tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood and insulin resistance: cross sectional survey using data from British women's heart and health study
Authors: D. A Lawlor
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To assess the associations between childhood and adulthood social class and insulin resistance. <b>Design</b>: Cross sectional survey. <b>Setting</b>: 23 towns across England, Scotland, and Wales. <b>Participants</b>: 4286 women aged 60-79years. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease risk factors. <b>Results</b>: Belonging to manual social classes in childhood and in adulthood was independently associated with increased insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and general obesity. The association between childhood social class and insulin resistance was stronger than that for adult social class. The effect, on insulin resistance and other risk factors, of belonging to a manual social class at either stage in the life course was cumulative, with no evidence of an interaction between childhood and adult social class. Women who were in manual social classes in childhood remained at increased risk of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and obesity—even if they moved into non-manual social classes in adulthood—compared with women who were in non-manual social classes at both stages. <b>Conclusions</b>: Adverse social circumstances in childhood, as well as adulthood, are strongly and independently associated with increased risk of insulin resistance and other metabolic risk factors.
MECHANISMS BY WHICH CARBOHYDRATES REGULATE EXPRESSION OF GENES FOR GLYCOLYTIC AND LIPOGENIC ENZYMES
Authors: Jean Girard, Pascal Ferré, Fabienne Foufelle
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1997)

▪ Abstract Regulation of gene expression by nutrients is an important mechanism in the adaptation of mammals to their nutritional environment. This is especially true for enzymes involved in the storage of energy, such as the lipogenic and glycolytic enzymes in liver and adipose tissue. Transcription of the genes for lipogenic and glycolytic enzymes is stimulated by glucose in adipose tissue, liver, and pancreatic β-cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that glucose must be metabolized to glucose-6-phosphate to stimulate gene transcription. In adipose tissue, insulin increases the expression of lipogenic enzymes indirectly by stimulating glucose uptake. In the liver, insulin also acts indirectly by stimulating the expression of glucokinase and, hence, by increasing glucose metabolism. Glucose response elements have been characterized for the l-pyruvate kinase and S 14 genes. They have in common the presence of a sequence 5′-CACGTG-3′, which binds a transcription factor called USF (upstream stimulatory factor). Another glucose response element, which uses a transcription factor named Sp1, has been characterized in the gene for the acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. The mechanisms linking glucose-6-phosphate to the glucose-responsive transcription complex are largely unknown.
Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging trial of the oral neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist casopitant mesylate for the prevention of cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting
Authors: F. Roila, J. Rolski, R. Ramlau, M. Dediu, M.W. Russo, R.R. Bandekar, S.M. Grunberg
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Effects of intra-session concurrent endurance and strength training sequence on aerobic performance and capacity
Authors: M Chtara, K Chamari, M Chaouachi, A Chaouachi, D Koubaa, Y Feki, G P Millet, M Amri
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

Aim: To examine the effects of the sequencing order of individualised intermittent endurance training combined with muscular strengthening on aerobic performance and capacity. Methods: Forty eight male sport students (mean (SD) age 21.4 (1.3) years) were divided into five homogeneous groups according to their maximal aerobic speeds ( v V˙ o 2 max ). Four groups participated in various training programmes for 12 weeks (two sessions a week) as follows: E (n = 10), running endurance training; S (n = 9), strength circuit training; E+S (n = 10) and S+E (n = 10) combined the two programmes in a different order during the same training session. Group C (n = 9) served as a control. All the subjects were evaluated before (T0) and after (T1) the training period using four tests: (1) a 4 km time trial running test; (2) an incremental track test to estimate v V˙ o 2 max ; (3) a time to exhaustion test (t lim ) at 100% v V˙ o 2 max ; (4) a maximal cycling laboratory test to assess V˙ o 2 max . Results: Training produced significant improvements in performance and aerobic capacity in the 4 km time trial with interaction effect (p&lt;0.001). The improvements were significantly higher for the E+S group than for the E, S+E, and S groups: 8.6%, 5.7%, 4.7%, and 2.5% for the 4 km test (p&lt;0.05); 10.4%, 8.3%, 8.2%, and 1.6% for v V˙ o 2 max (p&lt;0.01); 13.7%, 10.1%, 11.0%, and 6.4% for V˙ o 2 max (ml/kg 0.75 /min) (p&lt;0.05) respectively. Similar significant results were observed for t lim and the second ventilatory threshold (%V˙ o 2 max ). Conclusions: Circuit training immediately after individualised endurance training in the same session (E+S) produced greater improvement in the 4 km time trial and aerobic capacity than the opposite order or each of the training programmes performed separately.
Bile salt regulation of fatty acid absorption and esterification in rat everted jejunal sacs in vitro and into thoracic duct lymph in vivo
Authors: Michael L. Clark, Heidemarie C. Lanz, John R. Senior
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

