tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Post-operative Pulmonary Atelectasis
Authors: M. H. A. Davison
Journal: BMJ (1947)

MEDICAL JOU9NALreacts sluggishly and appears to be deaf.He has progressed slowly and is Inow, at the end of April, 8 lb. 10 oz.(3.88 kg.).The father is 29 and healthy.His sister had rheumatic carditis at the age of 14 and his father had a " displaced heart," which never made him ill.The mother is 22 and robust.On inquiring about her health during the pregnancy she said that she was very well except that she "caught German measles from her sister during the first month."The attack had apparently been mild and had not made her feel at all unwell.The Wassermann reaction, taken at the antenatal clinic, was negative.Her sister and the other members of her family, father and mother, are all well.-Iam, etc.,
Evaluation of impulse oscillation system: comparison with forced oscillation technique and body plethysmography
Authors: J.A. Kastelik, I. Aziz, J.C. Ojoo, A.H. Morice
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

To the Editor: 

We read with interest the study by Hellinckx et al. 1, comparing the techniques of impulse oscillation, forced oscillation and body plethysmography. The impulse oscillation system (IOS) was recently introduced by Jaeger (IOS Enrich Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany) and its clinical potential is due to its relatively easy acquisition of data. Subjects perform tidal breathing in the upright position without any forced expiratory manoeuvres. This method could therefore potentially acquire broad usage, especially among patients with poor coordination. However, our limited experience with IOS suggests that its wider utilization will be problematic. Conversely, body-box plethysmography is an established method that …
Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH.
Authors: R A Salata, D B Jarrett, J G Verbalis, A G Robinson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The diurnal response of ACTH release to intravenously administered arginine vasopressin was tested in normal volunteers given consecutively moderate doses of vasopressin every 15 min (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 IU) at 2200 h and again at 0700 h (PM/AM). This protocol was repeated 4 wk later with the times reversed (AM/PM). A dose-related increase in ACTH secretion was observed in all subjects. When the AM response of the AM/PM protocol was compared with the PM response of the PM/AM protocol, the release of ACTH was greater in the morning (P less than 0.05) as evaluated by the following criteria: peak value of ACTH (129.9 +/- 30.4 pg/ml in the AM vs. 57.1 +/- 20.2 in the PM); area under the curve (689 in the AM vs. 259 in the PM); and, sensitivity of the ACTH dose-response curve (first significant increase in ACTH with 1 IU of vasopressin in the AM but not significant even after 3 IU in the PM). In addition, when the AM vasopressin testing followed a previous evening stimulation (PM/AM protocol), there was a blunted ACTH response compared with the AM/PM protocol. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is probably the major ACTH secretagogue, but since vasopressin acts synergistically with CRF to produce an augmented release of ACTH, we suggest that the ACTH response to administered vasopressin depends upon the ambient endogenous level of CRF. We interpret our data and published data that CRF produces a lesser release of ACTH in the AM as follows: in the morning endogenous CRF is high and administered CRF produces little further release of ACTH, but administered vasopressin acting synergistically with high endogenous CRF causes a greater release of ACTH; conversely, in the evening endogenous CRF is low and administered CRF causes a greater release of ACTH, but vasopressin (a weak secretagogue by itself) gives a low ACTH response. We conclude that vasopressin stimulation of ACTH secretion can be used as an in vivo bioassay of endogenous CRF, and that there is a diurnal rhythm of CRF in hypophyseal portal blood.
Liver transplantation in man after an extended period of preservation by a simple technique.
Authors: W N Orr, D Charlesworth, N P Mallick, C B Jones, R Harris, A W Jones, R I Keen, J E McIver, H J Testa, L A Turnberg
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Liver Transplantation.-Transplantation was undertaken on 22 January when a donor liver became available.Both donor and recipient were 0 positive blood group.On lymphocyte (tissue) typing there were two major and two minor incompatibilities and no pre-existing cytotoxic antibodies were detected.
