tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Molecular Classification of Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Carcinomas by Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: Maurice P.H.M. Jansen, John A. Foekens, Iris L. van Staveren, Maaike M. Dirkzwager-Kiel, Kirsten Ritstier, Maxime P. Look, Marion E. Meijer-van Gelder, Anieta M. Sieuwerts, Henk Portengen, Lambert C.J. Dorssers, Jan G.M. Klijn, Els M.J.J. Berns
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

To discover a set of markers predictive for the type of response to endocrine therapy with the antiestrogen tamoxifen using gene expression profiling.The study was performed on 112 estrogen receptor-positive primary breast carcinomas from patients with advanced disease and clearly defined types of response (ie, 52 patients with objective response v 60 patients with progressive disease) from start of first-line treatment with tamoxifen. Main clinical end points are the effects of therapy on tumor size and time until tumor progression (progression-free survival [PFS]). RNA isolated from tumor samples was amplified and hybridized to 18,000 human cDNA microarrays.Using a training set of 46 breast tumors, 81 genes were found to be differentially expressed (P < or = .05) between tamoxifen-responsive and -resistant tumors. These genes were involved in estrogen action, apoptosis, extracellular matrix formation, and immune response. From the 81 genes, a predictive signature of 44 genes was extracted and validated on an independent set of 66 tumors. This 44-gene signature is significantly superior (odds ratio, 3.16; 95% CI, 1.10 to 9.11; P = .03) to traditional predictive factors in univariate analysis and also significantly related with a longer PFS in univariate (hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.94; P = .03) as well as in multivariate analyses (P = .03).Our data show that gene expression profiling can be used to discriminate between breast cancer patients with progressive disease and objective response to tamoxifen. Additional studies are needed to confirm if the predictive signature might allow identification of individual patients who could benefit from other (adjuvant) endocrine therapies.
Blood Volume and Plasma Protein Replacement Following Acute Blood Loss in Normal Man
Authors: John Adamson
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Following prelabeling of the albumin space by iodinated I 131 serum albumin, six normal ambulatory male volunteers were phlebotomized 15% to 20% of blood volume to characterize their response to phlebotomy. Blood volume, as reflected by serial determinations of hematocrit values, was restored more slowly than predicted by previous studies. No significant postphlebotomy influx of salt and water was observed and the plasma protein concentration remained remarkably constant throughout the study. The plasma proteins replaced in response to phlebotomy were clearly from a preexisting extravascular pool and new protein formation contributed little to the restorative process. The findings reemphasize the fact that the hematocrit value is a relatively poor index of blood volume deficit following acute blood loss in normal man.
Separation of Responses of Arteries and Veins to Sympathetic Stimulation
Authors: Ben G. Zimmerman
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

Lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation produced an increase in arterial, small vessel and venous segmental resistances in the perfused hind paw of the dog. Repeating the stimulation, after having sectioned the somatic nerve bundles accompanying the main arterial supply of the paw, brought about an increase only in venous resistance which was equal to or greater than that obtained in the control period. This venous constrictor response was reduced greatly by the intravenous administration of adrenergic neuronal blocking drugs, by local infiltration of procaine around the paw, or by transection of the subcutaneous tissue around the paw and the nerves accompanying the veins. These results indicated that sympathetic postganglionic fibers supplying the arteries and small vessels were derived from nerve bundles accompanying the arteries (tibial and deep fibular nerves). The fibers supplying the veins are distributed more diffusely in that they are found in somatic nerve bundles accompanying the veins themselves, in the tibial nerve, and in the subcutaneous tissue of the paw.
Value of Gram Stain Examination of Lower Respiratory Tract Secretions for Early Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia
Authors: FRANÇOIS BLOT, BRUNO RAYNARD, ELISABETH CHACHATY, CYRILLE TANCRÈDE, SAMI ANTOUN, GÉRARD NITENBERG
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Except for bronchoalveolar lavage, the value of the Gram stain examination of respiratory tract samples for the diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and their potential impact on empiric antibiotic treatment have rarely been assessed. During a 14-mo period, both plugged telescoping catheter (PTC) and endotracheal aspirate (EA) were performed when an HAP was suspected in mechanically ventilated patients. The results of Gram stain examinations and cultures and previous and subsequent antibiotic treatment were prospectively recorded. Two criteria for pneumonia were considered: (1) clinically diagnosed pneumonia, according to attending physicians, based on clinical and radiological evolution and the PTC culture results, and (2) microbiologically proven pneumonia (solely based on the result of quantitative PTC culture). Of 91 episodes of suspected HAP in 51 patients, 27 (30%) episodes were clinically diagnosed as pneumonia. When considering clinically diagnosed pneumonia, the sensitivity and specificity of Gram stain examination were similar (respectively, 89% and 62% for EA and 67% and 95% for PTC). When considering microbiologically proven pneumonia, the sensitivity and specificity of Gram stain examination were, respectively, 91% and 64% for EA and 70% and 96% for PTC. The negative predictive value of Gram stain examination of EA and the positive predictive value of Gram stain examination of PTC were high. Our results suggest that the combination of Gram stain examination of paired PTC and EA may contribute to the early diagnosis of HAP in about two-thirds of mechanically ventilated patients, and guide the empiric therapy when needed. In the remaining one-third of patients, the Gram stain examination is not helpful in predicting HAP.
Genotypic Profiling of 452 Choroidal Melanomas with Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification
Authors: Bertil Damato, Justyna A. Dopierala, Sarah E. Coupland
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Metastasis from uveal melanoma occurs almost exclusively with tumors showing chromosome 3 loss. We used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to detect chromosome 1p, 3, 6p, 6q, 8p, and 8q abnormalities in uveal melanomas. The purpose of this study was to correlate our MLPA results with other risk factors and metastatic death.Patients were included if they had a uveal melanoma involving choroid. Correlations between baseline risk factors were analyzed using the chi-square test (without Yates's adjustment) and the Mann-Whitney test, with log-rank analysis for associations with metastatic death.The patients (194 female; 258 male) had a median age of 59.4 years and a median follow-up of 1.89 years. MLPA abnormalities occurred in a wide variety of combinations. Ten-year disease-specific mortality was 0% in 133 tumors with no chromosome 3 loss, 55% in tumors with chromosome 3 loss but no chromosome 8q gain, and 71% in 168 tumors showing combined chromosome 3 loss and 8q gain. In tumors with both these abnormalities, epithelioid melanoma cytomorphology, closed loops, and high mitotic rate correlated with poor survival as did lack of chromosome 6p gain.These results support the use of MLPA for routine clinical prognostication, especially if the genetic data are considered together with clinical and histologic risk factors. We showed a wide variety of MLPA results, which suggests that chromosomal abnormalities in uveal melanoma accumulate in a variable sequence.
CD28-B7 interactions allow the induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the absence of exogenous help.
Authors: F A Harding, J P Allison
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

The activation requirements for the generation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that in the absence of exogenous help, a CD28-B7 interaction is necessary and sufficient for generation of class I major histocompatibility complex-specific CTL. Costimulation is required only during the inductive phase of the response, and not during the effector phase. Transfection of the CD28 counter receptor, B7, into nonstimulatory P815 cells confers the ability to elicit P815-specific CTL, and this response can be inhibited by anti-CD28 Fab or by the chimeric B7-binding protein CTLA4Ig. Anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can provide a costimulatory signal to CD8+ T cells when the costimulatory capacity of splenic stimulators is destroyed by chemical fixation. CD28-mediated signaling provokes the release of interleukin 2 (IL-2) from the CD8+ CTL precursors, as anti-CD28 mAb could be substituted for by the addition of IL-2, and an anti-IL-2 mAb can block the generation of anti-CD28-induced CTL. CD4+ cells are not involved in the costimulatory response in the systems examined. We conclude that CD8+ T cell activation requires two signals: an antigen-specific signal mediated by the T cell receptor, and an additional antigen nonspecific signal provided via a CD28-B7 interaction.
Role and interpretation of total serum IgE measurements in the diagnosis of allergic airway disease in adults
Authors: M. Kerkhof, A. E. J. Dubois, D. S. Postma, J. P. Schouten, J. G. R. de Monchy
Journal: Allergy (2003)

Background: While total IgE measurements are often used in clinical practice, it is unclear how they should be interpreted for the diagnosis of allergic disorders. We studied whether total IgE may be used to rule out or predict sensitization and whether there are age or gender differences. Methods: ROC curves were assessed in subjects with asthma or allergy symptoms from a general population sample. We studied predictive values and likelihood ratios. At least one positive skin test (Phazet ® ) or specific IgE measurement (CAP ® ) served as reference. Results: High negative predictive values, suitable to rule out sensitization, were not found. In younger subjects, high total IgE levels strongly increase the probability of sensitization. The relationship between monosensitization and total IgE was less strong, but meaningful positive likelihood ratios were found at higher levels of total IgE. The discriminating ability of total IgE was better in the age group 20–44 than 45–70 years and comparable in males and females. Conclusion: Total IgE is not useful to rule out sensitization to common inhalant allergens. High total IgE may indicate a high probability of sensitization and may be useful to decide whether further investigation is warranted in patients with negative specific allergy tests to a panel of common inhalant allergens.
How many blows really make an FEV1, FVC, or PEFR?
Authors: M I Ullah, V Cuddihy, K B Saunders, G J Addis
Journal: Thorax (1983)

