tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dysplasia and carcinoma in longstanding ulcerative colitis: an endoscopic and histological surveillance programme.
Authors: M Leidenius, I Kellokumpu, A Husa, M Riihela, P Sipponen
Journal: Gut (1991)

From 1976 to 1989 a total of 66 patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis were entered in a colonoscopic surveillance programme in order to detect dysplasia. Thirty patients had extensive or total ulcerative colitis and 36 left sided colitis. The median duration of the disease at the end of the follow up was 15.0 years. Altogether 182 colonoscopies (2.8 per patient), each involving approximately 20 biopsies from different sites of the colon, were performed. In the total or extensive colitis group, five patients had low grade and one patient had high grade dysplasia. In the left sided colitis group, three patients had low grade dysplasia. In three patients low grade dysplasia was detected in a macroscopic lesion or mass of colonic mucosa. Sixty per cent of the dysplasia specimens were from the right colon. The incidence of dysplasia was higher in patients with extensive colitis and increased with the duration of the disease. None of the patients have so far developed colorectal carcinoma. Our results indicate that a colonoscopic surveillance programme is a safe alternative to prophylactic colectomy in longstanding ulcerative colitis.
Structural and functional analysis of three D/L-like class I molecules from H-2v: indications of an ancestral family of D/L genes.
Authors: Z Cai, L R Pease
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Three cDNA with D region gene features have been identified from the H-2v haplotype. Provisionally, the sequences have been designated as D/Lv1, D/Lv2, and D/Lv3. The coding segments for the antigen binding domain (ABD) of all three D/Lv genes were engineered into a class I genomic expression vector and expressed in L cells. FACS analysis of the three D/Lv-Ld gene transfectants revealed that the D/Lv1 molecules were recognized by both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 141 and 142, and the D/Lv2 molecules were recognized by mAb 143. In addition to the D/Lv1 molecules, the mAb 141 also recognized the D/Lv3 molecules. Both the D/Lv1-Ld and D/Lv2-Ld transfectants were killed efficiently by H-2Dv region-specific alloreactive CTL. The D/Lv3 gene is the first identified D region gene other than D and L that is transcribed abundantly in spleen and the D/Lv3 RNA is present as two alternatively spliced forms. Structural analysis of the D/Lv3 hybrid molecules showed that it was susceptible to proteolysis and thermolabile at 37 degrees C, suggesting D/Lv3 is a transcribed pseudogene. A parsimony tree analysis of three D/Lv sequences with a set of class I gene sequences revealed that the H-2v sequences clustered with D region genes. The presence of a third gene with D/L-like features in H-2v, yet structurally different from the known D/L alleles, raises the possibility that the current D/L genes evolved from a family of D/L-like genes, some of which are no longer represented among many of the mouse major histocompatibility complex haplotypes. The observation that D region alleles cluster into subgroups suggests that the alleles are not all related to each other by linear descent through a single locus. We propose that current alleles are derived from more than one ancestral locus in a manner similar to the origin of the gamma 2 a immunoglobulin constant region alleles.
The mechanism of hypoxaemia after laparotomy
Authors: J. Georg, I. Hornum, K. Mellemgaard
Journal: Thorax (1967)

In 18 patients who were undergoing upper laparotomies the alveolo-arterial oxygen difference and right-to-left shunt were measured before the operation, on the first post-operative day, and in some cases also later in the post-operative period. The arterial oxygen tension was found to be considerably reduced post-operatively. The right-to-left shunt estimated by the hydrogen isotope technique was moderately increased in most instances, but the increase was far from large enough to account for the observed hypoxaemia. It is concluded that uneven distribution of ventilation relative to perfusion is the main cause of post-operative hypoxaemia, whereas veno-arterial shunt through atelectatic areas is of minor importance.
Ancestry of the Australian Termitivorous Numbat
Authors: Anja Zemann, Gennady Churakov, Stephen Donnellan, Frank Grützner, Fangqing Zhao, Jürgen Brosius, Jürgen Schmitz
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2013)

