tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PHLEBOLITHS
Authors: J. H. Edwards
Journal: BMJ (1913)

IDLrc 3-1 I Plil'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MDXAL JOURNAL 5to show whether these organisms are or are not related to the disease.The following report has been published:Report on the Clinical and Bacteriological Examination of the vagina in 60 Cases of Rheumatoid Arthritis. -(Vol.iii, No. 4, p. 83.)14.Chemical BesearcTi.-Aniiimportant 'anidtedious research is being carried ont in tlle Researclh Hospital on the nmetabolism of arthritic patients.These studies are most exacting to the observer, to tlie nurses, and to the patients, and could Aot be possibly carried 6ut witlhout the aid of suclh an-in4titiftion.The following reports liave been published:
Inhibition of IMCD 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by low pH and acute acid loading.
Authors: P J Nolan, M A Knepper, R K Packer
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1997)

Mineralocorticoid receptors in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) are protected from glucocorticoid binding by an enzyme, 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 beta-HSD2). To study the role of 11 beta-HSD2 in acid-base homeostasis, 11 beta-HSD2 activity was measured in rat IMCD-enriched cell suspensions. Homogenates of cell suspensions were incubated in buffers ranging in pH from 6.00 to 8.15 in the presence of 1 microCi of 3H-corticosterone (CS) and 400 microM NAD+. Enzyme activity was expressed as the amount of 3H-CS converted to 3H-11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHCS). IMCD 11 beta-HSD2 activity at pH 6.5 was 49% of activity at pH 7.5; 22.5 versus 11.0 fmol/microgram of protein per h. Experiments also were performed on intact cell suspensions at pH 7.5 and 6.5. There was a 42% inhibition in the IMCD cell suspension conversion rate of 3H-CS to 3H-11-DHCS at pH 6.5; 13.1 versus 7.6 fmol/microgram per h (P < 0.005). In cell suspensions at pH 7.5, 1-day acid loading caused a 26% inhibition in conversion rate, 13.2 versus 9.9 fmol/microgram per h (P < 0.05), when compared with controls. These results suggest that during acute metabolic acidosis, IMCD 11 beta-HSD2 is inhibited and may allow access to the mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids.
Cultural and Family Challenges to Managing Type 2 Diabetes in Immigrant Chinese Americans
Authors: Catherine A. Chesla, Kevin M. Chun, Christine M.L. Kwan
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

Although Asians demonstrate elevated levels of type 2 diabetes, little attention has been directed to their unique cultural beliefs and practices regarding diabetes. We describe cultural and family challenges to illness management in foreign-born Chinese American patients with type 2 diabetes and their spouses.
Previous general practitioner consulting behaviour as a predictor of pneumonia in children
Authors: Joanna C. Crocker, Colin V.E. Powell, Kerenza Hood, Christopher C. Butler, Meirion R. Evans
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Previous general practitioner consulting behaviour as a predictor of pneumonia in childrenTo the Editor:As a consequence of increasing antimicrobial resistance, general practitioners (GPs) are encouraged to prescribe antibiotics only for patients most likely to benefit, for example children at high risk of hospitalisation for pneumonia.Secondary to clinical assessment, knowledge of a child's background may improve the identification of those at high risk, since several studies have described medical, social and environmental risk factors for paediatric community-acquired pneumonia.Most of these studies, including the only two case-control studies conducted in primary care [1, 2], compared cases of pneumonia with healthy community controls, and therefore may have identified risk factors for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in general and not specifically pneumonia.Two case-control studies used hospital controls with RTIs [3,4], but these findings may not be applicable to children consulting in primary care.We used an existing case-control study dataset [5] to explore demographic, medical and social risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia or empyema among children consulting in general practice.This is the first such comparison of children seen in primary care with RTIs with and without subsequent hospital presentation for pneumonia.
Study Design Issues and Early Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Joan H. Schiller
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract The most common type of clinical trial in oncology enrolls patients with advanced disease. End points for phase II trials in advanced disease typically include response rate or time to progression, based upon the presumption that these may serve as surrogates for the ultimate end point of improved survival. Unique problems arise with the design of adjuvant trials, for which response rates clearly are not appropriate end points. In addition, survival is much longer, making rapid completion of phase III trials difficult. For lung cancer, the proportion of patients with stage I and II disease is much lower than with other types of cancer, and the absolute number of these patients is relatively low. To conduct large adjuvant trials in lung cancer more efficiently, we need to optimize our trials as much as possible. “Targeted therapies,” by definition, inhibit a specific target, thus offering the theoretical advantage of enriching the patient population by restricting enrollment to patients whose tumor expresses the target of interest. Education of health care professionals regarding the benefits of adjuvant therapies, to decrease a sense of nihilism and to increase referrals, and international collaborations may also be necessary to increase accrual.
Normotensive Ischemic Acute Renal Failure
Authors: J. Gary Abuelo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