We have collected peak expiratory flow rates, one-second forced expiratory volumes, and forced vital capacities in sets of 10 or 20 values at one-minute intervals from 30 normal, 49 asthmatic, and 26 bronchitic subjects. Analysis shows that the derivatives are compatible with a normal distribution of the values in the sets, so that the true value is best represented by the arithmetic mean of all valid attempts. One-third of all subjects showed skewness in one or more indices but these were equally divided between positive and negative directions. There is no sign of the dominant negative skewness that would result if the true value was indeed a maximum, which could be approached or equalled but never exceeded. There is no sign that repetition worsens performance. Seventy-two subjects showed no regression in any index and those of the remainder who deteriorated were balanced by equal numbers in all categories who improved. There is a significant tendency for both the highest and the lowest values to occur in the earlier part of any series. Probability theory suggests that this is a statistical phenomenon. The best estimate of the true value of these indices is probably the mean of as many observations as can be conveniently obtained and the data can be treated statistically as if they were a sample from a normally distributed population.
EULAR recommendations for the management of Behcet disease
Authors: G Hatemi, A Silman, D Bang, B Bodaghi, A M Chamberlain, A Gul, M H Houman, I Kötter, I Olivieri, C Salvarani, P P Sfikakis, A Siva, M R Stanford, N Stübiger, S Yurdakul, H Yazici
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

To develop evidence-based European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of Behçet disease (BD) supplemented where necessary by expert opinion.The multidisciplinary expert committee, a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for Clinical Affairs (ESCCA), consisted of nine rheumatologists (one who was also a clinical epidemiologist and one also a Rehabilitation Medicine doctor), three ophthalmologists, one internist, one dermatologist and one neurologist, representing six European countries plus Tunisia and Korea. A patient representative was also present. Problem areas and related keywords for systematic literature research were identified. Systematic literature research was performed using Medline and the Cochrane Library databases from 1966 through to December 2006. A total of 40 initial statements were generated based on the systematic literature research. These yielded the final recommendations developed from two blind Delphi rounds of voting.Nine recommendations were developed for the management of different aspects of BD. The strength of each recommendation was determined by the level of evidence and the experts' opinions. The level of agreement for each recommendation was determined using a visual analogue scale for the whole committee and for each individual aspect by the subgroups, who consider themselves experts in that field of BD. There was excellent concordance between the level of agreement of the whole group and the "experts in the field".Recommendations related to the eye, skin-mucosa disease and arthritis are mainly evidence based, but recommendations on vascular disease, neurological and gastrointestinal involvement are based largely on expert opinion and uncontrolled evidence from open trials and observational studies. The need for further properly designed controlled clinical trials is apparent.
PLATELET REACTIVITY TESTING FOLLOWING CORONARY PERCUTANEOUS INTERVENTION IS INDEPENDENT OF THE INITIAL CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Authors: Firas Zahr, Rosalyn Rapsinski, Roy Semaan, Oscar C. Marroquin, Suresh Mulukulta, Conrad Smith, Ashley Lee, Sun Scolieri, Joon S. Lee, John T. Schindler, William D. Anderson, Catalin Toma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Real-World Evidence About Potential Psychosocial Harms of Lung Cancer Screening—Reply
Authors: Russell P. Harris, Stacey L. Sheridan, Carmen L. Lewis
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

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WHO Classification Sparks Debate Over Cell Phone Safety
Authors: J. Peres
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2011)

