tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Screening, Assessment, and Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Adaptation
Authors: Julienne E. Bower, Kate Bak, Ann Berger, William Breitbart, Carmelita P. Escalante, Patricia A. Ganz, Hester Hill Schnipper, Christina Lacchetti, Jennifer A. Ligibel, Gary H. Lyman, Mohammed S. Ogaily, William F. Pirl, Paul B. Jacobsen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

This guideline presents screening, assessment, and treatment approaches for the management of adult cancer survivors who are experiencing symptoms of fatigue after completion of primary treatment.A systematic search of clinical practice guideline databases, guideline developer Web sites, and published health literature identified the pan-Canadian guideline on screening, assessment, and care of cancer-related fatigue in adults with cancer, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Cancer-Related Fatigue and the NCCN Guidelines for Survivorship. These three guidelines were appraised and selected for adaptation.It is recommended that all patients with cancer be evaluated for the presence of fatigue after completion of primary treatment and be offered specific information and strategies for fatigue management. For those who report moderate to severe fatigue, comprehensive assessment should be conducted, and medical and treatable contributing factors should be addressed. In terms of treatment strategies, evidence indicates that physical activity interventions, psychosocial interventions, and mind-body interventions may reduce cancer-related fatigue in post-treatment patients. There is limited evidence for use of psychostimulants in the management of fatigue in patients who are disease free after active treatment.Fatigue is prevalent in cancer survivors and often causes significant disruption in functioning and quality of life. Regular screening, assessment, and education and appropriate treatment of fatigue are important in managing this distressing symptom. Given the multiple factors contributing to post-treatment fatigue, interventions should be tailored to each patient's specific needs. In particular, a number of nonpharmacologic treatment approaches have demonstrated efficacy in cancer survivors.
Identification of Obesity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes From Australian Primary Care
Authors: Merlin C. Thomas, Paul Zimmet, Jonathan E. Shaw
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

The recognition of obesity by treating physician is fundamental to the management of diabetes (1). In this article, we describe the frequency of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes in Australian general practice and examine the identification of obesity by general practitioners.

The National Evaluation of the Frequency of Renal Impairment cO-existing with NIDDM (NEFRON) study was an incident-driven, clustered, stratified survey of 3,893 patients with type 2 diabetes in the Australian primary care setting. Investigator selection and patient characteristics are described elsewhere (appendix 1 [available at http://care.diabetesjournals.org]) (2).

Caucasian individuals with a BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 were classified as overweight, while those with a BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 were classified as obese (3). In Asian patients, overweight and obese categories were defined by a BMI ≥23 and ≥25 kg/m2, respectively (4). Waist circumference was measured halfway between the lower border of the ribs and the iliac crest on a horizontal plane. Men with a waist circumference between 94.0 and 101.9 cm and women with a waist circumference between 80.0 and 87.9 cm were classified as overweight. A waist circumference ≥102.0 cm in men and ≥88.0 cm in women classified abdominal obesity, except in patients of Asian ethnicity where the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Obesity in Asian and Pacific populations has recommended that a waist circumference of 90.0 cm for men and 80.0 cm for women can be used for identifying individuals with abdominal …
Gene Expression Profile of Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Naohide Oue, Yoichi Hamai, Yoshitsugu Mitani, Shunji Matsumura, Yasuhiro Oshimo, Phyu Phyu Aung, Kazuya Kuraoka, Hirofumi Nakayama, Wataru Yasui
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. To better understand the genetic basis of this disease, we performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) on four primary GC samples and one associated lymph node metastasis. We obtained a total of 137,706 expressed tags (Gene Expression Omnibus accession number GSE 545, SAGE Hiroshima gastric cancer tissue), including 38,903 that were unique. Comparing tags from our GC libraries containing different stages and different histologies, we found several genes and tags that are potentially involved in invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis. Among these, we selected 27 genes and measured mRNA expression levels in an additional 46 GC samples by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Frequently overexpressed genes (tumor/normal ratio &amp;gt; 2) were COL1A1 (percentage of cases with overexpression, 78.3%), CDH17 (73.9%), APOC1 (67.4%), COL1A2 (58.7%), YF13H12 (52.2%), CEACAM6 (50.0%), APOE (50.0%), REGIV (47.8%), S100A11 (41.3%), and FUS (41.3%). Among these genes, mRNA expression levels of CDH17 and APOE were associated with depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.0060 and P = 0.0139, respectively), and those of FUS and APOE were associated with degree of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0416 and P = 0.0006, respectively). In addition, mRNA expression levels of FUS, COL1A1, COL1A2, and APOE were associated with stage (P = 0.0414, P = 0.0156, P = 0.0395, and P = 0.0125, respectively). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis also showed a high level of REGIV expression (&amp;gt;100 arbitrary units) in 14 of 46 GC samples (30.4%) but not in noncancerous tissues. We detected V5-tagged RegIV protein in the culture media of cells transfected with pcDNA-RegIV-V5 by Western blot. Our results provide a list of candidate genes that are potentially involved in invasion, metastasis, and carcinogenesis of GC. REGIV may serve as a specific biomarker for GC.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces airway epithelial cell expression of MUC5AC in asthma
Authors: M. Kraft, K. B. Adler, J. L. Ingram, A. L. Crews, T. P. Atkinson, C. B. Cairns, D. C. Krause, H. W. Chu
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

