tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Face Perception
Authors: Doris Y. Tsao, Margaret S. Livingstone
Journal: Annual Review of Neuroscience (2008)

Faces are among the most informative stimuli we ever perceive: Even a split-second glimpse of a person's face tells us his identity, sex, mood, age, race, and direction of attention. The specialness of face processing is acknowledged in the artificial vision community, where contests for face-recognition algorithms abound. Neurological evidence strongly implicates a dedicated machinery for face processing in the human brain to explain the double dissociability of face- and object-recognition deficits. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that macaques too have specialized neural machinery for processing faces. Here we propose a unifying hypothesis, deduced from computational, neurological, fMRI, and single-unit experiments: that what makes face processing special is that it is gated by an obligatory detection process. We clarify this idea in concrete algorithmic terms and show how it can explain a variety of phenomena associated with face processing.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH THE NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES
Authors: Walter P. Havens, Dennis W. Watson, Robert H. Green, George I. Lavin, Joseph E. Smadel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1943)

Antigens capable of fixing complement specifically with the appropriate antibodies have been prepared from brain tissue of hamsters and mice infected with the viruses of St. Louis, Japanese, Western, and Eastern encephalitis, and with the West Nile virus. The antigens were freed of the material which reacts with normal serum by means of centrifugation at relatively high speed. In addition, the infectivity of the preparation was destroyed by irradiation with ultraviolet light. Cross reactions were demonstrated by means of the complement-fixation technique with materials from animals infected with the viruses of Eastern and Western equine encephalitis. No relationship was detectable by this procedure between St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile viruses. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation and correlation of the immunological reactions of the groups of neurotropic viruses, since the equine agents are apparently unrelated when studied by neutralization and cross-immunity tests while these methods provide evidence of the presence of common antigenic structures in the St. Louis, Japanese, and West Nile agents.
Efficacy of Psychoeducational Group Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Multiply Traumatized Women
Authors: H Lubin, M Loris, J Burt, D R Johnson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Objective: The role of group therapy in treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been traditionally restricted to issues of self-esteem and interpersonal relationships, rather than primary symptoms of the disorder. In this study, the authors examined the effectiveness of a 16-week trauma-focused, cognitive-behavioral group therapy, named Interactive Psychoeducational Group Therapy, in reducing primary symptoms of PTSD in five groups (N=29) of multiply traumatized women diagnosed with chronic PTSD. Method: The authors made assessments at baseline, at 1-month intervals during treatment, at termination, and at 6-month follow-up by using self-report and structured interview measures of PTSD and psychiatric symptoms. The absence of a control group limits the conclusions drawn from the study.Results: At termination, subjects showed significant reductions in all three clusters of PTSD symptoms (i.e., reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) and in depressive symptoms; they showed near-significant reductions in general psychiatric and dissociative symptoms, at termination. These improvements were sustained at 6-month follow-up.Conclusions: The role of group therapy in PTSD treatment should not be prematurely restricted to addressing self-esteem and interpersonal dimensions only. The use of structured, cognitive-behavioral elements within the group format may allow for more targeted treatment of core symptoms of the disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1172-1177
A psychological point of view: Violations of rational rules as a diagnostic of mental processes
Authors: Daniel Kahneman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

The target article focuses exclusively on System 2 and on reasoning rationality: the ability to reach valid conclusions from available information, as in the Wason task. The decision-theoretic concept of coherence rationality requires beliefs to be consistent, even when they are assessed one at a time. Judgment heuristics belong to System 1, and help explain the incoherence of intuitive beliefs.
Human epidermal Langerhans cells induce cellular immune response to trichophytin in dermatophytosis
Authors: L.R. BRAATHEN, T. KAAMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1983)

Human epidermal cell suspensions were prepared from patients sensitized to trichophytin. The cells were 75% to 95% viable, and contained 2% to 6% Langerhans cells as judged by immunofluorescence staining with an anti‐DR antiserum. T lymphocytes from the same patients were co‐cultured with trichophytin, with or without epidermal cells or macrophages. Proliferative T‐cell response to trichophytin was obtained in cultures containing epidermal cells or macrophages. Pretreatment of the epidermal cells with anti‐DR antiserum abolished the response, but normal rabbit serum did not, indicating that HLA‐DR positive Langerhans cells are able to induce the cellular immune response to trichophytin. These data indicate that Langerhans cells play an important role in dermatophytosis.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Long-Term Outcomes of Inoperable Patients With Aortic Stenosis Randomly Assigned to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement or Standard Therapy”
Authors: Samir R. Kapadia, E. Murat Tuzcu, Raj R. Makkar, Lars G. Svensson, Shikhar Agarwal, Susheel Kodali, Gregory P. Fontana, John G. Webb, Michael Mack, Vinod H. Thourani, Vasilis C. Babaliaros, Howard C. Herrmann, Wilson Y. Szeto, Augusto Pichard, Mathew R. Williams, William N. Anderson, Jodi J. Akin, D. Craig Miller, Craig R. Smith, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Circulation (2015)
JB3, an IGF-I Receptor Antagonist, Inhibits Early Renal Growth in Diabetic and Uninephrectomized Rats
Authors: JOHN HAYLOR, HELEN HICKLING, EMAN EL ETER, ARTHUR MOIR, SIMON OLDROYD, COLIN HARDISTY, A. MEGUID EL NAHAS
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2000)

