tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic surveillance in individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer: 16 year, prospective, follow-up study
Authors: Isis Dove-Edwin, Peter Sasieni, Joanna Adams, Huw J W Thomas
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To determine to what extent individuals with various family histories of colorectal cancer (from one to three or more affected first degree relatives) benefit from colonoscopic surveillance. <b>Design</b> Prospective, observational study of high risk families, followed up over 16 years. <b>Setting</b> Tertiary referral family cancer clinic in London. <b>Participants</b> 1678 individuals from families registered with the clinic. Individuals were classified according to the strength of their family history: hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (if they fulfilled the Amsterdam criteria), and one, two, or three affected first degree relatives (moderate risk). <b>Interventions</b> Colonoscopy was initially offered at five year intervals or three year intervals if an adenoma was detected. <b>Main outcome measures</b> The incidence of adenomas with high risk pathological features or cancer. This was analysed by age, the extent of the family history, and findings on previous colonoscopies. The cohort was flagged for cancer and death. Incidence of colorectal cancer and mortality during over 15 000 person years of follow-up were compared with those expected in the absence of surveillance. <b>Results</b> High risk adenomas and cancer were most common in families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (on initial colonoscopy 5.7% and 0.9%, respectively). In the families with moderate risk, these findings were particularly uncommon under age 45 (1.1% and 0%) and on follow-up colonoscopy if advanced neoplasia was absent initially (1.7% and 0.1%). The incidence of colorectal cancer was substantially lower—80% in families with moderate risk (P = 0.00004), and 43% in families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (P = 0.06)—than the expected incidence in the absence of surveillance when the family history was taken into account. <b>Conclusions</b> Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of colorectal cancer in people with a strong family history. This study confirms that members of families with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer require surveillance with short intervals. Individuals with a lesser family history may not require surveillance under age 45, and if advanced neoplasia is absent on initial colonoscopy, surveillance intervals may be lengthened. This would reduce the demand for colonoscopic surveillance.
Age-Related Intimal Stiffening Enhances Endothelial Permeability and Leukocyte Transmigration
Authors: John Huynh, Nozomi Nishimura, Kuldeepsinh Rana, John M. Peloquin, Joseph P. Califano, Christine R. Montague, Michael R. King, Chris B. Schaffer, Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Inhibiting endothelial cell contractility reverses the deleterious effects of age-related matrix stiffening on normal cell function, which could help prevent the development of atherosclerosis.
LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Graham F. Pineo, MD, Russell D. Hull, MD
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1997)

▪ Abstract Intravenous heparin followed by warfarin has been the classical anticoagulant therapy of acute venous thromboembolism for the last 30 years. Furthermore, low-dose unfractionated heparin given two to three times daily has been the most popular form of prophylaxis for venous thrombosis. In recent years, a number of low-molecular-weight heparins have become available for clinical trials. These agents have many advantages over unfractionated heparin and are now being used widely internationally for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Indeed, low-molecular-weight heparin will undoubtedly replace intravenous unfractionated heparin not only in the treatment of venous thromboembolism, but in other conditions where heparin therapy is indicated. Whether or not the low-molecular-weight heparins can decrease or eliminate some of the complications of unfractionated heparin will depend on the outcome of future clinical trials.
Detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients with histologically and immunohistochemically negative axillary lymph nodes
Authors: E.N. Stathopoulos, E. Sanidas, M. Kafousi, D. Mavroudis, J. Askoxylakis, V. Bozionelou, M. Perraki, D. Tsiftsis, V. Georgoulias
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2005)
Does Practice Make Perfect When Interpreting Mammography?
Authors: J. G. Elmore
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2002)

