tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CT screening for lung cancer not shown to reduce mortality
Authors: David Hodgson
Journal: Thorax (2007)

▴ Bach PB, Jett JR, Pastorino U. Computed tomography screening and lung cancer outcomes. JAMA2007;297:953–61.

[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]



Screening tests for lung cancer rely on the notion that they can identify early tumours that would progress to cause significant disease. Previous screening trials using chest x rays (CXR) found that while they identified more early-stage cancers, just as many people were diagnosed with advanced cancers and there was no significant reduction in mortality. There is …

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Self-Management Competence as a Predictor of Outcomes of Intensive Therapy or Usual Care in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tim Wysocki, Michael A. Harris, Karen Wilkinson, Michelle Sadler, Nelly Mauras, Neil H. White
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—This article evaluates prediction of HbA1c during an 18-month randomized trial of intensive therapy (IT) versus usual care (UC) for type 1 diabetes in 142 youth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Patients received a composite score for self-management competence (SMC) that combined standardized scores on baseline measures of diabetes knowledge, treatment adherence, and quality of health care interactions. They were categorized by tertiles split into low, moderate, and high SMC levels. RESULTS—IT yielded very similar mean HbA1c levels in all three SMC groups. However, in UC patients, HbA1c increased markedly for low-SMC youth but not for moderate- and high-SMC youth during the trial. Compared with the mean HbA1c of their UC counterparts, low-SMC patients realized greater glycemic benefit from IT than did the moderate- or high-SMC youth. Baseline SMC was more strongly correlated with HbA1c for UC than IT. CONCLUSIONS—All three SMC groups realized similar glycemic benefits from IT. The mean HbA1c levels of low-SMC patients in the UC group increased markedly over 18 months, whereas HbA1c levels of low-SMC patients in the IT group did not differ significantly from that of moderate- and high-SMC patients. Relative to their UC counterparts, low-SMC patients derived greater glycemic benefit from IT than did moderate- or high-SMC youth. SMC may be more critical to the success of UC than IT. Perhaps more importantly, patients should not be denied access to IT on the basis of limited competence in diabetes self-management.
Instantaneous Force-Velocity-Length Determinants in the Contraction of Heart Muscle
Authors: EDMUND H. SONNENBLICK
Journal: Circulation Research (1965)

The relations of force and velocity during the course of shortening of heart muscle have been explored using the cat papillary muscle. It has been shown that at any instant during contraction the course of muscle shortening is described by the instantaneous relations of force-velocity and muscle length. The three dimensional force-velocity length diagram allows for greater generalization in the analysis of contraction of heart muscle than has been afforded by the analysis of force and velocity relative to initial muscle length alone, and provides a useful construct for portraying a given contractile state of heart muscle. A change in the velocity coordinate of this diagram (V max ) with or without a change in the force coordinate (P o ) serves to define a change in the contractile state of heart muscle.
Higher mortality from non-small cell lung cancer reported in subjects treated with oestrogen and progestin
Authors: P A Marsden
Journal: Thorax (2010)

The Women's Heath Initiative (WHI) trial was a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial that examined the health benefits and risks of combined oestrogen and progestin in 16 608 postmenopausal women in the USA. The study was stopped early as health risks were shown to exceed benefits. In this study, both the incidence and mortality from lung …
Adolescent Health Care Transition in Transition
Authors: W Carl Cooley
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
Determining the extent of quality health care for hospitalized patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Jayant A. Talwalkar, Hartmut Jaeschke, Kevin Mullen, Darius Moradpour
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Since few data are available concerning the clinical course of decompensated hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis, the aim of the present study was to define the natural long-term course after the first hepatic decompensation.Cohort of 200 consecutive patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, and without known hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hospitalized for the first hepatic decompensation.Ascites was the most frequent first decompensation (48%), followed by portal hypertensive gastrointestinal bleeding (PHGB) (32.5%), severe bacterial infection (BI) (14.5%) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (5%). During follow-up (34+/-2 months) there were 519 readmissions, HCC developed in 33 (16.5%) patients, and death occurred in 85 patients (42.5%). The probability of survival after diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis was 81.8 and 50.8% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. HE and/or ascites as the first hepatic decompensation, baseline Child-Pugh score, age, and presence of more than one decompensation during follow-up were independently correlated with survival.Once decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis was established, patients showed not only a very high frequency of readmissions, but also developed decompensations different from the initial one. These results contribute to defining the natural course and prognosis of decompensated HCV-related cirrhosis.
Failure of SCID-X1 gene therapy in older patients
Authors: Adrian J. Thrasher, Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina, H. Bobby Gaspar, Stephane Blanche, E. Graham Davies, Kathryn Parsley, Kimberly Gilmour, Douglas King, Steven Howe, Joanna Sinclair, Christophe Hue, Frédérique Carlier, Christof von Kalle, Geneviève de Saint Basile, Françoise le Deist, Alain Fischer, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo
Journal: Blood (2005)
A randomized study of the bronchoscopic valve blockade of the affected part of the lung in the complex treatment of patients with cavitary drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with treatment failure
Authors: Sergey Sklyuev, Denis Krasnov, Elena Mishkova
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

