tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Depressive Episodes With Psychotic Features in the General Population
Authors: Maurice M Ohayon, Alan F Schatzberg
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2002)

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the prevalence of major depressive episodes with psychotic features in the general population and sought to determine which depressive symptoms are most frequently associated with psychotic features. METHOD: The sample was composed of 18,980 subjects aged 15–100 years who were representative of the general populations of the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. The participants were interviewed by telephone by using the Sleep-EVAL system. The questionnaire included a series of questions about depressive disorders, delusions, and hallucinations. RESULTS: Overall, 16.5% of the sample reported at least one depressive symptom at the time of the interview. Among these subjects, 12.5% had either delusions or hallucinations. More than 10% of the subjects who reported feelings of worthlessness or guilt and suicidal thoughts also had delusions. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt were also associated with high rates of hallucinations (9.7%) and combinations of hallucinations and delusions (4.5%). The current prevalence of major depressive episode with psychotic features was 0.4% (95% CI=0.35%–0.54%), and the prevalence of a current major depressive episode without psychotic features was 2.0% (95% CI=1.9%–2.1%), with higher rates in women than in men. In all, 18.5% of the subjects who fulfilled the criteria for a major depressive episode had psychotic features. Past consultations for treatment of depression were more common in depressed subjects with psychotic features than in depressed subjects with no psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS: Major depressive episodes with psychotic features are relatively frequent in the general population, affecting four of 1,000 individuals. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt can be a good indicator of the presence of psychotic features.
Underreporting of Food Intake in Obese Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Agnès Sallé, Miriam Ryan, Patrick Ritz
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

The close relationship between excess body weight, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is well known (1). A decrease in weight improves insulin sensitivity, metabolic control, and the necessity for oral or insulin treatment (2). Dietary monitoring is a cornerstone of diabetes treatment, being essential to both improve current food intake and aid in the explanation of any disturbance in metabolic control. Dietary monitoring of food and energy intake (EI) therefore assumes that the dietary reports of diabetic patients are valid. Meanwhile, underreporting of food intake is widely acknowledged in obese individuals (3,4) yet is generally disregarded in the type 2 diabetic population, despite the fact that a significant percentage of this population is obese. The issue of EI underreporting and diabetes was first raised by Prentice et al. (5) and has since been discussed in only a few studies conducted in type 2 diabetic patients (6–8). The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is a state-of-the-art technique used to estimate total energy expenditure (TEE) (9). TEE refers to the energy requirement of an individual, which corresponds to EI under conditions of weight stability. The comparison of the ratio of EI …
Jaundice Caused by Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride
Authors: J. William Hood
Journal: JAMA (1966)

PHENAZOPYRIDINE hydrochloride was synthesized in 1914. Since then it has been used extensively in urinary tract infections because of its local analgesic action on mucous membranes. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, of jaundice due to this drug. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> This 25-year-old white woman, daughter of a physician, took phenazopyridine for the first time in November 1964 when she developed a urinary tract infection. She was given phenazopyridine, 200 mg three times daily, nitrofurantoin, and bethanechol chloride. Within one day after administration of these drugs, and at a time when the symptoms from the urinary tract infection were subsiding, she spiked a fever of 101.8 F (38.8 C). It is not known whether or not she had any other symptoms or jaundice at that time. The fever subsided in 24 hours. Two days later the administration of phenazopyridine was stopped. She did well until three
Bystander killing of cancer requires the cooperation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during the effector phase
Authors: Andrea Schietinger, Mary Philip, Rebecca B. Liu, Karin Schreiber, Hans Schreiber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2010)