There are important trade-offs in the practice of interpretingmammography. Radiologists do not want to miss identifyingbreast cancer, yet performing additional imaging to rule outcancer increases false-positive rates. False-positive mammo-grams generate anxiety, excess costs and, at times, morbidityfrom subsequent biopsies. The false-positive rate for screeningmammography is higher in the United States than in Europeancountries. Reducing the false-positive rates and maintaining highlevels of sensitivity, as suggested by Esserman et al. (1) in thisissue of the Journal, is appealing. They hypothesize that inter-preting a high volume of mammograms, as is the norm forradiologists in the U.K., results in higher sensitivity than inter-preting a low volume, as is often the norm for some U.S. radi-ologists. In their study (1), a standardized test set of 60 screeningfilms from asymptomatic women, 13 of which included nonoc-cult breast cancers, was interpreted by 60 U.S. radiologists andalso by 194 U.K. radiologists. The U.S. radiologists were as-signed to one of three categories on the basis of their self-reported monthly volume of mammography interpretations: low( 100/month), moderate (101–300/month), or high volume(301/month). Their results suggest that both sensitivity andspecificity are better among higher volume readers, although thedifferences for specificity are not statistically significant (1).The study by Esserman et al. (1) underscores an importantdifference in the approach to screening mammography betweenthe United States and the U.K. and raises questions relevant toboth research and clinical practice. U.S. mammographers arecurrently required to interpret a minimum of 480 mammogramsper year, whereas U.K. mammographers are required to interpretmore than 5000 per year. What can we learn from comparisonsof international practice styles? Should U.S. mammographers berequired to interpret higher volumes of mammograms each year?Esserman et al. (1) have made an excellent initial step in ad-dressing those questions. The findings deserve follow-up.Previous research has shown that radiologists’ accuracy im-proves after special training courses (2). Experienced radiolo-gists have higher sensitivity than do less experienced radiolo-gists in diagnosing breast cancer; however, experiencedradiologists may also order more tests that do not result in acancer diagnosis (3). Although Esserman et al. (1) have found anassociation between volume and accuracy, it remains to be seenif practice really does make perfect.In most areas of radiology, images are interpreted in conjunc-tion with additional clinical and diagnostic information, so thatinterpretive judgment is not the sole basis for patient manage-ment. However, the variability in radiologists’ interpretations isof particular importance in screening mammography because thepremise is to detect signs of breast cancer before there is anyevidence of disease (e.g., a palpable mass). A decision to per-form additional diagnostic imaging or to perform a breast biopsy
Military medicine in China: old topic, new concept
Authors: Xiao-Bing Fu
Journal: Military Medical Research (2014)

Military medicine is important in both war and peace. In China, military medicine plays a key role in supporting and maintaining health, in preventing injuries and diseases in military staff and in enhancing the military armed forces during war. Additionally, military medicine participates in actions such as emergency public health crises, natural disasters, emerging conflicts and anti-terrorist campaigns during peacetime. In this paper, we summary the current condition and achievements in military medicine in China and provide our perspective for its future.
A case of skin hyperpigmentation due to α-MSH hypersecretion
Authors: J.S. PEARS, R.T. JUNG, W. BARTLETT, M.C.K. BROWNING, K. KENICER, A.J. THODY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Journal Article A case of skin hyperpigmentation due to α‐MSH hypersecretion Get access J.S. PEARS, J.S. PEARS Departments of Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K. Dr J.S.Pears. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.T. JUNG, R.T. JUNG Departments of Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. BARTLETT, W. BARTLETT Departments of Biochemical Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.C.K. BROWNING, M.C.K. BROWNING Departments of Biochemical Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. KENICER, K. KENICER Departments of Dermatology, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.J. THODY A.J. THODY Department of Dermatology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 126, Issue 3, 1 March 1992, Pages 286–289, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00660.x Published: 01 March 1992
Alcohol-Induced Ovarian Failure in the Rat
Authors: David H. Van Thiel, Judith S. Gavaler, Roger Lester, Richard J. Sherins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

