tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite genetic distances between oceanic populations of the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Authors: E. Valsecchi, P. Palsboll, P. Hale, D. Glockner-Ferrari, M. Ferrari, P. Clapham, F. Larsen, D. Mattila, R. Sears, J. Sigurjonsson, M. Brown, P. Corkeron, B. Amos
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of humpback whales show strong segregation between oceanic populations and between feeding grounds within oceans, but this highly structured pattern does not exclude the possibility of extensive nuclear gene flow. Here we present allele frequency data for four microsatellite loci typed across samples from four major oceanic regions: the North Atlantic (two mitochondrially distinct populations), the North Pacific, and two widely separated Antarctic regions, East Australia and the Antarctic Peninsula. Allelic diversity is a little greater in the two Antarctic samples, probably indicating historically greater population sizes. Population subdivision was examined using a wide range of measures, including Fst, various alternative forms of Slatkin's Rst, Goldstein and colleagues' delta mu, and a Monte Carlo approximation to Fisher's exact test. The exact test revealed significant heterogeneity in all but one of the pairwise comparisons between geographically adjacent populations, including the comparison between the two North Atlantic populations, suggesting that gene flow between oceans is minimal and that dispersal patterns may sometimes be restricted even in the absence of obvious barriers, such as land masses, warm water belts, and antitropical migration behavior. The only comparison where heterogeneity was not detected was the one between the two Antarctic population samples. It is unclear whether failure to find a difference here reflects gene flow between the regions or merely lack of statistical power arising from the small size of the Antarctic Peninsula sample. Our comparison between measures of population subdivision revealed major discrepancies between methods, with little agreement about which populations were most and least separated. We suggest that unbiased Rst (URst, see Goodman 1995) is currently the most reliable statistic, probably because, unlike the other methods, it allows for unequal sample sizes. However, in view of the fact that these alternative measures often contradict one another, we urge caution in the use of microsatellite data to quantify genetic distance.
A potential role of activated NF-κB in the pathogenesis of euthyroid sick syndrome
Authors: Takashi Nagaya, Miyuki Fujieda, Goro Otsuka, Jian-Ping Yang, Takashi Okamoto, Hisao Seo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2000)

Euthyroid sick syndrome, characterized by low serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) with normal L-thyroxine levels, is associated with a wide variety of disorders including sepsis, malignancy, and AIDS. The degree of low T3 in circulation has been shown to correlate with the severity of the underlying disorders and with the prognosis. Elevated TNF-α levels, which accompany severe illness, are associated with decreased activity of type I 5′-deiodinase (5′-DI) in liver, leading us to speculate that high levels of this factor contribute to euthyroid sick syndrome. Here we demonstrate that the activation of NF-κB by TNF-α interferes with thyroid-hormone action as demonstrated by impairment of T3-dependent induction of 5′-DI gene expression in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of NF-κB action by a dominant-negative NF-κB reversed this effect and allowed T3 induction of 5′-DI. Furthermore, we show that an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, clarithromycin (CAM), can inhibit TNF-α–induced activation of NF-κB and restore T3-dependent induction of 5′-DI mRNA and enzyme activity. These results suggest that NF-κB activation by TNF-α is involved in the pathogenesis of euthyroid sick syndrome and that CAM could help prevent a decrease in serum T3 levels and thus ameliorate euthyroid sick syndrome.
