tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Smoking, Hepatitis B Virus Infection, and Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: M. Sherman, J. M. Llovet
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

carcinoma in Greenlanders with chronic HBV infection. The authors confirmed that patients with chronic HBV infection had a higher overall and liver-specific mortality than the general population (8.5 times higher for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]–positive than for HBsAg-negative individuals). However, they also showed that the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma was lower among HBsAg-positive Greenlanders than in other populations throughout the world. The authors speculated that this finding might be partially explained by the prev alent HBV genotypes in Greenland: genotypes D and B6. In fact, among the different genotypes of HBV infection, genotype C has been recognized as an independent predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma development (10,12), whereas the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in people infected by genotype B6 has not been documented. Viral load and infection by mutants of HBV are also recognized risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (13), but they were not described in this study. The authors also commented that HBV infection in Greenland occurs mainly in adolescents and young adults, although they did not provide evidence for this statement. If true, this infection pattern is unlikely to account for the high chronicity rate because the likelihood of developing chronic HBV infections is highest in newborns and infants (90%) and decreases with time to be less than 1% in young adulthood. Thus, adolescent or young adult infection cannot account for the majority of chronic infections that lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. The authors also considered a number of other possibilities that might account for the difference in risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among Greenlanders chronically infected with HBV, most of which are speculative. However, one factor that probably best accounts for the lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is that the cohort is relatively young. Subjects had a mean age of approximately 30–35 years at inclusion in the study, and most subjects in the cohort were in their 50s when incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was determined. The peak age of onset of hepatocellular carcinoma in other populations is between 60 and 70 years of age. Therefore, it is possible that most hepatocellular carcinomas in the Greenlandic population are yet to occur. The second study, from a European consortium [Trichopoulos et al. (14)] aimed to determine the attributable risk of various factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The main strength of the study was that it used a population-based cohort in which attributable fractions for development of
Single versus combination antibiotic therapy in adults hospitalised with community acquired pneumonia: Table 1
Authors: Chamira Rodrigo, Tricia M Mckeever, Mark Woodhead, Wei Shen Lim
Journal: Thorax (2012)