The effect of ethanol feeding on ovarian function and structure in female rats was studied in alcohol-fed animals, isocalorically fed controls, and two ad libitum-fed control groups. Ovarian weight was reduced by 60% in alcohol-fed animals compared with the control groups. Gross disruption of ovarian architecture was noted, characterized by the absence of any corpus hemorrhagicum and corpus albicans. Moreover, plasma levels of estradiol were significantly reduced in the alcohol-fed animals (P < 0.01) compared with the levels found in isocaloric controls. Plasma levels of estrone and corticosterone were increased in alcoholfed and isocaloric control animals relative to those of ad libitum-fed animals suggesting a primarily adrenal, rather than ovarian, origin for these two steroids. Despite the increase in estrone, the secondary sex organs (uterus and fallopian tubes) reflected marked estrogen deprivation presumably as a result of estradiol insufficiency. Progesterone levels in the alcohol-fed animals were significantly less than levels in the isocaloric and intact ad libitum-fed controls but were not significantly different compared to oophorectomized animals. Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels were similar in alcohol-fed, isocaloric controls, and ad libitum-intact controls. They were, however, one-third the level of oophorectomized controls. Both alcohol-fed and isocaloric controls had increased levels of plasma luteinizing hormone, although levels were below those seen in oophorectomized controls (P < 0.01). The results establish that ingestion of a diet containing 5% ethanol for periods as short as 6 wk produces functional and histologic ovarian failure in the female rat.
Transcription factors and miRNAs that regulate fetal to adult<i>CFTR</i>expression change are new targets for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Victoria Viart, Anne Bergougnoux, Jennifer Bonini, Jessica Varilh, Raphaël Chiron, Olivier Tabary, Nicolas Molinari, Mireille Claustres, Magali Taulan-Cadars
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

The CFTR gene displays a tightly regulated tissue-specific and temporal expression. Mutations in this gene cause cystic fibrosis (CF). In this study we wanted to identify trans -regulatory elements responsible for CFTR differential expression in fetal and adult lung, and to determine the importance of inhibitory motifs in the CFTR -3′UTR with the aim of developing new tools for the correction of disease-causing mutations within CFTR . We show that lung development-specific transcription factors (FOXA, C/EBP) and microRNAs (miR-101, miR-145, miR-384) regulate the switch from strong fetal to very low CFTR expression after birth. By using miRNome profiling and gene reporter assays, we found that miR-101 and miR-145 are specifically upregulated in adult lung and that miR-101 directly acts on its cognate site in the CFTR -3′UTR in combination with an overlapping AU-rich element. We then designed miRNA-binding blocker oligonucleotides (MBBOs) to prevent binding of several miRNAs to the CFTR -3′UTR and tested them in primary human nasal epithelial cells from healthy individuals and CF patients carrying the p.Phe508del CFTR mutation. These MBBOs rescued CFTR channel activity by increasing CFTR mRNA and protein levels. Our data offer new understanding of the control of the CFTR gene regulation and new putative correctors for cystic fibrosis.
Acid microclimate in coeliac and Crohn's disease: a model for folate malabsorption.
Authors: M L Lucas, B T Cooper, F H Lei, I T Johnson, G K Holmes, J A Blair, W T Cooke
Journal: Gut (1978)

The surface pH of human proximal jejunum was measured in biopsy samples and found to be more acid than the phosphate buffer in which they were incubated. The in vitro jejunal surface pH was 5.93 +/- 0.05 in control subjects and 6.19 +/- 0.09 in treated coeliac patients. A group of untreated coeliac patients with a surface pH of 6.56 +/- 0.14 had a significantly less acid surface pH compared to controls, as did a group of Crohn's patients with a surface pH of 6.21 +/- 0.04. These two groups with a significantly raised surface pH were subdivisible into 'high' and 'low'groups. Surface pH was found to remain low in the treated coeliac and control groups but became more acid over the incubation period reaching almost normal values in the Crohn's group and the untreated coelic initial surface pH. The raised surface pH in untreated coeliac disease and Crohn's disease would alter the amount of a weak acid available for non-ionic diffusion. Therefore the present results may help to explain the folate malabsorption known to occur in untreated coeliac disease and the frequently seen low serum folate levels in Crohn's disease.
Exercise and outdoor ambient air pollution
Authors: A J Carlisle, N C C Sharp
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2001)

