tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Injury-prevention priorities according to playing position in professional rugby union players
Authors: J H M Brooks, S P T Kemp
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

To examine the match injury profile of professional rugby union players by individual playing position.4-season prospective cohort design.14 English Premiership clubs.899 professional players.Incidence of match injury (recorded as the number of injuries/1000 player-hours of match exposure), severity of injury (recorded as the number of days of absence) and days of absence due to injury per 1000 player-hours of match exposure.Injury diagnosis and individual playing position during a match.2484 injuries were reported. While there were no significant differences in the total days of absence as a result of injury between different positions in the forwards and the backs, there were a number of significant differences in injury profile for players in individual playing positions. Although three common body locations caused a high proportion of days of absence due to match injury for forwards (shoulder, knee, ankle/heel) and backs (shoulder, hamstring, knee), there were significant differences in injury profile between individual positions.The results clearly demonstrate the need for individual position-specific injury-prevention programmes in rugby union. When devising such programmes, a player's previous injury history should also be taken into account.
Book: The Cheating Classes: How Britain's Elite Abuse their Power
Authors: T. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Sue Cameron Simon & Schuster, £17.99, pp 259 ISBN 0 684 85130 X Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Frank Cunningham was an 18 year old mechanic in Manchester when he crushed his left leg while motorcross riding. Doctors x rayed the bone, confirmed that there had been a break, put the leg in plaster, and sent Frank home. It would take time to mend, they said, but there was nothing to worry about. Several months and many operations later, Frank had to have his leg amputated just … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Identification of a novel recurrent gain on 20q13 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by array CGH and gene expression profiling
Authors: A.E. Rodríguez, C. Robledo, J.L. García, M. González, N.C. Gutiérrez, J.A. Hernández, V. Sandoval, A. García de Coca, I. Recio, A. Risueño, G. Martín-Núñez, E. García, R. Fisac, J. Conde, J. de las Rivas, J.M. Hernández
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
The effectiveness of hysteroscopy in improving pregnancy rates in subfertile women without other gynaecological symptoms: a systematic review
Authors: J. Bosteels, S. Weyers, P. Puttemans, C. Panayotidis, B. Van Herendael, V. Gomel, B. W.J. Mol, C. Mathieu, T. D'Hooghe
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2009)

BACKGROUNDAlthough hysteroscopy is frequently used in the management of subfertile women, a systematic review of the evidence on this subject is lacking.
Blood volume and body fluid compartments in lambs with aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts.
Authors: J W Gratama, M Dalinghaus, J J Meuzelaar, A M Gerding, J H Koers, W G Zijlstra, J R Kuipers
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

A left-to-right shunt is accompanied by an increased plasma and blood volume. Since this is likely realized through renin/aldosterone-mediated salt and water retention, other body fluid compartments may be changed too. Therefore, we studied blood volume and body fluid compartments by a single-injection, triple-indicator dilution technique in nine 8-wk-old lambs with an aortopulmonary left-to-right shunt (55 +/- 3% of left ventricular output; mean +/- SEM) and in 11 control lambs, 2.5 wk after surgery. Systemic blood flow was maintained at the same level as in control lambs, but the aortic pressure of the shunt lambs was lower. Blood volume in shunt lambs was larger than in control lambs (110 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 7 ml/kg, P < 0.001) through an increase in plasma volume, which correlated significantly with the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Red blood cell volume was equal to that of control lambs. Evidence was obtained that the increase in plasma volume was induced by a transient increase in renin (8.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol.l-1.h-1; P < 0.02) and aldosterone (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 nmol/liter) concentrations. Interstitial water volume, however, was not significantly different from that in control lambs. The amount of intravascular protein was significantly higher than in control lambs (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg body mass, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in intracellular and total body water volumes between the two groups. We conclude that the increased amount of intravascular protein confines the fluid retained by the kidneys to the vascular compartment.
