tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Practice management of musculoskeletal injuries in active children
Authors: Mathieu Boudier-Revéret, Barbara Mazer, Debbie Ehrmann Feldman, Ian Shrier
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Background Although increasing participation in physical activities has significant health benefits, there are no guidelines to help professionals decide when it is safe to return to activity after injury. Objective To examine the specific criteria (eg, strength, pain) that expert sport medicine clinicians use for return to activity decisions in children with musculoskeletal injuries. Methods The authors conducted an online cross-sectional survey of certified Canadian sport medicine doctors (MDs) and sport rehabilitation specialists (physiotherapists (PTs) or athletic therapists (ATs)). The authors asked how they would measure each of the following signs in the context of a knee injury: sport-specific skills, pain, swelling, strength, range of motion (ROM) and balance. Clinicians also ranked the importance of each sign with respect to influencing their recommendations for each of five clinical vignettes. Results The overall response rate was 33.6% (464/1380) with similar rates for each profession. For each clinical sign, all three professions preferred the same measure to determine readiness to return to play: standardised testing for sport-specific skills, impact on function for pain, palpation for swelling, manual muscle testing for strength, visual inspection for ROM and standing on one leg with eyes closed for balance. Regarding importance of specific signs for return to activity, all professions had similar responses for one vignette, but MDs differed from PTs and ATs for the remaining four. Finally, pain was ranked as the no 1 or 2 most important sign in all five vignettes by 41.0% of MDs, 18.1% of ATs and 11.3% of PTs, whereas sport-specific skills was chosen by 9.6% MDs, 12.0% ATs and 16.1% PTs. Conclusion Our results provide the foundation for future work leading towards the development of interdisciplinary consensus guidelines.
You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby
Authors: Nanette K. Wenger
Journal: Circulation (2004)

eart disease is the leading cause of death for women both in the United States and in most of the industrialized world.Whereas cardiovascular deaths in US men have declined, the number of cardiovascular deaths in women remains unchanged or is increasing. 1 The onset of clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women lags behind men by about 10 years and by as much as 20 years for more ominous events such as myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.Despite this age disparity in coronary events for women, with the aging of the US population and with elderly US women outnumbering elderly men, each year since 1984, more US women than men have died of cardiovascular disease.The sex gap in mortality continues to widen.But CHD is not solely a problem for elderly women.More than 9000 US women younger than 45 years sustain a myocardial infarction each year.The question of why women younger than 65 years of age are more than twice as likely to die from an acute myocardial infarction than comparably aged men is intriguing.Among survivors, 25% of men versus 38% of women die within a year after an initial myocardial infarction.Within 6 years after myocardial infarction, 18% of men but 35% of women will have a recurrent infarction.Women with unstable angina have a survival advantage compared with men, in contrast to their more lethal outcomes after myocardial infarction.Can the more favorable prognosis with unstable angina be exploited by interventions designed to avert myocardial infarction?CHD accounts for almost 250 000 female deaths annually.Almost every minute, a US woman dies of cardiovascular disease. 2 Recent reports from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Dynamic PTCA Registry indicate that, despite their persistent high-risk characteristics, women who undergo percutaneous coronary interventions have improved procedural success rates and outcomes.Nonetheless, women continue to have more anginal symptoms than do men after percutaneous coronary intervention, with resultant limitations on their activities and quality of life.Women have a mortality rate from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery that is almost double that of their male peers, with women younger than age 50 years 3 times more likely to die at CABG surgery than comparably aged men.Recent sex-based analyses of CABG surgery suggest that diabetes and urgent or emergency presentations accounted for the predominance of this doubled fatality risk. 2 An excess of bleeding complications, with their pathogenesis as yet unexplained, is reported for women who undergo all interventional procedures (eg, coronary thrombolysis, percutaneous coronary interventions, CABG surgery), likely contributing to the adverse outcomes for women.
