tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reduction in reperfusion-induced myocardial necrosis in dogs by RheothRx injection (poloxamer 188 N.F.), a hemorheological agent that alters neutrophil function.
Authors: G L Schaer, T L Hursey, S L Abrahams, K Buddemeier, B Ennis, E R Rodriguez, J P Hubbell, J Moy, J E Parrillo
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Reperfusion after prolonged coronary artery occlusion may be followed by additional myocardial necrosis persisting for hours to days. Potential mechanisms include neutrophil-mediated injury and compromised flow within the microcirculation of the reperfused myocardium. Poloxamer 188 is a nonionic surfactant with beneficial hemorheological and neutrophil-inhibitory properties. The purpose of the present study was to determine if poloxamer 188 is capable of reducing the myocardial injury associated with sustained reperfusion and to examine the effect of treatment duration. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of closed-chest dogs underwent 90 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion (angioplasty balloon) and 72 hours of reperfusion. Poloxamer 188, formulated as RheothRx Injection (Burroughs Wellcome Co), was given as a 75 mg/kg IV bolus 15 minutes before reperfusion followed by a 150 mg.kg-1.h-1 continuous IV infusion for 4 hours (n = 13) or 48 hours (n = 13); control dogs (n = 12) received saline for 48 hours. The 48-hour infusion of poloxamer 188 resulted in a 42% reduction in infarct size (as a percent of the area at risk) compared with the control group (25.0 +/- 4.2% versus 43.3 +/- 4.3%, P D .01), whereas the 4-hour group demonstrated a 25% reduction in infarct size compared with the control group (32.4 +/- 4.3%, P = .08). ANCOVA demonstrated that the 48-hour infusion of poloxamer 188 reduced myocardial infarct size independent of differences in collateral blood flow (P = .002 versus control). A trend toward infarct size reduction was observed in the 4-hour infusion group (P = .098 versus control by ANCOVA). Plasma creatine phosphokinase concentration was lower in both poloxamer 188-treated groups (P &lt; .05 versus control). Global left ventricular ejection fraction at 72 hours of reperfusion was improved in the 48-hour infusion group compared with the control group (43 +/- 3.1% versus 33 +/- 2.0%, P &lt; .05), whereas ejection fraction in the 4-hour group was 37 +/- 1.3% (P = NS versus control). Regional ventricular function was also significantly better in the 48-hour infusion group compared with the control group. In vitro studies demonstrated that at concentrations comparable to those achieved in vivo, poloxamer 188 inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis. This finding may represent a beneficial mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS A 48-hour infusion of poloxamer 188 reduced myocardial infarct size and improved left ventricular function in this dog model of 90 minutes of coronary artery occlusion and 72 hours of reperfusion. The finding that the 4-hour infusion of poloxamer 188 did not result in similar benefits suggests that additional reperfusion injury occurred between 4 and 48 hours.
Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption
Authors: Alan H. Stern
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Letters7 June 2005Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Fish ConsumptionAlan H. Stern, DrPHAlan H. Stern, DrPHFrom University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-11-200506070-00018 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In general, the recent Current Clinical Issues article on the risks and benefits of fish consumption (1) was informative and useful to physicians trying to understand the issues facing their fish-consuming patients. However, as a member of the former National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council committee responsible for the recommendations for exposure to methylmercury referenced in the article, I believe it is necessary to clarify some information regarding the risk to patients with elevated levels of methylmercury.The article states that "Many Americans are believed to have dangerous levels of methylmercury in their bodies. . . .Levels ...References1. Fisher Wilson J. Balancing the risks and benefits of fish consumption. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:977-80. [PMID: 15611502] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Glossary of IRIS terms: reference dose. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed at www.epa.gov/iriswebp/iris/gloss8.htm#r on 28 March 2005. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Alan H. Stern, DrPHAffiliations: From University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoBalancing the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption Jennifer Fisher Wilson Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption Luanne K. Williams Metrics Cited byMercury leads to features of polycystic ovary syndrome in ratsChronic mercury exposure impairs the sympathovagal control of the rat heartSelenium and mercury molar ratios in saltwater fish from New Jersey: Individual and species variability complicate use in human health fish consumption advisoriesExposure to low mercury concentration in vivo impairs myocardial contractile functionToxic effects of mercury, lead and gadolinium on vascular reactivityBalancing health benefits and chemical risks associated to dietary habits: RIBEFOOD, a new Internet resourceA Different Look at the Food Guide Pyramid 7 June 2005Volume 142, Issue 11Page: 949KeywordsAttentionBloodBody weightConflicts of interestDietFetusesPregnancySafety ePublished: 7 June 2005 Issue Published: 7 June 2005 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2005 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Gender, sex hormones and autonomic nervous control of the cardiovascular system
Authors: A Dart
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Differences in the autonomic system may be due to differences in afferent receptor stimulation, in central The autonomic nervous system is of importance in the reflex transmission, in the efferent nervous system and in natural history and treatment of a number of post synaptic signaling. At each of these potential sites of pathophysiological states involving the cardiovascular difference, there may be effects due to different size or system. These include hypertension and diseases of the number of neurons, variations in receptors, differences in vasculature as well as myocardial ischaemia and cardiac neurotransmitter content or metabolism as well as func- arrhythmias. Gender differences in the incidence and tional differences in the various components of the reflex clinical course of a range of cardiovascular states are also arc. well recognised. Both short and long term prognosis after myocardial infarction are worse for women than men (1-4), whereas women with non-ischaemic car- 2. Methods of assessment of autonomic nervous diomyopathy have improved survival (5,6). In addition to activity the well known difference in age of presentation of coronary heart disease, women are more likely to suffer As indicated in the Introduction there are multiple from Raynaud's phenomenon, and to experience pre- potential sites in the autonomic nervous system which may syncopal or syncopal episodes. An appreciation of gender be subject to gender related differences. Consequently the differences in the structure and function of the autonomic examination of gender differences may require use of a nervous system is therefore important to a full understand- wide range of experimental and clinical methodologies. In ing of a number of common and important clinical this section brief mention will be made of techniques presentations (7). specifically related to this question. Gender differences in the autonomic nervous system Neurotransmitter release from efferent terminals may be may be present because of developmental differences or estimated from plasma levels, particularly for the sympa- due to the effects of prevailing levels of male and / or thetic nervous system by measuring plasma noradrenaline female sex hormones. Such prevailing hormone levels may (NA) and adrenaline levels or their urinary excretion. Such also produce differences between pre- and post-menopaus- methods, which are available for both animal and human al women and amongst pre-menopausal women at different studies, do not account for clearance or regional changes phases of the menstrual cycle, which is characterized by that may however be estimated from determination of oestrogen secretion in the late follicular (pre-ovulatory) transmitter spillover (8). It is also possible to measure phase followed by a secondary phase of secretion in the extracellular concentrations regionally from microdialysis. luteal (post-ovulatory) phase. Progesterone secretion oc- Estimation of cholinergic neurotransmission by assay of curs during the luteal phase.
Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study
Authors: Melina Arnold, Nirmala Pandeya, Graham Byrnes, Andrew G Renehan, Gretchen A Stevens, Majid Ezzati, Jacques Ferlay, J Jaime Miranda, Isabelle Romieu, Rajesh Dikshit, David Forman, Isabelle Soerjomataram
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2014)

High body-mass index (BMI; defined as 25 kg/m(2) or greater) is associated with increased risk of cancer. To inform public health policy and future research, we estimated the global burden of cancer attributable to high BMI in 2012.
