tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating
Authors: David P. Schmitt
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

The Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI; Simpson &amp; Gangestad 1991) is a self-report measure of individual differences in human mating strategies. Low SOI scores signify that a person is sociosexually restricted , or follows a more monogamous mating strategy. High SOI scores indicate that an individual is unrestricted , or has a more promiscuous mating strategy. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP), the SOI was translated from English into 25 additional languages and administered to a total sample of 14,059 people across 48 nations. Responses to the SOI were used to address four main issues. First, the psychometric properties of the SOI were examined in cross-cultural perspective. The SOI possessed adequate reliability and validity both within and across a diverse range of modern cultures. Second, theories concerning the systematic distribution of sociosexuality across cultures were evaluated. Both operational sex ratios and reproductively demanding environments related in evolutionary-predicted ways to national levels of sociosexuality. Third, sex differences in sociosexuality were generally large and demonstrated cross-cultural universality across the 48 nations of the ISDP, confirming several evolutionary theories of human mating. Fourth, sex differences in sociosexuality were significantly larger when reproductive environments were demanding but were reduced to more moderate levels in cultures with more political and economic gender equality. Implications for evolutionary and social role theories of human sexuality are discussed.
Relief of Malignant Obstructive Jaundice by Percutaneous Insertion of a Permanent Prosthesis in the Biliary Tree
Authors: RAUL V. PEREIRAS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Twelve patients with malignant obstruction of the biliary tree were treated by dilating the lesion percutaneously and inserting an internal large-bore teflon prosthesis in place bridging the stricture. All 12 patients had unresectable neoplasms. The procedure was devised because existing modes of palliation using surgical techniques are associated with significant mortality or morbidity. There are also many problems with nonsurgical catheter drainage. Decompression was achieved in all 12 patients as shown radiographically by passage of contrast into the duodenum. Disappearance of pruritus was achieved in seven of seven patients, and in 10 of 12 disappearance of jaundice (bilirubin, before prosthesis, 18.4 ± 4.5 mg/dl [mean ± 1 SD], bilirubin 1 month after prosthesis, 1.8 ± 0.6 mg/dl [mean ± 1 SD], P < 0.001) with improvement of general clinical status was achieved. Percutaneous placement of a permanent biliary tract prosthesis is safe and effective for the palliative decompression of malignant biliary tract obstruction.
A multicenter study on the prognosis of fulminant viral hepatitis: Early prediction for liver transplantation
Authors: Yoshiyata Takahashi, Hiromitsu Kumada, Masaru Shimizu, Kyuichi Tanikawa, Ryukichi Kumashiro, Masao Omata, Toshiki Ehata, Takao Tsuji, Minoru Ukida, Mitsuru Yasunaga, Kiwamu Okita, Shunichi Sato, Toshihiko Takeuchi, Katsuhiko Tsukada, Hiroshi Obata, Etsuko Hashimoto, Yasuyuki Ohta, Kouji Tada, Yoshitane Kosaka, Koujiro Takase, Makoto Yoshiba, Kazuhiko Sekiyama, Takashi Kano, Yasuhiro Mizoguchi
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

To determine the risk of death at an early stage of fulminant viral hepatitis, we created severity indexes drawn from clinical data on the day of development of encephalopathy in 128 patients with fulminant hepatitis B and 103 with fulminant hepatitis non-A, non-B. In fulminant hepatitis B, the risk score was 2.75 x BL + 2.75 x BR + 2.7 x AG + 2.3 x WB + 1.67 x CD + 1.56 x AL - 0.098 x PR - 0.88, where BL is 1 if total bilirubin is higher than 20 mg/dl, BR is 1 if the ratio of total to direct bilirubin exceeds 2.2, AG is 1 if age is above 40 yr, WB is 1 if white blood cell count is less than 4,000 cells/mm3 or more than 18,000 cells/mm3, CD is 1 if a hazardous disease coexists and AL is 1 if ALT is less than 100 times the upper limit of normal (otherwise all are 0), and PR is prothrombin time (percentage of normal value). Using a cutoff score of 0, we found the positive predictive value, negative predictive value and predictive accuracy to be 0.90, 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.77, respectively. In fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis, the risk score was 2.66 x BR + 2.25 x BL + 2.24 x DI + 2.05 x AL +/- 1.38 x AG + 0.00021 x WB - 6.33.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Underconstrained perception or underconstrained theory?