Cancers frequently evade cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated destruction through loss or down-regulation of tumor antigens and antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex molecules. Therefore, we have concentrated our efforts on immunological strategies that destroy nonmalignant stromal cells essential for the survival and growth of cancer cells. In this study, we developed a non–T cell receptor transgenic, immunocompetent tumor model to determine whether tumor-bearing hosts’ own immune systems could eliminate cancer cells through stromal targeting and what role CD4+ T cells play alongside CD8+ T cells in this process. We found that aggressive cancers could be eradicated by T cell targeting of tumor stroma. However, successful elimination required the cooperation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells not only during the induction phase but also during the effector phase in the tumor microenvironment, implying a new role for CD4+ T cells that has not been previously described. Our study demonstrates the potential of stromal targeting as a cancer immunotherapy and suggests that successful anticancer strategies must facilitate cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at the right times and the right places.
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Expression in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Giuseppe Grandaliano, Paola Pontrelli, Giuseppina Cerullo, Raffaella Monno, Elena Ranieri, Michele Ursi, Antonella Loverre, Loreto Gesualdo, Francesco P. Schena
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

ABSTRACT. An increasing body of evidence suggests that proteases may play a key role in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is cleaved and activated by trypsin-like proteolytic enzymes, including tryptase and activated coagulation factor X (FXa). Both these soluble mediators have been demonstrated, directly or indirectly, at the interstitial level in progressive renal diseases, including IgA nephropathy (IgAN). PAR-2 mRNA and protein levels were investigated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 17 biopsies from IgAN patients and 10 normal kidneys. PAR-2 expression was also evaluated, by RT-PCR and western blotting, in cultured human mesangial and proximal tubular cells. Finally, gene expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and TGF-β, two powerful fibrogenic factors, was evaluated in FXa-, trypsin-, and PAR-2 activating peptide-stimulated human proximal tubular cells by Northern blot. In normal kidneys, PAR-2 gene expression was barely detectable, whereas in IgAN biopsies the mRNA levels for this protease receptor were strikingly increased and directly correlated with the extent of interstitial fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PAR-2 protein expression in IgAN biopsies was mainly localized in the proximal tubuli and within the interstitial infiltrate. Proximal tubular cells in culture expressed PAR-2. Activation of this receptor by FXa in tubular cells induced a striking increase in intracellular calcium concentration. In addition, incubation of both cell lines with trypsin, FXa, or PAR-2 activating peptide caused a marked upregulation of PAI-1 gene expression that was not counterbalanced by an increased expression of plasminogen activators. Finally, PAR-2 activation induced a significant upregulation of TGF-β gene and protein expression in both mesangial and tubular cells. On the basis of our data, we can suggest that PAR-2 expressed by renal resident cells and activated by either mast cell tryptase or FXa may induce extracellular matrix deposition modifying the PAI-1/PA balance and inducing TGF-β expression. These molecular mechanisms may underlie interstitial fibrosis in IgAN. E-mail: [email protected]
Calcium insensitivity of FA-6, a cell line derived from a pancreatic cancer associated with humoral hypercalcemia, is mediated by the significantly reduced expression of the Calcium Sensitive Receptor transduction component p38 MAPK.
Authors: Richard Morgan, Benjamin Fairfax, Hardev S Pandha
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2006)

The Calcium-Sensing Receptor is a key component of Calcium/Parathyroid hormone homeostatic system that helps maintain appropriate plasma Ca2+ concentrations. It also has a number of non-homeostatic functions, including cell cycle regulation through the p38 MAPK pathway, and recent studies have indicated that it is required for Ca2+ mediated growth arrest in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Some pancreatic cancers produce pathogenic amounts of parathyroid like hormones, however, which significantly increase Ca2+ plasma concentrations and might be expected to block further cell growth. In this study we have investigated the expression and function of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in Ca2+ sensitive (T3M-4) and insensitive (FA6) pancreatic cancer cell lines. FA-6 cells, which are derived from a pancreatic adenocarcinoma that secretes a parathyroid hormone related peptide, exhibit only very low levels of p38 MAPK expression, relative to T3M-4 cells. Transfecting FA-6 cells with a p38 MAPK expression construct greatly increases their sensitivity to Ca2+. Furthermore, the reduction of p38 MAPK in T3M-4 cells significantly reduces the extent to which high levels of Ca2+ inhibit proliferation. These results suggest that the low levels of p38 MAPK expression in FA-6 cells may serve to reduce their sensitivity to high concentrations of external Ca2+ that would otherwise block proliferation.
Negative Regulation of Cytokine Signaling Pathways
Authors: Hideo Yasukawa, Atsuo Sasaki, Akihiko Yoshimura
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (2000)