This study was performed to investigate whether the malabsorption of fat in the blind loop syndrome is due to the presence of free bile acids or to a deficiency of conjugated bile salts produced by bacterial degradation of normal bile salts, as well as to learn something of the mechanisms by which bile salts might regulate fat absorption. In the everted gut sac of the rat in vitro, conjugated bile salts were necessary for maximal rates of fatty acid esterification to triglycerides, whereas free bile acids inhibited this process even in the presence of physiologically normal or higher concentrations of conjugated bile salts. In contrast, in the living animal the addition of similar or higher concentrations of free bile acids to infusions of fatty acids in taurocholate micellar solutions produced no reduction in the amount of fatty acid absorbed into lymph or the amount of fatty acid esterified into lymph triglyceride. Both in vitro and in the living animal, reduction in the conjugated bile salt concentration reduced both the rate of fatty acid uptake by the intestine and the esterification into triglycerides. It is concluded that the steatorrhea of the blind loop syndrome or other conditions in which upper intestinal stasis allows bacterial proliferation is not due to presence of increased gut luminal concentrations of free bile acids, but rather is a consequence of lowered concentrations of conjugated bile salts.
Levels of plasma circulating cell free nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as potential biomarkers for breast tumors
Authors: Corina Kohler, Ramin Radpour, Zeinab Barekati, Reza Asadollahi, Johannes Bitzer, Edward Wight, Nicole Bürki, Claude Diesch, Wolfgang Holzgreve, Xiao Yan Zhong
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2009)

Abstract Background With the aim to simplify cancer management, cancer research lately dedicated itself more and more to discover and develop non-invasive biomarkers. In this connection, circulating cell-free DNA (ccf DNA) seems to be a promising candidate. Altered levels of ccf nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been found in several cancer types and might have a diagnostic value. Methods Using multiplex real-time PCR we investigated the levels of ccf nDNA and mtDNA in plasma samples from patients with malignant and benign breast tumors, and from healthy controls. To evaluate the applicability of plasma ccf nDNA and mtDNA as a biomarker for distinguishing between the three study-groups we performed ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis. We also compared the levels of both species in the cancer group with clinicopathological parameters. Results While the levels of ccf nDNA in the cancer group were significantly higher in comparison with the benign tumor group ( P &lt; 0.001) and the healthy control group ( P &lt; 0.001), the level of ccf mtDNA was found to be significantly lower in the two tumor-groups (benign: P &lt; 0.001; malignant: P = 0.022). The level of ccf nDNA was also associated with tumor-size (&lt;2 cm vs. &gt;2 cm&lt;5 cm; 2250 vs. 6658; Mann-Whitney-U-Test: P = 0.034). Using ROC curve analysis, we were able to distinguish between the breast cancer cases and the healthy controls using ccf nDNA as marker (cut-off: 1866 GE/ml; sensitivity: 81%; specificity: 69%; P &lt; 0.001) and between the tumor group and the healthy controls using ccf mtDNA as marker (cut-off: 463282 GE/ml; sensitivity: 53%; specificity: 87%; P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Our data suggests that nuclear and mitochondrial ccf DNA have potential as biomarkers in breast tumor management. However, ccf nDNA shows greater promise regarding sensitivity and specificity.
Near-fatal spontaneous hepatic rupture associated with anabolic androgenic steroid use: a case report
Authors: J J Patil, B O’Donohoe, C F Loyden, D Shanahan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Anabolic androgenic steroids are commonly used at high doses by bodybuilders and athletes to enhance physique and improve performance levels. We report a case of spontaneous hepatic rupture with life-threatening haemorrhage associated with a past history of anabolic steroid use.
Hemoglobin Louisville (β42 (CD1) Phe→Leu): an unstable variant causing mild hemolytic anemia
Authors: Marie M. Keeling, Lynn L. Ogden, Ruth N. Wrightstone, J. B. Wilson, Cecelia A. Reynolds, Janice L. Kitchens, T. H. J. Huisman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

