tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mesenchymal stem cells. A potential source for skeletal repair
Authors: W E Fibbe
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

he bone marrow serves as a reservoir for different classes of stem cells.In addtion to haematopoietic stem cells the bone marrow comprises a population of marrow stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).][3] Recently, techniques have become available to isolate and grow mesenchymal progenitors and to manipulate their growth under defined in vitro culture conditions.As a result MSCs can be rapidly expanded to numbers that are required for clinical application.Here the role of MSCs for repair of bone and cartilage is discussed.. . . . . . .
Monocyte and granulocyte-mediated tumor cell destruction. A role for the hydrogen peroxide-myeloperoxidase-chloride system.
Authors: S J Weiss, A Slivka
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Human monocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate were able to destroy a T lymphoblast cell target (CEM). Stimulated human granulocytes were also capable of mediating CEM cytotoxicity to a comparable degree as the monocyte. CEM destruction was dependent on the pH and the effector cell number. Both monocyte or granulocyte mediated cytotoxicity were inhibited by the addition of catalase, whereas superoxide dismutase had no inhibitory effect. In addition, CEM were protected from cytolysis by the effector cells by the myeloperoxidase inhibitors, azide and cyanide, or by performing the experiment under halide-free conditions. Glucose oxidase, an enzyme system capable of generating hydrogen peroxide, did not mediate CEM cytotoxicity, while the addition of purified myeloperoxidase dramatically enhanced cytolysis. Hypochlorous acid scavengers prevented CEM destruction by the glucose oxidase-myeloperoxidase-chloride system but neither hydroxyl radical nor singlet oxygen scavengers had any protective effect. These hypochlorous acid scavengers were also successful in inhibiting monocyte or granulocyte-mediated CEM cytotoxicity. Based on these observations we propose that human monocytes or granulocytes can utilize the hydrogen peroxide-myeloperoxidase-chloride system to generate hypochlorous acid or species of similar reactivity as a potential mediator of CEM destruction.
Reasoning is for thinking, not just for arguing
Authors: Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2011)

Abstract There is indeed extensive evidence that people perform fairly poorly in reasoning tasks and that they often construct arguments for intuitively cued responses. Mercier &amp; Sperber (M&amp;S) may also be right to claim that reasoning evolved primarily as argumentation. However, if it did, the facility became exapted to the function of supporting uniquely human abilities for reflective thinking and consequential decision making.
Efficacy of Prophylactic Low–Molecular Weight Heparin for Ambulatory Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Outcomes From the CONKO-004 Trial
Authors: Uwe Pelzer, Bernhard Opitz, Gerd Deutschinoff, Martina Stauch, Peter C. Reitzig, Sabine Hahnfeld, Lothar Müller, Martina Grunewald, Jens M. Stieler, Marianne Sinn, Timm Denecke, Sven Bischoff, Helmut Oettle, Bernd Dörken, Hanno Riess
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2015)

Advanced pancreatic cancer (APC), in addition to its high mortality, accounts for the highest rates of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs). Enoxaparin, a low-molecular weight heparin, is effective in prevention and treatment of VTEs. Some small studies have indicated that this benefit might extend to patients with cancer.Patients with histologically proven APC were randomly assigned to ambulant first-line chemotherapy and prophylactic use of enoxaparin or chemotherapy alone to investigate the probable reduction in symptomatic VTEs and the impact on survival.A total of 312 patients were recruited as one of the protocol end points was reached. Within the first 3 months, the numbers of symptomatic VTEs were as follows: 15 of 152 patients in the observation group and two of 160 patients in the enoxaparin group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.52; χ(2) P = .001). The numbers of major bleeding events were as follows: five of 152 patients in the observation arm and seven of 160 patients in the enoxaparin arm (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.35 to 3.72; χ(2) P = 1.0). Overall cumulative incidence rates of symptomatic VTEs were 15.1% (observation) and 6.4% (enoxaparin; HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.83; P = .01). Progression-free (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.32; P = .64) and overall survival (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.38; P = .44) did not differ between groups.This study demonstrates the high efficacy and feasibility of primary pharmacologic prevention of symptomatic VTEs in outpatients with APC. Treatment efficacy was not affected by simultaneous treatment with enoxaparin in this trial setting.
Tuberous sclerosis-associated lesions of the kidney, brain, and skin are angiogenic neoplasms
Authors: Jack L. Arbiser, Daniel Brat, Steve Hunter, Jeanine D'Armiento, Elizabeth P. Henske, Zoya K. Arbiser, Xianhe Bai, Gerald Goldberg, Cynthia Cohen, Sharon W. Weiss
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2002)
Relation of renal hemodynamics to metabolism of angiotensin II by the canine kidney.
Authors: M D Bailie, S Oparil
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