The Janus family of protein tyrosine kinases (JAKs) and STAT transcription factors regulate cellular processes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and transformation through their association with cytokine receptors. The CIS family of proteins (also referred to as the SOCS or SSI family) has been implicated in the regulation of signal transduction by a variety of cytokines. Most of them appear to be induced after stimulation with several different cytokines, and at least three of them (CIS1, CIS3/SOCS3, and JAB/SOCS1) negatively regulate cytokine signal transduction by various means: CIS1 inhibits STAT5 activation by binding to cytokine receptors that recruit STAT5, whereas JAB/SOCS-1 and CIS3/SOCS-3 directly bind to the kinase domain of JAKs, thereby inhibiting tyrosine-kinase activity. Therefore, these CIS family members seem to function in a classical negative feedback loop of cytokine signaling. Biochemical characterization as well as gene disruption studies indicate that JAB/SOCS1/SSI-1 is an important negative regulator of interferon γ signaling. The mechanisms by which these inhibitors of cytokine signal transduction exert their effects have been extensively studied and will provide useful information for regulating tyrosine-kinase activity.
Orthologous Comparisons of the Hd1 Region across Genera Reveal Hd1 Gene Lability within Diploid Oryza Species and Disruptions to Microsynteny in Sorghum
Authors: A. Sanyal, J. S. S. Ammiraju, F. Lu, Y. Yu, T. Rambo, J. Currie, K. Kollura, H.-R. Kim, J. Chen, J. Ma, P. San Miguel, C. Mingsheng, R. A. Wing, S. A. Jackson
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

Heading date is one of the most important quantitative traits responsible for the domestication of rice. We compared a 155-kb reference segment of the Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare genome surrounding Hd1, a major heading date gene in rice, with orthologous regions from nine diploid Oryza species that diverged over a relatively short time frame (∼16 My) to study sequence evolution around a domestication locus. The orthologous Hd1 region from Sorghum bicolor was included to compare and contrast the evolution in a more distant relative of rice. Consistent with other observations at the adh1/adh2, monoculm1, and sh2/a1 loci in grass species, we found high gene colinearity in the Hd1 region amidst size differences that were lineage specific and long terminal repeat retrotransposon driven. Unexpectedly, the Hd1 gene was deleted in O. glaberrima, whereas the O. rufipogon and O. punctata copies had degenerative mutations, suggesting that other heading date loci might compensate for the loss or nonfunctionality of Hd1 in these species. Compared with the japonica Hd1 region, the orthologous region in sorghum exhibited micro-rearrangements including gene translocations, seven additional genes, and a gene triplication and truncation event predating the divergence from Oryza.
Focal Entrapment Neuropathies in Diabetes
Authors: Aaron Vinik, Anahit Mehrabyan, Lawrence Colen, Andrew Boulton
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Peripheral neuropathies in diabetes are a diverse group of syndromes, not all of which are the common distal symmetric polyneuropathy. The focal and multifocal neuropathies are confined to the distribution of single or multiple peripheral nerves and their involvement is referred to as mononeuropathy or mononeuritis multiplex.

Mononeuropathies are due to vasculitis and subsequent ischemia or infarction of nerves (1). Common mononeuropathies involve cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and VII and thoracic and peripheral nerves, including peroneal, sural, sciatic, femoral, ulnar, and median. Their onset is acute, associated with pain, and their course is self-limiting, resolving over a period of 6 weeks. They must be distinguished from entrapment syndromes that start slowly, progress, and persist without intervention (Fig. 1). Common entrapments involve the median, ulnar, and peroneal nerves, the lateral cutaneous of the thigh, and the tibial nerve in the tarsal canal. The entrapment neuropathies are highly prevalent in the diabetic population, one in every three patients has one, and it should be actively sought in every patient with the signs and symptoms of neuropathy because the treatment may be surgical (2) (Table 1).

