tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
High treatment success in children treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an observational cohort study
Authors: James A Seddon, Anneke C Hesseling, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, H Simon Schaaf
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> Few studies have described the management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) in children and evidence-based guidance on management is lacking. We describe the presentation, treatment and outcome in children treated for severe and non-severe MDR-TB in Cape Town, South Africa. <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted an observational cohort study of all children (&lt;15 years) treated for MDR-TB if routinely initiated on treatment between January 2009 and December 2010. Treatment was based on local standard of care, based on international guidelines. Data were collected through family interviews and folder review. Standardised definitions were used for diagnosis, severity of disease, adverse events and outcome. <h3>Results</h3> Of 149 children started on MDR-TB treatment, the median age was 36 months (IQR 16–66), 32 (22%; of 146 tested) had HIV infection and 59 (40%) had a confirmed diagnosis. Ninety-four (66%) children were treated with an injectable drug and the median total duration of treatment was 13 months (IQR 11–18). Thirty-six (24%) children were cured, 101 (68%) probably cured, 1 (1%) was transferred out, 8 (5%) were lost to follow-up and 3 (2%) died. Children with severe disease were older (54 months (IQR 18–142) vs 31.5 months (IQR 17.5–53.5); p=0.012), more commonly had HIV infection (OR 6.25; 95% CI 2.50 to 15.6; p&lt;0.001) and were more likely to die (p=0.008). <h3>Discussion</h3> A confirmed diagnosis of MDR-TB is not possible in all cases but this should not impede the treatment of MDR-TB in children. More than 90% of children with MDR-TB can be successfully treated. Non-severe disease could be successfully treated with reduced treatment duration.
The ultrastructure of acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: G.F.H. Diercks, H.H. Pas, M.F. Jonkman
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Journal Article The ultrastructure of acantholysis in pemphigus vulgaris Get access G.F.H. Diercks, G.F.H. Diercks Centre for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands E‐mail: g.f.h.diercks@path.umcg.nl Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H.H. Pas, H.H. Pas Centre for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands E‐mail: g.f.h.diercks@path.umcg.nl Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.F. Jonkman M.F. Jonkman Centre for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands E‐mail: g.f.h.diercks@path.umcg.nl Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 160, Issue 2, 1 February 2009, Pages 460–461, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08971.x Published: 01 February 2009
Long term prognosis of reactive salmonella arthritis
Authors: M Leirisalo-Repo, P Helenius, T Hannu, A Lehtinen, J Kreula, M Taavitsainen, S Koskimies
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997)

<h3>OBJECTIVES</h3> Reactive joint complications triggered by salmonella gastroenteritis are increasingly reported, but the outcome and long term prognosis of the patients is incompletely known. This study looked at the prognosis of salmonella arthritis in patients hospitalised in 1970–1986. <h3>METHODS</h3> Hospital records from two hospitals in southern Finland were screened for patients with the discharge diagnosis of salmonellosis or reactive, postinfectious arthritis or Reiter's disease. For the patients with confirmed diagnosis of reactive salmonella arthritis, data about the acute disease were collected from the hospital records. A follow up study was performed. <h3>RESULTS</h3> There were 63 patients (28 women, 35 men, mean age 36.5 years) with salmonella arthritis. Urethritis occurred in 27%, eye inflammation in 13%, and low back pain in 44% of the patients. HLA-B27 was present in 88%. More men than women were HLA-B27 positive. HLA-B27 positive patients had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mean 80.9 <i>v</i> 46.5 mm 1st h, p = 0.0180). Also, extra-articular features and radiological sacroiliitis were seen only in HLA-B27 positive patients. A follow up study was performed on 50 patients mean 11.0 (range 5–22 years) later. Twenty patients had recovered completely. Ten patients had mild joint symptoms, 11 patients had had a new acute transient arthritis, and five acute iritis. Eight patients had developed chronic spondyloarthropathy. Radiological sacroiliitis was seen in six of 44 patients, more frequently in male than in female patients (32%<i> v</i> 0%; p = 0.0289). Recurrent or chronic arthritis, iritis or radiological sacroiliitis developed only in HLA-B27 positive patients. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> Joint symptoms are common after reactive salmonella arthritis. HLA-B27 contributes to the severity of acute disease and to the late prognosis.
Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential to induce experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.
Authors: G X Zhang, B G Xiao, M Bakhiet, P van der Meide, H Wigzell, H Link, T Olsson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

CD4+ T cells have been shown to be crucial in the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The role of CD8+ T cells in EAMG is less well established. We previously showed that antibody depletion of CD8+ T cells in rats effectively suppresses EAMG. To further study the role and relationship of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells in induction of EAMG, CD4-/-, CD8-/-, and CD4-8- mutant C57BL/6 mice and the parent CD4+8- wild-type mice were immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Clinical EAMG was nearly completely prevented in CD4-8-, CD4-/-, and CD8-/- mice. This was associated with strongly reduced AChR-specific T and B cell responses, and with reduced levels of AChR-reactive interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) mRNA-expressing cells in lymphoid organs when compared with CD4+8+ wild-type mice. We conclude that (a) both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential for development of EAMG, and a collaboration between these cell types may be necessary; (b) CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells secrete IFN-gamma and IL-4, and both cytokines are involved in the development of EAMG; and (c), besides T cells, other immune cells might also be responsible for help of anti-AChR antibody production.
Seeing With Sound
Authors: Rudolph H. de Jong
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Sound waves have added new dimensions to noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Visualization of the gallbladder is a case in point. A report in the March 7 issue shows the value of ultrasound in diagnosing hydrops of the gallbladder, while an article in the<i>Archives of Surgery</i>(112:273-275, 1977) describes three instances where sonography delineated gallbladders not visualized by roentgenography. As the first article illustrates, correct diagnosis allowed the surgeon to substitute low hazard cholecystostomy for laparotomy in a poor-risk patient. Vibrations beyond the upper limits of human hearing (about 20 kHz) are named "ultrasound." The frequencies currently used in medical sonography range between 1 and 15 MHz. Since tissues transmit (and absorb) wave energy at different rates, a portion of the energy contained in an ultrasonic wave beam is reflected at the interface between sonically dissimilar structures.<sup>1,2</sup>Illustrative wave velocities are 330 m/sec in air, 1,480 m/sec in water and
Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Independent Alterations in Diastolic Sarcomere Length and Relaxation Kinetics in a Mouse Model of Lipotoxic Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Thomas P. Flagg, Olivier Cazorla, Maria S. Remedi, Todd E. Haim, Michael A. Tones, Anthony Bahinski, Randal E. Numann, Attila Kovacs, Jean E. Schaffer, Colin G. Nichols, Jeanne M. Nerbonne
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Previous studies demonstrated increased fatty acid uptake and metabolism in MHC-FATP transgenic mice that overexpress fatty acid transport protein (FATP)1 in the heart under the control of the alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MHC) promoter. Doppler tissue imaging and hemodynamic measurements revealed diastolic dysfunction, in the absence of changes in systolic function. The experiments here directly test the hypothesis that the diastolic dysfunction in MHC-FATP mice reflects impaired ventricular myocyte contractile function. In vitro imaging of isolated adult MHC-FATP ventricular myocytes revealed that mean diastolic sarcomere length is significantly (P<0.01) shorter than in wild-type (WT) cells (1.79+/-0.01 versus 1.84+/-0.01 microm). In addition, the relaxation rate (dL/dt) is significantly (P<0.05) slower in MHC-FATP than WT myocytes (1.58+/-0.09 versus 1.92+/-0.13 microm/s), whereas both fractional shortening and contraction rates are not different. Application of 40 mmol/L 2,3-butadionemonoxime (a nonspecific ATPase inhibitor that relaxes actin-myosin interactions) increased diastolic sarcomere length in both WT and MHC-FATP myocytes to the same length, suggesting that MHC-FATP myocytes are partially activated at rest. Direct measurements of intracellular Ca(2+) revealed that diastolic [Ca(2+)](i) is unchanged in MHC-FATP myocytes and the rate of calcium removal is unexpectedly faster in MHC-FATP than WT myocytes. Moreover, diastolic sarcomere length in MHC-FATP and WT myocytes was unaffected by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or by buffering of intracellular Ca(2+) with the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA (100 micromol/L), indicating that elevated intracellular Ca(2+) does not underlie impaired diastolic function in MHC-FATP ventricular myocytes. Functional assessment of skinned myocytes, however, revealed that myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity is markedly increased in MHC-FATP, compared with WT, ventricular cells. In addition, biochemical experiments demonstrated increased expression of the beta-MHC isoform in MHC-FATP, compared with WT ventricles, which likely contributes to the slower relaxation rate observed in MHC-FATP myocytes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that derangements in lipid metabolism in MHC-FATP ventricles, which are similar to those observed in the diabetic heart, result in impaired diastolic function that primarily reflects changes in myofilament function, rather than altered Ca(2+) cycling.