The benefits of β-lactam/macrolide combination therapy over β-lactam therapy alone for the treatment of hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in relation to pneumonia severity are uncertain. We studied 5240 adults hospitalised with CAP from 72 secondary care trusts across England and Wales. The overall 30-day inpatient (IP) death rate was 24.4%. Combination therapy was prescribed in 3239 (61.8%) patients. In a multivariable model, combination therapy was significantly associated with lower 30-day IP death rate in patients with moderate-severity CAP (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.72) and high-severity CAP (adjusted OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.96) but not low-severity CAP.
Comparison of outcomes of locoregionally advanced oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma over two decades
Authors: L.C. Das, T.G. Karrison, M.E. Witt, C. Muller, K. Stenson, E.A. Blair, E.E.W. Cohen, T.Y. Seiwert, D.J. Haraf, E.E. Vokes
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and inflammatory cytokines enhance vascular endothelial growth factor production from epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: M. Kakurai, T. Demitsu, N. Umemoto, Y. Kobayashi, T. Inoue-Narita, N. Fujita, M. Ohtsuki, Y. Furukawa
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in epidermal lesions of psoriasis is well documented; however, its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have recently demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induces the production of cytokines such as interleukin-6 and stem cell factor from keratinocytes, thereby contributing to the development of inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis.In this study, we attempted to determine whether VIP could increase the production of VEGF in human keratinocytes.We examined the expression of VEGF using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and human epidermal keratinocyte cell line DJM-1 cultured in the absence or presence of VIP and/or inflammatory cytokines.We demonstrate that human keratinocytes produced VEGF in a steady state at both mRNA and protein levels. VIP significantly upregulated the production of VEGF in keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The VIP-mediated production of VEGF was further enhanced by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-4, with maximum enhancement being observed with the combination of VIP and interferon-gamma.VIP and other cytokines from nerve endings, mast cells and local inflammatory cells are capable of enhancing VEGF production from epidermal keratinocytes, which may underlie excessive angiogenesis and vasodilation in skin lesions of psoriasis.
Intrarenal cytokine gene expression in lupus nephritis
Authors: R. W.-Y. Chan, F. M.-M. Lai, E. K.-M. Li, L.-S. Tam, K.-M. Chow, K.-B. Lai, P. K.-T. Li, C.-C. Szeto
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<b>Background:</b> Lupus nephritis is characterised by intrarenal inflammation and lymphocyte activation. <b>Aim:</b> To examine the profile of cytokine gene expression in glomerulus and tubulointerstitium in patients with lupus nephritis. <b>Methods:</b> 36 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus having active renal disease were recruited, and they were required to undergo kidney biopsy. Glomerular and tubulointestitial cytokine expression of interleukin (IL)2, 4, 10, 12, 18, interferon γ (IFN)γ, T-bet (the Th1 transcription factor), GATA-3 (the Th2 transcription factor), transforming growth factorβ and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)1 were studied by laser microdissection of the renal biopsy specimen, followed by real-time quantitative PCR. <b>Results:</b> There were 13 patients with World Health Organization class III nephritis, 14 patients with class IV nephritis and 9 patients with class V nephritis. There was a significant correlation between serum C3, C4 and anti-double strand DNA antibody level with glomerular expression of T-bet, IFNγ and IL2. There was a significant correlation between histological activity index and glomerular expression of IL12, IL18, IL10 and MCP1. In addition, the degree of glomerular leucocyte infiltration significantly correlated with glomerular expression of IFNγ, IL10, IL12 and IL18. By contrast, histological chronicity index correlated with the tubulointerstitial expression of IL2, MCP1 and GATA-3. <b>Conclusions:</b> Intraglomerular expression of certain target genes correlate with the severity of systemic as well as histological activity, whereas the tubulointerstitial expression of other target genes correlate with the degree of chronic kidney scarring. This result may shed light on the immunopathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
Expression of CD137 on Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg Cells Inhibits T-cell Activation by Eliminating CD137 Ligand Expression
Authors: Weng Tong Ho, Wan Lu Pang, Siew Meng Chong, Antonio Castella, Suhail Al-Salam, Teng Ee Tan, Mei Chung Moh, Liang Kai Koh, Shu Uin Gan, Cheong Kin Cheng, Herbert Schwarz
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by a minority population of malignant Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells that recruit an abundance of inflammatory cells. The long-term survival of HRS cells among the vast majority of immune cells indicates that they have developed potent immune escape mechanisms. We report that the TNF receptor family member CD137 (TNFRSF9) is expressed on HRS cells, while normal B cells, from which HRS cells are most often derived, do not express CD137. In 48 of 53 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, CD137 was detected on HRS cells. Ectopically expressed CD137 transferred by trogocytosis from HRS cells to neighboring HRS and antigen-presenting cells, which constitutively express the CD137 ligand (CD137L and TNFSF9), became associated with CD137L and the CD137–CD137L complex was internalized. Disappearance of CD137L from the surface of HRS and antigen-presenting cells led to reduced costimulation of T cells through CD137, reducing IFN-γ release and proliferation. Our results reveal a new regulatory mechanism for CD137L expression that mediates immune escape by HRS cells, and they identify CD137 as a candidate target for immunotherapy of Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res; 73(2); 652–61. ©2012 AACR.
EVALUATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT IN CHILDREN: Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Babette S. Zemel, Elizabeth M. Riley, Virginia A. Stallings
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1997)

