tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cholera Enterotoxin on Ion Transport across Isolated Ileal Mucosa
Authors: Michael Field, David Fromm, Qais Al-Awqati, William B. Greenough
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The effects of cholera enterotoxin on intestinal ion transport were examined in vitro. Addition of dialyzed filtrate of Vibrio cholerae (crude toxin) to the luminal side of isolated rabbit ileal mucosa caused a delayed and gradually progressive increase in transmural electric potential difference (PD) and shortcircuit current (SCC). A similar pattern was observed upon addition of a highly purified preparation of cholera toxin, although the changes in PD and SCC were smaller. Na and Cl fluxes across the short-circuited mucosa were determined with radioisotopes 3-4 hr after addition of crude toxin or at a comparable time in control tissues. The toxin caused a net secretory flux of Cl and reduced to zero the net absorptive flux of Na. Similar flux changes were observed when either crude or purified toxin was added in vivo and tissues were mounted in vitro 3-4 hr later. Additon of D-glucose to the luminal side of toxin-treated mucosa produced a large net absorptive flux of Na without altering the net Cl and residual ion fluxes. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate (cyclic AMP) and theophylline had previously been shown to cause a rapid increase in SCC and ion flux changes similar to those induced by cholera toxin. Pretreatment of ileal mucosa with either crude or purified cholera toxin greatly reduced the SCC response to theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which, together with the flux data, suggest that both cyclic AMP and cholera toxin stimulate active secretion by a common pathway. Inhibition of the SCC response to theophylline was observed after luminal but not after serosal addition of toxin. In vitro effects of cholera toxin correlated closely with in vivo effects: heating toxin destroyed both; two V. cholerae filtrates which were inactive in vivo proved also to be inactive in vitro; PD and volume flow measurements in isolated, in vivo ileal loops of rabbit revealed that the PD pattern after addition of toxin is similar to that seen in vitro and also correlates closely with changes in fluid movement. The results suggest that stimulation by cholera toxin of a cyclic AMP-dependent active secretory process of the intestinal epithelial cells is a major cause of fluid loss in cholera.
Sporadic Colorectal Cancers With Microsatellite Instability and Their Possible Origin in Hyperplastic Polyps and Serrated Adenomas
Authors: N J Hawkins, R L Ward
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is seen in 10%-15% of sporadic colorectal cancers mostly in the right colon, but the precursors of cancers with MSI remain unknown. We examined whether sporadic cancers with MSI arise from pre-existing benign proliferative lesions (such as hyperplastic polyps or serrated adenomas [together denoted as "serrated polyps"]).The frequency of benign epithelial lesions (serrated polyps and conventional adenomas) was determined by histologic review of resection specimens from individuals (n = 29) with sporadic colorectal cancer with MSI and from a matched control group (n = 29) with cancer showing microsatellite stability (MSS). MSI status, expression of mismatch repair enzyme (product of the human mut-L homologue 1 [hMLH1] gene), and hMLH1 gene promoter methylation in the benign lesions were determined. Data were analyzed by the chi-square test, by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, and by conditional logistic regression as appropriate, and a two-sided probability less than.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Individuals with cancers showing MSI were more likely to harbor at least one serrated polyp than individuals with cancers showing MSS (odds ratio = 4.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.1 to 14.2; P =.03), but the frequency of conventional adenomas was the same in both groups (P =.52, Mann-Whitney test). Loss of hMLH1 protein expression was seen in lesions from 10 of 13 patients with MSI, but no loss was seen in lesions from four patients with MSS (P =.02, Fisher's exact test). Loss of hMLH1 protein expression was associated with MSI in assessable lesions. The hMLH1 promoter was methylated in all assessable serrated polyps from patients with cancers showing MSI but in none of the lesions from patients with MSS cancers.Some right-sided hyperplastic polyps may give rise to sporadic colorectal carcinomas with MSI. Methylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter within neoplastic cell subpopulations may be a critical step in the progression to carcinoma. The frequency with which benign lesions progress to cancer with MSI is unknown.