The effects of changes in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow on the renal handling of 14 C-or '"l-labeled angiotensin II were studied in pentobarbitai-anesthetized dogs.Labeled angiotension II was injected as a bolus directly into the renal artery 1 and the renal venous effluent was collected.Under control conditions, 52 ± 8% of the labeled material recovered was angiotensin II and the remaining 48 ± 8% consisted of metabolic products.Reducing glomerular filtration rate by increasing ureteral pressure did not change the percentage of label recovered as angiotension II or metabolic products (54 ± 8% and 46 ± 7%, respectively).When renal blood flow was reduced, the percentage of label recovered as angiotensin II fell from 47 ± 6 to 29 ± 7 (P < 0.05) and that as metabolites rose from 46 ± 7 to 61 ± 7 (P < 0.05).The heptapeptide des-1-Asp-angiotensin II (angiotensin III) was not found among the metabolites.The results indicate that reductions in glomerular filtration are not important in intrarenal metabolism of angiotensin II in barbiturate-anesthetized dogs.However, changes in renal blood flow markedly affect angiotensin II metabolism.These observations are compatible with the notion that the intrarenal metabolism of angiotensin II in the dog occurs mainly in the vascular compartment, rather than in the proximal tubule, and can be regulated by alterations in renal blood flow.Failure to demonstrate angiotension III in the renal venous effluent suggests that this peptide is not a major circulating product of intrarenal metabolism of angiotensin II in the dog.
Risk of Erectile Dysfunction Induced by Arsenic Exposure through Well Water Consumption in Taiwan
Authors: Fang-I Hsieh, Ti-Sheng Hwang, Yi-Chen Hsieh, Hsiu-Chiung Lo, Chien-Tien Su, Hui-Shing Hsu, Hung-Yi Chiou, Chien-Jen Chen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

BackgroundErectile dysfunction (ED) has a profound impact on the quality of life of many men. Many risk factors are associated with ED, such as aging, sex hormone levels, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Arsenic exposure could damage peripheral vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between arsenic exposure and ED has seldom been evaluated.ObjectivesIn this study we aimed to investigate whether exposure to arsenic enhances the risk of ED.MethodsWe recruited 177 males ≥ 50 years of age through health examinations conducted in three hospitals in Taiwan. We used a questionnaire (International Index of Erectile Function-5) to measure the level of erectile function. Sex hormones, including total testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin, were determined by radioimmunoassay. We used another standardized questionnaire to collect background and behavioral information (e.g., cigarette smoking; alcohol, tea, or coffee drinking; and physical activity).ResultsThe prevalence of ED was greater in the arsenic-endemic area (83.3%) than in the non–arsenic-endemic area (66.7%). Subjects with arsenic exposure > 50 ppb had a significantly higher risk of developing ED than those with exposure ≤ 50 ppb, after adjusting for age, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease [odds ratio (OR) = 3.4]. Results also showed that the risk of developing severe ED was drastically enhanced by arsenic exposure (OR = 7.5), after adjusting for free testosterone and traditional risk factors of ED.ConclusionsResults suggested that chronic arsenic exposure has a negative impact on erectile function.
Charities laud Scotland's free personal care for elderly people
Authors: Bryan Christie
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The rest of the United Kingdom could learn from Scotland's experience of introducing free personal care for elderly people, says a report from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The report found that the policy had created a fairer system without undue extra public expenditure.

The charity Help the Aged has responded by saying the report presents a very strong case for making free personal care available to all elderly people in the UK who need it.

