tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Holding the baby: head downwards positioning for physiotherapy does not cause gastro-oesophageal reflux
Authors: GE Phillips, SE Pike, M Rosenthal, A Bush
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

The head-downwards tipped position for physiotherapy has been claimed to exacerbate gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). This was investigated using lower oesophageal pH monitoring during physiotherapy. Twenty-one infants (age range 1-27 months) with respiratory disorders (CF=11), undergoing lower oesophageal pH monitoring were recruited. Subjects received two physiotherapy episodes in random order, A/B or B/A, 12 h apart. A began the gravity-assisted positioning head downward tip for: right lower lobe, middle lobe, left lower lobe and lingula; then supine with no tip for anterior segments of the upper lobes followed by apical segments of upper lobes in a sitting position. B was in the reverse order. Intermittent chest clapping was carried out for 4 min in each position by a physiotherapist blinded to the pH data. During episode A, the median change in pH from baseline was -0.32 (range -2.07 to +1.0) in non-CF subjects (NS) and -0.52 (range -2.7 to +0.52) in CF subjects (p&lt;0.02). During episode B, the median change in non-CF subjects was -0.1 (NS; range - 1.7 to -0.15) and in CF subjects was -0.05 (NS; range -0.67 to +0.5). There was no order effect for positioning. In the CF subjects the sitting position was twice as likely to have the lowest pH measurement during physiotherapy than the other positions (p&lt;0.04). In conclusion, the head-downward tipped positioning for physiotherapy treatment neither induces nor aggravates gastro-oesophageal reflux. There is no justification for routinely changing the way in which infant physiotherapy is carried out.
Self-management of rheumatic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives
Authors: Maura D Iversen, Alison Hammond, Neil Betteridge
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

Self-management interventions are patient-centred and designed to foster active participation of patients in order to promote well-being and to manage symptoms. Over the past two decades, the role of self-management in chronic diseases has gained momentum. Self-management programmes are now acknowledged as a key element of quality care. New modes of delivery allow greater access to information and are tailored to address patient needs. This systematic review presents data from clinical studies of self-management over the past decade, summarises the evidence for programme effectiveness, and suggests future research directions.
Distinct Risk Factor Profiles for Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Positive and Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Negative Head and Neck Cancers
Authors: Maura L. Gillison, Gypsyamber D'Souza, William Westra, Elizabeth Sugar, Weihong Xiao, Shahnaz Begum, Raphael Viscidi
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2008)

High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), including HPV-16, cause a subgroup of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). We examined whether the risk factors for HPV-16-positive HNSCCs are similar to those for HPV-16-negative HNSCCs in a hospital-based case-control study.Case subjects (n = 240) diagnosed with HNSCC at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2000 through 2006 were stratified by tumor HPV-16 status as determined by in situ hybridization. Two control subjects (n = 322) without cancer were individually matched by age and sex to each HPV-16-positive and HPV-16-negative case subject. Data on risk behaviors were obtained by use of audio computer-assisted self-interview technology. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for HPV-16-positive HNSCC and HPV-16-negative HNSCC associated with risk factors. All statistical tests were two-sided.HPV-16 was detected in 92 of 240 case subjects. HPV-16-positive HNSCC was independently associated with several measures of sexual behavior and exposure to marijuana but not with cumulative measures of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, or poor oral hygiene. Associations increased in strength with increasing number of oral sex partners (P(trend) = .01) and with increasing intensity (joints per month, P(trend) = .007), duration (in years, P(trend) = .01), and cumulative joint-years (P(trend) = .003) of marijuana use. By contrast, HPV-16-negative HNSCC was associated with measures of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and poor oral hygiene but not with any measure of sexual behavior or marijuana use. Associations increased in strength with increasing intensity (cigarettes per day), duration, and cumulative pack-years of tobacco smoking (for all, P(trend) < .001), increasing years of heavy alcohol drinking (> or = 15 years of 14 drinks per week; P(trend) = .03), and increasing number of lost teeth (P(trend) = .001). Compared with subjects who neither smoked tobacco nor drank alcohol, those with heavy use of tobacco (> or = 20 pack-years) and alcohol had an increased risk of HPV-16-negative HNSCC (OR = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8 to 12) but not of HPV-16-positive HNSCC (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.29 to 1.9).HPV-16-positive HNSCCs and HPV-16-negative HNSCCs have different risk factor profiles, indicating that they should be considered to be distinct cancers.
Hypoglossal neurostimulation for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Ferran Barbé, Juan F. Masa
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold-standard treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Since its introduction in 1981 [1], hundreds of thousands of patients have been treated successfully all over Europe. CPAP treatment improves clinical symptoms, reduces road accidents, decreases blood pressure and probably lowers cardiovascular risk [2]. All these positive effects of CPAP treatment are dependent, however, on compliance with the treatment. As in any other chronic disease, ∼30% of OSA patients refuse treatment or do not follow it as required. The alternative treatments currently available for OSA are surgery, oral appliances and weight reduction. The success rate of such treatments is low and they are mainly reserved for patients with mild-to-moderate OSA.

