tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline for Antiemetics in Oncology: Update 2006
Authors: Mark G. Kris, Paul J. Hesketh, Mark R. Somerfield, Petra Feyer, Rebecca Clark-Snow, James M. Koeller, Gary R. Morrow, Lawrence W. Chinnery, Maurice J. Chesney, Richard J. Gralla, Steven M. Grunberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2006)

To update the 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline for antiemetics in oncology.The Update Committee completed a review and analysis of data published from 1998 thru February 2006. The literature review focused on published randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses of published phase II and phase III randomized controlled trials.The three-drug combination of a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT(3)) serotonin receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and aprepitant is recommended before chemotherapy of high emetic risk. For persons receiving chemotherapy of high emetic risk, there is no group of patients for whom agents of lower therapeutic index are appropriate first-choice antiemetics. These agents should be reserved for patients intolerant of or refractory to 5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, and dexamethasone. The three-drug combination of a 5-HT3 receptor serotonin antagonist, dexamethasone, and aprepitant is recommended for patients receiving an anthracycline and cyclophosphamide. For patients receiving other chemotherapy of moderate emetic risk, the Update Committee continues to recommend the two-drug combination of a 5-HT3 receptor serotonin antagonist and dexamethasone. In all patients receiving cisplatin and all other agents of high emetic risk, the two-drug combination of dexamethasone and aprepitant is recommended for the prevention of delayed emesis. The Update Committee no longer recommends the combination of a 5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonist and dexamethasone for the prevention of delayed emesis after chemotherapeutic agents of high emetic risk. CONCLUSION The Update Committee recommends that clinicians administer antiemetics while considering patients' emetic risk categories and other characteristics.
The Champion of the Cause and the Challenge of Supervising His Anti-Leader Role
Authors: DAVID S. KAZZAZ
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

In his supervisory work with treatment staff groups at the Fort Logan Mental Health Center, the author observed that many teams developed problems which seemed to derive from the impact upon the group of a particular type of individual member, designated here as the "champion of the cause." The author describes the characteristics of the champion, his role in bringing about the disintegration of the group's effectiveness, and four different approaches to supervising him.
Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an independent predictive factor irrespective of simplified breast cancer intrinsic subtypes: a landmark and two-step approach analyses from the EORTC 10994/BIG 1-00 phase III trial
Authors: H. Bonnefoi, S. Litière, M. Piccart, G. MacGrogan, P. Fumoleau, E. Brain, T. Petit, P. Rouanet, J. Jassem, C. Moldovan, A. Bodmer, K. Zaman, T. Cufer, M. Campone, E. Luporsi, P. Malmström, G. Werutsky, J. Bogaerts, J. Bergh, D.A. Cameron
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Successful treatment of AIDS-related pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma with liposomal daunorubicin
Authors: D Schurmann, A Dormann, T Grunewald, B Ruf
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