Abstract 1469: Functional roles of SCAL1 expression in lung cancer and progression
Authors: Sarah Statt, Philip Thai, Ching-Hsien Chen, Ya-Wen Cheng, Steven Belinsky, Reen Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Our group has identified a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), SCAL1 (smoke and cancer-associated lncRNA 1), whose expression is associated with smoking and related to cancer malignancy (Thai et al., 2013, AJRCMB). Currently, we have found that SCAL1 expression is necessary in lung epithelial cells during injury in order to initiate repair after exposure to smoke. In lung cancer cells, SCAL1 expression is needed for cancer cells to combat DNA double stranded breaks associated with chemotherapy treatment, especially cisplatin, doxyrubcin, and possibly other DNA damaging reagents. Most interestingly, the induction of SCAL1 expression is regulated by NRF-2. While NRF2 may protect normal cells from injury, it becomes persistently activated in some cancers and may enhance their malignant characteristics. Therefore, SCAL1 expression is an early marker for lung cellular injury and may be involved in lung cancer progression. We believe that smoke-induced SCAL1 expression leads to epithelial repair and enhances cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Our hypothesis is that SCAL1 expression in lung cancer is associated with increased malignant potential and is a poor prognostic marker. Citation Format: Sarah Statt, Philip Thai, Ching-Hsien Chen, Ya-Wen Cheng, Steven Belinsky, Reen Wu. Functional roles of SCAL1 expression in lung cancer and progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1469. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1469
The navy surgeon's chest: surgical instruments of the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic War
Authors: J. C. Goddard
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Key tooth instrument 12 flannel or linen rollers Gum lancet 2 pairs tooth forceps 12 flannel or linen rolled bandages Punch 20 yards of cloth for tourniquets Case for instruments, with liftout tray
Patterns and predictors of sleep disordered breathing in primary myopathies
Authors: R Ragette
Journal: Thorax (2002)

<b>Background:</b> Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in neuromuscular diseases but its relationship to respiratory function is poorly defined. A study was undertaken to identify distinct patterns of SDB, to clarify the relationships between SDB and lung and respiratory muscle function, and to identify daytime predictors for SDB at its onset, for SDB with continuous hypercapnic hypoventilation, and for diurnal respiratory failure. <b>Methods:</b> Upright and supine inspiratory vital capacity (IVC, % predicted), maximal inspiratory muscle pressure (Pimax), respiratory drive (P<sub>0.1</sub>), respiratory muscle effort (P<sub>0.1</sub>/Pimax), and arterial blood gas tensions were prospectively compared with polysomnography and capnometry (Ptcco<sub>2</sub>) in 42 patients with primary myopathies. <b>Results:</b> IVC correlated with respiratory muscle function and gas exchange by day and night. SDB evolved in three distinct patterns from REM hypopnoeas, to REM hypopnoeas with REM hypoventilation, to REM/non-REM (continuous) hypoventilation, and preceded diurnal respiratory failure. SDB correlated with IVC and Pimax which yielded highly predictive thresholds for SDB onset (IVC &lt;60%, Pimax &lt;4.5 kPa), SDB with continuous hypoventilation (IVC &lt;40%, Pimax &lt;4.0 kPa), and SDB with diurnal respiratory failure (IVC &lt;25%, Pimax &lt;3.5 kPa). <b>Conclusion:</b> Progressive ventilatory restriction in neuromuscular diseases correlates with respiratory muscle weakness and results in progressive SDB which, by pattern and severity, can be predicted from daytime lung and respiratory muscle function.