The Australian numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, is the only marsupial that feeds almost exclusively on termites and that has a life following the diurnally restricted and dynamic geographical distribution of termites. The millions of years of this adaptation led to unique morphological and anatomical features, especially basicranial and dental characteristics, that make it difficult to identify a clear phylogenetic affiliation to other marsupials. From DNA sequence analyses, the family Myrmecobiidae is placed within the dasyuromorph marsupials, but the exact position varies from study to study, and support values are mostly rather modest. Here, we report the recovery and analysis of approximately 110,000 quasifossilized traces of mobile element insertions into the genome of a dasyurid marsupial (Tasmanian devil), 25 of which are phylogenetically informative for early dasyuromorphial evolution. Fourteen of these ancient retroposon insertions are shared by the 16 Dasyuromorphia species analyzed, including the numbat, but are absent in the outgroups. An additional 11 other insertions are present in all Dasyuridae but are absent in the numbat. These findings place numbats as the sister group to all living Dasyuridae and show that the investigated Dasyuromorphia, including the Myrmecobiidae, constitutes a monophyletic group that is separated from Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia, and other marsupials.
Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study
Authors: Richard P Sargent, Robert M Shepard, Stanton A Glantz
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To determine whether there was a change in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction while a local law banning smoking in public and in workplaces was in effect. <b>Design</b> Analysis of admissions from December 1997 through November 2003 using Poisson analysis. <b>Setting</b> Helena, Montana, a geographically isolated community with one hospital serving a population of 68 140. <b>Participants</b> All patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Number of monthly admissions for acute myocardial infarction for people living in and outside Helena. <b>Results</b> During the six months the law was enforced the number of admissions fell significantly (− 16 admissions, 95% confidence interval - 31.7 to - 0.3), from an average of 40 admissions during the same months in the years before and after the law to a total of 24 admissions during the six months the law was effect. There was a non-significant increase of 5.6 (− 5.2 to 16.4) in the number of admissions from outside Helena during the same period, from 12.4 in the years before and after the law to 18 while the law was in effect. <b>Conclusions</b> Laws to enforce smoke-free workplaces and public places may be associated with an effect on morbidity from heart disease.
A Survey of Occupational Blood Contact and HIV Infection Among Orthopedic Surgeons
Authors: Jerome I. Tokars
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To study the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among orthopedic surgeons, and correlate the results with occupational and nonoccupational risk factors. Orthopedic surgeons are one of several groups of health care workers at risk for occupationally acquired HIV infection; however, few HIV seroprevalence studies in health care workers, and none in surgeons, have been performed to assist in estimating the extent of occupational risk. <h3>Design.</h3> —A voluntary, anonymous HIV serosurvey at an annual meeting. To assess the representativeness of participants, a mail survey of orthopedic surgeons was conducted 5 months prior to the annual meeting. <h3>Setting.</h3> —The 1991 annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons held in Anaheim, Calif. <h3>Participants.</h3> —United States or Canadian orthopedic surgeons in training, in practice, or retired from practice who attended the annual meeting. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Participants' HIV serostatus and reporting of occupational and nonoccupational risk factors for HIV infection. <h3>Results.</h3> —Of 7147 eligible orthopedists at the annual meeting, 3420 (47.9%) participated. Compared with the 10411 orthopedic surgeons responding to the mail survey, serosurvey participants had at least as many opportunities for occupational contact with blood and with HIV-infected patients. Among participants, 87.4% reported a blood-skin contact and 39.2% reported a percutaneous blood contact in the previous month. Among 3267 participants without reported nonoccupational risk factors for HIV infection, none was positive for HIV antibody (0%; upper limit of the 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.09%); among 108 participants with reported nonoccupational HIV risk factors, two were positive for HIV antibody (1.9%; upper limit of the 95% CI = 5.7%). <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Although these findings may not be generalizable to all orthopedic surgeons, we found no evidence of HIV infection among serosurvey participants without nonoccupational risk factors. The high rates of self-reported blood contact underscore the importance of compliance with infection control precautions and of development of new techniques and equipment to minimize the risk of exposures to blood during surgical procedures. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:489-494)
Is primary Sjögren's syndrome an orphan disease? A critical appraisal of prevalence studies in Europe: Table 1
Authors: Divi Cornec, Laurent Chiche
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) has been recently published in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases by Qin et al. 1 According to this study, the estimated prevalence of pSS worldwide is 60.82 per 100 000 inhabitants, or 1 person in 1644. Thus, the prevalence of pSS would not fit in with the definition of a rare disease. However, the extraordinary heterogeneity of the results between the different included studies is striking: the prevalence of this disease in single studies ranges from 11.34 to 3790.09 per 100 000 persons.