Hip pain onset in relation to cumulative workplace and leisure time mechanical load: a population based case-control study
Authors: D P Pope
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

<b>Objective:</b> In an unselected community sample of adults, to assess the role and importance of exposure to mechanical factors both at work and leisure in the aetiology of hip pain. <b>Method:</b> A population based prevalence case-control study. Cases and controls were identified from a population survey of 3847 subjects registered with two general practices in Cheshire, United Kingdom. All subjects received a postal questionnaire which inquired about hip pain during the past month. An occupational history was obtained, including exposure to each of seven physical demands. Information was also obtained on history of participation in eight common sporting activities. <b>Results:</b> 88% of those invited to participate returned a completed questionnaire. The 352 subjects with hip pain were designated as cases, and the remaining 3002 subjects as controls. In people ever employed, hip pain was significantly associated with high cumulative workplace exposure (before onset) of walking long distances over rough ground, lifting/moving heavy weights, sitting for prolonged periods, walking long distances, frequent jumping between different levels, and standing for prolonged periods. Odds ratios (ORs) in the higher exposure categories ranged from 1.46 to 2.65. Cumulative exposure to three sporting activities was significantly associated with hip pain: track and field sports, jogging, and walking, with odds ratios varying between 1.57 to 1.94. On multivariate analysis three factors were independent predictors of hip pain onset: cumulative exposure of sitting for prolonged periods (higher exposure <i>v</i> not exposed: OR=1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 2.92), lifting weights &gt;50 lb (23 kg) (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.86) (both relating to the workplace), and walking as a leisure activity (OR=1.97, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.94). The population attributable risk associated with each of these activities was 21%, 13%, and 16%, respectively <b>Conclusions:</b> Cumulative exposure to some workplace and sporting "mechanical" risk factors for hip osteoarthritis (OA) appear to be related to hip pain in general—some (but not all) have previously been related to hip OA. Because these are common workplace or leisure time activities their attributable risk is high.
Work disability in early rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: D Doeglas, T Suurmeijer, B Krol, R Sanderman, M van Leeuwen, M van Rijswijk
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the impact of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on work status. METHODS--The employment status of 119 patients who had jobs before the onset of RA was examined. Patients with work disability were compared with those without, for several disease characteristics, therapeutic regimen, and educational level and age. RESULTS--Sixty two percent of the patients, particularly manual workers, reported some kind of work disability (7% worked less, 13% were on sick leave, and 42% had quit their jobs). Forty five patients (38%) stated that they were working without any restrictions; however, only 12 of this latter group (10% of the total group) had not encountered any changes at all within their jobs. The patients who reported work disability had a lower level of education and scored higher for several disease characteristics (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), joint tenderness, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Groningen Activity Restriction Scale) and were provided with more medication compared with patients without work disability, though only the educational level, disease duration, HAQ and ESR contributed significantly to work disability in logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION--Even at an early stage, RA has a considerable impact on work status. This study indicates that work disability is dependent on disease characteristics and on the educational level of the patient.
MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE KIDNEY AND TESTIS
Authors: F. H. Scotson
Journal: BMJ (1934)

With Special Plate) Malignant tumours of the kidney and testis are among the most interesting of all growths, both from a patho- logical and from a clinical point of view.Their impor- tance lies in the marked degree of malignancy they show.In this communication I wish to draw attention to their pathology, and to record a case of q,n early hypernephroma of the kidney and of a seminoma of the testis.
