tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impact of the choice of CO and NO conductance values on the interpretation of CO and NO diffusion capacities
Authors: Herve Guenard, Christian Kays, Sophie Lalande, Jean Benoit Martinot
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Diffusion tests with NO and CO give smaller membrane conductance values (Dm) than morphometry. This discrepancy is likely due to the uncertainty surrounding the estimates for θ NO  and θ CO .  A method was devised to estimate θ NO  and θ CO  in healthy subjects by measuring NO and CO transfer with either 21 or 15% FIO 2  making the assumption that the latter mixture would not change Dm and Vc. Vc and Dm/Vc were calculated using the usual multi step oxygenation method and the NO/CO method. From the identity of these 2 estimations θ NO  and θ CO  values could be derived.  10 subjects aged between 20 and 68 years performed the measures (Hyper’compact Medisoft Dinant, Be). They breathed either air or a mixture with 15% O 2  and performed then the single breath maneuver with the usual tracers. FEO 2  was measured and PcapO 2  was calculated.  The target finite value for θ NO  of 4.5 (mmHg min) -1  was that recommended by Borland et al.  Seven θ CO  vs PO 2  equations were tested, among them a mix of Holland and Forster equations (HF).  With (1) and (2) corresponding to 21% and 15% FI O 2  respectively:  Θ N o = 1.97/[1/Θco 1  - (1/Θco 1 - 1/Θco 2 )*(1/TL CO(1,2)  -1.97/ TL NO(1,2) )/(1/TL CO1  - 1/TL CO2 )]  None Θ NO  value was compatible with an infinite or high θ NO  value. The best compromise was obtained with the HF equation (1/ θ CO  =1.19 + 0.0053 PO 2 ), Θ N o=2.1±5.3 (mmHg min) -1 . The target value of 4.5 was within the confidence interval (t =2). Dm would be twofold the previous value in the range of the morphometric values.  Adopting these results would change the interpretation of NO and CO transfer, DL NO  would depend for a half of the membrane and blood components of the transfer, DL CO  would depend for 80% of the blood component.
Glomerular Autoimmune Multicomponents of Human Lupus Nephritis In Vivo (2)
Authors: Maurizio Bruschi, Maricla Galetti, Renato Alberto Sinico, Gabriella Moroni, Alice Bonanni, Antonella Radice, Angela Tincani, Federico Pratesi, Paola Migliorini, Corrado Murtas, Franco Franceschini, Barbara Trezzi, Francesca Brunini, Rita Gatti, Regina Tardanico, Giancarlo Barbano, Giorgio Piaggio, Piergiorgio Messa, Pietro Ravani, Francesco Scolari, Giovanni Candiano, Alberto Martini, Landino Allegri, Gian Marco Ghiggeri
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

Glomerular planted antigens (histones, DNA, and C1q) are potential targets of autoimmunity in lupus nephritis (LN). However, the characterization of these antigens in human glomeruli in vivo remains inconsistent. We eluted glomerular autoantibodies recognizing planted antigens from laser-microdissected renal biopsy samples of 20 patients with LN. Prevalent antibody isotypes were defined, levels were determined, and glomerular colocalization was investigated. Renal and circulating antibodies were matched, and serum levels were compared in 104 patients with LN, 84 patients with SLE without LN, and 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Autoantibodies against podocyte antigens (anti-α-enolase/antiannexin AI) were also investigated. IgG2 autoantibodies against DNA, histones (H2A, H3, and H4), and C1q were detected in 50%, 55%, and 70% of biopsy samples, respectively. Anti-DNA IgG3 was the unique non-IgG2 anti-DNA deposit, and anti-C1q IgG4 was mainly detected in subepithelial membranous deposits. Anti-H3, anti-DNA, and anti-C1q IgG2 autoantibodies were also prevalent in LN serum, which also contained IgG3 against the antigen panel and anti-C1q IgG4. Serum and glomerular levels of autoantibodies were not strictly associated. High serum levels of all autoantibodies detected, including anti-α-enolase and antiannexin AI, identified LN versus SLE and RA. Anti-H3 and anti-α-enolase IgG2 levels had the most remarkable increase in LN serum and represented a discriminating feature of LN in principal component analysis. The highest levels of these two autoantibodies were also associated with proteinuria>3.5 g/24 hours and creatinine>1.2 mg/dl. Our findings suggest that timely autoantibody characterization might allow outcome prediction and targeted therapies for patients with nephritis.
Why is COPD phenotyping like sorting diamonds?
Authors: Peter G. Gibson, Vanessa M. McDonald
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

