tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Low Muscarinic Receptor Binding in Prefrontal Cortex From Subjects With Schizophrenia: A Study of Brodmann’s Areas 8, 9, 10, and 46 and the Effects of Neuroleptic Drug Treatment
Authors: Jeremy M. Crook, Eva Tomaskovic-Crook, David L. Copolov, Brian Dean
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Aberrant cholinergic inputs and synaptic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex induce cognitive impairment, which is a central feature of schizophrenia. Postsynaptic excitatory muscarinic cholinergic M1 and M4 receptors are the major cholinoceptive targets in the prefrontal cortex and hence may be involved in the pathology and/or pharmacotherapeutics of schizophrenia. METHOD: Using quantitative autoradiography, the authors analyzed the binding of the M1/M4 receptor selective antagonist [3H]pirenzepine in prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's areas 8, 9, 10, and 46) from schizophrenia patients who had (N=6) or had not (N=11) been treated with the anticholinergic agent benztropine mesylate and from normal comparison subjects (N=20). Moreover, preliminary studies of [3H]pirenzepine binding in rat frontal cortex following administration of antipsychotic drugs or benztropine mesylate were performed. RESULTS: Relative to those of comparison subjects, the mean levels of [3H]pirenzepine binding were significantly lower in Brodmann's areas 9 and 46 of the schizophrenia patients not treated with benztropine mesylate (18% lower in Brodmann's area 9 and 21% lower in Brodmann's area 46) and in all four examined regions of the patients who had received benztropine (51%–64% lower). Antipsychotic or anticholinergic drugs tended to increase or have no effect on the density of [3H]pirenzepine-labeled receptors in rat frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Because M1 and M4 receptors are critical to the functions of prefrontal cortical acetylcholine, the present findings suggest a functional impairment in cholinergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia and the possibility that muscarinic receptors are involved in the pharmacotherapeutics of the disorder.
Long term prognosis of Crohn's disease with onset in childhood and adolescence.
Authors: W T Cooke
Journal: Gut (1984)

Long term prognosis of Crohn's disease with onset in childhood and adolescence SIR,-In the April leading article,' the long term prognosis of Crohn's disease starting in childhood and adolescence was stated to be the same as that in adults, from which it might be assumed that age is of no significance when assessing the risk to life or the results of therapeutic trials.There is, however, strong evidence that it is not true.Data from Cardiff2 suggests an 11-fold increase in the risks of death in those diagnosed between 10 and 19 years of age and from Birmingham3 a 12-fold increase in the group less than 20 years at diagnosis.Results from the Mayo Clinic4 showed a 12-fold increase in those under 21 years at onset 20 years later while data from both Stockholm5 and Birmingham6 7 shows a six-fold increase in those aged 29 or less at diagnosis while from Oxford8 a 6-4-fold increase was found in those under the age of 40 at onset of symptoms when assessed five years later.Such increased risks contrast with the outlook in adults, particularly in those over the age of 40 at diagnosis when risks to life are not significantly different to those of the general population.2 3 7
Peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation: Where do we stand?
Authors: M.A. Boogaerts, W. Brugger, A.M. Carella, H. Cortés-Funes, W.E. Fibbe, J. Hows, D. Khayat, D.C. Linch, H. Link, M.A.S. Moore, N.G. Testa
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1996)
Enviromental asbestos exposure as a risk factor for small airways obstruction
Authors: Silvano Dragonieri, Tommaso Massaro, Paolo Trerotoli, Antonio Baldassarre, Pierluigi Carratù, Onofrio Resta, Marina Musti
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