In Europe, a disease is considered rare when it affects less than one person per 2000: this is the definition of an orphan disease. To date, 6000 to 7000 rare diseases have been recognised, but this figure is constantly evolving with scientific knowledge (http://www.orpha.net). Many are genetic diseases, some are infectious or autoimmune. The recognition of a disease as rare has important implications, most importantly, for the development of new therapies. Indeed, …
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Hispanics
Authors: John M. Brehm, Juan C. Celedón
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Hispanics are individuals whose ancestry can be traced to Spain and/or areas previously under Spanish control (e.g., Mexico, Puerto Rico). They are a rapidly growing subset of the population of the United States and are quite diverse in their racial ancestry, country of origin, area of residence, socioeconomic status, tobacco use, and access to health care. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence and morbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vary widely among Hispanic-American nations, with similar but limited findings among Hispanic subgroups in the United States. Potential reasons for such variation include differences in racial ancestry and genetic susceptibility, exposure to tobacco smoke and/or biomass smoke, access to health care, and disease management. Future studies of COPD in Hispanics should include large samples of subgroups that are well defined with regard to self-reported ethnicity, country of origin, area of residence, tobacco use, and socioeconomic status. Areas that need to be carefully examined include validation of COPD diagnoses for epidemiologic studies (e.g., by radiologic assessment), COPD in high-risk groups (e.g., Puerto Ricans), impact of biomass smoke (in rural areas) and air pollution (in urban areas) on COPD morbidity, effects of migration and acculturation on COPD prevalence and morbidity among Hispanic subgroups in the United States, development of reference values for spirometry, smoking cessation, and overcoming barriers to management. Public health measures, such as effective smoking prevention and cessation programs, reduction of air pollution and exposure to biomass smoke, and improved access to health care, would help reduce the burden of COPD among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America.
Mutations in ATP2A2, encoding a Ca2+ pump, cause Darier disease
Authors: Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Victor Ruiz-Perez, Simon Carter, Nick Jacobsen, Susan Burge, Sarah Monk, Melanie Smith, Colin S. Munro, Michael O'Donovan, Nick Craddock, Raju Kucherlapati, Jonathan L. Rees, Mike Owen, G. Mark Lathrop, Anthony P. Monaco, Tom Strachan, Alain Hovnanian
Journal: Nature Genetics (1999)
Implementation of the FIFA 11+ football warm up program: How to approach and convince the Football associations to invest in prevention
Authors: Mario Bizzini, Astrid Junge, Jiri Dvorak
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

In the last decade, injury prevention has received a lot of attention in sports medicine, and recently international sports-governing bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee, declared the protection of the athletes’ health as one of their major objectives. In 1994, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) established its Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) with the aim ‘to prevent football injuries and to promote football as a health-enhancing leisure activity, improving social behaviour’. Since then, FIFA has developed and evaluated its injury-prevention programmes ‘The 11’ and ‘FIFA 11+’ have demonstrated in several scientific studies how simple exercise-based programmes can decrease the incidence of injuries in amateur football players. This paper summarises 18 years of scientific and on-field work in injury prevention by an international sports federation (FIFA), from formulating the aim to make its sport safer to the worldwide dissemination of its injury-prevention programme in amateur football.
Aod2, the locus controlling development of atrophy in neonatal thymectomy-induced autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis, co-localizes with Il2, Fgfb, and Idd3.
Authors: C Teuscher, B B Wardell, J K Lunceford, S D Michael, K S Tung
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

In genetically susceptible strains of mice, such as A/J and (C57BL/6J x A/J)F1 hybrids, neonatal thymectomy-induced autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis (AOD) is characterized by the development of antiovarian autoantibodies, oophoritis, and atrophy. Temporally, atrophy may be observed during and after the regression of inflammatory infiltrates from the ovary. Histologically, lesions appear as areas devoid of ovarian follicles in all stages of development that have been replaced by luteinized interstitial cells. We report here the mapping of Aod2, the locus that controls this phenotype, to mouse chromosomes 3 within a region encoding Il2 and Fgfb. Most significant, however, is the co-localization of Aod2 to Idd3, a susceptibility gene that plays a role in autoimmune insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus in the nonobese diabetic mouse.
Molecular Pathways: Digoxin Use and Estrogen-Sensitive Cancers—Risks and Possible Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Robert J. Biggar
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Digoxin, a phyto-estrogen, binds with estrogen receptors (ER) and can cause gynecomastia. Among women currently using digoxin, breast and uterus cancer incidences are significantly increased (approximate risk ratios, 1.3-1.5). Both cancers are often estrogen sensitive. In contrast, ovary and cervix cancers are relatively estrogen insensitive, and incidence is unaffected by digoxin exposure. When digoxin use stops, incidence rapidly reverts to that in nonusers. These patterns parallel those of estrogen, suggesting that digoxin works via ER-stimulated proliferation of ductal and/or acinar cells, accelerating the growth of nascent cancers. Also consistent with an estrogenic effect, men using digoxin have a small but significant reduction in prostate cancer (risk ratio, 0.76). Other estrogen-like drugs, particularly spironolactone, should be investigated for similar effects. The effect of digoxin use in women being treated for breast cancer or in survivors is unknown. Women with estrogen-sensitive cancers on adjuvant therapy may take tamoxifen, which blocks ERs. However, postmenopausal patients may use aromatase inhibitors, which block estrogen production while leaving ERs susceptible to digoxin. If adverse effects are found, tamoxifen may be preferred over aromatase inhibitors in patients receiving estrogen-mimicking drugs. Alternatively, other cardiotropic drugs might be considered in women with or at high risk of developing estrogen-sensitive cancers.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITIONS OF DIETARY HEPATIC INJURY (NECROSIS, CIRRHOSIS) IN RATS
Authors: Paul György, Harry Goldblatt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1942)

Experimental dietary hepatic injury (diffuse or focal necrosis and cirrhosis in rats, with or without ascites and pleural and pericardial effusion) is determined by the dietary factors instrumental also in the production of fat infiltration of the liver and thus opposed to the lipotropic activity of casein. Accordingly, rats maintained on a diet low in casein with a moderately high or high content of fat and without choline regularly exhibited hepatic injury after between 100 and 150 days. Supplements of l-cystine had an aggravating effect on the production of cirrhosis of the liver, whereas a supplement of choline alone reduced the severity and the incidence of hepatic injury, although not decisively. The combined administration of l-cystine plus choline or of dl-methionine in adequate doses, however, proved to be highly effective in preventing injury to the liver. These conclusions have been corroborated by the use of different modifications of the basal diet. Rats with dietary hepatic injury exhibit, in sequence, changes that vary from diffuse necrosis resembling human acute or subacute yellow atrophy to advanced portal cirrhosis. Diffuse necrotizing nephrosis was a frequent accompaniment of the hepatic injury. Cystine again, proved to be a factor which aggravated this condition.
Comparison of the Effects of a Pure Steroidal antiestrogen With Those of Tamoxifen in a Model of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: C. K. Osborne, E. B. Coronado-Heinsohn, S. G. Hilsenbeck, B. L. McCue, A. E. Wakeling, R. A. McCleland, D. L. Manning, R. I. Nicholson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1995)