In according to the existing hypothesis application of the endobronchial valve will result in a selective curative atelectasis of the affected part of the lung, which contributes to early closure of cavities.

Aims: To assess and to analyze the influence of the endobronchial-valve therapy on the current of the disease.

Methods: We have compared the efficacy of endobronchial-valve therapy in the complex treatment of patients with cavitary drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis against the standard therapy. The closure of cavities was selected as a criterion of effectiveness. In total, 102 patients with drug-resistant destructive pulmonary tuberculosis were taken into the study, they were randomly divided on two groups - one for 49 patients for endobronchial-valve installation (EBV) and another – for 53 to receive standard treatment (control group). Standard chemotherapy for all groups was administered continued throughout the study period.

Results: 33 cases (67,3%) in the EBV-group have demonstrated closure of cavities versus 11 (20.7%) patients in the control group (p < 0.0001). Cavities remained in 16 cases (32.7%) in the EBV-group and in 42 cases (79.3%) of the control group (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions: The application of endobronchial-valve treatment can significantly improve the effectiveness of standard chemotherapy regimens for DR cavitary pulmonary.
Brain Cancer and Other Causes of Death in Anatomists&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2"&gt;2&lt;/xref&gt;
Authors: N E Stroup, A Blair, G E Erikson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1986)

Anatomists are exposed to a wide range of solvents, stains, and preservatives used to prepare biologic specimens. One fixative, formaldehyde, has recently been shown to cause nasal cancer in laboratory rodents. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess whether anatomists have an increased risk of mortality from cancer, particularly from cancers of the respiratory tract. The cohort included 2,317 men who joined the American Association of Anatomists between 1888 and 1969 and who were living in the United States when they joined this association. Standardized mortality ratios were 0.3 for lung cancer [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.1–0.5], 1.5 for leukemia (95% CI=0.7–2.7), and 2.7 for brain cancer (95% CI=1.3–5.0) when mortality rates for U.S. white males, available for 1925–79, were used as the referent. When rates for male members of the American Psychiatric Association, available for 1900–69, were used as the referent, standardized mortality ratios were 0.5 for lung cancer (95% CI=0.2–1.1) and 6.0 for brain cancer (95% Cl=2.3–15.6). Each of the 10 anatomists who died of brain cancer between 1925 and 1979 had a neuroglial cell tumor (either astrocytoma or glioblastoma). The increased risk for leukemia was limited to the myeloid cell type. An etiologic agent associated with these increased risks was not identified.
Cardiorenal Syndrome
Authors: Suree Lekawanvijit, Andrew R. Kompa, Bing H. Wang, Darren J. Kelly, Henry Krum
Journal: Circulation Research (2012)