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy encountered in diabetic patients and occurs as a result of median nerve compression under the transverse carpal ligament. It occurs thrice as frequently in a diabetic population compared with a normal healthy population (3,4). The increased prevalence in diabetes may be related to repeated undetected trauma, metabolic changes, accumulation of fluid or edema within the confined space of the carpal tunnel, and diabetic cheiroarthropathy (5), rheumatoid arthritis, and hypothyroidism (1,3). CTS is found in up to one-third of patients with diabetes, when demonstrated electrophysiologically, but may only be symptomatic in ∼5.8% (6). It is more common in females and in obese …
Bioconjugated Pluronic Triblock-Copolymer Micelle-Encapsulated Quantum Dots for Targeted Imaging of Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Liwei Liu, Ken-Tye Yong, Indrajit Roy, Wing-Cheung Law, Ling Ye, Jianwei Liu, Jing Liu, Rajiv Kumar, Xihe Zhang, Paras N. Prasad
Journal: Theranostics (2012)

Early in this study, CdTe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were encapsulated in carboxylated Pluronic F127 triblock polymeric micelle, to preserve the optical and colloidal stability of QDs in biological fluids.Folic acid (FA) was then conjugated to the surface of QDs for the targeted delivery of the QD formulation to the tumor site, by exploiting the overexpressed FA receptors (FARs) on the tumor cells.Cytotoxicity study demonstrated that the QD formulation has negligible in vitro toxicity.The in vitro study showed that the bioconjugated micelle-encapsulated QDs, but not the unconjugated QDs, were able to efficiently label Panc-1 cancer cells.In vivo imaging study showed that bioconjugated QDs were able to target tumor site after intravenous injection of the formulation in tumor-bearing mice.
Immunosuppression in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Jörg J. Goronzy, Cornelia M. Weyand
Journal: Circulation (2006)

n estimated 10 14 microbes live on our mucosal surfaces, exceeding by far the number of cells in our body (approximately 10 13 ).Survival depends on our ability to recognize, wall off, and eliminate unwanted intruders.The doubling of life expectancy over the last century has created an internal burden of degenerating tissue, cellular debris, and malignant transformation, adding considerable stress to host defense mechanisms.The most powerful protective tool that we have is inflammation, a generic response pattern that allows the immune system to rapidly recognize threats, mobilize cells to injury sites, remove instigators, and heal wounds.
Carbon ion radiotherapy in Japan: an assessment of 20 years of clinical experience
Authors: Tadashi Kamada, Hirohiko Tsujii, Eleanor A Blakely, Jürgen Debus, Wilfried De Neve, Marco Durante, Oliver Jäkel, Ramona Mayer, Roberto Orecchia, Richard Pötter, Stanislav Vatnitsky, William T Chu
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2015)
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE PHOBIC REACTION
Authors: WALTER I. TUCKER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1956)