Aggregating and Partitioning Populations in Health Care Disparities Research: Differences in Perspective
Authors: David A. Asch, Katrina Armstrong
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Health and health care are distributed unevenly across individuals and populations, and identifying these disparities is the first step toward remedying them. We reveal how conceptual and statistical challenges make even the identification of disparities difficult. These difficulties arise because the social, biologic, and environmental causes of disparities are intertwined, leading to statistical confounding. These difficulties arise also because the same data can be analyzed to examine care from the perspective of the patient, or from the perspective of organizations such as health systems or jurisdictions, and these alternative perspectives can yield contradictory results. The result is that health care disparities can be challenging to interpret unless the analytic and policy perspective is clear.
Airway Inflammation Is Present during Clinical Remission of Atopic Asthma
Authors: LEON M. VAN DEN TOORN, SHELLEY E. OVERBEEK, JOHAN C. DE JONGSTE, KAROLINA LEMAN, HENK C. HOOGSTEDEN, JAN-BAS PRINS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Symptoms of atopic asthma often disappear at puberty. However, asthmatic subjects in clinical remission will frequently have a relapse later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate whether subjects in clinical remission of atopic asthma have persistent airway inflammation and/or airway remodeling. Bronchial biopsies were obtained from subjects in clinical remission, asthmatic subjects, and healthy control subjects. The presence and/or activation state of eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes, interleukin (IL)-5, eotaxin, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed. Results were compared with less invasive indicators of airway inflammation. Also aspects of airway remodeling were determined. Eosinophils, T cells, mast cells, and IL-5 were significantly elevated in the airway mucosa of subjects in remission compared with control subjects. Also, blood eosinophil cell counts were significantly higher in subjects in clinical remission. Blood eosinophil cell counts, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) levels, and bronchial response to adenosine-5 ′ -monophosphate correlated significantly with the quantity of tissue eosinophils. Significant airway remodeling was found in subjects in clinical remission. Our study has shown ongoing airway inflammation and airway remodeling in adolescents in clinical remission of atopic asthma. Subclinical airway inflammation may well determine the risk of an asthma relapse later in life.
Comparative cost and performance of light-emitting diode microscopy in HIV–tuberculosis-co-infected patients
Authors: A. Whitelaw, J. Peter, H. Sohn, D. Viljoen, G. Theron, M. Badri, V. Davids, M. Pai, K. Dheda
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Light-emitting diode (LED) microscopy has recently been endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, it is unclear whether LED is as accurate and cost-effective as Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) microscopy or mercury vapour fluorescence microscopy (MVFM) in tuberculosis (TB)–HIV-co-infected subjects. Direct and concentrated sputum smears from TB suspects were evaluated using combinations of LED microscopy, ZN microscopy and MVFM. Median reading time per slide was recorded and a cost analysis performed. Mycobacterial culture served as the reference standard. 647 sputum samples were obtained from 354 patients (88 (29.8%) were HIV-infected and 161 (26%) were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) . Although overall sensitivity of LED compared with ZN microscopy or MVFM was similar, sensitivity of all three modalities was lower in HIV-infected patients. In the HIV-infected group, the sensitivity of LED microscopy was higher than ZN microscopy using samples that were not concentrated (46 versus 39%; p=0.25), and better than MVFM using concentrated samples (56 versus 44; p=0.5). A similar trend was seen in the CD4 count &lt;200 cells·mL −1 subgroup. Median (interquartile range) reading time was quicker with LED compared with ZN microscopy (1.8 (1.7–1.9) versus 2.5 (2.2–2.7) min; p≤0.001). Average cost per slide read was less for LED microscopy (US$1.63) compared with ZN microscopy (US$2.10). Among HIV–TB-co-infected patients, LED microscopy was cheaper and performed as well as ZN microscopy or MVFM independent of the staining (ZN or auramine O) or processing methods used.
In Vivo Assessment of Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging at 3 T with an Endorectal Coil
Authors: Thiele Kobus, Thomas Hambrock, Christina A. Hulsbergen-van de Kaa, Alan J. Wright, Jelle O. Barentsz, Arend Heerschap, Tom W.J. Scheenen
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Do Inhaled Carbon Nanoparticles Translocate Directly into the Circulation in Humans?
