tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ON THE TREATMENT OF PURULENT CAVITIES
Authors: R. H. Woods
Journal: BMJ (1905)

laso gm ' TATMENT-OF PtTRtLEbNT CAtITfThS.[MAY 26, 1 90S subsequently he took 8 gr. of theobromine twice daily.Whilst taking the diuretics the patient passed from 6o to 8o oz. of urine in the twenty-four hours; previously it was below 50 oz.The oedemn visibly diminished, and the condition of the patient improved.
Immunoglobulins and the X-chromosome.
Authors: C B Wood, W Martin, M Adinolfi, P E Polani
Journal: BMJ (1969)

MBEICAOHOin one patient in whom serial biopsies showed disappearance of interlobular fibrosis and lobular distortion over a six-year period.Nevertheless, an underlying macronodular cirrhosis may be difficult to exclude in the small specimens obtained by needle biopsy.Of particular interest are the two patients of Weintraub, Conrad, and Crosby3 in whom the initial biopsy showed
Effects of cisapride on gall bladder emptying, intestinal transit, and serum deoxycholate: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: M J Veysey
Journal: Gut (2001)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Octreotide inhibits gall bladder emptying and prolongs intestinal transit. This leads to increases in the proportion of deoxycholic acid in, and cholesterol saturation of, gall bladder bile, factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of octreotide induced gall stones. <h3>AIMS</h3> To see if an intestinal prokinetic, cisapride, could overcome these adverse effects of octreotide and if so, be considered as a candidate prophylactic drug for preventing iatrogenic gall bladder stones. <h3>METHODS</h3> A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover design was used to examine the effects of cisapride (10 mg four times daily) on gall bladder emptying, mouth to caecum and large bowel transit times, and the proportions of deoxycholic acid and other bile acids, in fasting serum from: (i) control subjects (n=6), (ii) acromegalic patients not treated with octreotide (n=6), (iii) acromegalics on long term octreotide (n=8), and (iv) patients with constipation (n=8). <h3>RESULTS</h3> Cisapride had no prokinetic effect on the gall bladder. In fact, it significantly increased both fasting and postprandial gall bladder volumes. However, it shortened mouth to caecum (from 176 (13) to 113 (11) minutes; p&lt;0.001) and large bowel (from 50 (3.0) to 31 (3.4) h; p&lt;0.001) transit times. It also reduced the proportion of deoxycholic acid in serum from 26 (2.3) to 15 (1.8)% (p&lt;0.001), with a reciprocal increase in the proportion of cholic acid from 40 (3.5) to 51 (3.8)% (p&lt;0.01). There were significant linear relationships between large bowel transit time and the proportions of deoxycholic acid (<i>r</i>=0.81; p&lt;0.001) and cholic acid (<i>r</i>=−0.53; p&lt;0.001) in fasting serum. <h3>INTERPRETATION/SUMMARY</h3> Cisapride failed to overcome the adverse effects of octreotide on gall bladder emptying but it countered octreotide induced prolongation of small and large bowel transit. Therefore, if changes in intestinal transit contribute to the development of octreotide induced gall bladder stones, enterokinetics such as cisapride may prevent their formation.
Intercostal arteriovenous fistula due to pleural biopsy.
Authors: J H Lai, H C Yan, S J Kao, S C Lee, C Y Shen
Journal: Thorax (1990)

A 32 year old woman had a pleural biopsy for a left pleural effusion, which showed caseating granuloma typical of tuberculosis. When the fourth biopsy specimen was removed considerable bleeding occurred from the puncture site. Four days later a bruit was audible over the punctured area, radiating to the back. Eight days after the procedure the patient had a massive bleed into the left pleural space. Selective aortic angiography showed an arteriovenous fistula between the 9th intercostal artery and vein and a pseudoaneurysm in the intercostal punctured area. Thoracotomy showed bleeding from the site of the pleural biopsy. The intercostal vessels were ligated and pleural decortication was performed, and the patient recovered uneventfully.
International Guidelines for Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer: Combination vs Sequential Single-Agent Chemotherapy
Authors: Fatima Cardoso, Philippe L. Bedard, Eric P. Winer, Olivia Pagani, Elzbieta Senkus-Konefka, Lesley J. Fallowfield, Stella Kyriakides, Alberto Costa, Tanja Cufer, Kathy S. Albain
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