Journal Article Comparison of the Effects of a Pure Steroidal antiestrogen With Those of Tamoxifen in a Model of Human Breast Cancer Get access C. Kent Osborne, C. Kent Osborne Department of Medicine, division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Tex Correspondence to : C. Kent Osborne, M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78284–7884. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ester B. Coronado-Heinsohn, Ester B. Coronado-Heinsohn Department of Medicine, division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Tex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Susan G. Hilsenbeck, Susan G. Hilsenbeck Department of Medicine, division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Tex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Bryant L. McCue, Bryant L. McCue Department of Medicine, division of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Tex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alan E. Wakeling, Alan E. Wakeling Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside Alderley ParkMacclesfield, Cheshire, England, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard A. McCleland, Richard A. McCleland Tenovus Cancer Research Center, University of Wales College of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David L. Manning, David L. Manning Tenovus Cancer Research Center, University of Wales College of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert I. Nicholson Robert I. Nicholson Tenovus Cancer Research Center, University of Wales College of MedicineHeath Park, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 87, Issue 10, 17 May 1995, Pages 746–750, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/87.10.746 Published: 17 May 1995 Article history Received: 19 September 1994 Revision received: 27 December 1994 Accepted: 06 March 1995 Published: 17 May 1995
Phase I/II Study of Ipilimumab for Patients With Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Jeffrey S. Weber, Steven O’Day, Walter Urba, John Powderly, Geoff Nichol, Michael Yellin, Jolie Snively, Evan Hersh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

The primary objective of this phase I/II study was to determine the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of either transfectoma- or a hybridoma-derived ipilimumab. Secondary objectives included determination of a maximum-tolerated dose and assessment of clinical activity.Eighty-eight patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma with at least one measurable lesion were treated. Mean age was 59 years, with 65% male and 35% female patients, and 79% of patients had received prior systemic therapy. Single doses of ipilimumab up to 20 mg/kg (group A, single dose), multiple doses up to 5 mg/kg (group A, multiple dose), and multiple doses up to 10 mg/kg (group B) were administered.Single dosing up to 20 mg/kg of transfectoma antibody was well tolerated, as were multiple doses up to 10 mg/kg without a maximum-tolerated dose. In group B, dose-limiting toxicity was seen in six of 23 melanoma patients. Grade 3 or 4 immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were observed in 14% of patients (12 of 88 patients), and grade 1 or 2 irAEs were seen in an additional 58%. The half-life of ipilimumab was 359 hours. In group B, there was one partial response (23+ months), one complete response (21+ months), and seven patients with stable disease (SD), for a disease control rate of 39%. Two patients in group B with SD had slow, steady decline in tumor burden that was ongoing at 1 year of observation.Ipilimumab has activity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Late responses were observed in patients with prolonged SD.
Final Overall Survival: Fulvestrant 500 mg vs 250 mg in the Randomized CONFIRM Trial
Authors: A. D. Leo, G. Jerusalem, L. Petruzelka, R. Torres, I. N. Bondarenko, R. Khasanov, D. Verhoeven, J. L. Pedrini, I. Smirnova, M. R. Lichinitser, K. Pendergrass, L. Malorni, S. Garnett, Y. Rukazenkov, M. Martin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2013)

BackgroundAt the time of the initial analysis of overall survival (OS) for the Comparison of Faslodex in Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer (CONFIRM) randomized, double-blind, phase III trial, approximately 50% of patients had died. A final analysis of OS was subsequently planned for when 75% of patients had died.