tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Glutamate and Glutamine Measured With 4.0 T Proton MRS in Never-Treated Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Jean Théberge, Robert Bartha, Dick J. Drost, Ravi S. Menon, Ashok Malla, Jatinder Takhar, Richard W. Neufeld, John Rogers, William Pavlosky, Betsy Schaefer, Maria Densmore, Yousef Al-Semaan, Peter C. Williamson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: This in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study examined levels of glutamate, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate in patients experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. METHOD: Localized in vivo 1H spectra were acquired at 4.0 T from the left anterior cingulate and thalamus of 21 never-treated patients with schizophrenia and 21 comparable healthy volunteers. RESULTS: The level of glutamine was significantly higher in the left anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus of the patients with schizophrenia than in the healthy subjects. No differences were found between groups in the levels of other metabolites in the anterior cingulate or thalamus. CONCLUSIONS: Higher than normal glutamine levels in the left anterior cingulate and thalamus provide in vivo evidence of greater than normal glutamatergic activity proposed by glutamatergic models of schizophrenia. In contrast to other studies in chronically ill patients, no differences were seen in the levels of N-acetylaspartate in either location, suggesting that the findings in patients with chronic schizophrenia may be related to the effect of medication or the progression of the illness.
The vascular repair process after injury of the carotid artery is regulated by IL-1RI and MyD88 signalling
Authors: A. Saxena, U. Rauch, K. E. Berg, L. Andersson, L. Hollender, A.-M. Carlsson, M. F. Gomez, A. Hultgardh-Nilsson, J. Nilsson, H. Bjorkbacka
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

AimThe aim of this study was to determine whether innate immune signalling influences the vascular repair process in response to mechanical injury of arteries in mice.
AN ATTEMPT TO DELINEATE BY ORDERLY PROCEDURE THE CLINICAL FINDINGS IN SO-CALLED DEMENTIA PRÆCOX (SCHIZOPHRENIA)
Authors: BENJAMIN COHEN, BARDWELL H. FLOWER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1940)

In this paper we do not assume to have solved all problems of diagnosis relative to schizophrenia; rather we have endeavored to show the necessity of standardization of criteria to the end that the diagnostic term might have a common meaning, capable of fairly exact clinical definition, and we have ventured to suggest a possible means to this end.
Immunoglobulin synthesis and total body tumor cell number in IgG multiple myeloma
Authors: Sydney E. Salmon, Beth A. Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

Studies of synthesis of IgG paraproteins were performed in 10 patients who had IgG myeloma in order to quantitate cellular immunosynthetic functions and derive estimates of the number of tumor cells present in such patients. Serial in vitro studies demonstrated constancy in the cellular rate of IgG paraprotein secretion for up to 8 months. Average molecular synthesis rates in different patients ranged from 12,500 to 85,000 molecules of IgG per minute per myeloma cell. Estimated total body tumor cell number ranged from 0.5 x 10(12) to 3.1 x 10(12) myeloma cells, and could be correlated with the degree of skeletal damage observed on roentgenograms (P = <0.01). Serial measurements of tumor cell number may prove useful in characterizing the growth rate and natural history of multiple myeloma. Myeloma is the first metastatic human malignancy in which quantitative measurements of the body's burden of malignant cells have been obtained.
Effects of formoterol in apparently poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: B.L.P. Maesen, C.J.J. Westermann, V.A.M. Duurkens, J.M.M. van den Bosch
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was designed to investigate the effects of the long-acting beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist formoterol fumarate in 12 current or exsmokers having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 47% of predicted, poorly reversible (5.1% pred) after terbutaline sulphate inhalation. After inhaling a single dose of formoterol (6 or 24 microg), or placebo via Turbuhaler, FEV1 and pulmonary function parameters measured during quiet breathing (work of breathing (WoB) and airway resistance (Raw)) were recorded over 12 h on three test days. Immediate changes in FEV1 were modest, although each dose of formoterol caused a response >12% pred within 10 min in one subject. Compared to placebo, both doses of formoterol induced a clinically and statistically relevant improvement in WoB (>25%) and Raw (>20%), which occurred within 10 min and lasted over a period of 12 h (p < or = 0.02, analysis of variance). Thus, inhaled formoterol causes long-lasting lung functional improvements in apparently poorly reversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additional lung function measurements during quiet breathing after forced expiration tests may be useful in such patients to assess beneficial effects of bronchodilators.
THE USE OF AN ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY. II. CLINICAL EXPERIENCE1
Authors: John P. Merrill, Stephen Smith, Edmund J. Callahan, George W. Thorn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1950)

