tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Derivation and validation of age and temperature specific reference values and centile charts to predict lower respiratory tract infection in children with fever: prospective observational study
Authors: R. G. Nijman, M. Thompson, M. van Veen, R. Perera, H. A. Moll, R. Oostenbrink
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<b>Objectives</b> To develop reference values and centile charts for respiratory rate based on age and body temperature, and to determine how well these reference values can predict the presence of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children with fever. <b>Design</b> Prospective observational study. <b>Participants </b>Febrile children aged at least 1 month to just under 16 years (derivation population, n=1555; validation population, n=671) selected from patients attending paediatric emergency departments or assessment units in hospitals. <b>Setting</b> One hospital in the Netherlands in 2006 and 2008 (derivation population); one hospital in the Netherlands in 2003-05 and one hospital in the United Kingdom in 2005-06 (validation population). <b>Intervention</b> We used the derivation population to produce respiratory rate centile charts, and calculated 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th centiles of respiratory rate at a specific body temperature. Multivariable regression analysis explored associations between respiratory rate, age, and temperature; results were validated in the validation population by calculating diagnostic performance measures, z scores, and corresponding centiles of children with diagnoses of pneumonic LRTI (as confirmed by chest radiograph), non-pneumonic LRTI, and non-LRTI. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Age, respiratory rate (breaths/min) and body temperature (°C), presence of LRTI. <b>Results</b> Respiratory rate increased overall by 2.2 breaths/min per 1°C rise (standard error 0.2) after accounting for age and temperature in the model. We observed no interactions between age, temperature, and respiratory rates. Age and temperature dependent cut-off values at the 97th centile were more useful for ruling in LRTI (specificity 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.92 to 0.96), positive likelihood ratio 3.66 (2.34 to 5.73)) than existing respiratory rate thresholds such as Advanced Pediatrics Life Support values (0.53 (0.48 to 0.57), 1.59 (1.41 to 1.80)). However, centile cut-offs could not discriminate between pneumonic LRTI and non-pneumonic LRTI. <b>Conclusions</b> Age specific and temperature dependent centile charts describe new reference values for respiratory rate in children with fever. Cut-off values at the 97th centile were more useful in detecting the presence of LRTI than existing respiratory rate thresholds.
The Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: W. M. Keynes
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Comparison of incidence in biracial communities may also be fallacious if access to hospital and opportunities for full clinical and laboratory assessment are more limited for the negro than for the white on account of local social or economic circumstances.The picture is further complicated by the difficulty of establishing complete racial purity in the modern West Indian or American negro.All of our patients presented essen- tially negroid characteristics; but it cannot be affirmed with any certainty that there had been no admixture of white, Chinese, or Indian blood.For practical pur- poses, however, it can be said that they were typical and representative of the negro in the West Indies to-day.These are aspects of the disease that clearly require careful and detailed analysis and constant awareness of the tendency for preconceptions to persist as miscon- ceptions.For the reasons stated comparison with incidence rates from other hospitals is likely to be unrewarding.In our hospital, however, it is certainly significant that all our patients were diagnosed in the period from January, 1958, to June, 1960, whereas this diagnosis had been made only once in the previous five years (in a white American female).It was during these two and a lhalf years that particular attention was being directed towards the study of two disorders commonly seen in Jamaica, which show some features of pernicious anaemia.These are the megaloblastic anaemia of infancy, which has been shown to be due to a dietary insufficiency of folic acid (Maclver and Back, 1960a, 1 960b), and an unusual neuropathy of unknown aetiology, the neurological features of which are very similar to those of subacute combined degeneration, of the spinal cord (Cruickshank, 1961).We have thought that it is this detailed study and increased awareness of these and allied disorders that account for the increasing frequency with which the diagnosis is being made locally, and not an increasing incidence. SummaryClinical anid laboratory details are given on 10 negro patients with pernicious anaemia admitted to the University College Hospital in Jamaica in the 30 months from January, 1958, to June, 1960.All showed the usual clinical and laboratory features of pernicious anaemia; and in the patients on whom these tests were carried out the Schilling test and gastric biopsy findings were characteristic.Anorexia and loss of weight were conspicuous features.It is thought that the rarity of this disease in the negroh as been overemphasized and that hospital statistics may be misleading in this respect.The literature on pernicious anaemia in other parts of the tropics is briefly reviewed.There is evidence that, in addition to the basic gastric lesion, dietary and economic factors may play a part in the genesis of the disease.
The effect of intracellular oxygen concentration on lactate release, pyridine nucleotide reduction, and respiration rate in the rat cardiac tissue.