As excess mucin expression can contribute to the exacerbation of asthma, the present authors hypothesised that Mycoplasma pneumoniae significantly induces MUC5AC (the major airway mucin) expression in airway epithelial cells isolated directly from asthmatic subjects. A total of 11 subjects with asthma and six normal controls underwent bronchoscopy with airway brushing. Epithelial cells were cultured at an air–liquid interface and incubated with and without M. pneumoniae for 48 h, and in the presence and absence of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and a toll-like receptor (TLR)2 inhibitor. Quantitative PCR was performed for MUC5AC and TLR2 mRNA. MUC5AC protein and total protein were determined by ELISA. M. pneumoniae exposure significantly increased MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression after 48 h in epithelial cells isolated from asthmatic, but not from normal control subjects, at all concentrations as compared to unexposed cells. TLR2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in asthmatic epithelial cells at 4 h compared with unexposed cells. NF-κB and TLR2 inhibition reduced MUC5AC expression to the level of the unexposed control in both groups. Mycoplasma pneumoniae exposure significantly increased MUC5AC mRNA and protein expression preferentially in airway epithelial cells isolated from asthmatic subjects. The toll-like receptor 2 pathway may be involved in this process.
DECT urate deposits: now you see them, now you don't
Authors: Fiona Marion Florence McQueen, Anthony J Doyle, Quentin Reeves, Greg D Gamble, Nicola Dalbeth
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2012)

Dual energy CT (DECT) scanning has recently been applied to the detection of urate deposits in patients with gout.1 It is highly specific, with potential for use as a diagnostic tool.2 However, few studies have compared DECT with other advanced imaging modalities. We have recently studied a group of gout patients using 3T MRI scanning as well as DECT imaging and have discovered that a significant anomaly exists for the identification of urate which is contingent upon DECT software settings. This could have a major impact on the diagnosis of gout in individual patients.

We performed DECT scans of the dominant wrist in 10 patients with tophaceous gout,3 with an average disease duration of 19 years. All participants provided written informed consent and this study was approved by the Northern X Regional Ethics Committee of New Zealand. A dual x-ray tube 128-detector-row scanner (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) was used. Patients were scanned prone with arm outstretched from finger-tips to distal radius with acquisitions at 40×0.6 mm and pitch of 0.7. Tube A was operated at 80 kV/260 mAs and tube B at 140 kV/130 mAs. Images were reconstructed using bone and soft tissue algorithms, 512 matrix, 0.75-mm slices with 0.5-mm increment. Data were treated in two …
Molecular Evolution of the Phytochrome Gene Family in Sorghum: Changing Rates of Synonymous and Replacement Evolution
Authors: G. M. White
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