dialysis response dalrI hrs. 1 G. S. M 25 Chronic glomerulonephritis 1 2 No No Good immediate results.with uremia 2 2 No Died 1 wk.later. 2 P. P. M 25 Chronic glomerulonephritis 3 i No Yes Good clinical result.Conwith uremia 4 11 No dition stabilized on dis- 5 1 No charge.3 M. A. F 34 Diabetes mellitus, arteriolar 6 5 No No Died 2 days after dialysis.nephrosclerosis, uremia ?as a result of hypoglycemia. 4D. C. M 65 Lower nephron nephrosis 7 6 No No Died of septicemia with redue to intravascular he- 8 5j No covering renal function.molysis.P.O.choledochos-9 3 S1 tomy, septicemia 10 3 No 11 1 No 5 J. B. M 20 Acute anuria type undeter-12 5 Yes Yes Complete recovery.mined 6 F. M. M 79 Lower nephron nephrosis, 13 4 Yes No Died of cardiac failure 2 P.O.transurethral prosta- 14 6 Yes days after dialysis.tectomy 7 L. G. F 25 Bilateral cortical necrosis of 15 1 ?No Died 3 days post-dialysis. the kidneys following pre- P.M. showed also infarction mature separation of plaof pituitary and hypothala- centa mus. 8J. L. M 59 Arteriolar nephrosclerosis, 16 4 No No Little improvement.Died uremia 20 days after dialysis.9 J. C. 26 1 No sponse but died in shock next day.P.M. showed pulmonary infarcts. 17A. McL.F 54 Hematemesis, episodes of 27 3 No Yes Immediate improvement hypotension and shock with with full recovery.later hypernatremia and hyperchloremia
Effects of Losartan and Amlodipine on Intrarenal Hemodynamics and TGF-β1 Plasma Levels in a Crossover Trial in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: PABLO IN[Combining Tilde]IGO, JOSEP M. CAMPISTOL, SERGIO LARIO, CARLOS PIERA, BEGON[Combining Tilde]A CAMPOS, MÓNICA BESCÓS, FEDERICO OPPENHEIMER, FRANCISCA RIVERA
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2001)

Abstract. Hypertension and hyperfiltration are two important risk factors for the development of chronic allograft nephropathy. Transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) is the main cytokine involved in the fibrotic process that is involved in chronic rejection. Angiotensin II upregulates TGF-β 1 production. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists therefore could not only control BP but also reduce TGF-β 1 production in renal transplant patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of losartan and amlodipine on renal hemodynamics, as well as TGF-β 1 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) plasma levels in a group of renal transplant patients who had normal renal function and who were treated with cyclosporine. Seventeen renal transplant patients who were receiving cyclosporine and who had normal graft function were included in a random 2 × 2 crossover trial with amlodipine and losartan (6 wk with each therapy). Three studies were performed (at baseline and at the end of both treatment periods) to determine renal hemodynamics, TGF-β 1 , and ET-1. Both treatments controlled BP to a similar degree, but only amlodipine increased GFR through an increase in the estimated glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration fraction. In contrast, losartan maintained GFR and reduced estimated glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration fraction significantly. Losartan and amlodipine had opposite effects on TGF-β 1 . Amlodipine did not affect TGF-β 1 concentrations. In contrast, losartan reduced the plasma levels of TGF-β 1 by approximately by 50% (from baseline, 5.2 to 2.6 ng/ml; P = 0.01); the majority of the patients reached normal levels of TGF-β 1 . ET-1 concentrations were significantly higher during amlodipine compared with losartan treatment. The present study documents that with similar control of BP, losartan and amlodipine have opposite effects on renal hemodynamics and on TGF-β1 concentrations. These differences could be important for the management of chronic allograft nephropathy.
Chronic Physiological Shear Stress Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor–Induced Proinflammatory Responses in Rabbit Aorta Perfused Ex Vivo
Authors: Hideyuki Yamawaki, Stephanie Lehoux, Bradford C. Berk
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Regions in the vasculature exposed to steady laminar flow have a lower likelihood for atherosclerosis than regions exposed to disturbed flow with low shear stress. We previously found that laminar flow of short duration inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-mediated proinflammatory signaling in cultured endothelial cells (ECs). However, mechanisms responsible for the atheroprotective effects of physiological shear stress remain undefined. Therefore, we examined the effects of chronic shear stress on TNF-alpha-induced inflammatory responses using an ex vivo perfusion organ culture system.Rabbit aortas were exposed to low or normal shear stress (0.4 or 12 dyne/cm2) at a constant pressure for 24 to 26 hours. EC and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proteins were selectively purified. After exposure to low shear stress, TNF-alpha (50 ng/mL, 6 hours) specifically stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression in ECs but not VSMCs. TNF-alpha-stimulated VCAM expression was inhibited significantly by preexposure to normal shear stress. Normal shear stress inhibited TNF (15 minutes) activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [JNK], p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]) in ECs. Specific pharmacological inhibitors of JNK and p38 but not ERK significantly inhibited TNF-induced VCAM expression. Normal shear stress prevented the association of TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 with TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)-2. There was no effect of low or normal shear stress on TNF-alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation. A nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, did not reverse the inhibitory effects of shear stress on VCAM expression.These results suggest that physiological shear stress is antiinflammatory by specifically inhibiting MAP kinase signaling and inhibiting TRAF-2 interaction with TNFR-1.
Two Lovely Black Eyes; Oh, what a surprise!
Authors: I. Pavord, A. Bush
Journal: Thorax (2015)

