tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know?
Authors: Laurie A. Vismara, Sally J. Rogers
Journal: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (2010)

Although there are a large and growing number of scientifically questionable treatments available for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intervention programs applying the scientific teaching principles of applied behavior analysis (ABA) have been identified as the treatment of choice. The following article provides a selective review of ABA intervention approaches, some of which are designed as comprehensive programs that aim to address all developmental areas of need, whereas others are skills based or directed toward a more circumscribed, specific set of goals. However, both types of approaches have been shown to be effective in improving communication, social skills, and management of problem behavior for children with ASD. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to critical areas of research that have yet to be fully explored.
Effect of Lucanthone Hydrochloride on the Radiation Response of Intestine and Bone Marrow of the Chinese Hamster2
Authors: A. J. Milligan, H. R. Katz, D. B. Leeper
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1978)

Journal Article Effect of Lucanthone Hydrochloride on the Radiation Response of Intestine and Bone Marrow of the Chinese Hamster Get access A. J. Milligan, A. J. Milligan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. R. Katz, H. R. Katz Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. B. Leeper D. B. Leeper 5 5Address reprint requests to Dr. Leeper. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 60, Issue 5, May 1978, Pages 1023–1028, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/60.5.1023 Published: 01 May 1978 Article history Received: 24 June 1977 Accepted: 05 December 1977 Published: 01 May 1978
The adherence of Greek chest physicians to the 2007 IDSA/ATS and the Greek national guidelines for CAP
Authors: Charalampos Triantafyllidis, Vasilios Kapordelis, Elissavet-Christina Filippidou, Georgios Papaetis, Dora Orfanidou, Maria Apostolidou, Ioannis Nikolopoulos, Angelos Pefanis
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

BACKGROUND: The adherence to practice guidelines for CAP by chest physicians in Greece and its impact on cost and patients9 outcome remain almost unknown.   MATERIAL & METHOD: A prospective observational study incorporating 196 immunocompetent hospitalized pts with CAP. We: (a) assessed whether the decision for hospital admission was correct or not and (b) evaluated whether the administered regimen was in accordance to guidelines. Fine Score (PSI) was applied by the authors to determine the severity of CAP. Demographic data are displayed on TABLE 1.   RESULTS: The mortality rate was 12.76%. COPD pts performed a higher mortality rate (23.53% vs 10.49%, p=0.074). 94 (47.96%) pts were admitted to the hospital despite they were classified as Risk Class I or II and therefore could be treated as outpatients. The accordance of the initial antimicrobial regimen to guidelines was poor (59.69%). Patients administered an antimicrobial regimen in accordance to guidelines had lower mortality rate (9.4%  vs  17.72%, p=0.135) and shorter length of hospital stay (LOS) (10.73±12.07  vs  12.06±10.77 days, p=0.077) in comparison to those treated in discordance to guidelines. A pathogen was identified in 43 (21.94%) cases and  Streptococcus pn.  was the predominant pathogen isolated (30.23%).   DISCUSSION: The adherence to CAP guidelines by chest physicians in Greece is poor. It is necessary to improve the adherence to guidelines, in order to shorten the LOS and possibly decrease the mortality rate of CAP.
Changes in BMI and Weight Before and After the Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Helen C. Looker, William C. Knowler, Robert L. Hanson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

To examine weight changes occurring before and after the diagnosis of diabetes and the association of these changes with treatment and microvascular complications.We undertook an analysis of serial examinations conducted between 1965 and 2000 in residents of the Gila River Community in Central Arizona. Data were taken from 4,226 examinations of 816 individuals in whom diabetes developed over the course of a longitudinal study and who had undergone a nondiabetic examination within 4 years preceding diagnosis. We measured changes in BMI between examinations.Before diagnosis of diabetes, there were steady gains in weight: mean BMI climbed between 0.43 and 0.71 kg/m(2) per year. After diagnosis, the weight gain declined, and weight loss was generally seen; the mean rate of change of BMI ranged between -0.61 and +0.22 kg/m(2) per year. When current treatment was considered, there was greater weight stability in individuals taking insulin compared with those not taking hypoglycemic medication. Medication was a statistically significant factor for change in weight for most of the time intervals analyzed. There was no statistically significant association with retinopathy or nephropathy.Before development of diabetes, there was a progressive rise in weight, and after diagnosis, there was a tendency toward weight loss. Weight-loss interventions in individuals with diabetes will need to account for this tendency if they are to successfully modify the course of the disease.
Outcome of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis over a two year period
Authors: J TEIR, J GRAY, A PENDLEBURY, D M GRENNAN;, T. MOTTONEN, L. PAIMELA, M. LEIRISALO-REPO, H. KAUTIAINEN, J ILONEN, P. HANNONEN
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1999)