Prerenal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis, the two forms of ischemic acute renal failure, account for more than half the cases of renal failure in hospitalized patients. Yet the contribution of ischemia is initially unrecognized in many patients with acute renal failure. This article reviews the renal response to ischemia and the clinical features of and risk factors for normotensive ischemic acute renal failure.
Deletion of the Fc receptors chain preserves endothelial function affected by hypercholesterolaemia in mice fed on a high-fat diet
Authors: K. Sumiyoshi, H. Mokuno, T. Iesaki, K. Shimada, T. Miyazaki, A. Kume, T. Kiyanagi, K. Kuremoto, Y. Watanabe, N. Tada, H. Daida
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

AimsTo clarify the role of Fc receptors (FcR) for immunoglobulin in endothelial dysfunction induced by hypercholesterolaemia, we evaluated the effect of deletion of the FcR γ chain on endothelium-dependent relaxation and oxidative stress after 10 weeks on a high-fat diet in FcR γ−/− mice compared with that in wild-type mice.
Glycoside inotropy in the absence of an increase in potassium efflux in the rabbit heart.
Authors: P A Poole-Wilson, G A Langer
Journal: Circulation Research (1975)

The inotropic effect of 1.25 times 10(-6)M acetylstrophanthidin (ACS) and the influx and efflux of labeled potassium (42K+) were studied in the arterially perfused rabbit interventricular septum under control conditions and during respiratory acidosis. An increase in the CO2 content of the gas mixture with which the modified Ringer's solution was equilibrated from 5 to 30% reduced the perfusate pH from 7.37 to 6.66. The increment in developed tension in the presence of ACS was 3.0 +/- 0.2 g (n equals 10) under control conditions, but it was greater, 7.1 +/- 0.9 g (N equals 9) during acidosis (P less than less than 0.001). The net K+ loss due to an increase in K+ efflux was 1.8 +/- 0.2 mmoles/kg wet weight in control experiments but only 0.1 +/- 0.1 mmoles/kg net weight under acidotic conitions (P less than less than 0.001); in seven of nine experiments in respiratory acidosis, no increase in K+ efflux occurred despite a marked positive inotropy. In three septums, K+ influx was reduced by ACS during respiratory acidosis. These results demonstrate that during acidosis ACS inhibits sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+-K+ ATPase) and causes an inotropic effect but does not increase K+ efflux. K+ efflux cannot be linked to calcium (Ca2+) influx or regarded as the controlling factor of glycoside-induced inotropy. The results give further support to the proposal that digitalis-induced inotropy is secondary to an enhancement of a Na+-Ca2+ exchange system.
Effect of Calcium and Magnesium on the Morphology and Growth Pattern of L-M Cells&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: D-P. Yang, Helen J. Morton
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1971)