Abstract. Biochemical evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may play an important role as a mediator of kidney growth. In the present study, an IGF-I receptor antagonist (JB3) was synthesized, and its effect on the renal growth that follows the induction of diabetes or unilateral nephrectomy (UNx) was examined. JB3 was generated by solid phase peptide synthesis. Its activity as an IGF-I antagonist was confirmed in an opossum kidney cell line from its inhibitory effect on the increase in thymidine incorporation into DNA induced by recombinant human IGF-I. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to either the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (intravenous 60 mg/kg) for 4 d (control animals received citrate buffer) or UNx for 11 d (control animals were sham operated). JB3 was delivered by subcutaneous infusion using an osmotic minipump implanted 3 d before the induction of diabetes or UNx. Kidney wet weight, DNA, and protein all were significantly higher 4 d after the induction of diabetes (24%) or 11 d after UNx (55%). Dose-response studies (1 to 30 μg/kg per day) showed JB3 administration to inhibit the increase in kidney growth in both diabetic and UNx rats. The increase in kidney wet weight, DNA, and protein was significantly lower in UNx rats that were treated with JB3 10 μg/kg per day ( P &lt; 0.05) than in saline vehicle controls but was abolished in diabetic rats that were treated with JB3 3 μg/kg per day ( P &lt; 0.01). Increasing the dose of JB3 to 30 μg/kg per day was associated with a decrease in its inhibitory effect, resulting in bell-shaped dose-response curves. JB3 administration had no effect on the blood glucose concentration or food consumption by either diabetic or nondiabetic animals. The results support the concept of IGF-I as an important mediator of the early renal growth that follows the induction of diabetes or UNx in the rat.
The Route of Antigen Entry Determines the Requirement for L-selectin during Immune Responses
Authors: Michelle D. Catalina, Michael C. Carroll, Helen Arizpe, Akira Takashima, Pila Estess, Mark H. Siegelman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