Randomised crossover trial comparing the performance of Clinical Terms Version 3 and Read Codes 5 byte set coding schemes in general practice
Authors: P. J B Brown
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To determine whether Clinical Terms Version 3 provides greater accuracy and consistency in coding electronic patient records than the Read Codes 5 byte set. <b>Design</b> Randomised crossover trial. Clinicians coded patient records using both schemes after being randomised in pairs to use one scheme before the other. <b>Setting</b> 10 general practices in urban, suburban, and rural environments in Norfolk. <b>Participants</b> 10 general practitioners. <b>Source of data</b> Concepts were collected from records of 100 patient encounters. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Percentage of coded choices ranked as being exact representations of the original terms; percentage of cases where coding choice of paired general practitioners was identical; length of time taken to find a code. <b>Results</b> A total of 995 unique concepts were collected. Exact matches were more common with Clinical Terms (70% (95% confidence interval 67% to 73%)) than with Read Codes (50% (47% to 53%)) (P &lt; 0.001), and this difference was significant for each of the 10 participants individually. The pooled proportion with exact and identical matches by paired participants was greater for Clinical Terms (0.58 (0.55 to 0.61)) than Read Codes (0.36 (0.33 to 0.39)) (P &lt; 0.001). The time taken to code with Clinical Terms (30 seconds per term) was not significantly longer than that for Read Codes. <b>Conclusions</b> Clinical Terms Version 3 performed significantly better than Read Codes 5 byte set in capturing the meaning of concepts. These findings suggest that improved coding accuracy in primary care electronic patient records can be achieved with the use of such a clinical terminology.
Statins can modulate effectiveness of antitumor therapeutic modalities
Authors: Marek Jakobisiak, Jakub Golab
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2009)

Abstract Despite significant, frequently very strong, antiproliferative and tumoricidal effects of statins demonstrated in vitro, their antitumor effects in animal models are modest, and their efficacy in clinical trials has not been proven. As such, statins seem unlikely to be ever regarded as antitumor agents. However, statins are regularly taken by many elderly cancer patients for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Owing to their pleiotropic effects in normal and tumor cells, statins interact in various ways with many antitumor treatment modalities, either potentiating or diminishing their effectiveness. Elucidation of these interactions might affect the choice of treatment to be planned in cancer patients as some combinations might be contraindicated, whereas others might elicit potentiated antitumor effects but at a cost of increased general toxicity. Some other combinations might induce either comparable or even stronger antitumor effects, but with a beneficial concomitant reduction of specific side effects. Most of the studies reviewed in this article have been carried in vitro or in experimental tumor models, but clinical relevance of the findings is also discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 1, 102–135, 2010
Clarifying the Relationship Between Unexplained Chronic Fatigue and Psychiatric Morbidity: Results From a Community Survey in Great Britain
Authors: P Skapinakis, G Lewis, H Meltzer
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

The study examined the associations between several sociodemographic and psychosocial variables and unexplained chronic fatigue in the community before and after adjustment for psychiatric morbidity and determined the prevalence of fatigue and rate of disability resulting from fatigue in the general population.The study is a secondary analysis of 1993 data from a household survey of psychiatric morbidity conducted by the Office for Population Censuses and Surveys in Great Britain. The survey included 12,730 subjects age 16-64 years. Unexplained chronic fatigue was used as the dependent variable in a logistic regression analysis, with various sociodemographic and psychosocial variables and psychiatric morbidity as the independent variables. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed by using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. Fatigue was measured by using the fatigue section of the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule.A total of 10,108 subjects agreed to cooperate (79.4% participation rate). The prevalence of unexplained chronic fatigue was 9%. Subjects with psychiatric morbidity had higher rates of fatigue. Adjustment for psychiatric morbidity had a minor effect on the associations between sociodemographic factors and chronic fatigue. After adjustment, older subjects, women, and couples with children had higher rates of fatigue. Single subjects, widowed subjects, adults living with parents, and economically inactive subjects had lower rates of fatigue. Fatigue was associated with considerable disability, but most of this disability was explained by the association between fatigue and psychiatric morbidity.Unexplained chronic fatigue is a common condition, strongly associated with psychiatric morbidity. The close relationship between fatigue and psychiatric morbidity should not obscure the possibility of differences as well as similarities in their etiologies.