An unstable hemoglobin variant termed Hb Louisville, was found in four members of a Caucasian family, who were suffering from a mild hemolytic anemia. The variant showed a decreased stability upon warming at 65 degrees C and an increased tendency to dissociate in the presence of sulfhydryl group-blocking agents. The structural abnormality was identified as a replacement of phenylalanyl residue in position 42 (CD1) by a leucyl residue. Substitution of this phenylalanyl residue, which participates in the contact with heme, by a nonpolar leucyl residue has apparently less severe consequences than a replacement of the same residue by a polar seryl residue as in Hb Hammersmith. Oxygen equilibrium studies of total hemolysate from one Hb Louisville heterozygote indicated a decreased oxygen affinity, a marked decrease in heme-heme interaction, and a normal Bohr effect. Studies with isolated Hb Louisville were not made because it was not possible to separate the variant from normal Hb A.
P-325 A Phase II trial using a combination of Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine, and Celecoxib with concurrent radiation for newly diagnosed resectable rectal cancer: COX2 expression in relationship to outcomes
Authors: E. Araujo-Mino, C. Murray-Krezan, Y. Patt, B. Liem, F.-C. Lee
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2015)
Familial Influences on Conduct Disorder Reflect 2 Genetic Factors and 1 Shared Environmental Factor
Authors: Kenneth S. Kendler, Steven H. Aggen, Christopher J. Patrick
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2012)

Prior studies suggest that antisocial behavior in childhood and adolescence reflects multiple symptomatic dimensions. However, to our knowledge, no prior study has evaluated the underlying nature of the etiologic influences contributing to conduct disorder (CD) symptoms as defined in the DSM.To determine the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for CD.Population-based twin registry.Virginia.Two thousand seven hundred sixty-nine members of male-male twin pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.Retrospective self-reported symptoms of CD.The best-fitting multivariate twin model included 2 genetic factors, 1 shared environmental common factor, and 1 nonshared environmental common factor, along with criterion-specific genetic and nonshared environmental effects. The CD criteria with the strongest loadings on the 2 genetic factors were, respectively, those reflecting rule breaking (eg, playing hooky) and overt aggressive acts (eg, hurting people). The shared environmental common factor had salient loadings on a distinct set of criteria reflecting covert delinquent acts (eg, stealing and hurting animals). Loadings on the single nonshared environmental common factor were more uniform and less selective. Scores on the 3 familial CD factors were differentially associated with a range of personality, psychopathology, and demographic factors.From a genetic perspective, the DSM criteria for CD do not reflect a single dimension of liability. The familial risk to CD is composed of 2 discrete dimensions of genetic risk, reflecting rule breaking and overt aggression, and 1 dimension of shared environmental risk, reflecting covert delinquency. These 3 familial factors differ meaningfully in their association with a range of relevant validators.
Direction of the brain–gut pathway in functional gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Heather J Whitehouse, Alexander C Ford
Journal: Gut (2012)

We read the paper by Koloski and colleagues with interest.1 The authors are to be congratulated for conducting a study in >1000 individuals from the general population over such a long period of time. Their finding that the brain–gut axis appears to be bidirectional in functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is both important and novel.

In another longitudinal survey with a similar design, but with 10 years of follow-up, poor quality …
Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Alterations of I κBα in Active Minimal-Change Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: DJILLALI SAHALI, ANDRÉ PAWLAK, SABINE LE GOUVELLO, PHILIPPE LANG, ASTA VALANCIUTÉ, PHILIPPE REMY, CHANTAL LOIRAT, PATRICK NIAUDET, ALBERT BENSMAN, GEORGES GUELLAEN
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2001)

Minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) is a renal disease characterized by heavy glomerular proteinuria and increased production of cytokines by immune cells. Because of the central role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the regulation of cytokine expression, its activity during the relapse and remission phases of steroid-sensitive MCNS was analyzed. During relapse, nuclear extracts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells displayed high levels of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity, consisting primarily of p50/RelA (p65) complexes. NF-kappaB p65 and IkappaBalpha proteins were barely detected or not detected in cytosolic fractions during relapse, in contrast to remission. The lack of expression of IkappaBalpha protein was associated with downregulation of IkappaBalpha mRNA and increases in the levels of the mRNA encoding the proteasome alpha2 subunit proteolytic pathway. In addition, inhibition of proteasome activity induced cytosolic accumulation of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha and significant reductions in the NF-kappaB binding activity in nuclear extracts from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients experiencing relapses. These results suggest that alterations in the NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha regulatory feedback loop may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities that occur in steroidsensitive MCNS.
New β‐Agonist, KWD 2131, Compared with Terbutaline in Asthmatics
Authors: B. Hegardt, O. Löwhagen, N. Svedmyr
Journal: Allergy (1980)

The equipotent bronchodilating doses of terbutaline and a new β‐agonist KWD 2131 with a relatively stronger anti‐allergic (inhibition of mediator release) than bronchodilating effect given in nebulized from was estimated in eight patients with intrinsic asthma. The subthreshold bronchodilating dose of KWD 2131 was also evaluated. The study was a 2‐day, single‐blind cross‐over comparison between cumulative doses of KWD 2131 (0.5 mg to 12 mg) and terbutaline (0.05 mg to 1.2 mg) Both drugs gave a dose‐dependent bronchodilating effect as measured spirometrically. It was already statistically significant at the 0.03 mg dose of terbutaline, but not until the median value of the bronchodilating potency of terbutaline relative to KWD 2131 was 30. The influence of the two substances on tremor and the cardiovascular system was minimum and clinically umimportant. The search for the subthreshold bronchodilating dose of KWD 2131 was of interest, as this dose was to be used in a subsequent antigen provocation study in order to selectively evaluate KWD 2131's anti‐allergic property. The mean subthreshold bronchodilating dose of KWD 2131 was 1 mg. However, four of the eight patients showed bronchodilatation at the 1 mg dose, and two of the four also at 0.5 mg.
Contrasting Evolutionary Patterns of the Rp1 Resistance Gene Family in Different Species of Poaceae
Authors: S. Luo, J. Peng, K. Li, M. Wang, H. Kuang
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Disease-resistance genes (R-genes) in plants show complex evolutionary patterns. We investigated the evolution of the Rp1 R-gene family in Poaceae, and 409 Rp1 fragments were sequenced from 21 species. Our data showed that the common ancestor of Poaceae had two Rp1 loci, but the number of Rp1 locus in extant species varies from one to five. Some wheat and Zea genotypes have dozens of Rp1 homologues in striking contrast to one or two copies in Brachypodium distachyon. The large number of diverse Rp1 homologues in Zea was the result of duplications followed by extensive sequence exchanges among paralogues, and all genes in maize have evolved in a pattern of Type I R-genes. The high frequency of sequence exchanges did not cause concerted evolution in Zea species, but concerted evolution was obvious between Rp1 homologues from genera Zea and Sorghum. Differentiation of Type I and Type II Rp1 homologues was observed in Oryza species, likely occurred in their common ancestor. One member (Type II R-gene) in the Oryza Rp1 cluster did not change sequences with its paralogues, whereas the other paralogues (Type I R-genes) had frequent sequence exchanges. The functional Pi37 resistance gene in rice was generated through an unequal crossover between two neighboring paralogues followed by four point mutations. The Rp1 homologues in wheat and barley were most divergent, probably due to lack of sequence exchanges among them. Our results shed more light on R-gene evolution, particularly on the differentiation of Type I and Type II R-genes.
Cardiomyopathy in Transgenic <i>myf5</i> Mice
Authors: J.G. Edwards, G.E. Lyons, B.K. Micales, A. Malhotra, S. Factor, L.A. Leinwand
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract To explore the compatibility of skeletal and cardiac programs of gene expression, transgenic mice that express a skeletal muscle myogenic regulator, bmyf5, in the heart were analyzed. These mice develop a severe cardiomyopathy and exhibit a significantly shorter life span than do their nontransgenic littermates. The transgene was expressed from day 7.5 post coitum forward, resulting in activation of skeletal muscle genes not normally seen in the myocardium. Cardiac pathology was not apparent at midgestation but was evident by day 2 of postnatal life, and by 42 days, hearts exhibited multifocal interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, cellular hypertrophy, and occasional myocyte degeneration. All four chambers of the heart were enlarged to varying degrees, with the atria demonstrating the most significant hypertrophy (&gt;100% in 42-day-old mice). The transgene and several skeletal muscle–specific genes were expressed only in patchy areas of the heart in heterozygous mice. However, molecular markers of hypertrophy (such as α-skeletal actin and atrial myosin light chain-1) were expressed with a wider distribution, suggesting that their induction was secondary to the expression of the transgene. In older (28-week-old) mice, lung weights were also significantly increased, consistent with congestive heart failure. The life span of bmyf5 mice was significantly shortened, with an average life span of 109 days, compared with at least a twofold longer life expectancy for nontransgenic littermates. Expression of the transgene was associated with an increase in Ca 2+ -stimulated myofibrillar ATPase in myofibrils obtained from the left ventricles of 42-day-old bmyf5 mice. Myocardial bmyf5 expression therefore induces a program of skeletal muscle gene expression that results in progressive cardiomyopathy that may be due to incompatibility of heart and skeletal muscle structural proteins.
Circulating <scp>microRNAs</scp> in heart failure with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Lee Lee Wong, Arunmozhiarasi Armugam, Sugunavathi Sepramaniam, Dwi Setyowati Karolina, Kai Ying Lim, Jia Yuen Lim, Jenny P. C. Chong, Jessica Y. X. Ng, Yei‐Tsung Chen, Michelle M. Y. Chan, Zhaojin Chen, Poh Shuan D. Yeo, Tze P. Ng, Lieng H. Ling, David Sim, Kui Toh G. Leong, Hean Y. Ong, Fazlur Jaufeerally, Raymond Wong, Ping Chai, Adrian F. Low, Carolyn S. P. Lam, Kandiah Jeyaseelan, Arthur Mark Richards
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2015)
Regulation of Tight-Junction Permeability During Nutrient Absorption Across the Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: S T Ballard, J H Hunter, A E Taylor
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (1995)