We report a 35 year old male, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), who presented with rapidly progressive pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma. The tumour regressed with treatment with liposomal daunorubicin and remained in partial remission until the patient died 12 months later from complications of HIV infection. Liposomal daunorubicin may be a safe and effective alternative to the treatment protocols in current use for pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma.
Interventions for preventing or treating alcohol hangover: systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Max H Pittler, Joris C Verster, Edzard Ernst
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Analytical tools for gene expression profiling of individual cells are critical for studying complex biological systems. However, the techniques enabling rapid measurements of gene expression on thousands of single-cells are lacking. Here, we report a high-throughput RNA cytometry for digital profiling of single-cells isolated in liquid droplets enveloped by a thin semi-permeable membrane (microcapsules). Due to selective permeability of the membrane, the desirable enzymes and reagents can be loaded, or replaced, in the microcapsule at any given step by simply changing the reaction buffer in which the microcapsules are dispersed. Therefore, complex molecular biology workflows can be readily adapted to conduct nucleic acid analysis on encapsulated mammalian cells, bacteria, or other biological species. The microcapsules support sequential multi-step enzymatic reactions, and remain intact under different biochemical conditions, freezing, thawing and thermocycling. Combining microcapsules with conventional FACS provides a high-throughput approach for conducting RNA cytometry of individual cells based on their digital gene expression signature.
Prospective Investigation of Body Mass Index, Colorectal Adenoma, and Colorectal Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Cari M. Kitahara, Sonja I. Berndt, Amy Berrington de González, Helen G. Coleman, Robert E. Schoen, Richard B. Hayes, Wen-Yi Huang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Obesity has consistently been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, particularly among men. Whether body mass index (BMI) differentially influences the risk across the stages of colorectal cancer development remains unclear. We evaluated the associations of BMI with colorectal adenoma incidence, adenoma recurrence, and cancer in the context of a large screening trial, in which cases and controls had an equal chance for disease detection.We prospectively evaluated the association between baseline BMI and the risk of incident distal adenoma (1,213 cases), recurrent adenoma (752 cases), and incident colorectal cancer (966 cases) among men and women, ages 55 to 74 years, randomly assigned to receive flexible sigmoidoscopy screening as part of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for adenoma incidence and recurrence, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for colorectal cancer incidence, using multivariable-adjusted models.Compared with normal-weight men (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m(2)), obese men (≥ 30 kg/m(2)) had significantly higher risk of incident adenoma (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.65) and colorectal cancer (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.89) and a borderline increased risk of recurrent adenoma (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.98 to 2.30). No associations were observed for either adenoma or cancer in women.Data from this large prospective study suggest that obesity is important throughout the natural history of colorectal cancer, at least in men, and colorectal cancer prevention efforts should encourage the achievement and maintenance of a healthy body weight in addition to regular screenings.
Lower-Dose vs High-Dose Oral Estradiol Therapy of Hormone Receptor–Positive, Aromatase Inhibitor–Resistant Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Matthew J. Ellis, Feng Gao, Farrokh Dehdashti, Donna B. Jeffe, P. Kelly Marcom, Lisa A. Carey, Maura N. Dickler, Paula Silverman, Gini F. Fleming, Aruna Kommareddy, S. Jamalabadi-Majidi, Robert Crowder, Barry A. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Estrogen deprivation therapy with aromatase inhibitors has been hypothesized to paradoxically sensitize hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer tumor cells to low-dose estradiol therapy.To determine whether 6 mg of estradiol (daily) is a viable therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced aromatase inhibitor-resistant hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.A phase 2 randomized trial of 6 mg vs 30 mg of oral estradiol used daily (April 2004-February 2008 [enrollment closed]). Eligible patients (66 randomized) had metastatic breast cancer treated with an aromatase inhibitor with progression-free survival (> or = 24 wk) or relapse (after > or = 2 y) of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor use. Patients at high risk of estradiol-related adverse events were excluded. Patients were examined after 1 and 2 weeks for clinical and laboratory toxicities and flare reactions and thereafter every 4 weeks. Tumor radiological assessment occurred every 12 weeks. At least 1 measurable lesion or 4 measurable lesions (bone-only disease) were evaluated for tumor response.Randomization to receive 1 oral 2-mg generic estradiol tablet 3 times daily or five 2-mg tablets 3 times daily.Primary end point: clinical benefit rate (response plus stable disease at 24 weeks).toxicity, progression-free survival, time to treatment failure, quality of life, and the predictive properties of the metabolic flare reaction detected by positron emission tomography/computed tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose F 18.The adverse event rate (> or = grade 3) in the 30-mg group (11/32 [34%]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23%-47%) was higher than in the 6-mg group (4/34 [18%]; 95% CI, 5%-22%; P = .03). Clinical benefit rates were 9 of 32 (28%; 95% CI, 18%-41%) in the 30-mg group and 10 of 34 (29%; 95% CI, 19%-42%) in the 6-mg group. An estradiol-stimulated increase in fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 uptake (> or = 12% prospectively defined) was predictive of response (positive predictive value, 80%; 95% CI, 61%-92%). Seven patients with estradiol-sensitive disease were re-treated with aromatase inhibitors at estradiol progression, among which 2 had partial response and 1 had stable disease, suggesting resensitization to estrogen deprivation.In women with advanced breast cancer and acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitors, a daily dose of 6 mg of estradiol provided a similar clinical benefit rate as 30 mg, with fewer serious adverse events. The efficacy of treatment with the lower dose should be further examined in phase 3 clinical trials.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00324259.
CCL20/CCR6-mediated migration of regulatory T cells to the<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-infected human gastric mucosa
Authors: Katherine W Cook, Darren P Letley, Richard J M Ingram, Emily Staples, Helle Skjoldmose, John C Atherton, Karen Robinson
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-induced peptic ulceration is less likely to occur in patients with a strong gastric anti-inflammatory regulatory T cell (Treg) response. Migration of Tregs into the gastric mucosa is therefore important. <h3>Objective</h3> To identify the homing receptors involved in directing Tregs to the gastric mucosa, and investigate how <i>H pylori</i> stimulates the relevant chemokine responses. <h3>Design</h3> Gastric biopsy samples and peripheral blood were donated by 84 <i>H pylori</i>-infected and 46 uninfected patients. Luminex assays quantified gastric biopsy chemokine concentrations. Flow cytometry was used to characterise homing receptors on CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>hi</sup> Tregs. <i>H pylori</i> wild-type and isogenic mutants were used to investigate the signalling mechanisms behind CCL20 and IL-8 induction in gastric epithelial cell lines. Transwell assays were used to quantify Treg migration towards chemokines in vitro. <h3>Results</h3> CCL20, CXCL1-3 and IL-8 concentrations were significantly increased in gastric biopsy samples from <i>H pylori</i>-infected patients. CCR6 (CCL20 receptor), CXCR1 and CXCR2 (IL-8 and CXCL1-3 receptors) were expressed by a higher proportion of peripheral blood Tregs in infected patients. Most gastric Tregs expressed these receptors. <i>H pylori</i> induced CCL20 production by gastric epithelial cells via <i>cag</i> pathogenicity island (<i>cag</i>PAI)-dependent NF-κB signalling. Foxp3<sup>+</sup>, but not Foxp3<sup>−</sup>, CD4 cells from infected mice migrated towards recombinant CCL20 in vitro. <h3>Conclusions</h3> As well as increasing Treg numbers, <i>H pylori</i> infection induces a change in their characteristics. Expression of CCR6, CXCR1 and CXCR2 probably enables their migration towards CCL20 and IL-8 in the infected gastric mucosa. Such qualitative changes may also explain how <i>H pylori</i> protects against some extragastric inflammatory disorders.
Prospective randomized comparison of vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (VAD) administered as intravenous bolus injection and VAD with liposomal doxorubicin as first-line treatment in multiple myeloma
Authors: M.A. Dimopoulos, A. Pouli, K. Zervas, V. Grigoraki, A. Symeonidis, P. Repoussis, C. Mitsouli, C. Papanastasiou, D. Margaritis, A. Tokmaktsis, I. Katodritou, G. Kokkini, E. Terpos, N. Vyniou, M. Tzilianos, A. Chatzivassili, M.C. Kyrtsonis, P. Panayiotidis, A. Maniatis
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2003)
Nerve-Sparing Therapy with Oncolytic Herpes Virus for Cancers with Neural Invasion
Authors: Ziv Gil, Avigail Rein, Peter Brader, Sen Li, Jatin P. Shah, Yuman Fong, Richard J. Wong
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