Authors: André Aleman, Edward H. F. de Haan, René S. Kahn
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Although the evidence remains tentative at best, the conception of hallucinations in schizophrenia as being underconstrained perception resulting from intrinsic thalamocortical resonance in sensory areas might complement current models of hallucination. However, in itself, the approach falls short of comprehensively explaining the neurogenesis of hallucinations in schizophrenia, as it neglects the role of external attributional biases, mental imagery, and a disconnection between frontal and temporal areas.
A nurse led intermediate care package in patients who have been hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: M Sridhar, R Taylor, S Dawson, N J Roberts, M R Partridge
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Objectives: To determine the effects of a nurse led intermediate care programme in patients who have been hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Design: Randomised controlled trial. Setting: Community and hospital care in west London. Participants: 122 patients with COPD. Intervention: A care package incorporating initial pulmonary rehabilitation and self-management education, provision of a written, personalised COPD action plan, monthly telephone calls and 3 monthly home visits by a specialist nurse for a period of 2 years. Main outcome measure: Hospital readmission rate. Secondary outcomes: Unscheduled primary care consultations and quality of life. Results: There were no differences in hospital admission rates or in exacerbation rates between the two groups. Self-management of exacerbations was significantly different and the intervention group were more likely to be treated with oral steroids alone or oral steroids and antibiotics, and the initiators of treatment for exacerbations were statistically more likely to be the patients themselves. 12 patients in the control group died during the 2 year period, eight as a result of COPD, compared with six patients in the intervention group, of whom one died from COPD. This is a significant difference. When the numbers were adjusted to reflect the numbers still alive at 2 years, in the intervention group patients reported a total of 171 unscheduled contacts with their general practitioner (GP) and in the control group, 280 contacts. The number needed to treat was 0.558—ie, for every one COPD patient receiving the intervention and self-management advice, there were 1.79 fewer unscheduled contacts with the GP. Conclusions: An intermediate care package incorporating pulmonary rehabilitation, self-management education and the receipt of a written COPD action plan, together with regular nurse contact, is associated with a reduced need for unscheduled primary care consultations and a reduction in deaths due to COPD but did not affect the hospital readmission rate.
Host genes and their effect on the intestinal microbiome garden
Authors: Jonathan Jacobs, Jonathan Braun
Journal: Genome Medicine (2014)

Abstract We are only beginning to understand the relationship between host genetics and the gut microbiome. Two recent studies help to disentangle this interaction and show that genetic loci across the human genome shape the gut microbiome. This opens the possibility that an unexpected number of genetic factors act directly on microbial composition and function to modulate immune pathways and metabolic phenotypes in host physiology and disease.
Sequential gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by docetaxel as first-line treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter phase II study of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group
Authors: I. Boukovinas, N. Androulakis, L. Vamvakas, P. Papakotoulas, N. Ziras, A. Polyzos, A. Kalykaki, A. Kotsakis, N. Xenidis, I. Gioulmbasanis, D. Mavroudis, V. Georgoulias
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2006)
The marvels of elite sports: how to get there?
Authors: Marije T Elferink-Gemser, Geir Jordet, Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva, Chris Visscher
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Elite athletes' performances are astonishing, leaving millions of people wondering how it is possible that they do what they do. With apparent ease, grace and fluidity, elite athletes carry out seemingly impossible manoeuvres. They constantly push the boundaries of human performance and we, the ones standing on the sideline, are fascinated by it. In contemporary Western society, sport is part of our everyday lives with elite sport having become a multi-million euro business. While sport is probably the major opportunity of physical activity for all children and adolescents, elite athletes are considered role models for many of them.