DESTRUCTION OF EPIDERMAL CELLS IN VITRO BY AUTOLOGOUS SERUM FROM NORMAL ANIMALS
Authors: Paul I. Terasaki, Charles C. Chamberlain
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

Sera and plasma from normal rats and rabbits were shown to be extremely toxic in vitro to autologous epidermal cells. On the other hand, mouse sera and newborn rat sera were innocuous to autologous epidermal cells. Viability of cells was assessed by the method of eosin dye exclusion upon 2 hour incubation at 37°C. Testicular cells were also killed by autologous sera, but polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and lymph node cells were not affected. Autotoxicity of sera could be destroyed by the depletion of complement components with an antigen-antibody precipitate, heat, zymosan, and NH3. Moreover, activity of sera could be absorbed out by epidermal cells, though not by lymph node cells or erythrocytes. Such absorption of toxicity was not individual-specific since homologous epidermal cells also absorbed toxicity, and in addition, were killed by fresh normal serum. Enzyme inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor and ϵ-amino-n-caproic acid did not affect the activity of fresh autologous serum. It is suggested that a natural barrier exists between the basal cells of the epidermis and the plasma which prevents the autodestructive process under normal conditions. Any injury to this barrier may than lead to necrosis and death of the epidermis as seen in various pathological conditions.
PMO-031 An audit investigating the efficacy of the low FODMAP diet in improving symptoms in patients with functional gastro-intestinal symptoms: Abstract PMO-031 Table 1
Authors: J Zubek, R White
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols) diet is a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates. These types of carbohydrate are rapidly fermented but poorly absorbed in the small intestine leading to functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in sensitive individuals. Evidence suggests that a reduction in high FODMAP foods leads to an improvement in GI symptoms.<sup>1</sup> The aim of this audit was to determine whether the low FODMAP diet was effective in improving symptoms within the first 4–12 weeks of following the diet. <h3>Methods</h3> All patients commenced on the low FODMAP diet between July 2010 and June 2011 were included (n=40). Of these 19 patients did not attend their first review and therefore their data were incomplete and they were excluded from the analysis. Patients were asked to score their symptoms subjectively using a symptom severity scale between 0 and 10 (0= no symptoms/absent; 10= severe symptom affecting daily life) at their initial assessment and at subsequent follow-up appointments. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the difference in symptom scores between the initial appointment and first review. Data were included and results obtained for all patients followed up within 3 months where a score was provided. <h3>Results</h3> A statistically significant reduction was seen for bloating, abdominal pain and diarrhoea only. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Functional GI symptoms are common and often have a significant impact on a person9s quality of life.<sup>1 2</sup> These results show that symptoms improved significantly on the low FODMAP diet which is supported by previous studies.<sup>1</sup> The data presented only measures the response to a low FODMAP diet over a 4–12 week period so we are unable to determine if the improvements seen were maintained in the longer term, where issues such as compliance may have a significant impact. We need to continue to collect data so that we can measure the benefits at 6 and 12 months and investigate compliance over this longer period. In conclusion the low FODMAP diet was shown to be effective in the management and overall improvement of functional GI symptoms, however further evaluation is needed to determine the long term management and effectiveness of this diet. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Gibson P</b>, Shepherd S. <i>J Gastroenterol Hepatol</i> 2009;<b>25</b>:252–8. 2. <b>Barrett J</b>, Gearry R, <i>et al.</i> Dietary poorly absorbed, short chain cabohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. <i>Aliment Pharmacol Ther</i> 2010;<b>31</b>:874–82.
