tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Simple and Accurate Model for Prediction of Cancer-Specific Mortality in Patients Treated with Surgery for Primary Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Laurent Zini, Vincent Cloutier, Hendrik Isbarn, Paul Perrotte, Umberto Capitanio, Claudio Jeldres, Shahrokh F. Shariat, Fred Saad, Philippe Arjane, Alain Duclos, Jean-Baptiste Lattouf, Francesco Montorsi, Pierre I. Karakiewicz
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) of patients with primary penile squamous cell carcinoma (PPSCC) may be quite variable. Recently, a nomogram was developed to provide standardized and individualized mortality predictions. Unfortunately, it relies on a large number (n = 8) of specific variables that are unavailable in routine clinical practice. We attempted to develop a simpler prediction rule with at least equal accuracy in predicting CSM after surgical removal of PPSCC. Experimental Design: The predictive rule was developed on a cohort of 856 patients identified in the 1988 to 2004 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. The predictors consisted of age, race, SEER stage (localized versus regional versus metastatic), tumor grade, type of surgery (excisional biopsy, partial penectomy, and radical penectomy), and of lymph node status (pN0 versus pN1-3 versus pNx). A look-up table based on Cox regression model-derived coefficients was used for prediction of 5-year CSM. The predictive rule accuracy was tested using the Harrell's modification of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. Results: SEER stage and histologic grade achieved independent predictor status and qualified for inclusion in the model. The model achieved 73.8% accuracy for prediction of CSM at 5 years after surgery. Both predictors achieved independent predictor status in competing risk regression models addressing CSM, where other cause mortality was controlled for. Conclusion: Despite equivalent accuracy, our predictive rule predicting 5-year CSM in patients with PPSCC is substantially less complex (2 versus 8 variables) than the previously published model.
Relationship of vitamin D status to adult lung function and COPD
Authors: S. O. Shaheen, K. A. Jameson, S. M. Robinson, B. J. Boucher, H. E. Syddall, A. Aihie Sayer, C. Cooper, J. W. Holloway, E. M. Dennison
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> There is considerable interest in the possible role of vitamin D in respiratory disease, but only one population-based study has reported associations with lung function. <h3>Methods</h3> The cross-sectional relationships of total dietary vitamin D intake, serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and three vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (Apa1, Fok1 and Cdx2) with lung function and spirometrically-defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were investigated in men and women aged 59–73 years in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, UK. <h3>Results</h3> After controlling for confounders, total vitamin D intake was positively associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<sub>1</sub>; difference in FEV<sub>1</sub> between top and bottom quintiles of intake 0.079 l (95% CI 0.02 to 0.14), p trend=0.007, n=2942), ratio of FEV<sub>1</sub> to forced vital capacity (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC; p trend=0.008) and negatively associated with COPD (OR comparing top and bottom quintiles 0.57 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.87), p trend=0.02). In contrast, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were not related to FEV<sub>1</sub> (p trend=0.89, n=1197) but were positively associated with COPD (p trend=0.046). VDR genotypes were unrelated to lung function and did not modify the effects of dietary intake or 25(OH)D concentrations on lung function. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The results of this study did not confirm a positive association between blood 25(OH)D concentrations and adult lung function. The apparent relationships with dietary vitamin D are likely to be explained by other highly correlated nutrients in the diet.
Energy intake and weight gain of very low birthweight babies fed raw expressed breast milk.
Authors: S A Spencer, W Hendrickse, D Roberton, D Hull
Journal: BMJ (1982)

The energy intake and weight gain of low birthweight infants (under 1500 g) fed expressed breast milk were measured. Between the second and fourth weeks of life the mean energy intake was 577 kJ (138 kcals)/kg/day and the mean weekly increase in weight 119 g/week. Feeding energy-rich hind milk to two babies increased their energy intake but had little effect on their rate of weight gain. There appeared to be no correlation between energy intake and weight gain, probably owing to variation in the absorption of nutrients from expressed breast milk. This study forms a basis for a comparison of weight gain in babies fed alternative regimens of artificial milks.