▪ Abstract Nutritional status in children is an indicator of health and well-being at both the individual and the population level. Screening for malnutrition should be an integral part of pediatric care universally. Nutritional intervention requires repeated measurement of nutritional status to assess severity and to track progress over time. Methodological issues in the assessment of nutritional status are reviewed with emphasis on anthropometric measurement, body composition, and energy expenditure of children at risk for malnutrition. Use of reference data, measurement error, maturational effects, and hereditary factors are among the issues reviewed and serve as guidelines in the interpretation of measurement of nutritional status.
Cellular basis of regulation of expression of idiotype. II. Immunity to anti-MOPC-460 idiotype antibodies increases the level of anti-trinitrophenyl antibodies bearing 460 idiotypes.
Authors: C Bona, R Hooghe, P A Cazenave, C Leguérn, W E Paul
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1979)

The antibody response of BALB/c mice to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-levan or TNP-Nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM) includes a small but significant fraction of antibodies which share idiotypes (Id) with the dinitrophenyl (DNP)- and TNP-binding myeloma protein MOPC-460. Active immunization of BALB/c mice with MOPC-460 or passive administration of anti-460-Id antibodies suppresses the 460-Id+ component of the anti-TNP response. By contrast, active immunization of BALB/c with anti-460-Id antibodies or passive administration of BALB/c anti-[anti-460-Id] antibodies leads to an enhanced 460-Id+ component in the anti-TNP antibodies produced in response to TNP-levan or TNP-NWSM. This enhanced 460-Id+ response appears to be a result of the elimination of suppressor T lymphocytes specific for the 460-Id as T lymphocytes from such mice are unable to suppress the in vitro 460-Id+ response to TNP-NWSM whereas normal T cells are suppressive. These results indicate that suppressor cells specific for 460-Id normally regulate the activation of precursors of cells capable of secreting 460-Id+ anti-TNP antibodies.
Mesenteric Adenitis in Association with Ascariasis
Authors: H. S. K. Singha
Journal: BMJ (1959)

TREATMENT OF CORONARY THROMBOSIS B causes of patients giving up long-term therapy in his series was that of expense and trouble.Under the National Health Service of Great Britain and Northern Ireland direct cost to the patient is not, of course, a selective factor.A heavy burden will also be thrown on the general practitioner, which was not envisaged when the capitation rate was struck, and it is a burden which will snowball as the years pass: the more successful the treatment the more patients will survive to require it.Further, if the treatment is to be extended to every case which might benefit thereby as regards prolongation of life, regardless of age or capacity for work or ability to care for himself, the number of cases might be expected to increase threefold or fourfold, as not only would older cardiac infarcts become eligible, but also cases of intermittent claudication, pulmonary emboli, arterial embolism, recurrent thrombophlebitis, and auricular fibrillation.The latter might be included with advantage now in the case of younger people.Much increased laboratory facilities would therefore have to be provided.At present it is often a very difficult decision whether to start a particular case on long-term treatment, and, once started, whether to continue indefinitely.If further experience shows that it is almost as dangerous to stop long-term anticoagulants as never to begin, it will then be necessary to carry on indefinitely or until there is some strong indication for stopping.While the present series is too small for any statistical conclusions, the results tend to agree with the favourable response reported by other writers.Ten men and two women had at least one attack of coronary infarction each in the past three years.No fresh attacks have occurred during anticoagulant treatment, though three of the cases have had at least one relapse before beginning long-term anticoagulant therapy in a shorter period of time than they have been under treatment. SummaryThe many favourable reports on long-term anticoagulant therapy in coronary thrombosis coming from hospital and consultant practice are reviewed.Their multiplicity is in sharp contrast to the paucity of reports of similar treatment by general practitioners.The experiences of a general practitioner in providing long-term anticoagulant therapy for 12 cases of proved coronary thrombosis are described.The period of treatment varied from 3 to 33 months and is still continuing.There had been no mortality at the time of writing.Indications, contraindications, precautions, and difficulties peculiar to general practice are outlined, and ethical and other problems in the selection of cases are discussed.
Diagnosis of Systemic Candida Infections
Authors: M A Lew
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1989)

