tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of aminophylline on respiratory muscle strength after upper abdominal surgery: a double blind study.
Authors: N M Siafakas, A Stoubou, M Stathopoulou, V Haviaras, N Tzanakis, D Bouros
Journal: Thorax (1993)

BACKGROUND--The effect of aminophylline on maximum respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery was investigated. METHODS--An open pilot study was performed in which aminophylline was administered continuously for 48 hours after surgery (protocol I). In a second group of subjects aminophylline was given for 24 hours after cholecystectomy in a double blind placebo controlled trial (protocol II). Twelve patients participated in the pilot study (group A) and 25 in protocol II of which 14 received aminophylline (group B) and 11 placebo (control, group C). Respiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuring mouth pressures during maximum static inspiratory and expiratory efforts. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), inspiratory maximum pressures (PImax), expiratory maximum pressures (PEmax) were measured 24 hours preoperatively, PImax and serum theophylline 24 hours postoperatively, and FEV1, FVC, VC, PImax, PEmax, and serum theophylline 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS--FEV1, FVC, and VC decreased in all groups of patients at +48 hours. PImax fell at +24 hours and +48 hours but this decrease was significantly smaller in the two groups who received aminophylline than in the control group. PEmax showed a decrease at +48 hours but this reduction was similar in all three groups studied, independent of the treatment given. These data suggest that either aminophylline had a protective effect only on the inspiratory muscles or, most probably, that the effect of aminophylline was central, reducing the phrenic nerve inhibition induced by cholecystectomy and thus improving diaphragmatic function. CONCLUSIONS--Upper abdominal surgery decreases inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength and aminophylline has a protective effect only on inspiratory muscle function. This may have important clinical applications in minimising pulmonary complications after cholecystectomy.
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance
Authors: A.-P. Magiorakos, A. Srinivasan, R.B. Carey, Y. Carmeli, M.E. Falagas, C.G. Giske, S. Harbarth, J.F. Hindler, G. Kahlmeter, B. Olsson-Liljequist, D.L. Paterson, L.B. Rice, J. Stelling, M.J. Struelens, A. Vatopoulos, J.T. Weber, D.L. Monnet
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2011)
International Union of Pharmacology. LIX. The Pharmacology and Classification of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily: Thyroid Hormone Receptors
Authors: Frédéric Flamant, John D. Baxter, Douglas Forrest, Samuel Refetoff, Herbert Samuels, Tom S. Scanlan, Bjorn Vennström, Jacques Samarut
Journal: Pharmacological Reviews (2006)

The initial identification of thyroid hormone receptors (TRs[1][1]) was based on binding studies ([Oppenheimer et al., 1972][2]). The TR main ligand is 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3). T3 production primarily results from deiodination of thyroxine (T4), which is secreted by the thyroid gland. Most
Forging Forward with 10 Burning Questions on FGF23 in Kidney Disease
Authors: Myles Wolf
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

The discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) as the causal factor in the pathogenesis of rare forms of hypophosphatemic rickets is rapidly reshaping our understanding of disordered mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Excessive production of FGF23 by osteocytes is an appropriate compensation to help maintain normal phosphorus metabolism in these patients. Beginning in early CKD, progressive increases in levels of FGF23 enhance phosphaturia on a per-nephron basis and inhibit calcitriol production, thereby contributing centrally to the predominant phosphorus phenotype of predialysis kidney disease: normal serum phosphate, increased fractional excretion of phosphate, and calcitriol deficiency. A proliferation of studies linking phosphorus and now FGF23 excess to adverse renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD is setting the stage for novel clinical trials that could ultimately bring FGF23 testing into the clinic. Ten burning questions must be addressed to galvanize FGF23 research further in CKD.
The role of dose size in a chemotherapy regimen (ProMECE-CytaBOM) for the first-line treatment of large B-cell lymphomas: a randomized trial by the Gruppo Italiano Studio Linfomi (GISL)
Authors: P.G. Gobbi, C. Broglia, F. Valentino, C. Mammi, M. Lombardo, F. Merli, S. Luminari, G. Polimeno, A. Riezzo, P. Lambelet, A. Rovati, G.R. Corazza, M. Federico
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
An overnight comparison of two ventilators used in the treatment of chronic respiratory failure
Authors: M.P. Highcock, E. Morrish, S. Jamieson, J.M. Shneerson, I.E. Smith
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Differences between bilevel ventilators used for noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) have been demonstrated during bench testing. However, there are no clinical studies comparing these machines. The authors have previously shown that the Quantum pressure support ventilator and Sullivan variable positive airway pressure II ST differ in performance during bench testing. To examine the clinical significance of this, these two machines were compared in the overnight treatment of subjects with chronic respiratory failure. Ten clinically-stable subjects with thoracic scoliosis were recruited. The subjects were already established on NIPPV, but none were using either of the ventilators to be tested. After familiarisation, the patients used the two ventilators in random order on consecutive nights. Peripheral oxygen saturation and transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension ( P t,CO 2 ) were measured continuously, and sleep was recorded using polysomnography. There were no significant differences in arterial oxygen saturation, P t,CO 2 or sleep duration and quality between the two nights. Despite previously illustrated variation in laboratory performance, no differences were seen between the two ventilators when comparing overnight gas exchange and sleep in vivo . Further study is required to evaluate the significance of the differences found during bench testing in the clinical setting.
Analysis of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9 Polymorphisms in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS)
Authors: K. Scheckenbach, V. Balz, A. Chaker, M. Hauer, S. Hindersin, J. Greve, M. Wagenmann
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Research progress on combat trauma treatment in cold regions
Authors: Hui-Shan Wang, Jin-Song Han
Journal: Military Medical Research (2014)

Cold regions are a special combat environment in which low temperatures have a great impact on human metabolism and other vital functions, including the nervous, motion, cardiovascular, circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems; consequently, low temperatures often aggravate existing trauma, leading to high mortality rates if rapid and appropriate treatment is not provided. Hypothermia is an independent risk factor of fatality following combat trauma; therefore, proactive preventative measures are needed to reduce the rate of mortality. After summarizing the basic research on battlefield environments and progress in the prevention and treatment of trauma, this article concludes that current treatment and prevention measures for combat trauma in cold regions are inadequate. Future molecular biology studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and relevant cell factors underlying bodily injury caused by cold environment, a research goal will also allow further exploration of corresponding treatments.
Bone morphogenetic proteins induce the expression of noggin, which limits their activity in cultured rat osteoblasts.
Authors: E Gazzerro, V Gangji, E Canalis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce the differentiation of cells of the osteoblastic lineage and enhance the function of the osteoblast. Growth factors are regulated by binding proteins, but there is no information about binding proteins for BMPs in skeletal cells. Noggin specifically binds BMPs, but its expression by cells of the osteoblastic lineage has not been reported. We tested for the expression of noggin and its induction by BMP-2 in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-d-old fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). BMP-2 caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in noggin mRNA and polypeptide levels, as determined by Northern and Western blot analyses. The effects of BMP-2 on noggin transcripts were dependent on protein, but independent of DNA synthesis. BMP-2 increased the rates of noggin transcription as determined by nuclear run-on assays. BMP-4, BMP-6, and TGF-beta1 increased noggin mRNA in Ob cells, but basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet- derived growth factor BB, and IGF-I did not. Noggin decreased the stimulatory effects of BMPs on DNA and collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity in Ob cells. In conclusion, BMPs induce noggin transcription in Ob cells, a probable mechanism to limit BMP action in osteoblasts.
THE EFFECT OF A THYROTROPHIC HORMONE PREPARATION ON THE METABOLISM OF RADIOIODINE IN EUTHYROID, HYPERTHYROID AND ACROMEGALIC INDIVIDUALS 1
Authors: David V. Becker, J. E. Rall, Wendell Peacock, Rulon W. Rawson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1953)