BACKGROUND. Tremolite is one of the six recognized types of asbestos, whose toxicity and cancerogenity is well-documented. Resident population in the area of Lagonegro (Basilicata, Italy) has been shown to be exposed to enviromental tremolite pollution, deriving from superficial rocks and asbestos caves. A branch of the ongoing health surveillance program for residents is evaluating the prevalence of pulmonary functional abnormalities.  METHODS. A total number of 1518 individuals were included into this study. The study group was composed by 697 residents in the tremolite-exposed area of Lagonegro (age 49.35±16.68, current smokers 122, ex-smokers 134). The control group was composed by 821 individuals living in areas not tremolite-exposed (age 54.45±17.16, current smokers 159, ex-smokers 199). All the participants to the study performed a lung function test.  RESULTS. Prevalence of obstructive and restrictive diseases did not show significant differences between the two groups. Tremolite-exposed group showed a higher prevalence of small-airways disease compared to the non-exposed group (p  CONCLUSIONS. According to our data, tremolite exposure may be a risk factor for small airways disease. It is mandatory to follow these subjects longitudinally by repeated measurements.
S72 Prediction of survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension using survival equations. Results from the pulmonary hypertension registry of the UK and Ireland
Authors: Y. Ling, M. K. Johnson, D. Kiely, R. Condliffe, C. Elliot, S. Gibbs, L. Howard, J. Pepke-Zaba, K. Sheares, P. Corris, A. Fisher, J. Lordan, S. Gaine, G. Coghlan, J. Wort, M. Gatzoulis, A. J. Peacock
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The NIH survival equation1 was developed in the 1980s and used in many clinical trials to show survival benefit. Since then, significant advances had been made in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Several new equations have been developed to better predict survival in PAH. All these survival equations were derived using prognostic factors identified from a mixed <i>incident</i> and prevalent PAH cohort. However, prevalent patients have better survival compared to <i>incident</i> patients. <h3>Objectives</h3> To determine applicability of currently available survival equations in <i>incident</i> idiopathic (IPAH), heritable and anorexigen-associated PAH. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective observational study of all <i>incident</i> cases of IPAH, heritable and anorexigen-associated PAH diagnosed in the UK and Ireland between 1st January 2001 and 31st December 2009. Observed survival in the UK and Ireland was estimated using life table analysis and compared with predicted survival in the same patients calculated using the NIH,1 French,2 Pulmonary Hypertension Connection (PHC)3 and REVEAL4 Registry equations. <h3>Results</h3> Total of 646 patients were diagnosed over the study period. Observed vs predicted survival were compared [Abstract S72 figure 1]. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Survival equations derived from other mixed <i>incident</i> and prevalent pulmonary hypertension populations may not accurately predict survival of <i>incident</i> pulmonary arterial hypertension from the UK and Ireland. Differences in baseline characteristics, treatment practice and time period between our patients and survival equations derivation populations need to be taken into account when applying these equations in daily clinical practice.
Immune privilege of endothelial cells differentiated from endothelial progenitor cells
Authors: Juliane Ladhoff, Bernhard Fleischer, Yoshiaki Hara, Hans-Dieter Volk, Martina Seifert
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