The invasion of cancer cells along nerves is an ominous pathologic finding associated with poor outcomes for a variety of tumors, including pancreatic and head and neck carcinomas. Peripheral nerves may serve as a conduit for these cancers to track into the central nervous system. Cancer progression within nerves and surgical resection of infiltrated nerves result in a permanent loss of neural function, potentially causing cosmetic and functional morbidity. Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) have utility for gene transfer into nerves and as oncolytic agents. We studied the use of an attenuated HSV, NV1023, as treatment for cancers with neural invasion.NV1023 injection into the sciatic nerves of nude mice had no toxic effect on nerve function, whereas similar doses of wild-type HSV-1 (F' strain) caused complete nerve paralysis within 4 days and 100% mortality at day 6. NV1023 showed effective cytotoxicity in vitro on three neurotrophic human carcinoma cell lines, including pancreatic (MiaPaCa2), squamous cell (QLL2), and adenoid cystic (ACC3) carcinomas. A model of neural invasion was established by implanting human carcinoma cells in the sciatic nerves of nude mice. All control group mice developed left hind limb paralysis 5 to 7 weeks after tumor injection, whereas animals treated with NV1023 maintained intact nerve function and showed significant tumor regression (P < 0.0001).These results show that NV1023 oncolytic therapy may effectively treat cancers with neural invasion and preserve neural function. These findings hold significant clinical implications for patients with cancer neural invasion.
Selective Vaporization of Superheated Nanodroplets for Rapid, Sensitive, Acoustic Biosensing
Authors: Rajarshi Chattaraj, Praveena Mohan, Jeremy D. Besmer, Andrew P. Goodwin
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

Superheated perfluorocarbon nano­droplets exhibit promise as sensitive acoustic biosensors. Aggregation of biotin-decorated lipid-shelled droplets by streptavidin greatly increases the yield of bubbles formed by ultrasound-induced vaporization. Streptavidin is sensed down to 1 × 10−13 m, with differentiable signal appearing in as little as two minutes, using a scalable assay without washing, processing, or development steps. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Lundh test and ERCP in pancreatic disease.
Authors: M G Ashton, A T Axon, D J Lintott
Journal: Gut (1978)

