tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Four wheel drive vehicles, class war, and the <i>BMJ</i>
Authors: Trevor Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

To many people, the gas guzzling, road hogging, bullbar-brandishing four wheel drive or sports utility vehicle has long seemed fair game. What are they doing, clogging up the streets of our inner cities? Have their drivers somehow missed the turning to rural Ambridge?

In the United Kingdom, the Independent newspaper has called them “Enemy of the people.” Andrew Simms, policy director of UK think tank the New Economics Foundation, has dubbed them “Satan's little run-around.” Less derogatory nicknames include include “Chelsea tractors” and—in Newcastle upon Tyne—“Jesmond tractors,” because of their popularity in chic, urban areas—particularly, as the stereotypers would have it, among the so called yummy mummies or young stylish mothers. London mayor Ken Livingstone has called those who take their children to school in four wheel drive vehicles “complete idiots” and last week proposed increasing the London congestion charge to £25 for “environmentally damaging” vehicles, which would include the larger four wheel drives.

It seems that almost no one, apart from their owners and manufacturers, has a nice word to say about these behemoths. How marvellous, then, must the BMJ 's recent study have seemed, confirming as it did all the prejudices that critics hold about Chelsea tractors ( BMJ 2006:333: 71-3 and …
Serological test and chest computed tomography findings in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease
Authors: S. Kitada, Y. Nishiuchi, T. Hiraga, N. Naka, H. Hashimoto, K. Yoshimura, K. Miki, M. Miki, M. Motone, T. Fujikawa, K. Kobayashi, I. Yano, R. Maekura
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The present authors have previously reported the usefulness of a serodiagnostic test to detect serum glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antibody in diagnosing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease in immunocompetent patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate correlations between the levels of antibody against GPL core and chest computed tomography (CCT) findings in patients with MAC lung disease. A total of 47 patients with MAC-positive culture from their sputum and who had radiographic abnormalities were investigated. Thirty-three patients met the American Thoracic Society criteria for MAC disease; 14 did not. All patients underwent both CCT examination and the serodiagnostic test for MAC at the same time. Small nodular shadows were seen on CCT in all 47 patients and bronchiectasis shadows were seen in 39 (83%) of them. There was a significant positive correlation between the extent of the disease and the level of GPL core immunoglobulin (Ig)A antibody. The levels of GPL core IgA antibody were significantly elevated in patients who had nodular shadows (10–30 mm) compared with patients who had small nodular shadows (&lt;10 mm). The present results document that the levels of immunoglobulin A antibody against glycopeptidolipid core correlate with the chest computed tomography findings of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease.
[430] RIBAVIRIN ACTS AS HEPATITIS C VIRUS MUTAGEN ON NONSTRUCTURAL 5B QUASISPECIES IN VITRO AND DURING ANTIVIRAL THERAPY
Authors: W.P. Hofrnann, A. Polta, E. Herrmann, U. Mihm, B. Kronenberger, T. Sonntag, V. Lohmann, B. Schoenberger, S. Zeuzem, C. Sarrazin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
THE SELECTION OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS FOR RESEARCH
Authors: NATHAN S. KLINE, ASHTON M. TENNEY, GEORGE T. NICOLAOU, BENJAMIN MALZBERG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1953)