New National Cholesterol Education Program III Guidelines for Primary Prevention Lipid-Lowering Drug Therapy
Authors: Donald O. Fedder, Carol E. Koro, Gilbert J. L’Italien
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — The guidelines in the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) include absolute risk and lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels to assess eligibility for lipid-lowering drug therapy. We studied the impact of these changes on the size, sex, and age distribution of the target US population using data from the Third Annual National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III) (1988 to 1994). Methods and Results — A subsample of NHANES III participants aged 20 to 79 years with known cardiovascular risk factors and LDL-C levels was identified (n=13 589). We assessed their eligibility for drug therapy first using NCEP II guidelines and then using the new NCEP III criteria. We also calculated the number eligible for LDL-C lowering to &lt;100 mg/dL. An estimated 15 million individuals aged 20 to 79 years are eligible for drug therapy under NCEP II; 51% are males, 49% are females, 26% are &lt;45 years old, and 28% are ≥65 years old. Under NCEP III, 36 million would be eligible for treatment; 55% are males, 45% are females, 32% are &lt;45 years old, and 27% are ≥65 years old. This represents a 140% increase in eligibility overall, a 157% increase among males, a 122% increase among females, a 131% increase among those ≥65 years old, and a 201% increase among those &lt;45 years old. Of treatment-eligible individuals, 26% of males, 24% of females, 39% of elderly, and 14% of those &lt;45 years old are targeted for LDL-C lowering to &lt;100 mg/dL. Conclusions — The NCEP III guidelines will alter the age and sex distributions of the treatment-eligible population, targeting many more younger (&lt;45 years old) and greater numbers of elderly (≥65 years) individuals, particularly for aggressive intervention.
A prospective study of running injuries: the Vancouver Sun Run “In Training” clinics
Authors: J E Taunton, M B Ryan, D B Clement, D C McKenzie, D R Lloyd-Smith, B D Zumbo
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2003)

Objectives: Seventeen running training clinics were investigated to determine the number of injuries that occur in a running programme designed to minimise the injury rate for athletes training for a 10 km race. The relative contributions of factors associated with injury were also reported. Methods: A total of 844 primarily recreational runners were surveyed in three trials on the 4th, 8th, and 12th week of the 13 week programme of the “In Training” running clinics. Participants were classified as injured if they experienced at least a grade 1 injury—that is, pain only after running. Logistic regression modelling and odds ratio calculation were performed for each sex using the following predictor variables: age, body mass index (BMI), previous aerobic activity, running frequency, predominant running surface, arch height, running shoe age, and concurrent cross training. Results: Age played an important part in injury in women: being over 50 years old was a risk factor for overall injury, and being less than 31 years was protective against new injury. Running only one day a week showed a non-significant trend for injury risk in men and was a significant risk factor in women and overall injury. A BMI of &gt; 26 kg/m 2 was reported as protective for men. Running shoe age also significantly contributed to the injury model. Half of the participants who reported an injury had had a previous injury; 42% of these reported that they were not completely rehabilitated on starting the 13 week training programme. An injury rate of 29.5% was recorded across all training clinics surveyed. The knee was the most commonly injured site. Conclusions: Although age, BMI, running frequency (days a week), and running shoe age were associated with injury, these results do not take into account an adequate measure of exposure time to injury, running experience, or previous injury and should thus be viewed accordingly. In addition, the reason for the discrepancy in injury rate between these 17 clinics requires further study.