Scotland introduced free personal care—which involves help with such things as washing, dressing, and …
Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Constrains Its Agonist-Based Immunotherapy
Authors: Marcin Kortylewski, Maciej Kujawski, Andreas Herrmann, Chunmei Yang, Lin Wang, Yong Liu, Rosalba Salcedo, Hua Yu
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Although toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, such as CpG, are used as immunotherapeutic agents in clinical trials for cancer and infectious diseases, their effects are limited and the underlying mechanism(s) that restrains CpG efficacy remains obscure. Here, we show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) plays a key role in down-modulating immunostimulatory effects of CpG. In the absence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 induction, CpG directly activates Stat3 within minutes through TLR9. Ablating Stat3 in hematopoietic cells results in rapid activation of innate immunity by CpG, with enhanced production of IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-12, and activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells marked with Stat1 activation. Innate immune responses induced by CpG in mice with a Stat3-ablated hematopoietic system cause potent antitumor effects, leading to eradication of large (>1 cm) B16 melanoma tumors within 72 h. Moreover, ablating Stat3 in myeloid cells increases CpG-induced dendritic cell maturation, T-cell activation, generation of tumor antigen-specific T cells, and long-lasting antitumor immunity. A critical role of Stat3 in mediating immunosuppression by certain cytokines and growth factors in the tumor microenvironment has been recently documented. By demonstrating direct and rapid activation of Stat3 by TLR agonists, we identify a second level of Stat3-mediated immunosuppression. Our results further suggest that targeting Stat3 can drastically improve CpG-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
Pathogenesis of Classical and Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Roland Schmitz, Jens Stanelle, Martin-Leo Hansmann, Ralf Küppers
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2009)

Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&amp;H) cells in nodular lymphocyte–predominant HL (NLPHL) are derived from germinal-center B cells. HRS cells have, however, largely lost their B cell phenotype and aberrantly express markers and transcriptional regulators of other hematolymphoid cell types. Deregulation of multiple signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors, including receptor tyrosine kinases, nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB), and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), is a further hallmark of HRS cells. These cells harbor genetic lesions that contribute to or cause increases in the activity of transcription factors of the NF-κB and STAT families. HRS cells are found within a mixed reactive cellular infiltrate and interact with these nonmalignant cells in a complex fashion that appears to be essential for HRS cell survival and proliferation. Less is known about the pathogenesis of L&amp;H cells in NLPHL, but increases in the activity of receptor tyrosine kinases, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT have also been detected.
Greater cardiac response of colloid than saline fluid loading in septic and non-septic critically ill patients with clinical hypovolaemia
Authors: Ronald J. Trof, Sharwan P. Sukul, Jos W. R. Twisk, Armand R. J. Girbes, A. B. Johan Groeneveld
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2010)

The haemodynamics of crystalloid and colloid fluid loading may depend on underlying disease, i.e. sepsis versus non-sepsis.
Impact of bariatric surgery on hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: retrospective analysis of insurance claims data
Authors: W. L. Bennett, M. M. Gilson, R. Jamshidi, A. E. Burke, J. B. Segal, K. E. Steele, M. A. Makary, J. M. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether women who had a delivery after bariatric surgery have lower rates of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy compared with women who had a delivery before bariatric surgery. <b>Design</b> Retrospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Claims data for 2002-6 from seven insurance plans in the United States. <b>Participants</b> 585 women aged 16-45 who had undergone bariatric surgery, had at least one pregnancy and delivery, and had continuous insurance coverage during pregnancy plus two weeks after delivery. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy defined with ICD-9 codes. The independent variable was the timing of delivery in relation to bariatric surgery, classified as deliveries before and after surgery. We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals for each type of hypertensive disorder in pregnancy. <b>Results</b> Among the 585 women who had undergone bariatric surgery and had a delivery, 269 delivered before surgery and 316 delivered after surgery. Gastric bypass was the surgery in 82% (477) of all women. Women who delivered before surgery were younger at the time of delivery (mean age 31.3 <i>v</i> 32.5) but had higher rates of pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. Compared with women who delivered before surgery, women who delivered after surgery had substantially lower rates of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (odds ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.09 to 0.44), chronic hypertension complicating pregnancy (0.39, 0.20 to 0.74), and gestational hypertension (0.16, 0.07 to 0.37), even after adjustment for age at delivery, multiple pregnancy (that is, twins or more), surgical procedure, pre-existing diabetes, and insurance plan. <b>Conclusion</b> In this retrospective analysis of US women, bariatric surgery was associated with lower rates of hypertensive disorders in subsequent pregnancy.
Coronary Restenosis After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation
Authors: Pedro A. Lemos, Francesco Saia, Jurgen M.R. Ligthart, Chourmouzios A. Arampatzis, Georgios Sianos, Kengo Tanabe, Angela Hoye, Muzaffer Degertekin, Joost Daemen, Eugene McFadden, Sjoerd Hofma, Pieter C. Smits, Pim de Feyter, Willem J. van der Giessen, Ron T. van Domburg, Patrick W. Serruys
Journal: Circulation (2003)

