tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relation between burden of disease and randomised evidence in sub-Saharan Africa: survey of research
Authors: P. Isaakidis
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate whether the amount of randomised clinical research on various medical conditions is related to the burden of disease and health needs of the local populations in sub-Saharan Africa. <b>Design:</b> Construction and analysis of comprehensive database of randomised controlled trials in sub-Saharan Africa based on Medline, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and several African databases. <b>Setting:</b> Sub-Saharan Africa. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Number of trials and randomised subjects for each category of disease in the global burden of disease taxonomy; ratios of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) per amount of randomised evidence. <b>Results:</b> 1179 eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The number of trials published each year increased over time. Almost half of the trials (n=565) had been done in South Africa. There was relatively good correlation between the estimated burden of disease at year 2000 and the number of trials performed (<i>r</i>=0.53, P=0.024) and the number of participants randomised (<i>r</i>=0.68, P=0.002). However,some conditions—for example, injuries (over 20 000 DALYs per patient ever randomised)—were more neglected than others. <b>Conclusion:</b> Despite recent improvements, few clinical trials are done in sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical research in this part of the world should focus more evenly on the major contributors to burden of disease. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Sub-Saharan Africa has a large burden of disease Little clinical research is conducted for problems affecting sub-Saharan Africa <h3>What this study adds</h3> Only 1179 randomised controlled trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa in the past 50 years were identified Correlation between the amount of randomised evidence and the estimated burden of disease was fairly good However, some disease categories were more neglected than others, with the worst being injuries
Army Awards Breast Cancer Grants
Authors: F. X. Mahaney
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Army Awards Breast Cancer Grants Get access Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 23, 7 December 1994, Pages 1754–1755, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.23.1754 Published: 07 December 1994
Continued gefitinib treatment after disease stabilisation prolongs survival of Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group experience
Authors: K. Hotta, K. Matsuo, H. Ueoka, K. Kiura, M. Tabata, S. Harita, K. Gemba, T. Yonei, A. Bessho, M. Tanimoto
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2005)
Integrative genomics analysis of chromosome 5p gain in cervical cancer reveals target over-expressed genes, including Drosha
Authors: Luigi Scotto, Gopeshwar Narayan, Subhadra V Nandula, Shivakumar Subramaniyam, Andreas M Kaufmann, Jason D Wright, Bhavana Pothuri, Mahesh Mansukhani, Achim Schneider, Hugo Arias-Pulido, Vundavalli V Murty
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2008)

Abstract Background Copy number gains and amplifications are characteristic feature of cervical cancer (CC) genomes for which the underlying mechanisms are unclear. These changes may possess oncogenic properties by deregulating tumor-related genes. Gain of short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) is the most frequent karyotypic change in CC. Methods To examine the role of 5p gain, we performed a combination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and gene expression analyses on invasive cancer and in various stages of CC progression. Results The SNP and FISH analyses revealed copy number increase (CNI) of 5p in 63% of invasive CC, which arises at later stages of precancerous lesions in CC development. We integrated chromosome 5 genomic copy number and gene expression data to identify key target over expressed genes as a consequence of 5p gain. One of the candidates identified was Drosha ( RNASEN ), a gene that is required in the first step of microRNA (miRNA) processing in the nucleus. Other 5p genes identified as targets of CNI play a role in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation ( BASP1 , TARS , PAIP1 , BRD9 , RAD1 , SKP2 , and POLS ), signal transduction ( OSMR ), and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation ( NNT , SDHA , and NDUFS6 ), suggesting that disruption of pathways involving these genes may contribute to CC progression. Conclusion Taken together, we demonstrate the power of integrating genomics data with expression data in deciphering tumor-related targets of CNI. Identification of 5p gene targets in CC denotes an important step towards biomarker development and forms a framework for testing as molecular therapeutic targets.
Selecting valid in vitro biocompatibility tests that predict the in vivo healing response of synthetic vascular prostheses
Authors: Yves Marois, Robert Guidoin, Raynald Roy, Tamas Vidovsky, Barbara Jakubiec, Marie-Françoise Sigot-Luizard, Julian Braybrook, Yahye Mehri, Gaétan Laroche, Martin King
Journal: Biomaterials (1996)
Long-Term Cardiac pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Gene Delivery Prevents the Development of Hypertensive Heart Disease in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Alessandro Cataliotti, Jason M. Tonne, Diego Bellavia, Fernando L. Martin, Elise A. Oehler, Gerald E. Harders, Jarryd M. Campbell, Kaw-Whye Peng, Stephen J. Russell, Lorenzo S. Malatino, John C. Burnett, Yasuhiro Ikeda
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Diastolic dysfunction associated with high blood pressure (BP) leads to cardiac remodeling and fibrosis and progression to congestive heart failure. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has BP-lowering, antifibrotic, and antihypertrophic properties, which makes BNP an attractive agent for attenuating the adverse cardiac remodeling associated with hypertension. In the current study, we tested the effects of sustained cardiac proBNP gene delivery on BP, cardiac function, and remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
The highly profitable but unethical business of publishing medical research
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