Mouse fibroblast (strain L-M) cells were grown in medium M150 plus 0.5% peptone for more than 6 months without either calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) being added. The cells grew at rates similar to those in complete medium. The omission of Mg did not alter cell morphology, but Ca deficiency caused different morphology and growth patterns. After the contaminating Ca was totally removed with ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid, the cells could not survive more than 48 hours. At 0.02 mM Ca, the cells survived at least 5 days in culture. Cells growing in media with Ca levels of 0.04–0.08 mM were mostly round and grew in clumps. Ball-like aggregates were formed 7–10 days after subculturing. These growth patterns were completely reversed when the medium was changed to normal Ca concentration (1.25 mM). Karyotype analysis of the 2 types of cells revealed no difference; both had a modal number of 65 and showed the same marker chromosome. This, plus the reversibility of the change by addition or deletion of Ca, indicates that no population selection was involved.
The molecular classification of multiple myeloma
Authors: Fenghuang Zhan, Yongsheng Huang, Simona Colla, James P. Stewart, Ichiro Hanamura, Sushil Gupta, Joshua Epstein, Shmuel Yaccoby, Jeffrey Sawyer, Bart Burington, Elias Anaissie, Klaus Hollmig, Mauricio Pineda-Roman, Guido Tricot, Frits van Rhee, Ronald Walker, Maurizio Zangari, John Crowley, Bart Barlogie, John D. Shaughnessy
Journal: Blood (2006)
Claudins and the Kidney
Authors: Alan S.L. Yu
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

Claudins are tight-junction membrane proteins that function as both pores and barriers in the paracellular pathway in epithelial cells. In the kidney, claudins determine the permeability and selectivity of different nephron segments along the renal tubule. In the proximal tubule, claudins have a role in the bulk reabsorption of salt and water. In the thick ascending limb, claudins are important for the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium and are tightly regulated by the calcium-sensing receptor. In the distal nephron, claudins need to form cation barriers and chloride pores to facilitate electrogenic sodium reabsorption and potassium and acid secretion. Aldosterone and the with-no-lysine (WNK) proteins likely regulate claudins to fine-tune distal nephron salt transport. Genetic mutations in claudin-16 and -19 cause familial hypomagnesemic hypercalciuria with nephrocalcinosis, whereas polymorphisms in claudin-14 are associated with kidney stone risk. It is likely that additional roles for claudins in the pathogenesis of other types of kidney diseases have yet to be uncovered.
Interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) is up-regulated by CD40 triggering and mediates proapoptotic signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells
Authors: Daniela de Totero, Raffaella Meazza, Simona Zupo, Giovanna Cutrona, Serena Matis, Monica Colombo, Enrico Balleari, Ivana Pierri, Marina Fabbi, Matteo Capaia, Bruno Azzarone, Marco Gobbi, Manlio Ferrarini, Silvano Ferrini
Journal: Blood (2006)
Bevacizumab in Combination With Chemotherapy As First-Line Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study
Authors: Atsushi Ohtsu, Manish A. Shah, Eric Van Cutsem, Sun Young Rha, Akira Sawaki, Sook Ryun Park, Ho Yeong Lim, Yasuhide Yamada, Jian Wu, Bernd Langer, Michal Starnawski, Yoon-Koo Kang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Purpose The Avastin in Gastric Cancer (AVAGAST) trial was a multinational, randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of adding bevacizumab to capecitabine-cisplatin in the first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Patients and Methods Patients received bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg or placebo followed by cisplatin 80 mg/m 2 on day 1 plus capecitabine 1,000 mg/m 2 twice daily for 14 days every 3 weeks. Fluorouracil was permitted in patients unable to take oral medications. Cisplatin was given for six cycles; capecitabine and bevacizumab were administered until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Log-rank test was used to test the OS difference. Results In all, 774 patients were enrolled; 387 were assigned to each treatment group (intention-to-treat population), and 517 deaths were observed. Median OS was 12.1 months with bevacizumab plus fluoropyrimidine-cisplatin and 10.1 months with placebo plus fluoropyrimidine-cisplatin (hazard ratio 0.87; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.03; P = .1002). Both median progression-free survival (6.7 v 5.3 months; hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.93; P = .0037) and overall response rate (46.0% v 37.4%; P = .0315) were significantly improved with bevacizumab versus placebo. Preplanned subgroup analyses revealed regional differences in efficacy outcomes. The most common grade 3 to 5 adverse events were neutropenia (35%, bevacizumab plus fluoropyrimidine-cisplatin; 37%, placebo plus fluoropyrimidine-cisplatin), anemia (10% v 14%), and decreased appetite (8% v 11%). No new bevacizumab-related safety signals were identified. Conclusion Although AVAGAST did not reach its primary objective, adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy was associated with significant increases in progression-free survival and overall response rate in the first-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer.
Blue rubber bleb naevus disease: an uncommon cause of gastrointestinal tract bleeding.
Authors: M Jennings, P Ward, J L Maddocks
Journal: Gut (1988)