We describe the clinical and morphological patterns of restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation.From 121 patients with coronary angiography obtained >30 days after SES implantation, restenosis (diameter stenosis >50%) was identified in 19 patients and 20 lesions (located at the proximal 5-mm segment in 30% or within the stent in 70%). Residual dissection after the procedure or balloon trauma outside the stent was identified in 83% of the proximal edge lesions. Lesions within the stent were focal, and stent discontinuity was identified in some lesions evaluated by intravascular ultrasound.Sirolimus-eluting stent edge restenosis is frequently associated with local trauma outside the stent. In-stent restenosis occurs as a localized lesion, commonly associated with a discontinuity in stent coverage. Local conditions instead of intrinsic drug-resistance to sirolimus are likely to play a major role in post-SES restenosis.
Schizophrenia: Reproductive Hormones and the Brain
Authors: Janice R. Stevens
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: Onset of schizophrenia occurs during the reproductive period in more than 80% of those affected. The author reviews neuroendocrine and physiologic events that occur in the basal forebrain at the initiation of and throughout the reproductive period and proposes their possible relationship to the onset of schizophrenia. METHOD: The neuroendocrine changes that occur in specific areas of the anterior basal forebrain during the reproductive period are reviewed and analyzed in relation to reported anatomic, molecular, and biochemical pathologies of schizophrenia. RESULTS: The reproductive period is associated with development of regular pulsatile release in the brain and bloodstream of gonadotropic releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones from the pituitary, and gonadal hormones from the ovaries and testes. In addition to being concentrated in the hypothalamus, brain receptors for gonadotropic and gonadal hormones are concentrated in specific subcortical forebrain nuclei of the limbic system that project to the thalamus and to cortical and subcortical structures that subserve perception, cognition, and behavior. CONCLUSIONS: There is a flood of estrogen and testosterone to the brain and body during puberty and throughout the reproductive period. To avoid hyperexcitability and seizures, the surge of these excitatory hormones must be counterbalanced by appropriate inhibitory factors. Excessive focal inhibition may be induced by increased release of or increased receptors for one or more inhibitory transmitters, e.g., dopamine, serotonin, and γ-aminobutyric acid in the anterior basal forebrain. Further investigation of the physiology and pathology of this brain region, where abnormal electrical activity was recorded from individuals with schizophrenia many years ago and where dopamine D2 and dopamine D3 receptors targeted by the most effective antipsychotic agents are maximally expressed, could lead to greater understanding of the critical pathophysiology for development of schizophrenia.
Modem Transmission of Glucose Values Reduces the Costs of and Need for Clinic Visits: Response to Chase et al.
Authors: Leon Perlemuter, Bernard Yomtov
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

We found the article by Chase et al. (1) very interesting. Obviously, other authors share our worries concerning fewer clinic visits and less costs for diabetic patients because they are dramatically increasing in number. We presented (2) and published (3) a study …
Xylitol and Dental Caries
Authors: Kauko K. Mäkinen, Arje Scheinin
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1982)