Determining Risk in Pediatric Research with No Prospect of Direct Benefit: Time for a National Consensus on the Interpretation of Federal Regulations
Authors: Celia B. Fisher, Susan Z. Kornetsky, Ernest D. Prentice
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2007)

United States federal regulations for pediatric research with no prospect of direct benefit restrict institutional review board (IRB) approval to procedures presenting: 1) no more than "minimal risk" ( section sign 45CFR46.404); or 2) no more than a "minor increase over minimal risk" if the research is commensurate with the subjects' previous or expected experiences and intended to gain vitally important information about the child's disorder or condition ( section sign 45CFR46.406) (DHHS 2001). During the 25 years since their adoption, these regulations have helped IRBs balance subject protections with the pursuit of scientific knowledge to advance children's welfare. At the same time, inconsistency in IRB application of these regulations to pediatric protocols has been widespread, in part because of the ambiguity of the regulatory language. During the past decade, three federally-charged committees have addressed these ambiguities: 1) the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee (NHRPAC) (Washington, DC), 2) the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on the Ethical Conduct of Clinical Research Involving Children (Washington, DC); and 3) the United States Department of Health and Human Services Secretary's Advisory Committee for Human Research Protections (SACHRP) (Washington, DC). The committees have reached similar conclusions on interpretation of language within regulations section sign section sign 45CFR46.404 and 406; these conclusions are remarkably consistent with recent international recommendations and those of the original National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1977) report from which current regulations are based. Drawing on the committees' public reports, this article identifies the ethical issues posed by ambiguities in regulatory language, summarizes the committees' deliberations, and calls for a national consensus on recommended criteria.
Effect of prostaglandin E2 on eicosanoid release by human bronchial biopsy specimens from normal and inflamed mucosa.
Authors: D. Schafer, U. Lindenthal, M. Wagner, P. L. Bolcskei, H. W. Baenkler
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and peptidoleukotrienes (pLT) are known to be biologically highly active lipid mediators, especially in human lung epithelium. PGE2 is thought to have mostly bronchoprotective effects, whereas pLT and TXA2 are bronchoconstrictive. This study was undertaken to assess the release and interaction of eicosanoids in human bronchial biopsy specimens of normal and inflamed mucosa.Bronchial biopsy specimens were obtained from 16 patients, seven controls without signs of inflammation and nine patients with severe inflammatory processes in the epithelium. The release of pLT, TXA2 (measured as TXB2), and PGE2 was investigated using a "functional in vitro test" and the addition of several stimuli.Specimens incubated with arachidonic acid released higher amounts of pLT, TXB2, and PGE2 than unstimulated specimens. Preincubation with PGE2 revealed significant inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced release of pLT and TXB2 (> 50%). The inhibitory effect was higher in normal than in inflamed epithelium.Exogenous PGE2 has inhibitory effects on the release of pLT and TXB2 in human bronchial biopsy specimens. This finding could explain the bronchoprotective effect of inhaled PGE2 in normal subjects and asthmatic subjects as direct eicosanoid interactions. It also supports the concept of PGE2 as a bronchoprotective endogenous substance. The complex effects of PGE2 as a modulating mediator in inflammation may be worth investigating.
Outcomes of Prenatal Antidepressant Exposure
Authors: Gregory E. Simon, Michael L. Cunningham, Robert L. Davis
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

This study evaluated the effects of prenatal antidepressant exposure on perinatal outcomes, congenital malformations, and early growth and development.Within a group-model health maintenance organization, all infants with apparent prenatal exposure to tricyclic or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants were frequency matched to an unexposed comparison group by year of birth, maternal age, and mother's lifetime use of antidepressant drugs and mental health care. A structured blind review of mothers' and infants' medical records examined perinatal outcomes, congenital malformations, and developmental delay.Tricyclic antidepressant exposure was not associated with any significant difference in perinatal outcomes. Exposure to SSRIs was associated with a 0.9-week decrease in mean gestational age, a 175-g decrease in mean birth weight, and a 0.29 decrease in mean Apgar score at 5 minutes, but differences in birth weights and Apgar scores were not significant after adjustment for gestational age. Differences in gestational age and birth weights were unrelated to length of exposure, but differences in Apgar scores were limited to those with third-trimester exposure. Neither tricyclic antidepressant nor SSRI exposure was significantly associated with congenital malformations or developmental delay.The authors found no association between tricyclic antidepressant or SSRI exposure and either congenital malformations or developmental delay. SSRI exposure during pregnancy was associated with earlier delivery and consequent lower birth weight. Third-trimester SSRI exposure was also associated with lower Apgar scores. Women considering taking SSRIs during pregnancy may balance any higher fetal risk against the risk of persistent or recurrent depression.
A genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis without antibodies against citrullinated peptides
Authors: L Bossini-Castillo, C de Kovel, H Kallberg, R van ‘t Slot, A Italiaander, M Coenen, P P Tak, M D Posthumus, C Wijmenga, T Huizinga, A H M van der Helm-van Mil, G Stoeken-Rijsbergen, Luis Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Alejandro Balsa, Isidoro González-Álvaro, Miguel Ángel González-Gay, Carmen Gómez-Vaquero, B Franke, S Vermeulen, IE van der Horst-Bruinsma, B A C Dijkmans, G J Wolbink, R A Ophoff, M T Maehlen, P van Riel, M Merriman, L Klareskog, B A Lie, T Merriman, J B A Crusius, E Brouwer, J Martin, N de Vries, R Toes, L Padyukov, B P C Koeleman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients can be classified based on presence or absence of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) in their serum. This heterogeneity among patients may reflect important biological differences underlying the disease process. To date, the majority of genetic studies have focused on the ACPA-positive group. Therefore, our goal was to analyse the genetic risk factors that contribute to ACPA-negative RA. <h3>Methods</h3> We performed a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) in three Caucasian European cohorts comprising 1148 ACPA-negative RA patients and 6008 controls. All patients were screened using the Illumina Human Cyto-12 chip, and controls were genotyped using different genome-wide platforms. Population-independent analyses were carried out by means of logistic regression. Meta-analysis with previously published data was performed as follow-up for selected signals (reaching a total of 1922 ACPA-negative RA patients and 7087 controls). Imputation of classical HLA alleles, amino acid residues and single nucleotide polymorphisms was undertaken. <h3>Results</h3> The combined analysis of the studied cohorts resulted in identification of a peak of association in the HLA-region and several suggestive non-HLA associations. Meta-analysis with previous reports confirmed the association of the HLA region with this subset and an observed association in the <i>CLYBL locus</i> remained suggestive. The imputation and deep interrogation of the HLA region led to identification of a two amino acid model (HLA-B at position 9 and HLA-DRB1 at position 11) that accounted for the observed genome-wide associations in this region. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our study shed light on the influence of the HLA region in ACPA-negative RA and identified a suggestive risk <i>locus</i> for this condition.
Total Arch Replacement Combined With Stented Elephant Trunk Implantation
Authors: LiZhong Sun, RuiDong Qi, JunMing Zhu, YongMin Liu, Jun Zheng
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Appropriate surgical management of type A dissection is a critical factor for achieving satisfactory outcome, but the choice of optimal procedure is controversial. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with aortic arch replacement for type A dissection involving the arch.Excluding 14 cases of subtotal or total aortic replacement, 411 of 544 patients with type A dissection (stented elephant trunk=291, conventional surgical repair=120) underwent aortic arch replacement between January 2003 and September 2008. In-hospital mortality was 3.09% (9 of 291) for stented (acute=4.73%, 7 of 148; chronic=1.40%, 2 of 143) and 5.00% (6 of 120) for conventional repairs (acute=6.06%, 4 of 66; chronic=3.70%, 2 of 54). Spinal cord injury was 2.41% (7 of 291) in the stented and 0.83% (1 of 120) in the conventional group. The overall prevalence of stroke was 1.95% (8 of 411) (stented=2.41%, 7 of 291; conventional=0.83, 1 of 120). Secondary intervention was 2.34% (5 of 214) for acute dissection (stented=1 and conventional=4; P=0.031) and 3.05% (6 of 197) for chronic dissection (stented=4 and conventional=2; P=0.661) during follow-up. Obliteration of the false lumen around the stented elephant trunk occurred in 94.2% (130 of 138) of patients with acute dissection and in 92.0% (126 of 137) of patients with chronic dissection.Total arch replacement combined with stented elephant trunk implantation demonstrated the superiority of the combination of the surgical and interventional approaches while avoiding the weaknesses associated with the individual methods. The encouraging surgical results could enable this procedure to become the new "standard" therapy for type A dissection involving repair of the aortic arch.