AimsThe application of autologous endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) is a promising approach in cardiovascular regeneration, but the availability of cells in appropriate numbers is the limiting factor. Allogeneic EPC would be an alternative, and we therefore analysed the immunogenicity of EPC-derived endothelial cells (EC) to evaluate their potential usefulness.
Radiation-Enhanced Vascular Targeting of Human Lung Cancers in Mice with a Monoclonal Antibody That Binds Anionic Phospholipids
Authors: Jin He, Troy A. Luster, Philip E. Thorpe
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: New treatment strategies aimed at damaging tumor vasculature could potentially improve tumor response to radiation therapy. We recently showed that anionic phospholipids, principally phosphatidylserine, are specifically exposed on the luminal surface of tumor blood vessels. Here we tested the hypothesis that radiation therapy can increase phosphatidylserine exposure on lung tumor vasculature, thereby enhancing the antitumor properties of the anti-phosphatidylserine antibody 2aG4. Experimental Design: The therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy plus 2aG4 was tested in nude mice bearing radiation-resistant A549 human lung tumors. Radiation-induced phosphatidylserine exposure on endothelial cells and A549 tumor cells was analyzed by immunofluoresence staining. The mechanism of the enhanced antitumor effect was examined by histology and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity experiments. Results: Focal irradiation of A549 human lung cancer xenografts increased the percentage of tumor vessels with exposed phosphatidylserine from 4% to 26%. Treatment of mice bearing A549 tumors with 2aG4 plus focal radiation therapy inhibited tumor growth by 80% and was superior to radiation therapy or 2aG4 alone (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Combination therapy reduced blood vessel density and enhanced monocyte infiltration into the tumor mass beyond that observed with individual treatments. In vitro, 2aG4 enhanced the ability of macrophages to kill endothelial cells with exposed phosphatidylserine in an Fc′-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggest that 2aG4 enhances the antitumor effects of radiation therapy by increasing antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward tumor vessels with externalized phosphatidylserine. Bavituximab, a chimeric version of 2aG4 in clinical trials, has the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation therapy in lung cancer patients.
Origin of increased fecal serine protease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhoea (IBS-D)
Authors: K. Garsed, G. Singh, D. Tooth, C. Lam, R. Banwait, M. Lingaya, R. Spiller
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients with IBS-D have been reported to have increased faecal serine protease activity which could induce visceral hypersensitivity and increase gut permeability by activating proteinase activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). These proteases could be either endogenous (pancreatic or mast cell) or bacterial in origin. <h3>Aim</h3> To define the type and origin of proteases using a proteomic method. <h3>Methods</h3> <i>Study 1</i>: Serine protease activity in stool supernatant from 36 patients meeting the Rome III criteria for IBS-D and 9 healthy controls was evaluated using a previous published method.1 Patients completed a one week stool diary and a hospital anxiety and depression score. <i>Study 2</i>: Serine proteases from a subset of 8 pooled patient samples were purified using a combination of affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Protease identification using proteolysis and mass-spectrometry was performed. <i>Study 3</i>: Assessment of stool amylase and elastase was performed using two commercially available ELISAs. <h3>Results</h3> <i>Study 1</i>: Serine protease activity was significantly increased in patients, 621 ± 94 versus 211 ± 46 units of trypsin/mg protein in controls, p = 0.04. Serine protease activity was significantly correlated with anxiety r = 0.5 p = 0.002. <i>Study 2</i>: The predominant proteases were pancreatic in origin including trypsin, elastase and carboxypeptidase-B. Additionally there was abundant pancreatic amylase. <i>Study 3</i>: Stool amylase but not elastase was significantly increased in IBS-D 183 ± 35 103 units/ml versus controls 78 ± 44. Amylase also correlated with serine protease activity, r = 0.33, p &lt; 0.05. <h3>Conclusion</h3> We confirm previous reports of increased serine proteases in IBS-D but these appear to be of pancreatic origin and associated with increased anxiety. Anxiety may cause rapid transit which reduces degradation by colonic bacteria and increases fecal protease.
Effect of Online Hemodiafiltration on All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes
Authors: Muriel P.C. Grooteman, Marinus A. van den Dorpel, Michiel L. Bots, E. Lars Penne, Neelke C. van der Weerd, Albert H.A. Mazairac, Claire H. den Hoedt, Ingeborg van der Tweel, Renée Lévesque, Menso J. Nubé, Piet M. ter Wee, Peter J. Blankestijn
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2012)

In patients with ESRD, the effects of online hemodiafiltration on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events are unclear. In this prospective study, we randomly assigned 714 chronic hemodialysis patients to online postdilution hemodiafiltration (n=358) or to continue low-flux hemodialysis (n=356). The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality. The main secondary endpoint was a composite of major cardiovascular events, including death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, therapeutic coronary intervention, therapeutic carotid intervention, vascular intervention, or amputation. After a mean 3.0 years of follow-up (range, 0.4-6.6 years), we did not detect a significant difference between treatment groups with regard to all-cause mortality (121 versus 127 deaths per 1000 person-years in the online hemodiafiltration and low-flux hemodialysis groups, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.20). The incidences of cardiovascular events were 127 and 116 per 1000 person-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.39). Receiving high-volume hemodiafiltration during the trial associated with lower all-cause mortality, a finding that persisted after adjusting for potential confounders and dialysis facility. In conclusion, this trial did not detect a beneficial effect of hemodiafiltration on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events compared with low-flux hemodialysis. On-treatment analysis suggests the possibility of a survival benefit among patients who receive high-volume hemodiafiltration, although this subgroup finding requires confirmation.
Idiopathic or connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: a case of HRCT mimicry
Authors: Kevin R Flaherty, Dinesh Khanna
Journal: Thorax (2014)

