tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Impact of Body Mass Index Stratified by Smoking Status in Patients With Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Harry H. Yoon, Mark A. Lewis, Qian Shi, Maliha Khan, Stephen D. Cassivi, Robert B. Diasio, Frank A. Sinicrope
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Purpose Given that smoking affects body mass index (BMI) and survival, stratification by smoking status may be required to determine the true prognostic impact of BMI. Although obesity increases risk for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the prognostic influence of obesity and its potential modification by smoking status is unknown in this disease. Patients and Methods All patients (N = 778) underwent potentially curative esophagectomy. BMI was calculated using measured height and weight at surgery and categorized as obese (≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 ), or normal (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m 2 ). Cigarette smoking was categorized as never or ever. The association of BMI with disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) was determined by Cox regression. Results Excess BMI was significantly associated with DSS in a manner that differed substantially by smoking status (P for interaction = .023). Among never smokers, obesity was significantly associated with adverse DSS (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.11; 95% CI, 1.31 to 3.43; P = .002), DFS (HR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.18; P = .002), and OS (HR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.14; P = .004), as compared with normal weight, after adjusting for covariates. By contrast, among ever smokers, obesity was not prognostic, and overweight status was significantly associated with favorable survival in univariate, but not multivariate, analysis. Conclusion Obesity among never smokers was independently associated with two-fold worsening of DSS, DFS, and OS after surgery for EAC, after adjusting for known prognostic factors. These data, in one of the largest reported resected EAC cohorts, are the first to show an adverse prognostic impact of obesity in EAC.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency*
Authors: Perrin C. White, Phyllis W. Speiser
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2000)

These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs. Martin J. Cline and Hibbard E. Williams, Assistant Professors of Medicine, under the direction of Dr. Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., Professor of Medicine and Chairman of the Department of Medicine.
Portal hypertension and iron depletion in patients with genetic hemochromatosis
Authors: Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Silvia Fargion, Riccardo Romano, Dario Conte, Alberto Piperno, Roberta D’Alba, Clara Mandelli, Mirella Fraquelli, Stefania Pacchetti, Mario Braga, Gemino Fiorelli
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Clinically, portal hypertension has been considered to be less common and less severe in patients with cirrhosis resulting from iron overload in homozygotes for genetic hemochromatosis than in patients with cirrhosis of other causes. To characterize the prevalence and progression of portal hypertension in genetic hemochromatosis (GH), 120 cirrhosis and iron-overloaded patients were compared with a control group of 120 patients with postnecrotic cirrhosis (PNC) who were matched for gender, age, Child’s class, and alcohol abuse. Gastroesophageal endoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography were performed at diagnosis and repeated every 12 months and every 6 months, respectively, to evaluate the presence and severity of varices, the caliber of the portal vein and its collaterals, and splenic size. At diagnosis a similar frequency of varices was observed in patients with GH (25%) and in PNC (24%), as well as of portal vein abnormalities and spleen enlargement. During the follow-up period, all but two of the patients with GH were treated by phlebotomy and depleted of excess iron. After a mean of 6 ± 4.3 (SD) years of observations (range, 2 to 10 years), varices were improved or completely reversed in 26% of patients with cirrhosis and GH but in only 5% of those with PNC ( P &lt; .01). Bleeding from varices was observed in only one patient with GH but in five patients with PNC. Of 22 patients with GH in whom portal hypertension was unmodified or worsened, 16 had coexistent hepatic viral infection. The hazard risk for the development of de novo (i.e., a new occurrence) varices was 17 times higher in patients with PNC than in patients with GH ( P &lt; .001). The natural history of portal hypertension in patients with GH was substantially improved by phlebotomy therapy except in the presence of a coexistent hepatic viral infection. These results emphasize the need for intensive phlebotomy therapy even in patients diagnosed after the development of cirrhosis. (Hepatology 1995; 22:1127-1131.).