Identification of tumor associated immune responses against brachyury, a transcription factor and driver of EMT, in chordoma patients receiving a yeast-brachyury vaccine (gi-6301)
Authors: Renee N Donahue, Italia Grenga, Lauren Lepone, James L Gulley, Christopher R Heery, Ravi A Madan, Timothy C Rodell, Jeffrey Schlom, Benedetto Farsaci
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Brachyury is a tumor-associated antigen and transcription factor that drives the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human carcinomas. The aim of this study was to assess whether patients with chordoma, a rare tumor of the notochord that over-expresses brachyury, can
Induction of B Cell Hyperplasia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques with the Simian Homologue of Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Scott W. Wong, Eric P. Bergquam, Ryan M. Swanson, Felix W. Lee, Stanley M. Shiigi, Nancy A. Avery, John W. Fanton, Michael K. Axthelm
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

A simian homologue of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the eighth human herpesvirus (HHV8), was isolated from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) that developed a multicentric lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). This simian rhadinovirus is genetically similar to a recently described rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) (Desrosiers, R.C., V.G. Sasseville, S.C. Czajak, X. Zhang, K.G. Mansfield, A. Kaur, R.P. Johnson, A.A. Lackner, and J.U. Jung. 1997. J. Virol. 71:9764-9769) and is designated RRV 17577. RRV 17577 was experimentally inoculated into rhesus macaques with and without SIV(mac239) infection to determine if RRV played a role in development of the LPD observed in the index case. In contrast to control animals inoculated with SIV(mac239) or RRV alone, two animals coinfected with SIV(mac239) and RRV 17577 developed hyperplastic LPD resembling the multicentric plasma cell variant of Castleman's disease, characterized by persistent angiofollicular lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Hypergammaglobulinemia was associated with severe immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in one RRV/SIV-infected macaque. Both RRV/SIV-infected macaques exhibited persistent RRV viremia with little or no RRV-specific antibody response. The macaques inoculated with RRV alone displayed transient viremia followed by a vigorous anti-RRV antibody response and lacked evidence of LPD in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Infectious RRV and RRV DNA were present in hyperplastic lymphoid tissues of the RRV/SIV-infected macaques, suggesting that lymphoid hyperplasia is associated with the high levels of replication. Thus, experimental RRV 17577 infection of SIV-infected rhesus macaques induces some of the hyperplastic B cell LPDs manifested in AIDS patients coinfected with KSHV.
Transpulmonary systemic fat embolism. Studies in mongrel dogs after cemented arthroplasty.
Authors: R J Byrick, J B Mullen, C D Mazer, C B Guest
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We investigated the source of intravascular fat in systemic organs (brain, heart, and kidney) after massive pulmonary fat embolism during cemented arthroplasty. We used a bilateral cemented arthroplasty (BCA) in anesthetized mongrel dogs that simulates a cemented total-hip replacement procedure. We hypothesized that deformable fat globules could pass through the lung vasculature under high pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa). Using quantitative morphometry, we showed that the size of pulmonary vessel occluded by fat decreased from 12.8 +/- 15.2 microns 1 min after BCA to 4.9 +/- 5.1 microns at 120 min after BCA (p < 0.01). Ultrastructural studies demonstrated no evidence of acute inflammation around fat-occluded pulmonary vessels 3 h after BCA. Intravascular fat was found in all brain, heart, and kidney specimens examined 3 h after BCA (n = 6). No anesthetized animal in the "sham" (no BCA) group (n = 3) had intravascular fat at the same time period. Radiolabeled microspheres (15 microns diameter) did not reach the systemic circulation (< 1% nonentrapment) under the high Ppa after BCA. No patent foramen ovale was found in any dog at postmortem examination. We conclude that fat globules can traverse the pulmonary circulation within 3 h of orthopedic surgery. The difference between solid microspheres and fat in transpulmonary passage suggests that the composition, perhaps the deformability, of embolic material influences the lung's filtering capacity.
Ciliary disorientation: a possible variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia.
Authors: A Rutman, P Cullinan, M Woodhead, P J Cole, R Wilson
Journal: Thorax (1993)

Random ciliary orientation has recently been proposed as a variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia. We report a 12 year old boy with all the features of primary ciliary dyskinesia and absent nasal mucociliary clearance in whom repeated biopsies of the nasal epithelium showed normal ciliary beat frequency. The only abnormality discovered was disorientation of the central microtubules of his cilia.
Identification of secretory component as an IgA receptor on rat hepatocytes.
Authors: D J Socken, K N Jeejeebhoy, H Bazin, B J Underdown
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

Secretory component (SC) was found to be synthesized by isolated rat hepatocytes. SC was detected by radioimmunoassay and cultured hepatocytes were found to synthesize 0.078 microgram SC/10(6) hepatocytes in a 48-h period. SC was also present on the surface of hepatocytes as detected by the specific binding of radiolabeled anti-SC antibodies as well as by the detection of specific membrane staining in indirect immunofluorescence tests using specifically purified anti-SC antibodies. Rat SC was detected on hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells but not on peripheral blood lymphocytes, unfractionated spleen cells, or erythrocytes. Specific binding of radiolabeled rat dimeric IgA to rat hepatocytes was also observed and evidence was obtained to indicate that such binding was mediated by SC. Thus, prior incubation of hepatocytes with anti-SC prevented binding of radiolabeled IgA. Moreover, prior incubation of radiolabeled IgA with rat SC prevented binding of the IgA to isolated hepatocytes. Cells treated with 0.25% trypsin lost their ability to bind to radiolabeled dimeric IgA.