Authors: R Araki, M Tamura, I Yamazaki
Journal: Circulation Research (1983)

By measuring the absorbance change due to myoglobin oxygenation in hemoglobin-free isolated perfused rat hearts, we analyzed effects of perfusion pressure and heart rate upon the intracellular oxygen concentration. With Langendorff perfusion, the cardiac tissue was kept normoxic (above 50 microM O2) at aortic pressure above 50 cm H2O, but became hypoxic (8 microM O2) at 30 cm H2O. The increase in cardiac work, expressed as the product of peak systolic pressure and heart rate, increased oxygen consumption at aortic pressure of 50-200 cm H2O. The heart was kept normoxic under these conditions. Lactate release, oxygen consumption, and the oxidation-reduction state of pyridine nucleotide were measured as a function of myoglobin oxygenation under various normoxic and anoxic conditions. Pyridine nucleotide fluorescence and lactate release started to increase as the intracellular oxygen concentration decreased to 6 and 10 microM, respectively. Oxygen consumption was kept constant until the oxygen concentration decreased to 10 microM and slowed down below it. A close relationship between oxygen consumption and lactate release was observed. Infusions of epinephrine and norepinephrine under normoxic perfusion conditions increased cardiac work, oxygen consumption, and lactate release. More than 50% of myoglobin was then deoxygenated even under normoxic perfusion conditions. The increase in lactate release was ascribable to the increase in glycolytic flux caused by hypoxia. The change of pyridine nucleotide fluorescence by epinephrine was also explained by hypoxia in cardiac tissue.
Effect of preoperative abstinence on poor postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Hanne T⊘nnesen, Jacob Rosenberg, Hans J Nielsen, Verner Rasmussen, Christina Hauge, Ib K Pedersen, Henrik Kehlet
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the influence of preoperative abstinence on postoperative outcome in alcohol misusers with no symptoms who were drinking the equivalent of at least 60 g ethanol/day. <b>Design:</b> Randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Copenhagen, Denmark. <b>Subjects:</b> 42 alcoholic patients without liver disease admitted for elective colorectal surgery. <b>Interventions:</b> Withdrawal from alcohol consumption for 1month before operation (disulfiram controlled) compared with continuous drinking. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Postoperative complications requiring treatment within the first month after surgery. Perioperative immunosuppression measured by delayed type hypersensitivity; myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias measured by Holter tape recording; episodes of hypoxaemia measured by pulse oximetry. Response to stress during the operation were assessed by heart rate, blood pressure, serum concentration of cortisol, and plasma concentrations of glucose, interleukin 6, and catecholamines. <b>Results:</b> The intervention group developed significantly fewer postoperative complications than the continuous drinkers (31% <i>v</i> 74%, P=0.02). Delayed type hypersensitivity responses were better in the intervention group before (37 mm<sup>2</sup><i>v</i> 12 mm<sup>2</sup>, P=0.04), but not after surgery (3 mm<sup>2</sup><i>v</i> 3 mm<sup>2</sup>). Development of postoperative myocardial ischaemia (23% <i>v</i> 85%) and arrhythmias (33% <i>v</i> 86%) on the second postoperative day as well as nightly hypoxaemic episodes (4 <i>v</i> 18 on the second postoperative night) occurred significantly less often in the intervention group. Surgical stress responses were lower in the intervention group (P≤0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> One month of preoperative abstinence reduces postoperative morbidity in alcohol abusers. The mechanism is probably reduced preclinical organ dysfunction and reduction of the exaggerated response to surgical stress.
STUDIES ON CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS IN MICE
Authors: Ole Marker, Mogens Volkert
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A large amount of experimental evidence has already been presented indicating the great importance of the cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of the LCM virus infection in mice. In this laboratory a method which makes it possible to measure this cellular immunity quantitatively in vitro has been developed. The method is based on the determination of the radioisotope released after the interaction between specifically sensitized lymphocytes and syngeneic (1)Cr-labeled LCM virus-infected target cells. By using this technique the time-course of the cell-mediated immunity has been established in acutely infected mice and in virus carriers adoptively immunized with syngeneic sensitized lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from acutely infected mice showed a strong lysing effect on the target cells, with a sharp maximum at about the 9th day after infection. The cell-mediated immunity in adoptively immunized virus carrier mice showed the same time-course, but in these animals the lytic effect of the lymphoid cells was considerably less pronounced. Lymphocytes from untreated virus carriers did not, however, have any effect on the target cells, and in these animals it was not possible to demonstrate any evidence of enhancing antibodies, In experiments employing serial dilutions of sensitized lymphocytes in normal cells a direct linear relationship between the number of sensitized lymphocytes and target cell destruction was found. These experiments seem to indicate that the underlying mechanism in the cytotoxic reaction is a direct cell-to-cell interaction.
Ultrastructure of endocrine-like cells in lamina propria of human gastric mucosa.