The photoreceptor phytochromes, encoded by a small gene family, are responsible for controlling the expression of a number of light-responsive genes and photomorphogenic events, including agronomically important phenotypes such as flowering time and shade-avoidance behavior. The understanding and control of flowering time are particularly important goals in sorghum cultivar development for diverse environments, and naturally occurring variation in the phytochrome genes might prove useful in breeding programs. Also of interest is whether variation observed at the phytochrome loci in domesticated sorghum, or in particular races, is a result of human selection. Population genetic studies can reveal evidence of such selection in patterns of polymorphism and divergence. In this study we report a population genetic analysis of the PHY gene family in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in a diverse panel including both cultivated and wild accessions. We show that the level of nucleotide variation in all gene family members is about half the average for this species, consistent with purifying selection acting on these loci. However, the rate of amino acid substitution is accelerated at PHYC compared to the other two loci. In comparisons to a closely related sorghum species, PHYC shows a pattern of intermediate frequency amino acid changes that differ from the patterns observed in comparisons across longer evolutionary distances. There is also a departure from expected patterns of polymorphism and divergence at synonymous sites in PHYC, although the data do not fit a simple model of directional or diversifying selection. Cultivated sorghum has a level of variation similar to that of wild relatives (ssp. verticilliflorum), but many polymorphisms are subspecies-specific, including several amino acid variants.
Long-term Effects of Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course and Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: David L. Olds, John Eckenrode, Charles R. Henderson, Harriet Kitzman, Jane Powers, Robert Cole, Kimberly Sidora, Pamela Morris, Lisa M. Pettitt, Dennis Luckey
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Context.</h3> —Home-visitation services have been promoted as a means of improving maternal and child health and functioning. However, long-term effects have not been examined. <h3>objective.</h3> —To examine the long-term effects of a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses on women's life course and child abuse and neglect. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized trial. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Semirural community in New York. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Of 400 consecutive pregnant women with no previous live births enrolled, 324 participated in a follow-up study when their children were 15 years old. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Families received a mean of 9 home visits during pregnancy and 23 home visits from the child's birth through the second birthday. <h3>Data Sources and Measures.</h3> —Women's use of welfare and number of subsequent children were based on self-report; their arrests and convictions were based on self-report and archived data from New York State. Verified reports of child abuse and neglect were abstracted from state records. <h3>Main Results.</h3> —During the 15-year period after the birth of their first child, in contrast to women in the comparison group, women who were visited by nurses during pregnancy and infancy were identified as perpetrators of child abuse and neglect in 0.29 vs 0.54 verified reports (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Among women who were unmarried and from households of low socioeconomic status at initial enrollment, in contrast to those in the comparison group, nurse-visited women had 1.3 vs 1.6 subsequent births (<i>P</i>=.02), 65 vs 37 months between the birth of the first and a second child (<i>P</i>=.001), 60 vs 90 months' receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (<i>P</i>=.005), 0.41 vs 0.73 behavioral impairments due to use of alcohol and other drugs (<i>P</i>=.03), 0.18 vs 0.58 arrests by self-report (<i>P</i>&lt;.001), and 0.16 vs 0.90 arrests disclosed by New York State records (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —This program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses can reduce the number of subsequent pregnancies, the use of welfare, child abuse and neglect, and criminal behavior on the part of low-income, unmarried mothers for up to 15 years after the birth of the first child.
Human reproductive failure I: Immunological factors
Authors: S. R. Choudhury
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2001)

Human reproductive failure may be a consequence of aberrant expression of immunological factors during pregnancy. Although the relative importance of immunological factors in human reproduction remains controversial, substantial evidence suggests that human leukocyte antigens (HLA), antisperm antibodies, integrins, the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cytokines, antiphospholipid antibodies, endometrial adhesion factors, mucins (MUC1) and uterine natural killer cells contribute to reproductive failure. In contrast, fewer data support the roles of anti-trophoblast antibodies, anti-endometrial antibodies, T-cells, peripheral natural killer cells, anti-HLA antibodies, blocking antibodies and suppressor cells in reproductive failure. Although immunological factors involved in reproductive failure have been studied traditionally using assays for antibodies and/or antigens, detailed research on these factors demonstrates conflicting results in humans. Maternal and fetal immunology is also difficult to investigate in humans. For these reasons, molecular assays may serve as a valuable alternative to investigate how the immune system affects reproductive outcome. In Part I of this review, immunological factors involved in human reproductive failure are summarized and critically evaluated. Immunogenetic and interacting factors in human reproductive failure will be summarized and evaluated in Part II.
Invariant natural killer T cells in asthma and COPD: back to square one!
Authors: S A Nachman
Journal: Thorax (2007)

▴ Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Pickard C, et al . Invariant natural killer T cells in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med2007;356:1410–22.

[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]



Recent studies have suggested the possibility of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) playing an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. To explore this hypothesis, the authors measured the numbers of iNKT in the airways of patients with stable mild/moderate asthma, patients with stable or exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and controls.

