tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PWE-062 Gastroscopy without a Gastroscope! Feasibility In a Porcine Model Using a Magnetic Capsule
Authors: M F Hale, K Drew, T Baldacchino, S Anderson, D S Sanders, S A Riley, R Sidhu, M E McAlindon
Journal: Gut (2013)

Introduction There is little evidence that gastroscopy affects patient outcomes1, but it is uncomfortable and incurs the risk of intubation and sedation. Capsule endoscopy is a non-invasive tool used primarily to image the small and large bowel. Although a large volume organ, examination of the stomach might be enabled by magnetic control allowing manoeuvrability and positional change. Methods A standard porcine stomach model, commonly used for endoscopy training purposes was used in a feasibility study of magnetically steerable capsule endoscopy. Different coloured/shaped beads were sewn into each major location of the stomach (cardia, fundus, greater and lesser curve, anterior and posterior wall, antrum and D1). The stomach was distended with 1000mls of water. Endoscopy was performed according to a set protocol using a handheld magnet, Mirocam Navi (Intromedic Ltd), positional changes (supine, 30° right lateral, head down, 30° left lateral) and a “real time” viewer. The order and time each tag was identified was recorded alongside the total procedure time. Results All stomach tags were identified in 87.2% (41/47) of examinations. Missed tags (marked in figure as red dots, representing an incomplete examination) included antrum (3/6), cardia (2/6) and posterior wall (1/6): none were missed in the latter 25 procedures. Mean examination times for the first 23, second 23 and all procedures were 10.28, 6.26 (p < 0.001) and 8.27 (3.25–16.32) minutes and all were completed by 4 mins after 39 procedures. The order in which tags were identified in the mid-body of the stomach (greater, anterior and posterior) was variable and interchangeable. If this area was considered as one site, the order of tag identification would be: cardia (1), fundus (2), mid body (3), lesser curve (4), antrum (5) and D1 (6) in 76.6% of examinations. No difficulties were observed with the current procedure protocol and therefore no modifications recommended. Conclusion Examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract is feasible using a magnet and positional change as demonstrated in this porcine model. A learning curve was evident and this model might be used for training in the future. Further investigation using porcine models and in humans is necessary to fully realise the scope of this exciting novel technology. ![Abstract PWE-062 Figure][1]</img> Abstract PWE-062 Figure Disclosure of Interest None Declared. Reference 1. Offman JJ, Rabeneck L The effectiveness of endoscopy in the management of dyspepsia: a qualitative systematic review. Am J Med. 1999 Mar; 106(3):335–46. [1]: pending:yes
Homozygous SLC2A9 Mutations Cause Severe Renal Hypouricemia
Authors: Dganit Dinour, Nicola K. Gray, Susan Campbell, Xinhua Shu, Lindsay Sawyer, William Richardson, Gideon Rechavi, Ninette Amariglio, Liat Ganon, Ben-Ami Sela, Hilla Bahat, Michael Goldman, Joshua Weissgarten, Michael R. Millar, Alan F. Wright, Eliezer J. Holtzman
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Hereditary hypouricemia may result from mutations in the renal tubular uric acid transporter URAT1. Whether mutation of other uric acid transporters produces a similar phenotype is unknown. We studied two families who had severe hereditary hypouricemia and did not have a URAT1 defect. We performed a genome-wide homozygosity screen and linkage analysis and identified the candidate gene SLC2A9, which encodes the glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9). Both families had homozygous SLC2A9 mutations: A missense mutation (L75R) in six affected members of one family and a 36-kb deletion, resulting in a truncated protein, in the other. In vitro, the L75R mutation dramatically impaired transport of uric acid. The mean concentration of serum uric acid of seven homozygous individuals was 0.17 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, and all had a fractional excretion of uric acid >150%. Three individuals had nephrolithiasis, and three had a history of exercise-induced acute renal failure. In conclusion, homozygous loss-of-function mutations of GLUT9 cause a total defect of uric acid absorption, leading to severe renal hypouricemia complicated by nephrolithiasis and exercise-induced acute renal failure. In addition to clarifying renal handling of uric acid, our findings may provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute renal failure, nephrolithiasis, hyperuricemia, and gout.