Invasive candidiasis has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving aggressive antineoplastic chemotherapy, in recipients of bone marrow transplants, and in other patient groups. The illness provides the clinician with few clues to its nature or presence. This paper reviews developments over the past three decades in the laboratory diagnosis of this important infection.
Severity of chronic asthma
Authors: A J WOOLCOCK, D DUSSER, I FAJAC
Journal: Thorax (1998)

How is the severity of chronic asthma best assessed and what are the mechanisms that determine its severity? These two questions are difficult to answer because, until we understand what asthma is, it is not possible to describe its severity in a given individual. In the shorter Oxford English Dictionary severity in relation to disease is defined as “violence or acuteness of illness” or “grievousness of affliction”. The former definition is useful for exacerbations or attacks. Clinicians have had little difficulty in agreeing on defining the severity of attacks.1 2 The latter definition seems relevant to the severity of the chronic disease which is the subject of these comments. Until recently the severity of asthma was rarely assessed, but with the increasing use of guidelines and drug trials the concept of severity has emerged. The GINA guidelines1classify the disease as intermittent and persistent with severe, moderate, and mild degrees of the persistent disease. There are now a number of scores available to define the severity of asthma3-5 based on a combination of symptoms, measurements of airway function, and need for medication.

It seems likely that asthma results from the presence of both airway inflammation and abnormal behaviour of the airway smooth muscle, and severity—as measured by scores—will be determined by the factors that affect both.

### AIRWAY INFLAMMATION

The gold standard for the severity of airway inflammation is the degree of histological change seen on a biopsy specimen of the airway wall. In theory, the severity is judged in terms of: the number of eosinophils, lymphocytes, the upregulation of Th2-type cytokinins in all layers of the airway wall, the amount of thickening of the wall, the epithelial damage, and the thickness of the basement membrane. Attempts have been made to correlate severity with histological measurements. Cho et al 6 …
Baseline MRI delivery characteristics predict change in invasive ductal breast carcinoma PET metabolism as a result of primary chemotherapy administration
Authors: S.I.K. Semple, R.T. Staff, S.D. Heys, T.W. Redpath, A.E. Welch, T.S. Ahearn, A.W. Hutcheon, F.J. Gilbert
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
Long-term treatment efficacy in primary inflammatory breast cancer by hormonal receptor- and HER2-defined subtypes
Authors: H. Masuda, T.M. Brewer, D.D. Liu, T. Iwamoto, Y. Shen, L. Hsu, J.S. Willey, A.M. Gonzalez-Angulo, M. Chavez-MacGregor, T.M. Fouad, W.A. Woodward, J.M. Reuben, V. Valero, R.H. Alvarez, G.N. Hortobagyi, N.T. Ueno
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Pasireotide for Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula
Authors: Peter J. Allen, Mithat Gönen, Murray F. Brennan, Adjoa A. Bucknor, Lindsay M. Robinson, Marisa M. Pappas, Kate E. Carlucci, Michael I. D'Angelica, Ronald P. DeMatteo, T. Peter Kingham, Yuman Fong, William R. Jarnagin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Postoperative pancreatic fistula is a major contributor to complications and death associated with pancreatic resection. Pasireotide, a somatostatin analogue that has a longer half-life than octreotide and a broader binding profile, decreases pancreatic exocrine secretions and may prevent postoperative pancreatic fistula.
RENAL FAILURE, ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
Authors: JOHN P. KEMPH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