Inhibitory Effects of B Cells on Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Satoshi Inoue, Wolfgang W. Leitner, Basil Golding, Dorothy Scott
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract B-cell functions in antitumor immunity are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of B cells in the development of antitumor immunity using Friend murine leukemia virus gag-expressing mouse EL-4 (EL-4 gag), D5 mouse melanoma, or MCA304 mouse sarcoma cells. To screen tumors for susceptibility to B-cell-deficient immune environments, spleen cells from naive C57BL/6 [wild-type (WT)] and B-cell knockout (BKO) mice were cultured with irradiated tumor cells in vitro. When cells were stimulated with EL-4 gag or D5 (but not MCA304 tumors), IFN-γ production from CD8 T cells and natural killer cells was markedly decreased in WT compared with BKO cultures. IFN-γ production was correlated with CD40 ligand expression on the tumor and inversely with interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by B cells. Sorted WT B cells produced more IL-10 than CD40 knockout (CD40KO) B cells when cocultured with EL-4 gag or D5 (but not MCA304). IFN-γ production by BKO cells was reduced by the addition of sorted naive WT B cells (partially by CD40KO B cells) or recombinant mouse IL-10. In vivo tumor progression mirrored in vitro studies in that WT mice were unable to control tumor growth whereas EL-4 gag and D5 tumors (but not MCA304) were eliminated in BKO mice. Robust in vivo antitumor CTLs developed only in BKO tumor-challenged mice. Our studies provide the first mechanistic basis for the concept that B-cell depletion could therapeutically enhance antitumor immune responses to certain tumors by decreasing IL-10 production from B cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(15): 7741-7)
Sunitinib Inhibits Tumor Growth and Synergizes with Cisplatin in Orthotopic Models of Cisplatin-Sensitive and Cisplatin-Resistant Human Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Wilmar Castillo-Ávila, Josep Maria Piulats, Xavier Garcia del Muro, August Vidal, Enric Condom, Oriol Casanovas, Josefina Mora, Josep Ramon Germà, Gabriel Capellà, Alberto Villanueva, Francesc Viñals
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Germ cell tumors (GCT) of the testis are highly curable, but those patients who are refractory to cisplatin (CDDP)-based combination chemotherapy have a poor prognosis. Therefore, identifying new alternatives for treatment remains a priority. Several studies support an important role for angiogenesis in GCTs, suggesting that antiangiogenic treatment might be a good alternative. Sunitinib is an oral multitarget tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of sunitinib, CDDP, or the combination of both drugs using an orthotopic model of human testicular GCT. Experimental Design: Mice were implanted with four different testicular tumors: a yolk sac, two choriocarcinomas, and a CDDP-resistant choriocarcinoma variant induced in mice by continuous exposure to CDDP. Mice were treated with vehicle, CDDP, sunitinib, or the combination of both drugs and their effects on tumors were analyzed. Results: We observed a significant inhibition in tumor growth accompanied by longer survival after sunitinib treatment. Combination therapy with CDDP significantly enhanced these effects. Sunitinib induced apoptosis, reduced tumor cell proliferation and tumor vasculature, and inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, 2, and 3 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α phosphorylation without affecting phosphorylation of other tyrosine kinase receptors. More importantly, tumor growth inhibition induced by sunitinib was also observed in the induced CDDP-resistant choriocarcinoma model. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that sunitinib might be a new alternative for treatment of CDDP-refractory patients.
General Transcription Factor Binding at CpG Islands in Normal Cells Correlates with Resistance to <i>De novo</i> DNA Methylation in Cancer Cells
Authors: Claudia Gebhard, Chris Benner, Mathias Ehrich, Lucia Schwarzfischer, Elmar Schilling, Maja Klug, Wolfgang Dietmaier, Christian Thiede, Ernst Holler, Reinhard Andreesen, Michael Rehli
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Aberrant DNA methylation at CpG islands is thought to contribute to cancer initiation and progression, but mechanisms that establish and maintain DNA methylation status during tumorigenesis or normal development remain poorly understood. In this study, we used methyl-CpG immunoprecipitation to generate comparative DNA methylation profiles of healthy and malignant cells (acute leukemia and colorectal carcinoma) for human CpG islands across the genome. While searching for sequence patterns that characterize DNA methylation states, we discovered several nonredundant sequences in CpG islands that were resistant to aberrant de novo methylation in cancer and that resembled consensus binding sites for general transcription factors (TF). Comparing methylation profiles with global CpG island binding data for specific protein 1, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and yin-yang 1 revealed that their DNA binding activity in normal blood cells correlated strictly with an absence of de novo methylation in cancer. In addition, global evidence showed that binding of any of these TFs to their consensus motif depended on their co-occurrence with neighboring consensus motifs. In summary, our results had two major implications. First, they pointed to a major role for cooperative binding of TFs in maintaining the unmethylated status of CpG islands in health and disease. Second, our results suggest that the majority of de novo methylated CpG islands are characterized by the lack of sequence motif combinations and the absence of activating TF binding.