The role played by the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of the pituitary in thyroid disease has excited speculation for some time. The similarity of the effects produced by this material to some of the physiological changes noted in Graves' disease seems more than coincidental. It was early shown that the injection of a crude anterior pituitary preparation in man would cause an elevation in the basal metabolic rate (1, 2). Later studies have shown that thyrotrophin administration to euthyroid normals will increase the radioiodine uptake of the thyroid and the level of the proteinbound iodine of the serum (3-5). Goldsmith, Stanbury, and Brownell have recently demonstrated that the injection of preparations of this material causes an increase in the rate of release of hormone from the thyroid gland (6). Studies on the rat and chick have demonstrated similar changes (7-10).
Thyroid disease in northern Italian children born around the time of the Chernobyl nuclear accident
Authors: F. Chiesa, N. Tradati, L. Calabrese, B. Gibelli, G. Giugliano, G. Paganelli, C. De Cicco, C. Grana, G. Tosi, E. DeFiori, G. Cammarano, A. Cusati, S. Zurrida
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2004)

The Chernobyl nuclear accident of 1986 caused a dramatic increase in the incidence of thyroid cancers in exposed children in Belarus. Airborne radioactivity from the reactor spread over northern Italy, where rainout gave rise to low levels of radioactivity at ground level.As the latency between exposure to ionising radiation and development of thyroid cancer is thought to be about 10 years, in 1996/1997 all children born in 1985 and 1986 and attending school in an area of Milan, Italy were examined for thyroid nodules. A total of 3949 children were examined by two physicians blinded to the examination and diagnosis of the other. The children were to be reassessed in 2001/2002.In total, 1% had palpable nodules. The nodule diagnoses were: Hurtle cell adenoma (one), thyroglossal duct cyst (one), thyroid cyst (four) and thyroiditis (four). The prevalence of thyroid disease in the cohort was indistinguishable from that of populations not exposed to radioactive pollution. Only 10 children re-presented for examination 5 years later; all were negative. The direct costs of the study were estimated at 21,200 Euros.The high cost of the study in relation to reassuring lack of increase in thyroid nodule prevalence suggests that further studies are not justified.
RECIPROCAL AGGLUTINATION AND ABSORPTION OF AGGLUTININ TESTS WITH FIFTY-FOUR STRAINS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ASSOCIATED WITH AN EPIDEMIC OF PUERPERAL FEVER
Authors: Frank L. Meleney, Helen Zaytzeff, Harold D. Harvey, Zung-Dau Zau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