Epithelial cell α3β1 integrin links β-catenin and Smad signaling to promote myofibroblast formation and pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Kevin K. Kim, Ying Wei, Charles Szekeres, Matthias C. Kugler, Paul J. Wolters, Marla L. Hill, James A. Frank, Alexis N. Brumwell, Sarah E. Wheeler, Jordan A. Kreidberg, Harold A. Chapman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Pulmonary fibrosis, in particular idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), results from aberrant wound healing and scarification. One population of fibroblasts involved in the fibrotic process is thought to originate from lung epithelial cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Indeed, alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) undergo EMT in vivo during experimental fibrosis and ex vivo in response to TGF-β1. As the ECM critically regulates AEC responses to TGF-β1, we explored the role of the prominent epithelial integrin α3β1 in experimental fibrosis by generating mice with lung epithelial cell–specific loss of α3 integrin expression. These mice had a normal acute response to bleomycin injury, but they exhibited markedly decreased accumulation of lung myofibroblasts and type I collagen and did not progress to fibrosis. Signaling through β-catenin has been implicated in EMT; we found that in primary AECs, α3 integrin was required for β-catenin phosphorylation at tyrosine residue 654 (Y654), formation of the pY654–β-catenin/pSmad2 complex, and initiation of EMT, both in vitro and in vivo during the fibrotic phase following bleomycin injury. Finally, analysis of lung tissue from IPF patients revealed the presence of pY654–β-catenin/pSmad2 complexes and showed accumulation of pY654–β-catenin in myofibroblasts. These findings demonstrate epithelial integrin–dependent profibrotic crosstalk between β-catenin and Smad signaling and support the hypothesis that EMT is an important contributor to pathologic fibrosis.
Clonal origins of relapse in ETV6-RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Frederik W. van Delft, Sharon Horsley, Sue Colman, Kristina Anderson, Caroline Bateman, Helena Kempski, Jan Zuna, Cornelia Eckert, Vaskar Saha, Lyndal Kearney, Anthony Ford, Mel Greaves
Journal: Blood (2011)
Human nasal cartilage responds to oncostatin M in combination with interleukin 1 or tumour necrosis factor by the release of collagen fragments via collagenases
Authors: T G Morgan
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

The synergistic degradation of cartilage by oncostatin M (OSM) in combination with either interleukin 1 (IL1) or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been previously demonstrated using bovine nasal cartilage (BNC).(a) To investigate if human nasal cartilage (HNC) responds in the same way as BNC to these cytokine combinations, particularly in collagen degradation. (b) To compare the response of human nasal and articular cartilages.Collagen release was assessed by measuring the hydroxyproline content of culture supernatants and proteoglycan release by the dimethylmethylene blue assay. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 release were measured by specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and collagenolytic activity was measured by a bioassay using radiolabelled collagen.OSM in combination with either IL1 or TNFalpha acted synergistically to induce collagenolysis from HNC, with a maximum of 79% collagen release. This degradation strongly correlated with MMP-1 and MMP-13 levels and collagenolytic activity.Collagen release from human cartilage is marked and implicates both MMP-1 and MMP-13 in the synergistic degradation of human cartilage by OSM in combination with either IL1 or TNFalpha. HNC responds in the same way as BNC, thus validating the bovine cartilage degradation assay as a model relevant to human disease.