It has been said that adult chest physicians know three diseases—asthma, COPD and lung cancer—and cannot cure any of them. This is of course a libel both in terms of disease numbers and prognosis; however, the response to this libel seems to be to try to create new diseases that do not exist, rather than focus on new areas coming into adulthood, such as survivors of preterm and even late preterm birth.1–3 So ACOS, which might be thought to be some sort of demented lettuce, refers to asthma COPD overlap syndrome (or another, rather ruder acronym which we are tempted to use but with which we probably should not sully the pages of Thorax ). This acronym has the demerits of combining what we argue to be two useless umbrella terms to make a third one that is even more useless.

In this issue of the Thorax , Peter Gibson and Vanessa McDonald4 review the published literature on ACOS published since our last review in 2009.5 In total, 20% of patients could not find shelter under either the asthma or COPD umbrella, so a new one has to be sought. Their review makes depressing reading; quite unsurprisingly they found ‘subgroups’ within ACOS—the looming nightmare of ACOS type 1, ACOS type 2 to ACOS type infinity beckons. ACOS may be characterised by a COPD-like systemic inflammatory profile; ACOS, asthma and COPD may be neutrophilic, eosinophilic or mixed; and bronchodilator reversibility fails to distinguish anything from anything else. The authors recommend jettisoning ACOS, with which view we concur; we …
Treatment of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis using cyclosporin
Authors: A Marzano
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2001)

The main goal of traditional treatment of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is limitation of morbidity, and surgery of already formed fibrous masses has been the main therapeutic approach. More recently, the knowledge that the disorder may be the result of an allergic reaction to atherosclerotic lipids has prompted the use of corticosteroids and cytotoxic drugs, which proved efficacious, but also toxic. On the basis of data indicating a T cell pathogenesis of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, cyclosporin, a non-cytotoxic pretranscriptional inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines, was used to treat the case reported here. A 65 year old man with aggressive retroperitoneal fibrosis and obstructive renal failure initially received steroids, which eventually lost their efficacy and led to vertebral collapse. He responded to 5 mg/kg/day cyclosporin, with radiological reduction of tissue deposition, relief of urether compression, and reduction in acute phase reactants in the blood. Chronic disease remission required stable drug concentrations. In conclusion, progress in research into the T cell pathogenesis of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis may justify attempts with drugs such as cyclosporin to block the disease at its origin rather than treating the morbidity.
Interaction of Vasopressin and the Baroreceptor Reflex System in the Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure in the Dog
Authors: ALLEN W. COWLEY, EMIL MONOS, ARTHUR C. GUYTON
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