Evidence is presented that the present psychiatric diagnostic categories are inadequate. By selecting homogeneous groups of patients for study, both reclassification and investigation of mental disease can proceed together. The steps necessary to increase homogeneity of samples of patients are outlined and an example given of the application of this method at the Rockland State Hospital.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM
Authors: Oscar C. Liu, Kurt Paucker, Werner Henle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Certain aspects of the formation of non-infectious hemagglutinins (NIHA) in the chick embryo infected with influenza virus have been analyzed. It was shown by the use of combined in ovo-deembryonation technics that little or no NIHA is released following infection with small doses of standard virus during the most active and constant growth periods of the virus extending to about the 36th hour of incubation in spite of the fact that multiple infection of cells must have taken place in the latter half of that period. A slight decrease in the ID(50)/HA ratios of the yields obtained after the 36th hour, coinciding with the falling off of virus production and release may possibly be explained in terms of inactivation of completed virus or leakage of as yet incompleted virus from damaged cells. Exposure of the entodermal cells of the allantois of eggs deembryonated shortiy after injection of saturation or near saturation inocula of standard seed to large quantities of infectious virus added to the media at various times after infection and not extending over more than 2 hours resulted in a decrease of the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies only during the first 2 or possibly 4 hours after the primary inoculation. Later addition did not influence the yields. As discussed, such sudden and heavy exposures of cells are not expected to occur during the infectious process induced by small inocula of standard seed. The possible role of destruction of cell receptors in NIHA production has been analyzed in several ways. The addition of receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) to the media of deembryonated eggs after near saturation inocula of standard seeds, if anything, increased the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies, and that only when added during the first few hours following infection, presumably by reducing the changes for high multiplicity of infection of cells. In contrast, ultraviolet-inactivated virus, which retains its enzymatic activity, lowered, if anything, the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies, when present in the media of deembryonated eggs from the 2nd to 4th or possibly 6th hour after infection. Excessive amounts of irradiated virus may still cause some degree of interference under these conditions. Later addition of irradiated viruses were without effect with respect to NIHA production or interference. In attempts to alter the cell receptors prior to infection by potassium periodate (KIO(4)), it was noted that the addition of glycerol led to the appearance and partial retention for at least 24 hours of substances in the allantoic fluids which were capable of inactivating considerable proportions of standard virus. These data indicate that destruction of external cell receptors plays little if any role in NIHA production. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Changes in hospital management of acute severe asthma by thoracic and general physicians in Birmingham and Manchester during 1978 and 1985.
Authors: D R Baldwin, L P Ormerod, A D Mackay, D E Stableforth
Journal: Thorax (1990)

Hospital management of acute severe asthma in 14 large hospitals in Birmingham and Manchester was audited in a random 20% of 1196 patients aged 15-45 years admitted in 1985. Of the 239 admissions randomised, 192 were suitable for study. Results were compared with those from a study in the same hospitals using the same methods in 1978. The age and sex of the patients and their smoking history, duration of asthma, and hospital attendance were similar in 1978 and 1985. A much smaller proportion of patients presented with symptoms of over seven days9 duration in 1985 (8.5%) than in 1978 (26%). The inpatient management of asthma appears to have improved in both thoracic and general units, with more thorough functional assessments, more frequent performance of relevant investigations (arterial blood gases and peak expiratory flow rates) and more frequent use of recommended treatment (nebulised bronchodilators, oral and intravenous corticosteroids). Less difference was found in 1985 between units with a specialist thoracic interest and those without, though some differences remained in 1985 in monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate and arterial blood gases, outpatient prescribing, and follow up arrangements. Inhaled preventive medication was prescribed more frequently than in 1978. In 1985 there was a 56% increase in admissions for asthma. The proportion of severely ill patients was similar to that in 1978, but in the most severe functional grade mean arterial carbon dioxide tension was higher in 1985 and more patients were ventilated. Our results suggest that hospital management by thoracic and general physicians has improved over the period 1978-85. Patients presented earlier in 1985, though there seems to have been an increase in asthma of all grades of severity.
IRTA1 and IRTA2, Novel Immunoglobulin Superfamily Receptors Expressed in B Cells and Involved in Chromosome 1q21 Abnormalities in B Cell Malignancy
Authors: Georgia Hatzivassiliou, Ira Miller, Jun Takizawa, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Pulivarthi H. Rao, Shinsuke Iida, Shinichi Tagawa, Masafumi Taniwaki, James Russo, Antonino Neri, Giorgio Cattoretti, Raphael Clynes, Cathy Mendelsohn, R.S.K. Chaganti, Riccardo Dalla-Favera
Journal: Immunity (2001)
Sleep Fragmentation Indices as Predictors of Daytime Sleepiness and nCPAP Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: LESLEY S. BENNETT, BEVERLY A. LANGFORD, JOHN R. STRADLING, ROBERT J. O. DAVIES
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Sleep fragmentation and respiratory disturbance measures are used in the assessment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but have proved to be disappointingly poor correlates of daytime sleepiness. This study investigates the ability of electroencephalograph (EEG) and non-EEG sleep fragmentation indices to predict both presenting sleepiness and the improvement in sleepiness with subsequent nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy (nCPAP responsive sleepiness). Forty-one patients (36 men, 5 women), ranging from nonsnorers to severe OSA ( > 4% O2 dip rate, median 11.1, range 0.4 to 76.5), had polysomnography with microarousal scoring, computerized EEG analysis, autonomic arousal detection, and body movement analysis. All patients received a trial of nCPAP regardless of sleep study outcome. Spearman's correlation analysis showed significant and similar associations between all sleep fragmentation indices with both pretreatment and nCPAP responsive sleepiness. There was no deterioration in sleepiness on nCPAP in the nonsnorers. Using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the best predictor of nCPAP responsive subjective and objective sleepiness was body movement index, explaining 38% and 43% of the variance, respectively. Variability in EEG sleep depth, quantified from computerized EEG analysis, was the only other index to contribute to these models. Together these indices explained 44% and 51% of the subjective and objective response to nCPAP, respectively. These results suggest that sleep fragmentation indices are useful for identifying OSA patients with sleepiness likely to respond to nCPAP.
ULCERATING AND MUTILATING TROPHIC LESIONS OE THE LOWER LIMBS.
Authors: Y. BUREAU, H. BARRIERE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1958)

Journal Article ULCERATING AND MUTILATING TROPHIC LESIONS OE THE LOWER LIMBS. Get access Y. BUREAU, Y. BUREAU Nantes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. BARRIERE H. BARRIERE Nantes, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 70, Issue 10, 1 October 1958, Pages 372–377, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1958.tb13799.x Published: 01 October 1958
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MAGNESIUM ON CARDIAC AND RENAL LESIONS OF YOUNG RATS FED AN ATHEROGENIC DIET
Authors: E. E. Hellerstein, J. J. Vitale, P. L. White, D. M. Hegsted, N. Zamcheck, M. Nakamura
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

Young male rats fed an atherogenic diet for 24 to 26 days developed magnesium deficiency. The renal lesions, calcium deposition in tubular lumens in the outer zona intermedia, are morphologically consistent with those seen in animals fed magnesium-free diets. It was necessary to feed 8 to 16 times the normal requirement of magnesium to prevent completely these lesions. The limitations in the pathogenesis of these renal lesions are discussed. The addition of 2 mg. per cent of thyroxine to the diet markedly lowered or abolished deposition of calcium in the kidney; it also lowered atherogenesis to a minimum but did not abolish it. Early lesions of atherosclerosis of the cardiac valves and of the aorta were observed. These were more prominent in animals on a 10 per cent than in those on a 20 per cent protein diet. The atherosclerosis was diminished but not abolished by exceedingly high dietary levels of magnesium in the 10 per cent protein group. Such a decrease was not noted in the 20 per cent protein group. There did not appear to be significant variation in the morphology of the fatty livers in and between the various groups and subgroups as judged by staining with Sudan IV.
Alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize epitopes determined by both the alpha helices and beta sheets of the class I peptide binding site.
Authors: H D Hunt, T I Munitz, L R Pease
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