If we look under the surface of elite sport, we know that every elite athlete was once a child and has gone a long way before reaching the top. What characterised their successful development towards expertise? One way to gain insight into this intriguing question is to simply ask current elite athletes to retrospectively report what they have done. They would probably tell you that they have dedicated most of their time, energy, resources and effort, with the goal of becoming the best that they can be.1 Still, this leaves us with the question of how to identify and develop those youth athletes who have the potential to become outstanding when …
Hitting Hotspots: Spatial Targeting of Malaria for Control and Elimination
Authors: Teun Bousema, Jamie T. Griffin, Robert W. Sauerwein, David L. Smith, Thomas S. Churcher, Willem Takken, Azra Ghani, Chris Drakeley, Roly Gosling
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Current malaria elimination guidelines are based on the concept that malaria transmission becomes heterogeneous in the later phases of malaria elimination [1]. In the pre-elimination and elimination phases, interventions have to be targeted to entire villages or towns with higher malaria incidence until only individual episodes of malaria remain and become the centre of attention [1]. With increasing evidence of clustering of malaria episodes within villages, we argue that there is an intermediate step. Heterogeneity in malaria transmission within villages is present long before areas enter the pre-elimination phase, and identifying and targeting hotspots of malaria transmission should form the cornerstone of both successful malaria control and malaria elimination.
Genetic predictors associated with improvement of asthma symptoms in response to inhaled corticosteroids
Authors: Heung Woo Park, Amber Dahlin, Szeman Tse, Qing Ling Duan, Brooke Schuemann, Fernando D. Martinez, Stephen P. Peters, Stanley J. Szefler, John J. Lima, Michiaki Kubo, Mayumi Tamari, Kelan G. Tantisira
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the interleukin 4 inhibitory effect on interleukin 2-induced lymphokine-activated killer generation.
Authors: J Y Blay, D Branellec, E Robinet, B Dugas, F Gay, S Chouaïb
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

In previous studies, IL-4 has been reported to interfere with IL-2-driven generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity. In this investigation, we have demonstrated that IL-4 inhibited the IL-2-induced differentiation of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) into LAK effectors by a mechanism involving, at least in part, an increase in LGL intracellular cAMP levels. In contrast, with its capacity to induce cAMP accumulation in resting LGL, IL-4 had a very negligible effect on LAK activity induction, and cAMP levels increase in LGL that had been preincubated with IL-2. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of IL-4 on LAK activity generation also correlated with a marked decrease in N-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzylester esterase activity, with an inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression and TNF production by IL-2-stimulated LGL. These results strongly suggest that complex signaling processes could be ascribed to the dual activities of cytokines and their interplay in LAK promotion.
Clinical Evidence Supporting Pharmacogenomic Biomarker Testing Provided in US Food and Drug Administration Drug Labels
Authors: Bo Wang, William J. Canestaro, Niteesh K. Choudhry
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Genetic biomarkers that predict a drug's efficacy or likelihood of toxicity are assuming increasingly important roles in the personalization of pharmacotherapy, but concern exists that evidence that links use of some biomarkers to clinical benefit is insufficient. Nevertheless, information about the use of biomarkers appears in the labels of many prescription drugs, which may add confusion to the clinical decision-making process.To evaluate the evidence that supports pharmacogenomic biomarker testing in drug labels and how frequently testing is recommended.Publicly available US Food and Drug Administration databases.We identified drug labels that described the use of a biomarker and evaluated whether the label contained or referenced convincing evidence of its clinical validity (ie, the ability to predict phenotype) and clinical utility (ie, the ability to improve clinical outcomes) using guidelines published by the Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Working Group. We graded the completeness of the citation of supporting studies and determined whether the label recommended incorporation of biomarker test results in therapeutic decision making.Of the 119 drug-biomarker combinations, only 43 (36.1%) had labels that provided convincing clinical validity evidence, whereas 18 (15.1%) provided convincing evidence of clinical utility. Sixty-one labels (51.3%) made recommendations about how clinical decisions should be based on the results of a biomarker test; 36 (30.3%) of these contained convincing clinical utility data. A full description of supporting studies was included in 13 labels (10.9%).Fewer than one-sixth of drug labels contained or referenced convincing evidence of clinical utility of biomarker testing, whereas more than half made recommendations based on biomarker test results. It may be premature to include biomarker testing recommendations in drug labels when convincing data that link testing to patient outcomes do not exist.