The hemodynamic effects of 1-hour intravenous infusions of vasopressin were evaluated in trained, unanesthetized dogs in the normal state and following sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation. Pressor sensitivity to vasopressin was greatly enhanced following baroreceptor denervation; threshold sensitivity was increased 11-fold and sensitivity at higher dose levels was increased 60-100-fold. Infusion of physiological levels of vasopressin caused an average increase in arterial blood pressure of 33 mm Hg in conscious, baroreceptor-denervated dogs compared with an increase of 5 mm Hg in normal dogs. In contrast, similar intravenous infusions of norepinephrine at physiological levels resulted in a 3-fold increase in pressor sensitivity with no change in threshold dose. Hy-pophysectomy of baroreceptor-denervated dogs did not significantly alter their pressor sensitivity to vasopressin in the conscious state. The arterial blood pressure response to intravenous vasopressin infusions was greatly depressed when a high background level of circulating vasopressin was present. Decapitated, spinal, anesthetized dogs maintained with a small continuous infusion of norepinephrine exhibited the greatest sensitivity to vasopressin; the threshold dose for a pressor response was similar to that in conscious baroreceptor-denervated dogs, but pressor sensitivity at physiological dose levels was increased nearly 8, 000-fold. The elevations in arterial blood pressure resulting from vasopressin infusions of less than 1.0 munits/kg min -1 were large enough to implicate the direct pressor effect of vasopressin in the normal control of arterial blood pressure.
Neandertal Evolutionary Genetics: Mitochondrial DNA Data from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: C. Lalueza-Fox
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was retrieved for the first time from a Neandertal from the Iberian Peninsula, excavated from the El Sidrón Cave (Asturias, North of Spain), and dated to ca. 43,000 years ago. The sequence suggests that Iberian Neandertals were not genetically distinct from those of other regions. An estimate of effective population size indicates that the genetic history of the Neandertals was not shaped by an extreme population bottleneck associated with the glacial maximum of 130,000 years ago. A high level of polymorphism at sequence position 16258 reflects deeply rooted mtDNA lineages, with the time to the most recent common ancestor at ca. 250,000 years ago. This coincides with the full emergence of the "classical" Neandertal morphology and fits chronologically with a proposed speciation event of Homo neanderthalensis.
Imaging of Neural Ensemble for the Retrieval of a Learned Behavioral Program
Authors: Tazu Aoki, Masae Kinoshita, Ryo Aoki, Masakazu Agetsuma, Hidenori Aizawa, Masako Yamazaki, Mikako Takahoko, Ryunosuke Amo, Akiko Arata, Shin-ichi Higashijima, Takashi Tsuboi, Hitoshi Okamoto
Journal: Neuron (2013)
Common bile duct stones are mainly brown and associated with duodenal diverticula.
Authors: O Sandstad, T Osnes, V Skar, P Urdal, M Osnes
Journal: Gut (1994)

This study investigated the composition of common duct gall stones from 61 patients, aged 49-94. The stones were collected endoscopically with a dormia basket after endoscopic papillotomy. The cholesterol content was measured both by infrared spectroscopy (mean 29%, range 0-99%) and enzymatically (mean 23%, range 0-96%). The results of the two measurements showed good correlation (r2 = 0.92), indicating that cholesterol can be adequately measured enzymatically. Most of the stones were pigment stones. When examined by infrared spectroscopy, 44 stones (72%) contained less than 50% cholesterol (mean 4%, range 0-23%). The bilirubinate content in these stones was 56%, range 12-100%. Forty two of these stones were brown stones, and only two were black stones. Pigment stones were associated with juxtapapillary diverticula (p &lt; 0.01). It was found that brown pigment stones were the commonest symptomatic bile duct calculi in the patients studied, who are representative of a Western population.
A Case of Malignant Polypus of the Nose, with Remarks
Authors: G. H. Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1898)