Use of Self-Ratings in the Assessment of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Authors: Patricia Murphy, Russell Schachar
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to determine if adults can provide a true rating of their own childhood and current symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).METHOD: The authors conducted two studies. In study 1, 50 adult subjects completed a questionnaire assessing their ADHD symptoms in childhood. In addition, a parent of each subject completed a questionnaire rating the subject’s childhood ADHD symptoms. In study 2, 100 adult subjects completed a questionnaire rating their own current ADHD symptoms. The subject’s partner also completed a questionnaire rating the subject’s current ADHD symptoms. The correlation between subject and observer ratings was measured in each study. Inattentive symptoms, hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and total symptoms were analyzed.RESULTS: Good correlations were found between subject and observer scores in both studies.CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of ADHD in adults relies on an accurate recall of childhood behavior and an accurate account of current behavior. The results of this study suggest that adults can give a true account of their childhood and current symptoms of ADHD.
Scrub typhus infections poorly responsive to antibiotics in northern Thailand
Authors: George Watt, Charoen Chouriyagune, Ronnatrai Ruangweerayud, Pochaman Watcharapichat, Duangporn Phulsuksombati, Krisada Jongsakul, Paktiya Teja-Isavadharm, Dharadhida Bhodhidatta, Kevin D Corcoran, Gregory A Dasch, Daniel Strickman
Journal: The Lancet (1996)
Xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus is not found in peripheral blood cells from treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients
Authors: F. Maggi, D. Focosi, L. Lanini, S. Sbranti, P. Mazzetti, L. Macera, S. Davini, M. De Donno, M.L. Mariotti, G. Antonelli, F. Scatena, M. Pistello
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
Skin Patches: Organic Transdermal Iontophoresis Patch with Built‐in Biofuel Cell (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 4/2015)
Authors: Yudai Ogawa, Koichiro Kato, Takeo Miyake, Kuniaki Nagamine, Takuya Ofuji, Syuhei Yoshino, Matsuhiko Nishizawa
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)
Quantitative study of insulin secretion and clearance in normal and obese subjects.