To establish by literature survey: (a) levels at which air pollutants are considered damaging to human health and to exercisers in particular; (b) the current ambient levels experienced in the United Kingdom; (c) whether athletes are especially at risk.Six major urban air pollutants were examined: carbon monoxide (CO); nitrogen oxides (NO(X)); ozone (O(3)); particulate matter (PM(10)); sulphur dioxide (SO(2)); volatile organic compounds (VOCs).CO is detrimental to athletic performance. NO(2) is of concern to human health, but outdoor levels are low. O(3) poses a potentially serious risk to exercising athletes. Decrements in lung function result from exposure, and there is evidence that athletic performance may be affected. Detrimental effects may occur at low ambient levels, but there is no scientific consensus on this matter. PM(10) is causing concern in the scientific community. Blood lead accumulation during exercise indicates that personal exposure to toxic compounds associated with PM(10) may be magnified. Generally, outdoor ambient levels of SO(2) are too low to cause a problem to the athlete, except the asthmatic athlete. The few studies on exposure of exercisers to VOCs are reviewed.Athletes and exercisers should avoid exercising by the road side even though levels of the more noxious air pollutants have been controlled in the United Kingdom. O(3) is particularly damaging to athletes; it reaches its highest concentrations on hot bright days in rural areas.
Pulmonary tuberculosis with acute respiratory failure: yet to be conquered
Authors: D. Aggarwal, P. R. Mohapatra
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

To the Editors: 

In the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal , Kim et al. 1 nicely discuss a scarcely reported association between pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and acute respiratory failure (ARF). They conclude that this tuberculosis-related critical condition has a high mortality rate and is associated with risk factors predicting poor outcome. However, certain issues in the study require clarification and comprehensive discussion, so that this condition can be properly understood and managed.