A 23 year old woman presented with facial pain, a right parotid tumour and iron deficiency anaemia. She had several cutaneous venous swellings and tumours with a similar appearance were found in the large bowel. Histological examination of the parotid tumour and angiography of the skin and gut lesions confirmed that they were venous in origin. The aetiology, classification, and complications of disorders of the venous system and the importance of using a tourniquet to examine the peripheral veins is discussed.
Pulmonary gas exchange in cystic fibrosis: basal status and the effect of i.v. antibiotics and inhaled amiloride
Authors: L. Lagerstrand, L. Hjelte, H Jorulf
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

In order to evaluate the degree and type of gas exchange impairment in cystic fibrosis, ventilation/perfusion relationships in ten patients (mean age 26 yrs, mean Shwachman score 86) were examined. Pulmonary gas exchange was studied using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and spirometry, including diffusing capacity, were performed after each gas exchange study for comparison. Examinations were done before and after home i.v. antibiotic treatment (HIVAT, 14 days) and after inhaled amiloride and placebo (14 days), in crossover fashion, clinical status after HIVAT serving as the baseline for the crossover study. Before HIVAT, the mean residual volume was 182% of the predicted value, the mean vital capacity 72% pred and the mean forced expiratory volume in one second 53% pred (p&lt;0.001). The dispersion of pulmonary blood flow at different ventilation/perfusion ratios (V9/Q9) ((logarithmic SD of the perfusion distribution (log SDQ)), used as an index for gas exchange impairment, was increased to a mean of 0.72. No linear correlation was seen between ventilation/perfusion inequality, spirometry and HRCT (p&gt;0.05). After HIVAT, log SDQ was significantly improved to 0.66 (p&lt;0.05). After placebo, but not after amiloride, log SDQ, arterial oxygen tension, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and maximal expiratory flows when 50% and 25% of the forced vital capacity tension remain to be exhaled were significantly worse (p&lt;0.05, respectively). Areas with a low V9/Q9 were significantly lower after amiloride compared to after the placebo period (p&lt;0.05). Moderate ventilation/perfusion inequality was present in the majority of the studied cystic fibrosis patients. The degree of ventilation/perfusion inequality cannot be estimated from spirometry or high-resolution computed tomography. The low proportion of low ventilation/perfusion ratios indicates that the regular treatment directed towards mucus plugging of small airways is beneficial. An improvement in the ventilation/perfusion relationship was seen after home i.v. antibiotic treatment and inhaled amiloride may possibly have a further positive effect on gas exchange.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with twice weekly paclitaxel and cisplatin followed by esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer
Authors: C.-C. Lin, C.-H. Hsu, J.C. Cheng, H.-P. Wang, J-M Lee, K.-H. Yeh, C.-H. Yang, J.-T. Lin, A.-L. Cheng, Y.-C. Lee
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
The GDNF Target Vsnl1 Marks the Ureteric Tip
Authors: Roxana Ola, Madis Jakobson, Jouni Kvist, Nina Perälä, Satu Kuure, Karl-Heinz Braunewell, Darren Bridgewater, Norman D. Rosenblum, Dmitri Chilov, Tiina Immonen, Kirsi Sainio, Hannu Sariola
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is indispensable for ureteric budding and branching. If applied exogenously, GDNF promotes ectopic ureteric buds from the Wolffian duct. Although several downstream effectors of GDNF are known, the identification of early response genes is incomplete. Here, microarray screening detected several GDNF-regulated genes in the Wolffian duct, including Visinin like 1 (Vsnl1), which encodes a neuronal calcium-sensor protein. We observed renal Vsnl1 expression exclusively in the ureteric epithelium, but not in Gdnf-null kidneys. In the tissue culture of Gdnf-deficient kidney primordium, exogenous GDNF and alternative bud inducers (FGF7 and follistatin) restored Vsnl1 expression. Hence, Vsnl1 characterizes the tip of the ureteric bud epithelium regardless of the inducer. In the tips, Vsnl1 showed a mosaic expression pattern that was mutually exclusive with β-catenin transcriptional activation. Vsnl1 was downregulated in both β-catenin-stabilized and β-catenin-deficient kidneys. Moreover, in a mouse collecting duct cell line, Vsnl1 compromised β-catenin stability, suggesting a counteracting relationship between Vsnl1 and β-catenin. In summary, Vsnl1 marks ureteric bud tips in embryonic kidneys, and its mosaic pattern demonstrates a heterogeneity of cell types that may be critical for normal ureteric branching.
Formin mDia1 Mediates Vascular Remodeling via Integration of Oxidative and Signal Transduction Pathways
Authors: Fatouma Touré, Günter Fritz, Qing Li, Vivek Rai, Gurdip Daffu, Yu Shan Zou, Rosa Rosario, Ravichandran Ramasamy, Arthur S. Alberts, Shi Fang Yan, Ann Marie Schmidt
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