OSA is caused by an intermittent collapse of the upper airway. Since the seminal study by Remmers et al. [3], it has been known that this obstruction is related to a loss in the patency of the genioglossus muscle, the main dilator of the upper airway. Although electrical stimulation of pharyngeal muscles during sleep demonstrated its efficacy in studies in the mid-1990s, it was never successfully developed for use in clinical practice [4, 5]. More recently, various research groups have shown increasing interest in this potential treatment, generally by implanting an electrode in the hypoglossal nerve to allow activation of the …
Molecular Cloning of NKp46: A Novel Member of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Involved in Triggering of Natural Cytotoxicity
Authors: Anna Pessino, Simona Sivori, Cristina Bottino, Angela Malaspina, Luigia Morelli, Lorenzo Moretta, Roberto Biassoni, Alessandro Moretta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Summary NKp46 has been shown to represent a novel, natural killer (NK) cell–specific surface molecule, involved in human NK cell activation. In this study, we further analyzed the role of NKp46 in natural cytotoxicity against different tumor target cells. We provide direct evidence that NKp46 represents a major activating receptor involved in the recognition and lysis of both human and murine tumor cells. Although NKp46 may cooperate with other activating receptors (including the recently identified NKp44 molecule) in the induction of NK-mediated lysis of human tumor cells, it may represent the only human NK receptor involved in recognition of murine target cells. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the NKp46 molecule revealed a novel member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, characterized by two C2-type Ig-like domains in the extracellular portion. The transmembrane region contains the positively charged amino acid Arg, which is possibly involved in stabilizing the association with CD3ζ chain. The cytoplasmic portion, spanning 30 amino acids, does not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motifs. Analysis of a panel of human/hamster somatic cell hybrids revealed segregation of the NKp46 gene on human chromosome 19. Assessment of the NKp46 mRNA expression in different tissues and cell types unambiguously confirmed the strict NK cell specificity of the NKp46 molecule. Remarkably, in line with the ability of NKp46 to recognize ligand(s) on murine target cells, the cDNA encoding NKp46 was found to be homologous to a cDNA expressed in murine spleen. In conclusion, this study reports the first characterization of the molecular structure of a NK-specific receptor involved in the mechanism of NK cell activation during natural cytotoxicity.
Burden of cirrhosis on older Americans and their families: Analysis of the health and retirement study
Authors: Mina O. Rakoski, Ryan J. McCammon, John D. Piette, Theodore J. Iwashyna, Jorge A. Marrero, Anna S. Lok, Kenneth M. Langa, Michael L. Volk
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Prevalence of cirrhosis among older adults is expected to increase; therefore, we studied the health status, functional disability, and need for supportive care in a large national sample of individuals with cirrhosis. A prospective cohort of individuals with cirrhosis was identified within the longitudinal, nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. Cirrhosis cases were identified in linked Medicare data via ICD–9–CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes and compared to an age–matched cohort without cirrhosis. Two primary outcome domains were assessed: (1) patients' health status (perceived health status, comorbidities, health care utilization, and functional disability as determined by activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and (2) informal caregiving (hours of caregiving provided by a primary informal caregiver and associated cost). Adjusted negative binomial regression was used to assess the association between cirrhosis and functional disability. A total of 317 individuals with cirrhosis and 951 age–matched comparators were identified. Relative to the comparison group, individuals with cirrhosis had worse self–reported health status, more comorbidities, and used significantly more health care services (hospitalizations, nursing home stays, physician visits; P &lt; 0.001 for all bivariable comparisons). They also had greater functional disability ( P &lt; 0.001 for activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), despite adjustment for covariates such as comorbidities and health care utilization. Individuals with cirrhosis received more than twice the number of informal caregiving hours per week ( P &lt; 0.001), at an annual cost of US $4700 per person. Conclusion: Older Americans with cirrhosis have high rates of disability, health care utilization, and need for informal caregiving. Improved care coordination and caregiver support is necessary to optimize management of this frail population. (Hepatology 2012;55:184–191)
Quantitative Analysis of High-Resolution Microendoscopic Images for Diagnosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Dongsuk Shin, Marion-Anna Protano, Alexandros D. Polydorides, Sanford M. Dawsey, Mark C. Pierce, Michelle Kang Kim, Richard A. Schwarz, Timothy Quang, Neil Parikh, Manoop S. Bhutani, Fan Zhang, Guiqi Wang, Liyan Xue, Xueshan Wang, Hong Xu, Sharmila Anandasabapathy, Rebecca R. Richards-Kortum
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Bedside Diagnosis in Children
Authors: R. C. M. Keith
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Reviewswhole-time teachers (here again he comments that the private practice of psychoanalysis often constitutes a disincentive to whole-time, and indeed to thorough, teaching), and by more use of audiovisual aids.Perhaps one may be allowed to criticize Dr. Werkman for too summarily dismissing the intern and-later years as appropriate times for further education in psychiatry.Without detracting from his survey of medical schools, he might perhaps have said more about the proper field of their endeavour and the advantages to be gained by assigning part of their task to the graduate years.This book is brief, lucid, provocative, and informative.It gives a r~sum6 of official reports on psychiatric education, as well as 'a useful list of references to papers skilfully woven into the text.By sparing us a mass of detail about timetables and concentrating on principles, as well as by freely offering his personal comment on what
Bone Mineral Density in Children with Asthma Receiving Long-term Treatment with Inhaled Budesonide
Authors: LONE AGERTOFT, SØREN PEDERSEN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