Targeting Galectin-1 in Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis by Downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 Expression
Authors: Ming-Heng Wu, Hsiao-Chin Hong, Tse-Ming Hong, Wei-Fan Chiang, Ying-Tai Jin, Yuh-Ling Chen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma play an important role in tumor progression and have been associated with a poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, how CAFs influence OSCC malignancy and whether normalizing CAFs inhibits cancer progression remain unclear. Experimental Design: The relationship between the expression of Galectin-1 (Gal-1) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a CAF marker) in OSCC patient samples and primary cultured CAFs was examined by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. To examine the effect of Gal-1 on CAF activation and CAF-mediated tumor invasion and migration in vitro, Gal-1 expression was knocked down by small hairpin RNA. Finally, cancer cells and CAFs were coimplanted into SCID mice to evaluate the effect of Gal-1 on CAF-modulated tumor progression in vivo. Results: Gal-1 expression is positively associated with α-SMA in the stroma of OSCC specimens. Gal-1 knockdown decreases activated CAF characteristics, resulting in a decrease in α-SMA expression and extracellular matrix protein production. Notably, blocking Gal-1 expression significantly inhibits CAF-conditioned medium-induced tumor cell migration and invasion, possibly by reducing the production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2). MCP-1 induces the migration of OSCC cells by binding to the receptor CCR2; adding an MCP-1 antibody to CAF-conditioned medium that inhibits the interaction between MCP-1 and CCR2 abolishes migration. Finally, we found that Gal-1 knockdown in CAFs significantly reduces CAF-augmented tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Gal-1 regulates CAF activation and indicate that targeting Gal-1 in CAFs inhibits OSCC metastasis by modulating MCP-1 expression. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1306–16. ©2011 AACR.
Safety and tolerability of intraputaminal delivery of CERE-120 (adeno-associated virus serotype 2–neurturin) to patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease: an open-label, phase I trial
Authors: William J Marks, Jill L Ostrem, Leonard Verhagen, Philip A Starr, Paul S Larson, Roy AE Bakay, Robin Taylor, Deborah A Cahn-Weiner, A Jon Stoessl, C Warren Olanow, Raymond T Bartus
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2008)
Interleukin 4 induces changes in the chromatin structure of the gamma 1 switch region in resting B cells before switch recombination.
Authors: M T Berton, E S Vitetta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) can induce the expression of IgG1 in sIgG- murine B cells stimulated with mitogens or through a cognate interaction with T helper (Th) cells. We have investigated the molecular basis for the IL-4-induced switch to IgG1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine B cells and have previously shown that IL-4 induces transcription of the gamma 1 switch region before switch recombination. We now demonstrate that IL-4 induces a DNase I hypersensitive site at the 5' end of the gamma 1 switch region in resting B cells. LPS is not required, but it enhances induction. Hence, the interaction of IL-4 with its receptor results in increased accessibility of the gamma 1 switch region. The more open chromatin structure and increased transcriptional activity may be important in the selection of this region for switch recombination.
Prospective evaluation of 24 hour ambulatory pH metry in Belsey Mark IV antireflux surgery.