The Involutional Depressive Syndrome
Authors: SAUL H. ROSENTHAL
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Although involutional melancholia is described with precision in the classical textbooks of psychiatry and has been maintained in the official nomenclature, it is uncommonly seen in current practice; some doubt has been expressed that it has ever existed as a distinct clinical entity. The evidence for its existence is reviewed and several explanations are offered for the apparent decline in the incidence of the involutional syndrome: among them, that the early use of effective therapy now prevents the full flowering of the characteristic symptomatology. A reinvestigation of this classical syndrome seems warranted.
Increased Arterial Stiffness in Young Adults with End-Stage Renal Disease since Childhood
Authors: Jaap W Groothoff, Mariken P Gruppen, Martin Offringa, Eric de Groot, Willem Stok, Willem Jan Bos, Jean Claude Davin, Marc R Lilien, Nicole Caj van de Kar, Eric D Wolff, Hugo S. Heymans
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2002)

ABSTRACT. Increased arterial stiffness is a risk factor for mortality in adults over 40 yr of age with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). As no data exist on vascular changes in young adults with ESRD since childhood, a long-term outcome study was performed. All living Dutch adult patients with onset of ESRD between 1972 and 1992 at age 0 to 14 yr were invited for carotid artery and cardiac ultrasound and BP measurements. Data on clinical characteristics were collected by review of all medical charts. Carotid ultrasound data were compared with those of 48 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls. Carotid artery and cardiac ultrasound was performed in 130 out of 187 eligible patients. Mean age was 29.0 (20.7 to 40.6) yr. Compared with controls, patients had a similar intima media thickness but a reduced mean arterial wall distensibility DC (40.0 <i>versus</i> 45.0 kPa<sup>−1</sup> · 10<sup>−3</sup>; 95% CI, −9.1 to −0.8; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), an increased stiffness parameter β (4.2 <i>versus</i> 3.8; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.68; <i>P</i> = 0.02), an increased elastic incremental modulus E<sub>inc</sub> (0.35 <i>versus</i> 0.27 kPa · 10<sup>3</sup>; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.12; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Multiple regression analyses in all subjects revealed that ESRD was associated with an increase in β and E<sub>inc</sub>. Arterial wall properties of patients currently on dialysis and transplanted patients were comparable. In all patients, current systolic hypertension was associated with increased E<sub>inc</sub> and decreased DC. In conclusion, carotid arterial wall stiffness is increased in young adult patients with pediatric ESRD. Hypertension is a main determinant and might be a target for treatment of these potentially lethal arterial wall changes.