Richard Smith was editor of the BMJ and chief executive of the BMJ Publishing Group for 13 years. In his last year at the journal he retreated to a 15th century palazzo in Venice to write a book. The book will be published by RSM Press [http://www.rsmpress.co.uk], and this is the 6th in the series published in the JRSM.
Powerful Prognostic Stratification By [<sup>18</sup>F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Treated With High-Dose Chemotherapy
Authors: Florent Cachin, H. Miles Prince, Annette Hogg, Robert E. Ware, Rodney J. Hicks
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

Purpose This study examines the use of [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for the evaluation of the therapeutic response for patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) with autologous stem cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) focusing on prognostic stratification. Patients and Methods Forty-seven patients with MBC were treated with a maximum of three cycles of HDC. Therapeutic response was assessed with conventional imaging (CImg; including a computed tomography in all cases and ultrasound, mammography, and bone scanning as clinically indicated) and by FDG-PET study performed after the last cycle of HDC. Parameters analyzed for predicting survival were FDG-PET and CImg results, pattern of disease, prior treatment, and HDC regimen. Results Complete responses were observed in 16 patients (37%) with CImg and 34 patients (72%) with FDG-PET. The FDG-PET result was the most powerful and independent predictor of survival; patients with a negative post-treatment FDG-PET had a longer median survival than patients with a positive FDG-PET (24 months v 10 months; P &lt; .001). By multivariate analysis the relative risk (RR) of death was higher in patients with FDG-PET-positive disease (RR, 5.3), prior anthracycline treatment (RR, 3.3), or with visceral metastasis (RR, 2.4). Conclusion A single FDG-PET study performed after completion of HDC for MBC can powerfully stratify for survival. This may have implications for how we should assess outcome after conventional-dose therapy for MBC and warrants additional study.
Intrinsic Chemoresistance to Gemcitabine Is Associated with Decreased Expression of BNIP3 in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Masanori Akada, Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic, Samuel Lattimore, Patrick Mahon, Rita Lopes, Makoto Sunamura, Seiki Matsuno, Nicholas R. Lemoine
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Although chemotherapy with gemcitabine is a common mode of treatment of pancreatic cancer, 75% of patients do not benefit from this therapy. It is likely that the sensitivity of cancer cells to gemcitabine is determined by a number of different factors.To identify genes that might contribute to resistance to gemcitabine, 15 pancreatic cancer cell lines were subjected to gemcitabine treatment. Simultaneously, gene expression profiling using a cDNA microarray to identify genes responsible for gemcitabine sensitivity was performed.The pancreatic cancer cell lines could be classified into three groups: a gemcitabine "sensitive," an "intermediate sensitive," and a "resistant" group. Microarray analysis identified 71 genes that show differential expression between gemcitabine-sensitive and -resistant cell lines including 27 genes relatively overexpressed in sensitive cell lines whereas 44 genes are relatively overexpressed in resistant cell lines. Among these genes, 7 genes are potentially involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. In addition to this major signaling pathway, Bcl2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein interacting protein (BNIP3), a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic protein, was identified as being expressed at lower levels in drug-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. In an analysis of 21 pancreatic cancer tissue specimens, more than 90% showed down-regulated expression of BNIP3. When expression of BNIP3 was suppressed using small interfering RNA, gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in vitro was much reduced.These results suggest that BNIP3 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway may play an important role in the poor response to gemcitabine treatment in pancreatic cancer patients.
Mouse hepatitis virus type 4 (JHM strains). induced fatal central nervous system disease. I. genetic control and murine neuron as the susceptible site of disease.
Authors: R L Knobler, M V Haspel, M B Oldstone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

Mouse hepatitis virus (JHM strain) type 4 induces acute encephalitis followed by death in many strains of laboratory mice. Immunohistochemical study in vivo and analysis of mouse neuronal cells in vitro both indicate that the target cells in this infection is the neuron. Further, examination of several inbred mouse strains and neuronal cells from them shows that disease expression is controlled by a single autosomal gene action at the level of the neuronal cell. Susceptibility is dominant but not H-2 linked. However, cultured neuronal cells and macrophages from SJL/J mice, which are resistant to this infection, fail to make significant amounts of infectious virus after an appropriate viral inoculation. Apparently the defect is not at the level of the virus-cell receptor, because these cells, in part, express viral antigens.
Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1988 and 2003
Authors: M L Burr
Journal: Thorax (2006)