Tight junctions are located at the luminal aspect of adjacent epithelial cells and form a barrier that limits the paracellular diffusion of hydrophilic solutes. In recent years, evidence has accumulated to indicate that tight-junction permeability is regulated by the absorption of various nutrients. In this review, we present the physiological basis and importance of tight-junction regulation in intestinal epithelium. The molecular structure of tight junctions and their interactions with the cell cytoskeleton as well as the physical and chemical forces that influence tight junction permeability are described. Much of this review addresses the controversial Pappenheimer hypothesis, which states that a major portion of intestinal glucose absorption occurs through tight junctions and not by saturable transcellular active transport. The absorption of a significant portion of glucose through tight junctions requires increased junctional permeability, a very high intralumenal glucose concentration, and a sufficient osmotic gradient to promote volume flow.
Role of Papillary Muscle in the Generation and Maintenance of Reentry During Ventricular Tachycardia and Fibrillation in Isolated Swine Right Ventricle
Authors: Young-Hoon Kim, Fagen Xie, Masaaki Yashima, Tsu-Juey Wu, Miguel Valderrábano, Moon-Hyoung Lee, Toshihiko Ohara, Olga Voroshilovsky, Rahul N. Doshi, Michael C. Fishbein, Zhilin Qu, Alan Garfinkel, James N. Weiss, Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Peng-Sheng Chen
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The role of papillary muscle (PM) in the generation and maintenance of reentry is unclear. Methods and Results —Computerized mapping (477 bipolar electrodes, 1.6-mm resolution) was performed in fibrillating right ventricles (RVs) of swine in vitro. During ventricular fibrillation (VF), reentrant wave fronts often transiently anchored to the PM. Tissue mass reduction was then performed in 10 RVs until VF converted to ventricular tachycardia (VT). In an additional 6 RVs, procainamide infusion converted VF to VT. Maps showed that 77% (34 of 44) of all VT episodes were associated with a single reentrant wave front anchored to the PM. Purkinje fiber potentials preceded the local myocardial activation, and these potentials were recorded mostly around the PM. When PM was trimmed to the level of endocardium (n=4), sustained VT was no longer inducible. Transmembrane potential recordings (n=5) at the PM revealed full action potential during pacing, without evidence of ischemia. Computer simulation studies confirmed the role of PM as a spiral wave anchoring site that stabilized wave conduction. Conclusions —We conclude that PM is important in the generation and maintenance of reentry during VT and VF.