Authors: J M Horbach, A A Masclee, C B Lamers, H G Gooszen
Journal: Gut (1994)

This study evaluated the effect of the 270 degrees Belsey Mark IV fundoplication on 24 hour ambulatory pH metry variables. Thirty seven patients with confirmed gastro-oesophageal reflux disease who had a Belsey Mark IV antireflux procedure were evaluated preoperatively and three to six months postoperatively including endoscopy, lower oesophageal sphincter manometry, and 24 hour ambulatory pH metry. In 30 of 37 patients the Belsey Mark IV fundoplication was judged successful based on symptom relief and healing of oesophagitis. In these 30 patients percentage reflux for total, upright, and supine time (median and range) decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) from 10.0% (2.7-35.3%), 10.8% (3.2-39.9%), and 6.7 (0.0-33.0%) respectively to 0.5% (0.0-7.4%), 0.6% (0.0-13.7%), and 0.1% (0.0-4.9%) after operation. This decrease in reflux time resulted predominantly from a significant (p &lt; 0.001) reduction in the number of reflux episodes from 98 (23-231) to 14 (0-82) postoperatively. Normalisation of total reflux time (upper limit of normal for time with pH below 4:4%) was found in 89% and normalisation of total and upright and supine reflux in 64% of successfully operated patients with confirmed abnormal acid reflux before operation. A successful antireflux procedure was associated with significant (p &lt; 0.001) increases in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure from 7.8 (0.6) mm Hg to 14.5 (0.7) mm Hg mean (SEM). In seven patients with a failed antireflux operation basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure did not change significant;y (preoperative value 5.7 (1.3) mm Hg; postoperative value 7.8 (0.8) mm Hg). In these patients reflux time did not decrease after the operation and remained in the abnormal range in all patients. It is concluded that a successful, in contrast with a failed, Belsey Mark IV fundoplication is associated with significant decreases in total, upright, and supine reflux time. Normalisation of pH metry variables is not a prerequisite for successful antireflux surgery. A surgery. A successful 270 degree Belsey Mark IV fundoplication was associated with a significant increase in basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure, in contrast with the failure group. Restoration of a sufficient lower oesophageal sphincter barrier is an important aim in antireflux surgery.
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: histopathologic findings in nine patients.
Authors: H D Tazelaar, L J Linz, T V Colby, J L Myers, A H Limper
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia is characterized by acute respiratory insufficiency, hypoxemia, fever, diffuse radiographic infiltrates, and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or lung biopsies in the absence of infection, atopy, or asthma. A rapid response to corticosteroids is characteristic. We reviewed our experience with nine cases of acute lung disease with histologic features of acute and organizing diffuse alveolar damage and prominent interstitial and alveolar eosinophils in order to determine whether this pathology was characteristic of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. The mean age of the patients (four men and five women) was 53 yr (range: 33 to 71 yr). They presented with 2 to 21 d of dyspnea, cough, myalgias, and fever. All were hypoxic and had bilateral infiltrates on chest radiographs. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was present in four of eight patients (peripheral blood count unavailable for one patient). All patients were treated with high-dose corticosteroids with a mean time to symptomatic and radiographic improvement of 4 d. Seven of the nine patients enrolled in the study are alive without relapse; one patient has a mild deficit in diffusing capacity, and one patient died of a myocardial infarct while improving on therapy. The presence of eosinophils in cases of acute respiratory insufficiency due to diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) should suggest the diagnostic possibility of acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia should be distinguished from other causes of DAD because of important differences in natural history.
Cross Talk Between the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Vitamin D-FGF-23-klotho in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Martin H. de Borst, Marc G. Vervloet, Piet M. ter Wee, Gerjan Navis
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

There is increasingly evidence that the interactions between vitamin D, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), and klotho form an endocrine axis for calcium and phosphate metabolism, and derangement of this axis contributes to the progression of renal disease. Several recent studies also demonstrate negative regulation of the renin gene by vitamin D. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), low levels of calcitriol, due to the loss of 1-alpha hydroxylase, increase renal renin production. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), in turn, reduces renal expression of klotho, a crucial factor for proper FGF-23 signaling. The resulting high FGF-23 levels suppress 1-alpha hydroxylase, further lowering calcitriol. This feedback loop results in vitamin D deficiency, RAAS activation, high FGF-23 levels, and renal klotho deficiency, all of which associate with progression of renal damage. Here we examine current evidence for an interaction between the RAAS and the vitamin D-FGF-23-klotho axis as well as its possible implications for progression of CKD.