The mammalian diaphanous-related formin (mDia1), governs microtubule and microfilament dynamics while functioning as an effector for Rho small GTP-binding proteins during key cellular processes such as adhesion, cytokinesis, cell polarity, and morphogenesis. The cytoplasmic domain of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts binds to the formin homology 1 domain of mDia1; mDia1 is required for receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligand-induced cellular migration in transformed cells.Because a key mechanism in vascular remodeling is the induction of smooth muscle cell migration, we tested the role of mDia1 in this process.We report that endothelial denudation injury to the murine femoral artery significantly upregulates mDia1 mRNA transcripts and protein in the injured vessel, particularly in vascular smooth muscle cells within the expanding neointima. Loss of mDia1 expression significantly reduces pathological neointimal expansion consequent to injury. In primary murine aortic smooth muscle cells, mDia1 is required for receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligand-induced membrane translocation of c-Src, which leads to Rac1 activation, redox phosphorylation of AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and consequent smooth muscle cell migration.We conclude that mDia1 integrates oxidative and signal transduction pathways triggered, at least in part, by receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ligands, thereby regulating pathological neointimal expansion.
Comparison of Various Electrophoretic Characteristics of LDL Particles and Their Relationship to the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: A.C. St-Pierre, I.L. Ruel, B. Cantin, G.R. Dagenais, P.-M. Bernard, J.-P. Després, B. Lamarche
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Several cross-sectional studies and 3 prospective, nested, case-control studies have indicated that individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are at increased risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, whether LDL particle size is an independent risk factor for future IHD events remains controversial. The objective of the present study was to further analyze the cardiovascular risk associated with various electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles in men. Methods and Results LDL particles were characterized by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PAGGE) in a cohort of 2034 men of the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. All men were initially free of IHD and were followed up for a period of 5 years, during which 108 first IHD events were recorded. Among all LDL characteristics investigated by PAGGE, including LDL peak particle size, the cholesterol concentration in LDL particles with a diameter smaller than 255 Å showed the strongest association with the risk of IHD (relative risk=4.6 in men in the third vs first tertile of the distribution, P &lt;0.001). Multivariate logistic and survival models indicated that the relationship between LDL cholesterol levels in particles with a diameter &lt;255 Å and IHD risk was independent of all nonlipid risk factors and of LDL cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein(a) levels. Conclusions Results from this large, population-based, prospective study suggest that further characterization of LDL particles by PAGGE, in addition to the traditional lipid profile, may improve our ability to predict IHD events in men.
Role of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in mediating hypersensitivity of Fanconi anemia complementation group C cells to interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and double-stranded RNA
Authors: Qishen Pang, Winifred Keeble, Jane Diaz, Tracy A. Christianson, Sara Fagerlie, Keaney Rathbun, Gregory R. Faulkner, Michael O'Dwyer, Grover C. Bagby
Journal: Blood (2001)