Cardiorenal syndrome is a condition in which a complex interrelationship between cardiac dysfunction and renal dysfunction exists. Despite advances in treatment of both cardiovascular and kidney disease, cardiorenal syndrome remains a major global health problem. Characteristic of the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome is bidirectional cross-talk; mediators/substances activated by the disease state of 1 organ can play a role in worsening dysfunction of the other by exerting their biologically harmful effects, leading to the progression of the syndrome. Accumulation of uremic toxins is a hallmark of renal excretory dysfunction. Removal of some toxins by conventional dialysis is particularly problematic because of their high protein binding. In this review, we demonstrate that protein-bound uremic toxins may play an important role in progression of cardiovascular disease in the setting of chronic kidney disease. The highly protein-bound uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate has emerged as a potent toxin adversely affecting both the kidney and heart. Direct cardiac effects of this toxin have been recently demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, potent fibrogenic and prohypertrophic effects, as well as oxidative stress-inducing effects, appear to play a central role in both renal and cardiac pathology. Many of these adverse effects can be suppressed by use of a gut adsorbent, AST-120. Potential mechanisms underlying indoxyl sulfate−induced cardiorenal fibrosis are discussed. Future research and clinical implications conclude this review.
Long-Term Benefit of Primary Prevention With an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Authors: Ilan Goldenberg, John Gillespie, Arthur J. Moss, W. Jackson Hall, Helmut Klein, Scott McNitt, Mary W. Brown, Iwona Cygankiewicz, Wojciech Zareba
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II) showed a significant 31 reduction in the risk of death with primary implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy during a median follow-up of 1.5 years. However, currently there are no data on the long-term efficacy of primary defibrillator therapy. Methods and Results— MADIT-II enrolled 1232 patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction who were randomized to ICD and non-ICD medical therapy and were followed up through November 2001. For the present long-term study, we acquired posttrial mortality data through March 2009 for all study participants (median follow-up, 7.6 years). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was performed to calculate the hazard ratio for ICD versus non-ICD therapy during long-term follow-up. At 8 years of follow-up, the cumulative probability of all-cause mortality was 49 among patients treated with an ICD compared with 62 among non-ICD patients ( P &lt;0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICD therapy was associated with a significant long-term survival benefit (hazard ratio for 0- through 8-year mortality=0.66 [95 confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.78]; P &lt;0.001). Treatment with an ICD was shown to be associated with a significant reduction in the risk of death during the early phase of the extended follow-up period (0 through 4 years: hazard ratio=0.61 [95 confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.76]; P &lt;0.001) and with continued life-saving benefit during the late phase of follow-up (5 through 8 years: hazard ratio=0.74 [95 confidence interval, 0.57 to 0.96]; P =0.02). Conclusions— Our findings demonstrate a sustained 8-year survival benefit with primary ICD therapy in the MADIT-II population.
International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Jean-Louis Vincent
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units (ICUs) worldwide. However, relatively little information is available about the global epidemiology of such infections.To provide an up-to-date, international picture of the extent and patterns of infection in ICUs.The Extended Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC II) study, a 1-day, prospective, point prevalence study with follow-up conducted on May 8, 2007. Demographic, physiological, bacteriological, therapeutic, and outcome data were collected for 14,414 patients in 1265 participating ICUs from 75 countries on the study day. Analyses focused on the data from the 13,796 adult (>18 years) patients.On the day of the study, 7087 of 13,796 patients (51%) were considered infected; 9084 (71%) were receiving antibiotics. The infection was of respiratory origin in 4503 (64%), and microbiological culture results were positive in 4947 (70%) of the infected patients; 62% of the positive isolates were gram-negative organisms, 47% were gram-positive, and 19% were fungi. Patients who had longer ICU stays prior to the study day had higher rates of infection, especially infections due to resistant staphylococci, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas species, and Candida species. The ICU mortality rate of infected patients was more than twice that of noninfected patients (25% [1688/6659] vs 11% [ 682/6352], respectively; P < .001), as was the hospital mortality rate (33% [2201/6659] vs 15% [ 942/6352], respectively; P < .001) (adjusted odds ratio for risk of hospital mortality, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.36-1.68; P < .001).Infections are common in patients in contemporary ICUs, and risk of infection increases with duration of ICU stay. In this large cohort, infection was independently associated with an increased risk of hospital death.
Prognostic Significance of Myocardial Fibrosis Quantification by Histopathology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Severe Aortic Valve Disease
Authors: Clerio F. Azevedo, Marcelo Nigri, Maria L. Higuchi, Pablo M. Pomerantzeff, Guilherme S. Spina, Roney O. Sampaio, Flávio Tarasoutchi, Max Grinberg, Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Early Antiangiogenic Activity of SU11248 Evaluated <i>In vivo</i> by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an Experimental Model of Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Pasquina Marzola, Anna Degrassi, Laura Calderan, Paolo Farace, Elena Nicolato, Caterina Crescimanno, Marco Sandri, Anna Giusti, Enrico Pesenti, Andrea Terron, Andrea Sbarbati, Francesco Osculati
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