A phase II study of epirubicin, cisplatin and raltitrexed combination chemotherapy (ECT) in patients with advanced oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: H J Mackay, A McInnes, J Paul, N Raby, F J Lofts, A C McDonald, M Soukop, G M Fullarton, A L Harris, J Garcia-Vargas, T R Evans
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2001)
Muscle strength, endurance, and aerobic capacity in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study with healthy subjects.
Authors: C Ekdahl, G Broman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Isometric/isokinetic muscle strength and isokinetic endurance of the lower extremities as well as aerobic capacity were evaluated in 67 patients (43 female, 24 male; mean age 53 years, range 23-65) with classical/definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of functional class II. Results obtained were compared with those of a healthy reference group matched for age and sex. Disease characteristics of the group with RA were registered and lifestyle characteristics, such as work load, exercise, diet, smoking, and alcohol habits, were reported by both groups. Generally, results showed that the group with RA had decreased functional capacity. Isometric hip and knee muscle strength of the rheumatoid group was reduced to about 75% of normal function, isokinetic knee muscle strength at the velocities of 60 and 180 degrees/s to about 65% and 75% of normal function respectively, isokinetic endurance of the knee muscle groups to about 45%, and aerobic capacity to about 80% of the results obtained for the healthy reference group. Analyses of variance showed that the rheumatoid group, compared with the healthy group, had significantly reduced function on all isometric and isokinetic tests of the extensors and flexors of the knee. Results for isometric hip muscle strength were similar--all tests but one yielding highly significant differences. To avoid unnecessary functional deficits it seems important to include muscular training in rehabilitation programmes for patients with RA.
Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review
Authors: K. Wyatt, P. Dimmock, P. Jones, M. Obhrai, S. O'Brien
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in the management of premenstrual syndrome. <b>Design:</b> Systematic review of published randomised, placebo controlled trials. <b>Studies reviewed:</b> 10 trials of progesterone therapy (531 women) and four trials of progestogen therapy (378 women). <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Proportion of women whose symptoms showed improvement with progesterone preparations (suppositories and oral micronised). Proportion of women whose symptoms showed improvement with progestogens. Secondary analysis of efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in managing physical and behavioural symptoms. <b>Results:</b> Overall standardised mean difference for all trials that assessed efficacy of progesterone (by both routes of administration) was −0.028 (95% confidence interval −0.017 to −0.040). The odds ratio was 1.05 (1.03 to 1.08) in favour of progesterone, indicating no clinically important difference between progesterone and placebo. For progestogens the overall standardised mean was −0.036 (−0.014 to −0.060), which corresponds to an odds ratio of 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) showing a statistically, but not clinically, significant improvement for women taking progestogens. <b>Conclusion:</b> The evidence from these meta-analyses does not support the use of progesterone or progestogens in the management of premenstrual syndrome. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> The premenstrual syndrome affects about 1.5 million women in the United Kingdom There are numerous treatment options, progesterone being one of the most strongly advocated Progesterone and progestogens are among the most widely prescribed treatments for premenstrual syndrome in the United Kingdom and the United States <h3>What this study adds</h3> There is no evidence to support the claimed efficacy of progesterone in the management of premenstrual syndrome There is insufficient evidence to make a definitive statement about progestogens, but current evidence suggests that they are not likely to be effective
Childhood Trauma and Psychosis in a Prospective Cohort Study: Cause, Effect, and Directionality
Authors: Ian Kelleher, Helen Keeley, Paul Corcoran, Hugh Ramsay, Camilla Wasserman, Vladimir Carli, Marco Sarchiapone, Christina Hoven, Danuta Wasserman, Mary Cannon
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2013)