Appearance of remodelled and dendritic cell-rich alveolar-lymphoid interfaces provides a structural basis for increased alveolar antigen uptake in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Michiko Mori, Cecilia K Andersson, Kaj A Svedberg, Pernilla Glader, Anders Bergqvist, Medya Shikhagaie, Claes-Göran Löfdahl, Jonas S Erjefält
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Rationale</h3> The alveolar pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves antigen-driven immune events. However, the induction sites of alveolar adaptive immune responses have remained poorly investigated. <h3>Objectives</h3> To explore the hypothesis that interfaces between the alveolar lumen and lymphoid aggregates (LAs) provide a structural basis for increased alveolar antigen uptake in COPD lungs. <h3>Methods</h3> Lung samples from patients with mild (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I), moderate–severe (GOLD II–III), and very severe (GOLD IV) COPD were subjected to detailed histological assessments of adaptive immune system components. Never smokers and smokers without COPD served as controls. <h3>Results</h3> Quantitative histology, involving computerised three-dimensional reconstructions, confirmed a rich occurrence of alveolar-restricted LAs and revealed, for the first time, that the vast majority of vascular or bronchiolar associated LAs had alveolar interfaces but also an intricate network of lymphatic vessels. Uniquely to COPD lungs, the interface epithelium had transformed into a columnar phenotype. Accumulation of langerin (CD207)<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells occurred in the interface epithelium in patients with COPD but not controls. The antigen-capturing capacity of langerin<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells was confirmed by increased alveolar protrusions and physical T cell contact. Several of these immune remodelling parameters correlated with lung function parameters. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Severe stages of COPD are associated with an emergence of remodelled and dendritic cell-rich alveolar–lymphoid interfaces. This novel type of immune remodelling, which predicts an increased capacity to respond to alveolar antigens, is suggested to contribute to aggravated inflammation in COPD.
Heparin-Coated Palmaz-Schatz Stents in Human Coronary Arteries
Authors: Patrick W. Serruys, Håkan Emanuelsson, Wim van der Giessen, Anthony C. Lunn, Ferdinand Kiemeney, Carlos Macaya, Wolfgang Rutsch, Guy Heyndrickx, Harry Suryapranata, Victor Legrand, Jean Jacques Goy, Pierre Materne, Hans Bonnier, Marie-Claude Morice, Jean Fajadet, Jorge Belardi, Antonio Colombo, Eulogio Garcia, Peter Ruygrok, Peter de Jaegere, Marie-Angèle Morel
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background The purpose of the Benestent-II Pilot Study was to evaluate the safety of delaying and eliminating anticoagulant therapy in patients receiving a heparin-coated stent in conjunction with antiplatelet drugs. Methods and Results The study consisted of three initial phases (I, II, III) during which resumption of heparin therapy after sheath removal was progressively deferred by 6, 12, and 36 hours. In phase IV, coumadin and heparin were replaced by 250 mg ticlopidine and 100 mg aspirin. Of the 207 patients with stable angina pectoris and a de novo lesion in whom heparin-coated stent implantation was attempted, implantation was successful in 202 patients (98%). Stent thrombosis did not occur during all four phases, and the overall clinical success rate at discharge was 99%. Bleeding complications requiring blood transfusion or surgery fell from 7.9% in phase I to 5.9%, 4%, and 0% in the three following phases. Hospital stay was 7.4, 6.1, 7.2, and 3.1 days for the consecutive phases. The restenosis rate for the combined four phases was 13% (15% in phase I, 20% in phase II, 11% in phase III, and 6% in phase IV). The overall rate of reintervention for the four phases was 8.9%. At 6 months, 84%, 75%, 94%, and 92% of the patients of phases I to IV, respectively, were event free. For the four phases, the event-free rate was 86%, which compares favorably with the rate observed in the Benestent-I study (80%; relative risk, 0.68 [0.45 to 1.04]). Conclusions The implantation of stents coated with polyamine and end-point–attached heparin in stable patients with one significant de novo coronary lesion is well tolerated, is associated with no (sub)acute stent thrombosis, and results in a favorable event-free survival after 6 months.
Circulating Progenitor Cells Regenerate Endothelium of Vein Graft Atherosclerosis, Which Is Diminished in ApoE-Deficient Mice
Authors: Qingbo Xu, Zhongyi Zhang, Fergus Davison, Yanhua Hu
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