Effect of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Global Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Stephen R. Rapp, Mark A. Espeland, Sally A. Shumaker, Victor W. Henderson, Robert L. Brunner, JoAnn E. Manson, Margery L. S. Gass, Marcia L. Stefanick, Dorothy S. Lane, Jennifer Hays, Karen C. Johnson, Laura H. Coker, Maggie Dailey, Deborah Bowen, None for the WHIMS Investigators
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Observational studies have suggested that postmenopausal hormone treatment may improve cognitive function, but data from randomized clinical trials have been sparse and inconclusive. The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) is an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone therapy trials. On July 8, 2002, the estrogen plus progestin therapy in the WHI trial was discontinued because of certain increased health risks for women.To determine whether estrogen plus progestin therapy protects global cognitive function in older postmenopausal women.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, WHIMS is an ancillary study of geographically diverse, community-dwelling women aged 65 years or older from 39 of 40 clinical centers within the WHI estrogen plus progestin trial that started in June 1995. Of 4894 eligible postmenopausal women aged 65 years or older and free of probable dementia at baseline, 4532 (92.6%) were enrolled in the estrogen plus progestin component of WHIMS. A total of 4381 participants (96.7%) provided at least 1 valid cognitive function score between June 1995 and July 8, 2002.Participants received either 1 daily tablet containing 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen with 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (n = 2145) or matching placebo (n = 2236).Global cognitive function measured annually with the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination.The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination mean total scores in both groups increased slightly over time (mean follow-up of 4.2 years). Women in the estrogen plus progestin group had smaller average increases in total scores compared with women receiving placebo (P =.03), but these differences were not clinically important. Removing women by censoring them after adjudicated dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or stroke, and nonadherence to study protocol, did not alter the findings. Prior hormone therapy use and duration of prior use did not affect the interpretation of the results, nor did timing of prior hormone therapy initiation with respect to the final menstrual period. More women in the estrogen plus progestin group had a substantial and clinically important decline (> or =2 SDs) in Modified Mini-Mental State Examination total score (6.7%) compared with the placebo group (4.8%) (P =.008).Among postmenopausal women aged 65 years or older, estrogen plus progestin did not improve cognitive function when compared with placebo. While most women receiving estrogen plus progestin did not experience clinically relevant adverse effects on cognition compared with placebo, a small increased risk of clinically meaningful cognitive decline occurred in the estrogen plus progestin group.
Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal factor subfertility: immunogenetic aspects and serological screening
Authors: J.E. den Hartog, S.A. Morré, J.A. Land
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2006)

Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis female genital tract infections usually remain asymptomatic and untreated. Therefore, an adequate immune response, rather than antibiotic treatment, is essential to clear the pathogen. Most women will effectively clear C. trachomatis infections, but some will have persistent C. trachomatis infections, which may ascend to the upper genital tract and increase the risk of tubal factor subfertility. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) families recognize C. trachomatis and initiate the immune response. Host immune factors are determinants of the course of C. trachomatis infections. Genetic variations in TLR and NOD genes may affect receptor function, leading to inadequate recognition of C. trachomatis, an inadequate immune response, and consequently an increased risk of persistence and late sequelae. For the risk assessment of tubal pathology in subfertile women, C. trachomatis immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody testing (CAT) in serum is widely used. A positive CAT is indicative of a previous infection but not of a persistent infection. Measuring serological markers of persistence, of which C-reactive protein (CRP) seems promising, in CAT-positive women may identify a subgroup of subfertile women with persistent C. trachomatis infections and the highest risk of tubal pathology.
A Population Genetic Hidden Markov Model for Detecting Genomic Regions Under Selection
Authors: A. D. Kern, D. Haussler
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Recently, hidden Markov models have been applied to numerous problems in genomics. Here, we introduce an explicit population genetics hidden Markov model (popGenHMM) that uses single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency data to identify genomic regions that have experienced recent selection. Our popGenHMM assumes that SNP frequencies are emitted independently following diffusion approximation expectations but that neighboring SNP frequencies are partially correlated by selective state. We give results from the training and application of our popGenHMM to a set of early release data from the Drosophila Population Genomics Project (dpgp.org) that consists of approximately 7.8 Mb of resequencing from 32 North American Drosophila melanogaster lines. These results demonstrate the potential utility of our model, making predictions based on the site frequency spectrum (SFS) for regions of the genome that represent selected elements.