To compare two dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) techniques in terms of their ability in assessing the early antiangiogenic effect of SU11248, a novel selective multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, that exhibits direct antitumor and antiangiogenic activity via inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, KIT, and FLT3.A s.c. tumor model of HT29 human colon carcinoma in athymic mice was used. Two DCE-MRI techniques were used based, respectively, on macromolecular [Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-albumin] and low molecular weight (Gd-DTPA) contrast agents. The first technique provided a quantitative measurement of transendothelial permeability and fractional plasma volume, accepted surrogate markers of tumor angiogenesis. With the second technique, we quantified the initial area under the concentration-time curve, which gives information related to tumor perfusion and vascular permeability. Experiments were done before and 24 hours after a single dose administration of SU11248.The early antiangiogenic effect of SU11248 was detected by DCE-MRI with macromolecular contrast agent as a 42% decrease in vascular permeability measured in the tumor rim. The effect was also detected by DCE-MRI done with Gd-DTPA as a 31% decrease in the initial area under the concentration-time curve. Histologic slices showed a statistically significant difference in mean vessel density between the treated and control groups.The early antiangiogenic activity of SU11248 was detected in vivo by DCE-MRI techniques using either macromolecular or low molecular weight contrast agents. Because DCE-MRI techniques with low molecular weight contrast agents can be used in clinical studies, these results could be relevant for the design of clinical trials based on new paradigms.
BH3-only Protein Noxa Is a Mediator of Hypoxic Cell Death Induced by Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α
Authors: Jee-Youn Kim, Hyun-Jong Ahn, Jong-Hoon Ryu, Kyoungho Suk, Jae-Hoon Park
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Hypoxia is a common cause of cell death and is implicated in many disease processes including stroke and chronic degenerative disorders. In response to hypoxia, cells express a variety of genes, which allow adaptation to altered metabolic demands, decreased oxygen demands, and the removal of irreversibly damaged cells. Using polymerase chain reaction–based suppression subtractive hybridization to find genes that are differentially expressed in hypoxia, we identified the BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein Noxa. Noxa is a candidate molecule mediating p53-induced apoptosis. We show that Noxa promoter responds directly to hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Suppression of Noxa expression by antisense oligonucleotides rescued cells from hypoxia-induced cell death and decreased infarction volumes in an animal model of ischemia. Further, we show that reactive oxygen species and resultant cytochrome c release participate in Noxa-mediated hypoxic cell death. Altogether, our results show that Noxa is induced by HIF-1α and mediates hypoxic cell death.
The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching
Authors: Esther Thelen, Gregor Schöner, Christian Scheier, Linda B. Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The overall goal of this target article is to demonstrate a mechanism for an embodied cognition. The particular vehicle is a much-studied, but still widely debated phenomenon seen in 7–12 month-old-infants. In Piaget's classic “A-not-B error,” infants who have successfully uncovered a toy at location “A” continue to reach to that location even after they watch the toy hidden in a nearby location “B.” Here, we question the traditional explanations of the error as an indicator of infants' concepts of objects or other static mental structures. Instead, we demonstrate that the A-not-B error and its previously puzzling contextual variations can be understood by the coupled dynamics of the ordinary processes of goal-directed actions: looking, planning, reaching, and remembering. We offer a formal dynamic theory and model based on cognitive embodiment that both simulates the known A-not-B effects and offers novel predictions that match new experimental results. The demonstration supports an embodied view by casting the mental events involved in perception, planning, deciding, and remembering in the same analogic dynamic language as that used to describe bodily movement, so that they may be continuously meshed. We maintain that this mesh is a pre-eminently cognitive act of “knowing” not only in infancy but also in everyday activities throughout the life span.
Residual strain in rat left ventricle.
Authors: J H Omens, Y C Fung
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Residual stress in an organ is defined as the stress that remains when all external loads are removed. Residual stress has generally been ignored in published papers on left ventricular wall stress. To take residual stress into account in the analysis of stress distributions in a beating heart, one must first measure the residual strain in the no-load state of the heart. Residual strains in equatorial cross-sectional rings (2-3 mm thick) of five potassium-arrested rat left ventricles were measured. The effects of friction and external loading were reduced by submersing the specimen in fluid, and a hypothermic, hyperkalemic arresting solution containing nifedipine and EGTA was used to delay the onset of ischemic contracture. Stainless steel microspheres (60-100 microns) were lightly imbedded on the surface of the slices, and the coordinates of the microspheres were digitized from photographs taken before and after a radial cut was made through the left ventricular free wall. Two-dimensional strains computed from the deformation of a slice after one radial cut were defined as the residual strains in that slice. It was found that the distributions of the principal residual stretch ratios were asymmetric with respect to the radial cut: in areas where substantial transmural strain gradients existed, the distributions of strain components were different on the two sides of the radial cut. A second radial cut produced deformations significantly smaller than those produced from the first radial cut. Hence, a slice with one radial cut may be considered stress free.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)