We should work to improve the definition and recognition of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome http://ow.ly/xbFgyThe importance and management of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS) is a topic of lively debate and, until recently, there have been very few data related to this topic that could be used to inform guidelines and practice.Indeed, whether or not ACOS exists and whether it matters is central to this debate.We can all recognise pure cases of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by their welldescribed clinical and pathological features.These ''gems'' are regularly presented as being typical of the disease, with differentiation between asthma and COPD promoted as a key goal of clinical diagnostics [1,2].What we have been slow to accept are cases where the differentiation is not clear because of overlapping clinical features that manifest as ''impurities'' in the diagnosis.It now turns out that these diagnostic impurities are the rule rather than the exception.The same can be found with diamonds.We all value a pure gem and diamond experts measure this as a property called clarity.Clarity is graded by major societies on a scale from flawless to imperfect, a bit like our peer-review system really.Only about 20% of all diamonds have a clarity grading that is high enough for the diamond to be ''diagnosed'' as a gemstone; the other 80% are relegated to industrial use only.Of that top 20%, the harder you look, the more impurities you find.So is the situation with airway disease.Pure cases of asthma or COPD are the minority [3] but it is this paradigm that is prized by our teachers and opinion leaders.In the older age group, the majority of cases that are seen in day-to-day clinical practice (i.e.industrial) have impure clinical features.While diamond experts have a clear and systematic approach to diagnosing impure diamonds, this is not the case in ACOS, as we have no consensus definition and, until recently, they have been neglected, and excluded from treatment trials and from guideline recommendations.This situation may be changing, thanks to studies like that of HARDIN et al. [4] who, in this issue of the European Respiratory Journal, present a characterisation of the clinical features, imaging and genetics of the ''impure diamonds'' of ACOS. ACOS is a global problemDespite the previously limited acceptance of ACOS, studies now clearly show that this is a global problem.HARDIN et al. [4] confirm ACOS in North American Caucasians and demonstrate ACOS in African Americans.ACOS has also been reported in Europeans [5,6], in Australians and New Zealanders [3,[7][8][9], in Latin American populations [10], and in Asian groups [11].ACOS is therefore a consistently recognisable
Birth Weight and Parental BMI Predict Overweight in Children From Mothers With Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Ute M. Schaefer-Graf, Julia Pawliczak, Doerte Passow, Reinhard Hartmann, Rainer Rossi, Christoph Bührer, Thomas Harder, Andreas Plagemann, Klaus Vetter, Olga Kordonouri
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the growth of children from pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its association with antenatal maternal, fetal, and recent anthropometric parameters of mother and father. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 324 pregnancies of Caucasian women with GDM, BMI before pregnancy, maternal glycemic values, and measurements of the fetal abdominal circumference were recorded. The weight and height of infants were measured at birth and at follow-up at 5.4 years (range 2.5–8.5). In addition, somatic data from routine examinations at 6, 12, and 24 months and the BMI of parents at follow-up were obtained. BMI standard deviation scores (SDSs) were calculated based on age-correspondent data. RESULTS—At all time points, BMI was significantly above average (+0.82 SDS at birth; +0.56 at 6, +0.35 at 12, and +0.32 at 24 months; and +0.66 at follow-up; P &amp;lt; 0.001). BMI at birth was related to BMI at follow-up (r = 0.27, P &amp;lt; 0.001). The rate of overweight at follow-up was 37% in children with birth BMI ≥90th percentile and 25% in those with normal BMI at birth (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Abdominal circumference of third trimester and postprandial glucose values were related to BMI at follow-up (r = 0.22 and r = 0.18, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Recent maternal, paternal, and birth BMI were independent predictors of BMI at follow-up (r = 0.42, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Sixty-nine percent of children of parents with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were overweight at follow-up compared with 20% of those with parental BMI &amp;lt;30 kg/m2 (P &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—Children of mothers with GDM have a high rate of overweight that is associated both with intrauterine growth and parental obesity.
Induction of bile acid synthesis by cholesterol and cholestyramine feeding is unimpaired in mice deficient in apolipoprotein AI
Authors: Christopher D. Jolley, John M. Dietschy, Stephen D. Turley
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is believed to be preferentially utilized for bile acid synthesis and biliary secretion. In mice, the deletion of apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), the major apolipoprotein in HDL, results in very low plasma HDL–cholesterol levels. This article describes bile acid metabolism in apo AI–deficient (Apo AI -/- ) mice and their C57BL/6 (Apo AI +/+ ) controls fed either a basal rodent diet alone or containing cholesterol or cholestyramine. Basal plasma HDL–cholesterol levels in the -/- mice (&lt; 10 mg/dL) were less than 20% of those in their +/+ controls, but there were no phenotypic differences in either the relative cholesterol content of gallbladder bile, bile acid pool size and composition, fecal bile acid excretion or the activity of, or mRNA level for, cholesterol 7α–hydroxylase. However, compared with their +/+ controls, the -/- mice absorbed more cholesterol (33 vs. 24%) and manifested lower rates of hepatic sterol synthesis (534 vs. 1,019 nmol/h per g). Cholesterol feeding increased hepatic cholesterol levels in the +/+ animals from 2.7 to 4.4 mg/g and in the -/- mice from 2.6 to 8.1 mg/g. Bile acid synthesis increased 70% in both genotypes. Cholestyramine feeding stimulated bile acid synthesis 3.7 fold in both -/- and +/+ mice. We conclude that the virtual loss of HDL–cholesterol from the circulation in apo AI deficiency has no impact on the ability of the hepatocyte to adapt its rate of bile acid synthesis in concert with the amount of cholesterol and bile acid returning to the liver from the small intestine.
Biological Diversity and Public Health
Authors: Aaron S. Bernstein
Journal: Annual Review of Public Health (2014)

In the wake of a species extinction event unprecedented in human history, how the variety, distribution, and abundance of life on earth may influence health has gained credence as a worthy subject for research and study at schools of public health and for consideration among policy makers. This article reviews a few of the principal ways in which health depends on biodiversity, including the discovery of new medicines, biomedical research, the provision of food, and the distribution and spread of infections. It also examines how changes in biological diversity underlie much of the global burden of disease and how a more thorough understanding of life on earth and its relationships has the potential to greatly alleviate and prevent human suffering.
STUDIES IN STEROID METABOLISM. XXVII. A COMPARISON OF THE STEROID RESPONSE TO ACTH AND CORTISONE IN NORMAL YOUNG MEN 1
Authors: Attallah Kappas, Konrad Dobriner, T. F. Gallagher
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1955)

This study deals with the isolation and quantitative estimation of urinary ketosteroids following the administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone acetate to two normal young men, with appropriate control studies of their endogenous steroid excretion. The study was undertaken to obtain information on several aspects of endocrine physiology. The first of these was to provide an acceptable comparison for an investigation of the influence of stress upon the young male subject as measured by the output of steroid hormone metabolites. The second was to secure basic information relating to the nature of the adrenal response and the metabolic pathways utilized when the adrenal gland was stimulated by its trophic hormone as well as when the pituitary secretion was suppressed by the administration of large doses of exogenous steroid. The third was to obtain data after intravenously administered ACTH for comparison with the several studies in which much
Left-right asymmetry in two types of soccer kick.
Authors: B D McLean, D M Tumilty
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1993)