Cells from induced …

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The Croonian Lectures on the Progress of Discovery Relating to the Origin and Nature of Infectious Diseases
Authors: J. B. Sanderson
Journal: BMJ (1891)

parison of Phagocytes to Policemen?.B-ytipotheticalnEndowlment qf Phayocytes with Consciousness.-TTheDoctrine of Phagocytes tested in its Application to Erysipelas and Relapsing Fever.-Chemical Thleories of Immunity.The Antibiotic Properties of the Blood and its Constituent Parts.-Conclusions.WE hlave niow, in continuinig our study of the struggle between the organism and disease, to pass from the phlogogenic to the specific infections, and with this view I must begin by asking your attention to certain terms which represent the two great divisions of the subject.These words are"mitigation " and "immunity."PARTI -MITIGATION.For the word "mitigation " (in German Abschiviichung) the word "attenuation," borrowed from Ml. Pasteur,hascome to be very generally used.There is no objection to it, provided it is remembered that what is designated is not what M. Pasteur originally meant by attenuation.For "insuscepti- bilitv " wehave also taken to the use of the word immunity, whichl is inconvenient, because the states to whiclil wehave most frequently to refer areneither states of immunity norof the contrary, but somewhere between the two.Wlhat is chiefly important to bear in nind is that time word attenua- tion relat(s to a variable quality of the virus, the wvord im- munity to a variable qtuality of the infected organism.These two qualities are respectively virulence and susceptibility.They are closely related to each other, and the bond which links them is the relation between the growing power and toxic activity of the microphyte to the vitality of the organism.And inasmuclh as these two are antagonistic, the relation between them is one of contest, that is, of struggle between organism and microphlyte-a contest in whichl pre- ventive medicine strives to promote the victory of the organ- ism either by strengthening its prophylactic power or by weakening the growing power of the microphyte.In 1880 M.Pasteur not only discovered that the virus or contagium of certain communicable diseases can be mitigated by artificial means, but was able to demonstrate in the most triumphant way that the virus so mitigated can be applied to the protec- tion of animals valuable to man.In this great discovery M. Pasteur took as his point of de- parture, not tIme infected organism but the microplhyte itself.He found that the micrococcus' which produces the so-called chicken cholera could, like the bacillus anthracis be made to grow in bouillon, and time freslh cultures so obtained pre- served their activity of growtlh and their morbific power for some time.But eventually time liquid, whichv was at first opalestemnt or even turbid from the number of " microbes " which it comitained, became clearer and clearer.This pro- cess MT.Pasteur called attenuation, recognising its resem- blance to the change in fermenting liquors, to which that
Survival by Dialysis Modality in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Kerry C. Cho, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Emil Paganini, T. Alp Ikizler, Sharon H. Soroko, Ravindra L. Mehta, Glenn M. Chertow
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

Among critically ill patients, acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis is associated with mortality rates generally in excess of 50%. Continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) often are recommended and widely used, although data to support its superiority over intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) are lacking. Data from the Program to Improve Care in Acute Renal Disease (PICARD), a multicenter observational study of AKI, were analyzed. Among 398 patients who required dialysis, the risk for death within 60 d was examined by assigned initial dialysis modality (CRRT [n = 206] versus IHD [n = 192]) using standard Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates, proportional hazards ("Cox") regression methods, and a propensity score approach to account for selection effects. Crude survival rates were lower for patients who were treated with CRRT than IHD (survival at 30 d 45 versus 58%; P = 0.006). Adjusted for age, hepatic failure, sepsis, thrombocytopenia, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine and stratified by site, the relative risk for death associated with CRRT was 1.82 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 2.62). Further adjustment for the propensity score did not materially alter the association (relative risk 1.92; 95% confidence interval 1.28 to 2.89). Among critically ill patients with AKI, CRRT was associated with increased mortality. Although the results could reflect residual confounding by severity of illness, these data provide no evidence for a survival benefit afforded by CRRT. Larger, prospective, randomized clinical trials to compare CRRT and IHD in severe AKI are needed.
p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates IL‐8 expression in human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells
Authors: S. Hashimoto, K. Matsumoto, Y. Gon, S. Maruoka, I. Takeshita, S. Hayashi, T. Koura, K. Kujime, T. Horie
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

The aim of this study was to examine the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in interleukin (IL)-8 expression in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha- and IL-1alpha-stimulated human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. To this end, the phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAP kinase and the effect of SB 203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase activity, on p38 MAP kinase activity and IL-8 expression in TNF-alpha- and IL-1alpha-stimulated human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells were examined. TNF-alpha- and IL-1alpha- induced phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAP kinase and IL-8 expression in human pulmonary endothelial cells. Inhibition of TNF-alpha- and IL-1alpha-induced p38 MAP kinase activity by SB 203580 inhibited TNF-alpha- and IL-1alpha-induced IL-8 protein production as well as IL-8 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, indicating that SB 203580 was effective at the transcriptional level. These results indicate that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase plays an important role in the tumour necrosis factor-alpha- and interleukin-1alpha-activated signalling pathway which regulates interleukin-8 expression in human pulmonary vascular endothelial cells.