tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use and Applications of Systematic Reviews in Public Health Nutrition
Authors: Patsy M. Brannon, Christine L. Taylor, Paul M. Coates
Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition (2014)

Decisions related to a spectrum of nutrition-related public health and clinical concerns must consider many factors and are best informed by evaluating the totality and quality of the evidence. Systematic review (SR) is a structured process to evaluate, compare, and synthesize relevant evidence for the SR-specific question(s). Applications of SR are exemplified here through the discussion of four case studies: research agendas, nutrient reference intakes, dietary guidance, and practice guidelines. Concerns that SR cannot be effectively applied to nutrition evidence because of the lack of an unexposed comparator and the complex homeostasis in nutrition are discussed. Central to understanding the applicability of SR is its flexibility in defining key inclusion criteria and rigorous elements as appropriate for the SR-specific question(s). Through the reduction of bias and random error by explicit, reproducible, comprehensive, and rigorous examination of all of the evidence, SR informs the scientific judgment needed for sound evidence-based public health nutrition.
Adenoviral Transduction of <i>TESTIN</i> Gene into Breast and Uterine Cancer Cell Lines Promotes Apoptosis and Tumor Reduction <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Manuela Sarti, Cinzia Sevignani, George A. Calin, Rami Aqeilan, Masayoshi Shimizu, Francesca Pentimalli, Maria Cristina Picchio, Andrew Godwin, Anne Rosenberg, Alessandra Drusco, Massimo Negrini, Carlo M. Croce
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