Angiopoietin-3 Inhibits Pulmonary Metastasis by Inhibiting Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Yin Xu, Yao-juan Liu, Qin Yu
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Angiopoietins (Ang-1, Ang-2, and Ang-3) are the ligands of Tie-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. The essential roles of Ang-1 and Tie-2 in embryonic angiogenesis have been established, and studies have demonstrated the involvement of Ang-1 and Ang-2 in tumor angiogenesis. However, the role of Ang-3 in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and the mechanism underlying its function are totally unknown. We have shown recently that Ang-3 is tethered on cell surface via heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In our current study, we have demonstrated that overexpression of Ang-3 inhibits pulmonary metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma and TA3 mammary carcinoma (TA3) cells by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and promoting apoptosis of the tumor cells. In addition, we have demonstrated that the binding of Ang-3 to the cell surface is required for the effective inhibition of Ang-3 on tumor metastasis and that Ang-3 inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and survival and blocks Ang-1- and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt kinases, which likely underlie the Ang-3-mediated inhibition on tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.
Multiple Gut Injuries: Recovery
Authors: W. R. Black
Journal: BMJ (1942)

INCOMPATIBILITY IN HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION MEDICALJOUTNALremain after pregnancy of an Rh-negative mother bearing an Rh-positive child, this state of allergic reactivity may exist for very different periods of time, dependent on individual peculiari- ties and perhaps also on non-specific stimulations which the organism received in the meantime.From these considerations we do not believe that we are entitled to exclude the possibility that in our case the irregular iso-agglutinin which was respon- sible for the reaction following a first transfusion was an anti- Rh agglutinin. SummaryA severe haemolytic reaction was observed following a first transfusion of homologous blood (Group 0).Although no incompatibility was noted on cross-matching before transfusion, the patient's serum strongly agglutinated the donor's corpuscles on re-examination eight days after transfusion.While the irregular iso-agglutinogen present in the donor's corpuscles was found in 750% of 0 corpuscles examined and also in the blood of the patient's husband, the irregular iso- agglutinin was apparently a peculiar feature of the patient's serum.The irregular iso-agglutinin was not identical either with anti-M or anti-N antibodies.It acted more strongly in the incubator than at lower temperatures.It had at first a rela- tively high titre, but weakened quickly within six weeks.The question is discussed whether the irregular iso-agglutinin observed is the same as the anti-Rh antibody.One of us (H. S.
Epidemiological Evidence of the Spread of a <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Strain of the Beijing Genotype on Gran Canaria Island
Authors: JOSÉ A. CAMINERO, MARÍA J. PENA, MARÍA I. CAMPOS-HERRERO, JOSÉ C. RODRÍGUEZ, ISABEL GARCÍA, PEDRO CABRERA, CARMEN LAFOZ, SOFÍA SAMPER, HOWARD TAKIFF, OCTAVIO AFONSO, JOSÉ M. PAVÓN, MARÍA JOSÉ TORRES, DICK van SOOLINGEN, DONALD A. ENARSON, CARLOS MARTIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Molecular epidemiological studies suggest that particular Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have an enhanced capacity to spread within a community. One strain, the Beijing genotype, has been associated with outbreaks in a number of communities throughout the world. IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on M. tuberculosis isolates from 566 of the 721 patients (78.5%) diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) on Gran Canaria Island from 1993 to 1996, as well as 35% of isolates from 1991–1992 (85 strains). RFLP identification of the family of strains of the Beijing genotype was confirmed by spoligotyping. Medical records of all patients were reviewed and epidemiological links were identified. Of 566 M. tuberculosis isolates from 1993 to 1996 with RFLP available, 72% belonged to clusters. The largest contained 75 cases and was caused by a strain of the Beijing genotype that was introduced to the island in 1993. It was found in 10 patients in 1993 (5.5%), 12 in 1994 (8.1%), 18 in 1995 (16.4%), and 35 in 1996 (27.1%). Epidemiological linkage was confirmed for 68% of cases. This study has demonstrated rapid dissemination of this strain of the Beijing genotype. This genotype might play an important role in the future of the worldwide tuberculosis epidemic.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Position Statement on Obesity and Cancer