Variations of Cationic Proteins from Eosinophil Leukocytes in Food Intolerance and Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ingemar Winqvist, Inge Olsson, Sonja Werner, Magnus Stenstam
Journal: Allergy (1981)

Challenge tests were performed in patients with food intolerance and allergic rhinitis to evaluate the usefulness of measurement of the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) of serum to distinguish different allergic reactions. In one group of patients with food intolerance symptom‐induced challenge resulted in a marked decrease of serum‐ECP. The number of blood eosinophils decreased simultaneously in some but not all of these patients. In another group of patients with food intolerance serum‐ECP displayed peak‐like increases followed by a decrease. The decrease in serum‐ECP may reflect that consumption of ECP is a result of idiosyncrasy in the target organ. In allergic rhinitis some patients showed an initial peak–like increase of serum–ECP, which was abolished by pretreatment with disodiumcromoglycate but not by pretreatment with antihistamine. Similar results have previously been demonstrated for allergic asthma. The difference obtained in serum‐ECP upon challenge in typical reagin‐mediated allergy and food intolerance may indicate that the latter is not reagin‐mediated. However, the interpretation of data is difficult because of lack of knowledge regarding the turnover in the circulation of ECP.
Apolipoprotein E Sendai (arginine 145--&gt;proline)
Authors: S Oikawa, A Matsunaga, T Saito, H Sato, T Seki, K Hoshi, K Hayasaka, H Kotake, H Midorikawa, A Sekikawa, S Hara, K Abe, T Toyota, H Jingami, H Nakamura, J Sasaki
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (1997)

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a novel disease characterized by proteinuria, lipoprotein thrombi in the glomeruli, and increased concentration of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) E. It is believed that a genetic disorder of apo E may be present and associated with the disease. Three patients with LPG were examined in this study. The patients' DNA sequences were analyzed, and a nucleotide G to C point mutation in exon 4 of the apo E gene was confirmed in each patient. This missense mutation denotes amino acid substitution of the proline residue for arginine residue at position 145 of apo E. This variant (apo E Sendai) may cause a marked molecular conformational change of the apo E. These findings suggest that a novel variant is etiologically related to LPG.
Increased blood carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in inflammatory pulmonary diseases
Authors: H Yasuda
Journal: Thorax (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Exhaled carbon monoxide has been reported to increase in inflammatory pulmonary diseases and to be correlated with blood carboxyhaemoglobin (Hb-CO) concentration. A study was undertaken to determine whether arterial blood Hb-CO increases in patients with inflammatory pulmonary diseases. <b>Methods:</b> The Hb-CO concentration in arterial blood was measured with a spectrophotometer in 34 normal control subjects, 24 patients with bronchial asthma, 52 patients with pneumonia, and 21 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). <b>Results:</b> The mean (SE) Hb-CO concentrations in patients with bronchial asthma during exacerbations (n=24, 1.05 (0.05)%), with pneumonia at the onset of illness (n=52, 1.08 (0.06)%), and with IPF (n=21, 1.03 (0.09)%) were significantly higher than those in control subjects (n=34, 0.60 (0.07)%) (mean difference 0.45% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23 to 0.67), p&lt;0.01 in patients with bronchial asthma, mean difference 0.48% (95% CI 0.35 to 0.60), p&lt;0.0001 in patients with pneumonia, and mean difference 0.43% (95% CI 0.26 to 0.61) p&lt;0.001 in patients with IPF). In 20 patients with bronchial asthma the Hb-CO concentration decreased after 3 weeks of treatment with oral glucocorticoids (p&lt;0.001). In 20 patients with pneumonia the Hb-CO concentration had decreased after 3 weeks when patients showed evidence of clinical improvement (p&lt;0.001). The values of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein, correlated with Hb-CO concentrations in patients with pneumonia (<i>r</i>=0.74, p&lt;0.0001) and in those with IPF (<i>r</i>=0.46, p&lt;0.01). In patients with bronchial asthma changes in Hb-CO concentrations were significantly correlated with those in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) after 3 weeks (<i>r</i>=0.67, p&lt;0.01). Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were correlated with Hb-CO concentrations (n=33, <i>r</i>=0.80, p&lt;0.0001). <b>Conclusions:</b> Hb-CO concentrations are increased in inflammatory pulmonary diseases including bronchial asthma, pneumonia, and IPF. Measurement of arterial Hb-CO may be a useful means of monitoring pulmonary inflammation.