Previously we showed that a large number of endothelial cells in vein grafts undergo apoptosis or necrosis during the first few days followed by endothelial regeneration. In the present study, we investigated endothelial cell death and regeneration in vein grafts using transgenic mice carrying LacZ genes driven by an endothelial TIE2 promoter. When a vein fragment from TIE2-LacZ was isografted into the carotid artery of wild-type mice, the number of beta-gal+ cells were reduced at 3 days and disappeared completely by 4 weeks after grafting. Conversely, beta-gal+ cells were observed on the surface of vein segments donated by wild-type mice isografted into TIE2-LacZ mice at 1 week and reached confluence by 4 weeks, suggesting recipient origins of endothelial cells. Interestingly, beta-gal+ cells were evenly distributed on the surface of the whole vein segment grafted into TIE2-LacZ mice, indicating a contribution of circulating progenitor cells. When wild-type veins were grafted into a chimeric mouse carrying TIE2-LacZ genes in bone marrow cells, a proportion of cells displayed a beta-gal+ staining. Furthermore, the number of CD34+ and Flk+ progenitor cells in blood of apoE-deficient mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type controls, which coincided with diminished beta-gal+ endothelial cells on the surface of vein grafts in TIE2-LacZ/apoE-/- mice. Thus, we provide the first evidence that endothelial cells of vein grafts are derived from circulating progenitor cells, of which one-third are derived from bone marrow progenitor cells. Hyperlipidemia due to apoE deficiency results in a lower number of endothelial progenitors in blood and correlated with enhanced atherosclerosis. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
Relationship between birth weight and adult lung function: controlling for maternal factors
Authors: C A Edwards
Journal: Thorax (2003)

<b>Background:</b> There is conflicting evidence on the “fetal origins hypothesis” of association between birth weight and adult lung function. This may be due to failure to control for confounding maternal factors influencing birth weight. In the present study access to birth details for adults aged 45–50 years who were documented as children to have asthma, wheezy bronchitis, or no respiratory symptoms provided an opportunity to investigate this association, controlling for maternal factors. <b>Methods:</b> In 2001 the cohort was assessed for current lung function, smoking status, and respiratory symptoms. Birth details obtained from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank recorded birth weight, gestation, parity, and mother’s age and height. <b>Results:</b> 381 subjects aged 45–50 years were traced and tested for lung function; 323 (85%) had birth details available. A significant linear trend (p&lt;0.01) was observed between birth weight and current forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) and forced vital capacity (FVC) values (adjusted for height, age, sex, weight, deprivation category (Depcat), childhood group, and smoking status). This trend remained significant after adjusting birth weight for gestation, parity, sex, mother’s height and weight (p = 0.01). The relationship between birth weight and FEV<sub>1</sub> and FVC remained significant when adjusted for smoking history. There was no association between birth weight and current wheezing symptoms. <b>Conclusion:</b> There is a positive linear trend between birth weight, adjusted for maternal factors, and lung function in adulthood. The strength of this association supports the “fetal origins hypothesis” that impairment of fetal growth is a significant influence on adult lung function.
Strict Avoidance of Exposure to Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) Glove Products is Associated with Longitudinal Reduction in Percutaneous Reactivity to NAL and Hev B Proteins
Authors: H.S. Amin, H. Kalra, R.E. Biagini, R.G. Hamilton, H.Y. Yeang, S.A.M. Arif, D.I. Bernstein
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Links between hospital diagnoses of bronchiectasis and asthma
Authors: O. Säynäjäkangas, T. Keistinen, T. Tuuponen, S.‐L Kivelä
Journal: Allergy (1997)