Visual Impairment in a Rural Appalachian Community
Authors: Mohamad R. Dana
Journal: JAMA (1990)

A population-based survey of 1136 subjects aged 40 years and older was conducted in a rural valley of Kentucky to determine the nature and extent of visual disability in an underserved area of rural America. Data on corrected visual acuity and ocular history, along with demographic, socioeconomic, and health care utilization parameters, were gathered. Those subjects with an acuity below 20/60 in either eye underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination. The prevalence of binocular blindness (acuity worse than 20/400 in the better eye) was 0.44% and of monocular blindness (acuity worse than 20/400 in one eye) was 3.3%, approximately twice the national rates. The chief cause of bilateral visual impairment was macular degeneration among men and cataract among women. Cataract, trauma, and amblyopia were the major causes of monocular visual impairment in both sexes. Risk factor analysis revealed younger age, higher education, active employment, access to a health care facility, and comprehensive health insurance coverage to be inversely associated with visual impairment.
DDIG-in: discriminating between disease-associated and neutral non-frameshifting micro-indels
Authors: Huiying Zhao, Yuedong Yang, Hai Lin, Xinjun Zhang, Matthew Mort, David N Cooper, Yunlong Liu, Yaoqi Zhou
Journal: Genome biology (2013)

Abstract Micro-indels (insertions or deletions shorter than 21 bps) constitute the second most frequent class of human gene mutation after single nucleotide variants. Despite the relative abundance of non-frameshifting indels, their damaging effect on protein structure and function has gone largely unstudied. We have developed a support vector machine-based method named DDIG-in (Detecting disease-causing genetic variations due to indels) to prioritize non-frameshifting indels by comparing disease-associated mutations with putatively neutral mutations from the 1,000 Genomes Project. The final model gives good discrimination for indels and is robust against annotation errors. A webserver implementing DDIG-in is available at http://sparks-lab.org/ddig .
Outcomes of optimal or “stent-like”balloon angioplasty in acutemyocardial infarction: the CADILLAC trial
Authors: David A Cox, Gregg W Stone, Cindy L Grines, Thomas Stuckey, David J Cohen, James E Tcheng, Eulogio Garcia, Giulio Guagliumi, Robert S Iwaoka, Martin Fahy, Mark Turco, Alexandra J Lansky, John J Griffin, Roxana Mehran
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Routine Hospital Use of a New Commercial Whole Blood Interferon-γ Assay for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Giovanni Ferrara, Monica Losi, Marisa Meacci, Barbara Meccugni, Roberto Piro, Pietro Roversi, Barbara Maria Bergamini, Roberto D'Amico, Patrizia Marchegiano, Fabio Rumpianesi, Leonardo M. Fabbri, Luca Richeldi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Interferon (IFN)-gamma blood tests may improve the current level of diagnostic accuracy for tuberculosis infection. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-Gold) has been used in selected populations and shows higher specificity than the tuberculin skin test (TST).To evaluate the QFT-Gold test in unselected patients and assess the level of agreement with the TST.The test has been routinely performed on whole blood samples in our microbiology laboratory for 8 months. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data have been collected and correlated to the QFT-Gold results.Of 318 patients tested, 68 (21.4%) gave an indeterminate (low positive mitogen control) QFT-Gold result. Indeterminate results were significantly overrepresented in patients with a negative TST (28.9% vs. 6.6% in TST-positive patients; p < 0.0001, chi2 test) and were more frequent in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies than in those who were not receiving such treatments (odds ratio, 3.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.84-6.08; p < 0.0001). After excluding indeterminate results, the concordance between QFT-Gold and TST was significantly lower in Bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated individuals (41.5%) than in nonvaccinated individuals (80.3%) (p < 0.0001). In 11 patients with active tuberculosis (5 culture-confirmed), QFT-Gold provided more positive results than the TST (66.7% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.165).The QFT-Gold test is feasible in routine hospital use for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection. As with the TST, immunosuppression may negatively affect the test's performance, with a significant rate of indeterminate results in the most vulnerable population.