<b>Background:</b> A study was undertaken to see whether the prevalence of asthma has changed since a survey was conducted in 1988, using the same methods that showed an increase during the previous 15 years. <b>Methods:</b> A survey of 12 year old children was conducted in schools in South Wales where surveys had taken place in 1973 and 1988. The survey comprised a parentally completed questionnaire and an exercise challenge test, performed when no bronchodilator had been recently used. <b>Results:</b> In 1973, 1988, and 2003, questionnaires were obtained for 817, 965 and 1148 children, respectively; the exercise test was performed by 812, 960 and 1019 children, respectively. The prevalence of reported wheeze in the last year rose during each 15 year period (9.8%, 15.2%, 19.7%), with an even steeper rise in reported asthma ever (5.5%, 12.0%, 27.3%). There was a continued increase in wheeze attributed to running, in terms of all children (5.8%, 10.5%, 16.0%) and also as the proportion of those with a history of wheeze (34.1%, 47.0%, 57.3%). The use of inhaled corticosteroids (not available in 1973) increased fourfold between 1988 and 2003. The prevalence of exercise induced bronchoconstriction rose between 1973 and 1988 but had declined by 2003. <b>Conclusions:</b> The rise in the prevalence of asthmatic symptoms has continued since 1988. This appears to conflict with a reported recent decline, unless asthma prevalence peaked in the 1990s. The decline in exercise induced bronchoconstriction is probably attributable to better control of the disease as more children are now using inhaled corticosteroids as preventive treatment.
M269 The Emotional Turmoil Of Ipf
Authors: S. Wibberley, Y. Ochiai, R. Pitt, N. Mathieson
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Our aim was to understand the emotions patients experience in IPF, from initial symptoms to IPF specialist management. <h3>Methods</h3> Market research was conducted with an independent agency. Patients with IPF were asked to record a personal account of their experience on a hand-held camera. Face to face interviews with patients were conducted in their home. Carers were also interviewed to add an alternative perspective. <h3>Results</h3> The sample included 13 male and 3 female patients with IPF. Patients with lung function impairment of all severities were included, five patients were treated with oxygen therapy and another had received a lung transplant. Many patients had a very active lifestyle before developing IPF, leading to a high degree of frustration with the limitations imposed on their physical ability. A protracted time to diagnosis of a rare lung disease while symptoms progressed often led to distrust with their primary healthcare physician. Lack of expert knowledge about the condition often resulted in variable handling of the situation, with patients often finding themselves involved in a type of ‘role-reversal’ whereby they informed their primary healthcare physician about their own condition. IPF specialists were perceived as their “guardian angels”. Despite being given a terminal diagnosis, patients felt reassured that they were receiving appropriate management for their condition. This stemmed from the perception that specialists treating them had appropriate knowledge and a feeling they were supported by the specialist team. <h3>Conclusions</h3> As with other rare diseases, patients appear to gain most reassurance from HCP’s with a clear understanding of their condition. This highlights the benefit of expert multidisciplinary teams for IPF.
Perception of Complex Sounds in Autism: Abnormal Auditory Cortical Processing in Children
Authors: Nathalie Boddaert, Nadia Chabane, Pascal Belin, Marie Bourgeois, Vincent Royer, Catherine Barthelemy, Marie-Christine Mouren-Simeoni, Anne Philippe, Francis Brunelle, Yves Samson, Mônica Zilbovicius
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2004)

The authors have previously described less activation of left speech-related temporal areas in adults with autism when listening to speech-like sounds than in normal adults. Here, they investigated whether this abnormal cortical processing was also present in children with primary autism.Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with positron emission tomography after premedication in 11 autistic children and six nonautistic mentally retarded children during rest and while they were listening to speech-like sounds.As with autistic adults, direct comparison between the two groups revealed significantly less activation in the autistic group localized in left speech-related areas.For the first time to their knowledge, an activation study was performed in children with autism and has confirmed previous results obtained in adults. The abnormal cortical auditory processing observed in both children and adults with autism could be involved in inadequate behavioral responses to sounds and in language impairments characteristic of autism.
Role of Endothelium-Related Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion in Normal Rabbits
Authors: C. Caramelo, G. Espinosa, F. Manzarbeitia, M.R. Cernadas, G. Pe´rez Tejerizo, D. Tan, J.R. Mosquera, E. Digiuni, M. Monto´n, I. Milla´s, L. Hernando, S. Casado, A. Lo´pez-Farre´
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