Compared with treatment options for early-stage breast cancer, few data exist regarding the optimal use of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The choice of using a combination of cytotoxic chemotherapies vs sequential single agents is controversial. At the 6th European Breast Cancer Conference, the European School of Oncology Metastatic Breast Cancer Task Force convened an open debate on the relative benefits of combination vs sequential therapy. Based on the available data, the Task Force recommends sequential monotherapy as the preferred choice in advanced disease, in the absence of rapid clinical progression, life-threatening visceral metastases, or the need for rapid symptom and/or disease control. Patient- and disease-related factors should be used to choose between combination and sequential single-agent chemotherapy for MBC. Additional research is needed to determine the impact of therapy on patient-rated quality of life and to identify predictive factors that can be used to guide therapy.
Microdosing imaging pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) to survivin (LY2181308) using positron emission tomography (PET): A novel paradigm in clinical drug development
Authors: A. Saleem, M. Ranson, S. Callies, M. Lahn, C. Prenant, G. Brown, J. C. Matthews, C. S. Dence, A. McMahon, P. Price
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

3578 Background: Survivin, an inhibitor of an apoptosis protein, widely overexpressed in cancer is associated with poor clinical outcome. We performed the first worldwide human microdosing imaging PK study of an ASO with LY2181308, a specific, second generation antisense inhibitor of Survivin using carbon-11 radiolabelled LY2181308 ([ 11 C]LY2181308). Methods: LY2181308 was administered at the recommended phase II dose (750 mg over 3 hours IV daily x 3, then once weekly). [ 11 C]LY2181308 was manufactured to GMP standard by random [ 11 C]methylation with [ 11 C]methyl iodide of LY2181308 using a GE Tracerlab FXc molecule. [ 11 C]LY2181308-PET scans were performed at baseline and during treatment infusion. [ 11 C]LY2181308 uptake in normal tissue and tumour was quantified. Results: Three pts (2 female Caucasian/1 male Asian) were scanned after administering [ 11 C]LY2181308 which delivered (135–376 μg) of LY2181308. Despite its large size (6778 amu), [ 11 C]LY2181308 rapidly distributed to tissues, with maximal uptake in kidney followed by liver, spleen, vertebral body, tumour, spinal cord, lung, and muscle at baseline. Although renal uptake was high, urinary elimination (bladder activity) was low suggesting renal trapping of [ 11 C]LY2181308 at baseline. For a normalised injected dose of 1 mg, mean (range) tumour concentrations of 31 (4–41) ng/ml were observed at baseline, consistent with that predicted from the preclinical PK/PD model. In a pt with mesothelioma who also had a second [ 11 C]LY2181308-PET scan during LY2181308 treatment infusion, there was about 2-fold increase in [ 11 C]LY2181308 tumour uptake, in contrast to markedly reduced uptake in kidneys, liver, and spleen and similar aortic (circulatory) [ 11 C]LY2181308 levels. In this patient, tumour [ 18 F]FDG- PET uptake at 28 days was reduced by up to 40% after treatment, suggesting drug activity. Conclusions: [ 11 C]LY2181308 pharmacokinetics suggest biologically active human tumour drug concentrations can be attained. LY2181308 therapy saturated normal tissue kinetics and increased tumour uptake of [ 11 C]LY2181308. Data uniquely obtained from fully regulated microdosing studies may rationalise and hasten drug development. [Table: see text]
Targeting Cancer Cells by Novel Engineered Modular Transporters
Authors: Dinara G. Gilyazova, Andrey A. Rosenkranz, Pavel V. Gulak, Vladimir G. Lunin, Olga V. Sergienko, Yuri V. Khramtsov, Kirill N. Timofeyev, Mikhail A. Grin, Andrey F. Mironov, Andrey B. Rubin, Georgii P. Georgiev, Alexander S. Sobolev
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract A major problem in the treatment of cancer is the specific targeting of drugs to these abnormal cells. Ideally, such a drug should act over short distances to minimize damage to healthy cells and target subcellular compartments that have the highest sensitivity to the drug. We describe the novel approach of using modular recombinant transporters to target photosensitizers to the nucleus, where their action is most pronounced, of cancer cells overexpressing ErbB1 receptors. We have produced a new generation of the transporters consisting of (a) epidermal growth factor as the internalizable ligand module to ErbB1 receptors, (b) the optimized nuclear localization sequence of SV40 large T-antigen, (c) a translocation domain of diphtheria toxin as an endosomolytic module, and (d) the Escherichia coli hemoglobin-like protein HMP as a carrier module. The modules retained their functions within the transporter chimera: they showed high-affinity interactions with ErbB1 receptors and α/β-importin dimers and formed holes in lipid bilayers at endosomal pH. A photosensitizer conjugated with the transporter produced singlet oxygen and ·OH radicals similar to the free photosensitizer. Photosensitizers-transporter conjugates have &amp;gt;3,000 times greater efficacy than free photosensitizers for target cells and were not photocytotoxic at these concentrations for cells expressing a few ErbB1 receptors per cell, in contrast to free photosensitizers. The different modules of the transporters, which are highly expressed and easily purified to retain full activity of each of the modules, are interchangeable, meaning that they can be tailored for particular applications. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(21): 10534-40)
Longitudinal mechanical tension induces growth in the small bowel of juvenile rats
Authors: S D Safford
Journal: Gut (2005)