Exposure to physical abuse and bullying during childhood was strongly predictive of psychotic experiences in individuals who had never before had symptoms, and stopping the trauma led to a significant drop in the frequency of psychotic experiences. The study adds weight to calls for effective interventions to curtail bullying at school and abuse at home to reduce psychotic experiences in the population.
Mutations in the Gene That Encodes the F-Actin Binding Protein Anillin Cause FSGS
Authors: Rasheed A. Gbadegesin, Gentzon Hall, Adebowale Adeyemo, Nils Hanke, Irini Tossidou, James Burchette, Guanghong Wu, Alison Homstad, Matthew A. Sparks, Jose Gomez, Ruiji Jiang, Andrea Alonso, Peter Lavin, Peter Conlon, Ron Korstanje, M. Christine Stander, Ghaidan Shamsan, Moumita Barua, Robert Spurney, Pravin C. Singhal, Jeffrey B. Kopp, Hermann Haller, David Howell, Martin R. Pollak, Andrey S. Shaw, Mario Schiffer, Michelle P. Winn
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

FSGS is characterized by segmental scarring of the glomerulus and is a leading cause of kidney failure. Identification of genes causing FSGS has improved our understanding of disease mechanisms and points to defects in the glomerular epithelial cell, the podocyte, as a major factor in disease pathogenesis. Using a combination of genome-wide linkage studies and whole-exome sequencing in a kindred with familial FSGS, we identified a missense mutation R431C in anillin (ANLN), an F-actin binding cell cycle gene, as a cause of FSGS. We screened 250 additional families with FSGS and found another variant, G618C, that segregates with disease in a second family with FSGS. We demonstrate upregulation of anillin in podocytes in kidney biopsy specimens from individuals with FSGS and kidney samples from a murine model of HIV-1-associated nephropathy. Overexpression of R431C mutant ANLN in immortalized human podocytes results in enhanced podocyte motility. The mutant anillin displays reduced binding to the slit diaphragm-associated scaffold protein CD2AP. Knockdown of the ANLN gene in zebrafish morphants caused a loss of glomerular filtration barrier integrity, podocyte foot process effacement, and an edematous phenotype. Collectively, these findings suggest that anillin is important in maintaining the integrity of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton.
A new addition to the renin-angiotensin peptide family: proAngiotensin-12 (PA12)
Authors: P. M. Cummins
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a pivotal physiological regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis, potently impacting hydroelectrolyte balance, arterial tone, and blood pressure as well as modulating the growth and differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes. In contrast, dysregulation of the RAS is intrinsically associated with cardiovascular pathologies such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease.1 The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I (AngI, Ang1–10) by kidney-derived renin, followed by AngI conversion to AngII (Ang1–8) through angiotensin-converting enzyme type-1 (ACE1), represents the principal biochemical axis within this cascade. AngII, the main effector peptide of the RAS, subsequently exerts its broad spectrum of effects primarily through stimulation of AngII-specific AT1 receptors (AT1R), although AngII interaction with AT2 receptors (AT2R), leading to effects opposing those stemming from AT1R-mediated activation, has also been reported.2,3

Over the years, the functional complexity of the RAS cascade has gradually expanded to encompass additional processing enzymes (thimet oligopeptidase, neprilysin, prolyl oligopeptidase), ACE homologues (ACE2) and other biologically active angiotensin fragments such as AngIII (Ang2–8), AngIV (Ang3–8), and Ang-(1–7) (Ang1–7). The latter heptapeptide, in particular, has been the focus of unprecedented attention during the last decade, with extensive evidence supporting vasodilatory and anti-mitogenic roles for Ang-(1–7) within the cardiovascular system, effectively antagonizing the cardiovascular actions of AngII.4,5 … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +35 31 700 7857; fax: +35 31 700 5412. Email address : phil.cummins{at}dcu.ie
Diarrhoea after every feeding
Authors: J-J Tsai, C-W Tseng, C-W Su, H-J Lin
Journal: Gut (2008)

A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (Flexiflo 16-Fr DURA-PEG, Abbott pull-type, Abbott Laboratories, Sligo, Ireland) was placed in a ventilator-supported 73-year-old man with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The PEG tube …
Give Hippocrates a jersey: promoting health through football/sport
Authors: J. Dvorak
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2009)

As sports physicians, we follow the Hippocratic Oath and support the philosophy: no borders, no colour, no politics, no constraints—exercise for fun with the objective of improving physical and mental fitness.

During the Olympic Games 2004 in Athens, many of us had the opportunity to remind ourselves of the historical perspectives of medicine while visiting sites associated with the father of medicine, Hippocrates (460–377BC); highlights included the Acropolis and his birth and place of work on the island of Kos. While visiting those places and recalling the achievements of Hippocrates, it is appropriate to reflect on the Hippocratic Oath, which we physicians still follow today when we fulfil our duties according to the ethical principles of our profession.

The Hippocratic Oath begins with the following sentence: “I swear by Apollo, Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Panacea…”. To understand the meaning of the commitment undertaken by all physicians, we have to understand the hierarchy of the gods at that time, which led to the “Ancient healthcare management” (T Drobny, 2006, personal communication, fig 1).



Figure 1 
Ancient healthcare management.



Apollo, the physician, was the son of Zeus and, as was the custom at that time, he declared his son Aesculapius the God of Medicine. Aesculapius called his first-born daughter Hygeia, the Goddess of Health and his second daughter Panacea, the Goddess of Cures. Aesculapius understood the principle and the importance of prevention, and considered the maintenance of good health to be more important than developing cures. Therefore, when taking the Hippocratic Oath, we physicians should be aware that we swear first to Hygeia, so our first objective should be to maintain health and prevent diseases and injuries of those we look after.

The Hippocratic Oath ends with the following sentence: “If, therefore, I observe this oath and do not violate it, may I prosper …
EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Authors: A. C. Gore, V. A. Chappell, S. E. Fenton, J. A. Flaws, A. Nadal, G. S. Prins, J. Toppari, R. T. Zoeller
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2015)