MALIGNANT POLYPUS OF NOSE.[IMTICLBxmuLJNAx 83 for seven years, the left lower cartilage being destroyed.Treated by *craping and cauterisation, a recurrence of the disease having taken lace treatment with tuberculin was begun on September 2nd.Sep- embe'r 28th.It was noticed that the nodules were becoming depressed.October 6th.Nodules less defined and scaly.December ioth.Manyof the nodules have entirely disappeared, while others which were beginning 'to ulcerate have partially or completely healed.January 6th.The patient was shown at the Medical Institution.The injections were con- iinued until the end of March in spite of which fresh nodules made their appearance and healed ulceraiions broke down.CASE III.Lupus of Face.-E.S., married woman, aged 39, has had eleven children, three of whom died in infancy from convulsions.At the age of a4 she suffered from suppurating glands in the neck, and from which the disease originated.Her mother a brother, and a maternal aunt died of phthisis.The disease occupies the right half of the face, the ear of the -same side, the nose, the lobe of which is uleerating.The upper margin follows a line more or less ulcerating drawn from the top of the ear across the temple and the lower eyelid to the root of the nose.The lower
The Silver Anniversary
Authors: C. Everett Koop
Journal: JAMA (1989)

On Wednesday, Jan 11, 1989, I will release the next Surgeon General's report on the health consequences of smoking. That date is the 25th anniversary of the day on which the historic report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was released to Surgeon General Luther L. Terry, MD. This anniversary report will review and analyze the major developments related to smoking and health that have occurred in the United States during the past quarter century. Tremendous gains have been made. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults has fallen steadily since 1964. Per capita cigarette sales have declined each year since 1973. Even total cigarette sales have decreased about 2% each year during the past six years, despite growth in population.<sup>1</sup>Smoking is no longer socially acceptable, and is prohibited in more public places than ever before. Physicians and other health care providers, medical organizations,
Treatment of patients with mildly symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension with bosentan (EARLY study): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors: N Galiè, LJ Rubin, MM Hoeper, P Jansa, H Al-Hiti, GMB Meyer, E Chiossi, A Kusic-Pajic, G Simonneau
Journal: The Lancet (2008)
Mechanisms of Fluid and Electrolyte Retention in Experimental Preparations in Dogs
Authors: JAMES O. DAVIS, DAVID S. HOWELL, JAMES L. SOUTHWORTH
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

The role of the adrenal cortex in the pathogenesis of ascites has been studied in adrenalectomized dogs with thoracic inferior caval constriction. Discontinuation of hormone therapy resulted in a diuresis which demonstrates that adequate adrenocortical function or replacement therapy is essential for ascites formation during normal sodium (Na) intake. Evidence is presented in support of the thesis that sodium retention results from an excess of circulating adrenocortical salt-retaining hormones.
Induction of Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT1)–Specific Antitumor Immunity Using a Truncated WT1-Expressing Adenovirus Vaccine
Authors: Takuya Osada, Christopher Y. Woo, Matthew McKinney, Xiao Yi Yang, Gangjun Lei, Heather G. LaBreche, Zachary C. Hartman, Donna Niedzwiecki, Nelson Chao, Andrea Amalfitano, Michael A. Morse, H. Kim Lyerly, Timothy M. Clay
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Wilms' tumor protein (WT1) is overexpressed in most leukemias and many solid tumors and is a promising target for tumor immunotherapy. WT1 peptide-based cancer vaccines have been reported but have limited application due to HLA restriction of the peptides. We sought to vaccinate using adenoviral (Ad) vectors encoding tumor-associated antigens such as WT1 that can stimulate tumor-associated antigen-specific immunity across a broad array of HLA types and multiple class I and class II epitopes.We developed a novel Ad vector encoding a truncated version of WT1 (Ad-tWT1) lacking the highly conserved COOH terminus zinc finger domains and tested its ability to stimulate WT1-specific immune responses and antitumor immunity in two murine models of WT1-expressing tumors.Despite encoding a transcription factor, we found that Ad-tWT1-transduced murine and human dendritic cells showed cytoplasmic expression of the truncated WT1 protein. In addition, vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with Ad-tWT1 generated WT1-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and conferred protection against challenge with the leukemia cell line, mWT1-C1498. Moreover, in a tumor therapy model, Ad-tWT1 vaccination of TRAMP-C2 tumor-bearing mice significantly suppressed tumor growth.This is the first report of a WT1-encoding Ad vector that is capable of inducing effective immunity against WT1-expressing malignancies. Based on these findings, Ad-tWT1 warrants investigation in human clinical trials to evaluate its applications as a vaccine for patients with WT1-expressing cancers.