tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Activation of nuclear factor κB as a target for anti- inflammatory therapy
Authors: S SCHREIBER
Journal: Gut (1999)

Transcription factors are small proteins which specifically regulate the expression of genes. A pivotal step in transcriptional regulation is the physical binding of these regulatory proteins to DNA sites in gene promoter regions. Binding specificity is determined by the nucleotide sequence of the binding site. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was defined by its ability to bind to a 10 base pair oligonucleotide motif first identified in the enhancer region of the immunoglobulin κ light chain gene. NF-κB, which has recently been shown to regulate most inflammation genes, was originally described as a heterodimeric complex of two subunits, p65 and p50.1 2 

Proteins of the NF-κB family are found constitutively in the cytoplasm of most mammalian cells. In resting cells, they are sequestered in the cytoplasm by inactivating molecules which are mainly members of the inhibitor κB family (IκB).1 2Activation of NF-κB …
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia. I. Pitfalls in Diagnosis and Management
Authors: James Markowitz, Fredric Daum, Ellen I. Kahn, Keith M. Schneider, Henry B. So, Peter R. Altman, Harvey W. Aiges, Garth Alperstein, Mervin Silverberg
Journal: Hepatology (1983)

Differentiating intrahepatic cholestasis from extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction may be difficult. Four patients with intraoperative cholangiographic evidence of extrahepatic ductal atresia who underwent hepatoportoenterostomy are described. All were ultimately shown to have arteriohepatic dysplasia with hypoplastic but patent extrahepatic ductal systems. The difficulty in establishing an accurate diagnosis, hazards associated with hepatoportoenterostomy, and suggestions for evaluation and management are discussed.
Effect of the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services Policy About Deep Sedation on Use of Propofol
Authors: Douglas K. Rex
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

On 11 December 2009, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services issued a policy stating that deep sedation can only be administered by an anesthesiologist, a certified registered nurse anesthetist, or a trained medical doctor or a doctor of osteopathy not involved in the performance of a medical procedure. Propofol is a popular sedation agent that is usually administered by anesthesia specialists in a service termed monitored anesthesia care (MAC). Monitored anesthesia care adds substantial new fees to procedural sedation. However, available evidence shows that propofol can be used safely by nonanesthesiologists for procedural sedation. The American Society of Anesthesiologists considers that propofol implies deep sedation and should only be administered by anesthesia specialists. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy on deep sedation can be viewed as supporting an ongoing conversion to MAC to deliver propofol for procedural sedation. However, the absence of an evidence base supporting a need for MAC to deliver propofol, combined with its high cost, suggests that alternatives to MAC to deliver propofol deserve fair and balanced evaluation.
Methylene blue reduces pulmonary oedema and cyclo-oxygenase products in endotoxaemic sheep
Authors: O.V. Evgenov, N.V. Evgenov, T.E. Mollnes, L.J. Bjertnaes
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

The authors recently demonstrated that methylene blue (MB), an inhibitor of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, reduces the increments in pulmonary capillary pressure, lung lymph flow and protein clearance in endotoxaemic sheep. In the present study, the authors examined whether MB influences pulmonary haemodynamics and accumulation of extravascular lung water (EVLW) by mechanisms other than the NO pathway. Sixteen awake, chronically-instrumented sheep randomly received either an intravenous injection of MB 10 mg x kg(-1) or isotonic saline. Thirty minutes later, all sheep received an intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin 1 microg x kg(-1) for 20 min and either an intravenous infusion of MB 2.5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) or isotonic saline for 6 h. MB markedly attenuated the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure, and reduced the accumulation of EVLW. Moreover, MB reduced the increments in plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, and abolished the febrile response. However, MB had no effect on the changes in circulating neutrophils, serum hyaluronan, and total haemolytic activity of the alternative complement pathway. The authors conclude that in sheep, methylene blue attenuates the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension and oedema, at least in part, by inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonic acid. This is a novel effect of methylene blue in vivo.
Role of Rb-Dependent and Rb-Independent Functions of Papillomavirus <i>E7</i> Oncogene in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Katerina Strati, Paul F. Lambert
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) and in particular the expression of the viral proteins E6 and E7 have been associated with the etiology of a subset of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). However, the individual consequences of E6 and E7 expression in an in vivo model have not been examined in these tissues. We have used transgenes that direct expression of the HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins to the head and neck tissues of mice to dissect the contribution of these proteins to head and neck carcinogenesis. We report here that E7 is the major transforming oncogene in HPV-associated HNSCC, whereas E6 is more likely to play a secondary role in contributing to later stages of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a conditional deletion of Rb, a prominent target for E7, in the same tissues did not recapitulate all E7-mediated phenotypes. Although our results do not preclude an important role for the E7-pRb interaction, they highlight the importance of pRb-independent functions of E7 in head and neck carcinogenesis.
Synovial response of Papio cynocephalus to exogenous antigen: histological and immunoperoxidase observations.
Authors: I S Alexander, D L Gardner, P N Skelton-Stroud
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

Acute experimental synovitis was produced by intra-articular challenge of 3 baboons (Papio cynocephalus) sensitised with ovalbumin. Haemagglutination tests revealed high titres of circulating antiovalbumin antibody. Measurements were made of articular diameter, circumference, and temperature before the animals were killed on days 1, 5, and 20. The sterile synovitis was investigated microscopically and by immunoperoxidase methods. IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, and fibrin were identified within the synovial membranes which were extensively infiltrated with plasmacytes and other mononuclear cells. It was concluded that the baboon can respond to exogenous antigen histologically in a manner analogous to that of nonprimates. Some features of the response recall those of the synovitis of active human rheumatoid disease.
Clonal and molecular characteristics of the human IgE-committed B cell subset.
Authors: T MacKenzie, H M Dosch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

We have followed the pathway of the IgE-committed B lymphocyte from fresh, unstimulated peripheral blood, through EBV activation, transformation, and eventual cloning. Using cell sorting in conjunction with limiting dilution culture systems, we found that: (a) cells that are selected in the cell sorter and secrete IgE in culture are sIgM+/sIgD+. They secrete all three isotypes after EBV activation and continue to do so stably in culture; (b) individual IgE+ cells in culture coproduce IgM, IgD, and IgE and cytoplasmic Ig of each isotype can be detected in single cells; (c) no rearrangement was observed of VDJ to epsilon in any of six lines tested. DNA between the rearranged VDJ-mu and -epsilon appears to be overall intact, including a region 10.5 kb upstream and 18 kb downstream of the 2-kb epsilon coding region and; (d) mRNA of mu and epsilon species is of normal and comparable size. In contrast to IgG- and IgA-producing clones, multiple isotype expression appears to be both frequent and stable in cells committed to IgE production. We propose that IgE-committed cells represent a unique B cell sublineage whose differentiation pathway may be more strictly regulated than that of other isotypes with regard to the signals required for classical, deletional switch recombination that has been observed in rare IgE-producing myeloma cell lines.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum Heralding Acute Leukemia for Months: Diagnostic Hint Written on the Skin
Authors: Konstantin Schlick, Sigrid Regauer, Christine Beham-Schmid, Lorenzo Cerroni, Angelika Rohn, Alexander J.A. Deutsch, Werner Linkesch, Peter Neumeister, Ariane Aigelsreiter
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)
Evolution of 5' Untranslated Region Length and Gene Expression Reprogramming in Yeasts
Authors: Z. Lin, W.-H. Li
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2011)

The sequences of the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs play important roles in posttranscriptional regulation, but whether a change in UTR length can significantly affect the regulation of gene expression is not clear. In this study, we examined the connection between UTR length and Expression Correlation with cytosolic ribosomal proteins (CRP) genes (ECC), which measures the level of expression similarity of a group of genes with CRP genes under various growth conditions. We used data from the aerobic fermentation yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the aerobic respiration yeast Candida albicans. To reduce statistical fluctuations, we computed the ECC for the genes in a Gene Ontology (GO) functional group. We found that in both species, ECC is strongly correlated with the 5′ UTR length but not with the 3′ UTR length and that the 5′ UTR length is evolutionarily better conserved than the 3′ UTR length. Interestingly, we found 11 GO groups that have had a substantial increase in 5′ UTR length in the S. cerevisiae lineage and that the length increase was associated with a substantial decrease in ECC. Moreover, 9 of the 11 GO groups of genes are involved in mitochondrial respiration function, whose expression reprogramming has been shown to be a major factor for the evolution of aerobic fermentation. Finally, we found that an increase in 5′ UTR length may decrease the +1 nucleosome occupancy. This study provides a new angle to understand the role of 5′ UTR in gene expression regulation and evolution.
Antimicrobial Antibodies Are Associated With a Crohn's Disease–Like Phenotype After Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis
Authors: Andrea D. Tyler, Raquel Milgrom, Wei Xu, Joanne M. Stempak, A. Hillary Steinhart, Robin S. McLeod, Gordon R. Greenberg, Zane Cohen, Mark S. Silverberg
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2011)
Is the transit time of a meal through the small intestine related to the rate at which it leaves the stomach?
Authors: N W Read, J Cammack, C Edwards, A M Holgate, P A Cann, C Brown
Journal: Gut (1982)

Using non-invasive techniques, we investigated how varying the size or composition of a meal altered the rate at which it passed through the stomach and small intestine in normal volunteers. Increasing the size of the meal by doubling the absorbable components delayed gastric emptying, did not significantly influence the time taken for the head of the meal to reach the caecum, but retarded the entry of the bulk of the meal residues into the caecum. Incorporating fat in the meal slowed gastric emptying, but did not significantly affect small bowel transit time. The addition of the unabsorbable disaccharide lactulose (in place of an equivalent amount of sucrose) accelerated small bowel transit time, but did not significantly influence gastric emptying. Thus, our results indicated that changes in small bowel transit time could occur independently of changes in gastric emptying in normal healthy subjects.
Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998
Authors: O. Olsen, P. Middleton, J. Ezzo, P. C Gotzsche, V. Hadhazy, A. Herxheimer, J. Kleijnen, H. McIntosh
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the quality of Cochrane reviews. <b>Design:</b> Ten methodologists affiliated with the Cochrane Collaboration independently examined, in a semistructured way, the quality of reviews first published in 1998. Each review was assessed by two people; if one of them noted any major problems, they agreed on a common assessment. Predominant types of problem were categorised. <b>Setting:</b> Cyberspace collaboration coordinated from the Nordic Cochrane Centre. <b>Studies:</b> All 53 reviews first published in issue 4 of the <i>Cochrane Library</i> in 1998. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Proportion of reviews with various types of major problem. <b>Results:</b> No problems or only minor ones were found in most reviews. Major problems were identified in 15 reviews (29%). The evidence did not fully support the conclusion in nine reviews (17%), the conduct or reporting was unsatisfactory in 12 reviews (23%), and stylistic problems were identified in 12 reviews (23%). The problematic conclusions all gave too favourable a picture of the experimental intervention. <b>Conclusions:</b> Cochrane reviews have previously been shown to be of higher quality and less biased on average than other systematic reviews, but improvement is always possible. The Cochrane Collaboration has taken steps to improve editorial processes and the quality of its reviews. Meanwhile, the Cochrane Library remains a key source of evidence about the effects of healthcare interventions. Its users should interpret reviews cautiously, particularly those with conclusions favouring experimental interventions and those with many typographical errors. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Cochrane reviews are, on average, more systematic and less biased than systematic reviews published in paper journals Errors and biases also occur in Cochrane reviews <h3>What this study adds</h3> Too often, reviewers9 conclusions over-rated the benefits of new interventions Readers of Cochrane reviews should remain cautious, especially regarding conclusions that favour new interventions The Cochrane Collaboration has taken steps to improve the quality of reviews
Ranibizumab for the Treatment of Macular Edema Associated with Perfused Central Retinal Vein Occlusions
Authors: Dante J. Pieramici, Melvin Rabena, Alessandro A. Castellarin, Ma'an Nasir, Robert See, Tamara Norton, Andres Sanchez, Sarah Risard, Robert L. Avery
Journal: Ophthalmology (2008)
1 Multicenter randomized trial of HCV treatment with peginterferon-alpha 2a and ribavirin in liver transplant patients with established recurrent hepatitis C: Interim analysis
Authors: C. Duvoux, D. Samuel, G. Pageaux, M. Messner, P. Wolf, L. Rostaing, C. Vanlemmens, Y.P. Le Treut, S. Dharancy, J. Gugenheim, F. Durand, M. Néau-Cransac, O. Boilot, L. Samelson, K. Boudjema, Y. Calmus
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Physical activity during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ya-nan Yin, Xiang-lian Li, Tie-jun Tao, Bi-ru Luo, Shu-juan Liao
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Objectives We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of physical activity in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Search strategy We searched the literature in six electronic databases and bibliographies of relevant articles. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials on pregnant women who did not have GDM and other complications previously and had increased physical activity as the only intervention. The risk of developing GDM was documented separately for the intervention and control groups. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers extracted data and assessed quality independently. Data from the included trials were combined using a fixed-effects model. The effect size was expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% CI. Main results Of the 1110 studies identified, six randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. In three trials, the incidence of GDM was lower in the intervention group than in the control group, whereas two trials showed a higher incidence of GDM in the intervention group and the remaining trial found no GDM in either the intervention or control group. The meta-analysis resulted in a relative risk (RR) of GDM of 0.91 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.44), suggesting no significant difference in the risk of developing GDM between the intervention and the control groups. No indication of publication bias was found. Conclusions Evidence was insufficient to suggest that physical activity during pregnancy might be effective to lower the risk of developing GDM.
Adrenal Venography in Virilized Women
Authors: A. James Blair
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Suprarenal venography has been performed in 50 women with virilization. The left suprarenal vein was catheterized in all 50 patients and the right vein in 36. Thirty-six patients had normal venous patterns. Eleven had venous patterns of adrenal hypertrophy, in one case confirmed by surgery. Three had patterns suggestive of adrenal tumor, in two cases confirmed by surgery. In patients with normal suprarenal venograms, 17 had elevated urinary 17-ketosteroid levels. All patients with a tumor pattern had high 17-ketosteroid levels. Although the correlation between the venographic findings and the degree of virilization or urinary 17-ketosteroid level was not good, women with severe virilization and elevated 17-ketosteroid values more frequently had abnormal adrenal glands.
Individualised exercise improves endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: George S Metsios, Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, Jet JCS Veldhuijzen van Zanten, Peter Nightingale, Aamer Sandoo, Theodoros Dimitroulas, George D Kitas, Yiannis Koutedakis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

We investigated the effects of individualised combined resistance and aerobic exercise on microvascular and macrovascular function in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Forty age-matched, gender-matched and body mass index (BMI)-matched patients were allocated to either an exercise group, receiving a 6 months tailored aerobic and resistance exercise intervention, or controls receiving only information about the benefits of exercise. Participants were assessed for microvascular (acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) and macrovascular (flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)) endothelial function, maximal oxygen uptake, disease activity and severity (C-reactive protein (CRP), disease activity score 28 and health assessment questionnaire). Data were collected at baseline, 3 months and at the end of the intervention (6 months).At baseline, demographic, anthropometric, disease-related characteristics and endothelial function parameters were similar between the exercise and control groups (p>0.05). Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in endothelial function parameters at 3 (GTN: p<0.001) or 6 months (Ach: p=0.016, SNP: p=0.045, FMD: p=0.016) in the exercise but not in the control group. Generalised estimated equations detected that maximal oxygen uptake was a strong predictor for the observed changes in Ach (p=0.009) and GTN (p<0.001) whereas logCRP for SNP (p=0.017) and GTN (p=0.008).An exercise programme designed to meet individual needs and physical abilities significantly improves microvascular and macrovascular function in parallel with disease-related characteristics in RA patients. The potential long-term beneficial effects of such interventions at reducing cardiovascular risk in these patients merit further exploration.ISRCTN50861407.
Experimental autoimmune panencephalitis and uveoretinitis transferred to the Lewis rat by T lymphocytes specific for the S100 beta molecule, a calcium binding protein of astroglia.
Authors: K Kojima, T Berger, H Lassmann, D Hinze-Selch, Y Zhang, J Gehrmann, K Reske, H Wekerle, C Linington
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The pathogenic potential of autoimmune T cell responses to nonmyelin autoantigens was investigated in the Lewis rat using the astrocyte-derived calcium binding protein S100 beta, as a model nonmyelin autoantigen. The Lewis rat mounts a vigorous RT1B1 (major histocompatibility complex class II) restricted autoimmune response to an immunodominant S100 beta epitope (amino acid residues 76-91). The adoptive transfer of S100 beta-specific T cell lines induced a severe inflammatory response in the nervous system, but only minimal neurological dysfunction in naive syngeneic recipients. The inability of S100 beta-specific T cell transfer to induce severe disease was associated with a decreased recruitment of ED1+ macrophages into the central nervous system (CNS) in comparison with that seen in severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T line cells. Moreover, unlike encephalitogenic MBP-specific T cell lines, S100 beta-specific T cell lines exhibited no cytotoxic activity in vitro. Histopathological analysis also revealed striking differences in the distribution of inflammatory lesions in MBP- and S100 beta-specific T cell-mediated disease. In contrast to the MBP paradigm, S100 beta-specific T cell transfer induces intense inflammation not only in the spinal cord, but throughout the entire CNS and also in the uvea and retina of the eye. In view of the distribution of lesions throughout the grey and white matter of the CNS we propose to term this new model experimental autoimmune panencephalomyelitis (EAP) to differentiate it from EAE. These experiments demonstrate for the first time that nonmyelin CNS autoantigens can initiate a pathogenic autoimmune T cell response, although the nature of the target autoantigen profoundly influences the clinical and histopathological characteristics of the resulting autoimmune disease. This is not simply a consequence of the distribution of the autoantigen, as both MBP and S100 beta are coexpressed in many areas of the CNS, but reflects differences in the capacity of different regions of the CNS to process and present specific autoantigens. This new model of T cell-mediated autoimmune CNS disease exhibits a number of similarities to multiple sclerosis (MS), such as its mild clinical course and the involvement of areas of the brain and eye, which are absent in myelin-mediated models of EAE. Nonmyelin autoantigens may therefore play an unexpectedly important role in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
EXAMINATION OF THE L FORMS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI FOR THE GROUP-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE AND M PROTEIN
Authors: John T. Sharp, W. Hijmans, L. Dienes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

Two strains of L forms of group A streptococci were examined for group-specific polysaccharide and found to lack this substance. One of these was found to make a substance that had several properties in common with M protein. It is suggested that the absence of the cell wall polysaccharide is responsible for the lack of rigidity of the L form and that the L form of this species closely resembles protoplasts as prepared from other species.