The human TESTIN (TES) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene in the fragile chromosomal region FRA7G at 7q31.1/2 that was reported to be altered in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. In this report, we investigated the effect of TES gene expression in vivo to evaluate a possible role of TES gene in human cancer.We have analyzed the expression of TES gene in a panel of 25 breast tumors and 17 cell lines of breast, colon, and uterine cancers. Furthermore, to evaluate the potential of TES gene therapy, we studied the effects of adenoviral TES transduction (Ad-TES) in cell lines with undetectable TES expression (T47D and MES-SA) as well as in MCF-7 cell line where TES expression is normal.Twenty-five percent of primary breast tumor samples as well as the breast cancer cell line T47D and the uterine sarcoma cell line MES-SA were negative or displayed low levels of TES. After TES restoration by Ad-TES transduction, T47D and MES-SA cell lines underwent apoptosis. Furthermore, TES expression significantly reduced the tumorigenic potential of both T47D and MES-SA in nude mice, whereas the untreated cells and Ad-GFP-infected cells showed tumor growth in vivo. The TES-positive cell line control (MCF-7) was not affected by TES expression and did not show a reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice after infection with Ad-TES.Ad-TES expression inhibit the growth of breast and uterine cancer cells lacking of TES expression through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis, respectively, suggesting that Ad-TES infection should be explored as a therapeutic strategy.
Phase I Study of Rituximab-CHOP Regimen in Combination with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma
Authors: Nozomi Niitsu, Miyuki Hayama, Masataka Okamoto, Mika Khori, Masaaki Higashihara, Jun-ichi Tamaru, Masami Hirano
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose: Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, and it is used to treat B-cell lymphomas. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is considered one of the mechanisms through which rituximab exerts its effects. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) enhances the cytotoxicity of neutrophils through ADCC, and it can be speculated that a combination of rituximab and G-CSF may augment the treatment efficacy of rituximab. Experimental Design: We administered rituximab with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) treatment with G-CSF to 15 patients with follicular lymphoma, and we investigated the safety and efficacy of this regimen. We investigated ADCC activity in neutrophils and the expression of cell surface antigens including Fcγ receptor type I [FcγRI (CD64)] on neutrophils to determine the optimal dose of G-CSF. Results: Adverse reactions occurred in 14 of 15 patients and consisted mainly of grade 3/4 hematological toxicity. The response rate was 100%, with complete remission in 12 patients (80%) and partial remission in 3 patients (20%). At 14 months, the median length of the observation period, 2 of 12 patients had relapsed. G-CSF administration increased both FcγRI expression and ADCC activity. There were no significant differences in the levels of FcγRI expression or ADCC activity between the 2 μg/kg G-CSF and 5 μg/kg G-CSF groups, indicating that the optimal dose of G-CSF was 2 μg/kg. Conclusions: We conclude that the combination of rituximab-CHOP and G-CSF is well tolerated. We plan to carry out a randomized trial to compare efficacy between rituximab-CHOP treatment and treatment with a combination of rituximab-CHOP and G-CSF.
The gene for Machado–Joseph disease maps to human chromosome 14q
Authors: Y. Takiyama, M. Nishizawa, H. Tanaka, S. Kawashima, H. Sakamoto, Y. Karube, H. Shimazaki, M. Soutome, K. Endo, S. Ohta, Y. Kagawa, I. Kanazawa, Y. Mizuno, M. Yoshida, T. Yuasa, Y. Horikawa, K. Oyanagi, H. Nagai, T. Kondo, T. Inuzuka, O. Onodera, S. Tsuji
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)
DNA Hypomethylation Arises Later in Prostate Cancer Progression than CpG Island Hypermethylation and Contributes to Metastatic Tumor Heterogeneity
Authors: Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Michael C. Haffner, Yonggang Zhang, Bora Gurel, Toby C. Cornish, Zhijin Wu, Rafael A. Irizarry, James Morgan, Jessica Hicks, Theodore L. DeWeese, William B. Isaacs, G. Steven Bova, Angelo M. De Marzo, William G. Nelson
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Hypomethylation of CpG dinucleotides in genomic DNA was one of the first somatic epigenetic alterations discovered in human cancers. DNA hypomethylation is postulated to occur very early in almost all human cancers, perhaps facilitating genetic instability and cancer initiation and progression. We therefore examined the nature, extent, and timing of DNA hypomethylation changes in human prostate cancer. Contrary to the prevailing view that global DNA hypomethylation changes occur extremely early in all human cancers, we show that reductions in 5meC content in the genome occur very late in prostate cancer progression, appearing at a significant extent only at the stage of metastatic disease. Furthermore, we found that, whereas some LINE1 promoter hypomethylation does occur in primary prostate cancers compared with normal tissues, this LINE1 hypomethylation is significantly more pronounced in metastatic prostate cancer. Next, we carried out a tiered gene expression microarray and bisulfite genomic sequencing–based approach to identify genes that are silenced by CpG island methylation in normal prostate cells but become overexpressed in prostate cancer cells as a result of CpG island hypomethylation. Through this analysis, we show that a class of cancer testis antigen genes undergoes CpG island hypomethylation and overexpression in primary prostate cancers, but more so in metastatic prostate cancers. Finally, we show that DNA hypomethylation patterns are quite heterogeneous across different metastatic sites within the same patients. These findings provide evidence that DNA hypomethylation changes occur later in prostate carcinogenesis than the CpG island hypermethylation changes and occur heterogeneously during prostate cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8954–67]
Early childhood IgE reactivity to pathogenesis-related class 10 proteins predicts allergic rhinitis in adolescence
Authors: Marit Westman, Christian Lupinek, Jean Bousquet, Niklas Andersson, Sandra Pahr, Alexandra Baar, Anna Bergström, Mats Holmström, Pär Stjärne, Karin C. Lødrup Carlsen, Kaj-Håkon Carlsen, Josep M. Antó, Rudolf Valenta, Marianne van Hage, Magnus Wickman
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Intrinsic Hippocampal Activity as a Biomarker for Cognition and Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Jason R. Tregellas, Jason Smucny, Josette G. Harris, Ann Olincy, Keeran Maharajh, Eugene Kronberg, Lindsay C. Eichman, Emma Lyons, Robert Freedman
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

Identification of biomarkers for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is a priority for psychiatry research. Functional imaging studies suggest that intrinsic "resting state" hippocampal hyperactivity is a characteristic feature of schizophrenia. The relationships between this phenotype and symptoms of the illness, however, are largely unexplored. The authors examined resting hippocampal activity in schizophrenia patients and healthy comparison subjects and analyzed the relationship between intrinsic hippocampal activity and cognitive function in patients as measured by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB).
430 PLATELETS/THROMBOPOIETIN PREVENT ACUTE LIVER FAILURE INDUCED BY ANTI-FAS ANTIBODY
Authors: K. Hisakura, S. Murata, R. Matsuo, Y. Nakano, T. Kawasaki, K. Kohno, I. Hashimoto, Y. Shibasaki, O. Ikeda, A. Myronovych, M. Watanabe, N. Ohkohchi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
RESULTS OF THE PEPTONE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA: With a Note on the Treatment in Certain Pathologically Allied Conditions
Authors: A. G. Auld
Journal: BMJ (1920)