1. A study has been made by means of agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, of the antigenic relationships of 54 strains of hemolytic streptococci associated with an epidemic of puerperal fever in a large city obstetric hospital. 2. These organisms were cultured from the blood, vaginæ, peritoneal cavities and metastatic foci of patients, from the noses and throats of patients and staff members and from the peritoneum and axillary abscess of two of the nurses. 3. In preliminary agglutination tests twenty-one out of thirty-one cultures from the patients and nine out of twenty-three cultures from the hospital personnel, fell into a single agglutinative group. 4. By reciprocal agglutination and absorption of agglutinin tests, six of these strains were demonstrated to be antigenically identical. Two of these came from patients' blood cultures, three from patients' vaginal cultures and one from the nasal culture of one of the nurses. This nurse was, however, not the original carrier for she did not join the hospital staff until after the epidemic began. 5. By agglutination and complete absorption of agglutinin, sixteen more strains showed their antigenic similarity to, if not identity with, these other six strains. Four of these sixteen came from metastatic foci and two from the vaginæ of four of the five patients which had yielded from another source, the identical strains mentioned in 4. Nine came from eight other patients and one from the axillary abscess of a nurse. No reciprocal tests were possible with these sixteen strains because sera had not been prepared against them. 6. Five other strains which completely absorbed agglutinin had evidently lost their ability to agglutinate. Two of these strains were from the blood cultures and two from the vaginal cultures of two fatal cases. One was from the peritoneal cavity of a nurse. 7. Two of these five strains when injected into rabbits in the usual way for the purpose of producing agglutinating antiserum, stimulated the production of sera which agglutinated completely the six antigenically identical strains but failed to agglutinate the homologous strains used to produce the respective sera. 8. These two strains therefore retained the antigenic properties first of stimulating the agglutinating antibody in normal animals and second of uniting with the agglutinating antibody in the serum but lost the ability to bring about the second phase of agglutination—namely flocculation. 9. We have demonstrated, therefore, a more or less permanent splitting of the phenomenon of agglutination.
Mild B-cell lymphocytosis in patients with a CARD11 C49Y mutation
Authors: David Buchbinder, Jeffrey R. Stinson, Diane J. Nugent, Lucie Heurtier, Felipe Suarez, Gauthaman Sukumar, Clifton L. Dalgard, Cécile Masson, Mélanie Parisot, Yu Zhang, Helen F. Matthews, Helen C. Su, Anne Durandy, Alain Fischer, Sven Kracker, Andrew L. Snow
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Origin of rat beta-globin haplotypes containing three and five genes.
Authors: T Paunesku, M Stevanović, D Radosavljević, R Drmanac, R Crkvenjakov
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1990)

We have reported in rat three adult beta-gene haplotypes containing either five or three genes. Detailed sequence analysis reveals that the leftmost gene is the major gene and that at the opposite end downstream lies the minor gene. All of the genes lying between them are minor-major hybrids indicating their origin by unequal crossing-over. In two haplotypes beta-globin genes were found with an L1(1) element inserted directly into IVS2. The described results allow the formulation of a pathway of mutational events leading from the ancient two-beta-gene rodent ancestor through a three-gene haplotype to five-gene haplotypes, one of which is postulated to have arisen in common laboratory strains since their capture in the wild.
“Eye-tracking” for assessment of image perception in gastrointestinal endoscopy with narrow-band imaging compared with white-light endoscopy
Authors: A. Meining, S. Atasoy, A. Chung, N. Navab, G. Yang
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Background and study aims: Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a new imaging methodology for improving the detection rate of gastrointestinal lesions. We aimed to evaluate perception of images by NBI and corresponding standard white-light-endoscopy (WLE) using a computer-guided eye-tracking system.
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis
Authors: Mitsuhiro Yokoyama, Hideki Origasa, Masunori Matsuzaki, Yuji Matsuzawa, Yasushi Saito, Yuichi Ishikawa, Shinichi Oikawa, Jun Sasaki, Hitoshi Hishida, Hiroshige Itakura, Toru Kita, Akira Kitabatake, Noriaki Nakaya, Toshiie Sakata, Kazuyuki Shimada, Kunio Shirato
Journal: The Lancet (2007)
Epigenetic control of the basal-like gene expression profile via Interleukin-6 in breast cancer cells
Authors: Laura D'Anello, Pasquale Sansone, Gianluca Storci, Valentina Mitrugno, Gabriele D'Uva, Pasquale Chieco, Massimiliano Bonafé
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Abstract Background Basal-like carcinoma are aggressive breast cancers that frequently carry p53 inactivating mutations, lack estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and express the cancer stem cell markers CD133 and CD44. These tumors also over-express Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine that stimulates the growth of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. Results Here we show that p53 deficiency in breast cancer cells induces a loss of methylation at IL-6 proximal promoter region, which is maintained by an IL-6 autocrine loop. IL-6 also elicits the loss of methylation at the CD133 promoter region 1 and of CD44 proximal promoter, enhancing CD133 and CD44 gene transcription. In parallel, IL-6 induces the methylation of estrogen receptor (ERα) promoter and the loss of ERα mRNA expression. Finally, IL-6 induces the methylation of IL-6 distal promoter and of CD133 promoter region 2, which harbour putative repressor regions. Conclusion We conclude that IL-6, whose methylation-dependent autocrine loop is triggered by the inactivation of p53, induces an epigenetic reprogramming that drives breast carcinoma cells towards a basal-like/stem cell-like gene expression profile.
Low sputum MMP-9/TIMP ratio is associated with airway narrowing in smokers with asthma
Authors: Rekha Chaudhuri, Charles McSharry, Jeffrey Brady, Christal Grierson, C. Martina Messow, Mark Spears, Gino Miele, Karl Nocka, William MacNee, Martin Connell, John T. Murchison, Michael Sproule, Omar J. Hilmi, Douglas K. Miller, Neil C. Thomson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Asthmatic smokers have poor symptom control and accelerated decline in lung function. A reduced ratio of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in nonsmokers with asthma has been implicated in airway remodelling. We tested the hypothesis that sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMPs ratios are reduced in smokers compared with never-smokers with asthma and are associated with reduced lung function and altered computed tomography (CT) measures of airway wall dimensions. Lung function, airway dimensions by CT, and induced sputum concentrations (and activity) of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and -2 were measured in 81 asthmatics and 43 healthy subjects (smokers and never-smokers). Respiratory epithelial MMP9 and TIMP mRNA was quantified in 31 severe asthmatics and 32 healthy controls. Sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 ratios, and nasal epithelial MMP9/TIMP1 and MMP9/TIMP2 expression ratios were reduced in smokers with asthma compared with never-smokers with asthma. Low sputum ratios in asthmatic smokers were associated with reduced post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ), FEV 1 /forced vital capacity ratio and segmental airway lumen area. The association of a low sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMP-1 ratio with persistent airflow obstruction and reduced CT airway lumen area in smokers with asthma may indicate that an imbalance of MMP-9 and TIMPs contributes to structural changes to the airways in this group.
Drug control in sport is about protecting athletes from exploitation
Authors: J. Symonds
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Shuster’s argument that banning athletes who take drugs is unjustifiable would have strength if the reason for banning drugs were to ensure fairness of competition, but it is not.1 The principle behind drug control is to prevent athletes from compromising their health for the sake of their sport.