The aim of our study was to apply longitudinal force to the small bowel to increase the length of intestine in juvenile rats.Fifty juvenile rats had double barrelled, blind loop ostomies created using an isolated segment of bowel. Our intestinal lengthening device was inserted into one of the loops and the second loop served as a control. Once the device was deployed, the experimental, control, and in situ segments of bowel were evaluated for length, weight, histology, and disaccharidase enzyme activity.Mechanical tension increased intestinal length by 149%. The lengthened bowel also exhibited a greater total weight (218%), greater mucosal weight (122%), and increased protein mass (164%) compared with the control limb of bowel. Histologically, there was a markedly increased thickness of the muscularis propria in the lengthened bowel (200% increase compared with the control limb). Functionally, we found increased total disaccharidase activity in the lengthened bowel (between 47% and 350%, depending on the particular enzyme tested; p<0.01).Mechanical tension induces intestinal growth by increasing length, weight of the bowel and mucosa, and protein mass. Histological changes, such as increases in Paneth cells, suggest that increased proliferation and reorganisation of the mucosa and muscularis propria are a response to mechanical tension. Functionally, increased intestinal length corresponds with increased disaccharidase activity, thus implying potential increased absorptive capacity of the lengthened bowel.
Are all helicobacters equal? Mechanisms of gastroduodenal pathology and their clinical implications
Authors: A T R Axon
Journal: Gut (1999)

Most cases of peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and cancer of the distal stomach are complications of Helicobacter pylori infection.However, as with most infections not all patients who contract the infection develop the complications of the disease.The other factors that influence the likelihood of problems arising are the virulence of the infecting organism, the genetic constitution and age of the host, and environmental factors.This paper focuses mainly upon the eVect of strain diVerences and the causation of serious disease.There is considerable genetic variation between the diVerent strains of H pylori, some causing a more severe inflammatory response in the host than others.These strains are also associated with a greater likelihood of causing peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer.There is some evidence to suggest that these more virulent organisms may also protect the host from the development of reflux oesophagitis and possibly cancer in the region of the gastro-oesophageal junction.The major diVerence between virulent and relatively avirulent organisms depends upon the presence of the cag pathogenicity island, a segment of DNA that has been acquired possibly from another organism and is now incorporated within the helicobacter genome.Its presence is associated with the secretion of the vacuolating toxin which is a protein known to cause damage in cell culture and in vivo.As CagA, one of the proteins produced by the pathogenicity island, is highly antigenic, people infected with more virulent strains can be identified by a blood test.Currently controversy surrounds the question as to whether all patients with H pylori should be treated for infection or whether medication should be reserved for those who already have the complications of the infection, or individuals infected with the more virulent strain of the organism.
Asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot (ACIP) study: Outcome at 1 year for patients with asymptomatic cardiac ischemia randomized to medical therapy or revascularization
Authors: W J Rogers, M G Bourassa, T C Andrews, B D Bertolet, R S Blumenthal, B R Chaitman, S A Forman, N L Geller, A D Goldberg, G B Habib
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Are enrollment sites the key to optimizing participation in genetic studies?
Authors: Gert Helgesson
Journal: Genome Medicine (2011)