Semilateral Decubitus Breast Examination
Authors: A. Douglas Heymann
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Early detection of breast neoplasms is a tantamount factor in curability. The routine physical examination is, at times, deficient. Diagnostic acuity can be increased by adding bilateral semilateral decubitus or oblique positions to the usual examination. Lesions deep within the medial aspects, upper outer quadrants, or axillary tail, especially in large breasts, may be hidden within dense parenchyma or a thick layer of fat or may sink between ribs onto intercostal muscles when examined in the usual erect and supine positions (Fig 1). By using right and left semilateral decubitus positions (Fig 2) with both of the patient's arms elevated, both breasts will fall dependently, thereby thinning the lateral aspects, upper outer quadrant, and axillary tail of the upper breasts and the medial aspect of the lower breast (Fig 3). This allows for improved detection of small lesions hidden below a thickness of fat and breast or between ribs. Even with mammography, Lundgren<sup>1</sup>found that 7% of breast lesions
Bleeding in carriers of hemophilia
Authors: Iris Plug, Eveline P. Mauser-Bunschoten, Annette H. J. T. Bröcker-Vriends, Hans Kristian Ploos van Amstel, Johanna G. van der Bom, Joanna E. M. van Diemen-Homan, José Willemse, Frits R. Rosendaal
Journal: Blood (2006)
Recombinant Sendai Virus Vector Induces Complete Remission of Established Brain Tumors through Efficient <i>Interleukin-2</i> Gene Transfer in Vaccinated Rats
Authors: Yasuo Iwadate, Makoto Inoue, Takashi Saegusa, Yumiko Tokusumi, Hiroaki Kinoh, Mamoru Hasegawa, Masatoshi Tagawa, Akira Yamaura, Hideaki Shimada
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Sendai virus (SeV), a murine parainfluenza virus type I, replicates independent of cellular genome and directs high-level gene expressions when used as a viral vector. We constructed a nontransmissible recombinant SeV vector by deleting the matrix (M) and fusion (F) genes from its genome (SeV/ΔMΔF) to enhance its safety. We also estimated the therapeutic efficacy of the novel vector system against a rat glioblastoma model. Experimental Design: We administered the recombinant SeV vector carrying the lacZ gene or the human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) gene into established 9L brain tumors in vivo simultaneous with peripheral vaccination using irradiated 9L cells. Sequential monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy. Results: We found extensive transduction of the lacZ gene into the brain tumors and confirmed sufficient amounts of interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by hIL2-SeV/ΔMΔF both in vitro and in vivo. The magnetic resonance imaging study showed that the intracerebral injection of hIL2-SeV/ΔMΔF brought about significant reduction of the tumor growth, including complete elimination of the established brain tumors. The 51Cr release assay showed that significant amounts of 9L-specific cytotoxic T cells were induced by the peripheral vaccination. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were abundantly infiltrated in the target tumors. Conclusion: The present results show that the recombinant nontransmissible SeV vector provides efficient in vivo gene transfer that induces significant regression of the established brain tumors and suggest that it will be a safe and useful viral vector for the clinical practice of glioma gene therapy.
Individuals, properties, and the explicitness hierarchy
Authors: Alex Barber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

The scenario used by Dienes &amp; Perner to show that individual representation can be implicit when property representation is explicit can be adapted to show that property representation can be implicit when individual representation is explicit. So there is no hierarchy of explicitness, contrary to their claim. There is a reading of the “implicit/explicit” distinction that does appear to exhibit an asymmetry parallel to that alleged to hold between individual and property. But this is not a distinction Dienes &amp; Perner mention, nor is it one that could be easily incorporated into their framework.
