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: R. Elaidi, A. Harbaoui, B. Beuselinck, J.-C. Eymard, A. Bamias, E. De Guillebon, C. Porta, Y. Vano, C. Linassier, P.R. Debruyne, M. Gross-Goupil, A. Ravaud, M. Aitelhaj, G. Marret, S. Oudard
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Exertional oxygen of limited benefit in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia.
Authors: C F McDonald, C M Blyth, M D Lazarus, I Marschner, C E Barter
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

It is unclear whether short-term benefits from supplemental oxygen translate into improved quality of life in patients with severe COPD. In a 12 wk double-blind randomized crossover study, we assessed the effects of supplemental air and oxygen on exercise performance (step tests and 6 min walking distance [6MWD]) initially and after two 6 wk periods at home using exertional cylinder air or oxygen. We measured quality of life at baseline and after the two 6 wk domiciliary periods. The 26 patients (24 males) had a mean age of 73 +/- 6 yr; mean FEV1, 0.9 +/- 0.4 L; mean DLCO, 10.6 +/- 2.4 ml/min/mm Hg; mean resting PO2, 69 +/- 8.5 (range 58 to 82) mm Hg; mean PCO2, 41 +/- 3.3 mm Hg; and mean resting SaO2, 94 +/- 2.1 (mean +/- SD). Laboratory tests were performed breathing intranasal air or oxygen at 4 L/min, and measurements were made of SaO2 and Borg dysnea scores. Supplemental oxygen increased 6MWD and steps by small, statistically significant increments acutely at baseline and after 6 and 12 wk, without corresponding falls in Borg score. Degree of desaturation at baseline did not correlate with increase in 6MWD or steps achieved at baseline or at 6 or 12 wk, nor with the domiciliary gas used. There was no difference in 6MWD or steps achieved while breathing supplemental oxygen after 6 wk of domiciliary oxygen compared with domiciliary air. Small improvements in quality of life indices were found after domiciliary oxygen, and mastery also improved after domiciliary air. There were no differences in quality of life, however, when domiciliary oxygen was compared with domiciliary air. Although oxygen supplementation induced small acute increments in laboratory exercise performance, such improvements had little impact on the patients' daily lives.
Higher Levels of Albuminuria within the Normal Range Predict Incident Hypertension
Authors: John P. Forman, Naomi D.L. Fisher, Emily L. Schopick, Gary C. Curhan
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Higher levels of albumin excretion within the normal range are associated with cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals. Whether incremental increases in urinary albumin excretion, even within the normal range, are associated with the development of hypertension in low-risk individuals is unknown. This study included 1065 postmenopausal women from the first Nurses' Health Study and 1114 premenopausal women from the second Nurses' Health Study who had an albumin/creatinine ratio <25 mg/g and who did not have diabetes or hypertension. Among the older women, 271 incident cases of hypertension occurred during 4 yr of follow-up, and among the younger women, 296 incident cases of hypertension occurred during 8 yr of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine prospectively the association between the albumin/creatinine ratio and incident hypertension after adjustment for age, body mass index, estimated GFR, baseline BP, physical activity, smoking, and family history of hypertension. Participants who had an albumin/creatinine ratio in the highest quartile (4.34 to 24.17 mg/g for older women and 3.68 to 23.84 mg/g for younger women) were more likely to develop hypertension than those who had an albumin/creatinine ratio in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio 1.76 [95% confidence interval 1.21 to 2.56] and hazard ratio 1.35 [95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.91] for older and younger women, respectively). Higher albumin/creatinine ratios, even within the normal range, are independently associated with increased risk for development of hypertension among women without diabetes. The definition of normal albumin excretion should be reevaluated.
Transcatheter Implantation of a Bovine Valve in Pulmonary Position
Authors: Philipp Bonhoeffer, Younes Boudjemline, Zakhia Saliba, Ana Olga Hausse, Yacine Aggoun, Damien Bonnet, Daniel Sidi, Jean Kachaner
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Pulmonary regurgitation can lead to severe right ventricular dysfunction, which is a delicate postoperative problem in the long-term follow-up of patients who had surgery for congenital heart diseases. Clinical conditions of patients suffering from pulmonary valve incompetence are improved by valve replacement with a prosthetic valve. To date, the surgical approach is the only option to replace a pulmonary valve. We report the first experience of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Methods and Results —A fresh bovine jugular vein containing a native valve was sutured into a vascular stent and then cross-linked with a 0.6% glutaraldehyde solution for 36 hours. After being hand-crimped onto a balloon catheter, the device was inserted percutaneously according to standard stent-placing techniques. The valved stent was finally deployed in the position of the native pulmonary valve of the lamb. Hemodynamic evaluation was carried out before and 2 months after implantation. Anatomic evaluation was finally performed. Percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement was successful in 5 lambs. No complications were noted. Early and late angiographic and hemodynamic studies confirmed a good position of the stents with a competent valve at the end of the protocol. One stent was slightly stenotic, with macroscopically visible calcifications. Conclusions —Nonsurgical implantation of pulmonary valves is possible in the lamb. This new technique is similar to standard stent implantation. Thus, it should be feasible in humans, in whom it will lead to a significant reduction of reoperations in patients in need of pulmonary valve replacement.
Identification of novel susceptibility genes in ozone-induced inflammation in mice
Authors: A.K. Bauer, E.L. Travis, S.S. Malhotra, E.A. Rondini, C. Walker, H−Y. Cho, S. Trivedi, W. Gladwell, S. Reddy, S.R. Kleeberger
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