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) induces overwhelming morbidity and kills more patients with connective tissue disease (CTD) than any other CTD-related manifestation.1–5 Because of this, there is a keen and growing interest in the rheumatology and pulmonary communities to identify prognostic variables for CTD-associated ILD (CTD-ILD). Treatment options for patients with ILD, idiopathic as well as those associated with CTD-ILD are limited. Determining prognosis is important, especially when considering therapeutic options such as lung transplantation as well as monitoring response to therapy.

High-resolution CT (HRCT) plays a central role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with ILDs.6 Furthermore, features such as honeycombing and severity of fibrosis can both serve as diagnostic surrogates for surgical lung biopsy as well as predict the risk of subsequent mortality for patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP).7–9 Less is published regarding the prognostic characteristics of features seen on HRCT in patients with CTD-ILD; diseases that often have a better prognosis compared with patients with IIP10 ,11 and where surgical lung biopsy is less often performed.

Walsh et al 12 evaluated the ability of radiographic and pulmonary function characteristics to predict subsequent prognosis in patients with CTD-ILD. They included a relatively large and diverse study population consisting of 168 patients with a variety of CTDs such as rheumatoid arthritis (n=39), systemic sclerosis (SSc) (n=32), mixed CTD (n=33), polymositis (n=33), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=17) and Sjogren's disease (n=14). Fifty-one patients had surgical lung biopsy available for evaluation.

The …
Context and consciousness
Authors: Colin G. Ellard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract The commentary argues (1) that we cannot be sure that human consciousness has survival value and (2) that in order to understand the origins and, perhaps, the function of consciousness, we should examine the behavioural and neural precursors to consciousness in nonhumans. An example is given of research on the role of context in decisions regarding fleeing from probable predators in the Mongolian gerbil.
Igh variable region-restricted T cell interactions. Genetic restriction of an antigen-specific suppressor inducer factor is imparted by an I-J+ antigen-nonspecific molecule.
Authors: P M Flood, A Lowy, A Tominaga, B Chue, M I Greene, R K Gershon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

Immunized Ly-1 T cells secrete an antigen-specific molecule that will induce Ly-2+ T cells to express suppressive activity. In two separate systems, factors that suppress the primary anti-sheep erythrocyte (SE) plaque-forming cell response of spleen cells in vitro (Ly-1 TsiF) or the contact sensitivity of azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-TsF1 consist of two macromolecules, one which binds antigen and is IJ-, the other which is I-J+ and does not bind antigen. Both of these chains are required for the factor's biological activity. These factors show a genetic restriction in their ability to induce suppression that is linked to the variable region of the Ig heavy chain gene complex (Igh-V). The I-J+ chain from the ABA-specific TsF1 could replace the I-J+ chain needed by the SE-specific Ly-1 TsiF for biological activity. Mixtures of ABA-binding chain with I-J+ material obtained from the SE-specific Ly-1 TsiF had no effect on the primary anti-SE response in vitro. In mixtures of SE antigen-binding chain from Ly-1 TsiF and I-J+ material from the ABA-specific TsF1, it is the I-J+ molecule that determined the factor's Igh-V restriction. Thus, the antigen-combining site of the factor determined the antigen specificity of this factor but is irrelevant to its Igh-V-linked genetic restrictions. The implications of these results for the idiotype network hypothesis are discussed.
A phase II randomised trial comparing the cisplatin–etoposide combination chemotherapy with or without carboplatin as second-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer
Authors: J.P. Sculier, J.J. Lafitte, J. Lecomte, T. Berghmans, J. Thiriaux, O. Van Cutsem, A. Efremidis, V. Ninane, M. Paesmans, P. Mommen, J. Klastersky
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2002)
New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease
Authors: Peter S. Mortimer, Stanley G. Rockson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