Biology of Cachexia
Authors: M. J. Tisdale
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1997)

About half of all cancer patients show a syndrome of cachexia, characterized by loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Such patients have a decreased survival time, compared with the survival time among patients without weight loss, and loss of total body protein leads to substantial impairment of respiratory muscle function. These changes cannot be fully explained by the accompanying anorexia, and nutritional supplementation alone is unable to reverse the wasting process. Despite a falling caloric intake, patients with cachexia frequently show an elevated resting energy expenditure as a result of increases in Cori cycle (i.e., catalytic conversion of lactic acid to glucose) activity, glucose and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling, and gluconeogenesis. A number of cytokines, including tumor necrosisfactor-α, interleukins 1 and 6, interferon γ, and leukemia-inhibitory factor, have been proposed as mediators of the cachectic process. However, the results of a number of clinical and laboratory studies suggest that the action of the cytokines alone is unable to explain the complex mechanism of wasting in cancer cachexia. In addition, cachexia has been observed in some xenograft models even without a cytokine involvement, suggesting that other factors may be involved. These probably include catabolic factors, which act directly on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and the presence of which has been associated with the clinical development of cachexia. A polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, attenuates the action of such catabolic factors and has been shown to stabilize the process of wasting and resting energy expenditure in patients with pancreatic cancer. Such a pharmacologic approach may provide new insights into the treatment of cachexia.
Group III secreted phospholipase A2 regulates epididymal sperm maturation and fertility in mice
Authors: Hiroyasu Sato, Yoshitaka Taketomi, Yuki Isogai, Yoshimi Miki, Kei Yamamoto, Seiko Masuda, Tomohiko Hosono, Satoru Arata, Yukio Ishikawa, Toshiharu Ishii, Tetsuyuki Kobayashi, Hiroki Nakanishi, Kazutaka Ikeda, Ryo Taguchi, Shuntaro Hara, Ichiro Kudo, Makoto Murakami
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Although lipid metabolism is thought to be important for the proper maturation and function of spermatozoa, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this dynamic process in the gonads remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that group III phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-III), a member of the secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) family, is expressed in the mouse proximal epididymal epithelium and that targeted disruption of the gene encoding this protein (Pla2g3) leads to defects in sperm maturation and fertility. Although testicular spermatogenesis in Pla2g3-/- mice was grossly normal, spermatozoa isolated from the cauda epididymidis displayed hypomotility, and their ability to fertilize intact eggs was markedly impaired. Transmission EM further revealed that epididymal spermatozoa in Pla2g3-/- mice had both flagella with abnormal axonemes and aberrant acrosomal structures. During epididymal transit, phosphatidylcholine in the membrane of Pla2g3+/+ sperm underwent a dramatic shift in its acyl groups from oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids to docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, whereas this membrane lipid remodeling event was compromised in sperm from Pla2g3-/- mice. Moreover, the gonads of Pla2g3-/- mice contained less 12/15-lipoxygenase metabolites than did those of Pla2g3+/+ mice. Together, our results reveal a role for the atypical sPLA2 family member sPLA2-III in epididymal lipid homeostasis and indicate that its perturbation may lead to sperm dysfunction.
EXTENDING THE LIMITS OF LIMB SALVAGE
Authors: W M Abbott, G H Meier
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1987)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
AIDS AND THE Gc PROTEIN
Authors: D.B. Whitehouse, K.R. Allinson, D.A. Hopkinson, BarbaraH. Bowman, Lesley-Jane Eales, Keith Nye, AnthonyJ. Pinching, M. Thymann, E. Dickmeiss, A. Svejgaard, C. Pedersen, I. Bygbjerg, V. Faber
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes
Authors: John E Sims, Yang Pan, Dirk E Smith, Martin J.H Nicklin, Jenny L Barton, J.Fernando Bazan, Robert A Kastelein, Samantha J Busfield, John E Ford, Haishan Lin, Julio J Mulero, Sanjay Kumar, James (Guohua) Pan, Peter R Young
Journal: Trends in Immunology (2001)