New year: new editors
Authors: J A Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (2003)

With the coming of another new year, the Editorship of Thorax is changing and it is with great privilege and considerable awe and trepidation that we are taking over as Editors. Under the editorship of John Britton and Alan Knox, Thorax has achieved high standards and increased its impact factor to 4.09. It is currently the most successful European respiratory journal. The readership of Thorax , together with the whole respiratory community, owes an enormous debt of gratitude to John and Alan and the previous editorial team for their outstanding achievement.

Thorax was born in March 1946, when the first issue appeared as a quarterly journal edited by J G Scadding and N R Barrett. The first of four issues contained only 19 articles; the topics concerned predominantly thoracic surgery, pathology, and tuberculosis. There was only one article on asthma in that first volume, on the effect of helium therapy in asthma by a youthful Sir Richard Doll.1 At that time Thorax was aimed at the UK respiratory community; over the years it has expanded in the numbers and variety of high quality papers published on both clinical and scientific aspects of respiratory medicine and it now has an increasingly global readership.

As new Editors, our main objective will be to continue to steer Thorax to success as an international respiratory journal in an age where there are not only huge and rapid changes in respiratory medicine, but also major advances taking place in publishing and its technology. Our principal aim is to ensure that Thorax plays its full part in cutting edge development by promoting the publication of the best clinical and scientific research and guides to clinical practice, so that we further improve the status and current excellent impact factor …
Effects of longterm epidermal growth factor treatment on the normal rat colon.
Authors: P Kissmeyer-Nielsen, L Vinter-Jensen, M Smerup
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND--Epidermal growth factor (EGF) exerts trophic effects on the mucosa of damaged and defunctioned colon, but the effects on the normal large bowel wall are not known. AIMS--To investigate the effect of systemic EGF treatment on growth and morphology of normal rat colon. METHODS--Rats were treated with subcutaneous biosynthetic EGF injections of 150 micrograms/kg/day for 28 days. The weight of the histological colonic wall layers and the luminal surface area were measured using quantitative morphometric analysis (stereology). The colon was subdivided into proximal and distal parts. RESULTS--EGF treatment increased the total colon wet weight by 23% compared with controls (p &lt; 0.005). The weight increase occurred in the mucosal (33%) and the submucosal layers of the bowel wall (36%) and there was a 69% increase of the total luminal surface area (p = 0.001). In the proximal part of colon of EGF rats there was a 68% increase in mucosal weight (p &lt; 0.005) accompanied by a 79% increase in the mucosal surface area compared with controls (p &lt; 0.005), whereas submucosal and muscularis propria weights were identical. In distal colon, the mucosal weight increased 28% in the EGF group (p &lt; 0.005), the mucosal surface area increased by 72% after treatment (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore there was a 34% increase in the weight of submucosa (p &lt; 0.001) in the distal colon among EGF rats. CONCLUSIONS--Treatment of rats with EGF has a stimulating role on the mucosa and luminal surface area of the entire functioning colon and a trophic effect on the submucosa of the distal colon.
A pilot study on left ventricular dimensions and wall stress before and after submaximal exercise.
Authors: N. S. Cahill, M. O'Brien, A. Rodahl, J. F. Allen, D. Knight, C. Dolphin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1979)

Left ventricle dimensions and wall stress were measured echocardiographically before and immediately after exercise in 14 athletes and 7 control subjects. Our findings suggest that afterload is an important determinant of cardiac performance and wall hypertrophy in athletes. In spite of major changes in heart rate and blood pressure, left ventricular wall stress remains unchanged following submaximal exercise, in trained and untrained hearts. It would appear that the changes in heart size during exercise are to a large extent limited in untrained ventricles, as smaller left ventricular dimensions are required, to "normalise" wall stress. This results in a lower stroke volume for a given stroke dimensional change. Consequently cardiac output is a function of heart rate rather than stroke volume in untrained subjects. The effect of increased muscle mass in athletes, is to permit larger left ventricular dimensions for a given afterload, thus stroke volume can be augmented. The increase h/R ratio suggests that afterload is more important than preload in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in rowers and swimmers.