A chimeric class I glycoprotein was created to investigate the functional contribution of the alpha helices and the beta-pleated sheets in forming the antigen recognition site (ARS) of antigen-presenting molecules. This novel molecule was generated by replacing the DNA sequences encoding the alpha helices of the Ld gene with the corresponding sequences from the Kb gene. Serologic analysis of transfected L cells that expressed the chimeric molecule (Kb alpha Ld beta) revealed that the engineered class I glycoprotein retains two conformational epitopes associated with the alpha helices of Kb, as defined by monoclonal antibodies K10.56 and 28-13-3. These results demonstrate that the alpha helices of Kb can associate with the beta-pleated sheets of Ld to form a stable structure, which is expressed on the cell surface. To address the role of the alpha helices of the ARS in determining T cell crossreactivity, alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were used to analyze L cells expressing Kb alpha Ld beta. CTL raised against Kb or Ld as alloantigens showed little, if any, ability to lyse L cells expressing Kb alpha Ld beta. Thus, alloreactive CTL did not recognize structures determined by the alpha helices alone or by the beta sheets of the ARS alone. However, bulk and cloned alloreactive CTL that were generated against the mutant Kb glycoprotein Kbm8 reacted strongly with Kb alpha Ld beta. In addition to the Kb alpha helices, the Kbm8 ARS shares a single polymorphic amino acid at position 24 with Kb alpha Ld beta. Amino acid 24 is located on the beta 2 strand that forms part of the floor of the ARS and has been identified as a component of pocket B in the HLA class I ARS. The substitution of Glu to Ser at this position was shown previously to be the central determinant of the Kbm8 mutant alloantigenicity. The functional significance of this position in determining crossreactivity between bm8 and Kb alpha Ld beta identifies pocket B as a strong anchor for allogenic self-peptides. These findings demonstrate that determinants recognized by CTL on class I alloantigens are formed by interactions involving both the alpha helices and beta sheets of the ARS. These interactions are best explained by the influence of the alpha helices and beta sheets on the peptide-binding properties of these antigen-presenting molecules.
Positive Selection of B Cells Expressing Low Densities of Self-reactive BCRs
Authors: Emmanuelle Gaudin, Yi Hao, Maria Manuela Rosado, Richard Chaby, Robert Girard, António A. Freitas
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

B cell tolerance or autoimmunity is determined by selective events. Negative selection of self-reactive B cells is well documented and proven. In contrast, positive selection of conventional B cells is yet to be firmly established. Here, we demonstrate that developing self-reactive B cells are not always highly sensitive to the deletion mechanisms imposed by membrane-bound self-antigens. At low amounts, membrane-bound antigens allow survival of B cells bearing a single high affinity self-reactive B cell receptor (BCR). More importantly, we show that forced allelic inclusion modifies B cell fate; low quantities of self-antigen induce the selection and accumulation of increased numbers of self-reactive B cells with decreased expression of antigen-specific BCRs. By directly measuring antigen binding by intact B cells, we show that the low amounts of self-antigen select self-reactive B cells with a lower association constant. A fraction of these B cells is activated and secretes autoantibodies that form circulating immune complexes with self-antigen. These findings demonstrate that conventional B cells can undergo positive selection and that the fate of a self-reactive B cell depends on the quantity of self-antigen, the number of BCRs engaged, and on its overall antigen-binding avidity, rather than on the affinity of individual BCRs.
Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in workers exposed to fine particulates.
Authors: Jee Young Kim, Sutapa Mukherjee, Long C Ngo, David C Christiani
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) is a chemically complex mixture of compounds, including metals that are potentially carcinogenic because of their ability to cause oxidative injury. In this study, we investigated the association between exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic mass median diameter <or= 2.5 micro m (PM2.5) and oxidative DNA damage and repair, as indicated by urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations, in a group of boilermakers exposed to ROFA and metal fumes. Twenty workers (50% smokers) were monitored for 5 days during an overhaul of oil-fired boilers. The median occupational PM2.5 8-hr time-weighted average was 0.44 mg/m3 (25th-75th percentile, 0.29-0.76). The mean +/- SE creatinine-adjusted 8-OHdG levels were 13.26 +/- 1.04 micro g/g in urine samples collected pre-workshift and 15.22 +/- 0.99 micro g/g in the post-workshift samples. The urinary 8-OHdG levels were significantly greater in the post-workshift samples than in the pre-workshift samples (p = 0.02), after adjusting for urinary cotinine levels, chronic bronchitis status, and age. Linear mixed models indicated a significant exposure-response association between PM2.5 exposure and urinary 8-OHdG levels (p = 0.03). Each 1-mg/m3 incremental increase in PM2.5 exposure was associated with an increase of 1.67 micro g/g (95% confidence interval, 0.21-3.14) in 8-OHdG levels. PM2.5 vanadium, manganese, nickel, and lead exposures also were positively associated with 8-OHdG levels (p <or= 0.05). This study suggests that a relatively young and healthy cohort of boilermakers may experience an increased risk of developing oxidative DNA injury after exposure to high levels of metal-containing particulate matter.
[18F]-fluoro-ethyl-l-tyrosine PET: a valuable diagnostic tool in neuro-oncology, but not all that glitters is glioma
Authors: Markus Hutterer, Martha Nowosielski, Daniel Putzer, Nathalie L Jansen, Marcel Seiz, Michael Schocke, Mark McCoy, Georg Göbel, Christian la Fougère, Irene J Virgolini, Eugen Trinka, Andreas H Jacobs, Günther Stockhammer
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2013)