Reevaluating the Way We Classify the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Lawrence A. Lavery, Edgar J.G. Peters, Jayme R. Williams, Douglas P. Murdoch, Amanda Hudson, David C. Lavery
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

To separately evaluate peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and foot ulcer and amputation history in a diabetic foot risk classification to predict foot complications.We evaluated 1,666 diabetic patients for 27.2 +/- 4.2 months. Patients underwent a detailed foot assessment and were followed at regular intervals. We used a modified version of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot's (IWGDF's) risk classification to assess complications during the follow-up period.There were more ulcerations, infections, amputations, and hospitalizations as risk group increased (chi(2) for trend P < 0.001). When risk category 2 (neuropathy and deformity and/or PAOD) was stratified by PAOD, there were more complications in PAOD patients (P < 0.01). When risk group 3 patients (ulceration or amputation history) were separately stratified, there were more complications in subjects with previous amputation (P < 0.01).We propose a new risk classification that predicts future foot complications better than that currently used by the IWGDF.
Interaction of collagen with the lipids of tendon xanthomata.
Authors: A R Tall, D M Small, R S Lees
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

To determine the physical state of lipids in tendon xanthomata, six specimens surgically removed from three patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were studied by microscopy, calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. The major constituents of the xanthomata were lipid (33% of dry weight) and collagen (24% of dry weight). The principal lipids were cholesterol ester and cholesterol. Light microscopy and thin-section electron microscopy showed occasional clusters of foam cells separated by masses of extracellular collagen. Polarized light microscopy of fresh, minced tissue showed rare droplets of free cholesterol ester. When heated, the tissue shrank abruptly at approximately equal to 70 degrees C and, consequently, a large amount of cholesterol ester was released. Scanning calorimetry of fresh pieces of xanthoma showed a single, broad, reversible liquid crystalline transition of cholesterol ester with peak temperature from 32 to 38 degrees C. The enthalpy (0971 +/- 0.07 cal/g) was reduced compared with the isolated cholesterol ester from each xanthoma (1.1+/-0.01 cal/g). There was a large irreversible collagen denaturation endotherm (peak temperature = 67 degrees C; enthalpy 9.9 cal/g collagen) that corresponded to the tissue shrinkage noted by microscopy. After the collagen denaturation, the sample displayed double-peaked reversible liquid crystalline transitions of cholesterol ester, of enthalpy 1.18 +/- 0.1 cal/g, that were identical to transitions of isolated cholesterol ester. Fibers dissected fron xanthomata were examined by X-ray diffraction at temperatures below and above the cholesterol ester transition. At 20 degrees C there was a weakly oriented equatorial reflection of Bragg spacing 36A, which corresponded to the smectic phase of cholesterol ester, and a series of oriented collagen reflections. At 42 degrees C the cholesterol ester reflection disappeared. Stretched fibers examined at 10 degrees C showed good orientation of collagen and cholesterol ester reflections, and in addition, meridional spacings which indicated oriented crystallization of cholesterol ester. These studies suggest that a major component of tendon xanthomata is extracellular cholesterol ester which displays altered melting and molecular orientation as a result of an interaction with collagen. At xanthoma temperatures, the cholesterol ester is in a smectic liquid crystalline state, probably layered between collagen fibrils, with the long axis of the cholesterolester molecules perpendicular to the axis of the collagen fiber. Such collagen-cholesterol ester interactions may favor the extracellular deposition of cholesterol ester derived either from intracellular sources or directly from plasma lipoproteins.