The Endocrine Society's first Scientific Statement in 2009 provided a wake-up call to the scientific community about how environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affect health and disease. Five years later, a substantially larger body of literature has solidified our understanding of plausible mechanisms underlying EDC actions and how exposures in animals and humans—especially during development—may lay the foundations for disease later in life. At this point in history, we have much stronger knowledge about how EDCs alter gene-environment interactions via physiological, cellular, molecular, and epigenetic changes, thereby producing effects in exposed individuals as well as their descendants. Causal links between exposure and manifestation of disease are substantiated by experimental animal models and are consistent with correlative epidemiological data in humans. There are several caveats because differences in how experimental animal work is conducted can lead to difficulties in drawing broad conclusions, and we must continue to be cautious about inferring causality in humans. In this second Scientific Statement, we reviewed the literature on a subset of topics for which the translational evidence is strongest: 1) obesity and diabetes; 2) female reproduction; 3) male reproduction; 4) hormone-sensitive cancers in females; 5) prostate; 6) thyroid; and 7) neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine systems. Our inclusion criteria for studies were those conducted predominantly in the past 5 years deemed to be of high quality based on appropriate negative and positive control groups or populations, adequate sample size and experimental design, and mammalian animal studies with exposure levels in a range that was relevant to humans. We also focused on studies using the developmental origins of health and disease model. No report was excluded based on a positive or negative effect of the EDC exposure. The bulk of the results across the board strengthen the evidence for endocrine health-related actions of EDCs. Based on this much more complete understanding of the endocrine principles by which EDCs act, including nonmonotonic dose-responses, low-dose effects, and developmental vulnerability, these findings can be much better translated to human health. Armed with this information, researchers, physicians, and other healthcare providers can guide regulators and policymakers as they make responsible decisions.
Gender Differences in the Rates of Exposure to Stressful Life Events and Sensitivity to Their Depressogenic Effects
Authors: Kenneth S. Kendler, Laura M. Thornton, Carol A. Prescott
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Women are at greater risk for major depression than men. The authors sought to determine whether the gender difference in prevalence for major depression was due to more frequent exposure to stressful life events and/or greater sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. METHOD: Male-male, female-female, and male-female twin pairs from a popu-lation-based registry were personally interviewed. Each interview assessed the occurrence, to the nearest month, of 18 personal and social network classes of stressful life events and episode onsets of major depression. Standard logistic regression analyses were conducted for the same-sex pairs, and each female twin in the opposite-sex pairs was compared with her male co-twin by using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Women consistently reported higher rates of housing problems, loss of confidant, crises and problems getting along with individuals in their proximal network, and illness of individuals within their distal network. In both the same-sex and opposite-sex samples, men reported higher rates of job loss, legal problems, robbery, and work problems. Consistent sex differences in the depressogenic effect of stressful life events were seen for three event categories: men were more sensitive to the depressogenic effects of divorce or separation and work problems; women were more sensitive to the depressogenic effects of problems getting along with individuals in their proximal network. None of the gender difference in prevalence of major depression could be explained by differing rates of or sensitivities to stressful life events. CONCLUSIONS: Women reported more interpersonal whereas men reported more legal and work-related stressful life events. Most life event categories influenced the risk for major depression similarly in the two sexes. The results suggest that the greater prevalence of major depression in women versus men is due neither to differences in the rates of reported stressful life events nor to differential sensitivity to their pathogenic effect.
A retrospective randomly selected cohort study of D-penicillamine treatment in rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset
Authors: C.T. Derk, G. Huaman, S.A. Jimenez
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Journal Article A retrospective randomly selected cohort study of D‐penicillamine treatment in rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset Get access C.T. Derk, C.T. Derk Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A. Correspondence: Chris T. Derk. E‐mail: Chris.Derk@jefferson.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. Huaman, G. Huaman Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.A. Jimenez S.A. Jimenez Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 158, Issue 5, 1 May 2008, Pages 1063–1068, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08452.x Published: 01 May 2008
Prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by dendritic cell transfer.
Authors: M J Clare-Salzler, J Brooks, A Chai, K Van Herle, C Anderson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dendritic cell (DC) transfers on the incidence of diabetes in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Groups of 4-wk-old NOD female mice were given a single foot pad of DCs (70-90% purity) isolated from the draining lymph nodes (LN) of the pancreas (PLN), the cervical LNs, or the axillary/inguinal LNs. In addition, other groups of NOD mice received purified spleen DCs, purified PLN T cells (the major contaminating population in DC preparations), or the injection vehicle PBS. All groups were monitored for diabetes for one year. Significant protection from diabetes was observed in NOD mice receiving greater than 1 x 10(4) PLN DCs in comparison to mice receiving other DCs populations, PLN T cells, or PBS (P less than 0.05). The pancreata of NOD mice that received PLN DCs demonstrated significantly lower levels of lymphocytic infiltration in the islets that age-sex matched nondiabetic female NOD control mice (P less than 0.05). LN cells from nondiabetic NOD mice that received PLN DC protected irradiated female recipients from the adoptive transfer of diabetes to a greater degree than LN cells from age and sex matched nondiabetic female NOD mice that did not receive PLN DC transfers at 36 d (P = 0.014) and at 1 yr (P = 0.0015) after transfer. These data suggest that the PLN DC transfers are able to modulate autoimmunity and limit diabetes expression in the NOD mouse. PLN DCs transfers may regulate autoimmunity by the induction of regulatory cells.