Slummnary of Statistics.oases.Per cent.Class I ... Diabetes 53 10.6 Class II ... First diagnosis confirmed 143 28.6 Class III ... First diagnosis confirmed with 96 19.2 addition Class IV . . .(a) First cliagnosis confirnmed with 74 14.8 differentiation (b) First diagnosis not confirmed 9 1.8 Class V ... Gastro-jejunostomy 18 3.6 Class VI ... Second diagnosis differing mate- 96 19.2 rially from the first Class VII ... No diagnosis 3 0.6 C'ass VIII... Errors in second diagnosis 8 1.6 500 100.0It has probably occurred to my readers tllat tlle various classes into which I lhave divided the cases run into one another and that tlle boundary line must often have been indefinite.This was so, and on that account the actual figures must not be taken too seriously.If there has been bias in the process of classifying I have tried to direct it towards the swelling of Class II-cases in wlich the first diagnosis was confirmed-and Classes III and IV a-in which thle diagnosis was added to or made more accurate, rather than towards Class VI, in which the diagnosis was alter-ed.In the followina table some of the classes are thrown togetlher to obtain a general view.General Classification.No. of Per cant.Cases.Class I First diagnosis confirmed 196 39.2-40 Class II Class III l First diagnosis confirmed with 170 34.0 important addition or differ- Class IVa) entiation 55 Class VI } Diagnosis altered after examina-105 21.0 Class IV b) tion 15 2.Therefore, in 40 par cent the diagnosis was confirmed, and in 55 per cent.it was modified or altered.
Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor Gene Amplification in Metastatic Melanoma Is a Prognostic Marker for Patient Survival, But Not a Predictive Marker for Chemosensitivity and Chemotherapy Response
Authors: Selma Ugurel, Roland Houben, David Schrama, Heike Voigt, Marc Zapatka, Dirk Schadendorf, Eva B. Bröcker, Jürgen C. Becker
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is regarded as a key oncogene of the melanocytic lineage since it was detected by a genome-wide analysis to be strongly amplified in 15% to 20% of metastatic melanomas. MITF gene amplification was shown to be associated with a reduced survival in metastatic melanoma patients, and reduction of MITF activity was shown to sensitize melanoma cell lines to chemotherapeutics, suggesting the intratumoral MITF gene copy number as a predictive biomarker of response and survival after chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: To validate this hypothesis, we investigated MITF gene amplification in tumor tissues obtained from 116 metastatic melanoma patients before an individualized sensitivity-directed chemotherapy using quantitative real-time PCR. MITF amplification rates were correlated with tumor chemosensitivity quantified by an ATP-based luminescence assay and with chemotherapy outcome in terms of response and survival. Results: Of 116 tumor tissues, 104 were evaluable for MITF gene amplification. Strong amplification (≥4 copies per cell) was detected in 24 of 104 tissues (23%), whereas 62 of 104 tissues (60%) harbored &amp;gt;3 copies per cell. Strong MITF gene amplification was associated with a reduced disease-specific survival (P = 0.031). However, no correlation was found between MITF copy number and in vitro chemosensitivity or in vivo chemotherapy response. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that strong amplifications of the melanoma oncogene MITF affects patient survival but does not influence tumor chemosensitivity and chemotherapy response. Thus, the MITF gene copy number seems a useful prognostic marker in metastatic melanoma but could not be confirmed as a predictive marker of chemosensitivity and chemotherapy response.
DETERMINATION OF TYPE IN CAPSULATED TRANSFORMANTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS BY THE GENOME OF NON-CAPSULATED DONOR AND RECIPIENT STRAINS
Authors: Stanley Jackson, Colin M. MacLeod, Marjorie R. Krauss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

Capsulated transformants producing type II polysaccharide have been obtained by reactions between a number of R mutants of type II pneumococcus. All the IIR strains except II-R36 yielded extracts which transformed 2 VIIIR strains to VIIIS. Two of the IIR strains were transformed to VIIIS by an extract of 1 VIIIR strain. The most striking result was the production of both IIS and VIIIS transformants by the action of extracts of both VIIIR strains applied to cells of II-RB. This suggests that the determination of capsular type in pneumococcus does not depend on single allelomorphic genes; it seems more likely that a number of genes may be required to determine type specificity, and that some genes may be common to different types, possibly in connection with common biochemical pathways for some stages of polysaccharide synthesis. This is further indicated by the finding that extracts of capsulated strains of each of the types I, II, III, VII, VIII, XIV, and XVIII are capable of giving IIS transformants with 1 or more of the IIR strains in addition to the expected donor-type transformants. Strain II-R36 was transformed by extracts of all S types except type VII, but the only transformants found were of the donor type. It appears that II-R36 may have multiple genetic deficiencies for type II capsulation, possibly in the form of a deletion. This may be the case also with IIIS strains since only IIIS transformants were found when IIIS extract was applied to any of the IIR strains.
TOWARD THE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTATION
Authors: ROBERT G. HARLOW, LEONARD F. SALZMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

