tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Marc A. Pfeffer, M.D., Ph.D
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1995)

▪ Abstract The loss of myocytes as a consequence of myocardial infarction results in a prompt reduction in regional wall motion and often leads to more protracted and progressive changes in ventricular architecture. The recognition that the process of ventricular enlargement following myocardial infarction is modifiable provided the initial rationale for the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors as therapy to prevent deterioration in ventricular size and function following infarction. Experimental and clinical studies have documented the effectiveness of this therapy in preventing this late enlargement following infarction. Increasing clinical evidence indicates that this new use of ACE inhibitor therapy in survivors of acute myocardial infarction will lead to an improvement in clinical outcome.
Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation
Authors: Bart N. Lambrecht, Marijke De Veerman, Anthony J. Coyle, Jose-Carlos Gutierrez-Ramos, Kris Thielemans, Romain A. Pauwels
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether dendritic cells (DCs) can induce sensitization to aeroallergen in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Ovalbumin-pulsed (OVA-pulsed) or unpulsed myeloid DCs that were injected into the airways of naive mice migrated into the mediastinal lymph nodes. When challenged 2 weeks later with an aerosol of OVA, activated CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils were recruited to the lungs of actively immunized mice. These CD4+ lymphocytes produced predominantly IL-4 and IL-5 but also IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ lymphocytes produced predominantly IFN-γ. Histological analysis revealed perivascular and peribronchial eosinophilic infiltrates and goblet cell hyperplasia. Studies in IL-4–/– and CD28–/– mice revealed that production of IL-4 by host cells and provision of costimulation to T cells by DCs were critical for inducing the response. Lung CD4+ T cells strongly expressed the Th2 marker T1/ST2, and signaling through this molecule via a ligand expressed on DCs was essential for the establishment of airway eosinophilia. These data demonstrate that DCs in the airways induce sensitization to inhaled antigen and that molecules expressed on the surface of these cells are critical for the development of Th2-dependent airway eosinophilia.
FULMINATING DYSENTERY IN A CHILD, CAUSED BY B. DYSENTERIAE SONNE
Authors: W. H. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1928)

r -TnEozL JOURITAtINo one wanits to keep a sick person at work, hut pre- vention of sickness by any means available is a good thing.A " breakdown " may conceivably bear somle relationi to being " fed-up."NATURE OF THHE SICKNESCS.So far we have considered the amount of sickncss; in some cases it has beeni possible for us to comllparel the miiedical diagnoses.Such diagnioses would in all cases be maade by a large number of different panel doctors in different neiglibourhoods, so that no one doctor's fads of nomen- clature can be represented.We have only considered the diagnoses for people on 1orig sick leave-that is, over thirty days.These show extraordinary diversity, not only in the gross amount of illness, but in its nature, as.iindicated by its diagnostic classification.Here are the -details of cases involving long sick leave durinig one year in two firms: Firmi-F.C.Firm-H.W.
World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, 2009
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

This is the fourth of four articles summarizing presentations at the seventh World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, held in San Francisco, California, on 5–7 November 2009. This installment pertains to insulin resistance (IR) mechanisms, the brain, and IR in youth and in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