In view of the conflicting notions of the relationship between bronchiectasis and asthma, we have analysed the use of hospital services by bronchiectasis and asthma patients and evaluated the links between these diseases, employing data from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register of over 21 million hospitalization periods recorded in 1972–92. We conclude that asthma is common in hospitalized bronchiectasis patients and appears to be consequent upon this disease.
Phylogenomic Evidence for the Presence of a Flagellum and cbb3 Oxidase in the Free-Living Mitochondrial Ancestor
Authors: D. Sassera, N. Lo, S. Epis, G. D'Auria, M. Montagna, F. Comandatore, D. Horner, J. Pereto, A. M. Luciano, F. Franciosi, E. Ferri, E. Crotti, C. Bazzocchi, D. Daffonchio, L. Sacchi, A. Moya, A. Latorre, C. Bandi
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

The initiation of the intracellular symbiosis that would give rise to mitochondria and eukaryotes was a major event in the history of life on earth. Hypotheses to explain eukaryogenesis fall into two broad and competing categories: those proposing that the host was a phagocytotic proto-eukaryote that preyed upon the free-living mitochondrial ancestor (hereafter FMA), and those proposing that the host was an archaebacterium that engaged in syntrophy with the FMA. Of key importance to these hypotheses are whether the FMA was motile or nonmotile, and the atmospheric conditions under which the FMA thrived. Reconstructions of the FMA based on genome content of Rickettsiales representatives—generally considered to be the closest living relatives of mitochondria—indicate that it was nonmotile and aerobic. We have sequenced the genome of Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii, a novel and phylogenetically divergent member of the Rickettsiales. We found that it possesses unique gene sets found in no other Rickettsiales, including 26 genes associated with flagellar assembly, and a cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase. Phylogenomic analyses show that these genes were inherited in a vertical fashion from an ancestral α-proteobacterium, and indicate that the FMA possessed a flagellum, and could undergo oxidative phosphorylation under both aerobic and microoxic conditions. These results indicate that the FMA played a more active and potentially parasitic role in eukaryogenesis than currently appreciated and provide an explanation for how the symbiosis could have evolved under low levels of oxygen.
Identification of Tumor-Initiating Cells in a p53-Null Mouse Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Mei Zhang, Fariba Behbod, Rachel L. Atkinson, Melissa D. Landis, Frances Kittrell, David Edwards, Daniel Medina, Anna Tsimelzon, Susan Hilsenbeck, Jeffrey E. Green, Aleksandra M. Michalowska, Jeffrey M. Rosen
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Using a syngeneic p53-null mouse mammary gland tumor model that closely mimics human breast cancer, we have identified, by limiting dilution transplantation and in vitro mammosphere assay, a Lin−CD29HCD24H subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells. Upon subsequent transplantation, this subpopulation generated heterogeneous tumors that displayed properties similar to the primary tumor. Analysis of biomarkers suggests the Lin−CD29HCD24H subpopulation may have arisen from a bipotent mammary progenitor. Differentially expressed genes in the Lin−CD29HCD24H mouse mammary gland tumor-initiating cell population include those involved in DNA damage response and repair, as well as genes involved in epigenetic regulation previously shown to be critical for stem cell self-renewal. These studies provide in vitro and in vivo data that support the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis. Furthermore, this p53-null mouse mammary tumor model may allow us to identify new CSC markers and to test the functional importance of these markers. [Cancer Res 2008;68(12):4674–82]
Endocrine Disorders as a Contributory Factor to Neoplasia in SJL/J Mice2
Authors: W. Pierpaoli, N. Haran-Ghera, E. Bianchi, J. Müller, A. Meshorer, M. Bree
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1974)