The lymphatic system is fundamentally important to cardiovascular disease, infection and immunity, cancer, and probably obesity — the four major challenges in healthcare in the 21st century. This Review will consider the manner in which new knowledge of lymphatic genes and molecular mechanisms has demonstrated that lymphatic dysfunction should no longer be considered a passive bystander in disease but rather an active player in many pathological processes and, therefore, a genuine target for future therapeutic developments. The specific roles of the lymphatic system in edema, genetic aspects of primary lymphedema, infection (cellulitis/erysipelas), Crohn’s disease, obesity, cancer, and cancer-related lymphedema are highlighted.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Injuries Among Adolescent Workers in the United States
Authors: Carol W. Runyan, Ronda C. Zakocs
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2000)

▪ Abstract In the United States, most adolescents are employed at some time during their teen years. Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act, the nation's child labor law, address some of the risks of adolescent employment; however, &gt;70 teenage workers are estimated to die from work-related injuries each year, with greater risk among males, whites, and older adolescents. Furthermore, the nonfatal work-related injuries of the ≥64,000 teens who receive emergency department care each year are believed to significantly undercount actual injuries. Many of these nonfatal injuries are severe, with 15%–45% leading to work restriction or permanent disabilities. Significant methodological issues limit the ability of existing surveillance systems to monitor youth worker injury. Risk factor and intervention research is very limited, but does suggest the role of some worker characteristics, management practices, and training issues. However, these factors need more careful study. This review considers existing information about occupational injuries among adolescents and identifies needs for research and policy attention.
Vaccines with MF59 Adjuvant Expand the Antibody Repertoire to Target Protective Sites of Pandemic Avian H5N1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Surender Khurana, Wanida Chearwae, Flora Castellino, Jody Manischewitz, Lisa R. King, Agnieszka Honorkiewicz, Michael T. Rock, Kathryn M. Edwards, Giuseppe Del Giudice, Rino Rappuoli, Hana Golding
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2010)

An oil-based adjuvant improves the efficacy of an H5N1 vaccine by inducing antibodies against additional sites on influenza surface proteins.
Indian women in sports: merits and demerits
Authors: Anand Babu Pidakala, N Kumutha
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

In these modern times there has been an increasing trend of women participation in sports, particularly in India. However, besides their participation and achievements in sports, it felt that the extent of women participation in sports shall also be addressed. Most of the literature reviewed and government authorities promote only the merits of sports for women by which they are motivated to participate in sports. Their participation in sports also has some damaging effects on family and relationships, children which were addressed very little in few literatures. In my view, the one who experiences these effects only can address in a better way. So, an attempt is made in this paper to study and bring out these issues. The primary purpose of this study is to appreciate and encourage the women participating in sports without damaging their family and relationships and not neglecting children. Also it emphasises on the merits and demerits arising out of Indian women participating in sports, the effects of poor parenting on children and its effect on the society; alerts all men regarding the damaging effects that would come across in married life with women in sports; advices those women to understand the sufferings being experienced by any family member because of their improper planning of priorities of their ambitions. To minimise these damaging effects on society few additional mandatory checks to be incorporated during the selection process of women in sports are also suggested in this paper for recommendations.
Hepatitis G virus in patient's with Behçet's syndrome
Authors: S. Kip Ülgen, S. Başgül, I. Fresko, G. Geyik, E. Demiralp, H. Direskeneli, N. Sayhan, A. Sonsuz, A. Gül, O. Aral, H. Yazici, N. Tözün, C. Kalayci
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)