The diagnosis in the study by Kim et al. 1 was confirmed by sputum smear and/or culture for acid-fast bacilli in 80 out of 90 patients; …
A naturalistic study of the determinants of health related quality of life improvement in osteoarthritic patients treated with non-specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: V Rabenda
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Background:</b> Targeted lung denervation (TLD) is a novel bronchoscopic therapy that ablates parasympathetic pulmonary nerves along the main bronchi and has been reported as feasible and safe through one-year follow-up <i>(Eur Resp J 2014 44</i>:<i> Suppl 58,</i><i>P3720)</i>. <b>Aim:</b> Evaluate two-year safety of TLD in COPD patients. <b>Methods:</b> A first-in-human, prospective, multicenter, study in COPD patients (FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC&lt;0.70; FEV<sub>1</sub> 30-60% predicted) was performed (NCT01483534). Patients underwent TLD using a catheter based lung denervation system (Holaira, Inc., USA) delivered during two rigid bronchoscopies 30 days apart, in an outpatient setting. Two-year safety was determined by registration of all AEs in that time. <b>Results:</b> Twelve patients (FEV<sub>1</sub> 33.8±9.4 % predicted, age 62.9±11.4 yrs) were treated at a 20W energy dose and 10 (FEV<sub>1</sub> 34.5±6.3 % predicted, age 64.4±8.9 yrs) at 15W. Eighteen patients completed 2-year follow-up. No deaths or unexpected AEs were reported. 21 serious AEs were observed; 11 COPD exacerbations, 2 respiratory infections, 2 cancers (stomach and pancreatic), 1 flu, 1 myocardial infarction, 1 chest pain, 1 drug reaction, 1 gastroenteritis, and 1 episode of gastroparesis. 13 were in the 15W group with 8 occurring in a single patient. Respiratory AE rates are similar between doses and trend toward fewer events over time. <b>Conclusion:</b> TLD has an acceptable rate of AEs and no unexpected AEs in COPD patients out to 2 years.
Developmental Changes in Prostaglandin E <sub>2</sub> Receptor Subtypes in Porcine Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Mousumi Bhattacharya, Pierre Asselin, Pierre Hardy, Anne-Marie Guerguerian, Hitoshi Shichi, Xin Hou, Daya R. Varma, Asmàa Bouayad, Jean-Claude Fouron, Ronald I. Clyman, Sylvain Chemtob
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) is important in ductus arteriosus (DA) patency, but the types of functional PGE 2 receptors (EP) in the developing DA are not known. We postulated that age-dependent alterations in EP and/or their subtypes may possibly contribute to the reduced responsiveness of the newborn DA to PGE 2 . Methods and Results —We determined PGE 2 receptor subtypes by competition binding and immunoblot studies on the DA of fetal (≈75% and 90% gestation) and newborn (&lt;45 minutes old) pigs. We studied the effects of EP receptor stimulation on cAMP signaling in vitro and on term newborn (&lt;3 hours old) DA patency in vivo. Fetal pig DA expressed EP 2 , EP 3 , and EP 4 receptors equivalently, but not EP 1 . In neonatal DA, EP 1 , EP 3 , and EP 4 were undetectable, whereas EP 2 density was similar in fetus and newborn. Prostaglandin-induced changes in cAMP mirrored binding data. 16,16-Dimethyl PGE 2 and 11-deoxy PGE 1 (EP 2 /EP 3 /EP 4 agonist) produced more cAMP in fetus than newborn, but butaprost (selective EP 2 agonist) caused similar cAMP increases in both; EP 3 and EP 4 ligands (M&amp;B28767 and AH23848B, respectively) affected cAMP production only in fetus. After birth, administration of butaprost alone was as effective as 11-deoxy PGE 1 and 16,16-dimethyl PGE 2 in dilating DA in vivo. Conclusions —The data reveal fewer PGE 2 receptors in the DA of the newborn than in that of the fetus; this may contribute to the decreased responsiveness of the DA to PGE 2 in newborn. Because EP 2 receptors seem to mediate the effects of PGE 2 on the newborn DA, one may propose that a selective EP 2 agonist may be preferred as a pharmacological agent to maintain DA patency in infants with certain congenital heart diseases.
Positive inotropic and vasodilator actions of milrinone in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Dose-response relationships and comparison to nitroprusside.
Authors: B E Jaski, M A Fifer, R F Wright, E Braunwald, W S Colucci
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Milrinone is a potent positive inotropic and vascular smooth muscle-relaxing agent in vitro, and therefore, it is not known to what extent each of these actions contributes to the drug's hemodynamic effects in patients with heart failure. In 11 patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure, incremental intravenous doses of milrinone were administered to determine the dose-response relationships for heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and inotropic state, the latter measured by peak positive left ventricular derivative of pressure with respect to time (dP/dt). To clarify further the role of a positive inotropic action, the relative effects of milrinone and nitroprusside on left ventricular stroke work and dP/dt were compared in each patient at doses matched to cause equivalent reductions in mean arterial pressure or systemic vascular resistance, indices of left ventricular afterload. Milrinone caused heart rate, stroke volume, and dP/dt to increase, and systemic vascular resistance to decrease in a concentration-related manner. At the two lowest milrinone doses resulting in serum concentrations of 63 +/- 4 and 156 +/- 5 ng/ml, respectively, milrinone caused significant increases in stroke volume and dP/dt, but no changes in systemic vascular resistance or heart rate. At the maximum milrinone dose administered (mean serum concentration, 427 +/- 11 ng/ml), heart rate increased from 92 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 4 bpm (P less than 0.01), mean aortic pressure fell from 82 +/- 3 to 71 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.01), right atrial pressure fell from 15 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than 0.005), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure fell from 26 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 3 (P less than 0.005), stroke volume index increased from 20 +/- 2 to 30 +/- 2 ml/m2 (P less than 0.005), stroke work index increased from 14 +/- 2 to 21 +/- 2 g X m/m2 (P less than 0.01), and dP/dt increased from 858 +/- 54 to 1,130 +/- 108 mmHg/s (P less than 0.005). When compared with nitroprusside for a matched reduction in mean aortic pressure or systemic vascular resistance, milrinone caused a significantly greater increase in stroke work index at the same or lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Milrinone caused a concentration-related increase in dP/dt (32% increase at maximum milrinone dose), whereas nitroprusside had no effect. These data in patients with severe heart failure indicate that in addition to a vasodilating effect, milrinone exerts a concentration-related positive inotropic action that contributes significantly to the drug's overall hemodynamic effects. The positive inotropic action occurs at drug levels that do not exert significant chronotropic or vasodilator effects.