This is a preliminary report of a study of patients with chronic renal failure who may receive hemodialysis or a renal homograft. In the few cases studied both of these procedures diminished the severity of the ego dysfunction concomitant with renal failure. Particularly following homograft there was a striking recovery of ego functions and return to previous levels of personality integration. Although some psychic symptoms were removed through dialysis, others were created by this procedure. Dependency on external devices which provide kidney function varied. In some cases the patient developed severe anxiety when he was away from the machine. The opposite extreme was noted in other cases in which the patient not only was not dependent on this apparatus, but was frightened by the discomfort and prolonged periods of confinement necessary to perform these procedures. Although all donors were consciously altruistic, there was considerable unconscious resentment toward the recipient and toward those hospital personnel who requested or encouraged the transplant. There was consistent hostility on the part of the donor for the much greater amount of attention shown the recipient. This led to a moderate degree of postsurgical depressive reaction in all the adult donors. In some cases there was considerable unconscious confusion of kidney and sexual function with the resultant fear of loss of sexual power as a result of the surgical loss of the kidney. The recipients were ambivalent toward the donors both before and after the transplant was performed. They tended to rationalize their indebtedness to the donor by thinking that they would have given their kidney to the donor had the situation been reversed. There was considerable preoccupation around the change in their bodies with the addition of someone else's organ. There was more confusion of sexual functioning in the female recipients than there was in the male recipients as a result of the insertion of a new organ in the pelvis. These are only a few cases, yet they are rich with human reaction to the new experience of giving and receiving body organs, as well as countertransference problems. These leads should be followed by more carefully controlled studies in several areas including the biochemical correlates of psychological function.
Human Kallikrein 13 Protein in Ovarian Cancer Cytosols: A New Favorable Prognostic Marker
Authors: Andreas Scorilas, Carla A. Borgoño, Nadia Harbeck, Julia Dorn, Barbara Schmalfeldt, Manfred Schmitt, Eleftherios P. Diamandis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2004)

Human kallikrein 13 (hK13; encoded by the KLK13 gene) is a secreted serine protease expressed in endocrine tissues, including the prostate, testis, breast, and ovary. We have previously reported steroid hormone regulation of the KLK13 gene and its clinical value as a marker of favorable prognosis in breast cancer at the mRNA level. We hypothesized that hK13 may represent a potential biomarker for ovarian carcinomas.Using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hK13 levels were quantified in 131 ovarian tumor extracts and correlated with various clinicopathological variables and outcome (progression-free survival [PFS], overall survival [OS]), over a median follow-up period of 42 months.hK13 concentration in ovarian tumor cytosols ranged from 0 to 18.4 ng/mg of total protein. An optimal cutoff value of 0.13 ng/mg (67(th) percentile) was selected, based on the ability of hK13 values to predict the PFS of the study population, to categorize tumors as hK13-positive or negative. Women with hK13-positive tumors most often had early stage (stage I/II) disease, no residual tumor after surgery and optimal debulking success (P <.05). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that patients with hK13-positive tumors had a significantly longer PFS and OS than hK13-negative patients (P <.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curves further confirmed a reduced risk of relapse and death in women with hK13-positive tumors (P =.007 and P =.002, respectively).These results indicate that hK13 is an independent marker of favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer.
SEROLOGICAL DISTINCTION OF MUTANTS B6.C-H(z1) AND B6.M505 FROM STRAIN C57BL/6
Authors: Jan Klein, Miroslav Hauptfeld, Věra Hauptfeld
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

A quantitative serological difference was found between strains Hz1 and M505 carrying mutant H-2 haplotypes ba and bd, respectively, and the original strain B6(H-2(b)). The finding suggests that the mutations occurred in the H-2K(b) gene, and together with data on MLR and CML challenges the current concept of H-2 regions' involvement in immune reactions.
The Psychiatrist-Nurse Team and Home Care in the Soviet Union and Amsterdam
Authors: PAUL SINGER, BETTE HOLLOWAY, LAWRENCE C. KOLB
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

The systems of home treatment for the mentally ill observed by the authors in three cities abroad—Moscow, Leningrad, and Amsterdam—are based in part upon the delegation of a broad area of responsibility to the psychiatric nurse. The greatly expanded role of the nurse in these systems offers one solution to the problem, faced in this country as well, of utilizing scarce manpower resources in the most efficient way to meet the comprehensive mental health needs of the community.