Authors: Jennifer A. Ligibel, Catherine M. Alfano, Kerry S. Courneya, Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, Robert A. Burger, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Carol J. Fabian, Ayca Gucalp, Dawn L. Hershman, Melissa M. Hudson, Lee W. Jones, Madhuri Kakarala, Kirsten K. Ness, Janette K. Merrill, Dana S. Wollins, Clifford A. Hudis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Rates of obesity have increased significantly over the last three decades in the United States and globally. In addition to contributing to heart disease and diabetes, obesity is a major unrecognized risk factor for cancer. Obesity is associated with worsened prognosis after cancer diagnosis and also negatively affects the delivery of systemic therapy, contributes to morbidity of cancer treatment, and may raise the risk of second malignancies and comorbidities. Research shows that the time after a cancer diagnosis can serve as a teachable moment to motivate individuals to adopt risk-reducing behaviors. For this reason, the oncology care team—the providers with whom a patient has the closest relationships in the critical period after a cancer diagnosis—is in a unique position to help patients lose weight and make other healthy lifestyle changes. The American Society of Clinical Oncology is committed to reducing the impact of obesity on cancer and has established a multipronged initiative to accomplish this goal by 1) increasing education and awareness of the evidence linking obesity and cancer; 2) providing tools and resources to help oncology providers address obesity with their patients; 3) building and fostering a robust research agenda to better understand the pathophysiology of energy balance alterations, evaluate the impact of behavior change on cancer outcomes, and determine the best methods to help cancer survivors make effective and useful changes in lifestyle behaviors; and 4) advocating for policy and systems change to address societal factors contributing to obesity and improve access to weight management services for patients with cancer.
A randomized, open, parallel-group trial to compare the endocrine effects of oral anastrozole (Arimidex®) with intramuscular formestane in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer
Authors: D.A. Vorobiof, U.R. Kleeberg, R. Perez-Carrion, D.J. Dodwell, J.F.R. Robertson, L. Calvo, M. Dowsett, G. Clack
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1999)
Weekly gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy: a well-tolerated but ineffective chemotherapeutic regimen in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. A report from the Italian Group for the Study of Digestive Tract Cancer (GISCAD)
Authors: S. Cascinu, R. Labianca, V. Catalano, S. Barni, F. Ferraù, G.D. Beretta, L. Frontini, P. Foa, G. Pancera, D. Priolo, F. Graziano, M. Mare, G. Catalano
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2003)
Dietary glycemic load and hepatocellular carcinoma with or without chronic hepatitis infection
Authors: M. Rossi, L. Lipworth, L. Dal Maso, R. Talamini, M. Montella, J. Polesel, J.K. McLaughlin, M. Parpinel, S. Franceschi, P. Lagiou, C. La Vecchia
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2009)
Syntactic representation in the lemma stratum
Authors: Holly P. Branigan, Martin J. Pickering
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer (henceforth Levelt et al. 1999) propose a model of production incorporating a lemma stratum, which is concerned with the syntactic characteristics of lexical entries. We suggest that syntactic priming experiments provide evidence about how such syntactic information is represented, and that this evidence can be used to extend Levelt et al.'s model. Evidence from syntactic priming experiments also supports Levelt et al.'s conjecture that the lemma stratum is shared between the production and comprehension systems.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting <i>NRAS</i> in Melanoma and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Douglas B. Johnson, Keiran S.M. Smalley, Jeffrey A. Sosman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Successful targeting of specific oncogenic "driver" mutations with small-molecule inhibitors has represented a major advance in cancer therapeutics over the past 10 to 15 years. The most common activating oncogene in human malignancy, RAS (rat sarcoma), has proved to be an elusive target. Activating mutations in RAS induce mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT pathway signaling and drive malignant progression in up to 30% of cancers. Oncogenic NRAS mutations occur in several cancer types, notably melanoma, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and less commonly, colon adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and other hematologic malignancies. Although NRAS-mutant tumors have been recalcitrant to targeted therapeutic strategies historically, newer agents targeting MAP/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1)/2 have recently shown signs of clinical efficacy as monotherapy. Combination strategies of MEK inhibitors with other targeted agents have strong preclinical support and are being evaluated in clinical trials. This review discusses the recent preclinical and clinical studies about the role of NRAS in cancer, with a focus on melanoma and AML.