Authors: Nicholas L. Mills, Nadia Amin, Simon D. Robinson, Atul Anand, John Davies, Dilip Patel, Jesus M. de la Fuente, Flemming R. Cassee, Nicholas A. Boon, William MacNee, Alistair M. Millar, Ken Donaldson, David E. Newby
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Increased exposure to particulate air pollution (PM(10)) is a risk factor for death and hospitalization with cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that the nanoparticulate component of PM(10) is capable of translocating into the circulation with the potential for direct effects on the vasculature.The study's aim was to determine the extent to which inhaled technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-labeled carbon nanoparticles (Technegas) were able to access the systemic circulation.Ten healthy volunteers inhaled Technegas and blood samples were taken sequentially over the following 6 h. Technegas particles were 4-20 nm in diameter and aggregated to a median particle diameter of approximately 100 nm. Radioactivity was immediately detected in blood, with levels increasing over 60 min. Thin-layer chromatography of whole blood identified a species that moved with the solvent front, corresponding to unbound (99m)Tc-pertechnetate, which was excreted in urine. There was no evidence of particle-bound (99m)Tc at the origin. gamma Camera images demonstrated high levels of Technegas retention (95.6 +/- 1.7% at 6 h) in the lungs, with no accumulation of radioactivity detected over the liver or spleen.The majority of (99m)Tc-labeled carbon nanoparticles remain within the lung up to 6 h after inhalation. In contrast to previous published studies, thin-layer chromatography did not support the hypothesis that inhaled Technegas carbon nanoparticles pass directly from the lungs into the systemic circulation.
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS UPON A GRADED COUGH RESPONSE OBTAINED IN SENSITIZED GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO AEROSOL OF SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
Authors: Charles A. Winter, Lars Flataker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

A technique is described for measuring objectively and quantitatively the reaction of sensitized guinea pigs when exposed to an aerosol of specific antigen. The principle involves registration by semi-automatic means of the number of coughs produced in animals passively sensitized with known amounts of antibody. The number of coughs is shown to be linearly related to log dose of antibody within a limited range and a dose-response curve is presented. The cough produced by this procedure is not inhibited by the antitussive drugs, codeine and propadrine, but can be inhibited by anti-allergic agents, such as cortisone and an antihistaminic drug. It is also inhibited by narcotine. The last is the only compound so far tested which suppresses both the cough produced by this procedure and that produced by a simple irritant. The action of cortisone and the antihistaminic drug, pyrilamine, is shown to be synergistic. A small dose of pyrilamine in animals pretreated with cortisone gives a degree of inhibition which cannot be obtained by increasing the dose of pyrilamine in animals not treated with cortisone.
Reporting of study design in titles and abstracts of articles published in clinically oriented dermatology journals
Authors: R. Ubriani, N. Smith, K.A. Katz
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Journal Article Reporting of study design in titles and abstracts of articles published in clinically oriented dermatology journals Get access R. Ubriani, R. Ubriani Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. *Department of Medicine, Christiana Hospital, Newark, DE, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. Smith, N. Smith Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. *Department of Medicine, Christiana Hospital, Newark, DE, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K.A. Katz K.A. Katz Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. *Department of Medicine, Christiana Hospital, Newark, DE, U.S.A. Correspondence: Kenneth Katz, 1439B Corccrun St NW, Washington, DC 20009, U.S.A. E‐mail: Kenneth.Katz@post.harvard.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 156, Issue 3, 1 March 2007, Pages 557–559, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07705.x Published: 01 March 2007
P278 Reasons Proffered For Non-Attendance at a Difficult Asthma Clinic: Abstract P278 Table 1
Authors: S Mault, BJ McDonough, P Currie, H Burhan