F ar from settling the question of whether cell phones cause cancer, the latest pronouncement by the World Health Organization that cell phones could “possibly” be carcinogenic has left a wake of confusion and consternation. In July ’ s The Lancet Oncology , the WHO ’ s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that it had classifi ed radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fi elds — such as those that wireless phones emit — as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” based on an increased risk of glioma and acoustic neuroma. The move came barely a year after the huge Interphone study found no increased risk of cancer from more than 10 years of cell phone use. But the Interphone results, published here in the Journal ( see J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2010; 102:13), suggested there might be some risk for people with the heaviest use. The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and other organizations were at pains to update their online information and reassure worried consumers that the WHO action was not based on any clinically meaningful new evidence but merely on an evaluation of the existing literature. Experts repeated the familiar mantra “more research is needed,” even as newspaper headlines warned of the potential risk. Some observers missed the small print. The IARC ’ s 2B classifi cation — “possibly carcinogenic to humans” — was based only on “limited evidence of carcinogenicity.” According to IARC, that means: “A positive association has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer for which a causal interpretation is considered . . . to be credible, but chance, bias, or confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable confi dence.” As Jonathan Samet, M.D. , overall chair of the IARC working group and chair of preventive medicine at the University of Southern California, told a press conference in Lyon, France, on May 31, the classifi cation means “there could be some risk, and therefore we need to keep a close watch for a link between cell phones and cancer risk.”
Physical Activity and Diabetes Complications in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Johan Wadén, Carol Forsblom, Lena M. Thorn, Markku Saraheimo, Milla Rosengård-Bärlund, Outi Heikkilä, Timo A. Lakka, Heikki Tikkanen, Per-Henrik Groop
Journal: Diabetes Care (2008)

Physical activity exerts numerous beneficial health effects, and the evidence favoring a physically active lifestyle in the treatment of chronic diseases is substantial (1). For patients with diabetes, physical activity is considered important (2). In theory, regular physical activity may prevent diabetes complications through beneficial effects on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profile, and endothelial function. However, physical activity could also cause adverse effects or patients may not be able to exercise due to complications. Little, however, is known about the relationship between physical activity and diabetes complications (3). Therefore, we investigated the associations between physical activity and microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications in a large cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) Study.

The FinnDiane Study and the assessment of self-reported leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) by a questionnaire have previously been described (4). This is a cross-sectional analysis of 1,945 patients with data on LTPA. Renal status was based on at least three urine collections. Renal function was evaluated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula (5) for estimated creatinine clearance. Data on retinopathy and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were obtained from medical records. Differences between groups were …
Thrombophilia and thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study
Authors: D Barcat
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

Paired two tailed Student's t test used to test differences between baseline and six month follow up values for both patient groups.ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (normal value 5-15 mm/1st h); CRP, C reactive protein (normal value <10 mg/l); VAS, visual analogue score; BASFI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (0-100); BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (0-100).
Rheumatoid factor, chronic arthritis and mortality.
Authors: M Heliovaara, K Aho, P Knekt, A Aromaa, J Maatela, A Reunanen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1995)

To investigate chronic arthritis and rheumatoid factor (RF) for their prediction of premature total and cardiovascular mortality.In 1978-80, a representative population sample of 8000 Finns aged 30 or more was invited to participate in a comprehensive health examination; 90% complied. Arthritis was diagnosed on the basis of medical history, symptoms, and physical examination. Serum RF was determined by the sensitised sheep cell agglutination test.By the end of 1992 1597 of the subjects had died from all causes, including 876 deaths from cardiovascular diseases. When adjusted for age, gender and smoking, the relative risk of persons with RF positive arthritis dying from any cause was 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 2.51); RF negative non-erosive arthritis was not associated with mortality (relative risk 1.03; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.49). In the absence of arthritis, 'false positive' RF titres > or = 128 predicted cardiovascular deaths with a relative risk of 1.74 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.86).Both RF positive arthritis and false positive RF reactions predict mortality, but through different disease patterns.
Postoperative physical therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery.
Authors: D Johnson, C Kelm, T To, T Hurst, C Naik, I Gulka, D Thomson, K East, J Osachoff, I Mayers
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Coronary artery bypass surgery is frequently complicated by postoperative atelectasis. Although routinely prescribed, the efficacy of any specific chest physical therapy is not well established. We studied patients at a university center undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery. Based upon chest X-ray criteria at extubation, patients (n = 228) were classified as demonstrating greater or lesser degrees of atelectasis. Those with a lesser degree of atelectasis were randomized to receive either early mobilization or sustained maximal inflations (SMI). Those with greater a degree of atelectasis were separately randomized to receive either SMI or single-handed percussions (SSP). We found the extent of atelectasis at extubation did not predict the risk of developing pneumonia. Hospital stays and intensive care unit stays were similar regardless of treatment. Physical therapy costs were highest in the most labor-intensive therapy group (SSP). We conclude that postoperative respiratory dysfunction is common but does not commonly cause significant morbidity or prolong hospital stay. Adding SMI to patients with minimal atelectasis at extubation does not improve clinical outcomes. Similarly, adding SSP to patients with marked atelectasis does not improve outcomes over those obtained with SMI and early ambulation.