To assess the sensitivity and specificity of [18F]-fluoro-ethyl-l-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET in brain tumors and various non-neoplastic neurologic diseases. We retrospectively evaluated 18F-FET PET scans from 393 patients grouped into 6 disease categories according to histology (n = 299) or distinct MRI findings (n = 94) (low-grade/high-grade glial/nonglial brain tumors, inflammatory lesions, and other lesions). 18F-FET PET was visually assessed as positive or negative. Maximum lesion-to-brain ratios (LBRs) were calculated and compared with MRI contrast enhancement (CE), which was graded visually on a 3-point scale (no/moderate/intense). Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of brain tumor were 87% and 68%, respectively. Significant differences in LBRs were detected between high-grade brain tumors (LBR, 2.04 ± 0.72) and low-grade brain tumors (LBR, 1.52 ± 0.70; P < .001), as well as among inflammatory (LBR, 1.66 ± 0.33; P = .056) and other brain lesions (LBR, 1.10 ± 0.37; P < .001). Gliomas (n = 236) showed 18F-FET uptake in 80% of World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 79% of grade II, 92% of grade III, and 100% of grade IV tumors. Low-grade oligodendrogliomas, WHO grade II, had significantly higher 18F-FET uptakes than astrocytomas grades II and III (P = .018 and P = .015, respectively). 18F-FET uptake showed a strong association with CE on MRI (P < .001) and was also positive in 52% of 157 nonglial brain tumors and nonneoplastic brain lesions. 18F-FET PET has a high sensitivity for the detection of high-grade brain tumors. Its specificity, however, is limited by passive tracer influx through a disrupted blood–brain barrier and 18F-FET uptake in nonneoplastic brain lesions. Gliomas show specific tracer uptake in the absence of CE on MRI, which most likely reflects biologically active tumor.
What contribution has cardiac surgery made to the decline in mortality from coronary heart disease.
Authors: H White
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The number of deaths from coronary artery disease is declining in New Zealand as in some other Western countries. It has been estimated that in 1981 in the Auckland metropolitan area there were 126 fewer deaths than would have been expected from the data in 1974. The contribution made by cardiac surgery to this decline was assessed from the known numbers of patients who were operated on, from their survival rate, and from the predicted mortality of the surgical cohort had they not undergone operation. Such mortality was predicted from past studies of patients with similar symptoms, exercise data, studies of unstable angina, and the coronary artery surgical study registry. From this method it was estimated that coronary surgery accounted for 26% to 42% of the reduction in coronary deaths. Two previous studies estimated, from calculations based on the European study of patients with modest symptoms, that the contribution of cardiac surgery was much lower. Extrapolating data from one subset of patients to a second subset with quite different characteristics is a conceptual fallacy.
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and Child Abuse: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Patricia F Horan, Carol Gwynn, Debbie Renzi
Journal: Diabetes Care (1986)

Many of the family psychosocial variables significantly related to child abuse are also significantly related to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) control. These variables are reviewed, and an increased child abuse risk factor for children with IDDM is discussed. Behavioral indicators of families experiencing difficulty in coping with IDDM are provided. These indicators are associated with both diabetes control and child abuse and should be recognized by diabetes health-care professionals.