The clinical features of this type of phobic reaction are chronic and acute anxiety with various somatic symptoms and with phobias as a prominent part of the picture. It is a commonly seen neurotic reaction and occurs most frequently in young wives [See the source PDF for Table 2.] and mothers, yet it is often misdiagnosed and mismanaged by physicians in all fields of medical practice. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to the necessity of ruling out organic disease to the satisfaction of both physician and patient, and distinguishing the phobic reaction from more chronic phobic obsessive states. Hyperventilation occurs frequently in association with anxiety attacks. The importance is stressed of recognizing this and demonstrating it to the patient. Phobias are discussed with particular reference to explanation and reassurance. The dynamics are presented as the reaction of a dependent type of personality subjected to stress in adjustment. Treatment is discussed with emphasis on preliminary management and the necessity for directive rather than nondirective treatment. The results of treatment in 100 patients are reported.
Points: Sutures or adhesive tapes for primary closure of pretibial lacerations
Authors: F D. Hart
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Morris mentions several precipitating causes of infective endocarditis culled from the studies by Bayliss et al' 2 (25 May, p 1532).I would like to draw attention to an important and often forgotten route of introduction of sepsis in patients at risk in hospitals- from intravenous drip or venepuncture sites. 3Recently, we saw two children aged 11 and 12 who presented with relapse of their rheumatic fever with flitting arthralgia, pericardial rubs, and fever.These symptoms subsided on aspirin and bed rest but a week later a high swinging fever was noted, with changing heart murmurs and evidence of heart failure in one case.One of the blood cultures subsequently grew a penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The child died despite high dose intravenous penicillin, cefuroxime, and cloxacillin.In the second case no pathogens were grown despite repeated blood cultures, but the fever was later controlled with cefuroxime, cloxacillin, and gentamycin.The most likely site of entry of the organism was through the drip site, where both children had developed mild cellulitis, and neither had received any antibiotics.Poorly cleaned venepuncture sites for routine blood investigations were another possible site of entry.Routine setting up of drips in casualty is a common practice and is often far from being an aseptic procedure.Those who practise this must realise that it is not without risk, especially to patients with valvular heart disease.We believe that care with cleaning the drip site with iodine, introduction of the intravenous cannula by an aseptic technique, and regular change of drip sites before cellulitis sets in are the best ways of preventing infective endocarditis in patients at risk.
A Matrix Metalloproteinase Induction/Activation System Exists in the Human Left Ventricular Myocardium and Is Upregulated in Heart Failure
Authors: Francis G. Spinale, Mytsi L. Coker, Lena J. Heung, Brian R. Bond, Himali R. Gunasinghe, Takuma Etoh, Aron T. Goldberg, James L. Zellner, A. Jackson Crumbley
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to matrix remodeling in disease states such as tumor metastases. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been reported to increase MMP expression, and membrane-type MMP or MT1-MMP has been implicated to activate MMPs. The present study examined whether and to what degree EMMPRIN and MT1-MMP were expressed in human left ventricular (LV) myocardium as well as the association with MMP activity and expression in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods and Results —LV myocardial zymographic MMP activity increased by &gt;2-fold with both nonischemic DCM (n=21) and ischemic DCM (n=16) compared with normal (n=13). LV myocardial abundance of MMP-9 was increased with both forms of DCM. MMP-2 and MMP-3 were increased with nonischemic DCM. MMP-1 levels were decreased with both forms of DCM. EMMPRIN increased by &gt;250% and MT1-MMP increased by &gt;1000% with both forms of DCM. Conclusions —Increased LV myocardial MMP activity and selective upregulation of MMPs with nonischemic and ischemic forms of DCM occurred. Moreover, a local MMP induction/activation system was identified in isolated normal human LV myocytes that was upregulated with DCM. The control of MMP activation and expression in the failing human LV myocardium represents a new and potentially significant therapeutic target for this disease process.
Relative efficiencies of the maximum-parsimony and distance-matrix methods of phylogeny construction for restriction data.
Authors: J Lin, M Nei
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1991)

The relative efficiencies of the maximum-parsimony (MP), UPGMA, and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods in obtaining the correct tree (topology) for restriction-site and restriction-fragment data were studied by computer simulation. In this simulation, six DNA sequences of 16,000 nucleotides were assumed to evolve following a given model tree. The recognition sequences of 20 different six-base restriction enzymes were used to identify the restriction sites of the DNA sequences generated. The restriction-site data and restriction-fragment data thus obtained were used to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree, and the tree obtained was compared with the model tree. This process was repeated 300 times. The results obtained indicate that when the rate of nucleotide substitution is constant the probability of obtaining the correct tree (Pc) is generally higher in the NJ method than in the MP method. However, if we use the average topological deviation from the model tree (dT) as the criterion of comparison, the NJ and MP methods are nearly equally efficient. When the rate of nucleotide substitution varies with evolutionary lineage, the NJ method is better than the MP method, whether Pc or dT is used as the criterion of comparison. With 500 nucleotides and when the number of nucleotide substitutions per site was very small, restriction-site data were, contrary to our expectation, more useful than sequence data. Restriction-fragment data were less useful than restriction-site data, except when the sequence divergence was very small. UPGMA seems to be useful only when the rate of nucleotide substitution is constant and sequence divergence is high.