We have been interested in the publication by Möttönen and colleagues concerning the outcome of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have been treated actively by disease suppressing drugs using a “sawtooth” strategy1 ,2 and have assessed the outcomes in our patients with early RA who have been treated using a similar strategy. Our study is prospective for five years and started in 1996. Up to now 50 patients have been recruited and followed up for two years. All patients fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association criteria for RA. Patients were treated actively … Dr Möttönen.
T cell activation induces proteasomal degradation of Argonaute and rapid remodeling of the microRNA repertoire
Authors: Yelena Bronevetsky, Alejandro V. Villarino, Christopher J. Eisley, Rebecca Barbeau, Andrea J. Barczak, Gitta A. Heinz, Elisabeth Kremmer, Vigo Heissmeyer, Michael T. McManus, David J. Erle, Anjana Rao, K. Mark Ansel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2013)

Activation induces extensive changes in the gene expression program of naive CD4+ T cells, promoting their differentiation into helper T cells that coordinate immune responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in this process, and miRNA expression also changes dramatically during T cell differentiation. Quantitative analyses revealed that T cell activation induces global posttranscriptional miRNA down-regulation in vitro and in vivo. Argonaute (Ago) proteins, the core effector proteins of the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC), were also posttranscriptionally down-regulated during T cell activation. Ago2 was inducibly ubiquitinated in activated T cells and its down-regulation was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Therefore, activation-induced miRNA down-regulation likely occurs at the level of miRISC turnover. Measurements of miRNA-processing intermediates uncovered an additional layer of activation-induced, miRNA-specific transcriptional regulation. Thus, transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms cooperate to rapidly reprogram the miRNA repertoire in differentiating T cells. Altering Ago2 expression in T cells revealed that Ago proteins are limiting factors that determine miRNA abundance. Naive T cells with reduced Ago2 and miRNA expression differentiated more readily into cytokine-producing helper T cells, suggesting that activation-induced miRNA down-regulation promotes acquisition of helper T cell effector functions by relaxing the repression of genes that direct T cell differentiation.
Evolution of Echocardiography
Authors: Harvey Feigenbaum
Journal: Circulation (1996)

The evolution of echocardiography has been interesting and dramatic. The technology has grown and has become an integral part of the practice of cardiology. As with all technology, there are advantages and disadvantages. The principal disadvantage is the fact that education and training are imperative to provide high-quality examinations and proper interpretations. In addition, many of the diagnoses are still qualitative and subjective. The principal advantage is the amazing versatility of this technology. The wealth of information that can be provided both noninvasively with a transthoracic examination and invasively with either transesophageal or intravascular ultrasound is tremendous. The anatomic and physiological data provided frequently give definitive diagnoses. If performed properly and for the right reason, this test should be very cost effective and should be a major asset in the coming era of medical cost containment. There are many technological advances that should enhance this information. With technology such as digital recordings, it is hoped that the clinicians will have better access to these data and will be more comfortable in interacting with this important diagnostic tool.
Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection: association with NRAMP1 polymorphisms
Authors: G. Tanaka, J. Shojima, I. Matsushita, H. Nagai, A. Kurashima, K. Nakata, E. Toyota, N. Kobayashi, K. Kudo, N. Keicho
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The present study aimed to elucidate risk factors for nonimmunocompromised pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. Epidemiological data and variations of candidate genes for mycobacterial diseases were analysed in 111 patients with pulmonary MAC infection. Four polymorphisms of the human natural resistance-associated macrophage protein ( NRAMP ) 1 gene, the 5′(GT)n, 469+14 G/C, D543N and the 3′untranslated region (3'TGTG) insertion/deletion, were genotyped using PCR-based methods. Fok I and Taq I polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene and -221 X/Y and codon 54 A/B polymorphisms of the mannose binding lectin gene were also evaluated. Females were more susceptible to MAC infection mainly affecting the right middle lobe or lingular segment of the lung. Patients' residence at the onset of the disease was distributed evenly irrespective of a waterfront or city water supply system. As compared with homozygotes for major alleles of the D543N and TGTG insertion/deletion polymorphism of the NRAMP1 gene, heterozygotes containing minor alleles were less often observed in MAC cases than in controls. This genetic effect was more significant in patients without comorbidity but not in patients with comorbidity. Other polymorphisms did not show any association with the MAC infection. The human natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 gene might be involved in susceptibility to pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection.
Diminished activity of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase in alveolar macrophages from patients with active sarcoidosis.
Authors: J Barth, H Kreipe, J Kiemle-Kallee, H J Radzun, M R Parwaresch, W Petermann
Journal: Thorax (1988)