In a time when the challenge of people being over-researched and experiencing research fatigue is increasingly discussed, low participation rates and potential sample biases are a growing concern in genetic research. In a recent study assessing factors relevant to successful recruitment of patients with myocardial infarction to a genetic study, enrollment site was identified as the most important factor associated with patient participation, whereas patient-level factors such as race, gender and education played a limited or no role. These results underline the importance of appropriate recruitment routines at enrollment sites in order to reach high levels of participation in genetic research.See research article: http://genomemedicine.com/content/3/6/39.
Circulating microparticles remain associated with complement activation despite intensive anti-inflammatory therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: I. C. van Eijk, M. E. Tushuizen, A. Sturk, B. A. C. Dijkmans, M. Boers, A. E. Voskuyl, M. Diamant, G. J. Wolbink, R. Nieuwland, M. T. Nurmohamed
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2009)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterised by synovitis and joint destruction. The pathogenesis of RA is not clear, but is considered to be an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder, in which the complement system plays an important role. Although cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been associated with inflammation and complement activation, it is unknown whether MPs are either cause or consequence. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating MPs differ between patients with very early as yet untreated arthritis and healthy controls, and whether intensive anti-inflammatory treatment of such patients affects circulating MPs. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients with RA (n=24) and controls (n=15) were included. Nine patients with RA were re-evaluated after 8 weeks of intensive treatment with a combination of drugs ('COmBination therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis' (COBRA) scheme). Disease activity was measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) and Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28). Flow cytometry was used to study MPs and exposure of complement activator molecules and complement components. <h3>Results</h3> At baseline, concentrations of MPs exposing C1q, CRP or serum amyloid-P (SAP)were all significantly elevated in patients with early RA compared to controls (p=0.003, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). Upon treatment, DAS28 score, ESR and CRP levels significantly decreased (p=0.008, p=0.008 and p=0.012), but the concentrations of circulating MPs and MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules were unaffected. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Circulating MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules are elevated in early RA. Since a strong anti-inflammatory therapy suppressed inflammation in patients with early RA but not levels of circulating MPs, it is unlikely that inflammation is the main underlying cause of MP release in these patients.
GENERAL ANAESTHESIA FOR EYE OPERATIONS
Authors: T. H. Butler
Journal: BMJ (1915)

