tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Surgeon General's report on acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: C. E. Koop
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Koop reports to the American people on the AIDS epidemic, including how the disease is transmitted, the relative risks of infection, and how people can protect themselves from infection. He stresses that AIDS is spread through certain high risk sexual behaviors or through the use of shared needles or syringes to inject illicit drugs, and urges that education about preventing AIDS should start in early elementary school and at home. He opposes, as unwarranted, controversial proposals to institute compulsory blood testing, quarantine, or identification of AIDS carriers by some visible sign.
Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: D.E. O'Donnell, N. Voduc, M. Fitzpatrick, K.A. Webb
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

This study examined the effects of bronchodilator-induced reductions in lung hyperinflation on breathing pattern, ventilation and dyspnoea during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Quantitative tidal flow/volume loop analysis was used to evaluate abnormalities in dynamic ventilatory mechanics and their manipulation by a bronchodilator. In a randomised double-blind crossover study, 23 patients with COPD (mean±sem forced expiratory volume in one second 42±3% of the predicted value) inhaled salmeterol 50 µg or placebo twice daily for 2 weeks each. After each treatment period, 2 h after dose, patients performed pulmonary function tests and symptom-limited cycle exercise at 75% of their maximal work-rate. After salmeterol versus placebo at rest, volume-corrected maximal expiratory flow rates increased by 175±52%, inspiratory capacity (IC) increased by 11±2% pred and functional residual capacity decreased by 11±3% pred. At a standardised time during exercise, salmeterol increased IC, tidal volume ( V T ), mean inspiratory and expiratory flows, ventilation, oxygen uptake ( V ' O 2 ) and carbon dioxide output. Salmeterol increased peak exercise endurance, V ' O 2 and ventilation by 58±19, 8±3 and 12±3%, respectively. Improvements in peak V ' O 2 correlated best with increases in peak V T ; increases in peak V T and resting IC were interrelated. The reduction in dyspnoea ratings at a standardised time correlated with the increased V T . Mechanical factors play an important role in shaping the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Bronchodilator-induced lung deflation reduced mechanical restriction, increased ventilatory capacity and decreased respiratory discomfort, thereby increasing exercise endurance.
<i>In vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>comparison of two different light sources for topical photodynamic therapy
Authors: P. Babilas, E. Kohl, T. Maisch, H. Bäcker, B. Groß, A.L. Branzan, W. Bäumler, M. Landthaler, S. Karrer, R-M. Szeimies
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article In vitro and in vivo comparison of two different light sources for topical photodynamic therapy Get access P. Babilas, P. Babilas Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Philipp Babilas. E‐mail: philipp.babilas@klinik.uni‐regensburg.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. Kohl, E. Kohl Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Maisch, T. Maisch Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Bäcker, H. Bäcker Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Groß, B. Groß Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.L. Branzan, A.L. Branzan Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. Bäumler, W. Bäumler Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Landthaler, M. Landthaler Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Karrer, S. Karrer Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R‐M. Szeimies R‐M. Szeimies Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 154, Issue 4, 1 April 2006, Pages 712–718, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07143.x Published: 01 April 2006 Article history Accepted: 28 September 2005 Published: 01 April 2006
Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates adhesion and migration of CD8+ T cells by binding to CD11b
Authors: Kazushige Kawai, Nelson H. Tsuno, Joji Kitayama, Yurai Okaji, Kentaro Yazawa, Masahiro Asakage, Nobukazu Hori, Toshiaki Watanabe, Koki Takahashi, Hirokazu Nagawa
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Changes in blood pressure among students attending Glasgow University between 1948 and 1968: analyses of cross sectional surveys Commentary: Changing population blood pressure levels
Authors: P. McCarron
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To examine the changes in blood pressure over time in a cohort of young adults attending university between 1948 and 1968. <b>Design:</b> Cross sectional study. <b>Setting:</b> Glasgow University. <b>Participants:</b> 12 414 students aged 16-25 years—9248 men (mean age 19.9 years) and 3164 women (19.2 years)—who participated in health screening on entering university between 1948 and 1968. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Systolic and diastolic blood pressure. <b>Results:</b> In male students mean systolic blood pressure adjusted for age decreased from 134.5 (95% confidence interval 133.8 to 135.2) mm Hg in those born before 1929 to 125.7 (125.0 to 126.3) mm Hg in those born after 1945, and diastolic blood pressure dropped from 80.3 (79.8 to 80.8) mm Hg to 74.7 (74.2 to 75.1) mm Hg. For female students the corresponding declines were from 129.0 (127.5 to 130.5) mm Hg to 120.6 (119.8 to 121.4) mm Hg and from 79.7 (78.7 to 80.6) mm Hg to 77.0 (76.5 to 77.5) mm Hg. Adjustment for potential confounding factors made little difference to these findings. The proportion of students with hypertension declined substantially in both sexes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Substantial declines in systolic and diastolic blood pressure over time were occurring up to 50 years ago in young adults who were not taking antihypertensive medication. Since blood pressure tracks into adult life, the results of the cross sectional comparisons suggest that factors acting in early life may be important in determining population risk of cardiovascular disease. Changes in such factors may have made important contributions to the decline in rates of cardiovascular diseases, particularly stroke, seen in developed countries during the past century. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Mortality from stroke in developed countries decreased throughout the 20th century; declines in mortality from coronary heart disease occurred more recently Explanations may include favourable trends in risk factors, including blood pressure Since blood pressure tracks into adulthood, description of the trends occurring in blood pressure in young adults may help to elucidate the critical periods involved in influencing trends in blood pressure <h3>What this study adds</h3> Declines in blood pressure over time were taking place up to 50 years ago in young adults These changes did not result from use of antihypertensive medications and point to the importance of factors in early life in determining blood pressure and risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease
Sniffing up Trouble: Adhesive Tape Remover Pads
Authors: Thomas M. Zipp
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  I would like to bring to the attention of the medical community and hospitals the abuse potential of adhesive tape remover. Adhesive tape remover is often supplied to hospitals in the form of individually foilwrapped impregnated pads. Among their many ingredients are either perchloroethylene or 1,1,1-trichloroethane. These are the same active ingredients found in typewriter correction fluid, 1 which has been reported to have a high abuse potential among solvent sniffers. It is associated with coma, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. 2   This problem was recently brought to my attention by a 36-year-old woman who began hemodialysis in January 1986. Shortly thereafter she made frequent and demanding requests for adhesive tape remover in order to clear her skin of the adhesive tape that is used to hold fistula needles in place. A family member reported to me that she was inserting rolled adhesive tape remover pads in her
Aspirin
Authors: James S. Tweddell
Journal: Circulation (2007)