L-selectin, an adhesion molecule constitutively expressed on leukocytes, is important for primary adhesion and extravasation of lymphocytes at specialized high endothelial venules within lymph nodes and other leukocytes at sites of inflammation. We have generated L-selectin–deficient mice by targeted disruption, and have confirmed a previously reported phenotype which includes strikingly impaired contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to reactive haptens (Tedder, T.F., D.A. Steeber, and P. Pizcueta. 1995. J. Exp. Med. 181:2259–2264; Xu, J.C., I.S. Grewal, G.P. Geba, and R.A. Flavell. 1996. 183:589–598.). Since the mechanism of this impairment has not been clarified, we sought to define the stage(s) at which the CHS response is affected in L-selectin–deficient mice. We show that epidermal Langerhans cells in L-selectin– deficient mice are normal in number, migrate to peripheral lymph nodes appropriately, and are functional in presenting allogeneic and haptenic antigens. Moreover, T cells, as well as neutrophil and monocyte effector populations, are fully capable of entry into the inflamed skin sites in the absence of L-selectin. Thus, antigen presentation and effector mechanisms are intact in L-selectin deficient mice. In contrast, virtually no antigen-specific T cells can be found within draining peripheral nodes after a contact challenge, suggesting that the defect resides primarily in the inability of antigen-specific T cells to home to and be activated in these nodes. Indeed, L-selectin–deficient mice mount completely normal CHS responses when alternate routes of immunization are used. These studies pinpoint the lesion in CHS to a discrete stage of the afferent limb of the response, clarify the role of L-selectin on effector populations, and illustrate the critical importance of the route of antigen entry to the successful execution of an immune response.
The Evolution of Homing Endonuclease Genes and Group I Introns in Nuclear rDNA
Authors: Peik Haugen, Valérie Reeb, François Lutzoni, Debashish Bhattacharya
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Group I introns are autonomous genetic elements that can catalyze their own excision from pre-RNA. Understanding how group I introns move in nuclear ribosomal (r)DNA remains an important question in evolutionary biology. Two models are invoked to explain group I intron movement. The first is termed homing and results from the action of an intron-encoded homing endonuclease that recognizes and cleaves an intronless allele at or near the intron insertion site. Alternatively, introns can be inserted into RNA through reverse splicing. Here, we present the sequences of two large group I introns from fungal nuclear rDNA, which both encode putative full-length homing endonuclease genes (HEGs). Five remnant HEGs in different fungal species are also reported. This brings the total number of known nuclear HEGs from 15 to 22. We determined the phylogeny of all known nuclear HEGs and their associated introns. We found evidence for intron-independent HEG invasion into both homologous and heterologous introns in often distantly related lineages, as well as the “switching” of HEGs between different intron peripheral loops and between sense and antisense strands of intron DNA. These results suggest that nuclear HEGs are frequently mobilized. HEG invasion appears, however, to be limited to existing introns in the same or neighboring sites. To study the intron-HEG relationship in more detail, the S943 group I intron in fungal small-subunit rDNA was used as a model system. The S943 HEG is shown to be widely distributed as functional, inactivated, or remnant ORFs in S943 introns.
Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Protein Kinase G Mutant Reduces Neointima Formation and In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: Peter Sinnaeve, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Hilde Gillijns, Natascha Van Pelt, Douglas Wirthlin, Frans Van de Werf, Desire Collen, Kenneth D. Bloch, Stefan Janssens
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — Neointima formation after arterial injury is associated with reduced vascular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), a major cGMP effector in vascular smooth muscle. We tested the effect of PKG overexpression on the neointimal response to vascular injury. Methods and Results — Infection of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) with an adenoviral vector specifying a cGMP-independent, constitutively active PKG mutant (AdPKGcat) reduced serum-induced migration by 33% and increased serum-deprivation–induced apoptosis 2-fold ( P &lt;0.05 for both). Infection with wild-type PKG (AdPKG), in the absence of cGMP, did not affect migration or apoptosis. Two weeks after balloon-injured rat carotid arteries were infected with 1× 10 10 pfu AdPKGcat (n=12), AdPKG (n=8), or a control adenovirus (n=8), intima-to-media ratio was less in AdPKGcat-infected arteries than in AdPKG- or control adenovirus–infected vessels (0.26±0.06 versus 0.61±0.12 and 0.70±0.12, respectively, P &lt;0.05 for both). Two weeks after intramural administration of 1.75×10 10 pfu AdPKGcat (n=8) or a control adenovirus (n=8) into porcine coronary arteries with in-stent restenosis, luminal diameter was greater in AdPKGcat-infected arteries than in control adenovirus-infected vessels (2.32±0.16 versus 1.81±0.13 mm, P =0.028), associated with reduced neointimal area (3.30±0.24 versus 4.15±0.13 mm 2 , P =0.008), neointima-to-vessel area ratio (0.42±0.05 versus 0.58±0.04, P &lt;0.05), and percent stenosis (45±6% versus 70±4%, P &lt;0.05). Conclusions — Expression of a constitutively active PKG reduces neointima formation after balloon injury in rats and reduces coronary in-stent restenosis in pigs. PKGcat gene transfer may be a promising strategy for vasculoproliferative disorders.
Relationship between allergic manifestations and Toxocara seropositivity: a cross-sectional study among elementary school children
Authors: J Buijs, G Borsboom, M Renting, WJ Hilgersom, JC van Wieringen, G Jansen, J Neijens
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Toxocara (the cause of visceral larva migrans in humans) and allergy have in common both elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and eosinophilia. In the present study, we investigated: 1) associations between Toxocara seropositivity and allergic manifestations; 2) risk factors for Toxocara infection; and 3) differences in Toxocara seroprevalence, allergic manifestations and the associations between these two, in children from urban and rural environments. Blood samples from 1,379 Dutch urban and rural elementary schoolchildren, were examined for Toxocara antibodies, eosinophil numbers, total IgE concentrations, and the occurrence of inhaled allergen-specific IgE. Questionnaires investigating respiratory health and putative risk factors for infection were completed. It was found that 8% of the children had Toxocara antibodies, occurring significantly less often in females than in males. The means of total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophils were significantly higher in the Toxocara-seropositive than in the seronegative group. Allergic asthma/recurrent bronchitis was found in 7% of the children, allergic reaction on animal contact in 4%, and IgE to at least one inhaled allergen in 16%. These variables were associated with Toxocara seroprevalence. Inhaled allergen-specific IgE and asthma/recurrent bronchitis occurred significantly less often in rural than in urban areas, and significantly less often among girls than among boys. Furthermore, occurrence of allergen-specific IgE increased significantly with age. No association existed between Toxocara seroprevalence and assumed risks, i.e. contact with pet animals and public playgrounds. In conclusion, our results indicate that allergic manifestations occur more often in Toxocara-seropositive children. A relationship with an already existing allergic condition is plausible.
Evaluation of cardiac abnormalities by Doppler echocardiography in a large nationwide multicentric cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: P de Groote, V Gressin, E Hachulla, P Carpentier, L Guillevin, A Kahan, J Cabane, C Frances, N Lamblin, E Diot, F Patat, J Sibilia, H Petit, J-L Cracowski, P Clerson, M Humbert
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