<b>88</b> <h3></h3> The authors declare no conflicts of interest. <b>Support</b> This work was also supported in part by Health and Family Planning Commission of Shanxi Province Foundation (2015036) This work was supported in part by a grant from University of science and technology innovation projects in Shanxi Province (20141101) This work was supported in part by a grant from Youth Innovation Fund of The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University(YC1424) This work was supported in part by a grant from Youth Innovation Fund of Shanxi Medical University(01201415) This work was supported in part by a grant from Youth of Basic Research Project of Shanxi Province (2012021030-2) <h3><b>Objectives:</b></h3> The aim of this study was to determine the semi-quantitative parameters of <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET dual-phase SPECT is associated with overall survival (OS) of patients with lung cancer. <h3><b>Methods:</b></h3> The institutional review board approved this study and waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent. Fifty-one patients (37 men, mean age 57 ± 9 years) with primary malignancy of lung underwent CT, early and delay 99TcmN-NOET dual-phase SPECT before operated from Jul, 2007 to Oct, 2007. All patients completed clinical follow-up regarding poor prognosis (recurrence and metastasis, death) for a mean period of 64 ± 38.4 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test and Cox regression survival analyses were used to assess the association of OS with <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET dual-phase SPECT semi-quantitative parameters, the early T/N ratio (ER),delayed T/N ratio (DR) and the retention index (RI%). <h3><b>Results:</b></h3> Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariate Cox regression models demonstrated significant associations of OS with age, gender, smoking history, ER and DR. Multivariable Cox regression models showed significant relationship of OS with ER (<i>HR </i>= 6.104, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and DR (<i>HR </i>= 1.985, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) after adjusting for age, gender and smoking history, respectively. <h3><b>Conclusion:</b></h3> The more accumulation of <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET dual-phase SPECT was associated with worse prognosis in patients with lung cancer. In long-term follow-up, the semi quantitative index of <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET dual-phase SPECT could be proved highly predictive of poor prognosis in patients with lung cancer, and hence deserves further investigation. <b>[Key words]</b> lung cancer, prognostic, <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET, SPECT b Fig1:65-year-old, male, squamous cell carcinoma of upper right lung. There was a larger, irregular and increased distribution area of upper right lung of <sup>99</sup>Tc<sup>m</sup>N-NOET SPECT(a)and of CT(b,c).The result of follow up was death on Sep 26, 2015. Fig.2 Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival according to medium Early T/NT (upper) and Delay T/NT (lower), showing lower Early T/NT or Delay T/NT associated with better overall survival, and higher Early T/NT or Delay T/NT associated with worsening overall survival.
Effects of cooling the legs on performance in a standard Wingate anaerobic power test.
Authors: G C Crowley, A Garg, M S Lohn, N Van Someren, A J Wade
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

The possibility that peripheral hypothermia may impair muscular performance in various sports led us to assess the usefulness of the Wingate anaerobic power test in subjects with normal and cooled leg muscles. Using this test without modification, peak power, average power output, and cumulated work to the point of fatigue were all decreased by cooling, although the fatigue index (the declining rate of change of power output) was less. It is concluded that this test could usefully be employed in field studies to assess the possibility that muscle chilling may influence a person's potential for producing maximal bursts of muscular work.
Milk Intake, Circulating Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men
Authors: J Ma, E Giovannucci, M Pollak, J M Chan, J M Gaziano, W Willett, M J Stampfer
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Milk and dietary calcium may have antiproliferative effects against colorectal cancer, but milk intake also raises serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). A high ratio of IGF-I to IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.In a case-control study nested in the Physicians' Health Study, plasma samples were collected from the period 1982 through 1983 from 14 916 men, aged 40-84 years, who also answered dietary questionnaires. Circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were assayed among 193 men who developed colorectal cancer during 13 years of follow-up and 318 age- and smoking-matched cancer-free control men. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess relative risks (RRs) of colorectal cancer for tertiles of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 and dietary factors. Statistical tests were two-sided.Overall, there was a moderate but statistically nonsignificant inverse association between intake of low-fat milk or calcium from dairy food and colorectal cancer risk. Intake of dairy food (especially low-fat milk) was also positively and moderately associated with plasma levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 among control men. We observed a statistically significant interaction between low-fat milk intake and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in association with risk of colorectal cancer (P(interaction) =.03). Nondrinkers with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the highest tertile had a threefold higher risk than nondrinkers with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 in the lowest tertile (RR = 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29 to 7.24), but no such increase was seen among frequent low-fat milk drinkers (RR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.41 to 2.69). Conversely, among men with high IGF-I/IGFBP-3, frequent low-fat milk drinkers had a 60% lower risk (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.87; P(trend) =.02) than nondrinkers.Intake of dairy products was associated with a modest increase in circulating IGF-I levels, but intake of low-fat milk was associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer, particularly among individuals with high IGF-I/IGFBP-3. This subpopulation, which is at increased risk of colorectal cancer, might benefit the most from specific dietary intervention.