D ependence on an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for provision of pulmonary blood flow is a common yet precarious interval through which a population of patients with congenital heart disease must pass.The goals of the systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt are to relieve cyanosis and to provide time before establishing in-series circulation by either complete repair of 2-ventricle lesions or, in the case of the single-ventricle patient, a bidirectional Glenn shunt.In the case of patients with single-ventricle anatomy, this period of parallel circulation is necessary to permit the lung maturation and the reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance that are necessary for subsequent palliation.For patients who will ultimately achieve a 2-ventricle repair, the goals of a preliminary shunt may include increasing the size of the pulmonary artery size or having a larger, older patient at the time of repair.This period of parallel circulation is tenuous, and the patient remains at increased risk during this period of altered circulation.
Chromatin Remodeling Factors and BRM/BRG1 Expression as Prognostic Indicators in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Junya Fukuoka, Takeshi Fujii, Joanna H. Shih, Tatiana Dracheva, Daoud Meerzaman, Audrey Player, Kyeong Hong, Sharon Settnek, Ajay Gupta, Kenneth Buetow, Stephen Hewitt, William D. Travis, Jin Jen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

We immunohistochemically examined 12 core proteins involved in the chromatin remodeling machinery using a tissue microarray composed of 150 lung adenocarcinoma (AD) and 150 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases. Most of the proteins showed nuclear staining, whereas some also showed cytoplasmic or membranous staining. When the expression patterns of all tested antigens were considered, proteins with nuclear staining clustered into two major groups. Nuclear signals of BRM, Ini-1, retinoblastoma, mSin3A, HDAC1, and HAT1 clustered together, whereas nuclear signals of BRG1, BAF155, HDAC2, BAF170, and RbAP48 formed a second cluster. Additionally, two thirds of the cases on the lung tissue array had follow-up information, and survival analysis was performed for each of the tested proteins. Positive nuclear BRM (N-BRM) staining correlated with a favorable prognosis in SCC and AD patients with a 5 year-survival of 53.5% compared with 32.3% for those whose tumors were negative for N-BRM (P = 0.015). Furthermore, patients whose tumors stained positive for both N-BRM and nuclear BRG1 had a 5 year-survival of 72% compared with 33.6% (P = 0.013) for those whose tumors were positive for either or negative for both markers. In contrast, membranous BRM (M-BRM) staining correlated with a poorer prognosis in AD patients with a 5 year-survival of 16.7% compared with those without M-BRM staining (38.1%; P = 0.016). These results support the notion that BRM and BRG1 participate in two distinct chromosome remodeling complexes that are functionally complementary and that the nuclear presence of BRM, its coexpression with nuclear BRG1, and the altered cellular localization of BRM (M-BRM) are useful markers for non-small cell lung cancer prognosis.
A Computational Tool for the Genomic Identification of Regions of Unusual Compositional Properties and Its Utilization in the Detection of Horizontally Transferred Sequences
Authors: Catherine Putonti, Yi Luo, Charles Katili, Sergey Chumakov, George E. Fox, Dan Graur, Yuriy Fofanov
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Similarity Plot (S-plot) is a Windows-based application for large-scale comparisons and 2-dimensional visualization of compositional similarities between genomic sequences. This application combines 2 approaches widely used in genomics: window analysis of statistical characteristics along genomes and dot-plot visual representation. S-plot is effective in identifying highly similar regions between genomes as well as regions with unusual compositional properties (RUCPs) within a single genome, which may be indicative of horizontal gene transfer or of locus-specific selective forces. We use S-plot to identify regions that may have originated through horizontal gene transfer through a 2-step approach, by first comparing a genomic sequence to itself and, subsequently, comparing it to the genomic sequence of a closely related taxon. Moreover, by comparing these suspect sequences to one another, we can estimate a minimum number of sources for these putative xenologous sequences. We illustrate the uses of S-plot in a comparison involving Escherichia coli K12 and E. coli O157:H7. In O157:H7, we found 145 regions that have most probably originated through horizontal gene transfer. By using S-plot to compare each of these regions with 277 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes, 1 sequence was found to have similar compositional properties to the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis genome, indicating a transfer from a Yersinia or Yersinia relative. Based upon our analysis of RUCPs in O157:H7, we infer that there were at least 53 sources of horizontally transferred sequences.
The last appointment before suicide: is suicide intent communicated?
Authors: E T Isometsä, M E Heikkinen, M J Marttunen, M M Henriksson, H M Aro, J K Lönnqvist
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1995)