Alveolar macrophages differ from their percursors in blood, monocytes, by expressing strong activity of the tartrate resistant variant of acid phosphatase (TAcP). A study was carried out to analyse the expression of this enzyme cytochemical marker by alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage cells from 34 patients with sarcoidosis and 12 control subjects. Alveolar macrophages from control subjects displayed a strong and homogeneous staining pattern and only 0.1% of cells were negative after staining. Macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis showed reduced TAcP activity and up to 7% of the cells were negative. The percentage of TAcP negative macrophages was correlated with the percentage of lymphocytes and with the ratio of CD4 to CD8 lymphocytes among cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The reduced TAcP activity in alveolar macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis may be due to an increased recruitment of immature precursors from blood.
New non-invasive test of gastric acid secretion for use in children.
Authors: J E Thomas, E J Eastham, L T Weaver
Journal: Gut (1993)

Loss of the gastric acid barrier may lead to recurrent enteric infections, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, persistent diarrhoea, and thus malnutrition. To investigate this possibility, a new, non-invasive test of gastric acid secretion was developed ideal for field use in the developing world, where chronic diarrhoea and undernutrition are common. The test relies on the capacity of the kidney to retain H+ during gastric acid secretion, leading to a post-prandial urine 9alkaline tide9. Gastric intubation studies of seven healthy adult volunteers showed a direct relation between changes in gastric acid secretion and changes in urine acid output (measured as the H+/creatinine molar ratio in spot urine samples). Subjects who secreted gastric acid in response to stimulation with a sham feed showed a fall in urine acid output &gt; 0.5 mmol H+/mmol creatinine (range -7.4 to -1.52 mean -1.12). The most reproducible decrease in urine acid output in response to normal food was observed around the time breakfast was usually eaten and was abolished by 36 hours of treatment with ranitidine. Breakfast time reductions in postprandial urine acid output in 22 healthy English children were comparable with those in healthy adults, and significantly different from values in achlorhydric adults. They were much more variable, however, in 106 Gambian children in whom values spanned both normochlorhydric and achlorhydric ranges (-12.7 to +1.8). Measuring changes in urine acid output at breakfast time provides a reliable indirect measure of gastric acid secretion that can be used in field conditions, enabling the relation between gastric acid output and the development of diarrhoeal diseases to be investigated.
Evidence of eosinophil granule major basic protein in human placenta.
Authors: T L Wasmoen, D J McKean, K Benirschke, C B Coulam, G J Gleich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