The fact that there is little evidence for the performance …
Thyroid Function After Mantle Irradiation in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Robert E. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1981)

We studied the thyroid function of 64 patients with Hodgkin's disease who received mantle irradiation during the period 1966 to 1976. More than two thirds (44 of 64) had some thyroid dysfunction. Twenty had mild dysfunction manifested by an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Twenty had what could be termed compensated hypothyroidism while four were overtly hypothyroid. The severity of dysfunction was not related to age, sex, or chemotherapy. We found, however, that decreased thyroid function was inversely proportional to the length of time between a diagnostic lymphangiogram and the radiation therapy. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the iodine load of the lymphangiogram renders the thyroid gland more radiosensitive. Thyroxine suppression of the thyroid gland during the period from the lymphangiogram through the termination of radiation therapy is suggested as a means of avoiding thyroid injury.
Microcarrier culture of neonatal cardiac myocytes in metabolic studies
Authors: P. A UUSIMAA, J K. HILTUNEN, R. T SORMUNEN, I. E HASSINEN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Using a new method of culturing neonatal rat heart muscle cells on collagen coated Sephadex microspheres the culture showed increasing biomass for 72 h, at which time 44% of the cells were myocytes. At 24 h after inoculation 63% of the cells were myocytes, and from 48 h onwards they were beating spontaneously. The cell yield was sufficient for metabolite determination by enzymatic cycling and fluorometric methods. The ease of manipulation of the cells on the microspheres gives this method considerable potential for studies of compartmentation, biosynthesis, and secretion in cardiac myocytes.