### Hyperinsulinemia and insulin secretion abnormalities

#### Hyperinsulinemia causing IR.

Jesse Roth (New York, NY) suggested that, rather than IR, hyperinsulinemia should be considered the major mediator of adverse outcome, with hyperinsulinemia the underlying characteristic of all syndromes of IR (1). Recalling Edgar Allan Poe's story “The Purloined Letter,” Roth argued that the mediator of IR is insulin, which is “hidden in plain sight,” causing hormone-induced inhibition of hormone action. Similar phenomena are seen in choriocarcinoma, in which enormous amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin have no biological effect, in the divergence between the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which enhances fertility when given in a pulsatile fashion, while when administered continuously, it halts precocious puberty, or between the effect of parathormone given continuously, causing bone resorption, while bolus administration increases bone formation. High levels of insulin similarly decrease the effectiveness of insulin, and mice overexpressing the insulin gene, with doubling and quadrupling insulin levels, fail to show change in weight or fasting glucose, while developing IR, postprandial hyperglycemia, and decreased insulin receptor binding. Similar effects of hyperinsulinemia may be demonstrated in normal rats that are given increasing daily doses of insulin or that have hypothalamic damage, whereas ob/ob mice that are given alloxan or streptozotocin show improvement in insulin sensitivity. In humans, the Somogyi effect is of decreasing insulin doses improving glycemia, whereas patients with insulinoma develop IR, and pulsatile administration in a manner mimicking its physiologic release appears to have greater biologic effect than that of continuous infusion of a considerably greater amount of insulin (2). Basal insulin levels are twice …
Health-Related Quality of Life of Adolescent and Young Adult Patients With Cancer in the United States: The Adolescent and Young Adult Health Outcomes and Patient Experience Study
Authors: Ashley Wilder Smith, Keith M. Bellizzi, Theresa H.M. Keegan, Brad Zebrack, Vivien W. Chen, Anne Victoria Neale, Ann S. Hamilton, Margarett Shnorhavorian, Charles F. Lynch
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) diagnosed with cancer face numerous physical, psychosocial, and practical challenges. This article describes the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and associated demographic and health-related characteristics of this developmentally diverse population.Data are from the Adolescent and Young Adult Health Outcomes and Patient Experience (AYA HOPE) study, a population-based cohort of 523 AYA patients with cancer, ages 15 to 39 years at diagnosis from 2007 to 2009. Comparisons are made by age group and with general and healthy populations. Multiple linear regression models evaluated effects of demographic, disease, health care, and symptom variables on multiple domains of HRQOL using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Short-Form Health Survey 12 (SF-12).Overall, respondents reported significantly worse HRQOL across both physical and mental health scales than did general and healthy populations. The greatest deficits were in limitations to physical and emotional roles, physical and social functioning, and fatigue. Teenaged patients (ages 15 to 17 years) reported worse physical and work/school functioning than patients 18 to 25 years old. Regression models showed that HRQOL was worse for those in treatment, with current/recent symptoms, or lacking health insurance at any time since diagnosis. In addition, sarcoma patients, Hispanic patients, and those with high school or lower education reported worse physical health. Unmarried patients reported worse mental health.Results suggest that AYAs with cancer have major decrements in several physical and mental HRQOL domains. Vulnerable subgroups included Hispanic patients, those with less education, and those without health insurance. AYAs also experienced higher levels of fatigue that were influenced by current symptoms and treatment. Future research should explore ways to address poor functioning in this understudied group.
Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor–Associated Kinase-1 in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Preneoplastic Lesions
Authors: Carmen Behrens, Lei Feng, Humam Kadara, Hyun-Jung Kim, J. Jack Lee, Reza Mehran, Waun Ki Hong, Reuben Lotan, Ignacio I. Wistuba
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: To identify the pattern of interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinase (IRAK-1) protein expression in non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and corresponding preneoplastic lesions. Experimental Design: Archived tissue from NSCLC (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma; n = 306) and adjacent bronchial epithelial specimens (n = 315) were analyzed for the immunohistochemical expression of IRAK-1, and the findings were correlated with patients' clinicopathologic features. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between IRAK-1 expression and expression of NF-κB and IL-1α in tumor specimens. Results: NSCLC tumors showed significantly higher cytoplasmic and lower nuclear IRAK-1 expression than normal epithelium. Squamous dysplasias had significantly higher cytoplasmic IRAK-1 expression than normal epithelium. In tumors, a significant positive correlation was detected between IRAK-1 expression (nuclear and cytoplasmic; P = 0.011) and IL-1α cytoplasmic expression (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). The correlation between the expression of the markers and patients' clinicopathologic features varied according to tumor histologic type and sex. High IRAK-1 cytoplasmic expression correlated with worse recurrence-free survival in women with NSCLC [hazard ratio (HR), 2.204; P = 0.033], but not in men. In adenocarcinoma, combined low level of expression of nuclear IRAK-1 and NF-κB correlated significantly with worse overall (HR, 2.485; P = 0.007) and recurrence-free (HR, 3.058; P = 0.006) survivals in stage I/II patients. Conclusions: IRAK-1 is frequently expressed in NSCLC tissue specimens, and this expression is an early phenomenon in the sequential development of lung cancer. IRAK-1 is a novel inflammation-related marker and a potential target for lung cancer chemopreventive strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 16(1); 34–44
A sports medicine clinic in the community.
Authors: J Davison, M P Ryan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1988)