There is increasing concern about heart and pulmonary vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc). One of the most severe complications of SSc is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). There has been an increased awareness of left ventricular (LV) diastolic abnormalities in SSc patients. However, previous studies have generally been conducted in small populations. The aims of this study were to prospectively screen for PAH and to describe echocardiographic parameters in a large group of SSc patients.This prospective study was conducted in 21 centres for SSc in France. Patients without severe pulmonary function abnormalities, severe cardiac disease and known PAH underwent Doppler echocardiography performed by a reference cardiologist.Of the 570 patients evaluated, PAH was suspected in 33 patients and was confirmed in 18 by right heart catheterisation. LV systolic dysfunction was rare (1.4%). LV hypertrophy was found in 22.6%, with LV diastolic dysfunction in 17.7%. These LV abnormalities were influenced by age, gender and blood pressure. We identified a small group of 21 patients with a restrictive mitral flow pattern in the absence of any other cardiopulmonary diseases, suggesting a specific cardiac involvement in SSc.Left and right heart diseases, including PAH, LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction, are common in SSc. However, a small subset of patients without any cardiac or pulmonary diseases have a restrictive mitral flow pattern that could be due to primary cardiac involvement of SSc. The prognostic implications of the LV abnormalities will be evaluated in the 3-year follow-up of this cohort.
Number reacting to smallpox vaccination is higher than expected
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Although few US military personnel have myopericarditis reactions to smallpox vaccinations, the number is high enough to be of concern if a larger population needs vaccination, the American Medical Association told a media briefing in New York last week.

Smallpox vaccination caused myopericarditis in 1.6 people per 10 000 who had never been vaccinated before, said Dr Dimitri Cassimatis, a cardiology fellow at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC. He reported results for more than 450 000 US military personnel. The rates of myopericarditis were higher than expected from reports from the 1950s to 1970s ( Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2004;43:1503-10).

Symptoms included burning sensations …
Postchallenge Hyperglycemia Is Positively Associated With Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Brenda W.C. Bongaerts, Wolfgang Rathmann, Bernd Kowall, Christian Herder, Doris Stöckl, Christa Meisinger, Dan Ziegler
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

To assess the prevalence of distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) in an older population and to examine its relationship with prediabetes.Glucose tolerance status was determined in 61- to 82-year-old participants (n = 1,100) of the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 Survey (2006-2008). Clinical DSPN was defined as bilaterally impaired foot-vibration perception and/or foot-pressure sensation.Prevalence of clinical DSPN was similar in subjects with known diabetes (22.0%) and subjects with combined impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (23.9%). Among prediabetic subgroups, IFG-IGT, but not isolated-IFG and -IGT, was associated with a higher risk of clinical DSPN, compared with normal glucose tolerance. A J-shaped association was observed between clinical DSPN and quartiles of 2-h postchallenge glucose, but not with fasting glucose and HbA(1c) levels.Subjects with IFG-IGT and known diabetes had a similar prevalence of clinical DSPN. Elevated 2-h postload glucose levels appeared important for disease risk.
FGFR1 mediates recombinant thrombomodulin domain-induced angiogenesis
Authors: Cheng-Hsiang Kuo, Meng-Chen Sung, Po-Ku Chen, Bi-Ing Chang, Fang-Tzu Lee, Chia-Fong Cho, Tai-Tzu Hsieh, Yu-Ching Huang, Yi-Heng Li, Guey-Yueh Shi, Chwan-Yau Luo, Hua-Lin Wu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

The recombinant epidermal growth factor-like domain plus the serine/threonine-rich domain of thrombomodulin (rTMD23) promotes angiogenesis and accelerates the generation of activated protein C (APC), which facilitates angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the angiogenic activity of rTMD23.We prepared rTMD23 and its mutants that did not possess the ability to promote APC generation and investigated their angiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo. rTMD23 mutants promoted proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and induced neovascularization in vivo; these effects were similar to those exerted by wild-type rTMD23. To investigate its interaction with rTMD23, Type I fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1) was precipitated along with syndecan-4 by rTMD23-conjugated Sepharose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and FGFR1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Additionally, the kinetics of the interaction between rTMD23 and FGFR1 were analysed using surface plasmon resonance. rTMD23-induced FGFR1 activation and tube formation were inhibited by an FGFR1-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD173074, or by knockdown of FGFR1 using siRNA technology. We observed an improvement in rat hindlimb recovery in an ischaemic model following rTMD23 treatment, and this was associated with increased neovascularization and FGFR1 phosphorylation.rTMD23 induced angiogenesis via FGFR1, a process that is independent of the APC pathway.