The aim of our study was to assess the effects of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide (BUD) on total body bone mineral density (BMD), total body bone mineral capacity (BMC), total bone calcium (TBC), and body composition in children with asthma. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA scan) was performed in 157 asthmatic children treated with inhaled BUD at a mean daily dose of 504 μ g (range, 189 to 1,322 μ g) for 3 to 6 yr (mean, 4.5 yr). Measurements were compared with those of 111 age-matched children also suffering from asthma but who had never been treated with exogenous corticosteroids for more than 14 d (control group). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in BMD (BUD = 0.915 g/cm2, controls = 0.917 g/cm2), BMC (BUD = 1,378 g, controls = 1,367 g), TBC (BUD = 524 g, controls = 519 g), or body composition (lean body weight = 27,600 g [BUD] and 26,923 g [control], % body fat = 20.1% [BUD] and 20.3% [control]). Furthermore, there was no correlation between any of these parameters and duration of treatment, accumulated or current dose of budesonide. Three to six years of treatment with inhaled budesonide at an average daily dose of 504 μ g has no adverse effect on total BMD, total BMC, TBC, or body composition in children with chronic asthma.
Prevalence of Murine Mammary Tumor Virus Antibody and Antigens in Normal and Tumor-Bearing Feral Mice&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: Donald L. Fine, Larry O. Arthur, Murray B. Gardner
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Approximately 20% of normal male and female feral mice (Mus musculus) from areas with populations having either high [Lake Casitas (LC) and La Puente] or low (Bouquet Canyon) spontaneous lymphoma incidence expressed murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) gp52 in specific tissues. Sera from a low percentage (6%) of mice from the same trapping areas contained precipitating antibody specific for MuMTV. Although moderate to high levels of MuMTV gp52 were expressed in mammary tumor tissues of 3 of 7 LC mice and 3 of 3 (C57BL/10ScSn X LC)F1 mice, the same animals showed no detectable MuMTV-precipitating antibody. Neither MuMTV antibody nor tumor-associated MuMTV gp52 was defected in 10 LC mice bearing lymphomas or in 5 LC mice bearing hepatomas. Low levels of MuMTV gp52 expression and MuMTV antibody were also detected in subspecies of M. musculus and in the more distantly related species M. cervicolar. Compared with normal and tumor-bearing inbred mice of high (C3H/HeN) and low (C3H/HeN foster-nursed on NIH Swiss) mammary tumor strains, normal and tumor-bearing feral mice express MuMTV gp52 and MuMTV-precipitating antibodies at low frequency.
Functional Activation of Heat Shock Factor and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in the Kidney
Authors: Oliver Eickelberg, Frank Seebach, Michael Riordan, Gunilla Thulin, Andrea Mann, Kimberly H. Reidy, Scott K. Van Why, Michael Kashgarian, Norman Siegel
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

Outbreaks of epidemic neuromyasthenia have occurred throughout the world for many years, but sporadic cases have only recently been recognized. Fifty consecutive previously well patients with prolonged and excessive fatigue after an apparent acute infection were investigated. Most were well educated, active, unmarried women aged 30 to 40 years. The precipitating infection had many clinical presentations. The chronic phase of the illness was characterized by a fairly common set of symptoms. Physical examination and laboratory testing generally gave normal results. Of the 50 patients 16 were found to be infected with Epstein-Barr virus, 7 with other viruses, 4 with parasites and 2 with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The causative agent was not known in 22 cases. The mean duration of the illness was 27.6 months, and the mean proportion of time lost from work or school was 39%. Drug therapy was not beneficial; supportive therapy was useful. Further investigation is required to determine optimal management of sporadic neuromyasthenia.
Lessons Learned from the Natural Hosts of HIV-Related Viruses
Authors: Mirko Paiardini, Ivona Pandrea, Cristian Apetrei, Guido Silvestri
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2009)