The authors' goal was to determine whether people who committed suicide within 4 weeks after having made contact with a health care professional communicated their intent to commit suicide during that final contact.Using data from a nationwide psychological autopsy study of all suicides in Finland that occurred in 1 year, the authors examined the 571 cases of suicide victims whose last appointment with a health care professional took place up to 28 days before suicide, including 100 cases of victims who had appointments on the day of suicide.Suicide intent was reportedly discussed in only 22% of the cases; it was particularly uncommon in general practice and nonpsychiatric specialist settings.The majority of patients who commit suicide do not seem to communicate their intent to do so during their last appointment.
Smokers in early axial spondyloarthritis have earlier disease onset, more disease activity, inflammation and damage, and poorer function and health-related quality of life: results from the DESIR cohort
Authors: Ho Yin Chung, Pedro Machado, Désirée van Der Heijde, Maria-Antonietta d'Agostino, Maxime Dougados, Alain Saraux
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate the association of smoking with various clinical, functional and imaging outcomes in patients with early axial spondyloarthritis (SpA). <h3>Methods</h3> 647 patients with early inflammatory back pain (IBP) fulfilling at least one of the internationally accepted SpA criteria and with available smoking data were included in the analyses. Clinical, demographic and imaging parameters were compared between smokers and non-smokers at a cross-sectional level. Variables with significant differences in univariate analyses were used as dependent variables in multivariate linear and logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding/contributing factors. <h3>Results</h3> Multivariate analysis showed that smoking was associated with an earlier onset of IBP (regression coefficient (B)=(−1.46), p=0.04), higher disease activity (ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score B=0.20, p=0.03; Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index B=0.50, p=0.003), worse functional status (Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index B=0.38, p=0.02), more frequent MRI inflammation of the sacroiliac joints (OR 1.57, p=0.02) and the spine (OR 2.33, p&lt;0.001), more frequent MRI structural lesions of the sacroiliac joints (OR 1.54, p=0.03) and the spine (OR 2.02, p=0.01), and higher modified Stoke ankylosing spondylitis spine score (B=0.54, p=0.03) reflecting radiographic structural damage of the spine. Smoking was also associated with poorer quality of life (Euro-quality of life questionnaire B=1.38, p&lt;0.001, short form 36 physical B=(−4.89), p&lt;0.001, and mental component score B=(−5.90), p&lt;0.001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> In early axial SpA patients, smoking was independently associated with earlier onset of IBP, higher disease activity, increased axial inflammation on MRI, increased axial structural damage on MRI and radiographs, poorer functional status and poorer quality of life.
The Leading Edge of Stem Cell Therapeutics
Authors: Ilyas Singec, Rahul Jandial, Andrew Crain, Guido Nikkhah, Evan Y. Snyder
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (2006)