Activation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Reverses the Failing Heart Senescent Phenotype and Prolongs Lifespan
Authors: Arantxa Gonzalez, Marcello Rota, Daria Nurzynska, Yu Misao, Jochen Tillmanns, Caroline Ojaimi, M. Elena Padin-Iruegas, Patrick Müller, Grazia Esposito, Claudia Bearzi, Serena Vitale, Buddhadeb Dawn, Santosh K. Sanganalmath, Mathue Baker, Thomas H. Hintze, Roberto Bolli, Konrad Urbanek, Toru Hosoda, Piero Anversa, Jan Kajstura, Annarosa Leri
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the elderly, but whether this is the result of a primary aging myopathy dictated by depletion of the cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) pool is unknown. Similarly, whether current lifespan reflects the ineluctable genetic clock or heart failure interferes with the genetically determined fate of the organ and organism is an important question. We have identified that chronological age leads to telomeric shortening in CPCs, which by necessity generate a differentiated progeny that rapidly acquires the senescent phenotype conditioning organ aging. CPC aging is mediated by attenuation of the insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met systems, which do not counteract any longer the CPC renin-angiotensin system, resulting in cellular senescence, growth arrest, and apoptosis. However, pulse-chase 5-bromodeoxyuridine-labeling assay revealed that the senescent heart contains functionally competent CPCs that have the properties of stem cells. This subset of telomerase-competent CPCs have long telomeres and, following activation, migrate to the regions of damage, where they generate a population of young cardiomyocytes, reversing partly the aging myopathy. The senescent heart phenotype and heart failure are corrected to some extent, leading to prolongation of maximum lifespan.
2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Robert O. Bonow, Blase A. Carabello, Kanu Chatterjee, Antonio C. de Leon, David P. Faxon, Michael D. Freed, William H. Gaasch, Bruce W. Lytle, Rick A. Nishimura, Patrick T. O'Gara, Robert A. O'Rourke, Catherine M. Otto, Pravin M. Shah, Jack S. Shanewise, Rick A. Nishimura, Blase A. Carabello, David P. Faxon, Michael D. Freed, Bruce W. Lytle, Patrick T. O'Gara, Robert A. O'Rourke, Pravin M. Shah
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Paternal and maternal exposure to leflunomide: pregnancy and neonatal outcome
Authors: M De Santis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Leflunomide is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor with proven teratogenic and fetotoxic effects in animal studies, and its active metabolite is detectable in plasma up to 2 years after discontinuation of the drug.1–3 For this reason the fetus could have in utero exposure to leflunomide up to 2 years after the end of treatment unless an oral cholestyramine regimen, 8 g three times daily for 11 days, is administered to obtain undetectable plasmatic levels.1–3 Leflunomide has been classified as pregnancy category X by the Federal Drug Administration and the manufacturer recommends that for women of childbearing age “treatment with leflunomide must not be started until pregnancy is excluded and it has been confirmed that reliable contraception is being used”.1,4 Label instructions about paternal exposure recommend a …
Effect of ethnicity on performance in a final objective structured clinical examination: qualitative and quantitative study
Authors: V. Wass
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Summary</h3> Epigenetic mechanisms regulate distinct aspects of the inflammatory response in various immune cell types. Despite the central role for microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration little is known about their epigenetic regulation of the inflammatory response. Here, we show that Ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) methylcytosine dioxygenase expression is increased in microglia upon stimulation with various inflammogens through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. We found that TET2 regulates early gene transcriptional changes that lead to early metabolic alterations, as well as a later inflammatory response independently of its 5mC oxidation activity at the affected genes. We further show that TET2 regulates the proinflammatory response in microglia induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS <i>in vivo</i>. We observed that microglia associated to amyloid β plaques, recently defined as disease-associated microglia, expressed TET2 in brain tissue from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in 5×FAD mice. Collectively, our findings show that TET2 plays an important role in the microglial inflammatory response, and suggest TET2 as a potential target to combat neurodegenerative brain disorders.
A Psychiatrist Views an Addict Self-Help Program
Authors: EDWARD KAUFMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The author describes the program and methods used in Reality House, a day care treatment center for the rehabilitation of narcotic addicts. Members of the program move up through five levels of treatment, which consists mainly of group psychotherapy and vocational training. After about three years of operation, 21 persons had successfully completed the full program, with an average stay of 18 months, and 20 current members in the last two treatment levels had remained drug-free for about a year.