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Our weekly difficult asthma clinic consistently has a higher ‘did not attend’ (DNA) rate compared to the general respiratory clinics (32.6% v 23.7%). There is some evidence that DNA rates are particularly high for primary care asthma reviews<sup>1</sup>. Demand for our weekly difficult asthma clinic appointments is increasing such that routine appointments are at a premium. To explore reasons for non-attendance, our asthma specialist nurses attempted to interview patients that DNA over the telephone within a week of their scheduled appointment. The cause for non-attendance was ascertained in a non-confrontational manner and asthma control gauged. <h3>Aim</h3> To determine reasons preferred for non-attendance at a difficult asthma clinic and to ascertain whether these differed between new and follow-up patients. <h3>Methods</h3> Review of database generated from contacting patients that DNA asthma clinic between April 2011 and March 2012. <h3>Results</h3> There were a total of 153 missed appointments. We attempted to contact the patient following their missed appointment in 101 cases and were able to succesfully complete a telephone interview in 51 cases. Of the DNA appointments, 8 were new-patient appointments and 43 were follow-up. See Table 1. Reasons for non-attendance. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Forgetfulness (‘wrong day’ and ‘forgot’) was the commonest reason for non-attendance amongst both new and follow-up patients. This is in keeping with work done in the general out-patient population.2 One in 5 patients claimed not to have recieved their appointment. Attempts to telephone patients a week prior to their scheduled appointment may help to reduce DNA rates and/or make more appoinments available to patients that need them. <h3>References</h3> van Baar et al, Understanding reasons for asthma outpatient (non)-attendance and exploring the role of telephone and e-consulting in facilitating access to care: exploratory qualitative study Qual Saf Health Care 2006; 15:191–195 Pal et al, Why do outpatients fail to keep their clinic appointments? Results from a survey and recommended remedial actions. Int J Clin Pract.1998 Sep; 52(6):436–7.
P04.09 * THE PROGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF CD133 AND NESTIN IN A POPULATION-BASED COHORT OF GLIOMA PATIENTS
Authors: R. H. Dahlrot, S. Hansen, H. D. Schroeder, S. S. Jensen, J. Hjelmborg, B. W. Kristensen
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

INTRODUCTION: Cancer stem cell-related (CSC) markers like CD133 and nestin have been suggested as a novel type of prognostic markers in gliomas. However no single CSC-related marker is currently used in clinical decisions. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic potential of CD133 and nestin separately and in combination using a novel quantitative approach in a well-characterized population-based cohort of glioma patients. METHODS: Using computer-based systematic and random sampling the expression of CD133 and nestin were investigated in paraffin sections from 239 primary gliomas (WHO grade II-IV). All patients were diagnosed between 2005 and 2009. A fluorescence staining protocol with antibodies against CD133 and nestin were used followed by automated image acquisition and processing. RESULTS: The level of nestin correlated positively with WHO grade (p < 0.001). Patients with WHO grade II tumours and a high level of nestin had a short progression-free survival (PFS) in multivariate analysis (HR 3.42, 95% CI 1.18-9.94, p = 0.02) including age, performance status and IDH1 status. No association between nestin and overall survival (OS) were observed in patients with WHO grade III (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.69-6.93, p = 0.18) or IV tumours (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82-1.52, p = 0.48). The expression of CD133 did not correlate with WHO grade (p = 0.17), and there was no association with overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). High levels of co-localization were associated with poor PFS in patients with WHO grade II tumours (HR 3.09, 95% CI 1.05-9.11, p = 0.04), but not in patients with WHO grade III (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.41-3.98, p = 0.68) and IV tumours (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.66-1.43, p = 0.88). Co-localization was not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION: CD133 was not an independent prognostic factor, but a high level of nestin was associated with poor PFS in patients with WHO grade II tumours. High levels of co-localization were associated with poor PFS in patients with WHO grade II tumours but did not provide independent prognostic value. The combination of double-immunofluorescence and automated analysis seems to be a feasible and reproducible approach for future investigation of potential prognostic biomarkers.