The ability to kick with both feet is regarded as a desirable skill in high level soccer players; however, most players display a dominance of kicking ability on one side. This study investigated the characteristics of asymmetry in two types of soccer kick. A low drive and a chip kick from both the left and right foot of 12 élite junior soccer players were analysed. Kick velocity, kick accuracy, position of the plant foot from the ball centre, and time from foot plant to ball contact were measured for each kick. Knee extension and flexion strength were also determined for each leg at 60 degree s-1, 180 degree s-1 and 240 degrees s-1 on a Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer. A single factor repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to velocity, plant foot position and timing parameters to compare between sides and between shots. chi 2 analysis was used to compare accuracy between shots and between sides, and a paired Student's t test was used to compare strength parameters between sides. Pearson's product moment correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between velocity and both leg strength and the time from foot plant to ball contact. Significance was set at P < or = 0.05. The results showed that this group had strength dominance at all speeds tested on the right side and better drive kick performance with their right leg as determined by mean(s.d.) velocity (79(6) versus 66(8) km h-1) and accuracy (66.6% versus 33.3%). There was no difference in these parameters between sides for chip kicks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Two distinct mechanisms for bilirubin glucuronide transport by rat bile canalicular membrane vesicles. Demonstration of defective ATP-dependent transport in rats (TR-) with inherited conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Authors: T Nishida, Z Gatmaitan, J Roy-Chowdhry, I M Arias
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid in hepatocytes and subsequently secreted in bile. The major conjugate is bilirubin diglucuronide. Using sealed vesicles which are primarily derived from the canalicular (CMV) and sinusoidal (SMV) membrane vesicle domains of the plasma membrane of hepatocytes, we demonstrated that bilirubin glucuronides are transported by CMV by both ATP- and membrane potential-dependent transport systems. In CMV from normal rats, these processes are additive. In CMV from TR- rats, which have an autosomal recessively inherited defect in biliary secretion of nonbile acid organic anions, ATP-dependent transport of bilirubin diglucuronide was absent whereas the membrane potential driven system was retained. Other canalicular ATP-dependent transport systems, which were previously described for organic cations and bile acids, are functionally retained in TR- rats. Our study indicates that bilirubin glucuronides are primarily secreted into the bile canaliculus by an ATP-dependent mechanism which is defective in an animal model of the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome.
Metabolism of Dimethylnitrosamine to Mutagenic Intermediates by Kidney Microsomal Enzymes and Correlation With Reported Host Susceptibility to Kidney Tumors2
Authors: U. Y. Weekes
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1975)

Purified kidney microsomal enzymes from C3H/HeJ and Ha/ICR mice exhibited an unusually high capacity to generate mutagenic metabolites from dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) when compared with similar enzyme preparations from BALB/cJ and RF/J mice. These results suggested that the DMNA-activating enzymes involved in mutagen formation were either present at higher levels or were more active in the kidneys of C3H/HeJ and Ha/ICR mice than in those of the other two strains. This strain difference correlated with the established susceptibility of these four strains to the neoplastic activity of DMNA.
Evidence for an influence of chemokine ligand 3-like 1 (CCL3L1) gene copy number on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: C McKinney, M E Merriman, P T Chapman, P J Gow, A A Harrison, J Highton, P B B Jones, L McLean, J L O'Donnell, V Pokorny, M Spellerberg, L K Stamp, J Willis, S Steer, T R Merriman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<h3>Objective:</h3> There is increasing evidence that gene copy-number variation influences phenotypic variation. Chemokine ligand 3-like 1 (<i>CCL3L1</i>) is encoded by a variable copy-number gene, and binds to several pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors, including chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Considering lymphocyte recruitment by β-chemokines is a feature of autoimmunity, and that the CCR5Δ32 variant is associated with protection to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we hypothesised that <i>CCL3L1</i> copy-number influences susceptibility to RA and type 1 diabetes (T1D). <h3>Methods:</h3> We measured <i>CCL3L1</i> copy-number in 1136 RA cases from New Zealand (NZ) and the UK, 252 NZ T1D cases and a total of 1470 controls. All subjects were ancestrally Caucasian. <h3>Results:</h3> A copy-number higher than 2 (the most common copy number) was a risk factor for RA in the NZ cohort (odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.08–1.66, p = 0.009) but not the smaller UK RA cohort (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.75–1.60, p = 0.643). There was evidence for association in the T1D cohort (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.98–2.20, p = 0.064) and in the combined RA/T1D cohort (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00–1.54, p = 0.003). Genetic interaction between <i>CCL3L1</i> dosage and CCR5 genotype was found; the increased genetic risk conferred by higher <i>CCL3L1</i> copy-number was ablated by a dysfunctional <i>CCR5</i> (<i>CCR5</i>Δ<i>32</i>). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> These data suggest that increased <i>CCL3L1</i> expression may enhance inflammatory responses and increase the chance of autoimmune disease. Genetic interaction data were consistent with a biologically plausible model; <i>CCR5</i>Δ<i>32</i> protects against RA and T1D by blocking signalling through the CCR5 pathway, mitigating the pro-inflammatory effects of excess CCL3L1.
A NOVEL METHOD OF CORONARY CALCIUM QUANTIFICATION ALLOWS THE EVALUATION OF BOTH CALCIUM SCORE AND CORONARY ANATOMY FROM A SINGLE CONTRAST ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
Authors: James Otton, Jacob T. Lønborg, David Boshell, Michael Feneley, Neville Sammel, Ken Sesel, Lourens Bester, Camilla Wainwright, Jane McCrohon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Ulnar Compression in the Loge de Guyon
Authors: S. Ashby Grantham
Journal: JAMA (1966)