Stem cells, by virtue of their defining property of self-renewal, represent an unlimited source of potentially functional human cells for basic research and regenerative medicine. Having validated the feasibility of cell-based therapeutic strategies over the past decade, mostly through the use of rodent cells, the stem cell field has now embarked upon a detailed characterization of human cells. Recent progress has included improved cell culture conditions, long-term propagation, directed differentiation, and transplantation of both human embryonic and somatic stem cells. Continued progress in understanding basic human stem cell biology, combined with a better handle on the fundamental pathophysiology of human diseases one wishes to target (including the use of human stem cells in primate and other large animal models of human disease), should help to move this technology closer to clinical application.
Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 13 by Activated Protein C in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage Chondrocytes
Authors: Miriam T. Jackson, Babak Moradi, Margaret M. Smith, Christopher J. Jackson, Christopher B. Little
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

Levels of activated protein C (APC) are elevated in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and increased APC levels are correlated with the levels of active matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2). This study sought to investigate whether APC is a relevant protein for activation of MMPs in the degradation of human OA cartilage, and to elucidate its mechanisms of action.Human articular cartilage was cultured with or without interleukin-1α (IL-1α), in the presence or absence of APC or protein C, and an MMP or serine proteinase inhibitor. Aggrecan and collagen release and chondrocyte gene expression levels were quantified. Aggrecanase and MMP cleavage of aggrecan was examined with neoepitope-specific antibodies, and MMP activity was measured using gelatin zymography and fluorogenic peptide assay.In human OA cartilage, APC induced aggrecan and collagen release, whereas in non-OA cartilage, costimulation with IL-1α was required. Inhibition of MMP activity reduced APC-induced cartilage proteolysis, and MMP-induced aggrecanolysis was confirmed by Western blotting. In cultures with APC alone, the activity of MMPs 2, 9, and 13 was significantly increased in OA cartilage, although APC could not directly activate MMPs 2 or 9. Expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, TIMP1, and TIMP3 was not altered by APC in OA cartilage. Human OA chondrocytes expressed messenger RNA for protein C, endothelial protein C receptor, thrombomodulin, and protease-activated receptor 1, but these were unaltered or down-regulated by APC. The induction of MMP activation and cartilage degradation by APC was dependent on its serine protease activity.APC is a physiologically relevant activator of MMPs and cartilage breakdown in human OA. The effects of APC are dependent on its proteolytic activity and as-yet-undefined cell and/or cartilage matrix factors, and inhibition of this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target to halt the progression of cartilage damage in OA.
Evidence for Positive Selection in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Subjected to Experimental Passage Regimens
Authors: Mario Ali Fares, Andrés Moya, Cristina Escarmís, Eric Baranowski, Esteban Domingo, Eladio Barrio
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

We present sequence data from two genomic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) subjected to several experimental passage regimens. Maximum-likelihood estimates of the nonsynonymous-to-synonymous rate ratio parameter (dN/dS) suggested the action of positive selection on some antigenic sites of the FMDV capsid during some experimental passages. These antigenic sites showed an accumulation of convergent amino acid replacements during massive serial cytolytic passages and also in persistent infections of FMDV in cell culture. This accumulation was most significant at the antigenic site A (the G-H loop of capsid VP1), which includes an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cellular recognition motif. Our analyses also identified a subregion of VP3, part of the fivefold axis of FMDV particles, that also appeared to be subjected to positive selection of amino acid replacements. From these results, we can conclude that under the restrictive conditions imposed either by the presence of the monoclonal antibodies, by the persistent infections, or by the competition processes established between different variants of the viral population, amino acid replacement in some capsid-coding regions can be positively selected toward an increase of those mutants with a higher capability to infect the cell.
P19 The Role Of Differential Tnfr Signalling In Maintenance Of Alveolar Epithelial Homeostasis
Authors: F. Millar, A. Proudfoot, D. Salman, C. Summers, P. Morley, J. Cordy, A. Bayliffe, C. Dean, M. Griffiths
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3></h3> Alveolar epithelial activation and disruption of the alveolar epithelial barrier promote recruitment of neutrophils into the alveolar space and cause alveolar oedema respectively thereby playing key roles in the pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is an early mediator of inflammation in ARDS. TNF signals through two cell surface receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2 initiating distinct signalling pathways and cellular responses. Using a novel, highly selective TNFR1 domain antibody (dAb™), a dummy dAb and the dual TNFR antagonist Adalimumab™, we investigated the role of differential TNFR signalling on human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (human alveolar type 2 cells and A549 cell line) activation, permeability and repair. Human alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (haT2) expressed both TNFR, whilst A549 cells only expressed TNFR1. TNFR1 signalling mediated release of the neutrophil chemokines IL-8 and GMCSF as well as IL-6 in hAT2 (pin vitro scratch model of epithelial (haT2) wound repair. TNFR1 signalling induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression from alveolar epithelial cells and mediated increased epithelial permeability. TNFR1 induced permeability did not appear to be due to disruption of epithelial junctional proteins; we speculate that this may alternatively be due to TNFR1 induced cell death.