Ozone (O 3 ) remains a prevalent air pollutant and public health concern. Inf2 is a significant quantitative trait locus on murine chromosome 17 that contributes to susceptibility to O 3 -induced infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung, but the mechanisms of susceptibility remain unclear. The study objectives were to confirm and restrict Inf2 , and to identify and test novel candidate susceptibility gene(s). Congenic strains of mice that contained overlapping regions of Inf2 and their controls, and mice deficient in either major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes or the Tnf cluster, were exposed to air or O 3 . Lung inflammation and gene expression were assessed. Inf2 was restricted from 16.42 Mbp to 0.96 Mbp, and bioinformatic analysis identified MHC class II, the Tnf cluster and other genes in this region that contain potentially informative single nucleotide polymorphisms between the susceptible and resistant mice. Furthermore, O 3 -induced inflammation was significantly reduced in mice deficient in MHC class II genes or the Tnf cluster genes, compared with wild-type controls. Gene expression differences were also observed in MHC class II and Tnf cluster genes. This integrative genetic analysis of Inf2 led to identification of novel O 3 susceptibility genes that may provide important, new therapeutic targets in susceptible individuals.
Aquagenic pruritus and the myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: J.A. McGrath, M.W. Greaes
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Journal Article Aquagenic pruritus and the myelodysplastic syndrome Get access J.A. McGrath, J.A. McGrath Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7 EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.W. Greaes M.W. Greaes Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7 EH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 123, Issue 3, 1 September 1990, Pages 414–415, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06305.x Published: 01 September 1990
Antacids and peptic ulcer--a reappraisal.
Authors: T Morris, J Rhodes
Journal: Gut (1979)

Antacids can reduce gastroduodenal acidity for long periods if taken in substantial quantities after food. Their healing effect on gastric ulcer is minimal, if present at all, and easily overwhelmed by the benefit obtained from admission to hospital. Intensive antacid therapy appears effective in healing duodenal ulcer and preventing haemorrhage from stress ulcer, and is comparable in these respects with cimetidine but with a higher incidence of side-effects. Clinical impression strongly suggests that antacids relieve pain in peptic ulcer but objective confirmation is lacking.
The patient's experience of being a human subject
Authors: Susan Kerrison, Sophie Laws, Mary Cane, Alan Thompson
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2008)

Summary Objective To explore the patient's experience of clinical research with a view to improving its conduct. Design Qualitative analysis of focus groups, semi-structured telephone interviews and questionnaires undertaken with subjects of clinical research. Subjects 265 patients enrolled in two therapeutic and four non-therapeutic clinical studies were invited to take part. 95 agreed; 32 took part in focus groups, 34 in telephone interviews and 29 returned a questionnaire. Response rate (36%). Results Most patients are channeled into research by the health care professionals treating them. Benefits of taking part were seen as: extra care; increased surveillance; obtaining expert information; and being able to help others. Participants also had criticisms which included lack of information about research findings, problems in making sense of adverse events, insufficient attention to their comfort and ‘unscientific’ aspects of particular studies. Conclusion Participation in clinical research is not entirely altruistic. Patients expected reciprocity in their on-going relationship with the researcher. Therefore to help ensure that patients continue to support clinical research, we suggest that: time should be allowed for providing information; greater attention should be paid to physical comfort; opportunities should be provided for involvement in research design, in the excitement of research and for giving feedback on the findings; and contact between patients taking part in the same study should be facilitated. By investing in the idea of scientific progress through research, some subjects are able to transform their suffering into hope for the future.
Endothelial lipase: direct evidence for a role in HDL metabolism
Authors: Jonathan C. Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