Dendritic Cells Genetically Modified with an Adenovirus Vector Encoding the cDNA for a Model Antigen Induce Protective and Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Wenru Song, Hwai-Loong Kong, Heather Carpenter, Hideshi Torii, Richard Granstein, Shahin Rafii, Malcolm A.S. Moore, Ronald G. Crystal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a critical role in the initiation of antitumor immune responses. In this study, we show that genetic modifications of a murine epidermis-derived DC line and primary bone marrow–derived DCs to express a model antigen β-galactosidase (βgal) can be achieved through the use of a replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector, and that the modified DCs are capable of eliciting antigen-specific, MHC-restricted CTL responses. Importantly, using a murine metastatic lung tumor model with syngeneic colon carcinoma cells expressing βgal, we show that immunization of mice with the genetically modified DC line or bone marrow DCs confers potent protection against a lethal tumor challenge, as well as suppression of preestablished tumors, resulting in a significant survival advantage. We conclude that genetic modification of DCs to express antigens that are also expressed in tumors can lead to antigen-specific, antitumor killer cells, with a concomitant resistance to tumor challenge and a decrease in the size of existing tumors.
A Phylogenetic Approach to the Problem of Differential Lineage Sorting
Authors: J. Lyons-Weiler, M. C. Milinkovitch
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

A test that can detect the influence of differential lineage sorting on phylogenetic signal in integrated studies with two or more loci is presented.Hitherto unexplored consequences of relationships among gene trees and species trees are made explicit, revealing potential influences of differential lineage sorting on phylogenetic signal.These influences can result in observable consequences, in particular an increase in signal when sequences or characters are combined among taxa to create a mixed-character taxon.Simulations of nucleotide evolution reflecting two gene phylogenies within a five-taxon species phylogeny were used to demonstrate and justify the mixed-character taxon test.An empirical example of lineage sorting during the evolution of Robineae is presented that appears to resolve conflict between morphological and organellar chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) signal.
Fallopian Tube and Primary Peritoneal Carcinomas Associated With <i>BRCA</i> Mutations
Authors: Douglas A. Levine, Peter A. Argenta, Cindy J. Yee, David S. Marshall, Narciso Olvera, Faina Bogomolniy, Jamal A. Rahaman, Mark E. Robson, Kenneth Offit, Richard R. Barakat, Robert A. Soslow, Jeff Boyd
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of BRCA mutations among Ashkenazi Jewish patients with fallopian tube carcinoma (FTC) or primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC), to study the clinicopathologic features of these cancers, and to estimate the risks of these cancers in association with a BRCA mutation.A retrospective review at two institutions identified 29 Jewish patients with FTC and 22 Jewish patients with PPC. These patients were genotyped for the three Ashkenazi Jewish BRCA founder mutations (185delAG and 5382insC in BRCA1 and 6174delT in BRCA2). Surgical and pathologic information, family history, and survival data were obtained from hospital records. All statistical tests were two sided.Germline BRCA mutations were identified in five of 29 patients with FTC (17%) and nine of 22 patients with PPC (41%). Mutation carriers had a younger mean age at diagnosis than patients without a mutation (60 v 70 years; P =.002). The overall median survival was 148 months for mutation carriers and 41 months for patients without a mutation (P =.04). For BRCA mutation carriers, the lifetime risks of FTC and PPC were 0.6% and 1.3%, respectively.Substantial proportions of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with FTC or PPC are BRCA mutation carriers. Patients with BRCA-associated FTC or PPC are younger at diagnosis and have improved survival compared with patients without a BRCA mutation. Although the lifetime risks of FTC or PPC for patients with BRCA heterozygotes are greater than those for the general population, the absolute risks seem relatively low.