The fact that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a deadly disease in humans whereas its simian counterparts, the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), are virtually nonpathogenic in their natural hosts remains a fundamental mystery of modern medicine. Arguably, the pathogenesis of HIV infection will remain poorly understood until the mechanisms responsible for the AIDS resistance of natural SIV hosts are fully explained. Over the past few years, some key features of natural SIV infections have been described in studies conducted predominantly in sooty mangabeys (SMs), African green monkeys (AGMs), and mandrills. Natural SIV hosts are able to avoid the chronic, generalized immune system activation that is associated with disease progression in HIV-infected individuals and have evolved to down-modulate the expression of CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells. Better elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the lack of disease progression of natural SIV infections holds promise for the design of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches to HIV infection.
Cognitive achievements with a miniature brain: The lesson of jumping spiders
Authors: Emmanuel Gilissen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

The observation that an animal's behavior is largely unaltered even after profound modifications of sizeable brain portions, suggests a large flexibility in the relationships between species-specific brain structures and species-specific behavior. In this perspective, a fascinating example is given by the comparison of jumping spiders and felids, where similar predatory behaviors are achieved with totally different brain substrates.
Occurrence of respiratory infections in adults with atopic disease and IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens
Authors: Aino Rantala, Jouni J.K. Jaakkola, Maritta S. Jaakkola
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Background: Allergic inflammation may influence the immunity against infections, so atopic individuals could be susceptible to respiratory infections. No previous population-based study has addressed the relation between atopy and respiratory infections in adulthood.

Objectives: To assess the relation between atopic disease, specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and the occurrence of upper and lower respiratory infections in the past 12 months among working-aged adults.

Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study of 1008 atopic and non-atopic adults 21-63 years old was conducted. Information on atopic diseases, allergy tests and respiratory infections was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Spesific IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens were measured in serum.

Results: Adults with atopic disease had a significantly increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI; including acute bronchitis and pneumonia) with an adjusted risk ratio (RR) 2.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-3.52) and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI; including common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and otitis media) with an adjusted RR 1.55 (95% CI: 1.14-2.10). The risk of LRTIs increased with increasing level of specific IgE (linear trend P=0.059).

Conclusions: This study provides new evidence that working-aged adults with atopic disease experience significantly more LRTIs and URTIs than non-atopics. Increased levels of specific IgE antibodies to common aeroallergens show a dose-response pattern with LRTIs. From the clinical point of view it is important to recognize that those with atopies are a risk group for respiratory infections, including more severe LRTIs.
American College of Cardiology key data elements and definitions for measuring the clinical management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes31This document was approved by the American College of Cardiology Board of Trustees in November 2001.32When citing this document, the American College of Cardiology would appreciate the following citation format: Cannon CP, Battler A, Brindis RG, Cox JL, Ellis SG, Every NR, Flaherty JT, Harrington RA, Krumholz HM, Simoons ML, Van de Werf …
Authors: Christopher P Cannon, Alexander Battler, Ralph G Brindis, Jafna L Cox, Stephen G Ellis, Nathan R Every, JohN T Flaherty, Robert A Harrington, Harlan M Krumholz, Maarten L Simoons, Frans J.J Van De Werf, William S Weintraub, Kristi R Mitchell, Susan L Morrisson, Ralph G Brindis, H.Vernon Anderson, David S Cannom, W.Randolph Chitwood, Joaquin E Cigarroa, Ruth L Collins-Nakai, Stephen G Ellis, Raymond J Gibbons, Frederick L Grover, Paul A Heidenreich, Bijoy K Khandheria, Suzanne B Knoebel, Harlan L Krumholz, David J Malenka, Daniel B Mark, Charles R Mckay, Eugene R Passamani, Martha J Radford, Ronald N Riner, Janice B Schwartz, Richard E Shaw, Richard J Shemin, Douglas B Van Fossen, Edward D Verrier, Matthew W Watkins, Dawn R Phoubandith, Tori Furnelli
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
Authors: ANDREW G. MORROW, JOHN A. WALDHAUSEN, ROBERT L. PETERS, ROBERT D. BLOODWELL, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1959)

In 3 patients obstruction to left ventricular outflow was shown to be due to a localized narrowing of the aortic root at the point of insertion of the aortic leaflets. The site of obstruction was localized by left heart catheterization and selective angiography. The pathologic findings in 2 patients are described and the problem of the surgical management of this unusual form of aortic stenosis is discussed.