For the past three decades, epidemiologic studies have consistently demonstrated an inverse relationship between plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and coronary heart disease (CHD) (1). Population-based studies have provided compelling evidence that low HDL-C levels are a risk factor for CHD (2–4), and several clinical interventions that increased plasma levels of HDL-C were associated with a reduction in CHD risk (5, 6). These findings have stimulated extensive investigation into the determinants of plasma HDL-C levels. Turnover studies using radiolabeled apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein component of HDL, suggest that plasma HDL-C concentrations are highly correlated with the rate of clearance of apolipoprotein AI (7). However, the metabolic mechanisms by which HDL are catabolized have not been fully defined. Previous studies in humans with genetic deficiency of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (8), and in mice lacking the scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) (9), have demonstrated that these proteins participate in the removal of cholesterol from HDL, while observations in individuals with mutations in hepatic lipase indicate that this enzyme hydrolyzes HDL triglycerides (10). In this issue of the JCI, reports from laboratories of Tom Quertermous (11) and Dan Rader (12) now indicate that endothelial lipase (LIPG), a newly identified member of the lipase family, catalyzes the hydrolysis of HDL phospholipids and facilitates the clearance of HDL from the circulation.
Molecular Signature of Smoking in Human Lung Tissues
Authors: Yohan Bossé, Dirkje S. Postma, Don D. Sin, Maxime Lamontagne, Christian Couture, Nathalie Gaudreault, Philippe Joubert, Vivien Wong, Mark Elliott, Maarten van den Berge, Corry A. Brandsma, Catherine Tribouley, Vladislav Malkov, Jeffrey A. Tsou, Gregory J. Opiteck, James C. Hogg, Andrew J. Sandford, Wim Timens, Peter D. Paré, Michel Laviolette
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer. To identify genes deregulated by smoking and to distinguish gene expression changes that are reversible and persistent following smoking cessation, we carried out genome-wide gene expression profiling on nontumor lung tissue from 853 patients with lung cancer. Gene expression levels were compared between never and current smokers, and time-dependent changes in gene expression were studied in former smokers. A total of 3,223 transcripts were differentially expressed between smoking groups in the discovery set (n = 344, P < 1.29 × 10(-6)). A substantial number of smoking-induced genes also were validated in two replication sets (n = 285 and 224), and a gene expression signature of 599 transcripts consistently segregated never from current smokers across all three sets. The expression of the majority of these genes reverted to never-smoker levels following smoking cessation, although the time course of normalization differed widely among transcripts. Moreover, some genes showed very slow or no reversibility in expression, including SERPIND1, which was found to be the most consistent gene permanently altered by smoking in the three sets. Our findings therefore indicate that smoking deregulates many genes, many of which reverse to normal following smoking cessation. However, a subset of genes remains altered even decades following smoking cessation and may account, at least in part, for the residual risk of lung cancer among former smokers. Cancer Res; 72(15); 3753-63. ©2012 AACR.
Role of alkaline phosphatase in colitis in man and rats
Authors: A Tuin, K Poelstra, A de Jager-Krikken, L Bok, W Raaben, M P Velders, G Dijkstra
Journal: Gut (2008)

<h3>Background and aims:</h3> Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic multifactorial inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) with unknown aetiology, but a deregulated mucosal immune response to gut-derived bacterial antigens is thought to be involved. Toll-like receptor ligands, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS), contribute to the maintenance of the disease. It has previously been shown that the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP) is able to detoxify LPS, and the aim of this study was to examine a possible role in IBDs. <h3>Methods:</h3> Intestinal AP (iAP) mRNA expression and LPS dephosphorylation in intestinal biopsies of control subjects and patients with IBD were examined, and the effect of orally administered iAP tablets on the progression of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats was subsequently studied. <h3>Results:</h3> In healthy persons, iAP mRNA and enzyme activity was high in the ileum relative to the colon. In patients with UC and CD, iAP mRNA expression was found to be markedly reduced when inflamed tissue was compared with non-inflamed tissue. Oral administration of iAP tablets to colitic rats resulted in a significant attenuation of colonic inflammation as reflected by reduced mRNA levels for tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase NOS (iNOS), a reduced iNOS staining and inflammatory cell influx, and a significantly improved morphology of the intestinal wall. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The present study shows that epithelial iAP mRNA expression is reduced in patients with UC and CD. The rat model demonstrates that oral administration of active iAP enzymes in the intestinal tract results in a significant reduction of inflammation. This provides new insight on IBD pathology and a novel treatment approach to this severe inflammatory disease.
Associations between objectively measured physical activity intensity in childhood and measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease in adolescence: prospective observations from the European Youth Heart Study
Authors: Mathias Ried-Larsen, Anders Grøntved, Niels Christian Møller, Kristian Traberg Larsen, Karsten Froberg, Lars Bo Andersen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