Local immunity in ulcerative colitis: evidence for defective secretory IgA production.
Authors: S Badr-el-Din, L K Trejdosiewicz, R V Heatley, M S Losowsky
Journal: Gut (1988)

To investigate local humoral immunity in ulcerative colitis (UC), immunoglobulin (Ig) contents and net Ig production in vitro was assessed using organ cultures of colonic biopsies from 21 patients with quiescent disease and 11 controls. Ig was estimated by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) for IgA, secretory IgA (sIgA), IgM, and IgG. In parallel, numbers of IgA plasma cells were estimated by indirect immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections for IgA. IgA was the dominant Ig isotype found pre-existing in colonic mucosae, and secreted in vitro. In UC patients, preformed tissue IgA and IgA produced in vitro were significantly increased compared with controls. There was no concomitant increase in amounts of sIgA synthesised in culture, however, although numbers of IgA plasma cells were increased in UC patients by an amount comparable with the increased in vitro IgA production. These results directly show a dysfunction of transepithelial IgA secretion in quiescent ulcerative colitis. Despite a significantly raised concentration of tissue IgG in UC patients, little was produced in vitro in patient and control groups alike, suggesting that mucosal IgG was serum derived, and not linked to local IgA production.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Kenneth B. Turner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

1. Whole thyroid gland when administered simultaneously with cholesterol prevented the atheromatous changes produced by the latter in the aorta of rabbits in 17 of 19 animals. 2. In this series thyroxin was less effective, as atherosclerosis occurred in 8 of 11 rabbits. 3. Potassium iodide also exerted a strong protective action as aortic lesions were present in only 1 of a series of 12 rabbits fed cholesterol and potassium iodide concurrently. 4. The effectiveness of potassium iodide was not shared by potassium bromide or potassium chloride. 5. A relationship was noted between the level of the cholesterol in the blood and the development of atherosclerosis. In general, the aortic lesions accompanied a hypercholesterolemia.
Evolution of sickle cell disease from a life‐threatening disease of children to a chronic disease of adults: The last 40 years
Authors: Shruti Chaturvedi, Michael R. DeBaun
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2015)

Over the past 40 years, public health measures such as universal newborn screening, penicillin prophylaxis, vaccinations, and hydroxyurea therapy have led to an impressive decline in sickle cell disease (SCD)-related childhood mortality and SCD-related morbidity in high-income countries. We remain cautiously optimistic that the next 40 years will be focused on meeting current challenges in SCD by addressing chronic complications of SCD to reduce mortality and improve quality of life in a growing population of adults with SCD in high-income countries, while simultaneously decreasing the disparity of medical care between high and low-income countries.
Optimum use of diuretics in managing ascites in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: M. Bernardi
Journal: Gut (2009)

About half of all patients with compensated cirrhosis will develop ascites within 5 years.1 Hence, the management of ascites is a major task for physicians caring for patients with advanced cirrhosis. Ascites results from the interplay of local and systemic pathogenetic factors, mainly portal hypertension and renal retention of sodium and water. Sodium and water retention is induced by a reduction in effective volaemia that results from peripheral arterial vasodilation,2 leading to the activation of sodium retaining systems, namely the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis, and ultimately hampering renal perfusion. Renal sodium retention aims at expanding extracellular fluid volume, including total plasma volume, which can be seen as a crucial compensatory factor against effective hypovolaemia.

Paracentesis is the first-line treatment for massive or refractory ascites.3 4 However, diuretics remain the mainstay of medical therapy for moderate ascites,3 4 and are also required to prevent or delay further paracentesis in patients with massive peritoneal effusion.5 As renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are fairly well preserved in the early stages of ascitic decompensation, secondary hyperaldosteronism is the principal pathogenetic factor, and sodium retention mainly occurs at the distal nephron. In more advanced stages, once GFR has declined, proximal sodium reabsorption progressively increases and may become prevalent. A rational choice of diuretics …