Authors: K S Polonsky, B D Given, L Hirsch, E T Shapiro, H Tillil, C Beebe, J A Galloway, B H Frank, T Karrison, E Van Cauter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The secretion and hepatic extraction of insulin were compared in 14 normal volunteers and 15 obese subjects using a previously validated mathematical model of insulin secretion and rate constants for C-peptide derived from analysis of individual decay curves after intravenous bolus injections of biosynthetic human C-peptide. Insulin secretion rates were substantially higher than normal in the obese subjects after an overnight fast (86.7 +/- 7.1 vs. 50.9 +/- 4.8 pmol/m2 per min, P less than 0.001, mean +/- SEM), over a 24-h period on a mixed diet (279.6 +/- 24.2 vs. 145.8 +/- 8.8 nmol/m2 per 24 h, P less than 0.001), and during a hyperglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (102.2 +/- 10.8 vs. 57.2 +/- 2.8 nmol/m2 per 180 min, P less than 0.001). Linear regression analysis revealed a highly significant relationship between insulin secretion and body mass index. Basal hepatic insulin extraction was not significantly different in the normal and obese subjects (53.1 +/- 3.8 vs. 51.6 +/- 4.0%). In the normal subjects, fasting insulin did not correlate with basal hepatic insulin extraction, but a significant negative correlation between fasting insulin and hepatic insulin extraction was seen in obesity (r = -0.63, P less than 0.02). This finding reflected a higher extraction in the six obese subjects with fasting insulin levels within the range of the normal subjects than in the nine subjects with elevated fasting insulin concentrations (61 +/- 3 vs. 45 +/- 6%, P less than 0.05). During the hyperglycemic clamp, the insulin secretion rate increased to an average maximum of 6.2-fold over baseline in the normal subjects and 5.8-fold in the obese subjects. Over the same time, the peripheral insulin concentration increased 14.1-fold over baseline in the normals and 16.6-fold over baseline in the obese, indicating a reduction in the clearance of endogenously secreted insulin. Although the fall in insulin clearance tended to be greater in the obese subjects, the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. Thus, under basal, fasting conditions and during ingestion of a mixed diet, the hyperinsulinemia of obesity results predominantly from increased insulin secretion. In patients with more marked basal hyperinsulinemia and during intense stimulation of insulin secretion, a reduction in insulin clearance may contribute to the greater increase in peripheral insulin concentrations that are characteristic of the obese state.+
Overexpression of orphan G-protein–coupled receptor, Gpr49, in human hepatocellular carcinomas with β-catenin mutations
Authors: Yoshiya Yamamoto, Michiie Sakamoto, Gen Fujii, Hitomi Tsuiji, Kengo Kenetaka, Masahiro Asaka, Setsuo Hirohashi
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

To identify the genes responsible for carcinogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we screened differentially expressed genes in several human HCC cell lines. Among these genes, Gpr49 was up–regulated in PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2. Gpr49 is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptor subfamily, which includes the thyroid–stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). However, Gpr49 remains to be an orphan G–protein–coupled receptor. By real–time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis, overexpression (&gt;3–fold increase compared with the corresponding noncancerous liver tissue) of Gpr49 mRNA was observed in 18 of 38 (47%) HCCs compared with corresponding noncancerous livers. Clinicopathologically, overexpression of Gpr49 was frequently observed in HCC with mutation in β–catenin exon 3 (14 of 16 cases, 87.5%). Moreover, introduction of mutant β–catenin into mouse hepatocytes in culture caused up–regulation of the Gpr49 mouse homologue. Therefore, Gpr49 is likely to be a target gene activated by Wnt–signaling in HCC. In conclusion, although much is still unknown, Gpr49 may be critically involved in the development of HCCs with β–catenin mutations and has the potential to be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of HCC.