We studied the endocrine status of SJL/J mice. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the adenohypophyses of both sexes became progressively infiltrated with an abnormal number of gonadotropinproducing cells that probably secreted large amounts of luteotropic hormone. The ovaries had numerous large corpora lutea even in animals over 1 year of age with reticulum cell neoplasms. The adrenal cortexes of female mice showed no regression of the reticular zone. In accordance with the anomalous condition of the adenohypophysis and ovary, females had abnormal estrous cycles, with prolonged diestrus and consequent reduction in fertility. These data were discussed in the context of hormone environment versus onset of systemic neoplastic disease and the relationship between hormone dependence and leukemic virus expression.
The Receptor with High Affinity for Immunoglobulin E
Authors: H Metzger, G Alcaraz, R Hohman, J P Kinet, V Pribluda, R Quarto
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1986)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease Reply
Authors: E H FORREST, R I RUSSELL, T R ORCHARD, D P JEWELL
Journal: Gut (1999)

Editor,—We read with interest the paper by Orchard et al ( Gut 1998; 42 :387–91) describing peripheral arthropathy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However their study concentrated upon those patients with joint swelling or effusion, classifying them as either pauciarticular (type 1) or polyarticular (type 2). We were interested to note the low prevalence of arthralgia in their patients (14.3% for Crohn’s disease), and that these patients were disregarded from further study. This report is in the context of a wide variation in the published prevalence of peripheral arthropathy in Crohn’s disease (0.4 to 23%).1 

In our own retrospective study of 102 patients with Crohn’s disease we found a higher prevalence of joint symptoms (53%). Ankylosing spondylitis was present in 4% of patients, 9% had peripheral arthritis, and 24% had peripheral arthralgia without joint swelling or effusion. The remainder of patients had degenerative joint disease …
Changes in Detection of Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes in the First 4 Years of a Population-Based Diabetic Eye Screening Program: Retrospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2663–2669
Authors: Alice S. Forster, Angus Forbes, Hiten Dodhia, Clare Connor, Alain Du Chemin, Sobha Sivaprasad, Samantha Mann, Martin C. Gulliford
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)
Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a meta-analysis
Authors: O. Benavente, D. Moher, B. Pham
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the value of carotid endarterectomy for prevention of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. <b>Design:</b> Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis in which subjects were allocated to carotid endarterectomy or to medical treatment alone. <b>Subjects:</b> Five trials enrolled 2440 patients with stenosis 50%. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Stroke ipsilateral to the stenosis, all strokes, and perioperative complications (stroke or death). <b>Results:</b> In patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (n=1215) there was a significant reduction in the odds of ipsilateral stroke plus perioperative stroke or death (odds ratio 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.44 to 0.86), corresponding to a 2% absolute risk reduction over about 3.1 years. The prevalence of stroke in any location was also reduced (0.68; 0.51 to 0.9) in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. During the immediate postoperative period there was an increased prevalence of stroke or death among such patients (4.51; 2.36 to 8.64). <b>Conclusion:</b> Carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis unequivocally reduces the incidence of ipsilateral stroke, though the absolute benefit is relatively small. Given the modest benefit of surgery for unselected patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis carotid endarterectomy cannot be routinely recommended for these patients pending reliable identification of high risk subgroups, and medical management is a sensible alternative for most patients.
Pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma
Authors: S J Gans, A M van der Elst, W Straks
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1988)

A patient with pulmonary hyalinizing granuloma (PHG) is presented. PHG is a rare disease with very specific histological characteristics. Roentgenograms display multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules which may be cavitated. Evidence exists that the nodules are the result of an exaggerated chronic immune response. The course of the disease is generally favourable. PHG should be considered in patients showing multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules.