tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Lymph Nodes From Homosexual Men
Authors: Robert L. Modlin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To evaluate further the immunodeficiency of homosexual men, blood and lymph node specimens were obtained from five homosexual men with lymphadenopathy and from seven homosexual men with Kaposi's sarcoma. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify T-lymphocyte subsets in blood by cytofluorometry and in frozen sections of nodes by immunoperoxidase techniques. The homosexuals with Kaposi's sarcoma had a T-helper/suppressor ratio in blood of 0.7; the homosexuals with lymphadenopathy had a ratio of 0.6, compared with controls of 2.1. Control lymphoid tissue had a ratio of 3.0 in the interfollicular areas compared with the reactive lymph nodes in the homosexuals with lymphadenopathy, which was 0.7, and nodes from patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, 0.9. The nodes from homosexual men had evident numerous suppressor cells in the follicular center and mantle regions, locations in normal lymphoid tissue where suppressor cells were uncommon.
Isolation and Expansion of Adult Cardiac Stem Cells From Human and Murine Heart
Authors: Elisa Messina, Luciana De Angelis, Giacomo Frati, Stefania Morrone, Stefano Chimenti, Fabio Fiordaliso, Monica Salio, Massimo Battaglia, Michael V.G. Latronico, Marcello Coletta, Elisabetta Vivarelli, Luigi Frati, Giulio Cossu, Alessandro Giacomello
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

Cardiac myocytes have been traditionally regarded as terminally differentiated cells that adapt to increased work and compensate for disease exclusively through hypertrophy. However, in the past few years, compelling evidence has accumulated suggesting that the heart has regenerative potential. Recent studies have even surmised the existence of resident cardiac stem cells, endothelial cells generating cardiomyocytes by cell contact or extracardiac progenitors for cardiomyocytes, but these findings are still controversial. We describe the isolation of undifferentiated cells that grow as self-adherent clusters (that we have termed "cardiospheres") from subcultures of postnatal atrial or ventricular human biopsy specimens and from murine hearts. These cells are clonogenic, express stem and endothelial progenitor cell antigens/markers, and appear to have the properties of adult cardiac stem cells. They are capable of long-term self-renewal and can differentiate in vitro and after ectopic (dorsal subcutaneous connective tissue) or orthotopic (myocardial infarction) transplantation in SCID beige mouse to yield the major specialized cell types of the heart: myocytes (ie, cells demonstrating contractile activity and/or showing cardiomyocyte markers) and vascular cells (ie, cells with endothelial or smooth muscle markers).
Myofilament Ca Sensitization Increases Cytosolic Ca Binding Affinity, Alters Intracellular Ca Homeostasis, and Causes Pause-Dependent Ca-Triggered Arrhythmia
Authors: Tilmann Schober, Sabine Huke, Raghav Venkataraman, Oleksiy Gryshchenko, Dmytro Kryshtal, Hyun Seok Hwang, Franz J. Baudenbacher, Björn C. Knollmann
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Ca binding to the troponin complex represents a major portion of cytosolic Ca buffering. Troponin mutations that increase myofilament Ca sensitivity are associated with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and confer a high risk for sudden death. In mice, Ca sensitization causes ventricular arrhythmias, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.To test the hypothesis that myofilament Ca sensitization increases cytosolic Ca buffering and to determine the resulting arrhythmogenic changes in Ca homeostasis in the intact mouse heart.Using cardiomyocytes isolated from mice expressing troponin T (TnT) mutants (TnT-I79N, TnT-F110I, TnT-R278C), we found that increasing myofilament Ca sensitivity produced a proportional increase in cytosolic Ca binding. The underlying cause was an increase in the cytosolic Ca binding affinity, whereas maximal Ca binding capacity was unchanged. The effect was sufficiently large to alter Ca handling in intact mouse hearts at physiological heart rates, resulting in increased end-diastolic [Ca] at fast pacing rates, and enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca content and release after pauses. Accordingly, action potential (AP) regulation was altered, with postpause action potential prolongation, afterdepolarizations, and triggered activity. Acute Ca sensitization with EMD 57033 mimicked the effects of Ca-sensitizing TnT mutants and produced pause-dependent ventricular ectopy and sustained ventricular tachycardia after acute myocardial infarction.Myofilament Ca sensitization increases cytosolic Ca binding affinity. A major proarrhythmic consequence is a pause-dependent potentiation of Ca release, action potential prolongation, and triggered activity. Increased cytosolic Ca binding represents a novel mechanism of pause-dependent arrhythmia that may be relevant for inherited and acquired cardiomyopathies.
Paediatric rhinitis: position paper of the <scp>E</scp>uropean <scp>A</scp>cademy of Allergy and <scp>C</scp>linical <scp>I</scp>mmunology
Authors: G. Roberts, M. Xatzipsalti, L. M. Borrego, A. Custovic, S. Halken, P. W. Hellings, N. G. Papadopoulos, G. Rotiroti, G. Scadding, F. Timmermans, E. Valovirta
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Rhinitis is a common problem in childhood and adolescence and impacts negatively on physical, social and psychological well-being. This position paper, prepared by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Taskforce on Rhinitis in Children, aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of paediatric rhinitis. Rhinitis is characterized by at least two nasal symptoms: rhinorrhoea, blockage, sneezing or itching. It is classified as allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis and nonallergic, noninfectious rhinitis. Similar symptoms may occur with other conditions such as adenoidal hypertrophy, septal deviation and nasal polyps. Examination by anterior rhinoscopy and allergy tests may help to substantiate a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. Avoidance of relevant allergens may be helpful for allergic rhinitis (AR). Oral and intranasal antihistamines and nasal corticosteroids are both appropriate for first-line AR treatment although the latter are more effective. Once-daily forms of corticosteroids are preferred given their improved safety profile. Potentially useful add-on therapies for AR include oral leukotriene receptor antagonists, short bursts of a nasal decongestant, saline douches and nasal anticholinergics. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is helpful in IgE-mediated AR and may prevent the progression of allergic disease. There are still a number of areas that need to be clarified in the management of rhinitis in children and adolescents.
Autotitrating versus standard noninvasive ventilation: a randomised crossover trial
Authors: J. Jaye, M. Chatwin, M. Dayer, M. J. Morrell, A. K. Simonds
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of automatic titration of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) with conventional NIV in stable neuromuscular and chest wall disorder patients established on long-term ventilatory support. In total, 20 neuromuscular and chest wall disease patients with nocturnal hypoventilation treated with long-term NIV completed a randomised crossover trial comparing two noninvasive pressure support ventilators: a standard bilevel ventilator (VPAP III) and a novel autotitrating bilevel ventilator (AutoVPAP). Baseline physiological measurements, overnight polysomnography and Holter monitoring were repeated at the end of each 1-month treatment period. Nocturnal oxygenation was comparable between the autotitrating device and standard ventilator, as were sleep efficiency, arousals and heart rate variability. However, there was a small significant increase in mean overnight transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (median (interquartile range) 7.2 (6.7–7.7) versus 6.7 (6.1–7.0) kPa) and a decrease in percentage stage 1 sleep (mean± sd 16±9 versus 19±10%) on autotitrating NIV compared with conventional NIV. Autotitrating noninvasive ventilation using AutoVPAP produced comparable control of nocturnal oxygenation to standard nonivasive ventilation, without compromising sleep quality in stable neuromuscular and chest wall disease patients requiring long-term ventilatory support for nocturnal hypoventilation.
A Discrete Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells Transports Apoptotic Intestinal Epithelial Cells to T Cell Areas of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
Authors: Fang-Ping Huang, Nicholas Platt, Michelle Wykes, James R. Major, Timothy J. Powell, Christopher D. Jenkins, G. Gordon MacPherson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

This study identifies a dendritic cell (DC) subset that constitutively transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cell remnants to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes in vivo. Rat intestinal lymph contains two DC populations. Both populations have typical DC morphology, are major histocompatibility complex class II(hi), and express OX62, CD11c, and B7. CD4(+)/OX41(+) DCs are strong antigen-presenting cells (APCs). CD4(-)/OX41(-) DCs are weak APCs and contain cytoplasmic apoptotic DNA, epithelial cell-restricted cytokeratins, and nonspecific esterase (NSE)(+) inclusions, not seen in OX41(+) DCs. Identical patterns of NSE electrophoretic variants exist in CD4(-)/OX41(-) DCs, intestinal epithelial cells, and mesenteric node DCs but not in other DC populations, macrophages, or tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive DCs and strongly NSE(+) DCs are present in intestinal lamina propria. Peyer's patches and mesenteric but not other lymph nodes contain many strongly NSE(+) DCs in interfollicular and T cell areas. Similar DCs are seen in the ileum and in T cell areas of mesenteric nodes in gnotobiotic rats. These results show that a distinct DC subset constitutively endocytoses and transports apoptotic cells to T cell areas and suggest a role for these DCs in inducing and maintaining peripheral self-tolerance.
Mitochondrial dynamics regulate neointima formation
Authors: Keigi Fujiwara, Shey-Shing Sheu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

This editorial refers to ‘Decreasing mitochondrial fission diminishes vascular smooth muscle cell migration and ameliorates intimal hyperplasia’ by L. Wang et al. , pp. 272–283. 

Imagine that you were asked to give a lecture on mitochondria. You may want to make a slide to show what a mitochondrion looks like, and for that, you might go to a public website to get images of mitochondria. What you find in such sites are nice drawings, many of which look like a klomp. This stereotypical image of the organelle is based on the two-dimensional electron micrographs of thin sections. When one looks at mitochondria in live cells under a microscope, they come in all shapes and lengths; although their diameter appears to be more uniform (roughly 1 µm). What impresses a viewer is their dynamic nature: they move about within cells, often along microtubules, but more importantly, they change their length and shape. It is now known that short mitochondria are formed from long mitochondria through a process called fission, and long ones by fusion of small mitochondria. Fusion and fission of mitochondria are not random processes but are …
THE BLOOD IN HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Paul A. Lewis, Richard E. Shope
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

1. Prolonged and systematic examination of blood from swine with hog cholera has failed to reveal any formed element that could be identified with the etiological virus. Culture has likewise been unsuccessful. 2. The quantitative blood changes in hog cholera consist in a slowly progressive anemia, usually moderate in degree, and a rapidly progressive severe leucopenia affecting cells of the polymorphonuclear series most markedly but also including those of the lymphocytic series. 3. Incubation of hog cholera blood results in a further progress of the leucopenia, in vitro, if heparin has been used as the anticoagulant, but there is no significant change if potassium oxalate or sodium citrate has been used. 4. Consideration of the leucocytic reactions prevailing in experimental infection with B. suisepticus, in infectious enteritis, in swine influenza, following successful immunization against hog cholera, and following infection of cholera-sick swine with secondary invaders indicates that the leucocyte count would be of aid in the differential diagnosis of hog cholera.
Hepatitis B Virus Antibody in Blood Donors and the Occurrence of Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis in Transfusion Recipients
Authors: CLADD E. STEVENS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

Patients who received transfusions and nontransfused control patients were followed to assess the incidence and cause of post-transfusion hepatitis and to identify donor factors that might relate to risk of hepatitis. We evaluated as risk factors in donors the presence of antibody to hepatitis B virus compared with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Units of blood that were positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were associated with a twofold to threefold greater risk of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the recipients than were units without anti-HBc. In the absence of specific serologic tests for non-A, non-B agents, screening
The role of facemask spirometry in motor neuron disease
Authors: Sandip Kamakhya Banerjee, Michael Davies, Linda Sharples, Ian Smith
Journal: Thorax (2012)

The role of facemask spirometry in motor neuron diseaseRespiratory failure is the most frequent cause of death in people with motor neuron disease (MND).Vital capacity and maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures are the methods most commonly used to assess respiratory muscle impairment.Forced vital capacity (FVC) at diagnosis, and the rate of decline, are predictors of survival.An FVC of <50% predicted is proposed by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, UK) as an indication of the need for evaluation for non-invasive ventilation. 1 For many patients with MND who have facial or bulbar muscle weakness,
Gene Expression of Natriuretic Peptide Receptors in Myocardial Cells
Authors: Xiongbin Lin, Jörg Hänze, Frauke Heese, Richard Sodmann, Rudolf E. Lang
Journal: Circulation Research (1995)

Abstract Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones that serve to unload the heart through their effects on the kidney and vasculature. Whether the heart itself represents a site of action for these peptides is currently the subject of debate. Although functional studies indicate that ANP has some effects on isolated myocytes, several studies have been unable to detect binding of the hormone to these cells. The present study demonstrates that the genes for all three natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR) subtypes, NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C, are expressed in the rat heart. For microlocalization of the receptor mRNAs in myocytes and nonmyocytic cells, a combination of cell isolation and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. Cardiac myocytes were isolated by enzymatic dissociation of rat ventricular tissue, purified by density gradient centrifugation, and collected as single cells under microscopic control. Analysis by RT-PCR revealed the presence of transcripts for NPR-A as well as NPR-B and NPR-C. However, cGMP generation in purified myocytes was stimulated only by ANP and BNP, which specifically bind to NPR-A, whereas C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP, an NPR-B agonist) was ineffective. Therefore, rat ventricular myocytes appear to produce predominantly NPR-A. The expression of NPR-B may be low or even absent. The mRNAs for all three NPRs were also found in cultures of fibroblasts from the rat heart. In contrast to the myocytes, large increases in cGMP were observed in response not only to ANP but also to CNP. Cardiac fibroblasts may therefore synthesize functionally relevant amounts of both NPR-A and NPR-B. The expression of NPR-C in these cells is suggested by binding studies demonstrating that &gt;70% of the maximum binding of [ 125 I]ANP can be displaced by the NPR-C agonist C-ANP 4-23. These observations may help to resolve whether the heart muscle cells themselves are targets for natriuretic peptides. The finding that in addition to myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts are capable of expressing the NPR genes raises the interesting possibility that natriuretic peptides are involved in the structural remodeling of the heart.
TLR3 as a Biomarker for the Therapeutic Efficacy of Double-stranded RNA in Breast Cancer
Authors: Bruno Salaun, Laurence Zitvogel, Carine Asselin-Paturel, Yannis Morel, Karine Chemin, Clarisse Dubois, Catherine Massacrier, Rosa Conforti, Marie Pierre Chenard, Jean-Christophe Sabourin, Aicha Goubar, Serge Lebecque, Michel Pierres, Donata Rimoldi, Pedro Romero, Fabrice Andre
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

The discovery of a targeted therapeutic compound along with its companion predictive biomarker is a major goal of clinical development for a personalized anticancer therapy to date. Here we present evidence of the predictive value of TLR3 expression by tumor cells for the efficacy of Poly (A:U) dsRNA in 194 breast cancer patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial. Adjuvant treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of metastatic relapse in TLR3 positive but not in TLR3-negative breast cancers. Moreover, we show the functional relevance of TLR3 expression by human tumor cells for the antitumor effects mediated by dsRNA in several preclinical mouse models carried out in immunocompromised animals. These 2 independent lines of evidence relied upon the generation of a novel tool, an anti-TLR3 antibody (40F9.6) validated for routine detection of TLR3 expression on paraffin-embedded tissues. Altogether, these data suggest that dsRNA mediates its therapeutic effect through TLR3 expressed on tumor cells, and could therefore represent an effective targeted treatment in patients with TLR3-positive cancers.
Use of Gastric Acid–Suppressive Agents and the Risk of Community-Acquired &lt;EMPH TYPE="ITAL"&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/EMPH&gt;–Associated Disease
Authors: Sandra Dial, J A C Delaney, Alan N Barkun, Samy Suissa
Journal: JAMA (2005)

ContextRecent reports suggest an increasing occurrence and severity of Clostridium difficile–associated disease. We assessed whether the use of gastric acid–suppressive agents is associated with an increased risk in the community.ObjectiveTo determine whether the use of gastric acid–suppressive agents increases the risk of C difficile–associated disease in a community population.Design, Setting, and PatientsWe conducted 2 population-based case-control studies using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database (GPRD). In the first study, we identified all 1672 cases of C difficile recorded between 1994 and 2004 among all patients registered for at least 2 years in each practice. Each case was matched to 10 controls on calendar time and the general practice. In the second study, a subset of these cases defined as community-acquired, that is, not hospitalized in the prior year, were matched on practice and age with controls also not hospitalized in the prior year.Main Outcome MeasuresThe incidence of C difficile and risk associated with gastric acid–suppressive agent use.ResultsThe incidence of C difficile in patients diagnosed by their general practitioners in the General Practice Research Database increased from less than 1 case per 100 000 in 1994 to 22 per 100 000 in 2004. The adjusted rate ratio of C difficile–associated disease with current use of proton pump inhibitors was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-3.4) and with H2-receptor antagonists the rate ratio was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.6-2.7). An elevated rate was also found with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (rate ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5).ConclusionsThe use of acid-suppressive therapy, particularly proton pump inhibitors, is associated with an increased risk of community-acquired C difficile. The unexpected increase in risk with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use should be investigated further.
Person as scientist, person as moralist
Authors: Joshua Knobe
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

It has often been suggested that people's ordinary capacities for understanding the world make use of much the same methods one might find in a formal scientific investigation. A series of recent experimental results offer a challenge to this widely-held view, suggesting that people's moral judgments can actually influence the intuitions they hold both in folk psychology and in causal cognition. The present target article distinguishes two basic approaches to explaining such effects. One approach would be to say that the relevant competencies are entirely non-moral but that some additional factor (conversational pragmatics, performance error, etc.) then interferes and allows people's moral judgments to affect their intuitions. Another approach would be to say that moral considerations truly do figure in workings of the competencies themselves. I argue that the data available now favor the second of these approaches over the first.
Increased Serum Antibody Levels Against Cow's Milk Proteins in Children With Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Aaron Lerner, Byung H. Park, Thomas M. Rossi, Emanual Lebenthal
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

We measured IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies to cow's milk proteins: alpha-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin-a and beta-lactoglobulin-b in the sera of 29 pediatric patients with liver disease. IgG antibodies to bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin-a and beta-lactoglobulin-b and IgA antibodies to alpha-casein were elevated in most of the patients compared to age-matched controls. We postulate that, in patients with liver disease either increased intestinal uptake resulting in increased humoral response, or decreased hepatic clearance of food antigens intensifying a humoral response to these foreign antigens, may occur.
T cells from late tumor-bearing mice express normal levels of p56lck, p59fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3 zeta despite suppressed cytolytic activity.
Authors: D L Levey, P K Srivastava
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

Loss of T cell-associated signal transduction molecules has recently been implicated in immune suppression in tumor-bearing hosts. In the present study, we have examined this and related phenomenon extensively in a large number of tumor-bearing mice, analyzed individually. Splenic T cells from tumor-bearing mice were isolated and characterized with respect to the following: (a) levels of three tyrosine kinases, p56lck, p59fyn, and ZAP-70; (b) expression of CD3-zeta; (c) alloreactive responses; and (d) antigen-specific responses. Contrary to recent reports, T cells from tumor-bearing mice were observed to express normal levels of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, and CD3-zeta. Further, T cells showed healthy alloreactive and antigen-specific responses until approximately 3 wk after post tumor challenge, when the tumors constituted approximately 20% of the body weight. Alterations with respect to some parameters were observed only in mice that had been bearing larger tumors for a considerably longer period. As human tumors are unlikely to grow to such large sizes (e.g., &amp;gt; 20% of the total body weight), the significance of the alterations in T cell expression of lck, fyn, ZAP-70, or CD3-zeta in the immune status of cancer patients is unclear. Altogether, these results indicate that alterations in T cell signal transduction molecules do not account for the profound tumor-specific suppression observed during tumor growth.