Authors: J Stachura, W J Krause, K J Ivey
Journal: Gut (1981)

Endocrine cells of gastric and gut mucosa are commonly thought to be present only within mucosal glands. In a previous report, we described argyrophilic cells in the lamina propria in 40% of surgical gastric specimens, using light microscopy. All these patients had chronic gastritis. Argyrophilia, however, is a non-specific reaction which could occur in other than endocrine cells. The present study was undertaken to describe the ultrastructure of argyrophil cells in the lamina propria. In five patients with chronic gastritis, endoscopic biopsies were taken from the fundic, intermediate, and pyloric areas of the stomach. Single and/or clustered argyophil cells were seen by light microscopy in the lamina propria of the intermediate and pyloric areas. On electron-microscopy, these cells had the following characteristics of endocrine-like cells: they were characterised by numerous electron dense granules in the cytoplasm, 100-300 nm in diameter; the cytoplasm contained poorly-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum with occasional vesicles. Immunostaining gave negative results for various gastrointestinal hormones. These ultrastructural characteristics of lamina propria cells are similar to endocrine cells of the APUD series. We conclude that endocrine-like cells occur in the lamina propria of the human stomach in the presence of chronic gastritis.
Developmental assessment of children
Authors: M. Bellman, O. Byrne, R. Sege
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<h3>Abstract</h3> We introduce the dynseq genome browser track, which displays DNA nucleotide characters scaled by user-specified, base-resolution scores provided in the BigWig file format. The dynseq track enables visualization of context-specific, informative genomic sequence features. We demonstrate its utility in three popular genome browsers for interpreting cis-regulatory sequence syntax and regulatory variant interpretation by visualizing nucleotide importance scores derived from machine learning models of regulatory DNA trained on protein-DNA binding and chromatin accessibility experiments.
Supervised Exercise Training Counterbalances the Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy in Overweight/Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Stefano Balducci, Silvano Zanuso, Patrizia Cardelli, Gerardo Salerno, Sara Fallucca, Antonio Nicolucci, Giuseppe Pugliese
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

To examine the effect of supervised exercise on traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary, overweight/obese insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes from the Italian Diabetes Exercise Study (IDES).The study randomized 73 insulin-treated patients to twice weekly supervised aerobic and resistance training plus structured exercise counseling (EXE) or to counseling alone (CON) for 12 months. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study.The volume of physical activity was significantly higher in the EXE versus the CON group. Values for hemoglobin A(1c), BMI, waist circumference, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and the coronary heart disease risk score were significantly reduced only in the EXE group. No major adverse events were observed.In insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes, supervised exercise is safe and effective in improving glycemic control and markers of adiposity and inflammation, thus counterbalancing the adverse effects of insulin on these parameters.
Ventricular Volume of Nonbeating Excised Dog Hearts in the State of Elastic Equilibrium
Authors: G. A. BRECHER, H. KOLDER, A. D. HORRES
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

The volume in the left ventricle and that in the right ventricle were measured statically starting from zero transmural pressure, when the ventricle is in the state of elastic equilibrium, to a negative transmural pressure of 30 mm Hg. Freshly excised dog hearts were submerged in Ringer's solution at 10°C to establish zero transmural pressure, to offset the contribution of the weight of the ventricular walls on the shape of the ventricle, and to retard the onset of postmortem changes. The volume was approximated by an equation which included a power function of the body weight and another of the ventricular weight. For male dogs, the left ventricle when in the state of elastic equilibrium contained a mean volume of 14.5 ml for a body weight of 10 kg and a ventricular weight of 58 g; the corresponding figure for the right ventricle was 12.2 ml. In a quiescent heart below a certain ventricular volume, potential energy will be stored in structural elements of the ventricle wall that will facilitate the filling of the ventricle.
Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating Weekly Cisplatin for Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: R. Fruscio, A. Garbi, G. Parma, A. A. Lissoni, D. Garavaglia, C. M. Bonazzi, T. Dell'Anna, C. Mangioni, R. Milani, N. Colombo
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

This randomized, open label, phase III clinical trial (1988–1992) compared the efficacy and safety of a dose-dense regimen of single-agent cisplatin with a standard 3-weekly schedule in first-line chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Two hundred eighty-five patients were randomly assigned to the experimental dose-dense arm (cisplatin 50 mg/m2 weekly × nine cycles) or to the control (standard treatment) arm (cisplatin 75 mg/m2, administered on day 1 every 21 days × six cycles). The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), overall response to chemotherapy, and toxicity. Toxicity and response to treatment were compared with the χ2 test using trend or exact correction. PFS and OS were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analyses and treatment hazard ratios (HRs) with the Cox proportional hazards model. All statistical tests were two-sided. After a median follow-up of 16.8 years, no differences were observed between the two treatments in PFS (experimental arm: 17.2 months; control arm: 18.1 months; HR = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 1.40; P = .57) and in OS (experimental arm: 35 months; control arm: 32 months; HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.75 to 1.26; P = .97). Thus, increasing dose intensity of cisplatin does not improve PFS or OS compared with standard chemotherapy.
Respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: P.M.A. Calverley
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2003)

Respiratory failure is still an important complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hospitalisation with an acute episode being a poor prognostic marker. However, other comorbid conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, are equally powerful predictors of mortality. The physiological basis of acute respiratory failure in COPD is now clear. Significant ventilation/perfusion mismatching with a relative increase in the physiological dead space leads to hypercapnia and hence acidosis. This is largely the result of a shift to a rapid shallow breathing pattern and a rise in the dead space/tidal volume ratio of each breath. This breathing pattern results from adaptive physiological responses which lessen the risk of respiratory muscle fatigue and minimise breathlessness. Treatment is directed at reducing the mechanical load applied to each breath, correcting specific precipitating factors, e.g. bacterial infection, and maintaining gas exchange. Both bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids can improve spirometric results in exacerbations of COPD and should be routinely offered to patients with respiratory failure. Controlled oxygen is still not always prescribed appropriately and high inspired oxygen concentrations can lead to severe acidosis by either worsening ventilation/perfusion mismatching and/or inducing a degree of hypoventilation. Ventilatory support using noninvasive ventilation has revolutionised the approach to these patients. Acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains a common medical emergency that can be effectively managed. More attention should be focused on the prevention of these episodes and identifying the factors which cause early relapse.
Deficiency of protein C inhibitor in combined factor V/VIII deficiency disease.
Authors: R A Marlar, J H Griffin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Activated protein C is an anticoagulant plasma protease enzyme that inactivates Factors V and VIII in plasma. Normal plasma contains a protein that inhibits activated protein C and that is distinct from previously described plasma protease inhibitors. Protein C inhibitory activity is not detectable in plasmas from four unrelated patients with combined Factor V/VIII deficiency but is present in normal amounts in plasmas from patients with simple factor V deficiency or Factor VIII deficiency. It is suggested that the molecular basis for combined Factor V/VIII deficiency that exhibits simple autosomal recessive inheritance is a deficiency of protein C inhibitor.
Abstract 4281: Targeted or whole genome sequencing of formalin-fixed tissue samples
Authors: Sarah Munchel, Yen Hoang, Yue Zhao, Joseph Cottrell, Brandy Klotzle, Andrew Godwin, Janelle Noel, Brooke Fridley, Peter Beyerlein, Jian-Bing Fan, Marina Bibikova, Jeremy R. Chien
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: To provide a systematic analysis of formalin fixation artifacts on Illumina sequencing libraries and results, we generated two complementary sequencing libraries (target enrichment sequencing and whole exome sequencing) from 11 pairs of matched formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh-frozen (FF) tumor samples and two pairs of matched FFPE and FF germline samples. We also generated whole genome sequencing data from a single pair of FF/FFPE tumor samples. Results: The results indicate minimal variations in library fragment size, coverage, and PCR duplicates within FF/FFPE paired samples that are less than 1 year old; whereas, a large variation in these parameters were observed in FF/FFPE pairs in samples that are approximately 2 years old. No significant increase in global mismatch rates and C•G&amp;gt;T•A substitutions were observed in FFPE samples from the former group; whereas, a discernible increase in mismatch rates and C•G&amp;gt;T•A substitutions were observed in FFPE samples from the latter group. However, over 99.7% and 99.5% of concordant calls were observed between matched FF and FFPE pairs at reference and non-reference positions within the targeted regions, respectively. Although an increased rate of global mismatches and C•G&amp;gt;T•A substitutions were observed in some FFPE samples, discordant rates were low (&amp;lt;0.26) in all samples because most of the FFPE artifacts were filtered out using GATK workflow. Consistent with this analysis, C•G&amp;gt;T•A substitutions are comparable in non-reference positions in paired FF and FFPE samples. Conclusions: We developed upfront quality assessment and library preparation method that use low input DNA from FFPE samples to perform next-generation sequencing. The results from our studies indicate the suitability of FFPE samples in sequencing studies. Citation Format: Sarah Munchel, Yen Hoang, Yue Zhao, Joseph Cottrell, Brandy Klotzle, Andrew Godwin, Janelle Noel, Brooke Fridley, Peter Beyerlein, Jian-Bing Fan, Marina Bibikova, Jeremy R. Chien. Targeted or whole genome sequencing of formalin-fixed tissue samples. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4281. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4281