The present study addressed the effect of interventions aimed to increase NO in the setting of acute renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in uninephrectomized rabbits. In the 60-minute post-I/R period, l -arginine+superoxide (O 2 •− ) dismutase (SOD) synergistically improved the renal functional (69.4% versus 10.4% of the pre-I/R glomerular filtration rate with or without l -arginine+SOD, respectively; P &lt;.01) and histological parameters (82.9% decrease of medullary congestion in l -arginine+SOD, P &lt;.01 versus vehicle) and blocked the I/R-dependent neutrophil accumulation (89.3% reduction). In spite of these results over the short term, a second set of experiments disclosed that the protection by l -arginine+SOD was no longer present at 24 and 48 hours (plasma creatinine in vehicle-treated versus l -arginine+SOD–treated animals [mg/100 mL]: 24 hours after I/R, 9.4±1.9 versus 8.07±0.65; 48 hours after I/R, 11.6±3.6 versus 9.7±0.9; P =NS in all the cases). Additional experiments were conducted using a milder 30-minute ischemic model, which showed no significant functional or histological protection by using l -arginine+SOD. In conclusion, our experiments disclosed the following: (1) the critical importance of the interaction between NO and O 2 •− in the acute protective effect of l -arginine (this effect not only improved renal function and histology but also reduced neutrophil accumulation) and (2) the discordance existing between the immediate protection afforded by l -arginine+SOD and the lack of protection observed at 24 and 48 hours. This finding suggests that a punctual intervention on the NO system at the time of I/R is not sufficient to reduce renal damage over the long term.
Systemic lupus erythematosus with complement deficiency and IgA anti-cardiolipin antibody
Authors: A.C. MARKEY, D.M. MACDONALD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

A case of aggressive systemic lupus erythematosus with a fatal outcome is described. The patient had a complement component deficiency with a strong family history of autoimmune disease. An exceptional feature of the case was the detection of a high titre of anti-cardiolipin antibody of the IgA class only.
The Theory of Disinfection
Authors: E. B. Baxter
Journal: BMJ (1878)

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Jl , 27,~IQ~8d ivided into equaLhalves; the left weighed 641.5 grammes, the right 684.2 grammes, giving a difference of 42.2 grammes in favour of the right hemisphere.-The central ganglia were normal in appearance.The spinal cord was removed from the cervical enlargement to its eaudal termination; it was of firm consistence throughout, and pre- sented no gross lesions.It was divided into segments, and, with
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase γ Is a Critical Mediator of Myocardial Ischemic and Adenosine-Mediated Preconditioning
Authors: Kiwon Ban, Andrew J. Cooper, Sara Samuel, Adil Bhatti, Mikin Patel, Seigo Izumo, Josef M. Penninger, Peter H. Backx, Gavin Y. Oudit, Robert G. Tsushima
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a potent cellular protective mechanism whereby brief periods of sublethal ischemia protect the myocardium from prolonged ischemia-induced injury. We demonstrate the selective role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms in IPC. Hearts from PI3Kgamma knockout mice (PI3Kgamma(-/-)) displayed poorer functional recovery and greater tissue injury following IPC compared to wild-type and PI3Kgamma(+/-) hearts. Examination of the cell-signaling pathways revealed restored phosphorylation levels of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3beta in wild-type hearts, which were abolished in PI3Kgamma(-/-) hearts subjected to IPC. Inhibition of GSK3beta by LiCl reversed the loss in protection in PI3Kgamma(-/-) hearts. In contrast, mice expressing a cardiac-specific kinase-deleted PI3Kalpha (PI3KalphaDN) were resistant to injury induced by 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 40 minutes of reperfusion. Furthermore, the resistance of PI3KalphaDN hearts to ischemia/reperfusion correlated with the persistent expression of p110gamma and was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, suggesting the possible enhanced cell signaling through the PI3Kgamma pathway. These results demonstrate the importance of the PI3Kgamma-Akt-GSK3beta signaling pathway in IPC. Selective activation of myocardial PI3Kgamma may be an attractive target for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
A comparison of physiological and anthropometric characteristics among playing positions in junior rugby league players
Authors: T J Gabbett
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Objectives: To compare the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of specific playing positions and positional playing groups in junior rugby league players. Methods: Two hundred and forty junior rugby league players underwent measurements of standard anthropometry (body mass, height, sum of four skinfolds), muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10, 20, and 40 m sprint), agility (L run), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multi-stage fitness test) during the competitive phase of the season, after players had obtained a degree of match fitness. Results: Props were significantly (p&lt;0.05) taller, heavier, and had greater skinfold thickness than all other positions. The halfback and centre positions were faster than props over 40 m. Halfbacks had significantly (p&lt;0.05) greater estimated maximal aerobic power than props. When data were analysed according to positional similarities, it was found that the props positional group had lower 20 and 40 m speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power than the hookers and halves and outside backs positional groups. Differences in the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of other individual playing positions and positional playing groups were uncommon. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that few physiological and anthropometric differences exist among individual playing positions in junior rugby league players, although props are taller, heavier, have greater skinfold thickness, lower 20 and 40 m speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power than other positional playing groups. These findings provide normative data and realistic performance standards for junior rugby league players competing in specific individual positions and positional playing groups.