We report the attempt to set up a mini sports medicine clinic in a health centre resourced by a Department of Community Medicine. The type of problems seen are similar to those reported by other clinics. On the results of this pilot project, we believe it would be possible to establish similar clinics in health centres elsewhere in the United Kingdom. The National Health Service resources required are minimal, but the benefits to local communities are considerable.
Viral wheezing is virus specific and not just host specific
Authors: M. Korppi
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

To the Editors:

In a recent issue of the European Respiratory Journal , Strippoli et al. [1] reported their interesting findings on exclusive viral wheezing versus allergic wheezing in a large population-based, prospectively followed cohort including 4,102 children at 1 yr and 1,858 children at 9 yrs of age. The parents reported current wheezing in 36, 20, 16 and 16% of the children at age 1, 4, 6 and 9 yrs, respectively. The study showed considerable age-related, parent-reported changes in the relative importance of triggers for wheezing in children. The proportion of infection decreased constantly from 94.1% (at age 1 yr) to 81.0% (at age 9 yrs) and the proportion of allergic wheeze increased constantly from 7.5% (at age 1 yr) to 62.4% (at age 9 yrs). The proportion of exercise as a trigger for wheezing was rather similar at all ages, …
Increased serum placenta growth factor level is significantly associated with progression, recurrence and poor prognosis of lung cancer
Authors: Shih-Lung Cheng
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

We recently found that the expression of placenta growth factor (PlGF) in lung cancer specimens is correlated with the progression and prognosis. In this study, serum samples were obtained from 72 patients with lung cancer and from 30 normal controls. Serum PlGF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean serum PlGF levels were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in normal controls (19.1 ± 10.7 vs. 10.1 ± 4.5,  P   P =  0.015), positive lymph node metastasis ( P  = 0.001), more advanced clinical stages ( P  = 0.002), and loco-regional recurrence ( P  = 0.037). The serum PlGF level was identified as an independent unfavorable prognosis factor by multivariate Cox regression analyses ( P  = 0.014). Kaplan-Meier curve showed that lung cancer patients with a higher serum PlGF level had a significantly poorer cumulative recurrence-free survival than those with a lower serum PlGF level (log-rank test,  P  = 0.009). When we used the serum PlGF level of 19.1 pg/ml as a cutoff point, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for tumor recurrence was 80%, 56% and 78%, respectively. We conclude that the serum PlGF level may be a valuable biomarker for prediction of therapeutic effect, progression, recurrence and prognosis of lung cancer.
Effect of tegaserod in chronic constipation: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
Authors: John F. Johanson, Arnold Wald, Gervais Tougas, William D. Chey, James S. Novick, Anthony J. Lembo, Fiona Fordham, Mary Guella, Brigitte Nault
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2004)
Development of the Renal Arterioles
Authors: Maria Luisa S. Sequeira Lopez, R. Ariel Gomez
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2011)

The kidney is a highly vascularized organ that normally receives a fifth of the cardiac output. The unique spatial arrangement of the kidney vasculature with each nephron is crucial for the regulation of renal blood flow, GFR, urine concentration, and other specialized kidney functions. Thus, the proper and timely assembly of kidney vessels with their respective nephrons is a crucial morphogenetic event leading to the formation of a functioning kidney necessary for independent extrauterine life. Mechanisms that govern the development of the kidney vasculature are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the anatomical development, embryological origin, lineage relationships, and key regulators of the kidney arterioles and postglomerular circulation. Because renal disease is associated with deterioration of the kidney microvasculature and/or the reenactment of embryonic pathways, understanding the morphogenetic events and processes that maintain the renal vasculature may open new avenues for the preservation of renal structure and function and prevent the progression of renal disease.
Antigens of human trophoblast. Effects of heterologous anti-trophoblast sera on lymphocyte responses in vitro.
Authors: J A McIntyre, W P Faulk
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