A protein immunochemically related to the eosinophil granule major basic protein (gMBP) is found in increased concentration in the plasma of pregnant women and has been localized to placental trophoblasts by immunofluorescence. Pregnancy MBP (pMBP) is indistinguishable from gMBP in its reactivity with polyclonal antisera and a panel of 14 mouse mAbs. We report the purification of pMBP from human placenta by: (a) affinity chromatography over mAb immobilized on Sepharose, (b) gel filtration in 6 M guanidine.HCl buffer, and (c) reversed-phase HPLC. Purified pMBP and gMBP are biochemically indistinguishable in that both: (a) bind to DNA, (b) polymerize and bind to carrier proteins via disulfide linkages, (c) have a molecular weight of 14,000, (d) have isoelectric points greater than 10.6, (e) comigrate in two-dimensional gels, (f) coelute during reversed-phase HPLC on C18 columns, (g) have identical peptide maps after three different digestions, and (h) have partial amino acid sequence identity. This physicochemical identity has important implications as to the role of pMBP in human placentation.
α-1 Antitrypsin regulates human neutrophil chemotaxis induced by soluble immune complexes and IL-8
Authors: David A. Bergin, Emer P. Reeves, Paula Meleady, Michael Henry, Oliver J. McElvaney, Tomás P. Carroll, Claire Condron, Sanjay H. Chotirmall, Martin Clynes, Shane J. O’Neill, Noel G. McElvaney
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Hereditary deficiency of the protein α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) causes a chronic lung disease in humans that is characterized by excessive mobilization of neutrophils into the lung. However, the reason for the increased neutrophil burden has not been fully elucidated. In this study we have demonstrated using human neutrophils that serum AAT coordinates both CXCR1- and soluble immune complex (sIC) receptor-mediated chemotaxis by divergent pathways. We demonstrated that glycosylated AAT can bind to IL-8 (a ligand for CXCR1) and that AAT-IL-8 complex formation prevented IL-8 interaction with CXCR1. Second, AAT modulated neutrophil chemotaxis in response to sIC by controlling membrane expression of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI-anchored) Fc receptor FcγRIIIb. This process was mediated through inhibition of ADAM-17 enzymatic activity. Neutrophils isolated from clinically stable AAT-deficient patients were characterized by low membrane expression of FcγRIIIb and increased chemotaxis in response to IL-8 and sIC. Treatment of AAT-deficient individuals with AAT augmentation therapy resulted in increased AAT binding to IL-8, increased AAT binding to the neutrophil membrane, decreased FcγRIIIb release from the neutrophil membrane, and normalization of chemotaxis. These results provide new insight into the mechanism underlying the effect of AAT augmentation therapy in the pulmonary disease associated with AAT deficiency.
Intracoronary ultrasound in cardiac transplant recipients. In vivo evidence of "angiographically silent" intimal thickening.
Authors: F G St Goar, F J Pinto, E L Alderman, H A Valantine, J S Schroeder, S Z Gao, E B Stinson, R L Popp
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis is a major factor limiting allograft longevity in cardiac transplant recipients. Histopathology studies have demonstrated the insensitivity of coronary angiography for detecting early atheromatous disease in this patient population. Intracoronary ultrasound is a new imaging technique that provides characterization of vessel wall morphology. The purpose of this study was to compare in vivo intracoronary ultrasound with angiography in cardiac transplant recipients. METHODS AND RESULTS The left anterior descending coronary artery was studied with intracoronary ultrasound in 80 cardiac transplant recipients at the time of routine screening coronary angiography 2 weeks to 13 years after transplantation. A mean and index of intimal thickening were obtained at four coronary sites. Intimal proliferation was classified as minimal, mild, moderate, or severe according to thickness and degree of vessel circumference involved. Twenty patients were studied within 1 month of transplantation and had no angiographic evidence of coronary disease. An intimal layer was visualized by ultrasound in only 13 of these 20 presumably normal hearts. The 60 patients studied 1 year or more after transplantation all had at least minimal intimal thickening. Twenty-one patients (35%) showed minimal or mild, 17 (28%) moderate, and 21 (35%) severe thickening. Forty-two of these 60 patients had angiographically normal coronary arteries, 21 (50%) of whom had either moderate or severe thickening. All 18 patients with angiographic evidence of coronary disease had moderate or severe intimal thickening, but there was no statistically significant difference in intimal thickness or index when compared with the patients with moderate or severe proliferation and normal angiograms (thickness, 0.53 +/- 0.35 mm versus 0.64 +/- 0.30 mm, p = NS; index, 0.28 +/- 0.10 versus 0.34 +/- 0.10, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients 1 or more years after cardiac transplantation have ultrasound evidence of intimal thickening not apparent by angiography. Intracoronary ultrasound offers early detection and quantitation of transplant coronary disease and provides characterization of vessel wall morphology, which may prove to be a prognostic marker of disease.
Lung function and exposure to workplace second-hand smoke during exemptions from smoking ban legislation: an exposure-response relationship based on indoor PM2.5 and urinary cotinine levels
Authors: H.-K. Lai, A. J. Hedley, J. Repace, C. So, Q.-Y. Lu, S. M. McGhee, R. Fielding, C.-M. Wong
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> The effects of workplace second-hand smoke (SHS) on lung function remain uncertain because of a lack of objective measures for SHS exposures. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether an exposure–response association exists between lung function and two different markers of SHS based on indoor fine particulate (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and urinary cotinine levels in non-smoking catering workers. <h3>Design</h3> A cross-sectional study during a 1.5-year exemption of licensed catering premises from smoke-free legislation. <h3>Participants</h3> 186 non-smoking catering workers aged 18–65 years in Hong Kong were recruited. A declared non-smoking status was accepted in workers with exhaled breath carbon monoxide levels &lt;6 ppm and urinary cotinine levels &lt;100 ng/ml. <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Lung function measures of forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV<sub>1</sub> in litres), forced vital capacity (FVC in litres) and forced expiratory flow as 25–75% of FVC (FEF<sub>25–75</sub> in l/s) were recorded. <h3>Results</h3> Indoor fine particulate (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) concentrations were 4.4 times as high in smoking premises (267.9 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) than in non-smoking premises (60.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) and were strongly associated with the probability of permitted smoking (R<sup>2</sup>=0.99). Smoking was the dominant source of particulates (R<sup>2</sup>=0.66). Compared with workers exposed to the lowest indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> stratum (&lt;25 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), lung function was lower in the three higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> strata (25–75, 75–175, &gt;175 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) with FEV<sub>1</sub> −0.072 (95% CI −0.123 to −0.021), −0.078 (95% CI –0.132 to −0.024), −0.101 (95% CI −0.187 to −0.014); FEF<sub>25–75</sub> −0.368 (95% CI −0.660 to −0.077), −0.489 (95% CI −0.799 to −0.179), −0.597 (95% CI −0.943 to −0.251); and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (%) −2.9 (95% CI −4.8 to −1.0), −3.2 (95% CI −5.1 to −1.4) and −4.4 (95% CI −7.4 to −1.3), respectively. Urinary cotinine was associated positively with indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> but negatively with lung function. Consistently lower values for lung function per unit increase of indoor PM<sub>2.5</sub> were found. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Lung function is inversely associated with workplace SHS. Workplace exemptions and delays in implementing smoke-free policies and current moves to relax legislation are a major threat to the health of workers.