The Lundh test and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were used to investigate 40 patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatograms were classified as being normal or showing minimal or gross changes. There was good correlation between the two tests in assessing the degree of pancreatic disease (P less than 0.01). Gross radiographic changes were associated with a mean tryptic activity (MTA) of less than 6 IU/ml, while minimal changes were associated with an MTA between 6 and 14 IU/ml. Although some patients with normal pancreatograms had MTAs within this range, no patients with an MTA above 14 IU/ml had an abnormal pancreatogram. The Lundh meal is of great value in detecting extensive pancreatic disease and an unequivocally normal result virtually excludes significant chronic pancreatic disease. Values in the equivocal range usefully draw attention to early pancreatitis which may be confirmed by ERCP. In this paper the interpretation of pancreatograms is discussed and the clinical features of the patients with minimal change disease are reviewed.
Effect of thrombolysis with alteplase within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke on long-term outcomes (the third International Stroke Trial [IST-3]): 18-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Peter Sandercock
Journal: The Lancet Neurology (2013)

Few data are available from randomised trials about the effect of thrombolysis with alteplase on long-term functional outcome in patients who have had acute ischaemic stroke and no trial has reported effects on health-related quality of life. A secondary objective of the third International Stroke Trial (IST-3) was to assess the effect of thrombolysis on such outcomes at 18 months.In this open-label, international, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial, 3035 patients with ischaemic stroke from 12 countries were randomly allocated within 6 h of onset via a secure central system to either intravenous alteplase (0·9 mg/kg; n=1515) plus standard care or standard care alone (control; n=1520). 2348 patients were scheduled for 18-month follow-up. For our main analysis, survivors were assessed at 18 months with the Oxford handicap scale (OHS; the primary outcome was the adjusted odds of OHS score 0-2). We also used the EuroQoL (EQ) instrument and asked questions about overall functioning and living circumstances. We analysed the OHS and the five EQ domains by ordinal logistic regression and calculated the mean difference between treatment groups in EQ utility index and visual analogue scale score. Analyses were adjusted for key baseline prognostic factors. This study is registered with controlled-trials.com, number ISRCTN25765518.At 18 months, 408 (34·9%) of 1169 patients in the alteplase group versus 414 (35·1%) of 1179 in the control group had died (p=0·85). 391 (35·0%) of 1117 patients versus 352 (31·4%) of 1122 had an OHS score of 0-2 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·28, 95% CI 1·03-1·57; p=0·024). Treatment was associated with a favourable shift in the distribution of OHS grades (adjusted common OR 1·30, 95% CI 1·10-1·55; p=0·002). Alteplase treatment was associated with significantly higher overall self-reported health (adjusted mean difference in EQ utility index 0·060; p=0·019). The differences between the groups in visual analogue scale score and the proportion living at home were not significant.IST-3 provides evidence that thrombolysis with intravenous alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke does not affect survival, but does lead to statistically significant, clinically relevant improvements in functional outcome and health-related quality of life that are sustained for at least 18 months.UK Medical Research Council, Health Foundation UK, Stroke Association UK, Research Council of Norway, AFA Insurances Sweden, Swedish Heart Lung Fund, The Foundation of Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg, Polish Ministry of Science and Education, the Australian Heart Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Swiss National Research Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Assessorato alla Sanita (Regione dell'Umbria, Italy), and Danube University.
Quality of Care and Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Giorgia De Berardis, Fabio Pellegrini, Monica Franciosi, Maurizio Belfiglio, Barbara Di Nardo, Sheldon Greenfield, Sherrie H. Kaplan, Marie C.E. Rossi, Michele Sacco, Gianni Tognoni, Miriam Valentini, Antonio Nicolucci
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—The role of general practice and diabetes clinics in the management of diabetes is still a matter of debate. Methodological flaws in previous studies may have led to inaccurate conclusions when comparing the care provided in these different settings. We compared the care provided to type 2 diabetic patients attending diabetes outpatient clinics (DOCs) or being treated by a general practitioner (GP) using appropriate statistical methods to adjust for patient case mix and physician-level clustering. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We prospectively evaluated the process and intermediate outcome measures over 2 years in a sample of 3,437 patients recruited by 212 physicians with different specialties practicing in 125 DOCs and 103 general practice offices. Process measures included frequency of HbA1c, lipids, microalbuminuria, and serum creatinine measurements and frequency of foot and eye examinations. Outcome measures included HbA1c, blood pressure, and total and LDL cholesterol levels. RESULTS—Differences for most process measures were statistically significantly in favor of DOCs. The differences were more marked for patients who were always treated by the same physician within a DOC and if that physician had a specialty in diabetology. Less consistent differences in process measures were detected when patients followed by GPs were compared with those followed by physicians with a specialty other than diabetology. As for the outcomes considered, patients attending DOCs attained better total cholesterol levels, whereas no major differences emerged in terms of metabolic control and blood pressure levels between DOCs and GPs. Physicians’ specialties were not independently related to patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS—Being followed always by the same physician in a DOC, particularly if the physician had a specialty in diabetes, ensured better quality of care in terms of process measures. In the short term, care provided by DOCs was also associated with better intermediate outcome measures, such as total cholesterol levels.