No prospective studies have investigated the association between physical activity (PA) and carotid subclinical cardiovascular disease across childhood. Therefore, the primary aim was to investigate the association between PA intensity across childhood and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and stiffness in adolescence. Second, we included a clustered cardiovascular disease risk score as outcome.This was a prospective study of a sample of 254 children (baseline age 8-10 years) with a 6-year follow-up. The mean exposure and the change in minutes of moderate-and-vigorous and vigorous PA intensity were measured using the Actigraph activity monitor. Subclinical cardiovascular disease was expressed as cIMT, carotid arterial stiffness and secondarily as a metabolic risk z-score including the homoeostasis model assessment score of insulin resistance, triglycerides, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio, inverse of cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure and the sum of four skinfolds.No associations were observed between PA intensity variables and cIMT or carotid arterial stiffness (p>0.05). Neither change in PA intensity (moderate-and-vigorous nor vigorous) nor mean minutes of moderate-and-vigorous PA intensity was associated to the metabolic risk z-score in adolescence (p>0.05). However, a significant inverse association was observed between mean minutes of vigorous PA and the metabolic risk z-score in adolescence independent of gender and biological maturity (standard β=-0.19 p=0.007).A high mean exposure to, or changes in, minutes spent at higher PA intensities across childhood was not associated to cIMT or stiffness in the carotid arteries in adolescence. Our observations suggest that a high volume of vigorous PA across childhood independently associated with lower metabolic cardio vascular disease risk in adolescence.
Clinical evolution of sacral stress fractures: influence of additional pelvic fractures.
Authors: P Peris, N Guanabens, F Pons, R Herranz, A Monegal, X Suris, J Munoz-Gomez
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1993)

OBJECTIVES--To evaluate the clinical evolution of sacral stress fractures in relation to the scintigraphic pattern and the presence of additional pelvic fractures. METHODS--This was a retrospective study of 14 patients with sacral fractures. RESULTS--Six patients had additional pelvic fractures. Four bone scintigraphic patterns were found. The resolution of symptoms was longer in patients with associated pelvic fractures (30 weeks v three weeks). No relation was found between the bone scintigraphic pattern and the time of evolution. CONCLUSION--Associated pelvic fractures delay the resolution of symptoms in patients with sacral fractures, regardless of scintigraphic pattern.
Dermoscopic patterns and subclinical melanocytic nests in normal-appearing skin
Authors: A. Scope, A.A. Marghoob, C.S. Chen, J.A. Lieb, M.A. Weinstock, A.C. Halpern
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Dermoscopic patterns of normal-appearing skin have received little scrutiny. We have recently completed an analysis of dermoscopic patterns of naevi in children.To describe dermoscopic patterns in the normal-appearing skin surrounding naevi and to explore histological features of patterned background skin.Dermoscopic images of back naevi were obtained from a population-based sample of fifth grade students. The dermoscopic pattern of the background skin around the naevi was analysed. We examined histopathological features of background skin patterns in a convenience sample of seven specimens from six adult patients.We observed a dermoscopic pattern in the background of normal-appearing skin in 41% of 1192 dermoscopic images from the backs of the 443 children. The background skin pattern was less frequent in individuals with a fair skin (P < 0.001). A globular pattern was observed in 201 images (17%) and a reticular pattern was seen in 287 images (24%), of which 112 images also showed globules. Inter-rater reliability between the two observers for a random sample of 100 images was excellent (kappa = 0.77). In four specimens with a globular background pattern, microscopic melanocytic nests were observed in the normal-appearing skin. No subclinical naevus nests were observed in three reticular pattern specimens.Dermoscopically recognized patterns are commonly present in clinically normal skin of children. Microscopic melanocytic nests may be observed in normal-appearing skin with a globular skin pattern.