INTRODUCTION   133 THE ANIMAL MODEL   134 CLINICAL CARIES TRIALS: TURKU SUGAR STUDIES  135 Two-Year Clinical Trial   135 One-Year Intake o/Chewing Gum  136 DISCUSSION OF THE TRIALS AND FURTHER FINDINGS   137 EFFECT OF XYLITOL ON PLAQUE QUANTITy  138 EFFECT OF XYLITOL ON THE GROWTH OF ORAL MICROORGANISMS   139 METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF DENTAL PLAQUE AS AFFECTED BY XYLITOL   141 EFFECT OF XYLITOL ON SALIVARY PARAMETERS   143 MICROBIAL ADAPTATION   144 COMPLEXING OF POLYOLS WITH METAL IONS   144 CONCLUSIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS  145
Mechanical Ventilation Depresses Protein Synthesis in the Rat Diaphragm
Authors: R. Andrew Shanely, Darin Van Gammeren, Keith C. DeRuisseau, A. Murat Zergeroglu, Michael J. McKenzie, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Scott K. Powers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Prolonged mechanical ventilation results in diaphragmatic atrophy and contractile dysfunction in animals. We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic atrophy is associated with decreased synthesis of both mixed muscle protein and myosin heavy chain protein in the diaphragm. To test this postulate, adult rats were mechanically ventilated for 6, 12, or 18 hours and diaphragmatic protein synthesis was measured in vivo. Six hours of mechanical ventilation resulted in a 30% decrease (p < 0.05) in the rate of mixed muscle protein synthesis and a 65% decrease (p < 0.05) in the rate of myosin heavy chain protein synthesis; this depression in diaphragmatic protein synthesis persisted throughout 18 hours of mechanical ventilation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that mechanical ventilation, in comparison with time-matched controls, did not alter diaphragmatic levels of Type I and IIx myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the diaphragm. These data support the hypothesis that mechanical ventilation results in a decrease in both mixed muscle protein and myosin heavy chain protein synthesis in the diaphragm. Further, the decline in myosin heavy chain protein synthesis does not appear to be associated with a decrease in myosin heavy chain messenger ribonucleic acid.
Targeted SAINT-O-Somes for improved intracellular delivery of siRNA and cytotoxic drugs into endothelial cells
Authors: Joanna E. Adrian, Henriëtte W.M. Morselt, Regine Süss, Sabine Barnert, Jan Willem Kok, Sigridur A. Ásgeirsdóttir, Marcel H.J. Ruiters, Grietje Molema, Jan A.A.M. Kamps
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver
Authors: Shin Young Park, Eun Jung Cha, Woo Sung Moon
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2012)

Most malignant primary tumors of the liver are hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the liver is considered as a variant of cholangiocarcinoma and is very rare. ASC consists of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components and has a poor prognosis.1 In this study, we present a case of ASC of the liver and discuss the histopathologic findings.
KILLIN Gene Discovery Stirs Up Research on Cowden Syndrome Cancers
Authors: C. Schmidt
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

R esearchers at the Cleveland Clinic have identified what appears to be a powerful gene predictor for cancer among some patients with Cowden syndrome (CS) or Cowden-like syndrome (CLS) — rare, inherited conditions characterized in part by the presence of benign neoplasms throughout the body. Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in December, the findings show that up to 85% of CS/CLS patients who have breast cancer also have a compromised gene called KILLIN. Moreover, CS/ CLS patients with compromised KILLIN also have much higher risks for kidney cancer than those CS/CLS patients without it. The study’s authors emphasize that other studies must still replicate these fi ndings. But if the results hold up, KILLIN could be one of the strongest genetic cancer risk factors discovered — on par with BRCA1 and BRCA2, albeit for this more limited CS/CLS population, according to the study’s corresponding author, Charis Eng, M.D., Ph.D . “The fi nding has important implications for testing — meaning improved molecular diagnosis of cancer among people with CS/CLS — and also for screening of cancer risk among CS/CLS patients and their relatives,” said Eng, who chairs the Cleveland Clinic’s genomic medicine institute. “If a CS/CLS patient tests positive in a KILLIN assay, we might lower the threshold for prophylactic mastectomy because it can be hard to distinguish breast cancer from the many benign nodules that characterize these conditions.”