Transcription factor ATF3 links host adaptive response to breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Chris C. Wolford, Stephen J. McConoughey, Swati P. Jalgaonkar, Marino Leon, Anand S. Merchant, Johnna L. Dominick, Xin Yin, Yiseok Chang, Erik J. Zmuda, Sandra A. O’Toole, Ewan K.A. Millar, Stephanie L. Roller, Charles L. Shapiro, Michael C. Ostrowski, Robert L. Sutherland, Tsonwin Hai
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Host response to cancer signals has emerged as a key factor in cancer development; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. In this report, we demonstrate that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a hub of the cellular adaptive response network, plays an important role in host cells to enhance breast cancer metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of patient tumor samples revealed that expression of ATF3 in stromal mononuclear cells, but not cancer epithelial cells, is correlated with worse clinical outcomes and is an independent predictor for breast cancer death. This finding was corroborated by data from mouse models showing less efficient breast cancer metastasis in Atf3-deficient mice than in WT mice. Further, mice with myeloid cell-selective KO of Atf3 showed fewer lung metastases, indicating that host ATF3 facilitates metastasis, at least in part, by its function in macrophage/myeloid cells. Gene profiling analyses of macrophages from mouse tumors identified an ATF3-regulated gene signature that could distinguish human tumor stroma from distant stroma and could predict clinical outcomes, lending credence to our mouse models. In conclusion, we identified ATF3 as a regulator in myeloid cells that enhances breast cancer metastasis and has predictive value for clinical outcomes.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Patients With Major Depression: Is DSM-IV’s Hierarchy Correct?
Authors: Mark Zimmerman, Iwona Chelminski
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2003)

OBJECTIVE: DSM-III imposed a hierarchical relationship in the diagnosis of anxiety disorders in depressed patients, stipulating that anxiety disorders could not be diagnosed if their occurrence was limited to the course of a mood disorder. In the subsequent versions of the DSM this hierarchy was eliminated for all anxiety disorders except generalized anxiety disorder. The authors examined the validity of this remaining hierarchical relationship between mood and anxiety disorders. METHOD: Psychiatric outpatients with major depressive disorder (N=332) were evaluated with a semistructured diagnostic interview and completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires on presentation for treatment. To study the validity of the DSM-IV hierarchical relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and mood disorders, the authors made a diagnosis of modified generalized anxiety disorder for patients with major depressive disorder who met all the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder except for the exclusion criterion. The analyses compared the characteristics of three nonoverlapping groups of patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder: 1) those with coexisting DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder, 2) those with coexisting modified generalized anxiety disorder, and 3) those with neither DSM-IV nor modified generalized anxiety disorder. RESULTS: Compared to the depressed patients without generalized anxiety disorder, the depressed patients with DSM-IV and modified generalized anxiety disorder had higher levels of suicidal ideation; poorer social functioning; a greater frequency of other anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and somatoform disorders; higher scores on most subscales of a multidimensional self-report measure of DSM-IV axis I disorders; a greater level of pathological worry; and a higher morbid risk for generalized anxiety disorder in first-degree family members. The two generalized anxiety disorder groups did not differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS: The findings question the validity of the DSM-IV hierarchical relationship between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder and suggest that the exclusion criterion should be eliminated.
Are There Sex Differences in Neuropsychological Functions Among Patients With Schizophrenia?
Authors: Jill M. Goldstein, Larry J. Seidman, Julie M. Goodman, Danny Koren, Hang Lee, Sandra Weintraub, Ming T. Tsuang
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1998)

Objective:Studies of sex differences in neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia report inconsistent results, due in part to methodological artifacts. The study presented here was specifically designed to examine sex differences in neuropsychological performance. It was hypothesized that schizophrenic women would exhibit fewer neuropsychological deficits than schizophrenic men and that their performance would be more similar to that of normal women than schizophrenic men's performance would be to that of normal men. Method:Thirty-one outpatients with DSM-III-R-defined schizophrenia were systematically sampled from an extensive service network serving a large urban catchment area for seriously mentally ill persons. Twenty-seven normal comparison subjects were matched within sex on the basis of age, parental socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and handedness. An extensive neuropsychological test battery was administered, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to test for the effects of sex and group and sex-by-group interactions.Results:Male patients were significantly impaired across all functions in comparison with normal male subjects and on tests of attention, verbal memory, and executive functions in comparison with female patients. Female patients performed significantly worse than female normal comparison subjects only on tests of attention, executive functions, visual memory, and motor functions.Conclusions:The findings suggest that women with schizophrenia may be less vulnerable to particular cognitive deficits, especially those involving verbal processing, than schizophrenic men. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1358-1364