We have attempted to point out both the unique values and the limitations of the psychological appraisal; the functions of intelligence and personality tests, the areas in which they are appropriate and inappropriate; and finally the importance of continuing interchange of information between the referral source and the psychologist.
Take your shoes off to reduce patellofemoral joint stress during running
Authors: Jason Bonacci, Bill Vicenzino, Wayne Spratford, Paul Collins
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Elevated patellofemoral joint stress is thought to contribute to the development and progression of patellofemoral pain syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine if running barefoot decreases patellofemoral joint stress in comparison to shod running.Lower extremity kinematics and ground reaction force data were collected from 22 trained runners during overground running while barefoot and in a neutral running shoe. The kinematic and kinetic data were used as input variables into a previously described mathematical model to determine patellofemoral joint stress. Knee flexion angle, net knee extension moment and the model outputs of contact area, patellofemoral joint reaction force and patellofemoral joint stress were plotted over the stance phase of the gait cycle and peak values compared using paired t tests and standardised mean differences calculated.Running barefoot decreased peak patellofemoral joint stress by 12% (p=0.000) in comparison to shod running. The reduction in patellofemoral joint stress was a result of reduced patellofemoral joint reaction forces (12%, p=0.000) while running barefoot.Elevated patellofemoral joint stress during shod running might contribute to patellofemoral pain. Running barefoot decreases patellofemoral joint stress.
Coffee Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rob M. van Dam, Frank B. Hu
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher coffee consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.To examine the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and related outcomes.We searched MEDLINE through January 2005 and examined the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Because this review focuses on studies of habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, we excluded studies of type 1 diabetes, animal studies, and studies of short-term exposure to coffee or caffeine, leaving 15 epidemiological studies (cohort or cross-sectional).Information on study design, participant characteristics, measurement of coffee consumption and outcomes, adjustment for potential confounders, and estimates of associations was abstracted independently by 2 investigators.We identified 9 cohort studies of coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, including 193 473 participants and 8394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, and calculated summary relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. The RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.78) for the highest (>or=6 or >or=7 cups per day) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83) for the second highest (4-6 cups per day) category of coffee consumption compared with the lowest consumption category (0 or <or=2 cups per day). These associations did not differ substantially by sex, obesity, or region (United States and Europe). In the cross-sectional studies conducted in northern Europe, southern Europe, and Japan, higher coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower prevalence of newly detected hyperglycemia, particularly postprandial hyperglycemia.This systematic review supports the hypothesis that habitual coffee consumption is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Longer-term intervention studies of coffee consumption and glucose metabolism are warranted to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes.
1918 influenza epidemic.
Authors: C L Hewer
Journal: BMJ (1979)

capsid antigen.The IgM titre was screened routinely at 1/8 but no further dilutions were assayed.The discrepancy in the titres re- ported from Manchester and Colindale on roughly contemporaneous samples can only be attributed to methodological differences.Antibodies to cytomegalovirus were de- tected in the laboratory of Professor Harold Stern, St George's Hospital Medical School, using complement fixation as stated in our article.Numerous attempts were made to isolate this virus from the patient's urine but without success.Because of limitations of space, we could only summarise the serological data in our article and we could not fully discuss the diagnostic possibilities.We agree that one cannot be dogmatic about the nature of this patient's illness.It is our belief that the most likely explanation is that she had a primary infection with EB virus to which she was unable to make an adequate immunological response.Indeed, the antibody titres to cyto- megalovirus may be attributable to cross- reaction of antibody between this virus and EB virus.'However, we agree that we cannot exclude the possibility that this patient had a double infection with both viruses and that the impaired response to EB virus reflects the immunosuppression induced by cytomegalovirus.
Cortical Responsiveness During Inner Speech in Schizophrenia: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Judith M. Ford, Daniel H. Mathalon, Sontine Kalba, Susan Whitfield, William O. Faustman, Walton T. Roth
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the effects of inner speech on auditory cortical responsiveness in schizophrenia. METHOD: Comparison subjects (N=15) and patients with schizophrenia (N=15) were presented with acoustic and visual stimuli during three conditions: while subjects were silent, when spontaneous inner speech might occur; during directed inner speech, while subjects repeated a statement silently to themselves; and while subjects listened to recorded speech. N1 event-related potentials were recorded during the three conditions. RESULTS: N1 event-related potentials elicited by acoustic stimuli, but not by visual stimuli, were lower during directed inner speech than during the silent baseline condition in the comparison subjects but not in the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal auditory cortical responsiveness to inner speech in patients with schizophrenia may be a sign of corollary discharge dysfunction, which may potentially cause misattribution of inner speech to external voices.