This report describes the inhibition of human mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions by rabbit antisera to intact and detergent solubilized, fractionated, human trophoblast membranes. Heat-inactivated antisera were passed through solid-phase immunoabsorption columns of normal human serum and extensively absorbed with human erythrocytes, lymphocytes and liver powder. Immunohistological experiments with these absorbed antisera showed that they reacted brilliantly with syncytiotrophoblast in cryostat sections of human but not baboon or monkey placentae, and not with other normal adult tissues including peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Addition of these antisera to MLC reactions produced significant and reproducible suppression of responses without affecting cell viability. Absorption studies demonstrated complete removal of MLC inhibition and trophoblast membranes but not with PBL or suspensions of HEp-2 cells. Timed experiments showed that optimal inhibition occurred when the antisera were added between 2 and 6 h after culture initiation, and that little suppression was achieved after 18 h. Lymphocytes harvested from MLC reactions after 2 h showed that 3--5% of the cells reacted with PBL/liver-absorbed anti-trophoblast sera, and that unstimulated PBL were negative. Cultures of subhuman primate lymphocytes in the presence of heterologous antisera to human trophoblast membranes showed total inhibition of rhesus:human and human:rhesus MLC, and no suppression of baboon:human or human:baboon reactions, whereas human lymphocytes responded in an exagerated manner when stimulated by baboon cells. Modulated MLC responses to human, rhesus, or baboon lymphocytes, in the presence of anti-trophoblast sera indicate that the antisera recognize trophoblast cross-reactive lymphocytes antigens. We propose that these antigens are reaction products of cell-cell interactions, and that the nature of the antigens is determined by the specificity of the recognition signals which initiate the reaction.
Optical Imaging of Tumors with Copper-Labeled Rhodamine Derivatives by Targeting Mitochondria
Authors: Xin Yan, Yang Zhou, Shuang Liu
Journal: Theranostics (2012)

In this study, we evaluated Cu(L1) in two xenografted tumor-bearing (U87MG and MDA-MB-435) animal models to prove the concept that Cu(II)-labeled rhodamine derivatives, Cu(L) (L = L1 - L4) are useful as selective fluorescent probes for tumor imaging. We found that both multidrug resistance (MDR) negative U87MG gliomas and MDR-positive MDA-MB-435 breast tumors could be visualized. Because of tissue attenuation, accurate quantification of tumor uptake was difficult by optical methods. Therefore, (64)Cu(L) (L = L1 - L4) were evaluated to compare their biodistribution properties. It was found that all four (64)Cu radiotracers had a high glioma uptake ((64)Cu(L1): 5.71± 1.43 %ID/g; (64)Cu(L2): 5.98 ± 2.75 %ID/g; (64)Cu(L3): 4.28 ± 1.45 %ID/g; and (64)Cu(L4): 6.25 ± 3.42 %ID/g) with (64)Cu(L1) showing the highest tumor/background ratios. In athymic nude mice bearing MDA-MB-435 breast cancer xenografts, (64)Cu(L4) showed almost identical normal organ uptake to that in the glioma-bearing animals, but its breast tumor uptake (1.26 ± 0.10% ID/g) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than that in the glioma (6.25 ± 3.42% ID/g) because of MDR Pgps (P-glycoproteins) and MRPs (multidrug resistance-associated proteins) overexpressed in the xenografted MDA-MB-435 breast tumors. Results from cellular staining assays showed that both Cu(L2) and Cu(L4) were able to localize in mitochondria of U87MG cells, and their tumor selectivity was caused by the elevated negative mitochondrial potential in U87MG glioma cells as compared to that in human fibroblast cells. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that Cu(L) (L = L1 - L4) are useful as selective fluorescent probes for cellular staining assays and optical tumor imaging while (64)Cu(L) (L = L1 - L4) have the potential as PET radiotracers for tumor imaging. This study represents a good example of dual modality imaging (PET and optical) using two agents, (64)Cu(L) and Cu(L), with identical chemical composition. Future research will focus on developing new fluorescent probes with longer wavelength and reduced liver uptake.
The chemokine receptor CCR6 facilitates the onset of mammary neoplasia in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model via recruitment of tumor-promoting macrophages
Authors: Sarah T. Boyle, Jessica W. Faulkner, Shaun R. McColl, Marina Kochetkova
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2015)

The expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6 has been previously correlated with higher grades and stages of breast cancer and decreased relapse-free survival. Also, its cognate chemokine ligand CCL20 has been reported to induce proliferation of cultured human breast epithelial cells. To establish if CCR6 plays a functional role in mammary tumorigenesis, a bigenic MMTV-PyMT CCR6-null mouse was generated and mammary tumor development was assessed. Levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells within tumor-bearing mammary glands from MMTV-PyMT Ccr6 WT and Ccr6 −/− mice were also analyzed. Deletion of CCR6 delayed tumor onset, significantly reduced the extent of initial hyperplastic outgrowth, and decreased tumor incidence in PyMT transgenic mice. CCR6 was then shown to promote the recruitment of pro-tumorigenic macrophages to the tumor site, facilitating the onset of neoplasia. This study delineated for the first time a role for CCR6 in the development of breast cancer, and demonstrated a critical function for this receptor in maintaining the pro-tumorigenic cancer microenvironment.
Recent developments in Bell's palsy
Authors: N Julian Holland, Graeme M Weiner
Journal: BMJ (2004)

General practitioners in the United Kingdom will see about one patient with Bell's palsy every two years. Increasing evidence shows that the way the patient is managed has an important effect on outcome. Untreated Bell's palsy leaves some patients with major facial dysfunction and a reduced quality of life. Of patients with Bell's palsy registered by general practitioners between 1992 and 1996 a fifth were referred for specialist opinion, just over a third received oral steroids, and 0.6% received aciclovir.1 Improving outcomes requires coordination between specialists and general practitioners so that patients are treated during the critical first 72 hours. We outline recent developments in Bell's palsy and current best evidence in its management.

We canvassed specialists with an interest in acute facial palsy and incorporated the latest consensus from key publications and systematic reviews. We performed a hierarchical literature search through Medline, CINAHL, SUMSearch, bmj.com, Lancet Neurology Network, Bandolier, Health Technology Assessment, Clinical Evidence, and the Cochrane Library. Both authors are otolaryngologists with an interest in neurotology and facial palsy.

Bell's palsy accounts for almost three quarters of all acute facial palsies, with the highest incidence in the 15 to 45 year old age group (table 1).2 The annual incidence in the UK population is around 20 per 100 000, with one in 60 people being affected during their lifetime. Men and women are equally affected, although the incidence is higher in pregnant women (45 cases per 100 000).

View this table:

Table 1 
Causes and incidence of acute facial palsy2



#### Recent developments

Bell's palsy is probably caused by herpes viruses, mainly herpes simplex virus type 1 and herpes zoster virus

Facial palsy improves after treatment with combined oral aciclovir and prednisone

Treatment of partial Bell's palsy is controversial; a few patients don't recover if left untreated

Treatment is probably more effective …
Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development
Authors: Gordon C. Douglas, Catherine A. VandeVoort, Priyadarsini Kumar, Tien-Cheng Chang, Thaddeus G. Golos
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2009)

The placenta is an ephemeral organ containing diverse populations of trophoblasts that are all derived from the embryonic trophectoderm but have morphological, functional, and molecular diversity within and across species. In hemochorial placentation, these cells play especially important roles, interfacing with and modifying the cells of the maternal decidua. Within the rapidly growing placenta, it has been shown that there are trophoblast stem cells well characterized in the mouse and postulated but not well understood in primates. This review will discuss the characteristics of candidates for human and nonhuman primate trophoblast stem cells, present the diverse methods of their generation, and propose future prospects for experimental systems in which they can shed light on developmental and pathophysiological processes in human pregnancy.