Skin Problems of Blacks
Authors: John A. Kenney
Journal: JAMA (1976)

BLACK skin, the characteristic hair of most blacks, and a racially oriented set of mores or customs combine to produce dermatologic problems that are at times confusing and perplexing to the practitioner unfamiliar with them or unaccustomed to treating black patients. These different racial characteristics also give rise to skin and hair problems that are probably peculiar to or characteristic of the black patient.<sup>1</sup>Postinflammatory hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, pseudofolliculitis of the beard, keloids and keloidal folliculitis (acne keloid), dermatosis papulosa nigra, traumatic marginal alopecia, perifolliculitis abscedens et suffodiens capitis, and the cutaneous presentations of some systemic diseases such as sarcoid and scleroderma in black patients are some of the conditions discussed here. All races have the same number of pigment-producing cells, melanocytes; however, in black skin, as viewed under the electron microscope, the pigment particles or melanosomes are larger and are separately dispersed, in contrast to white skin, where
A village medical mystery
Authors: J Aelwyn Roberts
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Micropropagation of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> is an emerging area for germplasm storage and large-scale production of clean plants. Existing protocols use a limited number of genotypes and are often not reproducible. Previous studies reported MS + 0.5 μM TDZ to be optimal for <i>Cannabis</i> nodal micropropagation, yet our preliminary studies using nodal explants suggested this media may not be optimal. It resulted in excessive callus formation, hyperhydricity, low multiplication rates, and high mortality rates. Following an initial screen of four commonly used basal salt mixtures (MS, B5, BABI, and DKW), we determined that DKW produced the healthiest plants. In a second experiment, the multiplication rate and canopy area of explants grown on MS + 0.5 μM TDZ and DKW + 0.5 μM TDZ were compared using five drug-type cultivars to determine if the preference for DKW was genotype-dependent. Four cultivars had significantly higher multiplication rates on DKW + 0.5 μM TDZ with the combined average being 1.5x higher than explants grown on MS + 0.5 μM TDZ. The canopy area was also significantly larger on DKW + 0.5 μM TDZ for four cultivars with the combined average being twice as large as the explants grown on MS + 0.5 μM TDZ. In the third experiment, callogenesis was compared using a range of 2,4-D concentrations (0-30 μM) on both MS and DKW and similarly, callus growth was superior on DKW. This study presents the largest comparison of basal salt compositions on the micropropagation of five commercially grown <i>Cannabis</i> cultivars to date.
Women 4 Oncology in Greece: Exploring Common Challenges- Survey of the Hellenic Society of Medical Oncology Among Women Oncology Professionals
Authors: H. Linardou, A. Christopoulou, S. Agelaki, E. Galani, Z. Saridaki, A. Psyrri, A. Athanasiadis
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
The Role of Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor in Inflammation-Induced Tumor Metastasis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Jing Ai, Qingjuan Tang, Yanlin Wu, Yang Xu, Teng Feng, Ruiyu Zhou, Yi Chen, Xin Gao, Qingfeng Zhu, Xihua Yue, Qiuming Pan, Siyun Xu, Jing Li, Min Huang, Jennifer Daugherty-Holtrop, Yuanzheng He, H. Eric Xu, Jia Fan, Jian Ding, Meiyu Geng
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

Expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), a transporter of polymeric IgA and IgM, is commonly increased in response to viral or bacterial infections, linking innate and adaptive immunity. Abnormal expression of pIgR in cancer was also observed, but its clinical relevance remains uncertain. A human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue microarray (n = 254) was used to investigate the association between pIgR expression and early recurrence. An experimental lung metastasis model using severe combined immune-deficient mice was applied to determine the metastatic potential of Madin–Darby canine kidney (n = 5 mice per group) and SMMC-7721 (n = 12 mice per group) cells overexpressing pIgR vs control cells. RNA interference, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting were performed to investigate the potential role for pIgR in the induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). In vitro studies (co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and migration, invasion, and adhesion assays) were used to determine the mechanisms behind pIgR-mediated metastasis. All statistical tests were two-sided. High expression of pIgR was statistically significantly associated with early recurrence in early-stage HCC and in hepatitis B surface antigen–positive HCC patients (log-rank P = .02). Mice injected with pIgR-overexpressing cells had a statistically significantly higher number of lung metastases compared with respective control cells (Madin–Darby canine kidney cells: pIgR mean = 29.4 metastatic nodules per lung vs control mean = 0.0 metastatic nodules per lung, difference = 29.4 metastatic nodules per lung, 95% confidence interval = 13.0 to 45.8, P = .001; SMMC-7721 cells: pIgR mean = 10.4 metastatic nodules per lung vs control mean = 2.2 metastatic nodules per lung, difference = 8.2 metastatic nodules per lung, 95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 15.5, P = .03). Furthermore, high expression of pIgR was sufficient to induce EMT through activation of Smad signaling. pIgR plays a role in the induction of EMT. Our results identify pIgR as a potential link between hepatitis B virus–derived hepatitis and HCC metastasis and provide evidence in support of pIgR as a prognostic biomarker for HCC and a potential therapeutic target.