JEAN CASIMIR FELIX GUYON was a French surgical pathologist (later professor of genitourinary surgery) who noticed in 1861 that digital pressure over the proximal hypothenar region of his own hand produced a bulge still more proximally at the volar wrist crease.<sup>1</sup>The evanescent swelling was initially considered to be synovial thickening, but cadaver dissection proved it to be a fibrofatty mass arising from an intra-aponeurotic space. Although Dr. Guyon was intrigued primarily by the lump of fibrofatty tissue residing in this "loge" (lodge), he described the course of the ulnar artery and nerve through the region and predicted that compressive difficulties might be clinically anticipated. Isolated ulnar-nerve motor paralysis in the hand due to occupational trauma was first clearly reported by Ramsey Hunt<sup>2</sup>in 1908. Seddon<sup>3</sup>and Brooks,<sup>4</sup>in 1952, independently drew attention to occult carpal ganglia often being the pressure-producing culprit. In an excellent article
Diurnal variation and adaptation of the cough response to citric acid in normal subjects.
Authors: J C Pounsford, K B Saunders
Journal: Thorax (1985)

The lowest concentrations of citric acid were measured that caused coughing in 10 normal subjects who inhaled successively higher concentrations. Two subjects did not cough at any concentration. In the remaining eight the threshold concentration was significantly higher when measured in the afternoon than it was in the morning (p less than 0.05). The expected diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was found (significant in the whole group--p less than 0.05); but PEFR did not change significantly when measured before and immediately after coughing caused by citric acid inhalations. In a second group of 10 normal subjects two series of citric acid inhalations were given, separated by one hour. The total number of coughs was significantly lower on the second run (p less than 0.05). Thus diurnal variation and adaptation of the cough response must be taken into account when antitussive drugs are tested.
Identification of intronic point mutations as an alternative mechanism for p53 inactivation in lung cancer.
Authors: T Takahashi, D D'Amico, I Chiba, D L Buchhagen, J D Minna
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The p53 gene initially was thought to be an oncogene, but recent evidence suggests that wild-type p53 can function as a tumor suppressor gene in lung, colon, and breast cancer as well as less common malignancies. This study reports the first identification of intronic point mutations as a mechanism for inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Abnormally sized p53 mRNAs found in a small cell and a non-small cell lung cancer cell line were characterized by sequence analysis of cDNA/PCR products, the RNase protection assay and immunoprecipitation. These mRNAs were found to represent aberrant splicing leading to the production of abnormal or no p53 protein. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA revealed that a point mutation at the splice acceptor site in the third intron or the splice donor site in the seventh intron accounts for the abnormal mRNA splicing. In one patient the same intronic point mutation was found in the tumor cell line derived from a bone marrow metastasis and in multiple liver metastases but not in normal DNA, indicating that it occurred as a somatic event before the development of these metastases. These findings further support the role of inactivation of the p53 gene in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and indicate the role of intronic point mutation in this process.
Legal Power and Legal Rights — Isolation and Quarantine in the Case of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: Wendy E. Parmet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

The recent case of Andrew Speaker has focused attention on the role of compulsory isolation and quarantine in tuberculosis control. Wendy Parmet writes that lost in the debate was the recognition of legal checks on the use of compulsory isolation and quarantine as well as the importance of such checks. Wendy Parmet discusses the case of Andrew Speaker and the appropriate use of legal and public health tools to interrupt transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Wendy Parmet is a professor of law at Northeastern University School of Law, Boston.